FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Redfearn, DD Burton, DR Devine, TE AF Redfearn, DD Burton, DR Devine, TE TI Sorghum intercropping effects on yield, morphology, and quality of forage soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID C4 PERENNIAL GRASSES; LIGHT-INTENSITY; GROWTH; SHADE; C3 AB Shading patterns when two forage species are intercropped may be different than in a monocrop environment. Our objectives were to quantify yield and forage quality response of forage soybean [Glycine mar (L,) Merr,] intercropped with forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and compare to the measurements of monocrop soybean. Soybean plants were harvested from the middle portion of individual rows in plots containing only soybean and from plots having alternating soybean and sorghum rows spaced 76 cm apart. Morphological and forage quality measurements were determined on leaf and stem fractions. Morphological measurements included main stem length, node number, leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf weight (SLW), and stem diameter. Forage quality constituents included in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), hemicellulose, and cellulose, and crude protein (CP) concentrations. Intercropped soybean had 6 more plants m(-1) of row, less advanced morphological development, and 2.3 Mg ha(-1) less dry matter than monocrop soybean. Leaf IVDMD, NDF, hemicellulose, and cellulose did not differ between intercrop and monocrop soybean. However, stem IVDMD was 33 g kg(-1) greater for intercropped than monocrop soybean, reflecting: the 36 g kg(-1) decrease in NDF concentration. Intercropped soybean was lodged both years more than monocrop soybean, which may have been due to the significant decrease in stem NDF. Leaf CP concentration was 25 g kg(-1) greater for monocrop soybean than intercropped soybean; however, stems from intercropped soybean had 12 g kg(-1) greater CP than monocrop soybean stems. Soybean exhibited a high degree of morphological plasticity, presumably in response to increased competition for solar radiation. Although forage quality of intercrop soybean was greater than monocrop soybean, intercropping forage-type soybean with another tall-growing forage does not appear to be practical because of the decrease in dry matter accumulation. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, SE Res Stn, Franklinton, LA 70438 USA. USDA ARS, NPS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Weed Sci Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Redfearn, DD (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, SE Res Stn, Franklinton, LA 70438 USA. NR 24 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 11 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1380 EP 1384 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 240EW UT WOS:000082813800017 ER PT J AU Steiner, JJ Alderman, SC AF Steiner, JJ Alderman, SC TI Red clover seed production: V. Root health and crop productivity SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FORAGE; YIELD; DNA AB Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is an important forage legume that is primarily grown for seed in western Oregon, but the effects of root health on red clover seed production systems are not well defined. This study was conducted to determine the effects of root health on red clover seed production. Thirty-one seed fields were selected in spring 1992 and their cultivar identity, age of stand, and seed certification status (seed source groupings) determined by grower interviews and DNA analyses. Two herbage removal time treatments (early May and late June) were applied and the number of flowers and soil water content measured during the period of flowering and seed production. Root rot [Fusarium solani (Kuhn)] and root borer [Hylastinus obscurus (Marsham)] infestation were measured at early herbage removal time and seed harvest. The percentage of plants infested with root borers was the greatest root health determinate of seed yield, regardless of early or late herbage removal time. Seed yield was also correlated with the regrowth and flower production capacity of plants following herbage removal. For both herbage removal times, regrowth after removal was affected by the plant capacity to deplete soil water. Season-end root borer infestation and soil water depletion amount were inversely related, indicating root integrity affected water utilization. Second-year seed crops had greater disease and root borer damage than first-year crops. Late herbage removal time treatments reduced flower density, seed yield, and season-end phytomass compared with early removal. Genetic selection for improved root borer resistance may be a useful alternative selection strategy to root rot resistance for increasing red clover seed yields. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Steiner, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1407 EP 1415 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 240EW UT WOS:000082813800021 ER PT J AU Yaklich, RW Helm, RM Cockrell, G Herman, EM AF Yaklich, RW Helm, RM Cockrell, G Herman, EM TI Analysis of the distribution of the major soybean seed allergens in a core collection of Glycine max accessions SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; COMPONENT PROTEINS; ATOPIC-DERMATITIS; THIOL PROTEASES; IDENTIFICATION; CHILDREN; FAMILY; SERA AB P34 is an outlying member of the papain-superfamily of cysteine proteases that is expressed in developing soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds and may be involved in the defense against Pseudomonas infection. P34 is the major human allergen of soybean seeds and is present in processed food products that contain soybean protein. We have surveyed a cove collection of soybean accessions using a monoclonal antibody against P34 and with human sera from soybean-sensitive individuals. We found that the accessions of soybean surveyed contain similar levels of P34 and that P34 is the major allergenic protein. We have also surveyed wild relatives of soybean and found that P34 was present in the examples assayed. These results indicate that it mag not be possible to eliminate P34 from the food supply by breeding with an improved germplasm base. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Arkansas Childrens Hosp, Inst Res, Dept Pediat, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. RP Yaklich, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 10 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1444 EP 1447 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 240EW UT WOS:000082813800027 ER PT J AU Cregan, PB Jarvik, T Bush, AL Shoemaker, RC Lark, KG Kahler, AL Kaya, N VanToai, TT Lohnes, DG Chung, L Specht, JE AF Cregan, PB Jarvik, T Bush, AL Shoemaker, RC Lark, KG Kahler, AL Kaya, N VanToai, TT Lohnes, DG Chung, L Specht, JE TI An integrated genetic linkage map of the soybean genome SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SEQUENCE LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; DNA MARKERS; REPEAT DNA; MICROSATELLITE; RFLP; LOCI; DIVERSITY; ABUNDANCE; TRAITS; WHEAT AB A number of molecular genetic maps of the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] have been developed over the past 10 yr. These maps are primarily based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers, Parental surveys have shown that most RFLP loci have only two known alleles. However, because the soybean is an ancient polyploid, RFLP probes typically hybridize and map to more than one position in the genome. Thus, the polymorphic potential of an RFLP probe is primarily a function of the frequency of the two alleles at each locus the probe detects. In contrast, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are single locus markers with multiple alleles, The polymorphic potential of an SSR marker is dependent on the number of alleles and their frequencies. Single locus markers provide an unambiguous means of defining linkage group homology across mapping populations. The objective of the work reported here was to develop and map a large set of SSR markers. A total of 606 SSR loci were mapped in one or more of three populations: the USDA/Iowa State G. max x G. soja F-2 population, the Univ, of Utah Minsoy x Noir 1 recombinant inbred population, and the Univ. of Nebraska Clark x Harosoy F-2 population. Each SSR mapped to a single locus in the genome, with a map order that was essentially identical in all three populations, Many SSR loci were segregating in two or all three populations, Thus, it was relatively simple to align the 20+ linkage groups derived from each of the three populations into a consensus set of 20 homologous linkage groups presumed to correspond to the 20 pairs of soybean chromosomes. On the basis of in situ segregation or linkage reports in the literature all but one of the classical linkage groups can now be assigned to a corresponding molecular linkage group. C1 USDA ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA, ARS, CICG,Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Biogenet Serv Inc, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. Yuzuncu Yil Univ, Coll Agr, TR-65080 Van, Turkey. USDA ARS, Soil Drainage Unit, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Gyeong Sang Natl Univ, Dept Agron, Chinju 660701, South Korea. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Cregan, PB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 40 TC 538 Z9 676 U1 2 U2 33 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1464 EP 1490 PG 27 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 240EW UT WOS:000082813800030 ER PT J AU Gillaspie, AG Goenaga, RJ Torres, S Peregrine, E AF Gillaspie, AG Goenaga, RJ Torres, S Peregrine, E TI Identification of suitable seed regeneration sites for photoperiod-sensitive cowpea germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BORNE VIRUSES; CLASSIFICATION; RESPONSES AB To determine an appropriate location to regenerate photoperiod-sensitive cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], seed production and virus contamination data were measured at Isabela, PR, St. Croix, VI, and Griffin, GA for six photoperiod-sensitive cowpea accessions. The results indicate that Isabela was best suited for seed regeneration of photoperiod-sensitive cowpea. Seed production at Isabela was equal to or greater than that at either of the other two locations for these accessions. Virus infection of plants and of seeds was high at Griffin. However, little virus infection occurred at Isabela and at St. Croix. The systematic approach used in these tests can be used as a model for curators in the National Plant Germplasm System and others to determine the best environment in which to regenerate germplasm. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. USDA ARS, Trop Crops & Germplasm Res Unit, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. USDA ARS, Germplasm Introduct Res Unit, St Croix, VI 00851 USA. RP Gillaspie, AG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, 1109 Expt St, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1513 EP 1515 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 240EW UT WOS:000082813800034 ER PT J AU Isleib, TG Rice, PW Mozingo, RW Mozingo, RW Pattee, HE AF Isleib, TG Rice, PW Mozingo, RW Mozingo, RW Pattee, HE TI Registration of 'Gregory' peanut SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NC C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Tidewater Agric Res Ext Ctr, Dept Soil & Environm Sci, Suffolk, VA 23437 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Isleib, TG (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Box 7629, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 9 TC 14 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1526 EP 1526 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 240EW UT WOS:000082813800037 ER PT J AU Peterson, CJ Morris, CF Line, RF Donaldson, E Jones, SS Allan, RE AF Peterson, CJ Morris, CF Line, RF Donaldson, E Jones, SS Allan, RE TI Registration of 'Hiller' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Allan, RE (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, POB 646420, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM allanre@mail.wsu.edu NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1531 EP 1532 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 240EW UT WOS:000082813800045 ER PT J AU Nickell, CD Noel, GR Cary, TR Thomas, DJ Hoffman, DD AF Nickell, CD Noel, GR Cary, TR Thomas, DJ Hoffman, DD TI Registration of 'Rend' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Nickell, CD (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, 1102 S Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 5 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1533 EP 1534 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 240EW UT WOS:000082813800048 ER PT J AU Nickell, CD Noel, GR Cary, TR Thomas, DJ Leitz, RA AF Nickell, CD Noel, GR Cary, TR Thomas, DJ Leitz, RA TI Registration of 'Ina' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Nickell, CD (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, 1102 S Goodwin, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 5 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1533 EP 1533 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 240EW UT WOS:000082813800047 ER PT J AU Asay, KH Jensen, KB Horton, WH Johnson, DA Chatterton, NJ Young, SA AF Asay, KH Jensen, KB Horton, WH Johnson, DA Chatterton, NJ Young, SA TI Registration of 'RoadCrest' crested wheatgrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Plants Soils & Biometeorol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Asay, KH (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1535 EP 1535 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 240EW UT WOS:000082813800051 ER PT J AU Ray, IM Townsend, MS Henning, JA Currier, CG Melton, BA AF Ray, IM Townsend, MS Henning, JA Currier, CG Melton, BA TI Registration of NM-9D11A-PRR3 phythophthora resistant alfalfa germplasm with increased yield potential for irrigated and wapter-limited environments SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Currier Abstract Co, Artesia, NM 88211 USA. RP Ray, IM (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 BP 1537 EP 1538 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 240EW UT WOS:000082813800054 ER PT J AU Goodrich-Tanrikulu, M Jacobson, DJ Stafford, AE Lin, JT McKeon, TA AF Goodrich-Tanrikulu, M Jacobson, DJ Stafford, AE Lin, JT McKeon, TA TI Characterization of Neurospora crassa mutants isolated following repeat-induced point mutation of the beta subunit of fatty acid synthase SO CURRENT GENETICS LA English DT Article DE fatty acid biosynthesis; filamentous fungi; Neurospora crassa; repeat-induced point mutation ID ACETYL-COA CARBOXYLASE; YEAST; BIOSYNTHESIS; ASPERGILLUS; METABOLISM; SYNTHETASE; CLONING AB Neurospora crassa cel-2 mutants were isolated following repeat-induced point mutation using part of the gene encoding beta-fatty acid synthase. These mutants are phenotypically less leaky than cel-1, which has a defective ct-fatty acid synthase. The cel-2 mutant had a strict fatty acid (16:0) requirement for growth, and synthesized less fatty acid de novo than cel-1. Unlike cel-1, cel-2 has impaired fertility, and homozygous crosses are infertile, suggesting a low but strict requirement for fatty acid synthesis during sexual development. Like cel-1, cel-2 synthesized unusually high levels of the polyunsaturate 18:3(Delta 9,12,15) and elongated 18:2(Delta 9,12) and 18:3(Delta 9,12,15) to 20:2(Delta 11,14) and 20:3(Delta 11,14,17), respectively. These fatty acids are not synthesized by wild-type, except following treatment with cerulenin (a fatty acid synthase inhibitor), demonstrating that inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis results in a relative increase in both fatty acid desaturation and elongation activity. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP McKeon, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0172-8083 J9 CURR GENET JI Curr. Genet. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 36 IS 3 BP 147 EP 152 DI 10.1007/s002940050484 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 240ZC UT WOS:000082855800005 PM 10501937 ER PT J AU Marutani, T Kasai, M Reid, LM Trustrum, NA AF Marutani, T Kasai, M Reid, LM Trustrum, NA TI Influence of storm-related sediment storage on the sediment delivery from tributary catchments in the upper Waipaoa River, New Zealand SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE sediment delivery ratio; tributary; sediment storage volume; sediment generation volume; sediment scouring rate ID CHANNEL AB Although much is known about overall sediment delivery ratios for catchments as components of sediment production and sediment yield, little is known about the component of temporary sediment storage. Sediment delivery ratios focused on the influence of storm-related sediment storage are measured at Matakonekone and Oil Springs tributaries of the Waipaoa River basin, east coast of New Zealand. The terrace deposits of both tributaries show abundant evidence of storm-related sedimentation, especially sediment delivered from Cyclone Bola, a 50 year return rainfall event which occurred in 1988. The sediment delivery ratio is calculated by dividing the volume of sediment transported from a tributary to the main stream by the volume of sediment generated at erosion sites in the tributary catchment. Because the sediment delivery volume is unknown, it can be calculated as the difference between sediment generation volume and sediment storage volume in the channel reach of the tributary. The volume of sediment generated from erosion sites in each tributary catchment was calculated from measurements made on aerial photographs dating from 1960(1:44 000) and 1988 (1 :27 000). The volume of sediment stored in the tributary can be calculated from measurements of cross-sections located along the tributary channel, which are accompanied by terrace deposits dated by counting annual growth rings of trees on terrace surfaces. Sediment delivery ratios are 0.93 for both Matakonekone catchment and Oil Springs catchment. Results indicate that Oil Springs catchment has contributed more than twice the volume of sediment to the Waipaoa River than the Matakonekone catchment (2.75 x 10(6) m(3) vs 1.22 x 10(6) m(3)). Although large volumes of sediment are initially deposited during floods, subsequent smaller flows scour away much of these deposits. The sediment scouring rate from storage is 1.25 x 10(4) m(3) a(-1) for Matakonekone stream and 0.83 x 10(4) m(3) a(-1) for Oil Springs stream. Matakonekone and Oil Springs channels respond to extreme storms by instantaneously aggrading, then gradually excavating the temporarily stored sediment. Results from Matakonekone and Oil Springs streams suggest a mechanism by which event recurrence interval can strongly influence the magnitude of a geomorphic change. Matakonekone stream with its higher stream power is expected to excavate sediment deposits more rapidly and allow more rapid re-establishment of storage capacity. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Kyushu Univ, Fac Agr, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA USA. Landcare Res, Palmerston North, New Zealand. RP Marutani, T (reprint author), Kyushu Univ, Fac Agr, Fukuoka 8128581, Japan. NR 23 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 24 IS 10 BP 881 EP 896 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199909)24:10<881::AID-ESP17>3.0.CO;2-I PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 237FA UT WOS:000082643600003 ER PT J AU Zobeck, TM Gill, TE Popham, TW AF Zobeck, TM Gill, TE Popham, TW TI A two-parameter Weibull function to describe airborne dust particle size distributions SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE particulate matter; suspension; wind erosion; aeolian transport; Weibull; PM10; dust ID LOGNORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS; WIND EROSION; SOILS; SEDIMENTS; TRANSPORT; AEROSOLS AB A number of mathematical distributions have been proposed for the description of the particle size distribution of unconsolidated sediments. However, few studies have mathematically described aeolan dust particle size distributions. Recent work has shown mathematically how the sequential fragmentation of materials leads to a Weibull distribution. Since the breakage of aggregates by saltating grains is a primary mode of aeolian dust production, we test the hypothesis that the Weibull distribution may be used to describe airborne soil grains. Surface samples were collected from 52 sites including soils, dirt roads and roadside ditches in the Southern High Plains of west Texas. The samples were tumbled in the Lubbock dust generation, sampling and analysis system to generate a dust cloud. The particle size distribution of the dust was measured in situ by laser diffraction and PM10 concentration was determined gravimetrically (PM10 = airborne particulate matter with diameter less than or equal to 10 mu m). This study demonstrated that the Weibull cumulative distribution function (c.d.f.) is an excellent choice to describe the particle size distribution of dust suspended from mineral sediment. A Weibull c.d.f. used to describe the dust cloud size distribution, accounted for 94 per cent of the variation in estimates of particles less than or equal to 50 mu m diameter. The fraction of dust particles less than or equal to 10 mu m diameter, as estimated using the Weibull, was not correlated to suspended PM10 concentration. However, the fraction of particles less than or equal to 10 mu m was correlated with properties of the sediment from which the airborne dust was derived. As clay content increased, the total amount of suspended dust increased and the fraction of suspended particles less than or equal to 10 mu m in the dust cloud decreased. Analyses of variance showed no significant differences (P < 0.05) among sampling locations (roads vs ditches vs soils) for cumulative fraction values for less than or equal to 2.5, less than or equal to 10 less than or equal to 25, less than or equal to 30 and less than or equal to 50 mu m diameter particles. However, the PM10 concentration values were significantly different among dust generated from these locations. The road samples produced about twice the amount of PM10 (490 mg m(-3)) as the soil or ditch samples (235 mg m(-3)). Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 ARS, Wind Eros & Water Conservat Res Unit, USDA, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Geosci, Atmospher Sci Grp, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. ARS, So Plains Area, USDA, Stillwater, OK 74076 USA. RP Zobeck, TM (reprint author), ARS, Wind Eros & Water Conservat Res Unit, USDA, 3810 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RI Zobeck, Ted/A-6126-2012; OI Gill, Thomas E/0000-0001-9011-4105 NR 48 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 24 IS 10 BP 943 EP 955 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199909)24:10<943::AID-ESP30>3.3.CO;2-0 PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 237FA UT WOS:000082643600007 ER PT J AU Reich, PB Ellsworth, DS Walters, MB Vose, JM Gresham, C Volin, JC Bowman, WD AF Reich, PB Ellsworth, DS Walters, MB Vose, JM Gresham, C Volin, JC Bowman, WD TI Generality of leaf trait relationships: A test across six biomes SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alpine; desert; leaf life span; leaf diffusive conductance; nitrogen; photosynthesis; scaling; specific leaf area; temperate forest; tropical forest ID PHOTOSYNTHESIS-NITROGEN RELATIONS; LIFE-SPAN; PLANT; LEAVES; MASS; ECOPHYSIOLOGY; DIFFUSION; DEFENSE; PIPER; AREA AB Convergence in interspecific leaf trait relationships across diverse taxonomic groups and biomes would have important evolutionary and ecological implications. Such convergence has been hypothesized to result from trade-offs that limit the combination of plant traits for any species. Here we address this issue by testing for biome differences in the slope and intercept of interspecific relationships among leaf traits: longevity, net photosynthetic capacity (A(max)), leaf diffusive conductance (G(s)), specific leaf area (SLA), and nitrogen (N) status, for more than 100 species in six distinct biomes of the Americas. The six biomes were: alpine tundra-subalpine forest ecotone, cold temperate forest-prairie ecotone, montane cool temperate forest, desert shrubland, subtropical forest, and tropical rain forest. Despite large differences in climate and evolutionary history, in all biomes mass-based leaf N (N-mass), SLA, G(s), and A(max) were positively related to one another and decreased with increasing leaf life span. The relationships between pairs of leaf traits exhibited similar slopes among biomes, suggesting a predictable set of scaling relationships key leaf morphological, chemical, and metabolic traits that are replicated globally among terrestrial ecosystems regardless of biome or vegetation type. However, the intercept (i.e., the overall elevation of regression lines) of relationships between pairs of leaf traits usually differed among biomes. With increasing aridity across sites, species had greater A(max) for a given level of G(s) and lower SLA for any given leaf life span. Using principal components analysis, most variation among species was explained by an axis related to mass-based leaf traits (A(max) N, and SLA) while a second axis reflected climate, G(s), and other area-based leaf traits. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Appl Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Forestry, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Forest Serv, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. Clemson Univ, Baruch Forest Inst, Georgetown, SC 29442 USA. Florida Atlantic Univ, Div Sci, Davie, FL 33314 USA. Univ Colorado, Mt Res Stn, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Evolutionary Populat & Organism Biol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Reich, PB (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. OI Ellsworth, David/0000-0002-9699-2272 NR 31 TC 702 Z9 796 U1 19 U2 245 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD SEP PY 1999 VL 80 IS 6 BP 1955 EP 1969 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[1955:GOLTRA]2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 233CQ UT WOS:000082408300014 ER PT J AU Spruell, P Rieman, BE Knudsen, KL Utter, FM Allendorf, FW AF Spruell, P Rieman, BE Knudsen, KL Utter, FM Allendorf, FW TI Genetic population structure within streams: microsatellite analysis of bull trout populations SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article DE genetics; population structure; bull trout; microsatellite ID METAPOPULATION; CONSERVATION; LOCI AB We used six polymorphic microsatellite loci to investigate a potential metapopulation system in bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) from five spawning localities in the Lightning Creek drainage, a tributary to Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho. The number of spawners as estimated by redd counts is low in all populations sampled. Analytic viability models indicate that local isolated populations of these sizes are unlikely to persist. We tested two hypotheses: (1) these are remnant populations that are vulnerable to local extinction, or (2) these populations are interconnected by migration and are being maintained at larger effective sizes than indicated by the redd counts (i.e. metapopulation dynamics). All populations within the Lightning Creek basin an significantly differentiated (P<0.005), and the allele frequencies appear to be stable among temporally separated subsamples within locations. It is therefore unlikely that extensive dispersal has linked tributaries in a manner consistent with a metapopulation structure. The low number of spawning individuals combined with the degree of isolation indicated by the genetic data suggest that extinction of the tributary populations is probable if temporal variability and small size is prolonged. However, these populations contain amounts of genetic variation similar to populations throughout the range of bull trout. Therefore, if the apparent demographic trends are reversed, these populations may recover without suffering the detrimental effects of a severe bottleneck. C1 Univ Montana, Wild Trout & Salmon Genet Lab, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Boise, ID USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Spruell, P (reprint author), Univ Montana, Wild Trout & Salmon Genet Lab, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 25 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 11 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0906-6691 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD SEP PY 1999 VL 8 IS 3 BP 114 EP 121 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0633.1999.tb00063.x PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 237RE UT WOS:000082669200003 ER PT J AU Nielsen, JL Fountain, MC AF Nielsen, JL Fountain, MC TI Microsatellite diversity in sympatric reproductive ecotypes of Pacific steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Middle Fork Eel River, California SO ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH LA English DT Article DE microsatellites; Oncorhynchus mykiss; conservation genetics; reproductive ecotypes; evolution ID SALMON SALMO-SALAR; EVOLUTIONARILY-SIGNIFICANT-UNITS; ANADROMOUS BROWN TROUT; LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION; RAINBOW-TROUT; ATLANTIC SALMON; POPULATION SUBDIVISION; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; SOCKEYE-SALMON AB Genetic differentiation between two reproductive ecotypes of anadromous steelhead found in the Middle Fork Eel River in northern California was tested using 16 microsatellite loci. Twelve of these loci showed significant differences in allelic frequency between the two Middle Fork Eel River steelhead populations (Fisher's exact P<0.05). Fisher's combined test for independence also supported significant genetic separation between the two reproductive ecotype (P<0.001). Analysis of molecular variance indicated that only 1% of the overall microsatellite allelic variation contributed to differences between summer- and winter-run steelhead in the Middle Fork Eel River. Variation found among individuals within the two runs equaled 18.2%. Analyses showed less genetic distance between the two populations of steelhead in the Middle Fork Eel River than in comparisons made with geographically proximate coastal winter-run fish. Divergence time based on genetic distance for the two within-basin reproductive ecotypes was estimated to be 16,000-28,000 years ago. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA USA. RP Nielsen, JL (reprint author), Stanford Univ, USDA Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. NR 97 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0906-6691 EI 1600-0633 J9 ECOL FRESHW FISH JI Ecol. Freshw. Fish PD SEP PY 1999 VL 8 IS 3 BP 159 EP 168 DI 10.1111/j.1600-0633.1999.tb00067.x PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 237RE UT WOS:000082669200007 ER PT J AU Fayer, R Lewis, EJ Trout, JM Graczyk, TK Jenkins, MC Higgins, J Xiao, LH Lal, AA AF Fayer, R Lewis, EJ Trout, JM Graczyk, TK Jenkins, MC Higgins, J Xiao, LH Lal, AA TI Cryptosporidium parvum in oysters from commercial harvesting sites in the Chesapeake Bay SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; OOCYSTS; WATER AB Oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum, a zoonotic waterborne pathogen, can be removed by bivalve molluscs from contaminated water and retained on gills and in hemolymph. We identified oocysts of C. parvum in oysters from seven sites in the Chesapeake Bay area. These findings document the presence of C. parvum infectious for humans in oysters intended for human consumption. C1 ARS, USDA, IDRL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NOAA, Oxford, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), ARS, USDA, IDRL, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 11 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 5 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 5 IS 5 BP 706 EP 710 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 247GF UT WOS:000083212200013 PM 10511528 ER PT J AU Graczyk, TK Fayer, R Cranfield, MR Mhangami-Ruwende, B Knight, R Trout, JM Bixler, H AF Graczyk, TK Fayer, R Cranfield, MR Mhangami-Ruwende, B Knight, R Trout, JM Bixler, H TI Filth flies are transport hosts of Cryptosporidium parvum SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID DISSOLUTION METHOD; OOCYSTS; WATER C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Baltimore Zoo, Baltimore, MD USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Graczyk, TK (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 9 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 5 IS 5 BP 726 EP 727 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 247GF UT WOS:000083212200020 PM 10511534 ER PT J AU Murray, KD Hasegawa, S Alford, AR AF Murray, KD Hasegawa, S Alford, AR TI Antifeedant activity of citrus limonoids against Colorado potato beetle: comparison of aglycones and glucosides SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE herbivore; Colorado potato beetle; citrus limonoid; antifeedant; terpenoid; Leptinotarsa decemlineata; natural product; citrus; ichangensin; allelochemical ID LIMONIN 17-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE; LEPTINOTARSA-DECEMLINEATA; FRUIT-GROWTH; CHRYSOMELIDAE; COLEOPTERA; MATURATION C1 Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Murray, KD (reprint author), Maine Dept Agr, 28 State House Stn, Augusta, GA USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 331 EP 334 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00554.x PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 248KF UT WOS:000083273100013 ER PT J AU Woodley, NE AF Woodley, NE TI Lectotype designations in Xylomyidae and Stratiomyidae (Diptera) SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article AB Lectotypes are designated for Arthropeina fulva Lindner, 1949; Solva inamoena Walker, 1859; Xylophagus marginatus Meigen, 1820; and Xylophagus varius Meigen, 1820 in the Xylomyidae, and, Clitellaria aberrans Schiner, 1868; Oxycera liburna Walker, 1849; Cyclogaster peregrinus Hutton, 1901; Cyanauges ruficornis Schiner, 1868; Anacanthella splendens Macquart, 1855; and Exodontha villosa Lindner, 1969 in the Stratiomyidae. Dysbiota peregrina (Hutton), NEW COMBINATION and Spaniomyia liburna (Walker), NEW COMBINATION are proposed in the Stratiomyidae. C1 Smithsonian Inst, USDA ARS, PSI, Syst Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Woodley, NE (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, USDA ARS, PSI, Syst Entomol Lab, NHB 168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RI Woodley, Norman/M-6160-2014 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 USA SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 110 IS 4 BP 201 EP 205 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 247VQ UT WOS:000083242000002 ER PT J AU Thompson, FC AF Thompson, FC TI A new oriental Sphegina species (Diptera : Syrphidae) SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article AB The only known Sphegina from the Philippines is described and named philippina (HT male Bishop Museum). C1 Smithsonian Inst, USDA ARS, Syst Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Thompson, FC (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, USDA ARS, Syst Entomol Lab, NHB-168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 USA SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 110 IS 4 BP 206 EP 208 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 247VQ UT WOS:000083242000003 ER PT J AU Schiff, NM Schiefer, TL AF Schiff, NM Schiefer, TL TI New Blattodea records from Mississippi and Alabama SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article AB Pseudomops septentrionalis is reported from seven counties in Mississippi dating back to 1987. These records suggest a gradual range extension hypothesis for this species rather than the accidental human transport hypothesis proposed to explain an apparently isolated population in Auburn, Alabama. Panchlora nivea is reported From four counties in Mississippi including two early records considered to be adventive introductions with bananas. Plectoptera picta is reported from Alabama for the first time. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Hardwoods Lab, So Res Stn, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Schiff, NM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Hardwoods Lab, So Res Stn, POB 227, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 USA SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 110 IS 4 BP 240 EP 242 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 247VQ UT WOS:000083242000012 ER PT J AU Horan, RD Shortle, JS Bulte, EH AF Horan, RD Shortle, JS Bulte, EH TI Renewable resource policy when distributional impacts matter SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE optimal control; policy design; public choice ID PREFERENCE FUNCTION; OPTIMAL MANAGEMENT; GOVERNMENT; MARKET AB The standard assumption in bioeconomic resource models is that optimal policies maximize the present value of economic surplus to society. This assumption implies that regulatory agencies should not be concerned with the distributional consequences of management strategies. Both contemporary welfare-theoretic and rent-seeking approaches suggests distributional issues are important in designing resource management policies. This paper explores resource management when the managing agency has preferences defined over the economic welfare of various groups with a direct economic interest in the use of resources. Policy schemes consistent with this approach are derived and compared with standard results. C1 USDA, ERS, RED, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Tilburg Univ, Dept Econ, NL-5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands. RP Horan, RD (reprint author), USDA, ERS, RED, 1800 M St, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 42 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-6460 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON JI Environ. Resour. Econ. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 14 IS 2 BP 191 EP 215 DI 10.1023/A:1008359115385 PG 25 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 220VE UT WOS:000081687500002 ER PT J AU Shukitt-Hale, B Smith, DE Meydani, M Joseph, JA AF Shukitt-Hale, B Smith, DE Meydani, M Joseph, JA TI The effects of dietary antioxidants on psychomotor performance in aged mice SO EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oxidative stress; motor behavior; aging; chronic dietary treatment; vitamin E; glutathione; melatonin; strawberry ID MOTOR-PERFORMANCE; FREE-RADICALS; BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS; OXIDATIVE DAMAGE; MOUSE-BRAIN; RATS; SUPPLEMENTATION; GLUTATHIONE; SENESCENCE; REDUCTION AB Male C57BL/6NIA mice were provided one of six different antioxidant diets: vitamin E, glutathione, vitamin E plus glutathione, melatonin, strawberry extract, or control, beginning at 18 months of age. A battery of motor tests-rod walk, wire hang, plank walk, and inclined screen-was administered either: 1) before dietary treatment and then 6 months later at 24 months of age; or 2) only after 6 months of dietary treatment at age 24 months. An untreated group of 4-month-old mice served as young controls. Psychomotor performance was lower in 18-month-old mice compared with 4-month-old mice in the rod walk, wire hang, and inclined screen tests; however, no further decline was seen from 18 to 24 months on any measure. Chronic dietary antioxidant treatments were not effective in reversing age-related deficits in psychomotor behavior, except for the glutathione diet on inclined screen performance. It seems that motor performance deteriorates profoundly with age, because deficits at 18 months of age were as severe as they were at 24 months, and these age-associated motor deficits may be difficult to reverse, even with antioxidant treatment. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, ARS, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Shukitt-Hale, B (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, ARS, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 41 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0531-5565 J9 EXP GERONTOL JI Exp. Gerontol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6 BP 797 EP 808 DI 10.1016/S0531-5565(99)00039-X PG 12 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 243UR UT WOS:000083016100007 PM 10579639 ER PT J AU Sharratt, B AF Sharratt, B TI Thermal requirements for barley maturation and leaf development in interior Alaska SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE phyllochron; thermal time; growing degree days; leaf appearance ID WINTER-WHEAT; SPRING WHEAT; SOWING DATE; NORTHERN CONDITIONS; TEMPERATURE; PHYLLOCHRON; APPEARANCE; PHOTOPERIOD; EMERGENCE; NITROGEN AB Spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is well adapted to the cool and short growing season of interior Alaska but little is known about thermal requirements for development and maturation of barley at such latitudes. Air temperature and barley development were monitored over the course of six growing seasons at Fairbanks (65 degrees N) and Delta Junction (64 degrees N), Alaska. These data were used to assess the base temperature (T-b) in the linear, thermal-unit model using the least variable, x-intercept, and regression coefficient methods. These methods indicated a range in T-b from 0 degrees C to 1.5 degrees C. At a T-b of 0 degrees C, barley required nearly 1100 degrees C d to mature. The phyllochron differed between early and late sowings and averaged 75 degrees C d leaf(-1). Sowing date appeared to influence the phyllochron during early vegetative growth due to differences in daylength as well as temperature. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Sharratt, B (reprint author), ARS, USDA, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 63 IS 2 BP 179 EP 184 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(99)00035-0 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 236MH UT WOS:000082603000006 ER PT J AU Lau, PWC White, R Van Zeeland, I AF Lau, PWC White, R Van Zeeland, I TI Modelling the charring behaviour of structural lumber SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article AB Charring rates for large-section timber based on experimental data have been generally established. The established rates may not be appropriately used for the prediction of failure times of lumber members which are small by comparison. It is questionable whether a constant rate can be safely assumed for lumber members since the rate is likely to increase once the centre-point temperature of the members starts to rise. This paper presents an empirically based model of charring rates for Spruce-Pine-Fir (SPF) Machine-Stress-Rated (MSR) 2X4 lumber subjected to a constant-temperature exposure of 500 degrees C, on the basis of test results on 55 specimens. In order that the model can be used with reliability analysis, one of the two model parameters was treated as a Lognormal random variable to explain variations observed in the charring rates. Furthermore, the model has been extended to permit evaluations for other lumber sizes and under exposures such as ASTM E119 fire conditions. The model was compared with existing models and used to predict char data found in the literature. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Forintek Canada Corp, Carleton Technol Training Ctr 4100, Ottawa, ON K1S 5R1, Canada. USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Lau, PWC (reprint author), Forintek Canada Corp, Carleton Technol Training Ctr 4100, 1125 Colonel By Dr, Ottawa, ON K1S 5R1, Canada. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 23 IS 5 BP 209 EP 216 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1018(199909/10)23:5<209::AID-FAM685>3.0.CO;2-A PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 274EP UT WOS:000084751000002 ER PT J AU Pena, JE Castineiras, A Bartelt, R Duncan, R AF Pena, JE Castineiras, A Bartelt, R Duncan, R TI Effect of pheromone bait stations for sap beetles (Coleoptera : Nitidulidae) on Annona spp. fruit set SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID RESPONSES; FLOWERS C1 Univ Florida, Ctr Trop Res & Educ, Homestead, FL 33031 USA. USDA ARS, Midwest Area Natl Ctr Agr, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Pena, JE (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ctr Trop Res & Educ, 18905 SW 280 St, Homestead, FL 33031 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 82 IS 3 BP 475 EP 480 DI 10.2307/3496874 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 306RT UT WOS:000086610600010 ER PT J AU Goetzl, A McKeever, DB AF Goetzl, A McKeever, DB TI Building codes - Obstacle or opportunity? SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 Seneca Creek Associates, Poolesville, MD 20837 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Goetzl, A (reprint author), Seneca Creek Associates, 17203 Lightfoot Lane, Poolesville, MD 20837 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 49 IS 9 BP 12 EP 22 PG 11 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 240NU UT WOS:000082832700006 ER PT J AU Steele, PH Wiedenbeck, J Shmulsky, R Perera, A AF Steele, PH Wiedenbeck, J Shmulsky, R Perera, A TI The influence of lumber grade on machine productivity in the rough mill SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RED OAK LUMBER AB Lumber grade effect on hardwood-part processing time was investigated with a digitally described lumber database in conjunction with a crosscut-first rough mill yield optimization simulator. In this study,the:digital lumber sample was subdivided into five hardwood lumber grades. Three cutting bills with varying degrees of difficulty were cut. The three cutting bills and the five grade sorts were input into the rough mill simulator. Ten randomized replications were run for each of the lumber grade/cutting bill combinations. These 10 were used in the statistical analysis. The dependent variable for each replication was the number of cuts required at each saw (crosscut, straight-line rip, and salvage). By counting the number of cuts and not measuring actual operator times, as in other studies, operator variation was eliminated from the experiment. The lumber database and the rough mill simulator isolated the effect of lumber grade on part processing rates. The analysis indicated that significant differences existed among the lumber grades tested and the number of cuts required to fill the three cutting bills. As expected, the general trend showed that as lumber grade improved, the number of required cuts decreased. This trend was true across the three cutting bills and at each of the saws. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi Forest Prod Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. Baxter Hlth Prod, Cleveland, MS USA. RP Steele, PH (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi Forest Prod Lab, Box 9820, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 49 IS 9 BP 48 EP 54 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 240NU UT WOS:000082832700012 ER PT J AU De Groot, RC Evans, J AF De Groot, RC Evans, J TI Does more preservative mean a better product? SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WOOD PRESERVATIVES AB Does more preservative provide better protection of wood products or does it disproportionately increase the potential for introducing pesticide into the environment? In an era of sensitivity about misuse of pesticides in the environment, it seems prudent to examine the dose-response benefits from wood preservatives for treated-wood products exposed in natural settings. Results from "graveyard tests" of preservative-treated wood stakes exposed in the ground are regarded as reliable models of durability in treated-wood products. In this paper, failure distribution patterns of preservative-treated stakes in long-term field plots are discussed with reference to early failures, to first quartile and median failure times, and to distribution about medians. Evidence supports a hypothesis that for inorganic wood preservatives, retention levels above a certain upper bound do not yield proportionate durability gains. Environmental factors do not appear to extensively change the upper bounds of the dose-response relationship but can significantly affect the lifespan at any retention within that dose-response range. A similar relationship is suspected for metal-organic preservatives. With organic systems such as creosote, there is a direct relationship between dose and increased durability. If this hypothesis about a truncated dose-response relationship proves to be a fundamental performance characteristic of inorganic and organo-metallic wood preservatives, then the upper bounds of the dose-response relationship should be an important benchmark in standards that seek to define that optimum point at which product reliability is maximized with minimal potential environmental impact. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP De Groot, RC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 49 IS 9 BP 59 EP 68 PG 10 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 240NU UT WOS:000082832700014 ER PT J AU Wang, H Joseph, JA AF Wang, H Joseph, JA TI Quantifying cellular oxidative stress by dichlorofluorescein assay using microplate reader SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE oxidative stress; dichlorofluorescin; free radicals; dopamine; hydrogen peroxide; AAPH; SIN-1; sodium nitroprusside ID NITRIC-OXIDE; 2',7'-DICHLOROFLUORESCIN; MECHANISM; DOPAMINE; RADICALS; CELLS AB Oxidative stress (OS) has been implicated in various degenerative diseases in aging. In an attempt to quantify OS in a cell model, we examined OS induced by incubating for 30 min with various free radical generators in PC12 cells by using the dichlorofluorescein (DCF) assay, modified for use by a fluorescent microplate reader. The nonfluorescent fluorescin derivatives (dichlorofluorescin, DCFH), after being oxidized by various oxidants, will become DCF and emit fluorescence. By quantifying the fluorescence, we were able to quantify the OS. Our results indicated that the fluorescence varied linearly with increasing concentrations (between 0.1 and 1 mM) of H2O2 and 2,2'-azobios(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH; a peroxyl radical generator). By contrast, the fluorescence varied as a nonlinear response to increasing concentrations of 3-morpholinosydnonimine hydrochloride (SIN-1; a peroxynitrite generator), sodium nitroprusside (SNP; a nitric oxide generator), and dopamine. Dopamine had a biphasic effect; it decreased the DCF fluorescence, thus acting as an antioxidant, at concentrations <500 mu M in cells, but acted as a pro-oxidant by increasing the fluorescence at 1 mM. While SNP was not a strong pro-oxidant, SIN-1 was the most potent pro-oxidant among those tested, inducing a 70 times increase of fluorescence at a concentration of 100 mu M compared with control. Collectively, due to its indiscriminate nature to various free radicals, DCF can be very useful in quantifying overall OS in cells, especially when used in conjunction with a fluorescent microplate reader. This method is reliable and efficient for evaluating the potency of pro-oxidants and can be used to evaluate the efficacy of antioxidants against OS in cells. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA ARS, HNRCA, Neurosci Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Wang, H (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA ARS, HNRCA, Neurosci Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 22 TC 1194 Z9 1216 U1 16 U2 136 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 27 IS 5-6 BP 612 EP 616 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00107-0 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 234RK UT WOS:000082498000016 PM 10490282 ER PT J AU Wang, H Joseph, JA AF Wang, H Joseph, JA TI Structure-activity relationships of quercetin in antagonizing hydrogen peroxide-induced calcium dysregulation in PC12 cells SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE calcium homeostasis; flavonoids; hydrogen peroxide; oxidative stress; dichlorofluorescein; free radicals ID GINKGO-BILOBA EXTRACT; MAMMALIAN BRAIN NEURONS; NERVOUS-SYSTEM TRAUMA; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; PHOSPHOLIPID-BILAYERS; OXIDATIVE-METABOLISM; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; FREE-RADICALS; FLAVONOIDS; OUTPATIENTS AB Oxidative stress can induce neurotoxic insults by increasing intracellular calcium (Ca2+), which has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases in aging. Previously, we showed that hydrogen peroxide induced calcium dysregulation in PC12 cells, as evidenced by (i) an increase in calcium baselines, (ii) a decrease in depolarization-induced calcium influx, and (iii) a failure to recover the Ca2+ levels. In the present experiments, we investigated whether a dietary flavonoid, quercetin, can antagonize the effects of hydrogen peroxide in the same cell model. We also investigated the possible structure-activity relationships of quercetin by comparing the results with four other flavonoids, each having a slightly different structure from quercetin. Our results indicated that two structural components, including (i) 3',4'-hydroxyl (OH) groups in the B ring and (ii) a 2,3-double bond in conjugation with a Core group in the C ring, along with the polyphenolic structures were crucial for the protection. These structural components are found in quercetin, and this compound was also the most efficacious in reducing both the H2O2-induced Ca2+ dysregulation in cells and oxidative stress assessed via the dichlorofluorescein assay. Collectively, these data indicated that the particular polyphenolic structural components of quercetin provided its strong antioxidant property of protecting cells against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and calcium dysregulation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA ARS, HNRCA, Neurosci Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Wang, H (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA ARS, HNRCA, Neurosci Lab, 711 Washington St,Room 919, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 39 TC 39 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 27 IS 5-6 BP 683 EP 694 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00119-7 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 234RK UT WOS:000082498000023 PM 10490289 ER PT J AU Beeman, RW Brown, SJ AF Beeman, RW Brown, SJ TI RAPD-based genetic linkage maps of Tribolium castaneum SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID POSITIONAL CLONING; FLOUR BEETLE; MARKERS; DNA; CHROMOSOME; POLYMORPHISMS; ORGANIZATION; RESISTANCE; ZEBRAFISH; INSECT AB A genetic map of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) integrating molecular with morphological markers was constructed using a backcross population of 147 siblings. The map defines 10 linkage groups (LGs), presumably corresponding to the 10 chromosomes, and consists of 122 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, six molecular markers representing identified genes, and five morphological markers. The total map length is 570 cM, giving an average marker resolution of 4.3 cM. The average physical distance per genetic distance was estimated at 350 kb/cM. A cluster of loci showing distorted segregation was detected on LG9. The process of converting RAPD markers to sequence-tagged site markers was initiated: 18 RAPD markers were cloned and sequenced, and single-strand conformational polymorphisms were identified for 4 of the 18. The map positions of all 4 coincided with those of the parent RAPD markers. C1 USDA ARS, GMPRC, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Beeman, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, GMPRC, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD29594] NR 25 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 3 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD SEP PY 1999 VL 153 IS 1 BP 333 EP 338 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 233HN UT WOS:000082421600023 PM 10471716 ER PT J AU Buckler, ES Phelps-Durr, TL Buckler, CSK Dawe, RK Doebley, JF Holtsford, TP AF Buckler, ES Phelps-Durr, TL Buckler, CSK Dawe, RK Doebley, JF Holtsford, TP TI Meiotic drive of chromosomal knobs reshaped the maize genome SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID B-CHROMOSOME; PLANT HEIGHT; DNA; HETEROCHROMATIN; ZEA; RECOMBINATION; EVOLUTION; SEQUENCE; SORGHUM AB Meiotic drive is the subversion of meiosis so that particular genes are preferentially transmitted to the progeny. Meiotic drive generally causes the preferential segregation of small regions of the genome; however, in maize we propose that meiotic drive is responsible for the evolution of large repetitive DNA arrays on all chromosomes. A maize meiotic drive locus found on an uncommon form of chromosome 10 [abnormal 10 (Ab10)] may be largely responsible for the evolution of heterochromatic chromosomal knobs, which can confer meiotic drive potential to every maize chromosome. Simulations were used to illustrate the dynamics of this meiotic drive model and suggest knobs might be deleterious in the absence of Ab10. Chromosomal knob data from maize's wild relatives (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis and mexicana) and phylogenetic comparisons demonstrated that the evolution of knob size, frequency, and chromosomal position agreed with the meiotic drive hypothesis. Knob chromosomal position was incompatible with the hypothesis that knob repetitive DNA is neutral or slightly deleterious to the genome. We also show iv that environmental factors and transposition may play a role in the evolution of knobs. Because knobs occur at multiple locations on all maize chromosomes, the combined effects of meiotic drive and genetic linkage may have reshaped genetic diversity throughout the maize genome in response to the presence of Ab10. Meiotic drive may be a major force of genome evolution, allowing revolutionary changes in genome structure and diversity over short evolutionary periods. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Genet, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Bot & Genet, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Buckler, ES (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Genet, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 51 TC 104 Z9 106 U1 2 U2 12 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD SEP PY 1999 VL 153 IS 1 BP 415 EP 426 PG 12 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 233HN UT WOS:000082421600030 PM 10471723 ER PT J AU Jin, W Horner, HT Palmer, RG Shoemaker, RC AF Jin, W Horner, HT Palmer, RG Shoemaker, RC TI Analysis and mapping of gene families encoding beta-1,3-glucanases of soybean SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; HORDEUM-VULGARE; MESSENGER-RNAS; TOBACCO; PLANT; EVOLUTION; EXPRESSION; INDUCTION; BARLEY AB Oligonucleotide primers designed for conserved sequences from coding regions of beta-1,3-glucanase genes from different species were used to amplify related sequences from soybean [ Glycine max (L) Merr.]. Sequencing and cross-hybridization of amplification products indicated that at least 12 classes of beta-1,3-glucanase genes exist in the soybean. Members of classes mapped to 34 loci on five different linkage groups using an F-2 population of 56 individuals. beta-1,3-Glucanase genes are clustered onto regions of five linkage groups. Data suggest that more closely related genes are clustered together on one linkage group or on duplicated regions of linkage groups. Northern blot analyses performed on total RNA from root, stem, leaf, pod, flower bud, and hypacatyl using DNA probes for the different classes of beta-1,3-glucanase genes revealed that the mRNA levels of all classes were low in young leaves. SGlu2, SGlu4, SGlu7 and SGlu12 mRNA were highly accumulated. in young roots and hypocotyls. SGlu7 mRNA also accumulated in pods and flower buds. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Bot, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Interdept Plant Physiol Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, CICG Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Jin, W (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Bot, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 50 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD SEP PY 1999 VL 153 IS 1 BP 445 EP 452 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 233HN UT WOS:000082421600032 PM 10471725 ER PT J AU Diop, M Dodenhoff, J Van Vleck, LD AF Diop, M Dodenhoff, J Van Vleck, LD TI Estimates of direct, maternal and grandmaternal genetic effects for growth traits in Gobra cattle SO GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WEANING WEIGHT; BEEF-CATTLE; VARIANCE-COMPONENTS; PARAMETERS; SELECTION; BIRTH AB Estimates of genetic parameters for birth (N = 3909), weaning (N = 3425), yearling (N = 2764) and final (N = 2144) weights were obtained from the records of Gobra cattle collected at the Centre de Recherches Zootechniques de Dahra, Senegal. Three animal models were fitted to obtain estimates by REML using an average information (Al) approach. Model 1 considered random direct, maternal genetic and maternal permanent environmental effects. In model 2, a general grandmaternal effect was added to the random effects considered in model 1, and in model 3, the general grandmaternal effect was divided into grandmaternal genetic and grandmaternal permanent environmental effects. All models allowed covariances among genetic effects. The inclusion of grandmaternal effects in models 2 and 3 did not change the estimates of the genetic parameters compared to model 1. Variances attributable to grandmaternal effects became negative and were set close to zero, except for yearling weight for which grandmaternal heritability was 0.03 rt 0.03. The estimates for direct and maternal heritabilities were, respectively, 0.08 +/- 0.03 and 0.03 +/- 0.02 for birth, 0.20 +/- 0.05 and 0.21 +/- 0.05 for weaning, 0.26 +/- 0.07 and 0.16 +/- 0.07 for yearling and 0.14 +/- 0.06 and 0.16 + 0.06 for final weights. The estimates of the genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects for birth, weaning, yearling and final weights were -0.17 +/- 0.40, -0.58 +/- 0.32, -0.52 +/- 0.34 and -0.34 +/- 0.37, respectively. For yearling weight with grandmaternal heritability estimated to be only 0.03, model 3 gave estimates of the genetic correlation between direct and grandmaternal effects and between maternal and grandmaternal effects of 0.28 +/- 0.48 and -0.33 +/- 0.67, respectively. Estimates of direct and maternal heritabilities were unchanged when grandmaternal effects were not included in the model. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Van Vleck, LD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC BRASIL GENETICA PI RIBEIRAO PRET PA RUA CAP ADELMIO NORBET DA SILVA, 736, ALTO DA BOA VISTA, 14025-670 RIBEIRAO PRET, BRAZIL SN 1415-4757 J9 GENET MOL BIOL JI Genet. Mol. Biol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 22 IS 3 BP 363 EP 367 DI 10.1590/S1415-47571999000300013 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 238XJ UT WOS:000082739800013 ER PT J AU Barker, JF AF Barker, JF TI Laboratory evaluation of the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae to larvae of the banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes (Lepidoptera : Cochylidae). SO GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID PLAINS AB Laboratory bioassays were conducted to assess the virulence of two entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana, and Metarhizium anisopliae to 5th instars of the banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes, (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae). Temperature conditions of 20 and 25 degrees C and high humidity, (near saturation) were nearly optimal for development of both fungi. Concentrations of 10(7) to 10(8) conidia/ml produced 100% mortality in 10 days or less and 10(6) conidia/ml produced 90% mortality at 21 to 26 days. Median lethal concentrations of conidia (LC50) from M, anisopliae were 3.6 x 10(3) at 25 degrees C and 4.1 x 10(3) at 20 degrees C. The LC50 for B. bassiana was 14.9 x 10(4) conidia/ml at 20 degrees C and 6.7 x 10(3) conidia/ml at 25 degrees C. Although B. bassiana tended to be less virulent at 20 degrees C, these differences were not significant. The high humidities required for germination and growth may reduce the usefulness of these fungi as control agents of C. hospes in the northern Great Plains. Further studies and field evaluations are needed to determine if there are microhabitats in the soil or on the sunflower head where the humidity is high enough for germination and growth of B. bassiana or M. anisopliae. Targeting of C. hospes stages in the soil to avoid contaminating the seed or oil with saprophytic fungal spores may be preferred to targeting the sunflower plant for reasons of preserving seed quality, marketing, and consumption. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Barker, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, POB 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MICH ENTOMOL SOC PI E LANSING PA MICH STATE UNIV DEPT ENTOMOL, E LANSING, MI 48823 USA SN 0090-0222 J9 GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL JI Gt. Lakes Entomol. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 32 IS 3 BP 101 EP 106 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 340KD UT WOS:000088530900001 ER PT J AU Coyle, DR McMillin, JD Hart, ER AF Coyle, DR McMillin, JD Hart, ER TI Pupal and adult parameters as potential indicators of cottonwood leaf beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) fecundin and longevity SO GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID BORER LEPIDOPTERA; BODY-SIZE; PERFORMANCE; SURVIVAL; PYRALIDAE; DIPTERA; WATER AB Cottonwood leaf beetle, Chrysomela scripts, pupae from a laboratory colony were weighed and monitored through adult emergence, oviposition, and mortality to determine if correlations existed between various pupal or adult parameters and fecundity or longevity. Forty-three female cottonwood leaf beetles were monitored. Pupal weight was not a good indicator of fecundity, total oviposition events, number of eggs/beetle/day, or adult longevity. In addition, adult weight showed very low correlation with fecundity, adult, longevity, total oviposition events, or number of eggs/beetle/day. adult weight was a marginal indicator of the number of eggs/beetle/day, and correlated well with adult body length. Adult longevity could be used to pre-diet fecundity. C1 US Forest Serv, Savannah River Inst, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. RP Coyle, DR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Savannah River Inst, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU MICH ENTOMOL SOC PI E LANSING PA MICH STATE UNIV DEPT ENTOMOL, E LANSING, MI 48823 USA SN 0090-0222 J9 GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL JI Gt. Lakes Entomol. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 32 IS 3 BP 107 EP 113 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 340KD UT WOS:000088530900002 ER PT J AU Rosebrough, RW McMurtry, JP Vasilatos-Younken, R AF Rosebrough, RW McMurtry, JP Vasilatos-Younken, R TI Dietary protein effects on the broiler's adaptation to triiodothyronine SO GROWTH DEVELOPMENT AND AGING LA English DT Article DE thyroids; metabolism; diets; lipogenesis; growth ID DOMESTIC-FOWL GALLUS; BODY-WEIGHT GAIN; GROWTH-HORMONE; THYROID-HORMONES; CHICKENS; INSULIN; PLASMA; LIPOGENESIS; RESTRICTION; METABOLISM AB The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary protein on metabolic adaptations in birds given triiodothyronine (T-3) at 28 d of age. Knowledge about the role of dietary protein in thyroid metabolism is lacking. Male broiler chickens were fed diets containing either 120 or 300 g crude protein/kg from 7 to 28 d. At this time, one-half of each group was given that diet supplemented with I mg/ kg TS Birds were sampled at 0, 2, 5, 7, 9 and 12 d following the initiation of the Ts treatments. Measurements taken at these intervals included in vitro lipogenesis (IVL), growth and feed consumption, hepatic enzyme activities and plasma thyroid hormones and metabolites. As expected, IVL was greater at 28 d in birds fed the lower level of protein. Moreover, when T-3 was added to either diet, IVL decreased by 50% after 5 d. Plasma IGF-I and T-4 were greater while T-3 and GH were less when birds were fed the higher level of crude protein. Plasma T-3 increased and T-4 decreased 3 d following the addition of T-3 to diets containing either level of crude protein. Most metabolic changes in response to feeding T-3 occurred within 2 to 5 d, suggesting that changes in intermediary metabolism preceded morphological changes that we have previously seen. In addition, dietary protein levels may not affect adaptive responses to T-3. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, BARC E,Growth Biol Lab, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Rosebrough, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, BARC E,Growth Biol Lab, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Bldg 200,Rm 212,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROWTH PUBLISHING CO INC PI HULLS COVE PA PO BOX 205, HULLS COVE, ME 04644-0205 USA SN 1041-1232 J9 GROWTH DEVELOP AGING JI Growth Dev. Aging PD FAL PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 85 EP 98 PG 14 WC Developmental Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Developmental Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 272AW UT WOS:000084629200002 PM 10921501 ER PT J AU Higashiura, Y Ishihara, M Schaefer, PW AF Higashiura, Y Ishihara, M Schaefer, PW TI Sex ratio distortion and severe inbreeding depression in the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar L-in Hokkaido, Japan SO HEREDITY LA English DT Article DE cost of inbreeding; inbreeding depression; Lepidoptera; Lymantria dispar; male-killing; sex ratio ID TRIBOLIUM-CASTANEUM; GENETIC-VARIATION; FEMALE PROGENY; LEPIDOPTERA; POPULATION; NYMPHALIDAE; PERSISTENCE; VIABILITY; PRODUCE AB An abnormal female producing only female progeny was found in Lymantria dispar in Hokkaido, Japan, in July 1996. Similarly, its progeny produced only females. Egg hatch rates were near 50% in all-female matrilines. Therefore, a certain cytoplasmic factor was thought to kill males in eggs differentially, resulting in only female hosts. In the next generation, the held population was estimated to contain 9.1% abnormal females. Severe inbreeding depression was also observed in egg hatch rates during;confirmation of maternal inheritance. The cost of inbreeding was estimated at 0.395, which is one of the highest in insects. Inbreeding avoidance by their host has been cited as one of the advantages of a male-killing factor, but we suggest that this is not applicable in this moth. C1 Hokkaido Forestry Res Inst, Bibai, Hokkaido 0790198, Japan. Hyogo Coll Med, Biol Lab, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638501, Japan. ARS, USDA, Beneficial Insects Introduct Res Lab, Newark, DE 19713 USA. RP Higashiura, Y (reprint author), Hokkaido Forestry Res Inst, Bibai, Hokkaido 0790198, Japan. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0018-067X J9 HEREDITY JI Heredity PD SEP PY 1999 VL 83 BP 290 EP 297 DI 10.1038/sj.hdy.6885590 PN 3 PG 8 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 250NX UT WOS:000083395400009 PM 10504426 ER PT J AU Luce, CH Tarboton, DG Cooley, KR AF Luce, CH Tarboton, DG Cooley, KR TI Sub-grid parameterization of snow distribution for an energy and mass balance snow cover model SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE sub-grid parameterization; snow distribution; snow water equivalence; energy balance model ID SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; AVERAGED SNOWMELT; TERRAIN; RUNOFF; SCALE AB Representation of sub-element scale variability in snow accumulation and ablation is increasingly recognized as important in distributed hydrologic modelling. Representing sub-grid scale variability may be accomplished through numerical integration of a nested grid or through a lumped modelling approach. We present a physically based model of the lumped snowpack mass and energy balance applied to a 26-ha rangeland catchment with high spatial variability in snow accumulation and melt. Model state variables are snow-covered area average snow energy content (U), the basin-average snow water equivalence (W-a), and snow-covered area fraction (A(f)) The energy state variable is evolved through an energy balance. The snow water equivalence state variable is evolved through a mass balance, and the area state variable is updated according to an empirically derived relationship, A(f)(W-a), that is similar in nature to depletion curves used in existing empirical basin snowmelt models. As snow accumulates, the snow covered area increases rapidly. As the snowpack ablates, A(f) decreases as W-a decreases. This paper shows how the relationship A(f)(W-a) for the melt season can be estimated from the distribution of snow water equivalence at peak accumulation in the area being modelled. We show that the depletion curve estimated from the snow distribution of peak accumulation at the Upper Sheep Creek sub-basin of Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed compares well against the observed depletion data as well as modelled depletion data from an explicit spatially distributed energy balance model. Comparisons of basin average snow water equivalence between the lumped model and spatially distributed model show good agreement. Comparisons to observed snow water equivalence show poorer but still reasonable agreement. The sub-grid parameterization is easily portable to other physically based point snowmelt models. It has potential application for use in hydrologic and climate models covering large areas with large model elements, where a computationally inexpensive parameterization of sub-grid snow processes may be important. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Luce, CH (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 316 E Myrtle, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RI Luce, Charles/A-9267-2008; Tarboton, David/G-8972-2011 OI Luce, Charles/0000-0002-6938-9662; Tarboton, David/0000-0002-1998-3479 NR 41 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 18 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 13 IS 12-13 BP 1921 EP 1933 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199909)13:12/13<1921::AID-HYP867>3.3.CO;2-J PG 13 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 240DH UT WOS:000082810200016 ER PT J AU Marks, D Domingo, J Susong, D Link, T Garen, D AF Marks, D Domingo, J Susong, D Link, T Garen, D TI A spatially distributed energy balance snowmelt model for application in mountain basins SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE spatially distributed modelling; snowmelt; runoff; water resources ID ALPINE CATCHMENT; SPECTRAL ALBEDO; SIERRA-NEVADA; CLIMATE; COVER; PRECIPITATION; SIMULATIONS; EXCHANGE; TERRAIN; SURFACE AB Snowmelt is the principal source for soil moisture, ground-water re-charge, and stream-flow in mountainous regions of the western US, Canada, and other similar regions of the world. Information on the timing, magnitude, and contributing area of melt under variable or changing climate conditions is required for successful water and resource management. A coupled energy and mass-balance model ISNOBAL is used to simulate the development and melting of the seasonal snowcover in several mountain basins in California, Idaho, and Utah. Simulations are done over basins varying from 1 to 2500 km(2), with simulation periods varying from a few days for the smallest basin, Emerald Lake watershed in California, to multiple snow seasons for the Park City area in Utah. The model is driven by topographically corrected estimates of radiation, temperature, humidity, wind, and precipitation. Simulation results in all basins closely match independently measured snow water equivalent, snow depth, or runoff during both the development and depletion of the snowcover. Spatially distributed estimates of snow deposition and melt allow us to better understand the interaction between topographic structure, climate, and moisture availability in mountain basins of the western US. Application of topographically distributed models such as this will lead to improved water resource and watershed management. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Marks, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RI Link, Timothy/G-5556-2012 NR 37 TC 138 Z9 140 U1 4 U2 43 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 13 IS 12-13 BP 1935 EP 1959 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199909)13:12/13<1935::AID-HYP868>3.0.CO;2-C PG 27 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 240DH UT WOS:000082810200017 ER PT J AU Jackson, TJ Le Vine, DM Hsu, AY Oldak, A Starks, PJ Swift, CT Isham, JD Haken, M AF Jackson, TJ Le Vine, DM Hsu, AY Oldak, A Starks, PJ Swift, CT Isham, JD Haken, M TI Soil moisture mapping at regional scales using microwave radiometry: The Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) CY 1998 CL SEATTLE, WASHINGTON SP Int Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc DE hydrology; microwave; remote sensing; soil moisture ID EMISSION AB Surface soil moisture retrieval algorithms based on passive microwave observations, developed and verified at high spatial resolution, were evaluated in a regional scale experiment. Using previous investigations as a base, the Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment (SGP97) was designed and conducted to extend the algorithm to coarser resolutions, larger regions with more diverse conditions, and longer time periods. The L-band electronically scanned thinned array radiometer (ESTAR) was used for daily mapping of surface soil moisture over an area greater than 10 000 km(2) for a one month period. Results show that the soil moisture retrieval algorithm performed the same as in previous investigations, demonstrating consistency of both the retrieval and the instrument. Error levels were on the order of 3% for area integrated averages of sites used for validation. This result showed that for the coarser resolution used here that the theory and techniques employed in the algorithm apply at this scale. Spatial patterns observed in the Little Washita Watershed in previous investigations were also observed here. These results showed that soil texture dominated the spatial pattern at this scale. However, the regional soil moisture patterns were a reflection of the spatially variable rainfall and soil texture patterns were not as obvious. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Sensors Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Elect Engn, Microwave Res Lab, Amherst, MA 01001 USA. Raytheon Informat Technol & Sci Serv, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Jackson, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 409 Z9 435 U1 5 U2 52 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD SEP PY 1999 VL 37 IS 5 BP 2136 EP 2151 DI 10.1109/36.789610 PN 1 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 236YT UT WOS:000082627400002 ER PT J AU Thro, AM Roca, WM Restrepo, J Caballero, H Poats, S Escobar, R Mafla, G Hernandez, C AF Thro, AM Roca, WM Restrepo, J Caballero, H Poats, S Escobar, R Mafla, G Hernandez, C TI Can in vitro biology have farm-level impact for small-scale cassava farmers in Latin America? SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT LA English DT Article DE cassava; Manihot esculenta Crantz; micropropagation; small-scale farmers; participatory research; bioreactors ID MANIHOT-ESCULENTA CRANTZ; EMBRYOGENIC SUSPENSION-CULTURES; PLANTS; REGENERATION; TRANSFORMATION AB Cassava is uniquely suited for food security and economic development in unfavored areas of the tropics. Development research far cassava is an urgent need. In 1998, the Cassava Biotechnology Network (CBN) convened a workshop of cassava stakeholder groups in Latin America. After hearing an opening statement from representatives of small-scale cassava producers and processors. stakeholders formulated a consensus set of research and development (R&D) priorities. An adequate supply of good-quality planting material of desired varieties was clearly the most urgent, followed by R&D on market-value traits. yield losses due to pests, diseases, and drought; and cropping system flexibility. Two new projects are using in vitro techniques to address priorities of small-scale cassava farmers in Latin America. One project in Colombia combines a nongovernmental organization, a local farmers' association, and the international research center, CIAT, to explore affordable micropropagation. Findings to date, shots that most culture medium components can be replaced with local products, and a rustic growth room permits good culture growth without electricity or air conditioning. Low-costs system(s) developed will be assessed as a local microenterprise. A second project, in Ecuador, couples local cassava germplasm (with oral histories and an in vitro back-tip collection) and elite clones (introduced in vitro) with new concepts in agribusiness development, to restart local farmers' cooperatives after the disastrous 1998-99 el Nifio floods. The project was developed through group planning by the cooperatives, the local technical university the national agricultural research program, and CIAT. Research to improve in vitro tools focuses on safe and stable conservation and exchange of cassava genetic resources, long-term, less expensive conservation, rapid clonal propagation, and ultimately, genetic transformation technologies to add desired traits to useful cassava varieties. C1 USDA, AMS, Sci & Technol Programs, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ctr Int Agr Trop, Cali, Colombia. Univ Tecn Manabi, Manabi, Ecuador. Fdn Latino Americana Ciencias Sociales, Quito, Ecuador. Asociac Agr Pital, Cauca, Colombia. RP Thro, AM (reprint author), USDA, AMS, Sci & Technol Programs, Room 500,NAL Bldg,10301 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1054-5476 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-PL JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 35 IS 5 BP 382 EP 387 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 255ME UT WOS:000083672000004 ER PT J AU Webber, CL Whitworth, J Dole, J AF Webber, CL Whitworth, J Dole, J TI Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) core as a containerized growth medium component SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE core; H. cannabinus; kenaf; potting mix component ID L STEM CORE; SOILLESS MEDIA; NITROGEN AB Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) stems contain two distinct fiber types, bast and core. The absorbent, low density core (xylem) is a possible potting mix component. Two greenhouse studies were conducted during 1993 and 1995 to determine the feasibility of substituting kenaf core for vermiculite and bark. In Study 1, fine-grade kenaf was substituted for vermiculite in three volume ratios (1, 2 or 3) with sphagnum peat moss and perlite (1:1) and compared to a 1:1:1 ratio of vermiculite:sphagnum peat moss:perlite. In Study 2, coarse-grade kenaf was substituted in three volume ratios (1, 2 or 3) with sphagnum peat moss and compared to a 1:1 ratio of pine bark:sphagnum peat moss. Plant height, canopy diameter, shoot weight, and root weight of periwinkle (Vinca minor) seedlings were determined 10 weeks after transplanting into the media contained in 12.5-cm diameter pots. The substitution of fine-grade kenaf for vermiculite at a 1:1 ratio reduced to some extent all periwinkle yield parameters except root dry weight. As the volume of fine-grade kenaf increased, all yield parameters decreased compared to the vermiculite media. Substitution of coarse-grade kenaf for pine bark in a 1:1 ratio produced equivalent or greater yield components. This research indicates that kenaf core can be a suitable containerized growth medium component, depending on the size and percentage of kenaf used, the plant growth requirements, and the specific physical characteristics desired in the containerized growth media. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, SCARL, Lane, OK 74555 USA. Your Daily Bread, Flower Mound, TX 75028 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Hort & Landscape Dept, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Webber, CL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SCARL, POB 159,Hwy 3 W, Lane, OK 74555 USA. NR 10 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 10 IS 2 BP 97 EP 105 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00014-X PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 226XZ UT WOS:000082049600003 ER PT J AU Cornish, K Chapman, MH Nakayama, FS Vinyard, SH Whitehand, LC AF Cornish, K Chapman, MH Nakayama, FS Vinyard, SH Whitehand, LC TI Latex quantification in guayule shrub and homogenate SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE hypoallergenic latex; latex extraction; latex yield; Parthenium argentatum; rubber ID HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS LATEX; CROSS-REACTIVITY; RUBBER AB Commercial development of hypoallergenic latex from Parthenium argentatum (Gray), especially for the manufacture of latex medical and household goods, requires specific knowledge on the best lines, agronomic practices and storage conditions for the generation of maximal latex yield. Development can proceed only by using standard, accurate analytical techniques for latex extraction and quantification. In this paper, we describe a latex extraction method that parallels the proposed commercial extraction process and we demonstrate that different extraction equipment can introduce large variations in the apparent amount of extractable latex. An evaluation protocol for testing and optimizing the efficiency of alternative extraction equipment is presented. Also, we describe a rapid latex quantification method for use with shrub and shrub homogenates, confirm its accuracy with tissue balance analysis and show how it can be used to quantify latex in materials with unusually low latex content. The reproducibility of the basic method and of a variation of the method, were determined by analysis of identical homogenates by researchers at different locations. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. PWA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Cornish, K (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 15 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 10 IS 2 BP 121 EP 136 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00016-3 PG 16 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 226XZ UT WOS:000082049600006 ER PT J AU Dickey, LC McAloon, A Craig, JC Parris, N AF Dickey, LC McAloon, A Craig, JC Parris, N TI Estimating the cost of extracting cereal protein with ethanol SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE cereal protein; protein extraction; zein ID CORN AB Most cereals contain prolamine-rich proteins, which are water insoluble, but soluble in alcohol solutions. These proteins could be used as constituents of temporary, environmentally stable coatings and films. It may be economically feasible to separate these proteins as part of a starch to ethanol process, if the alcohol solvent separation and recovery cost are low enough. Estimates of separated protein product cost can be made using a separation process simulation developed for maize. A general cost model was formulated as the sum of two major energy-consuming units, distillation and product drying, and three other overall cost fractions based on two mass flow ratios, namely, the solvent to cereal feed and the product to feed. Model coefficients were calculated from fits of the simulation cost predictions for zein extraction. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Dickey, LC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 13 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 10 IS 2 BP 137 EP 143 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00017-5 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 226XZ UT WOS:000082049600007 ER PT J AU Micales, JA Skog, KE AF Micales, JA Skog, KE TI Reply to "Short communication to International Biodeteriation and Biodegradation" SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Letter C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Micales, JA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 44 IS 2-3 BP 85 EP 85 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(99)00070-0 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 265ZF UT WOS:000084275600004 ER PT J AU Kalfa, VC Brogden, KA AF Kalfa, VC Brogden, KA TI Anionic antimicrobial peptide-lysozyme interactions in innate pulmonary immunity SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS LA English DT Article DE anionic peptides; antimicrobial peptides; lysozyme; respiratory tract; bactericidal; interactions ID BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID; HUMAN NEUTROPHIL DEFENSINS; AIRWAY SURFACE FLUID; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; HUMAN-LUNG; ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDE; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; EPITHELIA AB The respiratory tract contains numerous antimicrobial factors necessary for normal innate pulmonary defense. Although many of these molecules reside in airway surface liquid (ASL) simultaneously, little information exists concerning antagonistic, additive, or synergistic interactions. Since both cationic lysozyme and anionic antimicrobial peptides (AP) are found in high concentrations in ASL, the purpose of this study was to assess any interaction that might affect antimicrobial activity. For this, Pasteurella haemolytica, Micrococcus lysodeikticus, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa were added to egg white lysozyme (3.9-250.0 mu g/ml) or human neutrophil lysozyme (0.8-50.0 mu g/ml) and H-GADDDDD-OH (from 0.01 to 0.50 mM) mixtures in 50, 100, or 150 mM NaCl; incubated for 2 h; and then plated. In this assay, the MICs of AP for P. haemolytica, M. lysodeikticus, and P. aeruginosa varied slightly depending upon the concentration of NaCl and MICs generally increased slightly with increasing NaCl concentrations. The MIC of lysozyme for P. haemolytica and M. lysodeikticus also increased slightly with increasing NaCl concentrations. The MIC of lysozyme for P. aeruginosa was greater than 50 mu g/ml and did not vary with increasing NaCl concentrations. When AP was combined with lysozyme in 50, 100, or 150 mM NaCl concentrations, there was no significant interaction that affected antimicrobial activity. In conclusion, the MICs of AP generally increased with increasing NaCl concentrations but lysozyme and AP appeared not to interact significantly at physiologically relevant concentrations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. and International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Brogden, KA (reprint author), ARS, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-8579 J9 INT J ANTIMICROB AG JI Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents PD SEP PY 1999 VL 13 IS 1 BP 47 EP 51 DI 10.1016/S0924-8579(99)00095-3 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 245TW UT WOS:000083125100008 PM 10563404 ER PT J AU Morehart, M Murtagh, F Starck, JL AF Morehart, M Murtagh, F Starck, JL TI Spatial representation of economic and financial measures used in agriculture via wavelet analysis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-ESTIMATION; REGRESSION; SHRINKAGE; KERNEL AB A foundation is set forth for use of the wavelet transform as a spatial analysis tool for modelling the geographical representation of economic and financial measures used in agriculture. This provides a framework from which to estimate a smooth nonparametric function which describes complex, multivariate relationships embedded in spatial data, with the resulting maps conveying large amounts of information in a familiar format. We illustrate this approach for tasks which include the graphical presentation of information, density estimation and wavelet-based nonparametric regression. A redundant wavelet transform is used, and we detail the properties which make it particularly appropriate for these objectives. C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Queens Univ Belfast, Sch Comp Sci, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. CEA, DSM, DAPNIA, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. RP Morehart, M (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RI Starck, Jean-Luc/D-9467-2011 OI Starck, Jean-Luc/0000-0003-2177-7794 NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1365-8816 J9 INT J GEOGR INF SCI JI Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 13 IS 6 BP 557 EP 576 DI 10.1080/136588199241111 PG 20 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Geography; Geography, Physical; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Geography; Physical Geography; Information Science & Library Science GA 228BA UT WOS:000082114600003 ER PT J AU Sicher, RC AF Sicher, RC TI Photosystem-II activity is decreased by yellowing of barley primary leaves during growth in elevated carbon dioxide SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE physiology; Hordeum vulgare L.; CO2 enrichment; electron transport; photodamage; photosynthesis ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT; FOLIAR DEFORMATION; CHLOROPHYLL; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TOMATO; IRRADIANCE; CHLOROSIS; PROTEINS; EXCHANGE; PLANTS AB Leaf yellowing was studied in 10-18-d-old barley seedlings (Houdeum vulgare L. cv. Brant) grown at ambient (38 Pa) and at elevated (68, 100, and 140 Pa) CO2 partial pressures in controlled-environment chambers. Maximal total chlorophyll (Chl) concentrations of primary leaves from all four CO2 growth treatments were 0.36 +/- 0.01 g m(-2), and these concentrations were observed 10-12 d after sowing (DAS). Total Chi levels in primary leaves were 35%, 64%, and 78% below maximal levels in the 38, 68, and 100 Pa CO2 growth treatments, respectively, when measured 18 DAS. Losses of Chi in 18-d-old primary leaves were similar in the 100 and 140 Pa CO2 treatments. Decreases of Chi d and Chi b in response to CO2 enrichment were comparable in isolated chloroplast preparations and in intact 18-d-old barley primary leaves of plants grown at 38 and 68 Pa CO2. Total thylakoid membrane proteins, the Chi alb binding protein (LHC-II), and D1 protein levels were also lower in chloroplast preparations from plants grown in the elevated compared to the ambient CO2 treatment. Both ferricyanide reduction and whole-chain electron-transport rates (H2O --> methylviologen) were significantly lower for chloroplasts from plants grown at 68 Pa CO2 compared with those grown at 38 Pa CO2. However, photosystem-I-dependent chloroplast photoreductions did not differ between CO2 treatments. The results indicated that the CO2-dependent yellowing of barley primary leaves adversely affected photosystem-II activity. Growth in elevated CO2 may have increased the susceptibility of photosystem-II to light damage. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sicher, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Bldg 046-A,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 160 IS 5 BP 849 EP 854 DI 10.1086/314182 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 255LN UT WOS:000083670400005 ER PT J AU Eggleston, G Bland, JM Clarke, MA Pepperman, AB AF Eggleston, G Bland, JM Clarke, MA Pepperman, AB TI Progress in identifying marker compounds to indicate sugar losses in sugar industry processes SO INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The most accurate determination of sugar losses in sugar processing would be to analyse for a stable sugar degradation product, that is a marker compound. In alkaline sugar processing streams, the occurrence of the alkaline degradation of the invert sugars glucose and fructose is usually diagnosed by a significant increase in colour. Unfortunately, many other reactions under alkaline process conditions, can cause colour formation. This paper outlines a more specific test to diagnose if the alkaline degradation of invert has occurred in process by detecting mannose, because under alkaline conditions, mannose, glucose, fructose and, to a much lesser extent, psicose are in initial equilibrium via a reversible isomerization reaction. Detection of mannose in samples taken from industrial processes where alkaline conditions dominate, confirmed that alkaline degradation of invert sugars had occurred, and that mannose can be used as a marker compound for invert losses. A new and rapid ICIPAD (ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection) method has been developed to improve the detection of mannose in sugar industry samples. Oligosaccharides are formed in the breakdown of sucrose under acid and alkaline conditions, and have strong potential as possible stable markers. Potential oligosaccharide degradation product markers, formed across various sugar industry unit processes are reported and discussed, and compared to degradation products in model study solutions. The model study sucrose degradation reactions were undertaken under simulated industrial conditions (65 degrees Brix; constant pH 5.45 - 9.25; N-2; 100 degrees C). Improved ion chromatography technologies for separation and fractionation of sugar loss markers are described, as well as the nse of electrospray mass spectrometry to aid the identification of markers. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Eggleston, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT SUGAR JOURNAL LTD PI WEST GLAMORGAN PA PO BOX 26N ST PORT TALBOT, WEST GLAMORGAN SA13 1NX, WALES SN 0020-8841 J9 INT SUGAR J JI Int. Sugar J. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 101 IS 1209 BP 469 EP + PG 7 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 243FZ UT WOS:000082987500025 ER PT J AU Friedman, M AF Friedman, M TI Chemistry, nutrition, and microbiology of D-amine acids SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE D-amino acids; food processing; formation; microbiology; nutrition; safety ID D-ASPARTIC ACID; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FREE D-SERINE; CAPILLARY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MONITORING MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ALZHEIMER HUMAN BRAIN; SELENO-L-METHIONINE; ALPHA-KETO ACIDS; D-ALANINE; RHODOTORULA-GRACILIS AB Exposure of food proteins to certain processing conditions induces two major chemical changes: racemization of all L-amino acids to D-isomers and concurrent formation of cross-linked amino acids such as lysinoalanine. Racemization of L-amino acids residues to their D-isomers in food and other proteins is pH-, time-, and temperature-dependent. Although racemization rates of the 18 different L-amino acid residues in a protein vary, the relative rates in different proteins are similar. The diet contains both processing-induced and naturally formed D-aminoacids. The latter include those found in microorganisms, plants, and marine invertebrates. Racemization impairs digestibility and nutritional quality. The nutritional utilization of different D-amino acids varies widely in animals and humans. In addition, some D-amino acids may be both beneficial and deleterious. Thus, although D-phenylalanine in an all-amino-acid diet is utilized as a nutritional source of L-phenylalanine, high concentrations of D-tyrosine in such diets inhibit the growth of mice. Both D-serine and lysinoalanine induce histological changes in the rat kidney. The wide variation in the utilization of D-amino acids is illustrated by the fact that whereas D-methionine is largely utilized as a nutritional source of the L-isomer, D-lysine is totally devoid of any nutritional value. Similarly, although L-cysteine has a sparing effect on L-methionine when fed to mice, D-cysteine does not. Because D-amino acids are consumed by animals and humans as part of their normal diets, a need exists to develop a better understanding of their roles in nutrition, food safety, microbiology, physiology, and medicine. To contribute to this effort, this multidiscipline-oriented overview surveys our present knowledge of the chemistry, nutrition, safety, microbiology, and pharmacology of D-amino acids. Also covered are the origin and distribution of D-amino acids in the food chain and in body fluids and tissues and recommendations for future research in each of these areas. Understanding of the integrated, beneficial effects of D-amino acids against cancer, schizophrenia, and infection, and overlapping aspects of the formation, occurrence, and biological functions of D-amino should lead to better foods and improved human health. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Friedman, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 258 TC 253 Z9 265 U1 10 U2 95 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 47 IS 9 BP 3457 EP 3479 DI 10.1021/jf990080u PG 23 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 238GM UT WOS:000082702600002 PM 10552672 ER PT J AU Schatzki, TF deKoe, WJ AF Schatzki, TF deKoe, WJ TI Distribution of aflatoxin in pistachios. 6. Seller's and buyer's risk SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sampling; lot means; sample distributions; sample sizes; EC protocol; strategies ID SHELLED PEANUTS; UNITED-STATES; PLANS AB The seller's risk-the probability of a set of samples exceeding an agreed upon aflatoxin level when the lot mean does not-and the buyer's risk-the probability of a lot exceeding this level when a set of samples do not-have been computed using a parametrized experimental aflatoxin distribution and Monte Carlo simulation. The calculations are exemplified using the proposed EC standards (three 10 kg samples, 4 ng/g of total aflatoxin, basis kernels only) as well as for samples up to 250 kg and for varied lot aflatoxin levels. It is found that within this sample size range the seller's risk is as high as 42% at 10 kg and increases with increasing sample size to 80% at 250 kg. Only by reducing lot levels to 0.2 ng/g of total aflatoxin, basis kernels, can the risk be brought down to 2.5%, independent of sample size. The buyer's risk is as high as 58% at 10 kg but falls to 11% at 250 kg samp:les. The implications for both seller and buyer strategies are discussed. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Hlth Protect, NL-6705 BK Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Schatzki, TF (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 47 IS 9 BP 3771 EP 3775 DI 10.1021/jf981089j PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 238GM UT WOS:000082702600050 PM 10552720 ER PT J AU Kochansky, J Shimanuki, H AF Kochansky, J Shimanuki, H TI Development of a gel formulation of formic acid for control of parasitic mites of honey bees SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE honey bees; Apis mellifera; formic acid; Varroa jacobsoni; tracheal mite; Acarapis woodi; acaricide; gel; poly(acrylic acid); fumed silica ID ACARAPIS-WOODI RENNIE; VARROA-JACOBSONI OUD; TRACHEAL MITES; COLONIES; TARSONEMIDAE; HYMENOPTERA; CLIMATES; APIDAE; ACARI AB Formic acid has been used in various countries for the control of parasitic mites of honey bees (Apis mellifera), particularly the Varroa mite (Varroa jacobsoni) and the tracheal mite (Acarapis woodi). Its corrosivity and consequent fear of liability have precluded commercial interest in the United States, and its rapid vaporization requires frequent reapplication. We have developed a gel formulation of formic acid which provides controlled release over 2-3 weeks and improves the convenience and safety of handling of formic acid. The strong acidity of formic acid restricts the choice of gelling agents; vegetable gellants such as agar are destroyed, and bentonite clay derivatives do not gel, even with high-shear mixing. Polyacrylamides lead to viscous liquids lacking thixotropic properties. High-molecular-weight poly(acrylic acids) and fumed silicas provided gels with suitable physical characteristics. The poly(acrylic acid) gels were difficult to mix and gave slower and nonlinear release behavior, while the fumed silica gels were easy to prepare and linear in formic acid vaporization. C1 ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kochansky, J (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Bldg 476, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 47 IS 9 BP 3850 EP 3853 DI 10.1021/jf9901439 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 238GM UT WOS:000082702600063 PM 10552733 ER PT J AU Wong, DWS Robertson, GH Tillin, SJ Wong, C AF Wong, DWS Robertson, GH Tillin, SJ Wong, C TI Phage-displayed peptide ligands for pancreatic alpha-amylase cross-react with barley alpha-amylase SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE peptides; ligands; phage library; alpha-amylase ID NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; INHIBITOR TENDAMISTAT; ANGSTROM RESOLUTION; AMYLASE/SUBTILISIN INHIBITOR; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; COMPLEX; PURIFICATION; LIBRARY; VECTORS; ASSAY AB Peptide ligands that bind to pancreatic a-amylase were isolated from bacteriophage libraries displaying random 15-mer peptides by iterative affinity selection and amplification. The DNA sequences of selected clones from the final round of biopanning were determined. The two phage-display ligands with high-binding activities contained a high content of Arg, Tyr, and Trp residues with the short consensus sequence Arg-X-Tyr-Trp. These clones were shown to exhibit comparable binding interactions toward barley a-amylase based on transducing units titering and measurement of the dissociation constants. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Wong, DWS (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 47 IS 9 BP 3934 EP 3937 DI 10.1021/jf990100s PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 238GM UT WOS:000082702600076 PM 10552746 ER PT J AU Malinowski, DP Belesky, DP Fedders, JM AF Malinowski, DP Belesky, DP Fedders, JM TI Endophyte infection may affect the competitive ability of tall fescue grown with red clover SO JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ACKER UND PFLANZENBAU LA English DT Article DE competition; endophyte; Neotyphodium; red clover; tall fescue ID FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE; FESTUCA-ARUNDINACEA; LOLIUM-PERENNE; MEADOW FESCUE; ACREMONIUM-COENOPHIALUM; GRASSES; ALKALOIDS; RYEGRASS; PLANT; NEOTYPHODIUM AB Cool-season grasses infected with Neotyphodium endophytes may be more persistent and competitive than noninfected plants. In a greenhouse experiment, two tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cloned genotypes (DN2 and DN11) with different growth characteristics and endophyte status (E -, non-infected; E +, infected) were grown in monocultures and in full competition with red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cv. Reddy Red for 20 weeks. When grown in monoculture, endophyte infection reduced the root dry matter (DM) of DN2 (16 %) and DN11 (5 %) when compared to E - plants, while shoot DM was not affected. In full competition with red clover, root and shoot DM of tall fescue were not influenced by endophytes, but cumulative herbage DM yield was less in Ef than in E - plants. Root growth of red clover was significantly depressed (22 %) in competition with E+ plants of DN2 compared to E- plants, but was not affected when plants were grown in competition with DN11. The relative yield total (RYT) did not differ from 1.0 in red clover mixtures with E- plants of DN2 and DN11, and with Ef plants of DN11, indicating competition between the competitors for the same resources. In contrast, RYT was less than 1.0 in the red clover/DN2 E+ mixture, suggesting a negative interaction between the competitors. Endophyte infection increased the competitive ability of DN2 but reduced that of DN11 when compared to E- plants. Because the concentration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in roots of E+ plants of DN2 was twice that found in roots of DN11 (1083 and 536 mu g g(-1), respectively), we suggest that pyrrolizidine alkaloids might influence the competitive ability of some endophyte-tall fescue associations through a possible allelopathic effect on companion species. C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Malinowski, DP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 64 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2250 J9 J AGRON CROP SCI JI J. Agron. Crop Sci.-Z. Acker Pflanzenbau PD SEP PY 1999 VL 183 IS 2 BP 91 EP 101 DI 10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00322.x PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 238KB UT WOS:000082708500003 ER PT J AU McMaster, GS LeCain, DR Morgan, JA Aiguo, L Hendrix, DL AF McMaster, GS LeCain, DR Morgan, JA Aiguo, L Hendrix, DL TI Elevated CO2 increases wheat CER, leaf and tiller development, and shoot and root growth SO JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ACKER UND PFLANZENBAU LA English DT Article DE carbohydrates; CO2; development; phenology; photosynthesis; wheat ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; WINTER-WHEAT; VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT; SPRING WHEAT; ENRICHMENT; YIELD; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ACCLIMATION; NITROGEN; EXCHANGE AB Whole-plant responses to elevated CO2 throughout the life cycle are needed to understand future impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2. In this study, Triticum aestivum L. leaf carbon exchange rates (CER) and carbohydrates, growth, and development were examined at the tillering, booting, and grain-filling stages in growth chambers with CO2 concentrations of 350 (ambient) or 700 thigh) mu mol mol(-1). Single-leaf CER values measured on plants grown at high CO2 were 50% greater than those measured on plants grown at ambient CO2 for all growth stages, with no photosynthetic acclimation observed at high CO2. Leaves grown in high CO2 had more starch and simple sugars at tillering and booting, and more starch at grain-filling, than those grown in ambient CO2. CER and carbohydrate levels were positively correlated with leaf appearance rates and tillering (especially third-, fourth- and fifth-order tillers). Elevated CO2 slightly delayed tiller appearance, but accelerated tiller development after appearance. Although high CO2 increased leaf appearance rates, final leaf number/culm was not effected because growth stages were reached slightly sooner. Greater plant biomass was related to greater tillering. Doubling CO2 significantly increased both shoot and root dry weight, but decreased the shoot to root ratio. High CO2 plants had more spikes plant(-1) and spikelets spike(-1), but a similar number of fertile spikelets spike(-1). Elevated CO2 resulted in greater shoot, root and spike production and quicker canopy development by increasing leaf and tiller appearance rates and phenology. C1 ARS, USDA, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP McMaster, GS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 33 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2250 J9 J AGRON CROP SCI JI J. Agron. Crop Sci.-Z. Acker Pflanzenbau PD SEP PY 1999 VL 183 IS 2 BP 119 EP 128 DI 10.1046/j.1439-037x.1999.00325.x PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 238KB UT WOS:000082708500006 ER PT J AU Williams, LW Reinfried, P Brenner, RJ AF Williams, LW Reinfried, P Brenner, RJ TI Cockroach extermination does not rapidly reduce allergen in settled dust SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXPOSURE; BLATTELLIDAE; ORTHOPTERA; CHILDREN; ASTHMA C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Div Pediat Allergy & Immunol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. USDA ARS, Imported Fire Ants & Household Insects Res Unit, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Williams, LW (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Div Pediat Allergy & Immunol, Box 3559, Durham, NC 27710 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01RR00030]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI38550] NR 6 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 104 IS 3 BP 702 EP 703 DI 10.1016/S0091-6749(99)70346-5 PN 1 PG 2 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 241EP UT WOS:000082870000039 PM 10482850 ER PT J AU Stoleson, SH Beissinger, SR AF Stoleson, SH Beissinger, SR TI Egg viability as a constraint on hatching synchrony at high ambient temperatures SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE clutch size; embryo development; Forpus passerinus; hatching asynchrony; parrot; temperature; viability ID INTRASPECIFIC BROOD PARASITISM; CLUTCH-SIZE; NEOTROPICAL PARROT; HOUSE SPARROW; PHYSIOLOGICAL CONSTRAINT; ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE; EMBRYONIC-DEVELOPMENT; NEST FAILURE; ASYNCHRONY; INCUBATION AB 1. We tested experimentally the effects of exposure to high ambient temperatures, for periods of 1-9 days, on the viability of eggs of the green-rumped parrotlet. 2. The hatchability of 534 newly laid parrotlet eggs declined after exposure of 3 or more days. 3. The probability of hatching was not significantly affected by the duration or proportion of time exposed to temperatures below physiological zero or above normal incubation range. 4. Incubation periods were negatively correlated with exposure time, suggesting some embryo development occurred prior to incubation. 5. Results presented here corroborate similar studies of temperate zone birds, and suggest that the decline in egg viability may be particularly extreme in hot climates, such as tropical lowlands. 6. We suggest that the relationship between ambient temperature and egg viability could contribute to both seasonal and latitudinal trends in clutch size, hatching success and hatching asynchrony. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. RP Stoleson, SH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2205 Columbia SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RI Beissinger, Steven/F-3809-2012 NR 73 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 68 IS 5 BP 951 EP 962 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00342.x PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 239MB UT WOS:000082771000010 ER PT J AU Bevers, M Flather, CH AF Bevers, M Flather, CH TI The distribution and abundance of populations limited at multiple spatial scales SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carrying capacity; habitat association; mathematical programming; population contiguity and fragmentation; reaction-diffusion ID ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; EXTINCTION; PERSISTENCE; DYNAMICS; ECOLOGY; MODELS AB 1. We use mathematical programming to explore long-term equilibrium population distribution and abundance effects arising from a single-patch reaction-diffusion model when ecological factors limit carrying capacity at two different spatial scales. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous habitat patches are investigated under passive diffusion conditions. Capacity limits, reproduction and dispersal rates, and habitat preferences are individually varied. 2. When landscape-scale habitat factors are strongly limiting, and reproduction and dispersal processes are less so, suitable population arrangements can be either clustered or highly fragmented. 3. Population clustering also occurs when strong habitat preferences are introduced, even though few members of the clusters may actually occupy the preferred sites. 4. As reproduction or dispersal rates become increasingly limiting in the system (i.e, as the parameters approach extinction thresholds), population clustering within a habitat patch is required to reach long-term equilibrium population levels. 5. These results offer a potential explanation for why species-habitat association studies have been characterized by high variability. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Bevers, M (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RI Flather, Curtis/G-3577-2012 OI Flather, Curtis/0000-0002-0623-3126 NR 39 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 68 IS 5 BP 976 EP 987 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2656.1999.00345.x PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 239MB UT WOS:000082771000012 ER PT J AU Freking, BA Keele, JW Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M Nielsen, MK Leymaster, KA AF Freking, BA Keele, JW Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M Nielsen, MK Leymaster, KA TI Evaluation of the ovine callipyge locus: III. Genotypic effects on meat quality traits SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE callipyge; sheep; meat quality; genotypes ID CALPASTATIN ACTIVITY; LONGISSIMUS MUSCLE; CARCASS TRAITS; TENDERNESS; GENE; GROWTH; LAMB; HERITABILITIES; PRERIGOR; YIELD AB A resource flock of 362 F-2 lambs provided phenotypic and genotypic data to estimate effects of callipyge ( CLPG) genotypes (NN, NC, CN, and CC) on meat quality traits. The mutant allele is represented as C, the normal allele(s) as N, and the paternal allele of a genotype is given first. Lambs of each genotype born in 1994 and 1995 were serially slaughtered in six groups at 3-wk intervals starting at 23 wk of age. Warner-Bratzler shear force and subjective evaluation of marbling were collected during both years from longissimus. Calpastatin activity was measured on longissimus from the 1994 group, and ELISA quantification of calpastatin protein was obtained from the 1995 group. Significant additive and paternal polar overdominance effects on meat quality traits were detected. This is in contrast to previous research that detected only polar overdominance effects on slaughter and carcass traits in this population. The magnitude of genotypic effects on shear force differed significantly between years however, additive (P < .01), paternal polar overdominance (P < .001), and maternal dominance(P < .01) effects adjusted for variation in carcass weight were detected within each year. Shear force data adjusted to the mean slaughter age or carcass weight indicated that the means and variances of CN and CC genotypes were greater than values of NC and NN. Shear force values were greatest for CN and were intermediate for CC. The difference in shear force (adjusted for variation in slaughter age) between homozygous genotypes (additive effect) was supported by calpastatin activity data with 2-df F-tests of 3.66 (P < .05) and 11.84 (P < .001) at d 0 and 7 postmortem, respectively. Corresponding values for the paternal polar overdominance effects on calpastatin activity were 53.80 (P < .001) and 87.43 (P < .001). Calpastatin ELISA data (d 0, adjusted for slaughter age) exhibited a paternal polar overdominance effect exclusively with a 2-df F-test of 57.63 (P < .001). Additive and paternal polar overdominance effects on marbling adjusted for slaughter age had F-tests of 6.41 (P < .01) and 93.29 (P < .001), respectively. Consequences of increased longissimus shear force must be addressed if the advantages of CN lambs for dressing percentage and carcass composition are to be realized. Further research is needed to establish whether selection targeted at changing the background genome can mitigate the negative effects of the C allele on meat tenderness. C1 ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Freking, BA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Freking, Brad/C-6494-2008; Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 31 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 77 IS 9 BP 2336 EP 2344 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XY UT WOS:000084446100005 PM 10492437 ER PT J AU MacNeil, MD Short, RE Urick, JJ AF MacNeil, MD Short, RE Urick, JJ TI Progeny testing sires selected by independent culling levels for below-average birth weight and high yearling weight or by mass selection for high yearling weight SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; selection responses; progeny testing; growth; carcasses ID HEREFORD CATTLE; CORRELATED RESPONSES; MUSCLE SCORE; BEEF-CATTLE; LEAN GAIN; GROWTH; ANGUS; EFFICIENCY; TRAITS AB Breeding values of sires resulting from selection either for reduced birth weight and increased yearling weight (YB, n = 8) or for increased yearling weight alone (YW, n = 9) were compared with each other and with sires representative of the population before selection began (BS, n = 12) using progeny testing. Reference sires (n = 6) connected these Line 1 sires with the Hereford international genetic evaluation. Thirty-five sires produced 525 progeny that were evaluated through weaning. After weaning, 225 steer progeny were individually fed, slaughtered, and carcass data collected. Data were analyzed using restricted maximum likelihood procedures for multiple traits to estimate breeding values for traits measured on the top-cross progeny while simultaneously accounting for selection of the sires. Results of the progeny test substantiate within-line results for traits upon which sires were selected. Breeding values for gestation length were greater in YB sires than in YW sires and were unchanged relative to BS sires. Breeding values for growth rate and feed intake for the YB and YW sires were greater than for BS sires. Predicted breeding values for indicators of fat deposition tended to be greater in YB sires and less in YW sires relative to BS sires, although YB and YW sires had similar breeding values for marbling score. Selection based on easily and routinely measured growth traits, although achieving the intended direct responses, may not favorably affect all components of production efficiency. Further, divergence of selection lines may not be easily anticipated from preexisting parameter estimates, particularly when selection is based on more than one trait. RP MacNeil, MD (reprint author), ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, USDA, Rt 1,Box 2021, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 77 IS 9 BP 2345 EP 2351 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XY UT WOS:000084446100006 PM 10492438 ER PT J AU Okut, H Bromley, CM Van Vleck, LD Snowder, GD AF Okut, H Bromley, CM Van Vleck, LD Snowder, GD TI Genotypic expression at different ages: I. Prolificacy traits of sheep SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE heritability; genetics; breeds; genotypes ID GENETIC-PARAMETERS; POLYPAY SHEEP; PRODUCTIVITY; RAMBOUILLET; COLUMBIA; SUFFOLK; TARGHEE; GROWTH AB Genetic parameters for prolificacy traits for Columbia (COLU), Polypay (POLY), Rambouillet (RAMB), and Targhee (TARG) breeds of sheep were estimated with REML using animal models. Traits were number of live births (LAB), litter size at birth (LSB) and weaning (LSW), and litter weight weaned (LWW). Numbers of observations ranged from 5,140 to 7,095 for prolificacy traits and from 5,101 to 8,973 for litter weight weaned for the four breeds. For single-trait analyses, ewes were classified as young (1 yr old), middle-aged (2 and 3 yr old), or older (> 3 yr old). After single-trait analyses, three-trait analyses were done for each characteristic with traits defined by age class. Generally, heritability estimates from single-trait analyses were low and ranged from .01 to .17 for LAB and LSB and from .00 to .10 for LSW. Heritability estimates obtained for LWW ranged from low to moderate (.00 to .25) and were less for older ewes. Heritability estimates from the three-trait analyses were generally similar to estimates from single-trait analyses. Heritabilities for LAB and LSB were similar, and, for three-trait analyses, they ranged across age groups from .07 to .13 for COLU,.13 to .16 for POLY,.10 to .16 for RAMB, and .01 to .16 for TARG. Estimates for LSW from three-trait analyses ranged from .07 to .12 for COLU, .04 to .09 for POLY, .01 to .11 for RAMP, and .03 to .11 for TARG. For LWW, heritabilities ranged from .00 to .21 for COLU, .05 to .08 for POLY,.12 to .15 for RAMB, and .18 to .29 for TARG. Genetic correlations for LAB, LSB and LSW among age-defined traits ranged from .25 to 1.00. Genetic correlations for LAB and LSB between young and middle and between young and older age classes were less than .80 in COLU, POLY, and RAMB breeds. Only genetic correlations between middle and older age classes for these breeds were greater than .80. For TARG, genetic correlations among all age classes were greater than .80 (.88 to 1.00) for those traits. All genetic correlations among ages for LSW were greater than .80 for POLY and TARG. For RAMB, only the correlation between young and older age classes for LSW was less than .80 (.45). None was greater than .80 for COLU. For LWW, genetic correlations among all age classes in POLY and RAMB were greater than .80 (.82 to 1.00). For COLU, genetic correlation between young and middle was low (.07), between young and older was high (.88), and between middle and older classes was moderately high (.54). For TARG, genetic correlations were .49, .65, and .98 for young-middle, young-older, and middle-older age classes, respectively. Results indicate that more progress could be made in selection programs for prolificacy traits in some sheep breeds by considering age of ewe as a part of the trait rather than by simply adjusting for ages of ewes. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. RP Van Vleck, LD (reprint author), Yuz Yil Univ, Ziraat Fak, Fac Agr, TR-65080 Van, Turkey. NR 12 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 77 IS 9 BP 2357 EP 2365 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XY UT WOS:000084446100008 PM 10492440 ER PT J AU Okut, H Bromley, CM Van Vleck, LD Snowder, GD AF Okut, H Bromley, CM Van Vleck, LD Snowder, GD TI Genotypic expression at different ages: II. Wool traits of sheep SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE breeds; genetics; genotypes ID ESTIMATING VARIANCE-COMPONENTS; RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; GENETIC-PARAMETERS; SELECTION; WEIGHT; TARGHEE; MODELS AB Genetic parameters for wool traits for Columbia, Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee breeds of sheep were estimated with single- and multiple-trait analyses using REML with animal models. Traits considered were fleece grade, fleece weight, and staple length. Total number of observations ranged from 11,673 to 34,746 for fleece grade and fleece weight and from 3,500 to 11,641 for staple length for the four breeds. For single-trait analyses, data were divided by age of ewe: young ages (age of 1 yr), middle ages (ages of 2 and 3 yr), and older ages (age greater than 3 yr). Heritability estimates averaged over breeds for fleece grade decreased from .42 at a young age to .37 for older ages. For fleece weight, heritability estimates averaged .52, .57, and .55 within the successively older groups. Heritability estimates for staple length averaged .54 for young and middle age classes. Few older ewes had staple length measurements. After single-trait analyses, new data sets were created for three-trait analyses with traits defined by three age classes when animals were measured. Heritability estimates with three-trait analyses, except for a few cases, were somewhat greater than those from single-trait analyses. For fleece grade, the genetic correlations averaged over breeds were .72 for young with middle,.42 for young with older, and .86 for middle with older age classes. For fleece weight, the average genetic correlations were .81, .83, and .98. For staple length, the average genetic correlation for young with middle age classes was .82. Estimates of genetic correlations across ages varied considerably among breeds. The average estimates of correlations suggest that fleece grade may need to be defined by age, especially for the Columbia and Rambouillet breeds. For fleece weight; and staple length, however, the average correlations suggest no need to define those traits by age. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci A218, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. RP Van Vleck, LD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci A218, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 77 IS 9 BP 2366 EP 2371 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XY UT WOS:000084446100009 PM 10492441 ER PT J AU Okut, H Bromley, CM Van Vleck, LD Snowder, GD AF Okut, H Bromley, CM Van Vleck, LD Snowder, GD TI Genotypic expression with different ages of dams: III. Weight traits of sheep SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE birth weight; weaning weight; genotypes ID ESTIMATING VARIANCE-COMPONENTS; RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; SCROTAL CIRCUMFERENCE; GENETIC-PARAMETERS; POLYPAY SHEEP; GROWTH TRAITS; SELECTION; TARGHEE; MODELS AB Correlations between genetic expression in lambs when dams were young (1 yr), middle-aged (2 and 3 yr), or older (older than 3 yr) were estimated with three-trait analyses for weight traits. Weights at birth (BWT) and weaning (WWT) and ADC: from birth to weaning were used. Numbers of observations were 7,731, 9,518, 9,512, and 9,201 for Columbia (COLU), Polypay (POLY), Rambouillet (RAMB), and Targhee (TARG) breeds of sheep, respectively. When averaged, relative estimates for WWT and ADG were similar across breeds. Estimates were variable across breeds. On average, direct heritability was greater when environment was young darns (.44 for BWT and .34 for WWT) than when environment was dams of middle age or older (.24 and .28 for BWT and .20 and .16 for WWT, respectively). Maternal heritability was greater when dams were middle-aged or older (.28 and .22 vs .18) for BWT but was greater when dams were younger (.10 vs .05 and .04) for WWT. The estimates of genetic correlations for direct effects across age of dam environments averaged .32 for birth weight and averaged .70 for weaning weight. Average estimates of maternal genetic correlations across age of dam classes were .36 or less for both BWT and WWT. Average estimates of correlations among maternal permanent environmental effects were .49 or less across age of dam classes. Total maternal effects accounted for .33 to .42 of phenotypic variance for BWT and for .09 to .26 of phenotypic variance for WWT. The average estimates of genetic correlations between expressions of the same genotypes with different ages of dams suggest that measurements of BWT of lambs with darns in young, middle, and older age classes should be considered to be separate traits for genetic evaluation and that for WWT measurements with young age of dam class and combined middle and older age of dam classes should be considered to be separate traits for genetic evaluation. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci A218, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, USDA, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. RP Van Vleck, LD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci A218, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 77 IS 9 BP 2372 EP 2378 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XY UT WOS:000084446100010 PM 10492442 ER PT J AU Rumsey, TS AF Rumsey, TS TI One editor's views on conflict of interest SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1998 Annual Meeting of the Council of Biology CY 1998 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH DE communication; conflict; diffusion of information; research; reviews; scientists AB The purpose of this article is to discuss the importance of recognizing conflict of interest or bias situations in the peer review and publication process of research papers and to identify some important guidelines or policies that help to minimize these situations. Communication of thoughts, ideas, and information is the basis of how we function as a society. Communicating research results requires us to clearly and accurately communicate all aspects of the research process, including the appropriate interpretation of results. A working definition for conflict of interest or bias with regard to publishing research results is that conflict of interest is a situation in which personal benefit (either direct or indirect) takes priority over the clarity and(or) accuracy of reporting research. These situations are ethical issues and can represent either real or assumed situations. It is true that the review and publication process is not perfect; thus, some bias probably is always present and can be brought to the review and publication process by either the author or those responsible for the process. However, conflict of interest or bias that detracts from the objective evaluation of research or the integrity of a scientific journal is inappropriate. Conflict of interest or bias situations can occur at all levels of the review and publication process and should be dealt with on a factual basis. This article describes several situations as examples and several important guidelines that help minimize the occurrence of conflict of interest or bias. C1 ARS, USDA, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Amer Soc Anim Sci, Savoy, IL 61874 USA. RP Rumsey, TS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Growth Biol Lab, Bldg 200,Room 102,BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 77 IS 9 BP 2379 EP 2383 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XY UT WOS:000084446100011 PM 10492443 ER PT J AU Short, RE Grings, EE MacNeil, MD Heitschmidt, RK Williams, CB Bennett, GL AF Short, RE Grings, EE MacNeil, MD Heitschmidt, RK Williams, CB Bennett, GL TI Effects of sire growth potential, growing-finishing strategy, and time on feed on performance, composition, and efficiency of steers SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; steers; age; genotypes; growth; body composition ID CARCASS COMPOSITION; MEAT PALATABILITY; CATTLE; QUALITY; ENERGY; DIETS; CALF; BODY; NUTRITION; MUSCLE AB Beef production systems that increase use of unharvested forages and use animals with greater potential for gain affect age and size of animals placed on a finishing regimen. This experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of genetic potential for gain, age at the start of a finishing period, and time on feed on composition, quantity, and quality of beef produced and efficiency of production during finishing. Crossbred cows were bred by AI to Charolais or Line 1 Hereford bulls that represented potentially high (HG) or moderate growth (MG) rates, respectively, to produce spring- or fall-born calves. Steer calves from these matings were placed on an individually fed finishing diet at three ages (A). Spring-born steers were started at 6 or 18 mo of age (A6 and A18), and fall-born steers were started at 12 mo of age (A12). Slaughter times (T) were at 0, 90, 180, and 270 d for A6; 68, 136, and 204 d for A12; and 0, 45, 90, and 135 d for A18. Data collected on each animal included feed intake, growth, chemical composition of the complete body and carcass, and quantitative and qualitative assessment of the meat produced. Four steers of each sire group were slaughtered in each of the 11 A-T treatment groups, and the experiment was repeated for 2 yr in the A12 groups and 3 yr in the A6 and A18 groups (n = 237). Steers sired by HG bulls were larger and produced larger carcasses and more carcass protein than MG-sired steers (S, P < .05 or .01). Steers sired by MG bulls were fatter, had higher quality grades, and accumulated fat at a faster rate than HG-sired steers, and this effect was greater in older steers (G and GA, P < .05 or .01). Sire growth potential did not affect gain, intake, live weight efficiency, tenderness, or taste panel scores (P > .2). Steers sired by HG bulls were more efficient at producing carcass weight and carcass protein at A12 and A18 than were MG-sired steers. At the end of the finishing period, older (A18), HG-sired steers were too large with insufficient fat by cm:rent industry standards, and younger (A6), MG-sired steers were too small. Our conclusions are that both HG- and MG-sired steers call produce acceptable carcasses for current market standards with comparable efficiencies of live-weight gain, but the growing and finishing strategy must be adapted to the genotype. C1 ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, USDA, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Short, RE (reprint author), ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, USDA, Rt 1,Box 2021, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 24 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 77 IS 9 BP 2406 EP 2417 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XY UT WOS:000084446100015 PM 10492447 ER PT J AU Wulf, DM Wise, JW AF Wulf, DM Wise, JW TI Measuring muscle color on beef carcasses using the L*a*b* color space SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; color; muscles ID FAT-FREE MASS; BIOELECTRICAL-IMPEDANCE; TENDERNESS; PH AB Because beef muscle color affects consumers' purchasing decisions, is a factor in determining USDA grades, and has been shown to be useful in sorting carcasses according to palatability, this study was conducted to determine the effects of measurement conditions on L*, a*, and b* values, to determine the relationships among USDA quality grading factors, muscle pH, electrical impedance, and colorimeter readings, and to develop a classification system that could be used to sort beef carcasses with respect to muscle color. Data were collected over 2 d from 145 beef carcasses in a commercial packing plant. The exposed longissimus muscle at the 12th/13th rib was used for all muscle pH, electrical impedance, and colorimeter measurements. A Minolta Chroma Meter CR-310 was used to obtain L*, a*, and b* readings. Bloom time, from 0 to 93 min, had a greater effect on a* and b* readings than on L* readings. The L* values stabilized after approximately 30 min bloom time, and a* and b* values stabilized after 78 min bloom time, but relative differences among carcasses in L*, a*, and b* values did not change after 3 to 12 min bloom time. Days postmortem, cut surface (anterior versus posterior), and within-muscle location (medial vs lateral) did not affect L*, a*, and b* readings (P > .05). Blotting the surface moisture from the longissimus muscle resulted in lower a* readings (P < .05), but did not affect L* and b* readings (P > .05). The L*, a*, and b* values were correlated with lean maturity scores (-.67, -.30, and -.40, respectively), dark cutter discount (-.60, -.76, and -.73, respectively), muscle pH (-.57, -.79, and -.78, respectively), and electrical impedance (-.27, -.21, and -.25, respectively). Two muscle color classification systems, nine classes each, are proposed, one system based on L* and one system based on b* The main advantage of the L* categorization system over the b* system is that the L* value was less sensitive to bloom time, and the main advantage of the b* categorization system over the L* system is that the b* system was slightly more precise at segregating carcasses based upon corresponding differences in muscle pH. This research provides procedural guidelines for measuring beef muscle color and shows that a colorimeter can effectively aid researchers and graders in assessing beef carcass quality. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. AMS, USDA, Standardizat Branch, Washington, DC 20090 USA. RP Wulf, DM (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Box 2170, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 14 TC 77 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 77 IS 9 BP 2418 EP 2427 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XY UT WOS:000084446100016 PM 10492448 ER PT J AU Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M AF Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M TI The extent of proteolysis is independent of sarcomere length in lamb longissimus and psoas major SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE lamb meat; muscles; proteolysis; sarcomeres; tenderness ID POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; BOVINE MUSCLE; POSTMORTEM TENDERIZATION; TENDERNESS; MEAT; BEEF; PROTEINASES AB The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of sarcomere length on postmortem proteolysis and meat tenderness. Eighteen Dorset market-weight sheep were slaughtered conventionally. The longissimus thoracis et lumborum and psoas major from each carcass were either left intact on the carcass (control), which was chilled at 0 degrees C, or excised from the carcass and chilled in an ice slurry (0 degrees C). At 24 h, control muscles were excised, and all muscles were cut into sections and assigned to 1 or 10 d of postmortem storage at 2 degrees C. Sarcomere length was shorter (P < .01), as intended, in the shortened relative to the control treatment and in longissimus relative to psoas major (1.36 vs 1.69 mu m, raw longissimus; 1.45 vs 3.03 mu m, raw psoas major). Sarcomere length was not affected (P > .05) by aging time. Western blot analysis of troponin-T and desmin indicated no effect (P > .05) of the shortened treatment compared to the control on the extent of proteolysis. Regardless of aging time or treatment, troponin-T was more degraded (P < .01) in longissimus than in psoas major (38.1 vs 23.5%) and desmin tended to be more degraded (P = .08) in longissimus than in psoas major (50.4 vs 35.1%). Regardless of muscle or treatment, aging 10 d compared to 1 d increased degradation of troponin-T (46.3 vs 15.3%) and desmin (69.3 vs 16.1%). Warner-Brattier shear force was greater(P < .01) in the shortened treatment than in control (6.9 vs 3.8 kg), greater(P < .01) in longissimus than in the psoas major (6.5 vs 4.2 kg), and greater (P < .01) with 1 d than with 10 d of aging time (6.1 vs 4.6 kg). A muscle x aging time interaction (P < .05) indicated shear force declined more in longissimus than in psoas major during aging. We conclude that sarcomere length did not affect the extent of proteolysis. However, sarcomere length may have an indirect effect on tenderization during aging due to its effect on initial tenderness. C1 ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Wheeler, TL (reprint author), ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 FU NICHD NIH HHS [N01-HD-7-3263] NR 35 TC 68 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 77 IS 9 BP 2444 EP 2451 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XY UT WOS:000084446100019 PM 10492451 ER PT J AU Moats, WA AF Moats, WA TI Confirmatory test results on milk from commercial sources that tested positive by beta-lactam antibiotics screening tests SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; TISSUES; IDENTIFICATION AB Fifty-four milk samples from commercial sources that tested positive for beta-lactam antibiotics were analyzed by a multiresidue liquid chromatographic (LC) procedure based on LC fractionation. Penicillin G and cephapirin were the beta-lactam antibiotics found most frequently. Some samples did not contain detectable beta-lactam antibiotics. In a few, the presence of a beta-lactam antibiotic was suspected because certain LC fractions tested positive for antimicrobial activity, which was no longer present in a replicate treated with beta-lactamase. However, the unknowns could not be identified by LC analysis. C1 ARS, USDA, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Moats, WA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 82 IS 5 BP 1071 EP 1076 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 239UU UT WOS:000082788700006 PM 10513009 ER PT J AU Hengxiao, G McMillin, JD Wagner, MR Zhou, J Zhou, Z Xu, X AF Hengxiao, G McMillin, JD Wagner, MR Zhou, J Zhou, Z Xu, X TI Altitudinal variation in foliar chemistry and anatomy of yunnan pine, Pinus yunnanensis, and pine sawfly (Hym., Diprionidae) performance SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ENTOMOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID NEODIPRION-SERTIFER HYM; SCOTS PINE; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; PONDEROSA PINE; NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION; NATURAL ENEMIES; WATER-STRESS; PLANT RESIN; TRADE-OFF; OVIPOSITION AB Host plant characteristics associated with the larval feeding performance of a pine sawfly were examined across an altitudinal gradient in south-western China. Neodiprion xiangyunicus (Xiao and Huang) larval performance (e.g. larval mass and potential fecundity) and defoliation intensity increased at higher altitudes along an altitudinal gradient in Sichuan, China. Needle chemistry and anatomy of yunnan pine, Pinus yunnanensis (Franch.), also varied across along an altitudinal gradient. In general, total sesquiterpene levels decreased with increasing altitude, oxygenated monoterpenes increased with increasing altitude, and total monoterpenes did not vary significantly across the altitudes. Concentrations for 16 of the 28 individual terpenes varied significantly between at least two of the three altitudes; the vast majority (75%) of these differences were for sesquiterpenes. Foliar nutrition, morphology and anatomy also varied by altitude. Foliar nitrogen and needle dry biomass were significantly lower in trees at the high altitude site. Needle epidermal thickness and diameters of resin ducts were significantly thicker and wider, respectively, in trees at the middle altitude than at the top and bottom altitudes. These results suggest that a combination of foliage chemistry and morphology rather than any single plant trait probably determines the observed patterns of insect herbivory. C1 Sichuan Acad Forestry, Inst Forest Protect, Chengdu 610081, Sichuan, Peoples R China. No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP McMillin, JD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pactola Dist Off, 803 500 San Dr, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. NR 53 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2048 J9 J APPL ENTOMOL JI J. Appl. Entomol.-Z. Angew. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 123 IS 8 BP 465 EP 471 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0418.1999.00395.x PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 245QQ UT WOS:000083120000003 ER PT J AU Cahill, AT Parlange, MB Jackson, TJ O'Neill, P Schmugge, TJ AF Cahill, AT Parlange, MB Jackson, TJ O'Neill, P Schmugge, TJ TI Evaporation from nonvegetated surfaces: Surface aridity methods and passive microwave remote sensing SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID BARE SOIL; PARAMETERIZING EVAPORATION; METEOROLOGICAL MODELS; SCHEMES; ENERGY AB The use of remotely sensed near-surface soil moisture for the estimation of evaporation is investigated. Two widely used parameterizations of evaporation, the so-called alpha and beta methods, which use near-surface soil moisture to reduce some measure of potential evaporation, are studied. The near-surface soil moisture is provided by a set of L- and S-band microwave radiometers, which were mounted 13 m above the surface. It is shown that soil moisture measured with a passive microwave sensor in combination with the beta method yields reliable estimates of evaporation, whereas the a method is not as robust. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Geog & Environm Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Cahill, AT (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI O'Neill, Peggy/D-2904-2013; Parlange, Marc/A-3403-2015 NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 38 IS 9 BP 1346 EP 1351 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<1346:EFNSSA>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 240NY UT WOS:000082833100006 ER PT J AU Hess, JB Moran, ET Mask, PL Shelby, RA Giesen, AF Dale, NM AF Hess, JB Moran, ET Mask, PL Shelby, RA Giesen, AF Dale, NM TI Nutrient density and mycotoxin contamination in corn screenings of different bushel weights SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE bushel weight; corn screenings; mycotoxins; nutrient levels; TME ID FUMONISIN; AFLATOXIN; DUST AB This study examined nutrient levels and mycotoxins in corn screening (CS) samples of three bushel weight (BWT) ranges. CS samples were grouped into BWT categories defined as light (35-40 lb/bu), medium (40-45 lb/bu), or heavy (45+ lb/bu). Proximate analyses were determined for each of 23 samples as were levels of aflatoxins, T-2 toxin, fumonisin, and zearalenone measured by ELISA analysis. TME analyses were completed on three samples from each of the light and heavy BWT groups. There were differences between BWT groups in protein,fat,fiber,and ash (P<.10), although nutrient changes did not follow a clear linear trend. Ash content appeared to increase with BWT. TME levels were 95 kcal/kg lower in light BWT (3240 kcal/kg) than heavy BWT (3366 kcal/kg) CS samples. No differences in mycotoxin levels were seen between BWT groups. Fumonism was detected in 74% of samples at levels from 1 to 3 ppm. CS TME and ash content were related to BWT, whereas relationships to other nutrients were less clear. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA ARS, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. Novus Int, St Louis, MO 63141 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Hess, JB (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 8 IS 3 BP 288 EP 291 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 254XQ UT WOS:000083639900005 ER PT J AU Cox, NA Berrang, ME Buhr, RJ Bailey, JS AF Cox, NA Berrang, ME Buhr, RJ Bailey, JS TI Bactericidal treatment of hatching eggs II. Use of chemical disinfectants with vacuum to reduce salmonella SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hatching eggs; salmonella; sanitization ID HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; TYPHIMURIUM; RECOVERY; MACHINE AB In an attempt to draw chemicals deeper into the egg to kill bacteria, vacuum was used. Hatching eggs (42 degrees C) were inoculated by 1 min dip in a suspension of 10(4) cells/mL Salmonella typhimurium or Salmonella heidelberg maintained at 21 degrees C. Following a 4-hr drying period, the eggs were immersed into 0.035% polyhexamethylenebiguanide hydrochloride (PHMB) or 1.4 hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Atmospheric pressure dip (10) was compared to a vacuum cycle (4 min) followed by an atmospheric pressure dip (6 min). Immersion in PHMB without the vacuum step resulted in elimination of S. typhimurium from 26 of 30 eggs and S. heidelberg from 23 of 30 eggs. Use of H2O2 as an atmospheric pressure dip resulted in the elimination of S. typhimurium from 17 of 30 eggs and S. heidelberg from 24 of 30 eggs. Addition of the vacuum step increased the effectiveness of both chemicals against both strains of Salmonella. Immersion in PHMB with the vacuum step resulted in eliminating S. typhimurium from 29 of 30 eggs and S. heidelberg from 24 of 30 eggs. Use of H2O2 with the vacuum resulted in the elimination of S. typhimurium from 27 of 30 eggs and S. heidelberg from 27 of 30 eggs. When applied with a vacuum, neither 1.4% H2O2 nor 0.035% PHMB had any adverse effect on hatchability. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Cox, NA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 8 IS 3 BP 321 EP 326 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 254XQ UT WOS:000083639900009 ER PT J AU Cason, JA Buhr, RJ Dickens, JA Musgrove, MT Stern, NJ AF Cason, JA Buhr, RJ Dickens, JA Musgrove, MT Stern, NJ TI Carcass microbiological quality following intermittent scalding and defeathering SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE aerobic plate count; Campylobacter; defeathering; E-coli; scalding ID POULTRY AB Several non-conventional method of removing feathers from poultry carcasses, such as simultaneous scalding and picking or steam scalding, reportedly yield better carcass microbiological quality that traditional immersion scalding and in-line picking. Many plants have installed multiple-tank counterflow scalders to reduce the number of bacteria in scald water at the point where carcasses leave the tank. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the microbiological effect of removing feathers from carcasses while they are out of the scalding water moving between the tanks of a multiple-tank scalder. Partially defeathered carcasses in such a system would later pass through tanks with cleaner hot water, which might enhance any bactericidal or washing effect of the hot scald water, adn much smaller quantities of feces and other contamination should enter the last picking machines. In the laboratory processing plant, however,intermittent scalding and picking of carcasses failed to show any reduction in numbers of aerobic bacteria, E. coli, or Campylobacter on carcasses rinsed immediately after the final defeathering step. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Cason, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 8 IS 3 BP 368 EP 373 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 254XQ UT WOS:000083639900015 ER PT J AU Griffin, BR Davis, KB Schlenk, D AF Griffin, BR Davis, KB Schlenk, D TI Effect of simulated copper sulfate therapy on stress indicators in channel catfish SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID WATERBORNE COPPER; CORTISOL; EXPOSURE; SALMON; MORTALITY; BLOOD AB Plasma cortisol concentrations in juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus exposed to 1.7 mg copper sulfate/L for 24 h in a simulated therapeutic treatment episode rose to a level significantly greater than unexposed fish and declined when the exposure was discontinued. Plasma glucose concentrations were elevated immediately and increased during exposure to twice the level in control fish. The maximum glucose concentration was followed by a slow decline to the preexposure level by 54 h after discontinuing exposure. Plasma lactate concentrations did not change until after the exposure period, but by 30 h there was a significant increase. Plasma chloride levels were significantly reduced during exposure and remained so before returning to preexposure levels by 54 h after exposure. No changes were observed in hematocrit values, hepatic metallothionein protein, or in plasma-associated aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactic dehydrogenase, suggesting that little cellular damage accompanied the simulated treatment episode. Our results indicate that therapeutic doses of copper sulfate, although acutely stressful, cause a mild degree of stress in channel catfish compared with other stressors. C1 ARS, Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, USDA, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. Univ Memphis, Dept Biol, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Univ Mississippi, Dept Pharmacol, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Griffin, BR (reprint author), ARS, Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, USDA, POB 860, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD SEP PY 1999 VL 11 IS 3 BP 231 EP 236 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0231:EOSCST>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 316TT UT WOS:000087184700004 ER PT J AU Griffin, BR Gollon, JL Hobbs, MS Kadlubar, FF Brand, CD AF Griffin, BR Gollon, JL Hobbs, MS Kadlubar, FF Brand, CD TI Effect of waterborne potassium permanganate exposure on manganese content in liver and axial muscle of channel catfish SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID DIGESTION AB Adult channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were exposed to waterborne potassium permanganate for 12 weeks to determine if such exposure would alter the manganese content of axial muscle or liver tissue. Continuous exposure to 0.5 mg KMnO4/L or exposlire to 1 or 2 mg KMnO4/L on alternate days did not cause a significant increase in manganese in axial muscle or liver tissue. The mean (+/-SE) concentration of manganese in axial muscle of unexposed controls was 0.262 +/- 0.018 mg/kg (wet weight). Means of manganese concentrations in axial muscle of the three exposure groups during the 12 weeks of exposure were 0.289 +/- 0.021 mg/kg, 0.269 +/- 0.018 mg/kg, and 0.239 +/- 0.013 mg/kg for 0.5 (continuous), 1, or 2 mg/L (alternate days), respectively. At specific sampling times there were differences between controls and exposure groups; however, no trend toward higher or lower manganese concentrations in muscle could be detected within groups. The mean (+/-SE) concentration of manganese in liver tissue of controls was 1.67 +/- 0.09 mg/kg (wet weight). Manganese concentrations in liver tissue of the three exposure groups were 1.57 +/- 0.07 mg/kg, 1.68 +/- 0.08 mg/kg, and 1.58 +/- 0.10 mg/kg, for 0.5 (continuous), 1, or 2 mg/L (alternate days), respectively. Manganese was thought to accumulate in liver tissue, however, there were no statistically significant differences between those groups and the controls. Results suggest that potassium permanganate used as a waterborne disease therapeutant for channel catfish does not alter manganese content of edible muscle of channel catfish and should not present any hazard to human consumers. C1 ARS, Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, USDA, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. RP Griffin, BR (reprint author), ARS, Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, USDA, POB 860, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD SEP PY 1999 VL 11 IS 3 BP 305 EP 309 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0305:EOWPPE>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 316TT UT WOS:000087184700014 ER PT J AU Atchley, MC de Soyza, AG Whitford, WG AF Atchley, MC de Soyza, AG Whitford, WG TI Arroyo water storage and soil nutrients and their effects on gas-exchange of shrub species in the northern Chihuahuan Desert SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE Chihuahuan Desert; Chilopsis linearis; Fallugia paradoxa; photosynthesis; Prosopis glandulosa; soil nutrients; soil water storage; transpiration ID PRODUCTIVITY; ECOSYSTEMS; COMMUNITY AB A variable fraction of the rain falling on desert landscapes runs off and accumulates in ephemeral channels (arroyos), where some of the water is transported downslope. Relatively large amounts of water are stored in arroyo sediments. This water may support high rates of gas-exchange in some riparian species. We examined differences in the timing of flow events, soil water storage, and soil nutrients on gas-exchange rates of shrubs growing on arroyo margins and in adjacent piedmont areas in the Chihuahuan Desert of southern New Mexico, USA. The semi-riparian shrub, Fallugia paradoxa (Apache plume), had very different photosynthetic rates between two arroyos, but transpiration rates did not differ. This may result from nutrient limitation differences between arroyos. At one site, the semi-riparian shrub, Prosopis glandulosa (mesquite), on arroyo margins had access to more water and showed higher rates of gas-exchange compared with non-arroyo mesquite located on nearby piedmont areas. The obligate riparian shrub, Chilopsis linearis (desert willow), had intermediate gas-exchange rates when compared with Apache plume and mesquite, and neither soil water nor nutrient concentrations appeared to affect photosynthesis during the growing season. Variation between and within arroyos was high; however, our data suggest that stored water enabled mesquite of arroyo margins to maintain relatively high rates of gas-exchange. When water was relatively abundant, nutrient availability appeared to limit photosynthetic rates of Apache plume. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Biol, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89113 USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 39 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 43 IS 1 BP 21 EP 33 DI 10.1006/jare.1999.0530 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 243YC UT WOS:000083024200002 ER PT J AU Booth, DT AF Booth, DT TI Imbibition temperatures affect bitterbrush seed dormancy and seedling vigor SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE seed-weigh; germination; seed testing; seedling survival; revegetation ID GERMINATION AB Bitterbrush first-year seedling survival is low. To determine whether imbibition temperatures affected seedling vigor, I compared post-imbibition seed weight, germination, and early growth among untreated, thiourea-treated, and cool-moist-treated seeds from three collections. Seedling axial lengths from untreated seeds averaged 28 mm among all imbibition temperatures. This compared to 31 mm from thiourea-treated seeds, 68 mm from seed held at 5 degrees C for 14 days, and 118 mm from seeds held at 2 degrees C for 28 days. There was no imbibition temperature for untreated or thiourea-treated seeds that compensated for the lack of a cool-moist treatment. Seed treatments or seedbed conditions which fully remove dormancy and reduce dormant-seed respiration appear likely to increase seedling survival during the first growing season. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 ARS, USDA, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. RP Booth, DT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, 8408 Hildreth Rd, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 43 IS 1 BP 91 EP 101 DI 10.1006/jare.1999.0527 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 243YC UT WOS:000083024200007 ER PT J AU Lugo, AE Brown, SL Dodson, R Smith, TS Shugart, HH AF Lugo, AE Brown, SL Dodson, R Smith, TS Shugart, HH TI The Holdridge life zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE ecosystem management; frost line; Holdridge; lift zones; United States; vegetation mapping ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; SCALE; STORAGE; MODEL AB Aim Our main goals were to develop a map of the life zones for the conterminous United States, based on the Holdridge Life Zone system, as a tool fur ecosystem mapping, and to compare the may of Holdridge life zones with other global vegetation classification and mapping efforts. Location The area of interest is the forty-eight contiguous states Of the United Starts, Methods We wrote a PERL program for determining lift: zones from climatic data and linked it to the: image processing workbench (IPW). The inputs were annual precipitation (Pann), biotemperature (T-bio), sea-level biotemperature (Tbio), and the frost line. The spatial resolution chosen for this study (Lj are-minute for classification, 4-km for mapping) was driven by the availability of current state-of-the-art, accurate and reliable precipitation data. We used the Precipitation-elevation Regressions on independent Slopes Model, or PRISM, output fur the contiguous United States downloaded from the Internet. The accepted standard data for air temperature surfaces Ir-ere obtained from the Vegetation/Ecosystem Modelling and Analysis Project (VEMAP). This data set along with station data obtained from the National Climatic Data Center for the US, were used to develop all temperature surfaces at the same resolution as the Pann. Results The US contains thirty-eight life zones (34% of the world's life zones and 85% of the temperate ones) including one boreal, twelve cool temperate, twenty warm temperate, four subtropical, and one tropical. Seventy-four percent of the US falls in the 'basal belt', 18% is montane, 8% is subalpine, 1% is alpine, and < 0.1% is nival. The US ranges from superarid to superhumid, and the humid province is the largest (45% of the US). The most extensive life zone is the warm temperate moist forest, which covers 23% of the country. We compared the Holdridge lift: zone map with output from the BIOME model, Bailey's ecoregions, Kuchler potential vegetation, and land sever, all aggregated to four cover classes. Despite differences in the goals and methods for all these classification systems, there was a very good to excellent agreement among their for forests but poor for grasslands, shrublands, and nonvegetated lands. Main conclusions We consider the life zone approach to have many strengths for ecosystem mapping because it is based on climatic driving factors of ecosystem processes and recognizes ecophysiological responses of plants; it is hierarchical and allows fur the use of other mapping criteria at the association and successional levels of analysis; it can be expanded or contracted without losing functional continuity among levels of ecological complexity; it is a relatively simple system based on few empirical data; and it uses objective mapping criteria. C1 US Forest Serv, Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Gen Dynam Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. RP Lugo, AE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Inst Trop Forestry, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RI Shugart, Herman/C-5156-2009 NR 61 TC 88 Z9 93 U1 6 U2 35 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1025 EP 1038 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00329.x PG 14 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 278KB UT WOS:000084988000009 ER PT J AU Dawson-Hughes, B Harris, SS Krall, EA Dallal, GE AF Dawson-Hughes, B Harris, SS Krall, EA Dallal, GE TI Of calcium and vitamin D supplement withdrawal on bone mass in older men and women. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI DURHAM PA PO BOX 2759, DURHAM, NC 27715-2759 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 14 SU 1 MA SU063 BP S447 EP S447 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 232CA UT WOS:000082347101253 ER PT J AU Dawson-Hughes, B Harris, SS Mohan, S Rosen, CJ AF Dawson-Hughes, B Harris, SS Mohan, S Rosen, CJ TI Rising levels of serum IGFBP-4 may influence the skeletal response of men to supplementation with calcium and vitamin D. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. JL Pettis VA Hosp, Div Mineral & Metab, Loma Linda, CA USA. Univ Maine, St Joseph Hosp, Maine Ctr Osteoporosis Res & Educ, Bangor, ME 04401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI DURHAM PA PO BOX 2759, DURHAM, NC 27715-2759 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 14 SU 1 MA SA116 BP S337 EP S337 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 232CA UT WOS:000082347100817 ER PT J AU Harris, SS Soteriades, ES Coolidge, JAS Mudgal, S Dawson-Hughes, B AF Harris, SS Soteriades, ES Coolidge, JAS Mudgal, S Dawson-Hughes, B TI Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone status of the low-income elderly in Boston. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Carney Hosp, Dept Prevent Med, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI DURHAM PA PO BOX 2759, DURHAM, NC 27715-2759 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 14 SU 1 MA SU459 BP S546 EP S546 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 232CA UT WOS:000082347101649 ER PT J AU Kiel, DP Rosen, C Dawson-Hughes, MT Hannan, MT McLean, RR Krueqer, K Gagnon, D Wilson, PWF Visser, M Langlois, J AF Kiel, DP Rosen, C Dawson-Hughes, MT Hannan, MT McLean, RR Krueqer, K Gagnon, D Wilson, PWF Visser, M Langlois, J TI Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) and bone mineral density (BMD) in elderly persons. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Hebrew Rehabil Ctr Aged, Boston, MA 02131 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Framingham, MA USA. St Joseph Hosp, Bangor, ME USA. Tufts Univ, HNRC, Boston, MA 02111 USA. CDC, NHLBI, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Loma Linda Univ, Loma Linda, CA 92350 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI DURHAM PA PO BOX 2759, DURHAM, NC 27715-2759 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 14 SU 1 MA SA312 BP S386 EP S386 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 232CA UT WOS:000082347101013 ER PT J AU Looker, AC Dawson-Hughes, B Calvo, MS Gunter, EW Sahyoun, N AF Looker, AC Dawson-Hughes, B Calvo, MS Gunter, EW Sahyoun, N TI Low serum vitamin D levels appear common in southern US whites during winter. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, NCHS, Hyattsville, MD USA. Tufts Univ, Boston, MA 02111 USA. US FDA, Washington, DC 20204 USA. CDC, NCEH, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RI Sahyoun, Nadine/G-2608-2011 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI DURHAM PA PO BOX 2759, DURHAM, NC 27715-2759 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 14 SU 1 MA SA292 BP S381 EP S381 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 232CA UT WOS:000082347100993 ER PT J AU Rath, NC Huff, WE Balog, JM Huff, GR AF Rath, NC Huff, WE Balog, JM Huff, GR TI Age related changes in growth, composition and biomechanical properties of tibial bones of broiler chickens. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA, ARS, PPPSR, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI DURHAM PA PO BOX 2759, DURHAM, NC 27715-2759 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 14 SU 1 MA SU032 BP S439 EP S439 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 232CA UT WOS:000082347101222 ER PT J AU Reinhardt, TA Filoteo, AG Penniston, JT Horst, RL AF Reinhardt, TA Filoteo, AG Penniston, JT Horst, RL TI CA(2+)-ATPase protein expression in the mammary gland. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI DURHAM PA PO BOX 2759, DURHAM, NC 27715-2759 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 14 SU 1 MA SU454 BP S545 EP S545 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 232CA UT WOS:000082347101644 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, DR Reinhardt, TA Kremer, R Reddy, S Horst, RL AF Zimmerman, DR Reinhardt, TA Kremer, R Reddy, S Horst, RL TI Calcitroic acid is an end product of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-2 metabolism. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Royal Victoria Hosp, Calcium Res Lab, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A1, Canada. Brown Univ, Women & Infants Hosp, Dept Pediat, Providence, RI 02908 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI DURHAM PA PO BOX 2759, DURHAM, NC 27715-2759 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 14 SU 1 MA F482 BP S306 EP S306 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 232CA UT WOS:000082347100693 ER PT J AU Lafiandra, D Turchetta, T D'Ovidio, R Anderson, OD Facchiano, AM Colonna, G AF Lafiandra, D Turchetta, T D'Ovidio, R Anderson, OD Facchiano, AM Colonna, G TI Conformational polymorphism of high M-r glutenin subunits detected by transverse urea gradient gel electrophoresis SO JOURNAL OF CEREAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE high M-r glutenin subunits; conformational analysis; protein unfolding; transverse urea gradient gel electrophoresis ID WHEAT STORAGE PROTEINS; REPETITIVE DOMAIN; HEXAPLOID WHEAT; GLU-A1 LOCUS; BREAD WHEAT; QUALITY; GENES AB Unfolding behaviour of different allelic variants of high M-r glutenin subunits has been studied by transverse urea gradient gel electrophoresis, a system in which a gradient of urea (from 0 to 8 M) is generated perpendicularly to the direction of migration. A different unfolding pattern is observed between x- and y-type subunits. The former type of subunits generally present a broad unfolding pattern without any clear transition, as urea concentration increases, suggesting the existence of several conformational intermediates. On the contrary most of the y-type subunits present an unfolding pattern showing an abrupt decrease in mobility, with a single inflection point at the midpoint or the transition indicative of a protein unfolding in a single, cooperative, two-state transition. Native and bacterial expressed subunits, differing for the size of the repetitive domain, were used to assess the role of variation in size of such region on unfolding behaviour. Free energy values associated to unfolding process were calculated for most of the y-type subunits presenting a two state transition. In particular, different values were found for subunit Dy10 and D12, with the former being larger than the latter, suggesting a different stability of the two subunits. Possible implications for qualitative differences associated to allelic subunits are also discussed. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Tuscia, Dept Agrobiol & Agrochem, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Naples 2, Dept Biochem & Biophys, I-80138 Naples, Italy. Univ Naples 2, Res Ctr Comp & Biotechnol Sci, I-80138 Naples, Italy. RP Lafiandra, D (reprint author), Univ Tuscia, Dept Agrobiol & Agrochem, Via S C De Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. RI D'Ovidio, Renato/A-4379-2014; Facchiano, Angelo/K-3375-2012 OI D'Ovidio, Renato/0000-0001-8530-5898; Facchiano, Angelo/0000-0002-7077-4912 NR 22 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0733-5210 J9 J CEREAL SCI JI J. Cereal Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 30 IS 2 BP 97 EP 104 DI 10.1006/jcrs.1999.0260 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 250YU UT WOS:000083418500002 ER PT J AU Graybosch, RA Schemmerhorn, KJ Skerritt, JH AF Graybosch, RA Schemmerhorn, KJ Skerritt, JH TI An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the identification of wheats carrying null alleles at genetic loci encoding the granule-bound starch synthase SO JOURNAL OF CEREAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE wheat; Triticum aestivum; starch; amylose; granule-bound starch synthase; immunoassay ID COMMON WHEAT; WX PROTEIN; AMYLOSE; GELATINIZATION; CULTIVARS C1 Univ Nebraska, ARS, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Graybosch, RA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, ARS, USDA, 344 Keim, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0733-5210 J9 J CEREAL SCI JI J. Cereal Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 30 IS 2 BP 159 EP 163 DI 10.1006/jcrs.1999.0273 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 250YU UT WOS:000083418500008 ER PT J AU Gerson, EA Kelsey, RG AF Gerson, EA Kelsey, RG TI Piperidine alkaloids in nitrogen fertilized Pinus ponderosa SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 2,6-disubstituted piperidine alkaloids; Pinus ponderosa; ponderosa pine; fertilization; nitrogen availability; foliar nitrogen; Pinaceae ID TABERNAEMONTANA PACHYSIPHON; SPRUCE BUDWORM; PICEA; GROWTH; LIGHT AB We fertilized individual, pole-size ponderosa pine trees at two low-quality sites and pine saplings at a relatively high-quality site, with ammonium nitrate. Six to 12 months later, we measured total %N and 2,6-disubstituted piperidine alkaloids in the foliage. The N additions raised foliar %N above deficiency levels (i.e., from 1.0-1.1% to 1.4-1.6%) at the low-quality sires, but did not elevate foliar %N in saplings at the higher quality site, where it was already (1.9%) well above critical levels. In control trees with foliar N below a threshold of 1.1%, we detected no more than trace levels of alkaloids, indicating that alkaloid production is highly constrained by N deficiency. The N additions increased mean concentrations of the predominant alkaloid, pinidine, at all three sites. Mean total alkaloid concentrations for fertilized trees at the two low-quality sites were 12 and 155 mu g/g dry wt higher than controls (relative increases of 12x and 4.5x, respectively). For saplings at the high-quality site, the mean total increased by 584 mu g/g dry wt (1.6x) with the N additions. Allocation of foliar N to alkaloids was highest in fertilized saplings (0.81%) compared to control saplings (0.53%). These findings demonstrate that foliar alkaloid concentrations can be increased by nitrogen fertilization of forest trees growing on both low- and high-quality sites. Fertilizing for the purpose of inhibiting potential herbivores may be more successful at higher quality sites where alkaloid levels are enhanced relative to food quality (foliar %N). C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, PNW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Gerson, EA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, PNW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 39 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 25 IS 9 BP 2027 EP 2039 DI 10.1023/A:1021080605332 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 236PN UT WOS:000082607900005 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JO AF Schmidt, JO TI Attractant or pheromone: The case of Nasonov secretion and honeybee swarms SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; linalool; skatole; clove; undecanal; nonanal; citral; geraniol; nerolic acid; geranic acid ID MELLIFERA L HYMENOPTERA; BEE; APIDAE AB Honeybees are attracted to a variety of odors, including the secretion of their Nasonov glands, a secretion that has been widely assumed to be an orientation and attraction pheromone. A crossover design experiment comparing synthetic Nasonov secretion with linalool, oil of clove, skatole, and wax moth sex pheromone was established to determine if Nasonov secretion serves as a true pheromone or is simply a general attractant for honeybee swarms. None of the test odors was more attractive than odorless controls, and in all comparisons, synthetic Nasonov secretion was significantly more attractive than the test odors or odorless controls. The results confirm that Nasonov secretion is a true pheromone in the context of attracting honeybee swarms to nest cavities and that environmentally present or apparent odors play little or no role in honeybee nest-seeking behavior. C1 USDA, ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Schmidt, JO (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 25 IS 9 BP 2051 EP 2056 DI 10.1023/A:1021084706241 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 236PN UT WOS:000082607900007 ER PT J AU Pavlath, A AF Pavlath, A TI ACS presidential election - Statement on education SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Pavlath, A (reprint author), USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9584 J9 J CHEM EDUC JI J. Chem. Educ. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 76 IS 9 BP 1174 EP 1174 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Chemistry; Education & Educational Research GA 228RK UT WOS:000082149300004 ER PT J AU Chae, JS Levy, M Hunt, J Schlater, J Snider, G Waghela, SD Holman, PJ Wagner, GG AF Chae, JS Levy, M Hunt, J Schlater, J Snider, G Waghela, SD Holman, PJ Wagner, GG TI Theileria sp infections associated with bovine fatalities in the United States confirmed by small-subunit rRNA gene analyses of blood and tick samples SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RHIPICEPHALUS-APPENDICULATUS TICKS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES; DISCRIMINATION; ANNULATA; CATTLE; PARVA AB Theileria sp.-specific small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene amplification confirmed the presence of the organism in cattle and in Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis ticks collected from a cattle herd in Missouri. Blood from the index animal had type A and type D Theileria SSU rRNA genes. The type D gene was also found in blood from two cohort cattle and tick tissues. The type A SSU rRNA gene was previously reported from bovine Theileria isolates from Texas and North Carolina; the type D gene was reported from a Texas cow with theileriosis. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Texas Vet Med Ctr, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Microbiol Pathol & Parasitol, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. Dept Agr, Div Anim Hlth, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Wagner, GG (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Vet Med Ctr, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM gwagner@cvm.tamu.edu NR 14 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 EI 1098-660X J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 37 IS 9 BP 3037 EP 3040 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 226TV UT WOS:000082038900057 PM 10449501 ER PT J AU Everitt, JH Escobar, DE Yang, C Lonard, RI Judd, FW Alaniz, MA Cavazos, I Davis, MR Hockaday, DL AF Everitt, JH Escobar, DE Yang, C Lonard, RI Judd, FW Alaniz, MA Cavazos, I Davis, MR Hockaday, DL TI Distinguishing ecological parameters in a coastal area using a video system with visible/near-infrared/mid-infrared sensitivity SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE videography; Landsat Thematic Mapper; reflectance; remote sensing; computer image analysis; accuracy assessment; Texas Gulf Coast ID MANGROVE AVICENNIA-GERMINANS; IMAGERY; GULF AB This paper reports on the application of an aerial digital video imaging system with visible (VIS) (0.625-0.635 mu m), near-infrared (NIR) (0.845-0.857 mu m), and mid-infrared (MIR) (1.631-1.676 mu m) spectral sensitivity for distinguishing ecological parameters in a coastal ecosystem on the southern Texas Gulf Coast. This system produces false color imagery similar to that of the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) bands 5,4,3. Imagery from this system was useful for differentiating among a variety of land-use types including plant species, soil surface conditions, and water. Computer analysis of the imagery showed that many of the ecological variables could be quantified. An accuracy assessment performed on the classified image showed an overall accuracy of 82.4%. The imagery was also useful for interpreting the coarser resolution TM. Ground radiometric reflectance measurements were made of various ecological parameters to assist in interpreting the imagery. C1 USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Univ Texas Pan Amer, Dept Biol, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. Univ Texas Pan Amer, Coastal Studies Lab, S Padre Isl, TX 78597 USA. RP Everitt, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 15 IS 4 BP 1145 EP 1150 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 251WX UT WOS:000083470300026 ER PT J AU Sedik, D Trueblood, M Arnade, C AF Sedik, D Trueblood, M Arnade, C TI Corporate farm performance in Russia, 1991-1995: An efficiency analysis SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID FRONTIER PRODUCTION FUNCTION; PANEL DATA; TECHNICAL INEFFICIENCY AB In this paper, we consider how Russian corporate farm efficiency has changed in the period from 1991 to 1995 and why, using oblast level data. Both time series and cross-section efficiency results point to the overwhelming importance of initial conditions in predicting farm efficiency performance. Efficiency scores can be explained by several economic and institutional factors, including farm size, softness of the budget constraint, deterioration in farm terms of trade and oblast-level specialization of production. The overall results of the study are more consistent with a corporate farm sector that follows a policy of oblast self-sufficiency than with one engaged in actual restructuring. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Sedik, D (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 41 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-5967 J9 J COMP ECON JI J. Comp. Econ. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 514 EP 533 DI 10.1006/jcec.1999.1599 PG 20 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 239TM UT WOS:000082785800008 ER PT J AU Reinhardt, TA Stabel, JR Goff, JP AF Reinhardt, TA Stabel, JR Goff, JP TI 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3 enhances milk antibody titers to Escherichia coli J5 vaccine SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE mastitis; vaccine; vitamin D ID BOVINE MONONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; VITAMIN-D ANALOGS; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; IN-VIVO; MASTITIS VACCINE; DAIRY-COWS; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; PROLIFERATION; IMMUNIZATION; LYMPHOCYTES AB Recent evidence in cattle and mice has suggested that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 may stimulate T-lymphocyte differentiation pathways responsible for humoral immunity. The use of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 as an adjuvant for an Escherichia coli J5 vaccine was tested. Ten midlactation cows received J5 vaccine and were revaccinated 6 wk after the first vaccine administration. Five of these cows were given 200 mu g of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3, in addition to the primary vaccination, and they received an additional 200 mu g of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 1 wk after the primary vaccination. No 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 was administered with the wk 6 J5 vaccine booster. Milk immunoglobin (Ig)M, IgG,and IgA antibodies to E. coli J5 were significantly increased in cows receiving 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 + E. coli J5 vaccine compared with cows that received only E. coli J5 vaccine. Serum IgG and IgG(1) antibodies to E. coli J5 were also significantly enhanced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 treatment compared with cows receiving vaccine alone. In contrast, serum IgG(2) titers tended to decline in cows receiving 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 Taken together, these data suggest that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 has potential usefulness in boosting humoral responses to vaccines such as J5 and may further enhance the protective qualities of vaccines. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Reinhardt, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 NR 30 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 82 IS 9 BP 1904 EP 1909 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 238DR UT WOS:000082696100008 PM 10509248 ER PT J AU Whitford, WG Rapport, DJ deSoyza, AG AF Whitford, WG Rapport, DJ deSoyza, AG TI Using resistance and resilience measurements for 'fitness' tests in ecosystem health SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE disturbance; ecosystem health; grazing; fitness test; resilience; resistance; survivorship; stress ID VEGETATION; DESERT; STRESS AB The resistance and resilience of perennial grasses and a small shrub to a natural disturbance (drought) were measured on stress gradients that were produced by domestic livestock in desert grassland ecosystems in the northern Chihuahuan Desert of New Mexico, USA. Both survivorship of grasses and a sub-shrub (Gutierrezia sarothrae) during a drought (a measure of resistance) and re-establishment of plant cover following a drought (a measure of resilience) were reduced in the intensely stressed ecosystems in comparison to the lightly stressed ecosystems. The compromise of the resistance and resilience characteristics of an ecosystem can be used as a 'fitness' test for the health of ecosystems. Fitness tests can provide early warning of ecosystem degeneration and allow intervention to reduce or eliminate anthropogenic stress on the ecosystems. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS Jornada, US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Univ Guelph, Fac Environm Sci, Ecosyst Hlth Program, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Univ Western Ontario, Fac Med, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, London, ON, Canada. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS Jornada, US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Expt Range,POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 20 TC 34 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 23 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 57 IS 1 BP 21 EP 29 DI 10.1006/jema.1999.0287 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 238YQ UT WOS:000082742700003 ER PT J AU Gan, J Papiernik, SK Yates, SR Jury, WA AF Gan, J Papiernik, SK Yates, SR Jury, WA TI Temperature and moisture effects on fumigant degradation in soil SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID METHYL-BROMIDE EMISSIONS; 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE; ISOTHIOCYANATE; AIR; SOLARIZATION; PERSISTENCE; HERBICIDES; SODIUM; FIELD AB Recent discovery of the contribution of methyl bromide fumigation to stratospheric ozone depletion has revealed our limited understanding of the environmental processes of fumigants. For instance, little is known about fumigant degradation in soil under high temperature or low moisture conditions that prevail near the soil surface during fumigation. In this study we determined the interaction of soil temperature and moisture with degradation of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) for extended soil temperature and moisture ranges. Fumigant degradation increased 5 to 12 times when temperature increased from 20 to 50 degrees C. It was further shown that chemical transformation of fumigants always increased with increasing temperature, but temperature effects on microbial degradation were fumigant dependent. The relative contribution of microbial degradation to the overall fumigant degradation was highest for the soil with highest organic matter content, and was greater for MITC than for 1,3-D isomers, When the temperature was >30 degrees C, microbial degradation of 1,3-D was substantially suppressed, while that of MITC was greatly stimulated. As soil moisture content increased, 1,3-D degradation accelerated, but that of MITC decreased. The specific responses of fumigant degradation to temperature and moisture variations should be considered when describing their transport in the environment, and also may be used for designing fumigation practices that allow reduced atmospheric emissions. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Gan, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 28 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1436 EP 1441 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 235QF UT WOS:000082553500007 ER PT J AU Ma, QL Smith, AE Hook, JE Smith, RE Bridges, DC AF Ma, QL Smith, AE Hook, JE Smith, RE Bridges, DC TI Water runoff and pesticide transport from a golf course fairway: Observations vs. Opus model simulations SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID HERBICIDE TRANSPORT; RAINFALL; SOILS; INFILTRATION; SYSTEMS; PLOT AB Frequent pesticide applications to gulf courses causes concern that surface water may become contaminated, We hypothesized that runoff potential of these pesticides could be predicted by the recently developed Opus model. We conducted a 3-yr field study measuring surface runoff of water and dimethylamine salts of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid], dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methylphenoxy-benzoic acid), and mecoprop [(+/-)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-propanoic acid]. Twelve 7.4 m by 3.7 m plots of 'Tifway 419' bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. x C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy) were managed as a golf course fairway. Simulated rainfall was applied at an average intensity of 29 mm h(-1) 1 d before and 1, 2, 4, and 8 d after pesticide application for 0.92, 1.75, 1.75, 0.92, and 0.92 h, respectively. Average annual runoff loss was 9.13, 15.41, and 10.82% of applied 2,4-D, dicamba, and mecoprop, respectively. Both mass and concentration of pesticide runoff decreased rapidly, with the first posttreatment event runoff averaging 74.5, 71.7, and 73.0% of the total runoff of 2,4-D, dicamba, and mecoprop, respectively. The Opus model adequately simulated runoff [R(2) = 0.897 and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) = 24.6%], The 2,4-D in runoff was better simulated by complete-kinetic sorption (R(2) = 0.876, NRMSE = 60.2%) than by equilibrium sorption (R(2) = 0.848, NRMSE = 68.2%). Opus did not accurately simulate 2,4-D over all runoff events, but simulated 2,4-D in the first posttreatment runoff within a factor of 2 of those measured. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Colorado State Univ, USDA, ARS, AERC, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. RP Hook, JE (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM jimhook@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu NR 43 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1463 EP 1473 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 235QF UT WOS:000082553500011 ER PT J AU Schmitt, TJ Dosskey, MG Hoagland, KD AF Schmitt, TJ Dosskey, MG Hoagland, KD TI Filter strip performance and processes for different vegetation, widths, and contaminants SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NUTRIENT; SAMPLES; REDUCTION; SEDIMENT; RUNOFF; GRASS AB Filter strips are widely prescribed to reduce contaminants in surface runoff from agricultural fields. This study compared performance of different filter strip designs on several contaminants and evaluated the contributing processes. Different vegetation types and widths were investigated using simulated runoff event on large plots (3 m x 7.5 or 15 m) having fine-textured soil and a 6 to 7% slope. Filter strips 7.5 and 15 m,vide downslope greatly reduced concentrations of sediment in runoff (76-93%) and contaminants strongly associated,with sediment (total P, 55-79%; permethrin, 27-83% [(3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl (+/-)-cis, trans-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate]). They had less effect on concentrations of primarily dissolved contaminants [atrazine, -5-43% (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine); alachlor, 10-61% [2-chloro-2'6'-diethyl-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide]; nitrate, 24-48%; dissolved P, 19-43%; bromide, 13-31%], Dilution of runoff by rainfall accounted for most of the reduction of concentration of dissolved contaminants, Infiltration (36-82% of runoff volume) substantially reduced the mass of contaminants exiting the filter strips. Doubling filter strip width from 7.5 to 15 m doubled infiltration and dilution, but did not improve sediment settling, Young trees and shrubs planted in the lower one-half of otherwise grass strips had no impact on filter performance. Compared with cultivated sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grass clearly reduced concentrations of sediment and associated contaminants in runoff, but not volume of runoff and concentration of dissolved contaminants. Settling, infiltration, and dilution processes can explain performance differences among pollutant types and biter strip designs. C1 Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA, FS, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Dosskey, MG (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 35 TC 173 Z9 189 U1 5 U2 19 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1479 EP 1489 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 235QF UT WOS:000082553500013 ER PT J AU Liebig, MA Doran, JW AF Liebig, MA Doran, JW TI Impact of organic production practices on soil quality indicators SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID MANAGEMENT; BIOMASS AB The impact of organic production practices on soil quality indicators, for selected farms in Nebraska and North Dakota, were evaluated to better understand their effects on soil quality and sustainability. Conventional production practices were the standard to which the effects of organic production were compared. Five organic and conventional farms, matched by soil type, were chosen for the study, Soil properties recognized as basic soil quality indicators were measured on each farm at depths of 0 to 7.6 and 0 to 30.5 cm, Averaged across locations, there was 22% more organic C (12 571 kg ha-(1)) and 20% more total N (970 kg ha(-1)) on organic farms than conventional farms in the surface 30.5 cm, At four of five locations, organic farms had soil pH closer to neutral, lower bulk density, and higher available-water holding capacity, microbial biomass C and N, and soil respiration as compared with conventional farms. Nutrient levels above crop needs were observed in both organic and conventional farms indicating the potential for negative environmental impacts. Despite this, organic farms often had more potentially mineralizable N (anaerobic incubation) relative to NO3-N in the surface 30.5 cm. For conditions of this study, the capacity of organic production practices to improve soil quality was mainly due to use of more diverse crop sequences, application of organic: amendments, and less frequent tillage. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Liebig, MA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Liebig, Mark/A-2775-2009 NR 48 TC 91 Z9 103 U1 3 U2 28 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 28 IS 5 BP 1601 EP 1609 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 235QF UT WOS:000082553500025 ER PT J AU Waters, WR Harp, JA Wannemuehler, MJ Carbajal, NY Casas, IA AF Waters, WR Harp, JA Wannemuehler, MJ Carbajal, NY Casas, IA TI Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri on Cryptosporidium parvum infection of gnotobiotic TCR-alpha-deficient mice SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Opportunistic Protists CY 1997 CL LILLE, FRANCE ID INFLAMMATORY BOWEL-DISEASE; RESISTANCE; MODEL C1 Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Biogaia Biol, Raleigh, NC 27613 USA. RP Waters, WR (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 46 IS 5 BP 60S EP 61S PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 242TZ UT WOS:000082958900042 PM 10519249 ER PT J AU Harp, JA Akili, D Pesch, BA AF Harp, JA Akili, D Pesch, BA TI Changes in murine intestinal epithelium following Cryptosporidium parvum infection SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Opportunistic Protists CY 1997 CL LILLE, FRANCE ID SPOROZOITE; LECTINS; CELLS; MICE C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Harp, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 46 IS 5 BP 64S EP 65S PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 242TZ UT WOS:000082958900044 PM 10519251 ER PT J AU Were, SR Bowman, DD Mohammed, HO Jenkins, MB Quimby, FW Horton, KM Dubey, JP AF Were, SR Bowman, DD Mohammed, HO Jenkins, MB Quimby, FW Horton, KM Dubey, JP TI Transmission to guinea pigs of very low doses of oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii in drinking water SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Opportunistic Protists CY 1997 CL LILLE, FRANCE C1 Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Populat Med & Diagnost Sci, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Div Biomed Sci, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. USDA, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Were, SR (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Populat Med & Diagnost Sci, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 46 IS 5 BP 71S EP 72S PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 242TZ UT WOS:000082958900047 PM 10519254 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Mattson, DE Speer, CA Baker, RJ Mulrooney, DM Tornquist, SJ Hamir, AN Gerros, TC AF Dubey, JP Mattson, DE Speer, CA Baker, RJ Mulrooney, DM Tornquist, SJ Hamir, AN Gerros, TC TI Characterization of a Sarcocystis neurona isolate (SN6) from a naturally infected horse from Oregon SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cell culture; development; electron microscopy; encephalitis; immunosuppressed mice; schizonts ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; NEOSPORA-CANINUM; TISSUE-SECTIONS; SEROPREVALENCE; ANTIBODIES; MYELITIS; MEROZOITES; INVITRO AB An isolate of Sarcocystis neurons (SN6) was obtained from the spinal cord of a horse from Oregon with neurologic signs. The parasite was isolated in cultures of bovine monocytes and equine spleen cells. The parasite divided by endopolygeny and completed at least one asexual cycle in cell cultures in three days. Two gamma interferon knockout mice inoculated with cell culture-derived merozoites became ill 35 d later and S. neuroma schizonts and merozoites were found in encephalitic lesions. The parasite in tissue sections of mice reacted with S. neurona-specific antibodies and S. neurona was reisolated from the brain of knockout mice. C1 ARS, USDA, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Vet Mol Biol, Bozeman, MT 59716 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 46 IS 5 BP 500 EP 506 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb06067.x PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 242TZ UT WOS:000082958900008 PM 10519218 ER PT J AU Kinraide, TB AF Kinraide, TB TI Interactions among Ca2+, Na+ and K+ in salinity toxicity: quantitative resolution of multiple toxic and ameliorative effects SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE calcium; potassium; salinity; sodium; toxicity ID PLASMA-MEMBRANE VESICLES; SALT TOLERANCE; NACL STRESS; MAIZE ROOTS; PLANT-CELL; RB+ UPTAKE; CALCIUM; GROWTH; ALUMINUM; ION AB Root elongation by wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Scout 66) was not inhibited by NaCl or KCl up to 130 mM in culture solutions or by high Na+ (2 mg g(-1) FW) or K+ (4 mg g(-1) FW) in the root tissue, provided that [Ca2+]>2 mM in the rooting medium. At [NaCl], [KCl], or [mannitol] >250 mOs, root elongation was progressively inhibited, irrespective of high [Ca2+]. In contrast, shoot elongation was sensitive to any diminution of water potential, and Ca2+ alleviated the toxicity only weakly, At solute concentrations <250 mOs, the following interactions were observed, Ca2+ alleviated Na+ and K+ toxicity to roots by at least three separate mechanisms, K+ was more toxic to roots than Naf, but Na+ was more toxic to shoots. Low levels of KC relieved Na+ toxicity, but low levels of Na+ enhanced K+ toxicity. Tissue concentrations of Na+ were reduced by Ca2+ and K+ in the rooting medium, and tissue concentrations of K+ were enhanced by Ca2+ and Na+. Several hypotheses relating to salinity toxicity can be evaluated, at least for wheat seedlings, The osmoticant hypothesis (salinity intoxication occurs because of diminished water potential) is true for shoots at all salinity levels, but is true for roots only at high salinity, The Ca2+-displacement hypothesis (Na+ is toxic because it displaces Ca2+ from the cell surface) is correct, but often of minor importance. The K+-depletion hypothesis (Na+ is toxic because it causes a loss of K+ from plant tissues) is false, The Cl--toxicity hypothesis (the apparent toxicity of Na+ is induced by associated Cl-) is false. The results indicate that, apart from osmotic effects, high levels of Na+ in the rooting medium and in the tissues are not toxic unless Ca2+ is also deficient, a condition probably leading to inadequate compartmentation and excessive cytoplasmic accumulation, This study related growth to ion activities at plasma-membrane surfaces, These activities were computed by a Gouy-Chapman-Stern model then incorporated into non-linear growth models for growth versus toxicants and ameliorants. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Kinraide, TB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. EM tkinraide@afsrc.ars.usda.gov NR 36 TC 110 Z9 125 U1 1 U2 14 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 50 IS 338 BP 1495 EP 1505 DI 10.1093/jexbot/50.338.1495 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 237NH UT WOS:000082662300009 ER PT J AU Drake, SR Sanderson, PG Neven, LG AF Drake, SR Sanderson, PG Neven, LG TI Response of apple and winter pear fruit quality to irradiation as a quarantine treatment SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-BEAM IRRADIATION; RAINIER SWEET CHERRIES; RADIATION AB Irradiation at doses between 0.30 and 0.90 kGy reduced apple firmness. Doses of <0.30 key had no effect on apple firmness. Firmness lost due to irradiation was cultivar dependent. Titratable acidity (TA) of 'Gala' apples was reduced at irradiation doses of 0.60 kGy and above. No loss of TA due to the irradiation dose was evident, for 'Fuji' or 'Granny Smith' apples. Irradiation did not influence the external color of apples, but change in the internal color of 'Gala' and 'Granny Smith' apples due to irradiation exposure was present. 'Bosc' pears lost firmness due to irradiation, and the firmness loss was dose dependent. Both, 'Anjou' and 'Bosc' ripened normally after irradiation exposure. There was an increase in scald for 'Anjou' that was dose dependent. Disease incidence of 'Fuji' and 'Granny Smith' apples caused by P. expansum was reduced from about 80% of wounds with lesions to 30% after irradiation exposure. Irradiation had no effect on number of lesions caused by either B, cinerea or M. piriformis. No effect was observed on decay of 'Anjou' pear fruit naturally infected with P. expansum and B. cinerea However, a reduction in decay was observed in naturally infected 'Bosc' pear fruits treated with 0.90 kGy. C1 ARS, USDA, TFRL, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Drake, SR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, TFRL, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 11 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 9 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8892 J9 J FOOD PROCESS PRES JI J. Food Process Preserv. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 23 IS 3 BP 203 EP 216 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4549.1999.tb00380.x PG 14 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 244CV UT WOS:000083035000003 ER PT J AU Kang, DH Fung, DYC AF Kang, DH Fung, DYC TI Effect of diacetyl on controlling Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium in the presence of starter culture in a laboratory medium and during meat fermentation SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID GROWTH AB Diacetyl is a flavor compound that possesses antimicrobial activity and is found in several dairy products. The effect of diacetyl on controlling the growth of two foodborne pathogens, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium, when grown with Pediococcus acidilactici as a meat starter culture was evaluated in a laboratory medium and during salami fermentation. Diacetyl (50 ppm) added to each mixed culture system strongly inhibited the growth of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium in the laboratory medium (brain heart infusion, 2.3% of NaCl, 0.75% of dextrose) (P < 0.05). During meat fermentation, the growth of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium was inhibited significantly by addition of diacetyl (300 ppm) (P < 0.05) after 24 h fermentation. However, the acid production and growth of P. acidilactici were not affected by the addition of diacetyl (P > 0.05). After 24 h meat fermentation, about a 1.0-log CFU/g difference occurred in numbers of each foodborne pathogen mixed with P. acidilactici (P ( 0.05) with and without 300 ppm diacetyl. Diacetyl and the acid produced by the meat starter culture reduced the growth of the two foodborne pathogens during salami fermentation. These results suggest that diacetyl can be used as a food ingredient during meat fermentation to control E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Typhimurium without harmful effects on the growth and acid production of P. acidilactici. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Ind, Food Microbiol Lab, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Kang, DH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 62 IS 9 BP 975 EP 979 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 233BL UT WOS:000082405600001 PM 10492469 ER PT J AU Juneja, VK Eblen, BS AF Juneja, VK Eblen, BS TI Predictive thermal inactivation model for Listeria monocytogenes with temperature, pH, NaCl, and sodium pyrophosphate as controlling factors SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; HEAT-RESISTANCE; DESTRUCTION; MEAT; BEEF; FOODS; MILK; KINETICS; SAUSAGE AB The effects and interactions of heating temperature (55 to 65 degrees C), pH (4 to 8), salt (NaCl; 0 to 6%, wt/vol), and sodium pyrophosphate (SPP; 0 to 0.3%, wt/vol) on the heat inactivation of a four-strain mixture of Listeria monocytogenes in beef gravy were examined. A factorial experimental design comparing 48 combinations of heating temperature, salt concentration, pH value, and SPP content was used. Heating was carried out using a submerged-coil heating apparatus. The recovery medium was plate count agar supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract and 1% sodium pyruvate. Decimal reduction times (D-values) were calculated by fitting a survival model to the data with a curve-fitting program. The D-values were analyzed by second-order response surface regression for temperature, pH, NaCl, and SPP levels. Whereas increasing the NaCl concentration protected L. monocytogenes against the lethal effect of heat, high SPP concentrations increased heat sensitivity. Also, low pH values increased heat sensitivity of L. monocytogenes. The four variables interacted to affect the inactivation of the pathogen. Thermal resistance of L. monocytogenes can be lowered by combining these intrinsic factors. A predictive model that described the combined effect of temperature, pH, NaCl, and SPP levels on thermal resistance of L. monocytogenes was developed. The model can predict D-values for any combination of temperature, pH, NaCl, and SPP that are within the range of those tested. Using this predictive model, food processors should be able to design adequate thermal regimes to eliminate L. monocytogenes in thermally processed foods. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Juneja, VK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 45 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 5 U2 14 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 62 IS 9 BP 986 EP 993 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 233BL UT WOS:000082405600003 PM 10492471 ER PT J AU Riley, A Kang, DH Fung, DYC AF Riley, A Kang, DH Fung, DYC TI Comparison of five anaerobic incubation methods for enumeration of Clostridium perfringens from foods SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article AB This study compared the cost, speed, convenience, and sensitivity of five anaerobic systems. Fung's double-tube (FDT) method, the minitube method (MT), the sandwiched microtiter plate (SMP) method, and the Mitsubishi AnaeroPack System were compared with the Brewer anaerobic jar for total anaerobic bacterial counts in foods. Incubation was at 37 degrees C for 4, 8, 12, and 24 h. The results indicated that FDT, MT, SMP, and the Mitsubishi AnaeroPack System were as sensitive as the Brewer anaerobic jar for the detection and enumeration of Clostridium perfringens from food products. The FDT, MT, and SMP methods recovered higher numbers of C. perfringens compared to the Brewer anaerobic jar (P < 0.05) after 12 and 24 h incubation. The Brewer anaerobic jar was the most expensive method. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Ind, Food Microbiol Lab, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Kang, DH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 62 IS 9 BP 1041 EP 1044 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 233BL UT WOS:000082405600012 PM 10492480 ER PT J AU Bazemore, R Goodner, K Rouseff, R AF Bazemore, R Goodner, K Rouseff, R TI Volatiles from unpasteurized and excessively heated orange juice analyzed with solid phase microextraction and GC-olfactometry SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Institute-of-Food-Technologists CY JUN 19-24, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Inst Food Technologists DE Osme; solid phase microextraction; headspace; gas chromatography-olfactometry; orange juice ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY OLFACTOMETRY; COMPONENTS AB Commercial orange juice was divided into unpasteurized (no heat treatment) and excessively heated (240 s at 96 degrees C) samples. Juice headspace volatiles were collected using a carboxen-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber and thermally desorbed into a gas chromatograph, Aroma active components were evaluated by three trained panelists using the Osme system. Some aroma active peaks (18) were common to both heat treated and untreated juice headspace extracts, Ct her peaks (6) were observed only in unheated extracts or were unique (5) to heated juice headspace extracts. The carboxen fiber was more selective for terpenes than early eluting alcohols and aldehydes compared to pentane-ether liquid-liquid extraction. C1 Univ Florida, Ctr Agr Res & Educ, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. Monell Chem Senses Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. ARS, USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. RP Rouseff, R (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ctr Agr Res & Educ, Inst Food & Agr Sci, 700 Expt Stn Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. NR 21 TC 70 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 8 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 64 IS 5 BP 800 EP 803 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15915.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 254XZ UT WOS:000083640700011 ER PT J AU Sapers, GM Miller, RL Choi, SW Cooke, PH AF Sapers, GM Miller, RL Choi, SW Cooke, PH TI Structure and composition of mushrooms as affected by hydrogen peroxide wash SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE mushrooms; hydrogen peroxide; washing process; composition; structure ID AGARICUS-BISPORUS AB An experimental H2O2/browning inhibitor wash treatment and its effect on mushroom structure and composition were studied. Experimentally washed mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) were compared with conventionally washed mushrooms and untreated controls. Examination by scanning electron microscopy showed damage to hyphae producing a matted appearance at the pileus surface with both experimental and conventional washed samples. Mushrooms after the experimental wash had an elevated sodium content from the sodium erythorbate browning inhibitor but contained no H2O2 residue, In pileus tissue, soluble phenol levels were higher and the content of free amino acids was lower in mushrooms after the experimental wash. No other notable compositional differences or adverse effects of treatment on quality were found. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Catholic Univ Taegu Hyosung, Kyungbuk, South Korea. RP Sapers, GM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 64 IS 5 BP 889 EP 892 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15934.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 254XZ UT WOS:000083640700030 ER PT J AU Glahn, RP Lee, OA Miller, DD AF Glahn, RP Lee, OA Miller, DD TI In vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model to determine optimal ascorbic acid to Fe ratio in rice cereal SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cereal; ascorbic acid; iron; rice; Caco-2 ID IRON BIOAVAILABILITY; CACO-2; AVAILABILITY AB The objectives were to determine if adding ascorbic acid (AA) to rice cereal enhanced iron availability, and if so, the best ratio of AA to Fe to maximize Fe availability, Also, we sought to determine whether mixing rice cereal with apple juice fortified with AA, compared to mixing it with water, would increase Fe availability. An in vitro digestion/cell culture model was used. Iron availability was increased at an AA:Fe molar ratio of 0.8:1 and maximal at 1.6:1. Mixing apple juice with rice cereal to approximate an AA:Fe ratio of 1.2:1 did not enhance Fe availability. Results indicate that factors in the apple juice offset any enhancement effects of AA on Fe availability. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Glahn, RP (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 13 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 6 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 64 IS 5 BP 925 EP 928 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15942.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 254XZ UT WOS:000083640700039 ER PT J AU Ruter, B Hamrick, JL Wood, BW AF Ruter, B Hamrick, JL Wood, BW TI Genetic diversity within provenance and cultivar germplasm collections versus natural populations of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID STARCH-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; CHESTNUT CASTANEA-SATIVA; SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS; RARE ALLELES; VARIABILITY; DIFFERENTIATION; BUFFERS AB We examined the question of whether the genetic diversity contained within germplasm and cultivar collections of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh,) K. Koch] is representative of that found in natural populations of the species. To this end, levels of genetic variation were compared within and among provenance and cultivar collections as well as eight natural populations. Within the species, 13 of 16 (81%) allozyme loci were polymorphic and expected heterozygosity was 0.153, The highest pooled genetic diversity value was found within wild populations (H-e = 0.167) and the lowest within the provenance collection (H-e = 0.144), Provenance accessions had lower heterozygosity values in the southern and eastern parts of its range than in the northern portion of its range. Collection methods for provenance and wild population collections captured similar levels of allelic diversity. On average, 94% of the total genetic diversity was found within wild populations and provenance accessions. The number of alleles present in the provenance and wild populations were similar, but several low-frequency alleles were absent from the cultivar collection. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Genet, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Fruit & Nut Res Unit, Byron, GA USA. RP Hamrick, JL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, 2502 Plant Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 33 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 90 IS 5 BP 521 EP 528 DI 10.1093/jhered/90.5.521 PG 8 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 248AX UT WOS:000083254100003 ER PT J AU Jin, W Palmer, RG Horner, HT Shoemaker, RC AF Jin, W Palmer, RG Horner, HT Shoemaker, RC TI Fr1 (root fluorescence) locus is located in a segregation distortion region on linkage group K of soybean genetic map SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID ORYZA-SATIVA-L; MOLECULAR MARKERS; GENOMIC REGIONS; MALE-STERILITY; DNA MARKERS; POPULATIONS; RICE; IDENTIFICATION; RESISTANCE; RECOMBINATION AB We report the use of bulked segregant SSR analysis for rapid identification of DNA markers linked to the Fr1 locus in soybean. Pooled DNA extracts from 10 homozygous Fr1 Fr1 and 10 fr1 fr1 F-2 plants, derived from a msMOS x Minsoy cross, were analyzed using 65 SSR markers. Five SSRs produced repeatable polymorphisms between paired bulks. Linkage with the Fr1 locus was tested using these five SSR primers and DNA from individual plants of each bulk. DNA polymorphisms generated by these five primers were linked to the Fr1 locus. linkage of SSR loci with the Fr1 locus was verified by using an F-2 population segregating for Fr1. The five SSR markers and Fr1 are on linkage group K of the USDA ARS/ISU molecular genetic map. The markers flanking Fr1 are Satt337 (11.0 cM) and Sat_044 (0.6 cM). Fr1 previously was mapped on linkage group 12 of the classical genetic map. Thus classical genetic linkage group 12 has been correlated to linkage group K of the molecular genetic map. Six SSR markers were chosen on linkage group K to test the segregation ratio. All six SSRs tested were skewed toward the Minsoy genotype, one chi-square value was statistically significant. This suggested that a gametophyte factor may lie in the region close to Fr1 and most likely close to Satt046. C1 Iowa State Univ, Interdepartmental Plant Physiol Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Bot, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, CICGR, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Horner, HT (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Interdepartmental Plant Physiol Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 41 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 90 IS 5 BP 553 EP 556 DI 10.1093/jhered/90.5.553 PG 4 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 248AX UT WOS:000083254100009 ER PT J AU Sanchez, V Carde, R AF Sanchez, V Carde, R TI Isozyme patterns and their inheritance in the tachinid Compsilura concinnata SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID LYMANTRIA-DISPAR LEPIDOPTERA; GENETIC-VARIATION; GYPSY-MOTH; POPULATIONS; POLYMORPHISM; PARASITOIDS AB An isozyme survey and mating study was used to investigate the genetic basis of variation in polymorphic enzymes of the parasitic fly Compsilura concinnata (Meigen), an exotic biological control of lepidopteran pests. We investigated the isozyme variation for 34 enzyme systems in three colonies of C. concinnata, and in offspring from matings of two colonies, all reared on larvae of Lymantria dispar L. We found 37 loci, 14% of which were polymorphic. To determine the enzymes' inheritance we followed the patterns of transmission from parents to offspring for 35 isozymes. We found monomorphic banding patterns in 30 enzyme systems, the majority being single bands that migrated similarly in the gels. Five isozymes (-Est, Fum, Ha, Mpi, Tpi) were polymorphic and their inheritance followed the expectations for simple Mendelian inheritance, confirming them as candidate allozymes of C. concinnata. Estimates or average heterozygosity for laboratory populations of this parasitoid were hall those of other Diptera, but the estimates were higher than those of a primary host, L. dispar, and of some parasitic Hymenoptera. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Ctr Forest Hlth Res, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Sanchez, V (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Ctr Forest Hlth Res, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 90 IS 5 BP 568 EP 573 DI 10.1093/jhered/90.5.568 PG 6 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 248AX UT WOS:000083254100014 ER PT J AU Hunt, GJ Collins, AM Rivera, R Page, RE Guzman-Novoa, E AF Hunt, GJ Collins, AM Rivera, R Page, RE Guzman-Novoa, E TI Quantitative trait loci influencing honeybee alarm pheromone levels SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR; APIS-MELLIFERA; AFRICANIZED HONEYBEES; BEE; COLONIES; MARKERS AB Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping procedures were used to identify loci that influence the levels of alarm pheromones found in the stinging apparatus of worker honeybees. An F-1 queen was produced from a cross between a queen of European origin and a drone descended from an African subspecies. Haploid drones from the hybrid queen were individually backcrossed to European queens to produce 172 colonies. Samples of stings were taken from backcross workers of these colonies. Alarm pheromone levels were determined by gas chromatography. RAPD markers were scored from the haploid drone fathers of these colonies. The multiple-QTL model (MQM) of MapQTL was used to identify QTLs that influence the levels of four alarm pheromone components. Seven independent, potential QTLs were identified with LOD scores greater than two, and one at LOD 1.88. We identified one QTL for n-decyl acetate, three for n-octanol, four for isopentyl acetate, and one for hexyl acetate, One region of linkage group XI shows a strong influence on body size and the levels of three alarm pheromone components. This locus explained 40% of the variance for the amount of n-decyl acetate (LOD 6.57). In general, the QTLs influencing alarm pheromone levels were independent of previously identified loci that influenced the stinging behavior of these colonies. The only exception was a potential locus influencing levels of n-octanol, which was inversely correlated with stinging behavior. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, SARL, Beneficial Insects Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. SAGAR, INIFAP, Metepec, Mexico. RP Hunt, GJ (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R29 GM54850-01/G231NR]; NIMH NIH HHS [MH53311-02] NR 30 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 90 IS 5 BP 585 EP 589 DI 10.1093/jhered/90.5.585 PG 5 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 248AX UT WOS:000083254100020 PM 10544503 ER PT J AU Obenland, DM Arpaia, ML Aung, LH AF Obenland, DM Arpaia, ML Aung, LH TI Quality of nectarine cultivars subjected to forced-air heat treatment for Mediterranean fruit fly disinfestation SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE; PEACHES; PAPAYAS AB The postharvest quality of nine early-, mid-, and late-season cultivars of California nectarines was determined following forced-air heat treatment used for quarantine disinfestation of Mediterranean fruit fly. The treatment consisted of heating the nectarines to a seed surface temperature of 47.2 degrees C for 2 min over a period of 4 h. Nectarines were evaluated after storage at 0 degrees C for 14 d and 20 degrees C for 4 d, which simulated shipping and sale of the fruit. Surface appearance, indexed by colour measurements and visual ratings, was generally unchanged by heat treatment and would have had no influence on the marketability of the fruit. A detectable change in the chroma of the internal flesh was shown in a number of cultivars, but was imperceptible when rated by visual evaluation. Heat treated fruit were firmer than unheated fruit, but retained the ability to soften. Only minor differences in soluble solids content and titratable acidity between heat treated and untreated control fruit were detected. It was concluded that the forced-air heat treatment for Mediterranean fruit fly for quarantine required for international trade did not adversely affect the quality and marketability of California-grown nectarines. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Univ Calif Parlier, Kearney Agr Ctr, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. RP Obenland, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU HEADLEY BROTHERS LTD PI ASHFORD PA INVICTA PRESS, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN24 8HH SN 0022-1589 J9 J HORTIC SCI BIOTECH JI J. Horticult. Sci. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 74 IS 5 BP 553 EP 555 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 241ZK UT WOS:000082913600003 ER PT J AU Ju, ZG Duan, YS Ju, ZQ AF Ju, ZG Duan, YS Ju, ZQ TI Combinations of GA(3) and AVG delay fruit maturation, increase fruit size and improve storage life of 'Feicheng' peaches SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GIBBERELLIC-ACID; PREHARVEST APPLICATION; FIRMNESS; QUALITY AB Different concentrations of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) and gibberellic acid (GA(3)) and their combinations, applied at two stages of fruit growth, were evaluated for prolonging the marketing season of 'Feicheng' peaches. GA(3) applied at the end of pit hardening, or AVG applied two weeks before commercial harvest, inhibited fruit maturation on the tree, delayed harvest and reduced flesh browning after cold storage in a concentration-dependent manner. A synergistic effect was found when both GA(3) and AVG were used, with the combination of 100 or 150 mg l(-1) GA(3), applied at the end of pit hardening, and 100 mg l(-1) AVG, applied two weeks before harvest giving the best results. These combinations retarded the change in ground colour, loss of firmness, and reduction in acidity by 2-3 weeks. Since harvest was prolonged by 2-3 weeks, soluble solids content (SSC) in fruit increased compared with the control (harvested earlier). Fruit size was significantly greater on treated trees compared with the controls when fruit set was controlled to the same level by hand thinning. After four weeks of storage and 4 d at 20 degrees C, 83% of control fruit developed tissue browning, but only 5% of AVG + GA(3)-treated fruit developed browning after six weeks of storage and 4 d at 20 degrees C. Thus, the marketing season of 'Feicheng' peaches was prolonged by at least four weeks by 100 or 150 mg l(-1) of GA(3) and 100 mg l(-1) of AVG. Fruit treated with 150 mg l(-1) GA(3) plus 100 to 150 mg l(-1) AVG showed similar results but failed to ripen properly after cold storage. C1 Laiyang Agr Coll, Shandong, Peoples R China. Eureka Biotechnol Co, Dept R&D, Fruit Res Lab, Shandong, Peoples R China. RP Ju, ZG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU HEADLEY BROTHERS LTD PI ASHFORD PA INVICTA PRESS, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN24 8HH SN 0022-1589 J9 J HORTIC SCI BIOTECH JI J. Horticult. Sci. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 74 IS 5 BP 579 EP 583 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 241ZK UT WOS:000082913600008 ER PT J AU Kuhnle, RA Alonso, CV Shields, FD AF Kuhnle, RA Alonso, CV Shields, FD TI Geometry of scour holes associated with 90 degrees spur dikes SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB The stable pools formed by spur dikes can be a significant factor for improving aquatic habitat in unstable degraded streams. Prediction of the volume and geometry of the scour hole associated with a spur dike yields information that is valuable for assessing the potential benefit to the aquatic habitat. Volumes of the scour hole in the vicinity of model spur dikes were measured in a laboratory flume under clear-water overtopping flows. Spur dike length, flow depth, and shear velocity ratio were varied in the experiments and found to significantly influence the volume of the scour hole. For overtopping flows, the ratio of the flow depth to the spur dike height was found to be an important control on the geometry of the resulting scout hole. At higher flow depth to spur dike height ratios, the location of the maximum depth of scour changed from the upstream point of the dike toward the channel bank and caused a secondary scour zone to form downstream of the spur dike. A preliminary technique is proposed to predict the volume of scour for spur dikes perpendicular to the bank. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Kuhnle, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 19 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 8 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD SEP PY 1999 VL 125 IS 9 BP 972 EP 978 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:9(972) PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 226ED UT WOS:000082006600009 ER PT J AU De Moraes, CM Lewis, WJ AF De Moraes, CM Lewis, WJ TI Analyses of two parasitoids with convergent foraging strategies SO JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE foraging strategies; host location; larval parasitoids; Microplitis croceipes; Cardiochiles nitgriceps; Heliothis virescens ID MICROPLITIS-CROCEIPES CRESSON; CAMPOLETIS-SONORENSIS HYMENOPTERA; HOST-HABITAT LOCATION; 2 LARVAL PARASITOIDS; AIRBORNE SEMIOCHEMICALS; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; INSECT PARASITOIDS; FLIGHT BEHAVIOR; BRACONIDAE; RESPONSES AB We compared the foraging strategies of two key braconid endoparasitoids of the tobacco budworm. (Heliothis virescens Fab.), Cardiochiles nigriceps Vier. and Microplitis croceipes Cresson, that differ in host and habitat range but otherwise share comparable, overlapping niches. The most important host-location cues by far for both species were materials associated with damaged plants. Both species demonstrated a significant preference for volatiles released from plants damaged by H. virescens larvae over those released from undamaged tobacco and cotton plants. In choice experiments with damaged tobacco versus cotton, M. croceipes showed a significant preference for cotton plants. In contrast, C. nigriceps preferred damaged tobacco plants. Plant compounds provoked a strong response even when released from systemically induced plants (from which damaged leaves, host, and host by-products were removed). C. nigriceps appears to have a much keener ability to locate hosts over long distances than M. croceipes. This observation may be related to the highly specialized nature of this parasitoid. The possible adaptive significance of the foraging behaviors of these two parasitoids is discussed. C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP De Moraes, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, CMAVE, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 51 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0892-7553 J9 J INSECT BEHAV JI J. Insect Behav. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 12 IS 5 BP 571 EP 583 DI 10.1023/A:1020967417801 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 319QG UT WOS:000087352200002 ER PT J AU Cantone, FA Vandenberg, JD AF Cantone, FA Vandenberg, JD TI Use of the green fluorescent protein for investigations of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus in insect hosts SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Paecilomyces fumosoroseus; Russian wheat aphid; diamondback moth; Diuraphis noxia; Plutella xylostella; green fluorescent protein; cotransformation ID FUNGUS; GENE; COTRANSFORMATION; GFP; TRANSFORMANTS; EXPRESSION; MARKER; TOOL AB The green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria has been expressed in a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms and has been used extensively as a marker in the study of host-pathogen interactions. We have expressed GFP in the entomopathogenic fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus through co-transformation with a vector that confers resistance to glufosinate ammonium, All cell types express GFP and were readily detected by fluorescence microscopy. No correlation was observed between the amount of fluorescence and the pattern of vector integration as observed by Southern analysis. Fluorescent hyphae and conidia were easily distinguished on two insect hosts, the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia, and the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, and blastospores were also detected in the hemolymph of the diamondback moth. GFP-tagged strains of P. fumosoroseus can be used to study the developmental fate of the fungus within its insect hosts. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Protect Res Unit, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Vandenberg, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Protect Res Unit, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 74 IS 2 BP 193 EP 197 DI 10.1006/jipa.1999.4864 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 238KC UT WOS:000082708600013 PM 10486232 ER PT J AU Stark, JEP Lacey, LA AF Stark, JEP Lacey, LA TI Susceptibility of western cherry fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) to five species of entomopathogenic nematodes in laboratory studies SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Stark, JEP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 10 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 74 IS 2 BP 206 EP 208 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 238KC UT WOS:000082708600015 ER PT J AU Velez-Carrasco, W Lichtenstein, AH Barrett, PHR Sun, ZY Dolnikowski, GG Welty, FK Schaefer, EJ AF Velez-Carrasco, W Lichtenstein, AH Barrett, PHR Sun, ZY Dolnikowski, GG Welty, FK Schaefer, EJ TI Human apolipoprotein A-I kinetics within triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE apoA-I; apoB-48; kinetics; stable isotopes; TRL; compartmental analysis ID STABLE-ISOTOPE; PLASMA; EXPRESSION; METABOLISM; FRACTIONS; INTESTINE; LEUCINE; LYMPH; ASSAY; LIVER AB Stable isotope methodology was used to determine the kinetic behavior of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I within the triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fraction and to compare TRL apoA-I kinetics with that of apoA-I in high density lipoprotein (HDL) and TRL apoB-48, Eight subjects (5 males and 3 females) over the age of 40 were placed on a baseline average American diet and after 6 weeks received a primed-constant infusion of [5,5,5,5,5-H-2(3)]-L-leucine for 15 h while consuming small hourly meals of identical composition. HDL and TRL apoA-I and TRL apoB-48 tracer/tracee enrichment curves were obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Data were fitted to a compartmental model to determine the fractional secretion rates of apoA-I and apoB-48 within each lipoprotein fraction. Mean plasma apoA-I levels in TRL and HDL fractions were 0.204 +/- 0.057 and 134 +/- 15 mg/dl, respectively. The mean fractional catabolic rate (FCR) of TRL apoA-I was 0.250 +/- 0.069 and HDL apoA-I was 0.239 +/- 0.054: pools/day, with mean estimated residence times (RT) of 4.27 and 4.37 days, respectively. The mean TRL apoB-48 FCR was 5.2 +/- 2.0 pools/day and the estimated mean RT was 5.1 +/- 1.8 h. Our results indicate that apoA-I is catabolized at a slower rate than apoB-48,within TRL, and that apoA-I within TRL and HDL fractions are catabolized at similar rates. C1 Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Mass Spectrometry Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Washington, Ctr Bioengn, Resource Facil Kinet Anal, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Schaefer, EJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Barrett, Hugh/B-2745-2011; OI Barrett, Peter Hugh/0000-0003-3223-6125 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-39236] NR 25 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 40 IS 9 BP 1695 EP 1700 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 233MF UT WOS:000082430100016 PM 10484617 ER PT J AU Miller, RJ Davey, RB George, JE AF Miller, RJ Davey, RB George, JE TI Characterization of pyrethroid resistance and susceptibility to coumaphos in Mexican Boophilus microplus (Acari : Ixodidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Boophilus spp.; permethrin; cypermethrin; flumethrin; coumaphos; kdr-like mutation ID CATTLE TICK AB Two patterns of pyrethroid resistance were characterized from Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) collected in Mexico. One was characteristic of a kdr mutation and the other involved esterase and cytochrome P450 enzyme systems. Very high resistance to permethrin, cypermethrin, and flumethrin, not synergized by TPP and PBO and high resistance to DDT, characterized the kdr-like pattern found in the Corrales and San Felipe strains. Esterase and cytochrome P450-dependent resistance was found in the Coatzacoalcos strain. It was characterized by resistance to permethrin, cypermethrin, and flumethrin, synergized by TPP and PBO, but no resistance to DDT. The Coatzacoalcos strain also showed 3.6-fold resistance to the organophosphate coumaphos. This factor appeared to be independent of pyrethroid resistance. Pyrethroid resistance patterns found in Mexico were similar to those found earlier in Australia. The significance of pyrethroid and coumaphos resistance to the U.S. cattle fever tick quarantine is discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Lab, So Plains Area, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Miller, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Lab, So Plains Area, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 15 TC 75 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 36 IS 5 BP 533 EP 538 PG 6 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 238HE UT WOS:000082704200002 PM 10534945 ER PT J AU He, HQ Chen, AC Davey, RB Ivie, GW Wagner, GG George, JE AF He, HQ Chen, AC Davey, RB Ivie, GW Wagner, GG George, JE TI Sequence analysis of the knockdown resistance-homologous region of the para-type sodium channel gene from pyrethroid-resistant Boophilus microplus (Acari : Ixodidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Boophilus microplus; tick; acaricide-resistance; sodium channel cDNA ID COCKROACHES BLATTELLA-GERMANICA; POINT MUTATIONS; MUSCA-DOMESTICA; KDR; INSECTICIDES; LOCUS; IDENTIFICATION; LEPIDOPTERA; LINKAGE AB Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and degenerate oligonucleotide primers, a partial para-homologous sodium channel cDNA was obtained from the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). The cDNA sequence encoded the region in which knockdown resistance (kdr)-type mutations have been identified in numerous insect species. Comparison of deduced amino acids from the cDNA sequence showed high similarity with sodium channels from other species, particularly in highly conserved repeat domains of the sodium channel. Analysis of the kdr-homologous region of the genomic DNA sequences from several susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant tick strains did not detect mutations. The result suggests novel mutations in the sodium channel gene or metabolic detoxification may be involved in the resistance to pyrethroids in this tick. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. USDA ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, Mission, TX 78573 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Chen, AC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 36 IS 5 BP 539 EP 543 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 238HE UT WOS:000082704200003 PM 10534946 ER PT J AU Pruett, JH AF Pruett, JH TI Identification and purification of a 16-kDa allergen from Psoroptes ovis (Acarina : Psoroptidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Psoroptes ovis; allergen; vaccine ID MITE ALLERGENS; LATE PHASE; CATTLE; PROTEINS AB Psoroptes ovis, (Hering), the sheep scab mite, is the causative agent of an allergic dermatitis of sheep and cattle. Recent studies of the host immune response to this ectoparasite have provided information that suggests control may be achieved by immune intervention. A significant effector in protection of the host from clinical lesions is host behavioral grooming. Host grooming is believed to be intensified by a pruritic immediate hypersensitivity response to mite allergens. Knowledge of potential P. ovis allergens is limited. This article reports on the identification and SDS-PAGE continuous elution purification of a 16-kDa polypeptide that elicits immediate type hypersensitivity in calves and has sequence homology with known group II mite allergens, Lep, d 2 of Lepidoglyphus destructor (Schrank), and Der fII of Dermatophagoides farinae (Hughes). This P. ovis allergen appeals to be a good vaccine candidate for further study and cloning. C1 USDA, ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Pruett, JH (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 36 IS 5 BP 544 EP 550 PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 238HE UT WOS:000082704200004 PM 10534947 ER PT J AU Barnard, DR AF Barnard, DR TI Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera : Culicidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aedes aegypti; Anopheles albimanus; clove; thyme; deet; laboratory tests AB The repellency of different concentrations (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) and combinations of 5 essential oils (Bourbon geranium, cedarwood, clove, peppermint, and thyme) to Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann when applied to human skin was determined in laboratory tests. Cedarwood oil failed to repel mosquitoes and only high concentrations of peppermint oil repelled Ae. aegypti. None of the oils tested prevented mosquito bite when used at the 5 or 10% concentration. Thyme and dove oils were the most effective mosquito repellents and provided 11/2 to 31/2 h of protection, depending on oil concentration. Clove oil (50%) combined with geranium oil (50%) or with thyme oil (50%) prevented biting by An. albimanus for 11/4 to 21/2 h. The potential for using essential oils as topical mosquito repellents may be limited by user acceptability; dove, thyme, and peppermint oils can be irritating to the skin, whereas both human subjects in this study judged the odor of clove and thyme oils unacceptable at concentrations greater than or equal to 25%. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Barnard, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 12 TC 101 Z9 109 U1 3 U2 13 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 36 IS 5 BP 625 EP 629 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 238HE UT WOS:000082704200015 PM 10534958 ER PT J AU Berry, BW Bigner-George, ME AF Berry, BW Bigner-George, ME TI Properties of beef patties cooked to elevated internal temperatures as a means of reducing pink color SO JOURNAL OF MUSCLE FOODS LA English DT Article ID GROUND-BEEF; FAT LEVEL; COOKING; PH AB Effects of cooking to internal temperatures (81-85C) needed to eliminate the pink color which existed at 71C, was evaluated for beef patties from three processors. Tenderness and compositional properties were affected little by the higher temperatures, but lower cooking yields and juiciness scores resulted from cooking to 81-85C rather than 71C. The higher internal temperatures required longer cooking times and produced greater reductions in patty diameter during cooking, but did not affect fat retention. Even though the three formulations were processed to have similar to the same fat content (18%), formulation differences existed in sensory, shear force, cooking, compositional and color properties. Results from this study indicate that if internal patty temperatures higher than 71C are required to eliminate pink color (possibly due to high pH beef), major detrimental changes in patty properties may not result. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Berry, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Meat Sci Res Lab, Bldg 201,BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1046-0756 J9 J MUSCLE FOODS JI J. Muscle Foods PD SEP PY 1999 VL 10 IS 3 BP 215 EP 230 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4573.1999.tb00398.x PG 16 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 246VZ UT WOS:000083186700002 ER PT J AU Jones, TH Flournoy, RC Torres, JA Snelling, RR Spande, TF Garraffo, HM AF Jones, TH Flournoy, RC Torres, JA Snelling, RR Spande, TF Garraffo, HM TI 3-Methyl-4-phenylpyrrole from the Ants Anochetus kempfi and Anochetus mayri SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article AB The cephalic extracts of the ant Anochetus kempfi were found to contain 2,5-dimethyl-3-isoamylpyrazine (1) and 3-methyl-4-phenylpyrrole (2). The structures of these compounds were established from their spectral data and by comparison with synthetic samples. This is the first report of a phenylpyrrole found in an insect and only the third report of a pyrrole from ants. C1 Virginia Mil Inst, Dept Chem, Lexington, VA 24450 USA. CUTB, Dept Biol, Bayamon, PR 00959 USA. Los Angeles Cty Museum Nat Hist, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA. US Forest Serv, IITF, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. NIDDK, Bioorgan Chem Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Jones, TH (reprint author), Virginia Mil Inst, Dept Chem, Lexington, VA 24450 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 62 IS 9 BP 1343 EP 1345 DI 10.1021/np990245t PG 3 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 241YE UT WOS:000082910800035 PM 10514333 ER PT J AU Brown, CR Mojtahedi, H Santo, GS AF Brown, CR Mojtahedi, H Santo, GS TI Genetic analysis of resistance to Meloidogyne chitwoodi introgressed from Solanum hougasii into cultivated potato SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE breeding; Columbia root-knot nematode; inheritance; introgression; Meloidogyne chitwoodi; nematode; potato; resistance; Solanum bulbocastanum; Solanum fendleri; Solanum tuberosum; wild species ID ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES; TUBER-BEARING SOLANUM; M-FALLAX; M-HAPLA; BULBOCASTANUM; COLUMBIA; INVITRO; HYBRIDS; TESTS; SSP AB An accession of Solanum hougasii a wild tuber-bealing potato species native to Mexico, was found to be resistant to races 1 and 2 of Meloidogyne chitwoodi. A resistant selection was selfed and its progeny possessed the same combined resistance uniformly. A selected resistant seedling from the selfed progeny was crossed to cultivated tetraploid potato (S. tuberosum) to form an F-1 hybrid, and was backcrossed to cultivated tetraploid potato to form a BC, population in which resistance to the two races segregated. Progeny of the BC, were tested in inoculation experiments with four replicates for each progeny genotype for each race of nematode. Resistance was evaluated on the basis of extracted egg counts from the entire root system of pot-grown plants. Considering resistance to each race separately, for race 1, non-host (Rf less than or equal to 0.1) status was exhibited by approximately half of the BC,. About one-third of the progeny showed non-host status to race 2. Egg production among progeny that showed non-host status for both races was higher with race 2 than with race 1. Analysis of co-segregation established that genetic control for the two races appears to be independently segregating. Although genes for resistance to race 1 derived from S. bulbocastanum and S. fendleri were previously described, this report is the first analysis showing independent genetic control in Solanum spp. for resistance to race 2 of M. chitwoodi only. C1 USDA, ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. WSU, IAREC, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Brown, CR (reprint author), USDA, ARS, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 31 IS 3 BP 264 EP 271 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 251ZC UT WOS:000083475400002 PM 19270896 ER PT J AU Masler, EP AF Masler, EP TI Detection and partial characterization of egg polypeptides from Heterodera glycines SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Caenorhabditis elegans; Dolichorhabditis sp.; egg; electrophoresis; female development; Heterodera glycines; major egg polypeptide; nematode; protein; reproductive physiology; soybean cyst nematode; vitellin; vitellogenin ID CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; VITELLOGENIN GENE; YOLK PROTEINS; RHABDITID NEMATODE; EVOLUTION; SEQUENCE; FAMILY AB The presence of two major egg polypeptides was demonstrated in the plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines. The polypeptides were present in equal amounts in, and were most abundant in, eggs from yellow females. They were also present in brown females but were not detected in second-stage juveniles (J2). The two major egg polypeptides, MEP-I and MEP-II, accounted for more than 50% of the total protein in egg extracts evaluated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. During development of females from the yellow stage to the brown stage, the levels of MEF-I and MEP-II declined at twice the rate as total protein. MEP-I and MEP-II had estimated molecular masses of 190 kD and 180 kD, respectively, similar to those reported for female-specific proteins, vitellins, from free-living nematodes. C1 USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Masler, EP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 31 IS 3 BP 305 EP 311 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 251ZC UT WOS:000083475400007 PM 19270901 ER PT J AU Nyczepir, AP Beckman, TG Reighard, GL AF Nyczepir, AP Beckman, TG Reighard, GL TI Reproduction and development of Meloidogyne incognita and M-javanica on guardian peach rootstock SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE host-parasitic relationship; Meloidogyne incognita; Meloidogyne javanica; nematode; peach; Prunus persica; resistance; root-knot nematode; rootstock ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; CRICONEMELLA-XENOPLAX; SOIL FUMIGATION; SHORT LIFE; LONGEVITY; RESISTANT AB Guardian peach rootstock was evaluated for susceptibility to Meloidogyne incognita race (Georgia-peach isolate) and M. javanica in the greenhouse. Both commercial Guardian seed sources produced plants that were poor hosts of M. incognita and M. javanica. Reproduction as measured by number of egg masses and eggs per plant, eggs per egg mass, and eggs per gram of root were a better measure of host resistance than number of root galls per plant. Penetration, development, and reproduction of M. incognita in Guardian (resistant) and Lovell (susceptible) peach were also studied in the greenhouse. Differences in susceptibility were not attributed to differential penetration by the infective-stage juveniles (J2) or the number of root galls per plant. Results indicated that M. incognita J2 penetrated Guardian roots and formed galls, but that the majority of the nematodes failed to mature and reproduce. C1 USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Nyczepir, AP (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, 21 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 24 TC 17 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 31 IS 3 BP 334 EP 340 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 251ZC UT WOS:000083475400011 PM 19270905 ER PT J AU Rumpler, WV Clevidence, BA Muesing, RA Rhodes, DG AF Rumpler, WV Clevidence, BA Muesing, RA Rhodes, DG TI Changes in women's plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations due to moderate consumption of alcohol are affected by dietary fat level SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE blood lipids; plasma cholesterol; ethanol consumption; dietary fat; humans ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; FOLLOW-UP; SERUM-LIPOPROTEINS; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; SEX-DIFFERENCES; CHOLESTEROL; RISK; APOLIPOPROTEINS; MEN AB We studied the impact of substituting ethanol for dietary carbohydrate, in high- and low-fat diets, on plasma lipids and lipoprotein concentrations. During a 12-wk, weight maintaining, controlled feeding study, women consumed only food and beverage provided by the Human Studies Facility of the USDA Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center. Twenty-six women (age 41-59 y) consumed either a high-fat diet (38% of energy from fat) or a low-fat diet (18% of energy from fat) for 12 wk. The 12-wk feeding period was divided into two 6-wk periods in a cross-over design during which either ethanol or carbohydrate was added to the diet (5% of total daily energy intake). When the women consuming the high-fat diet had ethanol added to their diet, they had 6% lower plasma cholesterol (P = 0.003), 11% lower LDL cholesterol (P = 0.001) and 3% higher HDL cholesterol (P = 0.06) than when they had an equal amount (% energy) of carbohydrate added to their diet. The greater HDL cholesterol concentration was due to a 21% greater the HDL, subfraction (P = 0.001). The ratio of LDL to HDL cholesterol was 14% lower. No significant differences existed in plasma lipids:in women consuming the low-fat diet between the periods in which they had ethanol or carbohydrate added to their diet. This study suggests that the decreases in cardiovascular disease risk factors typically seen with moderate alcohol consumption may not be evident in individuals consuming a diet low in fat. Therefore changes in the risk factors associated with a low-fat diet and moderate alcohol consumption do not appear to be additive.: C1 ARS, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. George Washington Univ, Lipid Res Clin Lab, Washington, DC USA. RP Rumpler, WV (reprint author), ARS, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA,BARC E, Bldg 308,Room 206, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 39 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 129 IS 9 BP 1713 EP 1717 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 230KZ UT WOS:000082251500015 PM 10460209 ER PT J AU Mune, M Meydani, M Gong, JX Fotouhi, N Ohtani, H Smith, D Blumberg, JB AF Mune, M Meydani, M Gong, JX Fotouhi, N Ohtani, H Smith, D Blumberg, JB TI Effect of dietary fish oil, vitamin E, and probucol on renal injury in the rat SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE vitamin E; probucol; fish oil; remnant kidney model; glomerulonephritis; macrophage ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; FATTY-ACIDS; FOCAL GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS; EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; GLOMERULAR INJURY; MESANGIAL CELLS; REMNANT KIDNEY; DISEASE; PROTEIN; MODEL AB Dietary fish, vitamin E, and probucol have been considered in a variety of human and experimental models of kidney disease. Using subtotal nephrectomized cholesterol-fed rats as a model for progressive kidney disease, we examined the effect of 5% dietary fish oil or a combination of 5% dietary fish oil with 500 IU vitamin E/kg diet or 1% probucol on renal injury. Three-month-old Sprague Dawley rats were fed a control diet (C group) or a cholesterol supplemented (2%) diet (Ch group) containing either fish oil (FO group) or fish oil plus vitamin E (FO+E group) or fish oil plus probucol (FO+P group). After 4 weeks of dietary treatment, the right kidney was electrocoagulated and the left kidney nephrectomized. After 8 weeks, 24-hour urine was collected before sacrifice. No effect of the dietary treatments was noted on serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, or proteinuria, except that proteinuria was highest in FO+P group. Rats receiving trite cholesterol diets had higher serum low density lipoprotein (LDL)+very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol (P < 0.05). In contrast, rats in the FO+P group had the lowest serum total cholesterol and LDL+VLDL cholesterol among all groups. The FO group had 26% lower kidney alpha-tocopherol concentrations than the C group. However, inclusion of vitamin E in the diet (FO+E group) increased the kidney alpha-tocopherol status to a level comparable to that in the C group, whereas inclusion of probucol in fish oil diet (FO+P group) did not improve the kidney alpha-tocopherol status. Rats fed the cholesterol diet had a 2.5-fold higher glomerular segmental sclerosis (CSS) score and 1.5-fold higher glomerular macrophage (GM) subpopulation than the C group. These effects of the cholesterol diet were ameliorated by a fish oil diet (FO group: GSS by 30%, GM by 24%). The inclusion of vitamin E in the fish oil diet (FO+E group) did not further improve the CSS score or GM subpopulation However, inclusion of probucol in fish oil diet (FO+P group) lowered the GSS score by 73% and reduced GM subpopulation by 83% compared with the Ch group. These remarkable changes can be attributed to the powerful hypocholesterolemic activity of probucol. Our findings indicate that progression of glomerular sclerosis in the rat remnant kidney model of progressive kidney disease can be significantly modulated with fish oil treatment. (J. Nutr. Biochem. 10: 539-546, 1999) (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1999. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vasc Biol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, M (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vasc Biol Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 54 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 10 IS 9 BP 539 EP 546 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(99)00042-X PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 241TE UT WOS:000082898000006 PM 15539334 ER PT J AU Wong, WW Copeland, KC Hergenroeder, AC Hill, RB Stuff, JE Ellis, KJ AF Wong, WW Copeland, KC Hergenroeder, AC Hill, RB Stuff, JE Ellis, KJ TI Serum concentrations of insulin, insulin-like growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins are different between white and African American girls SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID I IGF-I; BODY-COMPOSITION; BLACK; CHILDREN; HORMONE; ADOLESCENTS; MATURATION; SECRETION; NUTRITION; IGFBP-1 AB Objectives: To determine whether serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF binding protein (IGFBP) concentrations are different between African American and white girls. Study design: Serum glucose and hormone concentrations were measured in blood samples collected after a 12-hour fast from 79 white and 57 African American healthy girls between 9 and 17 years of age. Tanner stages of pubic hair development were evaluated by physical examination, and body composition by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Results: The African American girls were older and sexually more mature and had higher fat mass, higher serum insulin and free IGF-I concentrations, higher serum free IGF-T to total IGF-I ratio, but lower serum IGFBP-I sexual maturation and fat mass, the serum concentrations of total IGF-I, bound IGF-I, and IGFBP-3 in the white girls became significantly higher than those in the African American girls. The higher concentrations of total IGF-I in the white girls were due to a proportional increase in the concentrations of bound IGF-I that coincided with a similar increase in serum IGFBP-3 concentrations. Conclusions: Higher serum insulin concentrations in the African American girls are associated with lower serum IGFBP-I concentrations and increased bioavailability of free IGF-I, which may contribute to their accelerated growth compared with their white counterparts. C1 USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Wong, WW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 29 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 2 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 135 IS 3 BP 296 EP 300 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(99)70123-X PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 237NM UT WOS:000082662800009 PM 10484792 ER PT J AU Newton, MR Wright, AS Kinkel, LL Leonard, KJ AF Newton, MR Wright, AS Kinkel, LL Leonard, KJ TI Competition alters temporal dynamics of sporulation in the wheat stem rust fungus SO JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY-PHYTOPATHOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article DE Puccinia graminis f.sp tritici; competitive interactions; density-dependent fitness; logistic model ID DENSITY-DEPENDENT FITNESS; F SP TRITICI; ERYSIPHE-GRAMINIS; POWDERY MILDEW; TEMPERATURE; RESISTANCE; LEAVES; COMPONENTS; SELECTION; CULTIVARS AB To investigate the effects of competition on the timing of pathogen reproduction, urediniospores of two strains of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (SR22 and SR41) were inoculated onto leaves of wheat seedlings singly and in 1:1 mixture at three inoculum densities. On randomly sampled leaves, uredinia were counted 9 days after inoculation and urediniospores were collected and quantified every other day from the seventh to the 29th day after inoculation. Increases in inoculum density resulted in progressively smaller increases in uredinial numbers. However, total urediniospore production per leaf was not significantly affected by inoculum, and hence uredinial, density over a range of approximately 10-300 uredinia on the leaf, Total urediniospore production per uredinium generally decreased with increasing inoculum or uredinial density. At high densities, sporulation per uredinium peaked earlier in the sporulation period, had a less distinct peak, and dropped off earlier than for the lower densities. Logistic model fits to cumulative sporulation curves over time revealed that strain SR41 had a greater epidemic rate parameter (r) than SR22 at low and intermediate inoculum or uredinial densities, while SR22 had a higher r-value than SR41 at high density. Both strains also exhibited greater r-values in the presence of the other strain than when alone. Results suggest that strains may have different ecological strategies in their timing of reproduction, and that both intra- and interstrain competition can have complex effects on the temporal dynamics of sporulation in pathogen strains. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Newton, MR (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, 495 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-1785 J9 J PHYTOPATHOL JI J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 147 IS 9 BP 527 EP 534 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0434.1999.tb03860.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 255FD UT WOS:000083658100005 ER PT J AU Knowlton, FF Gese, EM Jaeger, MM AF Knowlton, FF Gese, EM Jaeger, MM TI Coyote depredation control: An interface between biology and management SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE coyote; Canis latrans; domestic livestock; predation; management ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; CANIS-LATRANS; HOME-RANGE; SOUTHEASTERN COLORADO; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; EXTRINSIC FACTORS; SOCIAL ECOLOGY; TASTE-AVERSION; SOUTHERN TEXAS; PREDATION AB Predation by coyotes (Canis latrans) on livestock continues to plague producers in the United States. Agricultural interests are concerned about coyote predation because sheep inventories in the U.S. have declined >85% in the past 60 years, with a 25% decline between 1991 and 1996, This decline in sheep numbers has been attributed to low economic returns among producers, with coyote predation cited as a major causative factor. Generalizations about the magnitude and nature of depredations can be misleading because of the varied nature of sheep operations, including size of operations, differences in management, and environmental circumstances surrounding individual operations. Coyote depredation rates appear to be influenced by sheep management practices, coyote biology and behavior, environmental factors, and depredation management programs, Most nonlethal depredation control techniques fall within the operational purview of the producers. The major controversy regarding depredation management focuses on programs that remove coyotes to prevent or curtail predation on domestic stock, especially on public lands. Differences in the magnitude, nature, and history of problems caused by coyotes, as well as the circumstances in which they occur, dictates a need for a variety of techniques and programs to resolve problems. The resolution of coyote depredation upon livestock remains controversial for producers, resource managers, and the general public. Because various segments of society attach different values to coyotes, resolution of depredations should use management programs that integrate the social, legal, economic, and biological aspects of the animals and the problem. Preferred solutions should involve procedures that solve problems as effectively, efficiently, and economically as possible in the least intrusive and most benign ways. Predation management requires a partnership among producers and wildlife managers to tailor programs to specific damage situations so the most appropriate techniques can be selected. This paper attempts to clarify the issues surrounding depredation management, synthesize past and current research, and provide information to resource managers associated with coyote depredation management. This synthesis integrates current understandings of coyote biology and behavior, the nature of depredations upon sheep producing enterprises, and the merits of various depredation control strategies and techniques. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Knowlton, FF (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RI Gese, Eric/B-4578-2011 NR 177 TC 96 Z9 98 U1 9 U2 40 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 52 IS 5 BP 398 EP 412 DI 10.2307/4003765 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 240QU UT WOS:000082837300001 ER PT J AU Heitschmidt, RK Haferkamp, MR Karl, MG Hild, AL AF Heitschmidt, RK Haferkamp, MR Karl, MG Hild, AL TI Drought and grazing: I. Effects on quantity of forage produced SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE primary production; species composition; standing crop; soil water ID NORTHERN MIXED PRAIRIE; NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; GRASS PRAIRIE; GREAT-PLAINS; WATER-USE; DYNAMICS; VEGETATION; INTENSITY AB This research addresses the hypothesis that grazing intensity during and following drought can dramatically alter community level, post-drought recovery patterns, Research was conducted during the 1993 through 1996 growing seasons at the Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory located near Miles City, Mont. Study plots were twelve, 5 x 10-m non-weighing lysimeters constructed in 1992 on a gently sloping (4%) clayey range site. An automated rainout shelter was constructed to control the amount of precipitation received on 6 lysimeters during the 1992 growing season. We conclude from study results that the independent and combined effects of the imposed late spring to early fall drought and associated grazing treatments were minimal relative to soil water dynamics and aboveground net primary production although both grazing treatments reduced herbage standing crops. We attribute the absence of a strong response to the drought to its timing (i.e., late growing season) in that most herbage production in these cool-season dominated grasslands is completed by early summer. Thus, annual production processes in these grasslands avoided the major impacts of the drought. The results do not provide convincing evidence, however, that would lead us to completely reject our original hypothesis. Rather, they simply provide evidence that these grasslands are well adapted to surviving late growing season drought with or without intensive grazing by ungulates. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Watershed Management, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Heitschmidt, RK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RI Young, Kristina/M-3069-2014 NR 25 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 10 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 52 IS 5 BP 440 EP 446 DI 10.2307/4003770 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 240QU UT WOS:000082837300006 ER PT J AU Booth, DT Bai, YG AF Booth, DT Bai, YG TI Imbibition temperature affects on seedling vigor: In crops and shrubs SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE imbibition damage; germination; post-germination growth; imbibition weight loss; seed testing ID GERMINATION AB Imbibition at cold temperatures reduces seedling vigor of some species, but is beneficial to others, We used 3 rangeland shrubs and 8 agronomic crop species to test for a general relationship between imbibition temperature (5 to 30 degrees C) and seedling vigor measured as post-germination growth; and to test for an effect of imbibition temperature on seed water uptake and dry weight loss during imbibition. Imbibition temperatures between 5 and 15 degrees C were correlated with greater seedling length of the shrubs while most crops were favored by imbibition temperatures between 20 and 30 degrees C, Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) response to inhibition temperature was similar to that of the shrubs. Generally, shrubs had lower post-germination growth than crops, and during imbibition most crop seeds lost less weight than shrub seeds. Winter wheat had high weight loss as well as high seedling vigor. Seed water content generally increased with increasing imbibition temperature; however, winter wheat, kochia (Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad.), and big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) had significantly less water when imbibed at 30 degrees C than when imbibed at lower temperatures. The differences due to temperature suggest the relationship between inhibition temperature and seedling vigor is a general phenomenon related to the physiology of water uptake and to seed respiration (as indicated by weight loss). Therefore, we recommend that optimum imbibition temperatures be defined by species and incorporated into seed-testing guidelines. This appears particularly important for species that do not have a long history of cultivation and whose response to temperature may differ significantly from that of crops. C1 USDA ARS, High Plains Grassl Res Sta, Cheyenne, WY USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Kamloops Range Res Unit, Kamloops, BC V2B 8A9, Canada. RP Booth, DT (reprint author), USDA ARS, High Plains Grassl Res Sta, 8408 Hildreth Rd, Cheyenne, WY USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 52 IS 5 BP 534 EP 538 DI 10.2307/4003783 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 240QU UT WOS:000082837300019 ER PT J AU Booth, SL Webb, DR Peters, JC AF Booth, SL Webb, DR Peters, JC TI Assessment of phylloquinone and dihydrophylloquinone dietary intakes among a nationally representative sample of US consumers using 14-day food diaries SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID VITAMIN-K STATUS; AMERICAN DIET; PLASMA; OSTEOCALCIN; HUMANS; WOMEN AB Objective To estimate dietary intakes of phylloquinone and dihydrophylloquinone in a representative sample of the American population using 14-day food diaries. Design Vitamin K food composition data were applied to 14-day food diaries completed by a nationally representative sample of approximately 2,000 households that participated in a Market Research Corporation of America menu census survey between July 1991 and June 1992. Dietary intakes were estimated for phylloquinone and dihydrophylloquinone. Subjects Subjects were 4,741 men, women and children with demographic characteristics similar to those of the US census population. Statistical analysis performed Descriptive statistics and 8-sample t tests. Results Mean reported intakes of phylloquinone among adults increased with age. Men and women in the 18- to 44-year-old groups reported mean phylloquinone intakes below the current Recommended Dietary Allowance for vitamin K. Of all study participants, 99.3% reported consumption of dihydrophylloquinone during the 14 days of diet recording; reported intakes peaked before the age of 6 years; after the age of 6 years intakes were constant. Applications The Market Research Corporation of America data provide a reference range for dietary intakes of 2 forms of vitamin K in the US diet: phylloquinone and dihydrophylloquinone. Given the putative role of vitamin K in bone mineralization, low intakes of phylloquinone reported among young adults highlight the need to educate the US population about the requirement for and sources of vitamin K. The abundance of dihydrophylloquinone in the US diet suggests the need for study of its biological activity relative to phylloquinone. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Booth, SL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 27 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 99 IS 9 BP 1072 EP 1076 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(99)00256-4 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 232GL UT WOS:000082362700015 PM 10491675 ER PT J AU Bailey, DG AF Bailey, DG TI Gamma radiation preservation of cattle hides. A new twist on an old story SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Laboratory scale and pilot plant scale experiments demonstrating the preservation of cattle hides with gamma radiation from radio-active isotopes were conducted. Hide preservation, using this irradiation source, is achieved by the same biological mechanism as the electron beam irradiation preservation method demonstrated in previous work in this laboratory. Commercial sterilization of many non-food products is already commonplace in the U.S. and recent FDA rulings now permit both types of irradiation treatment to be used to some extent for food preservation. Preservation of cattle hides with gamma radiation begins with the application of bactericide as reported in the electron beam preservation work. However, after this point, several hides can be irradiated simultaneously rather than individually as in the case of electron beam irradiation preservation. The potential advantages of gamma irradiation treatment are discussed and this preservation method contrasted with electron beam irradiation. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Bailey, DG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 94 IS 7 BP 259 EP 266 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 238BH UT WOS:000082690700002 ER PT J AU Cabeza, LF Taylor, MM Brown, EM Marmer, WN Carrio, R Grau, E Celma, PJ Cot, J Manich, AM AF Cabeza, LF Taylor, MM Brown, EM Marmer, WN Carrio, R Grau, E Celma, PJ Cot, J Manich, AM TI Treatment of sheepskin chrome shavings. Isolation of high value protein products and reuse of chromium in the tanning process SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID LEATHER WASTE; PILOT-SCALE; CAKE AB During the last few years we have demonstrated that cattle hide chrome shavings, a waste coming from the leather industry, can be treated to isolate protein products and chrome sulfate. In Spain and in many other countries, the production of sheepskins is as important as the production of cattle hides. In this paper, the conversion of sheepskin chrome shavings to gelatin, hydrolysate and chrome sulfate is presented as are the chemical and physical properties of these products. The suitability of recovered chrome sulfate as a tanning agent was demonstrated by the tannage of pickled sheepskins, using matched sides comparisons; results are given for runs employing various properties of of recycled to commercial chromium. Chemical analyses in the wet blue stage and three different physical tests in the crust stage were performed on all the leather samples to evaluate the tannage. The results show that there were no significant differences in the leather that had been tanned with either the commercial chromium or the recycled chromium. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Inst Quim Sarria, Dept Engn, Ecotechnol Div, Barcelona 08017, Spain. Ctr Invest & Desarrollo, CSIC, Ecotechnol Dept, Barcelona 08034, Spain. RP Taylor, MM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Cabeza, Luisa F./B-4587-2013 OI Cabeza, Luisa F./0000-0001-5086-872X NR 6 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 94 IS 7 BP 268 EP 287 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 238BH UT WOS:000082690700004 ER PT J AU Kline, DL AF Kline, DL TI Comparison of two American Biophysics mosquito traps: The professional and a new counterflow geometry trap SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Mosquitoes; traps; counterflow technology; downdraft; updraft; woodland species ID GLOSSINIDAE; DIPTERA AB Large cage and field studies were conducted to compare the efficacy of 2 American Biophysics Corporation mosquito traps, the standard professional (PRO) trap and a new counterflow geometry (CFG) trap. The PRO trap utilizes conventional downdraft technology and the CFG trap uses a patent-pending technology. In large cage studies, similarly baited CFG traps captured approximately 1.7 times as many laboratory-reared Aedes taeniorhynchus as the PRO trap. The CFG trap baited with CO2 + octenol resulted in significantly reduced landing counts compared to all other treatments; mean landing count was reduced from 233.8 (12.99/min), when no trap was present, to 24.7 (1.37/min). In field studies against natural populations of woodland species, the CFG trap captured 7.8 times more mosquitoes than the PRO trap overall, and approximately II times more Anopheles crucians, Anopheles quadrimaculatus, and Culex erraticus. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Kline, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 17 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 2200 E PRIEN LAKE RD, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70601 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 15 IS 3 BP 276 EP 282 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 231NK UT WOS:000082316500004 PM 10480115 ER PT J AU Ortega, MD Holbrook, FR Lloyd, JE AF Ortega, MD Holbrook, FR Lloyd, JE TI Seasonal distribution and relationship to temperature and precipitation of the most abundant species of Culicoides in five provinces of Andalusia, Spain SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Culicoides; Ceratopogonidae; temperature effect; Andalusia; Spain ID CERATOPOGONIDAE; BLUETONGUE; DIPTERA; IMICOLA; VIRUS; PORTUGAL; VECTOR; TRAP AB A total of 177,344 Culicoides specimens were collected from 3,109 light trap collections made weekly from August 1990 to October 1991 at 62 sites in the provinces of Cadiz, Cordoba, Huelva, Seville, and Malaga, Spain. Reported for the Ist time are Culicoides agathensis, Culicoides bahrainensis, Culicoides marcleti, and Culicoides odiatus in the Iberian Peninsula, and Culicoides scoticus in Andalusia, Spain. As a group, Culicoides were active throughout the year. The 3 most common species were Culicoides imicola (56,254), Culicoides newsteadi (24,359), and Culicoides circumscriptus (16,720). Numbers of C. imicola peaked in October, C. newsteadi peaked in May, and C. circumscriptus peaked in June. Based on regression analyses, the optimal minimum and maximum air temperatures, respectively, for adult insect activity were approximately greater than or equal to 18 degrees C and greater than or equal to 38 degrees C for C. imicola, 12 degrees C and 24 degrees C for C, newsteadi, 14 degrees C for C. circumscriptus (minimum temperature only), 16 degrees C and greater than or equal to 38 degrees C for "other" Culicoides, and 14 degrees C and 32 degrees C for total Culicoides. Optimal minimum and maximum temperatures could not be determined for Culicoides pulicaris, Culicoides punctatus, subgenus Monoculicoides, and the Culicoides obsoletus group. During August and September, the months when African horse sickness outbreaks occurred, C. imicola was the predominant species in the coastal Mediterranean zone. If the "other" Culicoides spp. group was not considered, the predominant species were C. imicola in the Guadalquivir River valley zone, C. newsteadi in the Subbetica mountainous range zone, and subgenus Monoculicoides in the coastal Atlantic zone. C1 Consejeria Medio Ambiente Delegac Provincial Cord, Junta Andalucia, Cordoba 14071, Spain. USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Ortega, MD (reprint author), Consejeria Medio Ambiente Delegac Provincial Cord, Junta Andalucia, Tomas Aquino S-N, Cordoba 14071, Spain. NR 24 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 2200 E PRIEN LAKE RD, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70601 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 15 IS 3 BP 391 EP 399 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 231NK UT WOS:000082316500021 PM 10480132 ER PT J AU Lanser, AC Manthey, LK AF Lanser, AC Manthey, LK TI Bioconversion of oleic acid by Bacillus strain NRRL BD-447: Identification of 7-hydroxy-17-oxo-9-cis-octadecenoic acid SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Bacillus; bioconversion; fatty acid; hydroxy; ketone; octadecenoic acid; oleic acid; oxo ID 10-KETOSTEARIC ACID; FATTY-ACIDS AB Continuing efforts to isolate and assign structures to the products from the bioconversion of oleic acid with Bacillus strain NRRL-447 have resulted in identification of a positional isomer of the hydroxy-keto fatty acid previously reported. After high-performance liquid chromatographic isolation, the new compound was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses to be 7-hydroxy-17-oxo-9-cis-octadecenoic acid. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Lanser, AC (reprint author), 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 76 IS 9 BP 1023 EP 1026 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 234EJ UT WOS:000082471300004 ER PT J AU Beninger, CW Hosfield, GL Bassett, MJ AF Beninger, CW Hosfield, GL Bassett, MJ TI Flavonoid composition of three genotypes of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) differing in seedcoat color SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE kaempferol; flavonol glycoside; astragalin; tannins; genetics ID COAT AB Three dry bean (Phaseolucs vulgaris L.) genotypes differing in seedcoat color, mineral brown (PCDJGB nu), yellow brown (PCDJGb nu), and pale greenish yellow (PCDJgb nu), were analyzed phytochemically. Kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucoside (astragalin) was isolated and identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy from all three genotypes, and was the main flavonoid monomer present. Flavonoid polymers (condensed tannins) were detected by thin layer chromatography, but anthocyanins were not detected in the three genotypes. High pressure liquid chromatography analyses indicated that astragalin was present at similar concentrations in pale greenish yellow and mineral brown genotypes, but was significantly lower in yellow brown. Presently, we do not know the functions of the G and B color genes, although the presence of astragalin in the three genotypes studied indicates these genes do not appear to act in a qualitative manner with regard to astragalin production, but may control the amount of astragalin present. Subtle differences in color between these genotypes may be due to the amount and type of tannins which have secondarily polymerized with phenolics and flavonoid monomers. C1 Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Dept Hort Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Hosfield, GL (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 17 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 124 IS 5 BP 514 EP 518 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 229LA UT WOS:000082195000010 ER PT J AU Lester, GE Grusak, MA AF Lester, GE Grusak, MA TI Postharvest application of calcium and magnesium to honeydew and netted muskmelons: Effects on tissue ion concentrations, quality, and senescence SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cucumis melo; Inodorus Group; Reticulatus Group; disease; firmness; histology; plasma membrane ID PLASMA-MEMBRANE; HYPODERMAL-MESOCARP; FRUIT; STORAGE; MATURATION; TRANSPORT; CHLORIDE; PLANT; CELLS; WATER AB Muskmelon senescence is directly associated with a decline in hypodermal mesocarp membrane integrity and its Ca concentration, but infusing Ca into melons has been a problem. Fully ripened and abscised hybrid honeydew [Cucumis melo L, (Inodorus Group) 'Honey Brew'] and netted muskmelon [Cucumis melo L. (Reticulatus Group) 'Explorer'] fruit were submerged (dipped) 20 min at 25 +/- 3 degrees C in a solution containing a Ca-chelate, a Mg-chelate, a combination of both chelates, or no mineral chelate. Following 10 or 24 days of cold storage (4 degrees C for 'Explorer' and 10 degrees C for 'Honey Brew'), fruit were analyzed for mineral content and various senescence-related parameters. Abscised 'Honey Brew' fruit dipped in either Ca-chelate or (Ca+Mg)-chelate and abscised 'Explorer' fruit dipped in (Ca+Mg)chelate, followed by 10 days cold storage, had hypodermal mesocarp Ca concentrations of at least 6.0 mg.g(-1) dry weight. Maintaining hypodermal mesocarp tissue Ca concentrations at this level during postharvest storage, especially for fully ripe 'Honey Brew' fruit, maintained membrane integrity and fruit firmness, and extended storage life 2.4-fold (i.e., to 24 days). The senescence regulatory effect of postharvest Ca-chelate treatments on abscised 'Explorer' was highly variable, compared to 'Honey Brew', which appeared to be due to the surface netting interfering with movement of Ca into the hypodermal mesocarp. Thus, postharvest Ca-chelate application to abscised 'Honey Brew' fruit could delay fruit senescence in commercial storage, and open up new markets for fully ripened honeydew melons. C1 ARS, USDA, Kika de la Garza, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Lester, GE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Kika de la Garza, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2301 S Int Blvd, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 33 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 124 IS 5 BP 545 EP 552 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 229LA UT WOS:000082195000015 ER PT J AU Saftner, RA Conway, WS Sams, CE AF Saftner, RA Conway, WS Sams, CE TI Postharvest calcium infiltration alone and combined with surface coating treatments influence volatile levels, respiration, ethylene production, and internal atmospheres of 'Golden Delicious' apples SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Malus sylvestris var. domestica; shellac; wax ID FRUIT; STORAGE; AROMA; METABOLISM; CHLORIDE; QUALITY; FLAVOR AB Effects of postharvest pressure infiltration of distilled water, CaCl(2) solutions at 0.14 or 0.27 mol.L(-1) without and with subsequent fruit coating treatments of preclimacteric 'Golden Delicious' [Malus sylvestris (L,) Mill. var, domestica (Borkh,) Mansf. 'Golden Delicious'] apples on volatile levels, respiration, ethylene production, and internal atmospheres after storage at 0 degrees C for 1 to 6 months, and during subsequent shelf life at 20 degrees C were investigated. Over 30 volatiles were detected, most of the identified volatiles were eaters; the rest were alcohols, aldehydes, ethers, a ketone, and a sesquiterpene. Pressure infiltration of water and increasing concentrations of CaCl(2) resulted progressively in reduced total volatile levels, respiration, ethylene production, and internal O(2) levels and increased CO(2) levels in fruit following 2 to 4 months storage in air at 0 degrees C. Total volatile levels, respiration, ethylene production, and internal atmospheres of CaCl(2)-treated apples at 0.14 mol.L(-1) gradually recovered to nontreated control levels following 2 weeks of shelf life at 20 degrees C and/or storage at 0 degrees C in air for more than 4 months. Following the calcium treatments with a shellac- or wax-based coating had similar but stronger and more persistent effects on volatile levels, respiration, ethylene production, and internal atmospheres than those found in fruit treated with CaCl(2) alone. Calcium infiltration did not change the composition of volatile compounds found in fruit. Results suggest that pressure infiltration of 'Golden Delicious' apples with CaCl(2) solutions transiently inhibited volatile levels, respiration, and ethylene production, in part, by forming a more-or-less transient barrier to CO(2) and O(2) exchange between the fruit tissue and the surrounding atmosphere. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RP Saftner, RA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 22 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 124 IS 5 BP 553 EP 558 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 229LA UT WOS:000082195000016 ER PT J AU Grieve, CM Shannon, MC AF Grieve, CM Shannon, MC TI Ion accumulation and distribution in shoot components of salt-stressed eucalyptus clones SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE drainage water reuse; Eucalyptus camaldulensis; E. rudis; ion distribution; ion exclusion; ion uptake; salinity ID CAMALDULENSIS; RESPONSES; SEEDLINGS; SALINITY; GROWTH; WATER AB Four clones of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn, (4543, 4544, 4573, and 4590) and one clone off. rudis Endl. (4501) were grown in greenhouse sand cultures irrigated with waters designed to simulate saline drainage waters present in the San Joaquin Valley of California, and compositions that would result from further concentration of the waters. The drainage waters are typically high in Na+, SO42-, Cl-, and Mg2+. Electrical conductivities of the solutions were 2, 12, and 28 dS.m(-1). Ion uptake and distribution patterns in above-ground components were studied in members of these clones grown under treatment for 7 weeks. Results indicated the clones could be separated into two distinct groups by significant differences in leaf-ion relations. Group 1 clones 4543, 4544, and 4573 accumulated less Na+ and more Ca2+ and Cl- in leaves than group 2 clones, 4501 and 4590. Group 2 clones accumulated Na+ under low salinity, but apparently possessed some mechanism for restricting Na+ accumulation by the leaves that was activated as salinity increased. Leaf and stem Cl- concentrations tended to be lower in all clones grown at 28 dS.m(-1) than at 2 dS.m(-1), despite increases in Cl- concentration in the irrigation waters. Under saline conditions, K+ and P were preferentially accumulated in the youngest leaves in the upper portion of the canopy, whereas Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were retained in the older leaves. C1 ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Grieve, CM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 124 IS 5 BP 559 EP 563 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 229LA UT WOS:000082195000017 ER PT J AU Schneider, JM Lilly, DK AF Schneider, JM Lilly, DK TI An observational and numerical study of a sheared, convective boundary layer. Part I: Phoenix II observations, statistical description, and visualization SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ELEVATED MIXED-LAYER; SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; ORTHOGONAL FUNCTION-ANALYSIS; DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS; SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY; TURBULENCE STRUCTURE; VERTICAL-VELOCITY; MATCHING MODELS; DENVER CYCLONE; ROLL VORTICES AB Four-dimensional velocity fields derived from dual Doppler radar observations are the basis of a description and statistical analysis of a convective, sheared planetary boundary layer during an afternoon over the High Plains of eastern Colorado. Mean velocities and momentum fluxes are calculated directly from the radar data and are verified with aircraft and tower data. Perturbation pressure and buoyancy fields are recovered for turbulent kinetic energy budgets, and for estimates of horizontal heat advection across the analysis area. The surface layer and lowest third of the observed boundary layer were similar to minimally sheared convective boundary layers, but there were significant differences in the upper two-thirds of the boundary layer. An overrunning residual mountain boundary layer merged with the locally generated convective boundary layer, producing a deep, continuously sheared layer of turbulent activity. Computer visualization reveals a complicated flow characterized by clusters of vortical structures extending well into the slightly stable overrunning region, frequently dominated by clusters of large, long-lived vortices. First- and second-order statistics vary with time of day and averaging volume, suggesting that appropriate parameterizations of similar boundary layers should be functions of the required spatial and temporal scales and mesoscale environment. A number of common simplifying assumptions, scalings, and parameterizations employed for purely convective boundary layers would be inappropriate for this flow. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Schneider, JM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grazinglands Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 54 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD SEP 1 PY 1999 VL 56 IS 17 BP 3059 EP 3078 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<3059:AOANSO>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 236UB UT WOS:000082616500006 ER PT J AU Lutz, CG Wolters, WR AF Lutz, CG Wolters, WR TI Growth and yield of red swamp crawfish Procambarus clarkii stocked separately and in combination with white river crawfish Procambarus zonangulus SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GIRARD; SIZE C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Cooperat Extens Serv, Baton Rouge, LA 70894 USA. USDA ARS, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Lutz, CG (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Cooperat Extens Serv, POB 25100, Baton Rouge, LA 70894 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 30 IS 3 BP 394 EP 397 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1999.tb00691.x PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 233LB UT WOS:000082427400013 ER PT J AU Kwang, J Yang, S Osorio, FA Christian, S Wheeler, JG Lager, KM Low, S Chang, L Doster, AR White, A Wu, CC AF Kwang, J Yang, S Osorio, FA Christian, S Wheeler, JG Lager, KM Low, S Chang, L Doster, AR White, A Wu, CC TI Characterization of antibody response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus ORF5 product following infection and evaluation of its diagnostic use in pigs SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID ISOLATE ATCC VR-2332; SYNDROME SIRS VIRUS; READING FRAMES 2; SWINE INFERTILITY; LELYSTAD VIRUS; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; PRRS VIRUS; PROTEINS; DISEASE; QUEBEC AB The sensitivity and specificity of recombinant open reading frame 5 products used in the Western blotting assay for confirmation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) serologic status were evaluated. The recombinant antigen-based assays were specifically compared with a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for PRRSV antibodies using 1) PRRSV antibody-negative reference sera (n = 30), 2) naturally infected pig sera (n = 40), 3) sequential sera obtained from 24 experimentally infected pigs, and 4) sera submitted to 3 state diagnostic laboratories (n = 200). The recombinant antigen assay yielded an average increased sensitivity of 10% over the commercial PRRSV ELISA. The negative controls (group 1 sera) showed no difference between the 2 assays. This comparison confirmed that the recombinant antigen-specific assay was more sensitive than the commercial ELISA and is well suited for routine confirmation of the presence of PRRSV antibodies. C1 Natl Univ Singapore, Inst Mol Agrobiol, Lab Anim Hlth Biotechnol, Singapore 118240, Singapore. USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet Vet Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Bestar Labs, Singapore, Singapore. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Kwang, J (reprint author), Natl Univ Singapore, Inst Mol Agrobiol, Lab Anim Hlth Biotechnol, Singapore 118240, Singapore. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 11 IS 5 BP 391 EP 395 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 235RM UT WOS:000082556400001 PM 12968750 ER PT J AU Woods, RD Kunkle, RA Ridpath, JF Bolin, SR AF Woods, RD Kunkle, RA Ridpath, JF Bolin, SR TI Bovine viral diarrhea virus isolated from fetal calf serum enhances pathogenicity of attenuated transmissible gastroenteritis virus in neonatal pigs SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID CELL-CULTURE; SWINE FEVER; INFECTION; CORONAVIRUS; GENOTYPES AB A bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV-C) was isolated from swine tissue culture cells used to attenuate the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) after 68 passes. Piglets given a pure culture of BVDV-C developed clinical signs similar to those of a mild TGEV infection and recovered by 10 days postexposure. Villous blunting and fusion was observed in the small intestine, and a lymphocyte depletion was observed in Peyer's patches in the ileum. Piglets given a combination of BVDV-C and attenuated TGEV developed clinical signs similar to those of a virulent TGEV infection and were euthanized. The combined infection induced a generalized lymphocyte depletion throughout the lymphatic system and villous atrophy in the intestinal tract. Piglets exposed to a another type I strain of BVDV (NY-1) either alone or in combination with the attenuated TGEV had mild clinical signs similar to those of a TGEV infection. Moderate villous atrophy in the ileum and a lymphocyte depletion in the mesenteric lymph node were observed in these piglets postmortem. The data indicate a potential problem for diagnostic laboratories in relation to a diagnosis of virulent TGEV infections and in the field for young piglets exposed to a BVDV-contaminated TGEV vaccine. C1 ARS, Virol Swine Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. ARS, Avian & Swine Resp Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. ARS, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Woods, RD (reprint author), ARS, Virol Swine Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 25 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 11 IS 5 BP 400 EP 407 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 235RM UT WOS:000082556400003 PM 12968752 ER PT J AU Scherba, G Wiemers, JF Siegel, AM Jin, L Austin, CC Bowman, L Redeford, B Johnston, NA Weigel, RM AF Scherba, G Wiemers, JF Siegel, AM Jin, L Austin, CC Bowman, L Redeford, B Johnston, NA Weigel, RM TI Application of a quantitative algorithm to restriction endonuclease analysis of Aujeszky's disease (pseudorabies) virus from a geographically localized outbreak SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION; SWINE HERDS; STRAINS; PATTERNS AB A retrospective epidemiologic study was conducted to evaluate the application of an objective quantitative algorithm for estimating genetic similarity from restriction endonuclease analysis data. The analysis was performed to assist the determination of chronologic trends in an Aujeszky's disease viral epidemic in a geographic region. DNA from each viral isolate obtained during the epidemic was digested with 4 restriction endonucleases and molar ratio labeled to generate separate fragment patterns that were simultaneously compared using the algorithm. The resultant estimates of genetic similarity were then used in conjunction with time of virus isolation and specific geographic location of the outbreaks to identify the probable sources of infection and the patterns of spread among swine herds. This type of quantitative analysis enabled a more precise and objective approach than previously has been applied to the interpretation of restriction endonuclease data, thereby demonstrating the benefit of this methodology for the investigation of infectious disease outbreaks. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Galesburg, IL 61401 USA. RP Scherba, G (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 11 IS 5 BP 423 EP 431 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 235RM UT WOS:000082556400006 PM 12968755 ER PT J AU Miller, JM Jenny, AL Ellingson, JL AF Miller, JM Jenny, AL Ellingson, JL TI Polymerase chain reaction identification of Mycobacterium avium in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded animal tissues SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID INSERTION ELEMENT IS900; PCR AMPLIFICATION; SUBSP SILVATICUM; DNA-PROBE; PARATUBERCULOSIS; STRAINS; COMPLEX; INTRACELLULARE; HYBRIDIZATION; RELATEDNESS AB A PCR procedure previously developed for identification of Mycobacterium, bovis in formalin-fixed tissues was used to identify mycobacteria of the M. avinm complex. Tissues were examined from 100 culture-positive cases of M. avium complex infection, including 86 in which the subspecies was not identified and 14 that had been identified as M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Each sample was tested with 5 primer sets, 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), IS900, IS901, IS1245, and a heat shock protein (hspX), that detect 1 or both M. avium subspecies. The success rate of PCR detection varied with the primers used and the animal species tested. Among the 86 cases with no M. avium subspecies designation, primers for the 16S rRNA gene were clearly the most efficient because they produced amplicons from all samples that reacted with any other primer set. The overall detection rate in this group of samples was 71%: highest in avian tissues (89%) followed by swine (72%) and ruminants (57%) None of the avian or swine tissues reacted with primers for IS900 or hspX, which identify M. a. parantuberculosis. In contrast, 7 of the 12 ruminant samples that were 16S rRNA positive reacted with 1 or both of these primers. All of the 14 cases shown by culture to be M. a, parantuberculosis infections were positive with IS900 primers, whereas only 11 were positive for 16S rRNA. These results indicate that 16S rRNA primers are the most useful for PCR identification of M. avium in formalin-fixed tissues of nonruminant species. However, IS900 primers should also be used when ruminant tissues are examined because these primers provide the,greatest sensitivity for detection of M. a. paratuberculosis infections. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Pathobiol Lab, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Miller, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 27 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 11 IS 5 BP 436 EP 440 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 235RM UT WOS:000082556400008 PM 12968757 ER PT J AU Stegelmeier, BL James, LF Panter, KE Gardner, DR Pfister, JA Ralphs, MH Molyneux, RJ AF Stegelmeier, BL James, LF Panter, KE Gardner, DR Pfister, JA Ralphs, MH Molyneux, RJ TI Dose response of sheep poisoned with locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID ASTRAGALUS-LENTIGINOSUS; MANNOSIDASE-II; RECEPTOR EXPRESSION; SWAINSONINE; CATTLE; INHIBITOR; CASTANOSPERMINE; LYMPHOCYTES; TISSUE; RATS AB Locoweed poisoning occurs when livestock consume swainsonine-containing Astragalus and Oxytropis species over several weeks. Although the clinical and histologic changes of poisoning have been described, the dose or duration of swainsonine ingestion that results in significant or irreversible damage is not known. The purpose of this research was to document the swainsonine doses that produce clinical intoxication and histologic lesions. Twenty-one mixed-breed wethers were dosed by gavage with ground Oxytropis sericea to obtain swainsonine doses of 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.0 mg/kg/day for 30 days. Sheep receiving greater than or equal to 0.2 mg/kg gained less weight than controls. After 16 days, animals receiving greater than or equal to 0.4 mg/kg were depressed, reluctant to move, and did not eat their feed rations. All treatment groups had serum biochemical changes, including depressed alpha-mannosidase, increased aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, as well as sporadic changes in lactate dehydrogenase, sodium, chloride, magnesium, albumin, and osmolarity. Typical locoweed-induced cellular vacuolation was seen in the following tissues and swainsonine doses: exocrine pancreas at greater than or equal to 0.05 mg/kg; proximal convoluted renal and thyroid follicular epithelium at greater than or equal to 0.1 mg/kg; Purkinje's cells, Kupffer's cells, splenic and lymph node macrophages, and transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder at greater than or equal to 0.2 mg/kg; neurons of the basal ganglia, mesencephalon. and metencephalon at greater than or equal to 0.4 mg/kg; and cerebellar neurons and glia at greater than or equal to 0.8 mg/kg. Histologic lesions were generally found when tissue swainsonine concentrations were congruent to 150 ng/g. Both the clinical and histologic lesions, especially cerebellar lesions an suggestive of neurologic dysfunction even at low daily swainsonine doses of 0.2 mg/kg, suggesting that prolonged locoweed exposure, even at low doses, results in significant production losses as well as histologic and functional damage. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Lab, Albany, CA USA. RP Stegelmeier, BL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 37 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 11 IS 5 BP 448 EP 456 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 235RM UT WOS:000082556400010 PM 12968759 ER PT J AU de Oliveria, SJ Wesley, IV Baetz, AL Harmon, KM Kader, IITA de Uzeda, M AF de Oliveria, SJ Wesley, IV Baetz, AL Harmon, KM Kader, IITA de Uzeda, M TI Arcobacter cryaerophilus and Arcobacter butzleri isolated from preputial fluid of boars and fattening pigs in Brazil SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID SP-NOV; CAMPYLOBACTER; FETUSES; HELICOBACTER; ORGANISMS; SKIRROWII C1 Ctr Pesquisa Vet Desiderio Finamor, FEPAGRO, CPVDF, BR-90001970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Fac Fed Ciencias Med, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. UFRJ, Inst Microbiol, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. RP de Oliveria, SJ (reprint author), Ctr Pesquisa Vet Desiderio Finamor, FEPAGRO, CPVDF, C Postal 2076, BR-90001970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 11 IS 5 BP 462 EP 464 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 235RM UT WOS:000082556400013 PM 12968762 ER PT J AU Palmer, MV Whipple, DL AF Palmer, MV Whipple, DL TI Arcanobacterium pyogenes as a cause of fatal pleuropneumonia after capture and transport of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID INFECTION C1 USDA ARS, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Palmer, MV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 11 IS 5 BP 468 EP 471 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 235RM UT WOS:000082556400015 PM 12968764 ER PT J AU Gyimesi, ZS Stalis, IH Miller, JM Thoen, CO AF Gyimesi, ZS Stalis, IH Miller, JM Thoen, CO TI Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of captive exotic birds using polymerase chain reaction SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE avian tuberculosis; Mycobacterium avium; 16S rRNA; polymerase chain reaction ID PCR AMPLIFICATION; PET BIRDS; TUBERCULOSIS; GENAVENSE AB A presumptive diagnosis of avian tuberculosis can be made when characteristic histologic lesions and acid-fast bacilli are observed in avian tissue samples. However, a definitive diagnosis requires isolation and identification of the causative organism, a process that can take several weeks to complete. The purpose of the study was to determine whether formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival avian tissues could be tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to reliably and rapidly diagnose avian tuberculosis. Tissues were examined from both presumptive and definitive cases of avian tuberculosis from captive exotic birds obtained over a 14-yr period (1983-1997). The cases chosen consisted of birds that had characteristic histologic lesions with acid-fast bacilli. The primers used for PCR amplified a 180-base-pair fragment of 16S ribosomal RNA, a sequence specific for both Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis. If a sequence was detected in a sample, it was presumed that M. a. avium was the organism being detected. This M. avium fragment sequence was detected in 26 of the 97 samples (27%). Some of the negative PCR results may be explained by any of several factors that adversely affect nucleic acid integrity, particularly prolonged fixation in formalin. Of the 17 samples that were culture positive for M. avium and were known to have been fixed in formalin for less than or equal to 4 wk, 11 tested positive by PCR (65%). The findings of this study show that PCR can be a rapid indicator of the presence of M, a. avium in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. However, the relatively low detection rate the test demonstrated in this sample set may limit its practical use as a diagnostic tool. C1 Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Zool Soc San Diego, Ctr Reprod Endangered Species, Dept Pathol, San Diego, CA 92112 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Gyimesi, ZS (reprint author), Care Small Anim Hosp, 320 4th St NE, Watertown, SD 57201 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 30 IS 3 BP 348 EP 353 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 248BG UT WOS:000083255000003 PM 10572856 ER PT J AU Li, D Westover, WC Crawford, TB AF Li, D Westover, WC Crawford, TB TI Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever ina petting zoo SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE MCF; herpesvirus; deer; sheep; disease prevention; zoo ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; OVINE HERPESVIRUS-2; PCR DETECTION; RUMINANTS; VIRUS; ANTIBODY; HARTEBEEST; WILD AB In a privately owned petting zoo in Arizona, 17 deer from five different species, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Reeve's muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), and axis deer (Axis axis), died of suspected malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) over a period from late 1992 to early 1995. A PCR assay specific for ovine herpesvirus 2, the putative causative agent of sheep-associated MCF, and a competitive-inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on a monoclonal antibody specific to an epitope conserved among all known MCF viral isolates were used to investigate the outbreak. Ovine herpesvirus 2 DNA sequences were detected by PCR from fresh-frozen and/or formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples in seven deer out of eight available animals previously suspected as cases by histopathology. A high seroprevalence to the virus was found among mouflon (Ovis musimon, 80%) and pygmy goats (Capra hircus, 61%), both of which were present on the farm during the outbreak. Sixteen percent of fallow deer (Dama dama) were also seropositive to the virus. After removal of the mouflon and positive pygmy goats, no further MCF cases occurred on the farm, confirming the importance of careful management to avoid mixing clinically susceptible species with carrier species. Until better control measures are available, adherence to this practice is necessary if MCF is to be prevented in intense exposure environments such as toes and densely populated animal parks. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Aspen Vet Clin, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. RP Li, D (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ZOO VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 30 IS 3 BP 408 EP 412 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 248BG UT WOS:000083255000012 PM 10572865 ER PT J AU Kang, DH Fung, DYC AF Kang, DH Fung, DYC TI Reduction of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 by stimulated Pediococcus acidilactici SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB This study was conducted to determine if stimulating the growth of meat starter culture (Pediococcus acidilactici) in a laboratory medium (Brain Heart Infusion broth + 2.3% NaCl + 1.5% sucrose; LBHI) and during meat fermentation would control Escherichia coli O157:H7. In LBHI medium without P. acidilactici, the numbers of E. coli O157:H7 increased from 4.00 to 8.34 log(10) cfu ml(-1), whereas in the presence of P. acidilactici (approximate to 6.0 log(10) cfu ml(-1)) in LBHI, LBHIM (LBHI + 0.005% MnSO4), LBHIO (LBHI + 0.3 unit ml(-1) Oxyrase(TM)), and LBHIMO (LBHI + M + O), the numbers off. coli O157:H7 increased from 4.00 to 8.05, 7.50, 7.99, and 6.50 log(10) cfu ml(-1), respectively, after incubation at 40 degrees C for 15 h. During salami fermentation, the numbers of E, coli O157:H7 changed from 7.00 to 6.40 and 5.10 log(10) cfu g(-1) without and with P. acidilactici (approximate to 7.0 log(10) cfu g(-1)), respectively. Stimulated P. acidilactici by M, O, and MO further reduced the number of E. coli O157:H7 from 7.00 to 4.00, 4.50, and 3.65 log(10) cfu g(-1), respectively. The combination of MO was a better growth stimulator for P. acidilactici, which controlled E. coli O157:H7 in both systems (P < 0.05). C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Ind, Food Microbiol Lab, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Kang, DH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 206 EP 210 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00620.x PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 244XT UT WOS:000083076600013 PM 10530043 ER PT J AU Mascioli, EA McLennan, CE Schaefer, EJ Lichtenstein, AH Hoy, CE Christensen, MS Bistrian, BR AF Mascioli, EA McLennan, CE Schaefer, EJ Lichtenstein, AH Hoy, CE Christensen, MS Bistrian, BR TI Lipidemic effects of an interesterified mixture of butter, medium-chain triacylglycerol and safflower oils SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; FATTY-ACIDS; LINOLEIC-ACID; PLASMA-LIPIDS; METABOLISM; TRIGLYCERIDES; ABSORPTION; HUMANS; RATS AB The objective of this study was to determine if the positional structure of dietary triacylglycerol affected lipidemic responses. Thirty healthy adults (16 men and 14 postmenopausal women) with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations >3.37 mM (130 mg/dL) enrolled in a prospective, single-blind, cross-over outpatient clinical trial that consisted of two 5-wk dietary phases. After baseline screening, subjects were instructed to follow individualized meal plans (weight maintenance diets with 36% of total energy from fat, half of which was from a test oil) and randomized to receive either butter (B) or an interesterified mixture (IM) of butter, medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT), and safflower oils. Blood drawn during weeks 5 and 10 of feeding was analyzed for total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-C, and triacylglycerols (TAC). Mean plasma levels of TC (B, 6.98 +/- 1.06 mM; IM, 7.09 +/- 1.20 mM), HDL-C (B, 1.30 +/- 0.35 mM; IM, 1.29 +/- 0.34 mM), and LDL-C (B, 4.91 +/- 0.95 mM; IM, 4.92 +/- 1.10 mM) were nor significantly different between the two dietary treatments. Mean TAG levels were higher for the interesterified B-MCT mixture (B, 1.75 +/- 0.72 mM; IM, 1.96 +/- 0.86 mM, P < 0.05). We conclude that an IM of B, MCT, and safflower oils as compared to native B has no appreciable effect on plasma cholesterol concentrations bur is associated with a modest rise in plasma TAG. C1 Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Dept Med, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, John Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Biochem & Nutr, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Tech Univ Denmark, Food Res Ctr, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. RP Mascioli, EA (reprint author), PAREXEL Int Corp, 200 West St, Waltham, MA 02451 USA. NR 35 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD SEP PY 1999 VL 34 IS 9 BP 889 EP 894 DI 10.1007/s11745-999-0437-x PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 245UP UT WOS:000083126800001 PM 10574652 ER PT J AU Haas, MJ Kramer, JKG McNeill, G Scott, K Foglia, TA Sehat, N Fritsche, J Mossoba, MM Yurawecz, MP AF Haas, MJ Kramer, JKG McNeill, G Scott, K Foglia, TA Sehat, N Fritsche, J Mossoba, MM Yurawecz, MP TI Lipase-catalyzed fractionation of conjugated linoleic acid isomers SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GEOTRICHUM-CANDIDUM; FATTY-ACIDS; SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITIES; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; IDENTIFICATION; PURIFICATION; DERIVATIVES; SEPARATION; ENRICHMENT AB The abilities of lipases produced by the fungus Geotrichum candidum to selectively fractionate mixtures of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers during esterification of mixed CLA free fatty acids and during hydrolysis of mixed CLA methyl esters were examined. The enzymes were highly selective for cis-9,trans-11-18:2. A commercial CLA methyl ester preparation, containing at last 12 species representing four positional CLA isomers, was incubated in aqueous solution with either a commercial G. candidum lipase preparation (Amano GC-4) or lipase produced from a cloned high-selectivity G. candidum lipase B gene. In both instances selective hydrolysis of the cis-9,trans-11-18:2 methyl ester occurred, with negligible hydrolysis of other CLA isomers. The content of cis-9, trans-11-18:2 in the resulting free fatty acid fraction was between 94 (lipase B reaction) and 77% (CC-4 reaction). The commercial CLA mixture contained only trace amounts of trans-9,cis-11-18:2, and there was no evidence that this isomer was hydrolyzed by the enzyme. Analogous results were obtained with these enzymes in the esterification in organic solvent of a commercial preparation of CLA free fatty acids containing at least 12 CLA isomers. In this case, G. candidum lipase B generated a methyl ester fraction that contained >98% cis-9,trans-11-18:2. Geotrichum candidum lipases B and GC-4 also demonstrated high selectivity in the esterification of CLA with ethanol, generating ethyl ester fractions containing 96 and 80%, respectively, of the cis-9, trans-11 isomer. In a second set of experiments, CLA synthesized from pure linoleic acid, composed essentially of two isomers, cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12, was utilized. This was subjected to esterification with octanol in an aqueous reaction system using Amano CC-4 lipase as catalyst. The resulting ester fraction contained up to 97% of the cis-9,trans-ll isomer. After adjustment of the reaction conditions, a concentration of 85% trans-10,cis-12-18:2 could be obtained in the unreacted free fatty acid fraction. These lipase-catalyzed reactions provide a means for the preparative-scale production of high-purity cis-9,trans-11-18:2, and a corresponding CLA fraction depleted of this isomer. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Food Res Ctr, So Crop Protect, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Loders Croklaan, Glen Ellyn, IL 60137 USA. US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. RP Haas, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 38 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD SEP PY 1999 VL 34 IS 9 BP 979 EP 987 DI 10.1007/s11745-999-0448-7 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 245UP UT WOS:000083126800012 PM 10574663 ER PT J AU Maca, JV Miller, RK Bigner, ME Lucia, LM Acuff, GR AF Maca, JV Miller, RK Bigner, ME Lucia, LM Acuff, GR TI Sodium lactate and storage temperature effects on shelf life of vacuum packaged beef top rounds SO MEAT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; sodium lactate; storage; shelf-life ID WARMED-OVER FLAVOR; COOKED BEEF; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; ROASTS; MEATS AB Cooked, vacuum-packaged beef top rounds containing up to 4% sodium lactate (NaL) in the final product were stored at 0, 4, 10 or 16 degrees C for 1, 7, 14 or 21 days. Aerobic plate counts (APCs) were lower for roasts containing 3 or 4% NaL and stored at 10 degrees C for 7 days. At higher temperatures and longer storage times, only those treated with 4% NaL were lower than controls. Lipid oxidation, Hunter LX and b* values decreased and Hunter a* values, cooked yields and Ph increased with NaL addition. Beefy odor decreased with storage but was higher in roasts containing NaL. Roasts with added NaL had lower rancid odor scores. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Nabisco Inc, Morristown, NJ USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Miller, RK (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Acuff, Gary/C-3034-2008 NR 28 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1740 J9 MEAT SCI JI Meat Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 53 IS 1 BP 23 EP 29 DI 10.1016/S0309-1740(99)00032-7 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 201CF UT WOS:000080576500004 PM 22062929 ER PT J AU Berry, BW Bigner-George, ME Eastridge, JS AF Berry, BW Bigner-George, ME Eastridge, JS TI Hot processing and grind size affect properties of cooked beef patties SO MEAT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; hot processing; patties ID GROUND-BEEF; ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION; INTERNAL COLOR; COOKING; FROZEN; PH AB This study was conducted to further understand the role that hot processing and grind size exert on cooked beef patty tenderness and other properties. Low-fat (10%) hot-processed (HP) and cold-processed (CP) beef were ground either through a 0.32 or 0.40 cm plate. A 20% fat CP product was also manufactured through a 0.32 cm plate. HP patties had higher pH, shorter sarcomere lengths, higher tenderness scores (including greater number of smaller particles during chewing) lower shear force values, higher flavor scores, less well-done cooked color, longer cooking times and higher cooking yields than CP patties (p < 0.01). The use of a 0.32 cm rather than a 0.40 cm plate improved tenderness properties, especially for HP patties. Other properties were not greatly influenced by grind size. Sensory evaluation and scanning imagery of patties suggested that the greater tenderness of hot processed patties may be due to the presence of smaller meat particles. Highly contracted muscle, providing resistance to grinding, could be responsible for the small meat particles. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Berry, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1740 J9 MEAT SCI JI Meat Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 53 IS 1 BP 37 EP 43 DI 10.1016/S0309-1740(99)00034-0 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 201CF UT WOS:000080576500006 PM 22062931 ER PT J AU Goodwin, SB Legard, DE Smart, CD Levy, M Fry, WE AF Goodwin, SB Legard, DE Smart, CD Levy, M Fry, WE TI Gene flow analysis of molecular markers confirms that Phytophthora mirabilis and P-infestans are separate species SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE mitochondrial DNA; private alleles; RG57; sibling species; sympatric speciation ID UNITED-STATES; POPULATIONS; DNA; CANADA; POLYMORPHISMS; MITOCHONDRIAL; RESISTANCE; METALAXYL; MIGRATION; MEXICO AB The taxonomic status of Phytophthora mirabilis one of six host-specific, foliar pathogens in Phytophthora a group IV has been uncertain. At various times this taxon has been given three different names: P. infestans var. mirabilis; P. mirabilis, and P. infestans forma specialis mirabilis. Which of these names is correct depends on the degree of reproductive isolation between this taxon and the closely related species, P. infestans. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the hypothesis that P. infestans and Fl mirabilis are conspecific using a large battery of molecular markers. Analyses of one isozyme, 44 DNA fingerprint, and 85 presumed RAPD loci revealed little, if any gene flow between P. infestans and P. mirabilis. Thus, host specificity apparently functions as an effective pre- and postmating reproductive isolating mechanism in nature. Gene flow analysis indicated that these two taxa are as reproductivity isolated from each other as they are from the other four species in Phytophthora group IV There were 26 fixed differences between P. infestans and P. mirabilis that only could have developed in the absence of gene flow. Attempts to obtain F-2 progeny from F-1 interspecific hybrids failed, indicating the existence of genetic mechanisms of reproductive isolation in addition to host specificity. Despite the differences between P. infestans and P. mirabilis , growth rate on seven commonly used laboratory media could not be used to separate them in the laboratory. These data clearly reject the hypothesis that P. infestans and P. mirabilis are conspecific. Therefore, two of the three names given to this taxon, P. infestans var. mirabilis and P. infestans forma specials mirabilis, are invalid. The propose that the correct name for this species is P. mirabilis. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Crop Prod & Pest Control Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Florida, Gulf Coast Res & Educ Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Dover, FL 33527 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Biol Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Goodwin, SB (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Crop Prod & Pest Control Res Unit, 1155 Lilly Hall, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 48 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 91 IS 5 BP 796 EP 810 DI 10.2307/3761533 PG 15 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 244PB UT WOS:000083059000010 ER PT J AU Anikster, Y Eilam, T Mittelman, L Szabo, LJ Bushnell, WR AF Anikster, Y Eilam, T Mittelman, L Szabo, LJ Bushnell, WR TI Pycnial nectar of rust fungi induces cap formation on pycniospores of opposite mating type SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE aecia; aecium; fertilization; mating type; pycnia; pycnium; Uredinales ID PHEROMONES AB Pycnial nectar (including pycniospores) transferred between pycnia of opposite mating type (as indicated by subsequent aecium formation) induced formation of a cap on one end of pycniospores. The polar caps developed with seven species of Puccinia and four of Uromyces, but not with P. helianthi, Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae, or U. vignae. Caps were induced equally in reciprocal transfers of nectar between pycnia of opposite mating type. The caps stained with India ink, or labeled with colloidal gold or wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (WGA-FITC), but were not visible in unstained preparations. Cap formation started within 10 min of nectar transfer and was completed in 20-60 min. Nectar retained cap-inducing activity after pycniospores were removed by centrifugation, whereas pycniospores washed free of nectar did not induce caps. Pycniospores that were removed from a pycnium and induced to form caps by pycniospore-free nectar of opposite mating type did not induce aecia when returned to the original pycnium, showing that cap formation alone was not sufficient for completion of mating processes. Caps were removed by treatment with proteinase K, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), or 0.01 N HCl, indicating the presence of protein. Labeling by WCA-FITC suggested the presence of polysaccharides or glycoproteins containing N-acetylglucosamine. The cap-inducing activity of nectar was lost if the nectar was boiled or autoclaved. Cap-inducing nectar contained a complex of high molecular weight proteins larger than 100 kDa as shown by native polyacryramide gel electrophoresis analysis. This protein complex had cap-inducing activity as determined by placing pycniospores directly on gels after electrophoresis. In SDS gels, 6-7 polypeptides ranging in size from 14-70 kDa were observed, but bioassays of these polypeptides for cap induction were negative. The results indicate that pycnial nectar of several rust species contains high molecular weight cap-inducing proteins which are mating type-specific and induce pycniospore cap formation as an early event associated with processes leading to fertilization. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Inst Cereal Crops Improvement, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Tel Aviv Univ, Sackler Sch Med, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Bot, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Bushnell, WR (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, 1551 Lindig St, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 91 IS 5 BP 858 EP 870 DI 10.2307/3761539 PG 13 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 244PB UT WOS:000083059000016 ER PT J AU Croan, SC Burdsall, HH Rentmeester, RM AF Croan, SC Burdsall, HH Rentmeester, RM TI Preservation of tropical wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE basidiome; bulbil; chlamydospore; conidium; cryopreservation; lyophilization; lyoprotectant; water storage ID FUNGAL CULTURES; STERILE WATER; COLD-STORAGE; TEMPERATURE AB The objective of this study was to develop a method to preserve tropical wood-inhabiting basidiomycetes in a viable state for an extended period. Storage in water, lyophilization, and cryopreservation methods of preserving tropical wood-inhabiting basiomycotina were compared. When tropical mycelial isolates were stored in sterile distilled water, 57% survived at 4 C for 2.5 mo; 92% of the isolates survived at 15 C for 10 mo. Bulbil-, clamydospore-, and conidium-forming fungi survived in cold water storage and maintained excellent viability for a decade. Vegetative hypha-, bulbil-, clamydospore-, and conidium-forming fungi survived cryopreservation using liquid nitrogen vapor. Only basidiomycetes that formed bulbils, chlamydospores, or conidia survived lyophilization. We conclude that the best method for long-term preservation of tropical fungi is cryopreservation by means of storage in liquid nitrogen vapor. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Croan, SC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 43 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 91 IS 5 BP 908 EP 916 DI 10.2307/3761546 PG 9 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 244PB UT WOS:000083059000023 ER PT J AU Cohen, SD AF Cohen, SD TI Technique for large scale isolation of Discula umbrinella and other foliar endophytic fungi from Quercus species SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE endophytes; oak anthracnose; population genetics; vacuum apparatus ID FAGUS-SYLVATICA; TWIGS; LEAVES; BEECH AB This paper describes a useful large scale technique suitable for isolation of Discula umbrinella and other foliar endophytic fungi. This technique provides an efficient means to collect large numbers of fungal isolates necessary for fungal ecology and genetic variation studies. Also, this method is easily modified for isolation of other fungi residing within a leaf. An oversized vacuum filtration unit was built to accomodate large numbers of leaf discs and all sterilization procedures were carried out on this unit. Leaf discs were incubated on white oak leaf agar in 24-well tissue culture plates for a 12-hr light period at 24 C for Discula umbrinella conidiomata production. Conidia were streaked onto white oak leaf agar. Isolates were transferred to Difco potato dextrose agar and stored in sterile water at 24 C for future fungal population studies. Discula umbrinella infection levels on Quercus alba and Q. rubra were monitored monthly using this technique. Conidiomata infection levels within leaves of 4. alba were higher than Q. rubra a in the months of May, Jun, and Jul. Leaves of Q. rubra showed higher infection levels in the months of Aug and Sept. The feasibility of isolating other endophytic fungi with the large scale technique was also tested. Using the large scale method, 18 different fungal isolates were collected from fallen leaves of Quercus alba, Tubakia dryina (Sacc.) Sutton was the most frequently isolated endophyte from fallen leaves regardless of the media used. C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. USDA APHIS, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. RP Cohen, SD (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 91 IS 5 BP 917 EP 922 DI 10.2307/3761547 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 244PB UT WOS:000083059000024 ER PT J AU Schultz, RP AF Schultz, RP TI Loblolly - the pine for the twenty-first century SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium On the Variety, Types and Significance of Planted Forests - Technical and Social Considerations for Planted Forests CY JUN, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OREGON SP Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Ward K Richardson Family Fund, Boise Cascade Corp, BLM, USDI, Oak Ridge Natl Lab Biofuels Program, Pacific NW Stn, USFS, Weyerhaeuser Co Fdn, Blount Inc, Crown Pacific Management, Oregon Dept Forestry, Georgia Pacific Corp, Willamette Ind Inc, Starker Forests Inc, Stimson Lumber Co, Columbia Forest Prod Inc, NCASI, Sun Studs Inc, Davidson Ind Inc, WTD Ind DE pine plantations; tree improvement; growth and yield; multiple use management; forest health; sustainability AB Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was a minor component of the vast natural forests of the southern United States before the region was settled by immigrants. Extensive planting and natural regeneration of cutover forest land and abandoned farmland between 1930 and 1990 made loblolly the leading timber species in the United States. It now predominates on 13.4 million ha (45 percent) of the commercial forest land in the southern United States (between latitudes 28 degrees N and 39 degrees N and longitudes 75 degrees W and 97 degrees W) and directly or indirectly provides 110,000 jobs and $30 billion to the economy of the region. The extreme versatility of loblolly has also provided important environmental contributions to most southern states. These include landscape beautification, erosion control, soil amelioration, excellent wildlife habitat, and outstanding recreational opportunities. Incorporating existing pest management strategies into silvicultural systems can produce substantial and long-lasting insect and disease control with little cost or physical effort. Introductions of loblolly into numerous countries around the world (especially China, Brazil, and Argentina) have proven to be very successful, environmentally sound, and commercially profitable. In some locations, loblolly grows much faster than on sites of similar quality in the southern United States. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Forest Expt Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Schultz, RP (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Forest Expt Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 34 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 17 IS 1-3 BP 71 EP 88 DI 10.1023/A:1006533212151 PG 18 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 211YW UT WOS:000081190300007 ER PT J AU Barnette, K AF Barnette, K TI Multiple purpose forests and the national forest system SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium On the Variety, Types and Significance of Planted Forests - Technical and Social Considerations for Planted Forests CY JUN, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OREGON SP Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Ward K Richardson Family Fund, Boise Cascade Corp, BLM, USDI, Oak Ridge Natl Lab Biofuels Program, Pacific NW Stn, USFS, Weyerhaeuser Co Fdn, Blount Inc, Crown Pacific Management, Oregon Dept Forestry, Georgia Pacific Corp, Willamette Ind Inc, Starker Forests Inc, Stimson Lumber Co, Columbia Forest Prod Inc, NCASI, Sun Studs Inc, Davidson Ind Inc, WTD Ind DE planted forests; sustainability; US National Forests; management philosophy AB The history of the legislative basis for managing National Forests in the USA has led to forests managed for multiple uses for a wide diversity of users and interests. Evolution of emphasis on National Forests from mandates to "preserve and protect'' and provide "a continuous supply of timber'' to concerns about owls, ecosystem management and contemporary rural development have included changes in on-the-ground forest management. All of these phases include needs for planted forests established and maintained for multiple purposes and benefits. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Sacramento, CA USA. RP Barnette, K (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Sacramento, CA USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 17 IS 1-3 BP 119 EP 127 DI 10.1023/A:1006571321914 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 211YW UT WOS:000081190300011 ER PT J AU Harrington, CA AF Harrington, CA TI Forests planted for ecosystem restoration or conservation SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium On the Variety, Types and Significance of Planted Forests - Technical and Social Considerations for Planted Forests CY JUN, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OREGON SP Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Ward K Richardson Family Fund, Boise Cascade Corp, BLM, USDI, Oak Ridge Natl Lab Biofuels Program, Pacific NW Stn, USFS, Weyerhaeuser Co Fdn, Blount Inc, Crown Pacific Management, Oregon Dept Forestry, Georgia Pacific Corp, Willamette Ind Inc, Starker Forests Inc, Stimson Lumber Co, Columbia Forest Prod Inc, NCASI, Sun Studs Inc, Davidson Ind Inc, WTD Ind DE planted forests; sustainability; site rehabilitation; forest restoration ID PINE AB Although the phrase, "planting for ecosystem restoration,'' is of recent origin, many of the earliest large-scale tree plantings were made for what we now refer to as "restoration'' or "conservation'' goals. Forest restoration activities may be needed when ecosystems are disturbed by either natural or anthropogenic forces. Disturbances can impact (1) basic components of the system (e.g., plant and animal composition, soil pools, and atmospheric pools), (2) ecosystem processes, i.e., interactions among basic components, or (3) both components and processes. Early efforts at restoration or site rehabilitation focused primarily on reducing off-site impacts, such as sediment introduced into streams from ecosystems that had been severely disturbed. More recent restoration programs include ecosystems in which only some of the components are missing or some of the processes have been impacted. Restoration activities can begin immediately after the disturbance has ended. Although forest restoration projects can include many activities, planting is almost always a key component. When planning an ecosystem restoration project, land managers need to be aware that commonly used plant establishment and management procedures may need to be altered to meet project objectives. Some systems may have been so severely impacted that ameliorative activities, e.g., fertilization, liming, land contouring, and microsite preparation, will be necessary prior to planting. Managers may also need to take special measures to reduce herbivory, control competing vegetation, or reduce physical damage from wind or sun. Choice of species needs careful consideration. Desired species may not grow well on degraded sites, may need a nurse species to become established, or may not provide an opportunity to harvest a short-term crop to reduce restoration costs. New methods may need to be developed for projects that require underplanting or interplanting. The end result of restoration should be an ecosystem with the same level of heterogeneity inherent in an undisturbed system; thus, managers should consider how pre- and postplanting activities will affect system variability. As our understanding of ecosystems has increased, so has our expectation that restored ecosystems have the same components and function in the same manner as do undisturbed systems. These expectations require that land managers have more sophisticated information than was considered necessary previously. In the absence of more pertinent information, we can prescribe restoration activities based on results from related ecosystems or on theoretical considerations. Additional research, careful monitoring, and adaptive management are critical to our long-term success. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Resource Management & Prod Res Program, Olympia, WA USA. RP Harrington, CA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Resource Management & Prod Res Program, Olympia, WA USA. RI Harrington, Constance/G-6161-2012 NR 34 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 4 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 17 IS 1-3 BP 175 EP 190 DI 10.1023/A:1006539910527 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 211YW UT WOS:000081190300014 ER PT J AU Powers, RF AF Powers, RF TI On the sustainable productivity of planted forests SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium On the Variety, Types and Significance of Planted Forests - Technical and Social Considerations for Planted Forests CY JUN, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Ward K Richardson Family Fund, Boise Cascade Corp, BLM, USDI, Oak Ridge Natl Lab Biofuels Program, Pacific NW Stn, USFS, Weyerhaeuser Co Fdn, Blount Inc, Crown Pacific Management, Oregon Dept Forestry, Georgia Pacific Corp, Willamette Ind Inc, Starker Forests Inc, Stimson Lumber Co, Columbia Forest Prod Inc, NCASI, Sun Studs Inc, Davidson Ind Inc, WTD Ind DE history of plantations; site potential; nutrition; soil properties; plantation yield ID PINE TIP MOTH; SITE PREPARATION; SOIL COMPACTION; GROWTH; PLANTATIONS; SEEDLINGS; WATER; FERTILIZATION; EUCALYPTUS; ECOSYSTEMS AB Planted forests have more than a millennium of history and represent the world's best hope for meeting global wood requirements in the twenty-first century. Advances in genetic improvement, nursery practices, stand establishment, and tending, harvesting, and manufacturing have boosted plantation yields to a higher level than at any point in history. Despite this, forest managers face a mounting challenge to demonstrate that plantation productivity is sustainable. Tackling this challenge requires a sound understanding of the principles of forest productivity, how they apply to a developing plantation, and how they are influenced by management. In this paper criticisms of plantation forestry are discussed from the basis of world experience, and examples of productivity decline are described. Obvious declines are rare, and can be attributed to poor soil management. However, ambiguities exist and controversy will continue until sustainable productivity can be demonstrated conclusively. Proposed programs aim to provide the technical base needed for sound soil management and sustainable plantation productivity. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redding, CA USA. RP Powers, RF (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redding, CA USA. NR 107 TC 66 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 17 IS 1-3 BP 263 EP 306 DI 10.1023/A:1006555219130 PG 44 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 211YW UT WOS:000081190300019 ER PT J AU Alig, RJ Adams, DM Chmelik, JT Bettinger, P AF Alig, RJ Adams, DM Chmelik, JT Bettinger, P TI Private forest investment and long-run sustainable harvest volumes SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium On the Variety, Types and Significance of Planted Forests - Technical and Social Considerations for Planted Forests CY JUN, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OREGON SP Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Ward K Richardson Family Fund, Boise Cascade Corp, BLM, USDI, Oak Ridge Natl Lab Biofuels Program, Pacific NW Stn, USFS, Weyerhaeuser Co Fdn, Blount Inc, Crown Pacific Management, Oregon Dept Forestry, Georgia Pacific Corp, Willamette Ind Inc, Starker Forests Inc, Stimson Lumber Co, Columbia Forest Prod Inc, NCASI, Sun Studs Inc, Davidson Ind Inc, WTD Ind DE non-industrial forests; planted forests; projection models; timber markets; timber supply AB Private timberlands in the United States have the biological potential to provide larger quantities of timber on a sustainable basis than they do today. Most opportunities for increasing growth and harvest lie on nonindustrial private lands in the South. Past studies, based on fixed scenarios of future prices, also suggest that many of these opportunities for intensified management can be undertaken with positive economic returns. Translation of these physical and apparent economic potentials into projections of future management and harvest requires a model of private timber management investment behavior. This study examines the dynamics of investment in private forest management according to a model of timber markets and timber supply in which intertemporal levels of private investment, harvest, and timber prices are all endogenous. The results of this model are used to examine the extent and types of possible future private management investments and how these will affect timber supply. In addition, the sensitivity of these projections to variations in key market and behavioral determinants is examined through simulation of alternative scenarios involving reduced public timber harvest and constraints on planting investment of nonindustrial private owners. The base case illustrates the substantial potential of timberlands for increased growth and harvest. This requires, however, investments in planting well beyond those observed in recent years. Given this, the area in planted forests would almost triple within the next 30 years. Expanded investment would allow immediate increases in timber harvest and sustained increases in timber inventory, with virtually no trend in softwood log prices. Projected increases in plantation area would concentrate timber production on fewer hectares, with more hectares managed passively. Naturally regenerated forests in the future would cover at least three-quarters of the private timberland area, with hardwoods continuing to dominate. Restricting nonindustrial private plantation investment to levels observed in the recent past markedly alters projections for softwoods, thus raising prices and reducing timber harvest relative to the base case across the full projection period. In contrast, reductions in public timber harvest alone result in increased prices and reduced total cut in the near term, but have limited impact on the outlook three-five decades hence, because private investment effectively compensates for public timber harvest reductions. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Alig, RJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. OI Bettinger, Pete/0000-0002-5454-3970 NR 27 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 17 IS 1-3 BP 307 EP 327 DI 10.1023/A:1006559320038 PG 21 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 211YW UT WOS:000081190300020 ER PT J AU Uyemoto, JK Asai, WK Kirkpatrick, BC AF Uyemoto, JK Asai, WK Kirkpatrick, BC TI Etiology of almond shriveled kernel disease SO NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF CROP AND HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus dulcis; P. persica; ELISA; dot-blot hybridisation assays; phytoplasma ID MYCOPLASMA-LIKE ORGANISM AB In a commercial orchard, mature trees of the almond (Prunus dulcis (Mil.) D. Webb) cultivar 'Butte' propagated on peach (P. persica (L.) Batsch) seedlings exhibited delayed budbreak in spring, sparse foliage, poor shoot growth, and produced shriveled kernels. Extracts of leaf petioles from diseased, but not healthy, 'Butte' trees were positive by dot-blot hybridisation assays for the presence of a phytoplasma. In addition, diseased almond buds were graft-inoculated onto the 'Peerless' almond propagated on 'Marianna 2624' plum rootstock and induced brown line and pitting at the rootstock/cultivar union, a condition associated with peach yellow leaf roll phytoplasma (PYLR-phytoplasma) infection in this indicator host. Furthermore, buds of peach infected with PYLR-phytoplasma induced similar canopy and kernel symptoms when bud-inoculated onto previously healthy trees of the almond cultivars 'Peerless' and 'Nonpareil' propagated on peach seedlings. However, a 'Peerless' tree infected with X-disease phytoplasma appeared unaffected. Ilarvirus and dsRNA analyses of diseased 'Butte' trees were negative. Diseased trees treated with oxytetracycline caused remission of symptoms. These results indicate that infections by a phytoplasma, specifically PYLR-phytoplasma, are responsible for kernel shrivel symptoms in almond trees grown on peach seedlings. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Modesto, Cooperat Extens, Modesto, CA 95355 USA. RP Uyemoto, JK (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SIR PUBLISHING PI WELLINGTON PA PO BOX 399, WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND SN 0114-0671 J9 NEW ZEAL J CROP HORT JI N. Z. J. Crop Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 225 EP 228 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 244NU UT WOS:000083058300005 ER PT J AU Knapp, S Spooner, D AF Knapp, S Spooner, D TI A new name for a common Ecuadorian and Peruvian wild tomato species SO NOVON LA English DT Article ID SOLANACEAE; SOLANUM AB The new name Sobanum habrochaites S. Knapp & D. M. Spooner is coined to replace the homonym Solanum agrimoniifolium (Dunal) J. F. Macbride, which has been used for the wild tomato species known in Lycopersicon as Lycopersicon hirsutum Dunal. C1 Nat Hist Museum, Dept Bot, London SW7 5BD, England. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Knapp, S (reprint author), Nat Hist Museum, Dept Bot, Cromwell Rd, London SW7 5BD, England. RI Knapp, Sandra/A-4856-2011 OI Knapp, Sandra/0000-0001-7698-3945 NR 9 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN PI ST LOUIS PA 2345 TOWER GROVE AVENUE, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 USA SN 1055-3177 J9 NOVON JI Novon PD FAL PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 375 EP 376 DI 10.2307/3391735 PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 238MK UT WOS:000082713900014 ER PT J AU Lukaski, HC Marchello, MJ Hall, CB Schafer, DM Siders, WA AF Lukaski, HC Marchello, MJ Hall, CB Schafer, DM Siders, WA TI Soft tissue composition of pigs measured with dual x-ray absorptiometry: Comparison with chemical analyses and effects of carcass thicknesses SO NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE fat; fat-free mass; bone-free; fat-free mass; carcass thickness ID BODY-COMPOSITION; BONE; MASS; ACCURACY; DENSITY; DEPTH; FAT AB Evidence of the validity and accuracy of dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to measure in vivo body composition is limited. We compared DXA estimates made in prone and side positions with measurements of chemical composition of 20 pigs (10 barrows and 10 gilts) weighing 52-113 kg. DXA yielded similar estimates of body composition in prone and side positions. DXA estimates of body composition were significantly correlated with reference compositional values (r(2) = 0.927-0.998). No significant differences were found for determinations of body weight, fat mass (FIM), fat free mass (FFM), bone-free, and fat-free mass (BFFFM) between DXA and chemical determinations. DXA significantly underpredicted percent fat (% fat); it underestimated FM (20%, P > 0.05). and overestimated FFM and BFFFM (6 and 9%, respectively, P > 0.05). Differences between individual determinations of FM and % fat by chemical analyses and DXA were significantly correlated with mean values. No significant correlations were found between the differences for weight, FM, % fat, FFM, and BFFFM and measurements of carcass breadth (19-28 cm) and width (15-25 cm). Total errors in determination of DXA body composition variables were similar with body thicknesses less than and greater than 24 cm. These findings indicate that DXA is a valid and accurate method for determination of soft tissue composition. Initial problems with DXA determinations of % fat apparently have been reconciled partially with revisions in soft tissue analytic software. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1999. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Lukaski, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Box 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 24 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD SEP PY 1999 VL 15 IS 9 BP 697 EP 703 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(99)00154-9 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 228UU UT WOS:000082154700009 PM 10467615 ER PT J AU Anderson, RA AF Anderson, RA TI Chromium and diabetes SO NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID SUPPLEMENTAL-CHROMIUM; PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; INSULIN; GLUCOSE; DEFICIENCY; VARIABLES; SYMPTOMS; KINASE C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutr Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutr Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD SEP PY 1999 VL 15 IS 9 BP 720 EP 722 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 228UU UT WOS:000082154700015 PM 10467621 ER PT J AU Wang, XD Russell, RM AF Wang, XD Russell, RM TI Procarcinogenic and anticarcinogenic effects of beta-carotene SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID HUMAN LUNG-CANCER; ACID RECEPTOR-BETA; ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO-SMOKE; RETINOIC ACID; VITAMIN-E; ERYTHROPOIETIC PROTOPORPHYRIA; ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISEASES; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; EPITHELIAL-CELLS AB A large body of observational epidemiologic studies has consistently demonstrated that individuals who eat more fruits and vegetables, which are rich in carotenoids, and people who have higher serum R-carotene levels have a lower risk of cancer, particularly lung cancer. In contrast to these observations, two human intervention studies that used high-dose R-carotene supplements reported an increased risk for lung cancer among smokers. Recently, in vitro and in vivo studies have shed light on the present conundrum regarding the potential chemopreventive activity of B-carotene; that is, B-carotene itself may act as an anticarcinogen, but its oxidized products may facilitate carcinogenesis. These studies support the hypothesis that the carcinogenic response to high-dose B-carotene supplementation reported in the human intervention trials is related to the instability of the B-carotene molecule in the free radical-rich environment in the lungs of cigarette smokers. This is especially possible because smoke also causes decreased tissue levels of other antioxidants, such as ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol, which normally have a stabilizing effect on the unoxidized form of B-carotene. Nutritional intervention using a combination of antioxidants (B-carotene, a-tocopherol, and vitamin C) as anticarcinogenic agents could be an appropriate way to rationally and realistically reduce cancer risk. C1 USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr Sci & Policy, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Wang, XD (reprint author), USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 82 TC 105 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 57 IS 9 BP 263 EP 272 PN 1 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 252NH UT WOS:000083507200002 PM 10568335 ER PT J AU Ordovas, JM AF Ordovas, JM TI Endothelial lipase: A new member of the family SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM; ATHEROSCLEROSIS AB Lipases are key enzymes in the hydrolysis of triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesteryl esters, including those of dietary origin. Their actions are essential to maintain lipid homeostasis and cardiovascular health. This report describes the finding and characterization of a new lipase of endothelial origin, one that may play an important role in plasma high-density lipoprotein metabolism. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 57 IS 9 BP 284 EP 287 PN 1 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 252NH UT WOS:000083507200007 PM 10568340 ER PT J AU Booth, SL Centurelli, MA AF Booth, SL Centurelli, MA TI Vitamin K: A practical guide to the dietary management of patients on warfarin SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Reprint ID ATRIAL-FIBRILLATION; NATIONAL PATTERNS; PHYLLOQUINONE; RESISTANCE; ANTICOAGULATION; NUTRITION; PREVENTION; STABILITY; PROPOSAL; PRODUCTS AB Warfarin has been successfully used in the medical management of thromboembolic disease for nearly six decades. It is widely assumed that a dietary vitamin K-warfarin interaction exists. To avoid this potential interference with the efficacy of warfarin in stable anticoagulation, patients typically receive instructions to consume a constant dietary intake of Vitamin K. While dark, green vegetables are primary sources of dietary vitamin K, these foods are not commonly consumed on a daily basis in the United States. However, there still exists dietary resistance to warfarin that is attributable to vitamin K. Based on food analysis studies on vitamin K, it is now known that dietary Vitamin K is found in certain plant oils and prepared foods containing these plant oils, such as baked goods, margarines, and salad dressings. The preparation of foods with vitamin K-rich oils may also contribute to a diet-warfarin interaction, although this has yet to be confirmed in a clinical trial. A dose-response of vitamin K on the effect of warfarin anticoagulation has not yet been established. However, there are sufficient data to suggest that a constant dietary intake of vitamin K that meets current dietary recommendations of 65-80 mu g/day is the most acceptable practice for patients on warfarin therapy. Vitamin K composition data for commonly consumed foods are now available and may facilitate successful anticoagulation for patients being treated with warfarin. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Massachusetts Coll Pharm & Allied Hlth Sci, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Booth, SL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 61 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 57 IS 9 BP 288 EP 296 PN 1 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 252NH UT WOS:000083507200008 PM 10568341 ER PT J AU Saltzman, E AF Saltzman, E TI The low glycemic index diet: Not yet ready for prime time SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Letter C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Saltzman, E (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 57 IS 9 BP 297 EP 297 PN 1 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 252NH UT WOS:000083507200009 PM 10568342 ER PT J AU Beecher, GR AF Beecher, GR TI Phytonutrients' role in metabolism: Effects on resistance to degenerative processes SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Forum and Workshops on Food Phytonutrients and Health CY MAR 09-11, 1998 CL COLLEGE PK, MARYLAND SP USDA ARS, Human Nutr & Horticulture Programs ID CANCER; VEGETABLES; FRUIT; CAROTENOIDS AB Several "traditional" nutrients and dietary fiber have been associated with both increased and decreased risk of chronic diseases. However, there are many minor components in foods, particularly plant-derived foods, that elicit biologic responses in mammalian systems that are consistent with reduced risk of one or more chronic diseases (phytonutrients). These phytonutrients have been categorized into ten classes of compounds or biologic activities. Representative compounds, typical biologic activities, and common food sources are tabulated for each phytonutrient class. A brief discussion of each category is presented along with several structure-activity relationships. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Beecher, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 6 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 57 IS 9 BP S3 EP S6 PN 2 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 252NJ UT WOS:000083507300002 PM 10568344 ER PT J AU Bronson, R Birt, D Meydani, SN AF Bronson, R Birt, D Meydani, SN TI Biomarkers as early predictors of long-term health status and human immune function SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Forum and Workshops on Food Phytonutrients and Health CY MAR 09-11, 1998 CL COLLEGE PK, MARYLAND SP USDA ARS, Human Nutr & Horticulture Programs ID VITAMIN-E SUPPLEMENTATION; AGE-RELATED DECLINE; CALORIC RESTRICTION; DIETARY RESTRICTION; ELDERLY SUBJECTS; DNA ADDUCTS; IN-VIVO; MICE; RATS; PROLIFERATION AB A central issue that must be addressed by phytonutrient research is how to assess the effects of phytonutrients on long-term health. Proper assessment of these effects requires the measurement of biomarkers of long-term health in people consuming any particular phytonutrient. This is a brief review of what is known about biomarkers of cancer risk, immune function, and aging. Relatively few biomarkers of long-term health have been even partially validated in experimental animals or people. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Immunol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Bronson, R (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 57 IS 9 BP S7 EP S12 PN 2 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 252NJ UT WOS:000083507300003 PM 10568345 ER PT J AU Fahey, JW Clevidence, BA Russell, RM AF Fahey, JW Clevidence, BA Russell, RM TI Methods for assessing the biological effects of specific plant components SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Forum and Workshops on Food Phytonutrients and Health CY MAR 09-11, 1998 CL COLLEGE PK, MARYLAND SP USDA ARS, Human Nutr & Horticulture Programs ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GAP JUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; VIVO PLATELET ACTIVITY; OXIDATIVE DNA-DAMAGE; ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY; BETA-CAROTENE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; CORONARY-ARTERIES; STABLE-ISOTOPE AB Until very recently, phytonutrient research was the province of natural product chemists and consisted of primarily anecdotal clinical references. In recent years, an extensive set of qualitative and semi-quantitative dietary epidemiologic data has been developed. This developing base of epidemiologic data is now being supplemented by biochemical, mechanistic, and genetic epidemiology of a more quantitative nature. As we seek to understand the mechanisms that explain a large body of epidemiologic evidence, newer laboratory methods continue to be developed. Though there is a continuing need for even more discriminating nutrition epidemiology to drive the basic research in this area forward, the focus of in vitro, animal and clinical (human) studies must continue to be refined, and appropriate biomarkers for chronic and acute (death) disease end-points must be developed. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Human Nutr, Phytonutr Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayor Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA USA. RP Fahey, JW (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RI Barickman, Thomas/I-6993-2012 NR 82 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 57 IS 9 BP S34 EP S40 PN 2 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 252NJ UT WOS:000083507300007 PM 10568349 ER PT J AU Farnham, MW Simon, PW Stommel, JR AF Farnham, MW Simon, PW Stommel, JR TI Improved phytonutrient content through plant genetic improvement SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Forum and Workshops on Food Phytonutrients and Health CY MAR 09-11, 1998 CL COLLEGE PK, MARYLAND SP USDA ARS, Human Nutr & Horticulture Programs ID TRANSGENIC PLANTS; FRUIT; ACID; CAROTENOIDS; ANTIGEN AB During the twentieth century, plant breeding and genetics improved the nutritive value of horticultural and agronomic crops, particularly of macronutrients and fiber. Current research focuses more on micronutrients. Successful development of phytonutrient-enriched crop plants will be bolstered by interdisciplinary collaborative research, analytical and biotechnology advances, and public education. Although the melding of plant and nutrition research holds great promise, the genetic enhancement of crop plants for improved phytonutrient content will be challenging. This paper reviews the knowledge base on which genetic enhancement may be based, identifies gaps in scientific knowledge and technical capacities, and suggests a role for the federal government in research. C1 US Vegetable Lab, USDA, ARS, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. USDA, ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA, Vegetable Lab, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Farnham, MW (reprint author), US Vegetable Lab, USDA, ARS, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 46 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 57 IS 9 BP S19 EP S26 PN 2 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 252NJ UT WOS:000083507300005 PM 10568347 ER PT J AU Fjeld, CR Lawson, RH AF Fjeld, CR Lawson, RH TI Food, phytonutrients, and health: Rationale for the conference and workshops SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fjeld, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 57 IS 9 BP S1 EP S2 PN 2 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 252NJ UT WOS:000083507300001 PM 10568343 ER PT J AU Grusak, MA DellaPenna, D Welch, RM AF Grusak, MA DellaPenna, D Welch, RM TI Physiologic processes affecting the content and distribution of phytonutrients in plants SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Forum and Workshops on Food Phytonutrients and Health CY MAR 09-11, 1998 CL COLLEGE PK, MD SP USDA ARS, Human Nutr & Horticulture Programs ID BETA-CAROTENE; KEY NUTRIENTS; ARABIDOPSIS; CALCIUM; METABOLISM; TRANSPORT; CULTIVARS; LYCOPENE; ENZYMES; GENOME AB Plant physiologists and biochemists are unraveling the transport mechanisms and biosynthetic pathways that determine each plant's unique phytonutrient composition so that crop plants can be modified to improve their nutrition quality. However, before this goal can be achieved, more information is needed on various plant and human phytonutrient-related processes, and some new technical capabilities are required. The current status of our knowledge base and recommendations for technical improvements and research priorities will be discussed. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Biochem, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Grusak, MA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 36 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 57 IS 9 BP S27 EP S33 PN 2 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 252NJ UT WOS:000083507300006 PM 10568348 ER PT J AU Kochian, LV Garvin, DF AF Kochian, LV Garvin, DF TI Agricultural approaches to improving phytonutrient content in plants: An overview SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Forum and Workshops on Food Phytonutrients and Health CY MAR 09-11, 1998 CL COLLEGE PK, MD SP USDA ARS, Human Nutr & Horticulture Programs ID P-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVATE DIOXYGENASE; KEY NUTRIENTS; BIOSYNTHESIS; BARLEY AB Recent advances in plant molecular biology, functional genomics, and biochemistry have opened up a number of new avenues of research that will enable plant biologists to characterize, increase and modify plant content of a wide range of essential minerals and vitamins, as well as a number of secondary plant compounds that appear to play a role in improving human health and nutrition, In this review, several examples of exciting new research applying plant genomic and molecular genetic approaches to the improvement of phytonutrient content and composition in plants are presented. Research focusing on the elucidation of many of these complex biosynthetic and transport pathways in plants will require considerable resources in terms of funding, time, and personnel. As plant biologists move into interdisciplinary collaborations with nutritionists and food scientists, attention must be paid to a more complete identification and characterization of specific bioactive phytonutrients. Also, a more detailed assessment of the health-promoting properties of these compounds is needed, particularly for many of the secondary plant compounds for which clear epidemiologic and clinical data are still lacking. Finally, in order for significant progress to be made in modifying the nutrient composition of crops, a major investment must be made by funding agencies. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Kochian, LV (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 57 IS 9 BP S13 EP S18 PN 2 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 252NJ UT WOS:000083507300004 PM 10568346 ER PT J AU Kras, KM Hausman, DB Hausman, GJ Martin, RJ AF Kras, KM Hausman, DB Hausman, GJ Martin, RJ TI Adipocyte development is dependent upon stem cell recruitment and proliferation of preadipocytes SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE obesity; growth factors; differentiation; IGF-I; dexamethasone ID ADIPOSE CONVERSION; 3T3 CELLS; DIFFERENTIATION; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; INHIBITION AB Objectives: The ability to acquire fat cells persists over the life spans of animals. It is unknown whether adipocyte acquisition is the result of preadipocyte proliferation or stem cell recruitment to become adipocytes. The purposes of these studies were 1) to characterize early differentiation of stromal vascular (S-V) cells to preadipocytes as it is influenced by insulin, dexamethasone (DEX), and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I); and 2) to determine whether new fat cells arise from stem cell recruitment or preadipocyte proliferation. Research Methods and Procedures: Freshly isolated S-V cells from rat inguinal adipose tissues were plated for 24 hours then exposed to serum-free medium. Results: Approximately 15% of freshly plated S-V cells were preadipocytes as determined by a preadipocyte specific marker, AD3. Total cell number and proportion of preadipocytes were significantly greater with 100 nM insulin treatment than with 0, 0.1, or 1.0 nM, but IGF-I treatment at 10 nM resulted in preadipocyte development similar to that with 100 nM insulin treatment. The addition of 5 nM DEX to the 100 nM insulin treatment resulted in a 20% increase in preadipocyte number by day 2 when compared to either treatment alone. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine treatment suppressed the increased proportion of preadipocytes from days 0-2 in non-insulin treated cells and prevented the increase typically observed with insulin. A mitosis inhibitor also significantly reduced the proportion of preadipocytes. Discussion: These results show for the first time that S-V cells are recruited as preadipocytes and that proliferation of these preadipocytes and early differentiation occur simultaneously. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Hausman, DB (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, 269 Dawson Hall, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM dhausman@arches.uga.edu FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-47246] NR 19 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI SILVER SPRING PA 8630 FENTON ST, SUITE 918, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 7 IS 5 BP 491 EP 497 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 237PU UT WOS:000082665900010 PM 10509607 ER PT J AU Iverson, AL Iverson, LR AF Iverson, AL Iverson, LR TI Spatial and temporal trends of deer harvest and deer-vehicle accidents in Ohio SO OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; UNITED-STATES; FORESTS; OVERABUNDANCE; PENNSYLVANIA AB White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have been increasing dramatically in the eastern United States, with concomitant increases in impacts resulting from deer browsing and deer-vehicle collisions. In Ohio, the number of deer were estimated at near zero in 1940 to over 450,000 in 1995. We analyzed estimates of deer harvest and deer-vehicle collisions in 1995 for 88 counties in Ohio. These data were also related to county-level spatial data on the length of major highways, urban land, rural land, crop land, forest land, all land, and human population. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the spatial and temporal trends of white-tailed deer across Ohio and to relate these patterns to the formerly mentioned environmental and human variables. For 1995 data, positive relationships existed between the amount of urban land in the county versus the number of deer-vehicle collisions, the amount of forest land in the county versus the number of deer harvested, the human population of a county versus the number of deer-vehicle collisions, and the length of major highways in a county versus the number of deer-vehicle collisions. Negative relationships existed between the amount of crop land bl a county versus the number of deer harvested, the amount of crop land versus the number of deer-vehicle collisions, and the amount of urban land versus the number of deer harvested. Nine counties, representing various levels of land-use and human population tendencies, were analyzed for historic trends in deer harvest (1985-1995) and deer-vehicle collisions (1988-1995); in each case, there were substantial rises over the previous decade. Extensions of the resulting regression lines show the possibility for continued increases in deer-vehicle collisions, especially those with a high human population and forest cover. The dramatic increases in deer populations can be attributed to increasing forest land in the state, more habitat of shrubby land, few predators, mild winters, and the deer's ability to adapt to human-inhabited enviroments. C1 Buckeye Valley High Sch, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Iverson, AL (reprint author), Buckeye Valley High Sch, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RI Iverson, Louis/C-7554-2009 OI Iverson, Louis/0000-0001-9501-471X NR 36 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 9 PU OHIO ACAD SCIENCE PI COLUMBUS PA 1500 W 3RD AVE SUITE 223, COLUMBUS, OH 43212-2817 USA SN 0030-0950 J9 OHIO J SCI JI Ohio J. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 99 IS 4 BP 84 EP 94 PG 11 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 277NU UT WOS:000084940300003 ER PT J AU Dayan, FE Watson, SB Galindo, JCG Hernandez, A Dou, J McChesney, JD Duke, SO AF Dayan, FE Watson, SB Galindo, JCG Hernandez, A Dou, J McChesney, JD Duke, SO TI Phytotoxicity of quassinoids: Physiological responses and structural requirements SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE allelopathy; mode of action; structure-activity relationships; phytotoxicity; SAR; computer modeling; natural products; quassinoids; herbicide ID AILANTHUS-ALTISSIMA; EURYCOMA-LONGIFOLIA; SESQUITERPENE LACTONES; INHIBITION AB Quassinoids are naturally occurring compounds with phytotoxic and allelopathic activities isolated from several plant species of the Simaroubaceae family. There is relatively little information about the structural characteristics imparting biological activity to these diterpene lactones or their effects on plants. We studied the effects of the oxymethylene ring substitution on the biological activity and molecular conformation of several quassinoids. The presence of this functional group had a great effect on the three-dimensional conformation and biological activity of these natural products. In the absence of the oxymethylene ring, the quassinoids were more planar and had little phytotoxicity. In addition, this bridging function introduced a new reactive center that caused the terpene backbone to bend. Molecules with such conformation were highly phytotoxic, reducing root growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and affecting all stages of mitosis in onion (Allium cepa) root tips. C1 USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Cadiz, Dept Organ Chem, Fac Sci, Cadiz 11520, Spain. Univ Basque Country, Fac Ciencias, Dept Biol Vegetal & Ecol, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain. Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmacol, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Dayan, FE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. EM fdayan@ag.gov RI HERNANDEZ, ANTONIO/L-1702-2014; Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009; OI HERNANDEZ, ANTONIO/0000-0002-8718-7685; Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499; Garcia Galindo, Juan Carlos/0000-0001-9653-379X NR 35 TC 35 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 65 IS 1 BP 15 EP 24 DI 10.1006/pest.1999.2432 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 235UQ UT WOS:000082561300003 ER PT J AU Clark, L Aronov, EV AF Clark, L Aronov, EV TI Human food flavor additives as bird repellents: I. Conjugated aromatic compounds SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bird; repellents; aldehydes; structure-activity; wildlife; management ID RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS; CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE; AVIAN REPELLENCY; MODEL AB Avian repellents derived from natural products and human food flavorants may be less expensive to register under United States environmental pesticide registration requirements. However, one difficulty faced by workers attempting to target repellents for development is the need to screen large numbers of compounds for activity, as well as consideration of formulation and environmental constraints. In this study, we compare the bird repellent activity of aldehyde-based human food additives and compare the levels of activity with our previously elucidated model for structure-activity relationships (SAR) for bird repellents. We find that a previously elucidated SAR model for identifying acetophenone and anthranilate bird repellents is applicable to predicting the activity of aromatic aldehyde flavorants as well. In particular, of the nine flavorants tested, four, benzaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, o-tolualdehyde, and o-anisaldehyde, warrant further consideration as bird repellents. (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Monell Chem Senses Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Clark, L (reprint author), US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 La Porte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 55 IS 9 BP 903 EP 908 DI 10.1002/ps.2780550906 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 232LL UT WOS:000082372200005 ER PT J AU Mullins, ED McCollum, TG McDonald, RE AF Mullins, ED McCollum, TG McDonald, RE TI Ethylene: A regulator of stress-induced ACC synthase activity in nonclimacteric fruit SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID ENCODING 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLATE SYNTHASE; INTERNAL FEEDBACK-REGULATION; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY; RIPENING TOMATO FRUIT; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; WOUND ETHYLENE; MESSENGER-RNA; ALBEDO TISSUE; EXPRESSION; BIOSYNTHESIS AB In spite of precautions, harvesting, packing and shipping of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) can often result in injury to the peel, which in turn leads to an increased evolution of the ripening hormone ethylene by the fruit. The present study is an attempt to determine how the stress-induced ethylene pathway is regulated using the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase (EC 4.4.1.14) action inhibitor aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG). Incubation of mature grapefruit flavedo discs in the presence of AVG created a super-induction of ACC synthase (ACS) activity, Maximum enzyme activity was achieved following an incubation period of between 24 and 36 h, From AVG-treated flavedo discs, cDNA encoding ACS was isolated, employing reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the accumulation of ACS transcripts, which peaked after 36 h incubation, was found to complement the recorded enzyme activity, Saturation of ACS activity was achieved with 100 mu M AVG, Incubation of flavedo with AVG significantly decreased both the conversion of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to ACC and the evolution of ethylene from the treated tissue, and in vitro incubation of extracted ACS enzyme with AVG led to repression of the action of the enzyme. Treatment of flavedo discs with ACC and ethylene inhibited the AVG-induced ACS activity. Northern blot analysis showed that ethylene suppressed the accumulation of ACS mRNA. It is suggested that in nonclimacteric fruit, the synthesis of ethylene can be regulated through a process of autoinhibition working at the level of gene expression. C1 ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Mullins, ED (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. EM edm4@psu.edu OI Mullins, Ewen/0000-0003-3005-4264 NR 41 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 107 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.100101.x PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 252VP UT WOS:000083523200001 ER PT J AU Shimabukuro, RH Hoffer, BL Biewer, KA David, DG AF Shimabukuro, RH Hoffer, BL Biewer, KA David, DG TI Physiological responses of resistant and susceptible plants to diclofop-methyl and its antagonism by 2,4-D and antioxidants SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID TRANSMEMBRANE PROTON GRADIENT; WILD OAT; 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID; ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS; MEMBRANE-POTENTIALS; LIPID BIOSYNTHESIS; LEAF SENESCENCE; PHOSPHOLIPASE-D; ACC OXIDASE; PLASMALEMMA AB Diclofop-methyl (DM) sprayed onto 6-8-week-old plants of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) caused senescence and abscission of older leaves, while the young leaves and apex remained attached. The phytotoxicity of DM was reversed by the antioxidant, alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), in leafy spurge and DM-susceptible oat (Avena sativa L. cv, Gary), DM and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) increased ethylene evolution in mature leaves of leafy spurge. Vitamin E reduced the DM-induced ethylene by approximately 50%, but had no effect on the 2,4-D-induced ethylene, DM did not increase ethylene in DM-resistant pea or tobacco, but 2,4-D induced a 3-fold increase in ethylene evolution over controls in DM-resistant tobacco. 2,4-D appears to act at a site different from that of Dill in the pathway of ethylene formation. Ethylene evolution increased in DM-treated susceptible biotypes of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum L,) and wild oat (Avena fatua L,), but not in resistant biotypes of these species. DM reduced root and shoot formation and dry weight in hypocotyl segments of etiolated leafy spurge seedlings grown in vitro, Organogenesis and dry weights were increased by the combination of DM + antioxidants. Vitamin E was a more effective antioxidant than ascorbic acid. These results support the hypothesis that DM induces oxidative stress in susceptible plant tissues and that antioxidants reduce the damaging action of the phytotoxic free radicals. C1 ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP David, DG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674,State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. EM davisd@fargo.ars.usda.gov NR 47 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 107 IS 1 BP 68 EP 76 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.100110.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 252VP UT WOS:000083523200010 ER PT J AU Borges, M Costa, MLM Sujii, ER Cavalcanti, MDG Redigolo, GF Resck, IS Vilela, EF AF Borges, M Costa, MLM Sujii, ER Cavalcanti, MDG Redigolo, GF Resck, IS Vilela, EF TI Semiochemical and physical stimuli involved in host recognition by Telenomus podisi (Hymenoptera : Scelionidae) toward Euschistus heros (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) SO PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE behaviour; bioassays; egg adhesive; egg parasitoid; host discrimination; kairomone ID STINK BUGS; PHEROMONE; KAIROMONE; ATTRACTANT; RESPONSES; OBSCURUS; TIME AB The egg parasitoid, Telenomus podisi, was shown to recognize its host, Euschistus heros, through both chemical and physical cues. These were determined in short-range bioassays. The cues comprised fertile and infertile host eggs, egg extracts, crude extracts of adult males and females and successive dilutions of the synthetic racemic mixture of methyl 2,6,10-trimethyltridecanoate, a male-produced pheromone of E. heros. Some of the treatments used induced a selection process in T. podisi, through host recognition behaviour, indicating a consistent response of this species to E. heros. The possibility that some of these compounds could be exploited as long-range kairomones, by T. podisi, is discussed. Using GC analysis, an unidentified compound (Rt 24.8 min), possibly from the egg adhesive material, was detected from E. heros egg extracts. Its retention time compared to the methyl 2,6,10-trimethyltridecanoate showed a lower volatility, suggesting that the egg adhesive may act as a short-range kairomone. Physical cues appeared to be an important component in the host selection process by T. podisi. The parasitoid discriminated infertile eggs which are differently shaped and smaller than fertile eggs. C1 Embrapa Recursos Genet & Biotecnol, BR-70849970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. Univ Brasilia, Dept Quim, BR-70910900 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. Univ Fed Vicosa, Dept Biol Anim, BR-36571000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil. RP Borges, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, EMBRAPA, LABEX, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Bldg 007,Room 301, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Sujii, Edison/I-1006-2012; Borges, Miguel/C-6937-2013; Sujii, Edison/H-7715-2015 OI Sujii, Edison/0000-0002-0702-0181; Sujii, Edison/0000-0002-0702-0181 NR 35 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0307-6962 J9 PHYSIOL ENTOMOL JI Physiol. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 227 EP 233 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3032.1999.00136.x PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 240MB UT WOS:000082828800004 ER PT J AU Harris, JW Woodring, J AF Harris, JW Woodring, J TI Effects of dietary precursors to biogenic amines on the behavioural response from groups of caged worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) to the alarm pheromone component isopentyl acetate SO PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alarm pheromones; biogenic amines; honey bees; 5-hydroxytryptophan; kynurenine; L-DOPA; tryptophan ID DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR; COLONY DEFENSE; OCTOPAMINE; SEROTONIN; HYMENOPTERA; DOPAMINE; APIDAE; BRAIN; AGE AB The sound or 'buzzing response' from groups of fifteen worker honey bees, Apis mellifera L., to the presentation of isopentyl acetate, an alarm pheromone component, was recorded through a microphone connected via a digital-analogue converter into a computer. The effects of ingested biogenic amine precursors 5-hydroxytryptophan, L-DOPA and tryptophan were tested on three variables measurable from the sound traces: onset of the buzzing response after presentation of the pheromone stimulus, the duration of the buzzing event, and the maximal sound frequency produced during the buzzing event. Bees fed high doses of 5-hydroxytrytophan were found to react significantly more slowly and with a significantly lower maximum frequency than bees that were only fed sucrose controls. Bees fed DOPA were no different from controls for any of the variables measured, and bees fed tryptophan were so hyperactive that reliable responses to the presentation of alarm pheromone could not be made. Finally, the brains of worker bees fed these different precursors were examined for content of various neurochemicals. Bees fed 5-hydroxytryptophan were found to have dose-dependent elevations of both 5-hydroxytryptophan and serotonin within their brains. Bees fed tryptophan were found to have dose-dependent elevations of tryptophan and kynurenine in the brain but no change in brain serotonin. Bees fed DOPA had dose-dependent increases in DOPA and dopamine levels within their brains. These results suggest that the hyperactive condition results from kynurenine metabolism, and the reduced response to alarm pheromone is related to serotonin metabolism. C1 USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Harris, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0307-6962 J9 PHYSIOL ENTOMOL JI Physiol. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 285 EP 291 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3032.1999.00141.x PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 240MB UT WOS:000082828800011 ER PT J AU Sterner, RT Hollenbeck, KA Shumake, SA AF Sterner, RT Hollenbeck, KA Shumake, SA TI Capsicum-laden soils decrease contact time by northern pocket gophers SO PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE capsicum; oleoresin; gopher; repellent; soil; Thomomys talpoides ID THOMOMYS-TALPOIDES; DAMAGE AB Fossorial rodents damage lawns/water impoundments/crops. We conducted a two-choice, parametric-type study to determine the effects of capsicum-oleoresin/soil mixtures (0.00, 0.75, 1.50, and 2.25%) upon soil-contact, soil-digging, and pelage-grooming behaviors in northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides). In 3 alternate-day (1-h/day) exposures to greater than or equal to 1.50% capsicum-oleoresin soil mixtures, gophers decreased mean soil contact time by 46% relative to placebo-exposed animals. Grooming time yielded a concentration x trial interaction that showed intense grooming by capsicum-exposed animals during trial 1, with "convergence" of times to near those of the "placebos" (0.00% capsicum oleoresin) by trial 3. The significant decrease in grooming activity was attributed to the gophers' reduced contact with capsicum soil across repeated exposures, rather than to chemical habituation. Soil-digging behaviors were minimally affected. Results demonstrate the feasibility of deterring gopher;habitation by mixing chemical irritants in soil. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Sterner, RT (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9384 J9 PHYSIOL BEHAV JI Physiol. Behav. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 67 IS 3 BP 455 EP 458 DI 10.1016/S0031-9384(99)00092-X PG 4 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences GA 235KJ UT WOS:000082540600020 PM 10497966 ER PT J AU Stange, RR Sims, JJ Midland, SL McDonald, RE AF Stange, RR Sims, JJ Midland, SL McDonald, RE TI Isolation of a phytoalexin, trans-p-coumaryl aldehyde, from Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbitaceae SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Cucurbita maxima; Cucurbitaceae; squash; phytoalexin; coumarin; trans-p-coumaryl aldehyde ID CUCUMBER HYPOCOTYLS; DISEASE RESISTANCE; CLADOSPORIUM-CUCUMERINUM; LIGNIFICATION; MECHANISM; ASSOCIATION; ACID AB An induced antifungal compound, trans-p-coumaryl aldehyde, was isolated from fruit tissue of Cucuribita maxima which had been elicited with pectinase. Its chemical structure was identified by NMR and MS. This is the first report of a phytoalexin from a member of the Cucurbitaceae. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Plant Pathol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Stange, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD SEP PY 1999 VL 52 IS 1 BP 41 EP 43 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00111-9 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 226ZL UT WOS:000082053000008 ER PT J AU Cheng, YC Madison, JT Thompson, JF AF Cheng, YC Madison, JT Thompson, JF TI Methionine-induced stabilization of Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor mRNA SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; leguminosae; soya bean; transcriptional activity; Bowman-Birk-type protease inhibitor; mRNA stability; poly(A) ID CV MAPLE ARROW; MESSENGER-RNA; ULTRASTRUCTURAL-LOCALIZATION; THIN-SECTIONS; GOLD METHOD; EXPRESSION; STABILITY; GENES AB Supplemental methionine in a complete culture medium increases the Bowman-Birk-type protease inhibitor (BBPI) level in cultured developing soybean (Glycine max, L. Merrill) cotyledons. The increase of BBPI level was paralleled by an increase in the mRNA level. Nuclear run-on analysis showed that transcriptional activities of the BBPI genes were not different between cotyledons cultured in media with or without added methionine. Kinetics of changes in BBPI mRNA levels suggested a change in BBPI mRNA stability upon adding or omitting methionine from the medium. Direct measurement of BBPI mRNA by the use of cordycepin revealed that BBPI mRNAs were much more stable in cotyledons cultured in medium supplemented with methionine than in cotyledons cultured in medium without methionine. No major difference or heterogeneity in the length of BBPI mRNA poly(A) tails in cotyledons cultured in medium with or without met was seen. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Div Biol Sci, Plant Biol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Thompson, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD SEP PY 1999 VL 52 IS 2 BP 225 EP 231 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00107-7 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 238DH UT WOS:000082695300004 ER PT J AU Cheng, YC Thompson, JF Madison, JT AF Cheng, YC Thompson, JF Madison, JT TI Degradation of Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor mRNA with a cell-free extract SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; leguminosae; soybean; cell-free mRNA degradation; Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor ID MESSENGER-RNA DECAY; INVITRO SYSTEM; STABILITY; METHIONINE; RIBONUCLEASE; INVIVO; YEAST AB A cell-free mRNA degradation system consisting of the polysomal and postpolysomal fractions was obtained from cultured soybean cotyledons for studying Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBPI) mRNA stability. This in vitro system reflected the shorter in vivo half-life of BBPI mRNA of cotyledons cultured in basal-medium as compared to cotyledons cultured in methionine-supplemented medium. Most of the BBPI mRNA degradative activity was found to be present in the postpolysomal supernatant fraction. The higher rate of BBPI mRNA degradation in basal medium-cultured cotyledons was due to an increased destabilizing activity specific to BBPI mRNA in the postpolysomal fraction from basal-medium cultured cotyledons. The specificity was absent when purified RNA was used as the substrate. Degradation of the mRNA was not divalent cation-dependent and was inhibited in the presence of higher concentrations of monovalent and divalent cations. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Div Biol Sci, Plant Biol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Thompson, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD SEP PY 1999 VL 52 IS 2 BP 233 EP 238 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00108-9 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 238DH UT WOS:000082695300005 PM 10513399 ER PT J AU Orum, TV Bigelow, DM Cotty, PJ Nelson, MR AF Orum, TV Bigelow, DM Cotty, PJ Nelson, MR TI Using predictions based on geostatistics to monitor trends in Aspergillus flavus strain composition SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cotton; geographic information systems; GIS ID ATOXIGENIC STRAIN; COTTON; FIELD AB Aspergillus flavus is a soil-inhabiting fungus that frequently produces aflatoxins, potent carcinogens, in cottonseed and other seed crops. A. flavus 8 strain isolates, characterized on the basis of sclerotial morphology, are highly toxigenic. Spatial and temporal characteristics of the percentage of the A. flavus isolates that are S strain (S strain incidence) were used to predict patterns across areas of more than 30 km(2). Spatial autocorrelation in S strain incidence in Yuma County, AZ, was shown to extend beyond field boundaries to adjacent fields. Variograms revealed both short-range (2 to 6 km) and long-range (20 to 30 km) spatial structure in 8 strain incidence. S strain incidence at 36 locations sampled in July 1997 was predicted with a high correlation between expected and observed values (R = 0.85, P = 0.0001) by kriging data from July 1995 and July 1996. 8 strain incidence at locations sampled in October 1997 and March 1998 was markedly less than predicted by kriging data from the same months in prior years. Temporal analysis of four locations repeatedly sampled from April 1995 through July 1998 also indicated a major reduction in 8 strain incidence in the Texas Hill area after July 1997. Surface maps generated by kriging point data indicated a similarity in the spatial pattern of S strain incidence among all sampling dates despite temporal changes in the overall 8 strain incidence. Geostatistics provided useful descriptions of variability in S strain incidence over space and time. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Pathol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Orum, TV (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Pathol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM torum@ag.arizona.edu NR 22 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD SEP PY 1999 VL 89 IS 9 BP 761 EP 769 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.9.761 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 229CT UT WOS:000082176500007 PM 18944704 ER PT J AU Boiteux, LS Fonseca, MEN Simon, PW AF Boiteux, LS Fonseca, MEN Simon, PW TI Host status and reaction of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes to infection by the northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Arabidopsis thaliana; Meloidogyne hapla; host range; resistance; root-knot nematode ID DISEASE RESISTANCE; PLANT-RESISTANCE; GENES; POPULATIONS; GENOME; MI AB A phenotypically and geographically diverse collection of 45 Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes was evaluated for its reaction to the northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) under greenhouse conditions. A significant ecotype effect was observed for both criteria used for host reaction assessment: namely, root-gall rating (RGR) and nematode reproductive index (RI). A non-host (non-galling) response was not detected in this germplasm collection. The majority of the ecotypes showed high degrees of RGR and RI. However, some medium-late maturing ecotypes such as 'CS-1540' and 'CS-6028' (both collected in the UK) displayed high RGR but in association with very reduced RI.. The confirmation of A. thaliana as an experimental host of M. hapla and the identification of differential levels of response to infection by this endoparasitic nematode provides the opportunity for genetic and molecular characterization of a new set of plant genes expressed during plant-nematode interaction. A. thaliana is the smallest and the best characterized genome among plant species, which may facilitate gene isolation and cloning. This may hasten transgenic transfer to economically important host plants of the genetic factors controlling low RI levels identified in some A. thaliana ecotypes. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EMBRAPA, Ctr Nacl Pesquisa Hortalicas, BR-70849970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. EMBRAPA, Ctr Nacl Pesquisa Recursos Genet & Biotecnol, BR-90849970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. RP Simon, PW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Fonseca, Maria Esther/G-3524-2012; Boiteux, Leonardo/F-9675-2012 NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 118 IS 4 BP 355 EP 358 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.1999.00384.x PG 4 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 241JT UT WOS:000082880000015 ER PT J AU Zhang, S Cho, MJ Koprek, T Yun, R Bregitzer, P Lemaux, PG AF Zhang, S Cho, MJ Koprek, T Yun, R Bregitzer, P Lemaux, PG TI Genetic transformation of commercial cultivars of oat (Avena sativa L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using in vitro shoot meristematic cultures derived from germinated seedlings SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE barley (Hordeum vulgare L.); oat (Avena sativa L.); shoot meristematic culture; transformation; transgene expression ID FERTILE TRANSGENIC BARLEY; SOMACLONAL VARIATION; PLANTS; EXPRESSION; IMPROVEMENT; REGENERATION; BOMBARDMENT; GENERATION; KNOTTED1; PATTERNS AB Genetic transformation using shoot meristematic cultures (SMCs) derived from germinated seedlings is established in commercial varieties of oat cv 'Garry' and barley cv 'Harrington'. Six-month-old SMCs of oat were induced on MPM and bombarded with bar and uidA; 9-month-old SMCs of barley were induced on an improved medium (MPM-MC) containing maltose and high levels of copper and bombarded with bar/nptII and uidA. After 3-4 months on selection, seven independent transgenic lines of oat were obtained, two lines of barley. All transgenic lines produced T-0 plants; five lines of oat and one line of barley were self-fertile, and the other barley line produced T-1 seed when out-crossed. Both Mendelian and non-Mendelian segregation ratios of transgene expression were observed in T-1 and T-2 progeny of transgenic oat. Normal as well as low physical transmission of the transgenes was also seen in T-1 and T-2 progeny of oat. The bar-containing line of barley showed stable transgene expression in all of the T-1 and T-2 progeny tested. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Lemaux, PG (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 35 TC 67 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD SEP PY 1999 VL 18 IS 12 BP 959 EP 966 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 240VJ UT WOS:000082847500001 ER PT J AU Goates, BJ Peterson, GL AF Goates, BJ Peterson, GL TI Relationship between soilborne and seedborne inoculum density and the incidence of dwarf bunt of wheat SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; smut ID DIFENOCONAZOLE SEED TREATMENT; WINTER-WHEAT AB The incidence of dwarf bunt of wheat as a function of inoculum density was studied in a susceptible and a partially resistant cultivar at three disease-conducive locations for three seasons. Prior to seeding, plots were fumigated with methyl bromide to eliminate residual inoculum. Each cultivar was seeded into two 1.2-m rows in four replicates. The soil surface was inoculated with 0, 16 x 10(2), 16 x 10(3), 16 x 10(4), 16 x 10(5), and 16 x 10(6) teliospores of Tilletia controversa per row, or seed was inoculated with 0, 2 x 10(2), 2 x 10(3), 2 x 10(4), 2 x 10(5), and 2 x 10(6) teliospores per gram. To determine maximum possible infection, two 3.1-m rows of each cultivar were soil-surface inoculated at 10x the highest treatment rate. In the soil-inoculated plots, a minimum of 16 x 10(3) teliospores/row was needed to cause trace amounts of disease (0.6% maximum), even when the positive indicator treatment had up to 88% incidence. Only trace amounts or no disease occurred below the 16 x 10(5) rate. In the seed-inoculated plots, infection was rare and occurred only at inoculation rates of 2 x 10(5) teliospores/g or higher; the highest incidence was 0.4%. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. ARS, USDA, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP Goates, BJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, POB 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. EM bgoates@uidaho.edu NR 25 TC 9 Z9 14 U1 5 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 83 IS 9 BP 819 EP 824 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.9.819 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 229CJ UT WOS:000082175700006 ER PT J AU Hoefnagels, MH Linderman, RG AF Hoefnagels, MH Linderman, RG TI Biological suppression of seedborne Fusarium spp. during cold stratification of Douglas fir seeds SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE seed sanitation ID SWEET CORN SEED; PINE; EMERGENCE; OXYSPORUM; WILT AB Fusarium spp, are important soil- and seedborne pathogens of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in conifer seedling nurseries. We investigated the effects of culture media and cold stratification on isolation of Fusarium spp. from three Douglas fir seedlots and tested whether the numbers and species mixtures found on stratified seeds could cause disease. Nearly all cold-stratified seeds plated on three semiselective culture media yielded Fusarium spp., including F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. lateritium, F. moniliforme, F. poae, F. proliferatum, F. sambucinum, F. solani, and F. tricinctum. Species composition did not differ significantly among the media. Isolation of Fusarium spp. from seeds plated on Komada's medium (pH 6.8) at various stages of imbibition and cold stratification progressively increased from 10 to 22% to 65 to 100%. When stratified seeds were planted in conditions conducive to disease development, however, little disease attributable to Fusarium spp. resulted. A subsequent study was conducted to determine whether a biological control agent applied during imbibition could reduce the proliferation of Fusarium spp. during stratification. Unstratified Douglas fir seeds were imbibed for 24 h in a suspension of Pseudomonas chlororaphis isolate RD31-3A, a rifampicin-resistant fluorescent pseudomonad with previously demonstrated biocontrol activity against F. oxysporum. This treatment reduced the proliferation of Fusarium spp. during cold stratification without significantly affecting subsequent seed germination. The greatest reduction in poststratification populations of seedborne Fusarium spp. was achieved when preimbibition treatment with hydrogen peroxide was followed by seed imbibition in live bacteria. Seed imbibition in bacterial suspensions may be an effective means to deliver biological control agents to Douglas fir seeds. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Hoefnagels, MH (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, 770 Van Vleet Oval,Room 135, Norman, OK 73019 USA. EM hoefnagels@ou.edu NR 36 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 83 IS 9 BP 845 EP 852 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.9.845 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 229CJ UT WOS:000082175700011 ER PT J AU Wisler, GC Lewellen, RT Sears, JL Liu, HY Duffus, JE AF Wisler, GC Lewellen, RT Sears, JL Liu, HY Duffus, JE TI Specificity of TAS-ELISA for beet necrotic yellow vein virus and its application for determining rhizomania resistance in field-grown sugar beets SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE beet soilborne mosaic virus; Polymyxa betae; western blot AB Levels of beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV), as measured by triple-antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA), were compared with biological evaluations in representative commercial and experimental sugar beet cultivars developed for production in the United States and ranging in their reactions to rhizomania from uniformly susceptible to highly resistant. TAS-ELISA was specific for BNYVV and did not react with related soilborne sugar beet viruses. Differences in absorbance (A(405nm)) values measured in eight cultivars closely correlated with the dosage and frequency of the Rz allele, which conditions resistance to BNYVV. A diploid (Rzrz) hybrid had a significantly lower absorbance value (less virus) than a similar triploid (Rzrzrz) hybrid. Cultivars that segregated (Rzrz:rzrz) had higher absorbance values than uniformly resistant (Rzrz) hybrids, as was expected. For all cultivars, absorbance values decreased as the season progressed. Absorbance value was significantly positively correlated with rhizomania disease index score and negatively correlated with individual root weight, plot root weight, and sugar yield. This information should be useful in resistance-breeding and -evaluation programs and in the sugar industry when considering cultivar choice, inoculum production, and future crop rotations. C1 ARS, USDA, Salinas, CA 93915 USA. RP Wisler, GC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Salinas, CA 93915 USA. EM gwisler@pwa.ars.usda.gov NR 26 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 83 IS 9 BP 864 EP 870 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.9.864 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 229CJ UT WOS:000082175700014 ER PT J AU McVey, DV Long, DL Roberts, JJ AF McVey, DV Long, DL Roberts, JJ TI Races of Puccinia graminis in the United States during 1996 SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID STEM RUST AB Stem rust caused negligible yield losses in 1996 in the United States. Wheat stem rust was first found during the second week of April in a field of soft red winter wheat southwest of Houston, Texas. Race Pgt-TPMK continues to predominate, with 66% of 273 isolates from 100 collections. TPMK represented 76 and 63% of the isolates from wheat in fields and nurseries, respectively. Race QFCS was identified at a frequency of 12 and 29% from farm fields and nurseries, respectively, and 26% overall. Eight other races consisted of 3% or less of the isolates. From barley, race QCCJ, virulent to the Rpg-1 gene for resistance to stem rust, was identified in only 12% of 77 isolates of 27 collections, while TPMK consisted of 64% of the isolates. No virulence was found to wheat lines with genes Sr9b, 13, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 37, Gt, or Wld-1. Oat stem rust was first found in late April in southern Louisiana and central Texas. Race NA-27, virulent to Pg-1, -2, -3, -4, and -8, was again the predominant race in the United States, comprising 91% of 93 isolates from 36 collections. NA-5 and NA-16 were the other two races identified, comprising 4% each. C1 Univ Minnesota, Cereal Dis Lab, ARS, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP McVey, DV (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Cereal Dis Lab, ARS, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM donm@puccini.crl.umn.edu NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 83 IS 9 BP 871 EP 875 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.9.871 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 229CJ UT WOS:000082175700015 ER PT J AU Huebner, CD Vankat, JL Renwick, WH AF Huebner, CD Vankat, JL Renwick, WH TI Change in the vegetation mosaic of central Arizona USA between 1940 and 1989 SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chaparral; conversion; fire; grassland; grazing; woodland ID JUNIPER AB The landscape of central Arizona U.S.A. is characterized by a patchy distribution of three major vegetation types: chaparral, woodland and grassland. Disturbance is common in the landscape, primarily livestock grazing, fire and conversion (i.e., removal of woody plants to increase forage for livestock). The purposes of this research were to determine changes in the landscape mosaic of central Arizona between 1940 and 1989 and to predict future changes. Using aerial photographs from 1940, 1968 and 1989 and digital overlays followed by transition matrix analysis, we found that chaparral and its adjacent grassland had changed less than woodland and its grassland. However, both had nearly equal projected stabilization times. Moreover, disturbance increased time for stabilization and some results were scale-dependent. C1 Miami Univ, Dept Geog, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. Miami Univ, Dept Bot, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. RP Huebner, CD (reprint author), Natl Res Initiat Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens, USDA, Competit Grants Program, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 144 IS 1 BP 83 EP 91 DI 10.1023/A:1009892126986 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 235GB UT WOS:000082532400006 ER PT J AU Whittaker, DJ Triplett, BA AF Whittaker, DJ Triplett, BA TI Gene-specific changes in alpha-tubulin transcript accumulation in developing cotton fibers SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ZEA-MAYS L; WALL MICROFIBRIL ORIENTATION; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; CORTICAL MICROTUBULES; GAMMA-TUBULIN; SMALL GENOME; PLANT-CELLS; EXPRESSION; FAMILY; MAIZE AB The fibers of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) are single-cell trichomes that undergo rapid and synchronous elongation. Cortical microtubules provide spatial information necessary for the alignment of cellulose microfibrils that confine and regulate cell elongation. We used gene-specific probes to investigate alpha-tubulin transcript levels in elongating cotton fibers. Two discrete patterns of transcript accumulation were observed. Whereas transcripts of alpha-tubulin genes GhTua2/3 and GhTua4 increased in abundance from 10 to 20 d post anthesis (DPA), GhTua1 and GhTua5 transcripts were abundant only through to 14 DPA, and dropped significantly at 16 DPA with the onset of secondary wall synthesis. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of gene-specific changes in tubulin transcript levels during the development of a terminally differentiated plant cell. The decrease in abundance of GhTua1 and GhTua5 transcripts was correlated with pronounced changes in cell wall structure, suggesting that alpha-tubulin isoforms may be functionally distinct in elongating fiber cells. Although total alpha-tubulin transcript levels were much higher in fiber than several other tissues, including the hypocotyl and pollen, none of the alpha-tubulins was specific to fiber cells. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM btriplet@nola.srrc.usda.gov NR 45 TC 62 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 EI 1532-2548 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 121 IS 1 BP 181 EP 188 DI 10.1104/pp.121.1.181 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 236BL UT WOS:000082578300020 PM 10482673 ER PT J AU Bago, B Pfeffer, PE Douds, DD Brouillette, J Becard, G Shachar-Hill, Y AF Bago, B Pfeffer, PE Douds, DD Brouillette, J Becard, G Shachar-Hill, Y TI Carbon metabolism in spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices as revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GIGASPORA-MARGARITA BECKER; INVIVO C-13 NMR; GERMINATED SPORES; NEUROSPORA-CRASSA; ROOTS; VERSIFORME; TREHALOSE; GRANULES; GROWTH; HYPHAE AB Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are obligate symbionts that colonize the roots of over 80% of plants in all terrestrial environments. Understanding why AM fungi do not complete their life cycle under free-living conditions has significant implications for the management of one of the world's most important symbioses. We used (13)C-labeled substrates and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study carbon fluxes during spore germination and the metabolic pathways by which these fluxes occur in the AM fungus Glomos intraradices. Our results indicate that during asymbiotic growth: (a) sugars are made from stored lipids; (b) trehalose (but not lipid) is synthesized as well as degraded; (c) glucose and fructose, but not mannitol, can be taken up and utilized; (d) dark fixation of CO(2) is substantial; and (e) arginine and other amino acids are synthesized. The labeling patterns are consistent with significant carbon fluxes through gluconeogenesis, the glyoxylate cycle, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis, non-photosynthetic one-carbon metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, and most or all of the urea cycle. We also report the presence of an unidentified betaine-like compound. Carbon metabolism during asymbiotic growth has features in between those presented by intraradical and extraradical hyphae in the symbiotic state. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Paris Sud, CNRS, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88001 USA. RP Pfeffer, PE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM ppfeffer@arserrc.gov RI Shachar-Hill, Yair/B-6165-2013; Bago, Alberto/H-9683-2015 OI Shachar-Hill, Yair/0000-0001-8793-5084; FU NCRR NIH HHS [P41RR09731] NR 38 TC 81 Z9 92 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 121 IS 1 BP 263 EP 271 DI 10.1104/pp.121.1.263 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 236BL UT WOS:000082578300029 PM 10482682 ER PT J AU Kim, J Solomos, T Gross, KC AF Kim, J Solomos, T Gross, KC TI Changes in cell wall galactosyl and soluble galactose content in tomato fruit stored in low oxygen atmospheres SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ethylene; fruit ripening; beta-galactosidase; Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ID ESCULENTUM MILL FRUIT; ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS; POLYURONIDE DEGRADATION; SILVER IONS; INHIBITION; EXPRESSION; TISSUE; GENE AB Mature green tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit were stored in atmospheres of low oxygen (3.05 kPa; 3%) or air (control) at 20 degrees C. Their subsequent ripening behavior was compared in an effort to evaluate the temporal relationship among ethylene production, respiration, cell wall galactosyl residue loss and the increase in free galactose that occurs during ripening. An increase in ethylene evolution and respiration, red color development, and loss in fruit firmness were delayed in fruit held in low oxygen compared to control fruit held in air which showed normal ripening-related changes. Both the ripening-related decrease in cell wall galactosyl residues and the increase in soluble galactose were suppressed for 9 days in fruit held in low oxygen. However, after 9 days of storage, these processes did commence and changed significantly by 13 days of storage. These results suggest that either only relatively low baseline levels of ethylene were necessary for it to exert its effect on these cell wall-related fruit ripening processes to occur or that the cell wall-related changes observed were ethylene independent. It is clear that the levels of ethylene generally produced during the respiratory climacteric were not necessary to begin the processes associated with cell wall modification, such as the large net loss of galactosyl residues from the cell wall during tomato fruit ripening. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Chungang Univ, Dept Hort Crops Breeding, Kyounggi Do 456756, South Korea. Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Gross, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Bldg 002,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 17 IS 1 BP 33 EP 38 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(99)00024-1 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 246XE UT WOS:000083189500004 ER PT J AU Shellie, KC AF Shellie, KC TI Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit ripening and postharvest quality after a preharvest spray of aminoethoxyvinylglycine SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bacterial phytotoxin; AVG; rhizobitoxine; chlorosis; ethylene; 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid; ACC; cantaloupe; harvest uniformity; maturity; firmness; storage life ID VOLATILES AB Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) at 60, 130, or 260 mg l(-1) was applied to plots of 'Primo' and 'Mission' muskmelon 18 or 12 days prior to harvest. Melons were harvested twice from each plot and quality attributes evaluated at harvest or after cold storage. Melons harvested from plots sprayed with AVG had lower rates of ethylene production at harvest and after cold storage than melons harvested from control plots. Melon ethylene production after storage varied inversely with AVG application rate and was consistently lower when AVG was applied 7 days after full net. No difference was observed in flesh firmness, soluble solids, fresh mass or incidence of decay at harvest or after storage in melons harvested from plots sprayed with AVG. Uniformity of melon maturity within a plot was not enhanced by AVG, and plots treated with AVG required sequential harvests similar to control plots. Applications of 260 mg l(-1) of AVG did, however, delay initial development of an abscission zone. Plots sprayed with 130 or 260 mg l(-1) AVG developed a dose-related, leaf chlorosis readily visible 4 days after spraying. Plants with leaf chlorosis were rated equal in vigor to plants without leaf chlorosis. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Shellie, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2301 S Int Blvd, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 17 IS 1 BP 55 EP 62 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(99)00022-8 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 246XE UT WOS:000083189500007 ER PT J AU Capuco, AV Kahl, S Jack, LJW Bishop, JO Wallace, H AF Capuco, AV Kahl, S Jack, LJW Bishop, JO Wallace, H TI Prolactin and growth hormone stimulation of lactation in mice requires thyroid hormones SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID I IODOTHYRONINE DEIODINASE; MOUSE MAMMARY-GLANDS; THYROXINE-5'-MONODEIODINASE ACTIVITY; INFANT RAT; 5'-DEIODINASE; SOMATOTROPIN; PREGNANCY; THYROXINE; TISSUE; MILK AB This experiment tested the hypothesis that thyroid hormones are essential for a milk production response to growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL), Prior to breeding, female transgenic mice expressing the herpes simplex type-I thymidine kinase in the thyroid were treated with ganciclovir to ablate thyroid follicular cells. To provide for normal gestation, thyrocyte-ablated mice were supplied thyroxine (T-4) in drinking water (0.2 mu g/ml) until 7 days before parturition, Litter size was adjusted to 9 pups, hormone administration began on Day 2 of lactation, and mice were sacrificed on Day 12, There were 5-6 mice in each of 7 treatments that included nonablated controls, thyrocyte-ablated controls, and thyrocyte-ablated mice treated with T-4, GH, PRL, GH + T-4, and PRL + T-4. Thyroxine was administered in drinking water, and GH and PRL (20 mu g/d) were administered by subcutaneous injection. Compared with thyrocyte-ablated controls, litter weight gain was unaffected when dams were treated with GH, PRL, or T-4 alone. However, when dams were treated with GH or PRL in combination with T-4, litter weight gain increased 13% compared with thyrocyte-ablated controls and 18% compared with GH or PRL-treated mice. Concentration of T-4 in serum of pups averaged 62 ng/ml and did not differ among treatments. Concentration of T-4 in serum of dams averaged 76 ng/ml when T-4-treated. Thyroxine 5'-deiodinase (5'D), the enzyme that converts T-4 to triiodothyronine, was quantitated in liver, kidney, and mammary gland, Quantity of 5'D was lower in liver and kidney of thyrocyte-ablated dams without T-4 than in respective tissues of mice treated with T-4, and there was no effect of GH or PRL. However, in mammary gland, 5'D was increased by treatment with GH, PRL, or T-4. Data show that thyroid hormones are necessary for a galactopoietic response to GH and PRL and demonstrate a unique organ-specific regulation of 5'D by galactopoietic hormones. C1 USDA ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, LPSI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Ctr Genome Res, Edinburgh EH9 3JQ, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Capuco, AV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, LPSI, Bldg 200,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0037-9727 J9 P SOC EXP BIOL MED JI Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 221 IS 4 BP 345 EP 351 DI 10.1046/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-91.x PG 7 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 225NM UT WOS:000081967700006 PM 10460696 ER PT J AU Sumner, AE Falkner, B Diffenderfer, MR Barrett, PHR Marsh, JB AF Sumner, AE Falkner, B Diffenderfer, MR Barrett, PHR Marsh, JB TI A study of the metabolism of apolipoprotein B100 in relation to insulin resistance in African American males SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS; STABLE-ISOTOPE; B METABOLISM; FATTY-ACIDS; SECRETION; OBESITY; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; HYPERINSULINEMIA; DISEASE; ASSAY AB The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between insulin resistance and apoB100 metabolism in African American males. Fifteen subjects, 33 +/- 7.6 years old, were divided into two groups, insulin-resistant (IR) or insulin-sensitive (IS), based on the sum of the plasma insulin concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test. The IR group (n = 8) differed significantly from the IS group (n = 7) with respect to body mass index (BMI) (30.1 vs 23.1 kg/m(2); P = 0.0003), fasting triglycerides, (118 vs 54 mg/dl, P = 0.013), and total plasma apolipoprotein B100 (80 vs 59 mg/dl, P = 0.014), Significantly elevated apoB100 levels in the IR group were seen in very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (5.1 vs 3.4 mg/dl, P = 0.045) and intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) (18 vs 12 mg/dl, P = 0.017) but not in low density lipoprotein (LDL) (57 vs 46 mg/dl, P = 0.19). Total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoprotein A-I, and blood pressure were not significantly different between the two groups. There was a high correlation between the sum of insulins during the oral glucose tolerance test and the BMI (rho = 0.88, P = 0.0001), In five IR and five IS subjects, apoB100 kinetics were determined in the fasting state using a bolus dose of deuteroleucine and multicompartmental modeling. IR subjects had significantly lower fractional catabolic rates (FCR) in the larger VLDL, (-70%), the smaller VLDL2 (-71%), and the IDL (-53%) fractions. No significant differences in production rates were observed for any lipoprotein class. There was a significant correlation between the sum of insulins and the FCR of the apoB100 of VLDL, (rho = -0.65, P = 0.05) and of IDL (rho = -0.85, P = 0.004). The correlation coefficient of the sum of insulins and the FCR of VLDL, was -0.61 with P = 0.067. We conclude that in this population of African American males, IF is correlated with a decreased FCR of apoB100 in VLDL and IDL and elevated plasma levels of apoB and triglycerides (TG), These changes might be explained by decreased clearance of the TG-rich lipoproteins, We postulate that this may reflect decreased lipoprotein and/or hepatic lipase activity related to insulin resistance and its association with obesity. C1 Med Coll Penn & Hahnemann Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA. Med Coll Penn & Hahnemann Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Philadelphia, PA 19129 USA. Univ Washington, Resource Facil Kinet Anal, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Marsh, JB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Barrett, Hugh/B-2745-2011; OI Barrett, Peter Hugh/0000-0003-3223-6125 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR12609]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL51536, HL51547] NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0037-9727 J9 P SOC EXP BIOL MED JI Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 221 IS 4 BP 352 EP 360 DI 10.1046/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-92.x PG 9 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 225NM UT WOS:000081967700007 PM 10460697 ER PT J AU Outcalt, KW Williams, ME Onokpise, O AF Outcalt, KW Williams, ME Onokpise, O TI Restoring Aristida stricta to Pinus palustris ecosystems on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WIREGRASS AB Aristida stricta (wiregrass), a perennial bunchgrass, quickly accumulates dead leaves, which along with the shed needles of Pinus palustris (longleaf pine) provide the fuel for frequent surface fires. Thus, historically, wiregrass played a key role in many longleaf communities where it significantly influenced the natural fire regime and thereby the composition of the plant community. Reestablishment of wiregrass is, therefore, critical to restoring the native understory of Atlantic Coastal Plain longleaf pine ecosystems. This study measured the effects of different site preparations and fertilizer application on the survival and growth of wiregrass seedlings. Two-month-old seedlings were underplanted in existing longleaf pine stands on dry Lakeland soils at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. Survival was acceptable at 51% after four years, although reduced owing to drought and small seedling size. Survival and growth could both be increased by using older seedlings with an initial height of at least 6 cm. Wiregrass leaves grew quite rapidly and attained an average length of 48 cm in four years on control plots. Basal area growth rate was greater than expected, averaging 40% on control treatments and 55% on cultivated and fertilized plots. If growth rates during the first four seasons continue, wiregrass will attain mature size on cultivated and fertilized plots at six years, while non-fertilized control plots will take eight years. A planting density of one seedling per m(2) is recommended to provide sufficient wiregrass foliar cover to influence fire regimes in a reasonable length of time (i.e., 5-7 years). C1 USDA, So Res Stn, Forest Serv, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Florida A&M Univ, Coll Engn Sci Technol & Agr, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. RP Outcalt, KW (reprint author), USDA, So Res Stn, Forest Serv, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 7 IS 3 BP 262 EP 270 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72019.x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 237BM UT WOS:000082633800005 ER PT J AU Jones, RE Fly, JM Cordell, HK AF Jones, RE Fly, JM Cordell, HK TI How green is my valley? Tracking rural and urban environmentalism in the Southern Appalachian Ecoregion SO RURAL SOCIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Annual Southern Appalachian Man and the Biosphere Conference CY NOV 04-06, 1998 CL GATLINBURG, TENNESSEE ID UNITED-STATES; SOCIAL BASES; NONMETROPOLITAN MIGRATION; SUPPORT; GROWTH; TRENDS; VALUES; PLACE AB Research on the social bases of environmentalism in the United States has generally found that urban residents are more concerned about the environment than rural residents. Recent research suggests this may no longer be the case, particularly in specific settings or under certain conditions. This paper examines the issue by reviewing recent survey research on rural and urban environmentalism. Tests for significant differences between urban and rural inhabitants of the Southern Ap palachian Ecoregion on cognitive and behavioral dimensions of environmentalism are also conducted using data obtained fi-om 1,239 telephone interviews. Findings are consistent with previous research showing that younger people, those with higher levels of education, and political liberals generally express higher levels of environmentalism. However, no significant rural-urban differences were found on several indicators of environmentalism. A range of conditions that are rapidly changing the character and composition of the region may help to explain why the findings do not conform to the general pattern of rural-urban differences. Overall, it appears that environmentalism has broadened its appeal in rural areas, especially in communities located near national and state parks, wildlife refuges, and other outdoor recreation sites. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Sociol, Environm & Soc Program, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Jones, RE (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Sociol, Environm & Soc Program, 901 McClung Tower, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 60 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 5 U2 10 PU RURAL SOCIOLOGICAL SOC PI BELLINGHAM PA C/O RABEL J BURDGE, TREASURER, WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIV, DEPT SOCIOL ARNTZEN HALL R-510, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225-9081 USA SN 0036-0112 J9 RURAL SOCIOL JI Rural Sociol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 64 IS 3 BP 482 EP 499 PG 18 WC Sociology SC Sociology GA 233JX UT WOS:000082424700007 ER PT J AU Martens, DA Suarez, DL AF Martens, DA Suarez, DL TI Transformations of volatile methylated selenium in soil SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE methylated selenium volatiles; soil transformations of Se ID DIMETHYLSELENIDE; BIOMETHYLATION AB Microbial volatilization of selenium as dimethylselenide (DMSe) and dimethyldiselenide (DMDSe) from soil is an important part of the Se cycle in nature, but little is known about the stability and transformations of these gases during residence in the soil environment before dissipation to the atmosphere. Experiments monitored by gas chromatography and atomic absorption spectroscopy were made with various clay mineral standards, charcoal, commercial humic substances and soils to determine the sorption and transformations of DMSe and DMDSe injected into the headspace or passed through soil materials. Batch experiments conducted with 2-5 g materials placed into 40 mL Teflon centrifuge tubes equipped with Mininert(R) gas sampling valves showed that DMSe was slowly sorbed by soil materials and most of the DMSe deficit in the headspace was recovered as SeO3= and Se-4(=). In contrast, DMDSe was rapidly partitioned from the gas phase and resulted in an increased recovery of less soluble elemental and selenide-Se forms. These results were confirmed during flow-through soil column studies with both little DMSe sorption and sorption of the majority of DMDSe addition. Additions of selenomethionine (SeMet) to soil to produce DMSe and DMDSe in sealed flasks resulted in an increased partitioning of Se into inorganic Se when compared with a flow-through system designed to limit the contact of Se gases with soil. These results suggest that soil Se volatilization as DMSe and DMDSe results in Se loss to the atmosphere as DMSe with concomitant soil Se immobilization due to the instability of DMDSe. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Martens, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 31 IS 10 BP 1355 EP 1361 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00044-9 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 221UV UT WOS:000081746000002 ER PT J AU Stark, PJ AF Stark, PJ TI A general heat dissipation sensor calibration equation and estimation of soil water content SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soil heat dissipation sensor; calibration; matric potential; volumetric water content AB Ten heat dissipation sensors (HDS) were calibrated in the laboratory in order to produce a simple, generalized linear equation that could be applied to a large number of uncalibrated sensors of like manufacture. This generalized equation was based on temperature rise of the sensor and was compared with Reece's (1996) equation, which was based on thermal conductivity. Both of the calibration equations produced similar matric potential output, indicating that an equation developed from a small number of HDS can be applied to uncalibrated sensors. Matric potentials from both generalized equations were converted into estimates of volumetric water content and compared with measured values at three rangeland sites in southwestern Oklahoma, At two sites, volumetric water content from the HDS compared well, within the operating limits of the sensor, with volumetric water content determined from soil samples. The third site was characterized by a sandy loam soil, and during drying cycles, the HDS-derived values of water content did not compare well with the soil sample values. It is suspected that the sensor lost hydraulic contact with the soil, which drained faster than the sensor indicated. C1 ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, USDA, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Stark, PJ (reprint author), ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, USDA, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 164 IS 9 BP 655 EP 661 DI 10.1097/00010694-199909000-00005 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 241RB UT WOS:000082895400005 ER PT J AU Sojka, RE Upchurch, DR AF Sojka, RE Upchurch, DR TI Reservations regarding the soil quality concept SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; EARTHWORM BURROWS; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; FACILITATED TRANSPORT; AGRICULTURAL SOILS; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; PREFERENTIAL FLOW; PHOSPHORUS FORMS; HUMIC ACIDS AB We consider the appropriateness of institutionalizing soil quality as a defined parameter in soil science. The soil management research of land grant universities and the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and the mission and goals of state, federal, and private conservation agencies stand to be significantly affected. We feel that a non-advocative examination of this concept could provide a positive contribution. The definition of soil quality has proven elusive and value laden. There is concern by some that the concept has developed arbitrary policy overtones. Our reservations stem from concerns regarding premature acceptance and institutionalization of an incompletely formulated and largely untested paradigm, potential unintended negative outcomes, promotion of a narrowly defined environmental policy in a context normally associated with value-neutral science, and taxonomic and/or regional bias in establishing the paradigm, To date, soil quality assessments have drawn from a relatively narrow crop production and ecological perspective to positively or negatively weight soil quality assessment factors, Although the soil quality paradigm acknowledges multi-defined soil functions, it has yet to operationally recognize and integrate the simultaneity of diverse and often conflicting functions and soil property requirements. Thus, we are attempting to articulate the concerns of many of our colleagues who are reluctant to endorse redefining :the soil science paradigm away from the value-neutral tradition of edaphology and specific problem solving to a paradigm based on variable, and often subjective societal perceptions of environmental holism, Traditionally, it has been the soil science profession's role to perform the science to enable resource management policy and problem solving, not to establish relational-based value systems within the science. We suggest emphasizing quality soil management rather than soil quality management as a professional and scientific goal. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. USDA ARS, Cropping Syst Res Lab, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RP Sojka, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 158 TC 104 Z9 113 U1 1 U2 25 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 5 BP 1039 EP 1054 PG 16 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 258LC UT WOS:000083839800001 ER PT J AU Arya, LM Leij, FJ Shouse, PJ van Genuchten, MT AF Arya, LM Leij, FJ Shouse, PJ van Genuchten, MT TI Relationship between the hydraulic conductivity function and the particle-size distribution SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL PROPERTIES; PREDICT; MODELS; OUTFLOW AB We present a model to compute the hydraulic conductivity, K, as a function of water content, theta, directly from the particle-size distribution (PSD) of a soil. The model is based on the assumption that soil pores can be represented by equivalent capillary tubes and that the water flowrate is a function of pore size. The pore-size distribution is derived from the PSD using the Arya-Paris model. Particle-size distribution and k(theta) data for 16 soils, representing several textural classes, were used to relate the pore flow rate and the pore radius according to qi = crt, where qi is the pore now rate (cm(3) s(-1)) and ri is the pore radius (cm). Log c varied from about -2.43 to about 2.78, and x varied from approximate to 2.66 to approximate to 4.71. Howe ver, these parameters did not exhibit a systematic trend with textural class. The model was used to independently compute the K(theta) function, from the PSD data for 16 additional soils. The model predicted K(theta) values from near saturation to very low water contents. The agreement between the predicted and experimental theta(theta) for individual samples ranged from excellent to poor,,vith the root mean square residuals (RMSR) of the log-transformed K(theta)ranging from 0.616 to 1.603 for sand, from 0.592 to 1.719 for loam, and front 0.487 to 1.065 for clay. The average RMSR for all textures was 0.878. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Arya, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 36 TC 81 Z9 89 U1 2 U2 22 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 5 BP 1063 EP 1070 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 258LC UT WOS:000083839800003 ER PT J AU Timlin, DJ Ahuja, LR Pachepsky, Y Williams, RD Gimenez, D Rawls, W AF Timlin, DJ Ahuja, LR Pachepsky, Y Williams, RD Gimenez, D Rawls, W TI Use of Brooks-Corey parameters to improve estimates of saturated conductivity from effective porosity SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; SOIL AB Effective porosity, defined here as the difference between satiated total porosity and water-filled porosity at a matric potential of 33 kPa, has been shown to be a good predictor for saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s) using a modified Kozeny-Carman equation. This equation is of the form of a coefficient (B) multiplied by effective porosity raised to a power (n). The purpose of this study was to improve the predictive capability of the modified Kozeny-Carman equation by including information from moisture release curves (soil water content vs. matric potential relation). We fitted the Brooks-Corey (B-C) equation parameters (pore size distribution index and air entry potential) to moisture release data from a large database (>500 samples). Values of K-s were also available from the same source, Inclusion of the pore size distribution index into the Kozeny-Carman equation improved the K-s estimation over using only effective porosity, but only slightly. The improvement came through a better estimation of large values of K-s. We also fit a relationship for the coefficient (B) of the Kozeny-Carman equation as a function of the two B-C parameters with a constant value of n = 2.5 for the exponent, Overall the use of Brooks-Corey parameters from moisture retention data improved estimates of K-s over using effective porosity (phi(c)) alone. There is still considerable error in predicting individual K-s values, however, The best forms of the equation was when lambda was included in the term for the coefficient for the modified Kozeny-Carman equation. The next best form was when lambda was included in the exponent for phi(c) The two best models appeared to better the mean, standard deviation and range of the original data. C1 USDA ARS, Syst Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Bot, Durham, NC 27708 USA. USDA ARS, Grazing Lands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Timlin, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Syst Res Lab, Bldg 007,Rm 116,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Gimenez, Daniel/A-6193-2013; OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 19 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 5 BP 1086 EP 1092 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 258LC UT WOS:000083839800006 ER PT J AU Demas, GP Rabenhorst, MC AF Demas, GP Rabenhorst, MC TI Subaqueous soils: Pedogenesis in a submersed environment SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID COMMUNITY AB Proposals for the inclusion of permanently submersed materials in soil taxonomic systems have periodically been put forth since some time in the mid 1800s, The proposals were largely conceptual in nature, relying more on subjective reasoning rather than analytical and field data, Advances in computer and global positioning technology, and the continuing development of the discipline of pedology provided the opportunity to examine shallow water estuarine sediments within a pedological framework. Morphological and analytical data from 85 1.5- to 2.0-m profiles from Sinepuxent Bay, Maryland, indicate that the four pedogenic processes of additions, losses, transformations, and transfers outlined in the generalized theory of soil genesis are active in a subaqueous environment. The evidence of pedogenic processes includes the addition of biogenic calcium carbonate (shells), organic fragments, and organic matter; the loss of organic matter and surficial material; the transfer of oxygen through diffusion and bioturbation processes; and the transformation of humic substances and sulfur (sulfidization), The change in the concept of estuarine substrates from sediment to soil has significant ramifications for pedologists, ecologists, estuarine researchers, and government agencies involved in soil resource inventory and estuarine restoration programs. Application of these concepts could help further our understanding of the relationships between subaqueous soil distribution and submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV); clam, scallop, and oyster habitat; and dredge sites with potential acid-sulfate weathering. This work resulted in a change to the definition of soil in Soil Taxonomy to include subaqueous soils that are capable of or presently support rooted SAV. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Snow Hill, MD 21863 USA. Dept Nat Resource Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Demas, GP (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, 304 Commerce St, Snow Hill, MD 21863 USA. NR 45 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 16 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 5 BP 1250 EP 1257 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 258LC UT WOS:000083839800027 ER PT J AU Bargar, B Swan, JB Jaynes, D AF Bargar, B Swan, JB Jaynes, D TI Soil water recharge under uncropped ridges and furrows SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HEAT-TRANSPORT; TILLAGE; TEMPERATURES; MOVEMENT; SYSTEM AB Nitrate leaching to ground and surface water is an increasing concern in agriculture. Ridge tillage and associated residue management offer potential for modifying the pattern of soil water and solute movement to reduce NO(3) leaching from corn (Zea mays L.) production. To test this idea we used time domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements of volumetric soil mater content (theta) at 0.5-h intervals following natural rainfall events to determine the pattern of infiltration and soil water recharge for uncropped row and furrow positions in long-term ridge-tillage fields, Soil water content was measured under adjacent rows and three adjoining furrows for 103 d in 1992 on a Clarion loam (fine-loamy, mixed mesic, Typic Hapludoll) near Boone, IA and 96 d on Monona silt loam (fine-silty, mixed mesic, Typic Hapludoll) near Treynor, IA, During rainfall, infiltration occurred primarily in furrows, as indicated by greater and more rapid initial increases in theta for furrow than for row positions at the same elevation. Following redistribution and evaporation, row and furrow positions at the same elevation had theta values differing by <0.03 m(3) m(-3). Changes in profile average theta of rows and furrows between rainfall events were closely correlated (R(2) > 0.94), Storage between rainfall events decreased with increasing initial 0 and time interval between events (R(2) > 0.68), consequently soil water recharge occurred as a series of stepwise increases of theta, These results support the conclusion that water infiltrated in furrows and primarily mol ed laterally to row positions, minimizing downward water movement under the row, These results explain seater solute movement under furrows than under rows, as found in several short-term studies. C1 Scotts Co, Marysville, OH 43041 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Swan, JB (reprint author), Scotts Co, 14310 Scottslawn Rd, Marysville, OH 43041 USA. EM jbswan@bellsouth.net NR 18 TC 16 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 5 BP 1290 EP 1299 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 258LC UT WOS:000083839800031 ER PT J AU Bradford, JM Blanchar, RW AF Bradford, JM Blanchar, RW TI Mineralogy and water quality parameters in rill erosion of clay-sand mixtures SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SILVER-HILL ILLITE; ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION; EXCHANGE; SOILS; MONTMORILLONITE; SUSPENSIONS; TEMPERATURE AB Accuracy of the prediction of rill erodibility can be improved, in part, through an increased understanding of soil variables controlling particle detachment. To test the hypothesis that rill erodibility of clay-sand mixtures increases (i) as the dominant clay mineral changes from montmorillonite to illite to kaolinite, (ii) as total salt in the eroding fluid decreases, and (iii) when Ca is replaced by Na, concentrated flow erosion tests were conducted by mini-flume test procedures, Chelsea fine sand was mixed with 2 to 20% (w/w) Ca or Na forms of either kaolinite, illite, or montmorillonite, and water to a moisture potential of -490 Pa. Pill erodibility of Ca-montmorillonite-sand mixtures was 4 to 40 times less than for Ca-illite-sand and Ca-kaolinite-sand mixtures. Na-montmorillonite-sand mixtures were one-half as erodible as Ca-montmorillonite, while Na-kaolinite and Na-illite were 3 to 25 times as erodible as their Ca forms, Decreasing salt concentration of the eroding fluid from 0.01 to 0.001 M in all cases decreased the critical shear stress value on average 0.8 Pa. Decreasing the salt concentration from 0.1 to 0.001 M had no effect on the erodibility of Ca-kaolinite and Na-montmorillonite, but increased the erodibility of Ca-illite and Ca-montmorillonite. The erodibility of clay-soil mixtures decreased from 9.6 to 0.04 ms m(-1) as the water holding capacity of the clay in the mixture increased from 0.2 to 6.9 g g(-1) and appears to be related to the effective surface area of the clay. C1 USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Bradford, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. EM bradford@pop.tamu.edu NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 5 BP 1300 EP 1307 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 258LC UT WOS:000083839800032 ER PT J AU Needelman, BA Wander, MM Bollero, GA Boast, CW Sims, GK Bullock, DG AF Needelman, BA Wander, MM Bollero, GA Boast, CW Sims, GK Bullock, DG TI Interaction of tillage and soil texture: Biologically active soil organic matter in Illinois SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; NO-TILLAGE; CARBON; NITROGEN; CROP; ROTATION; POOLS AB Several long-term studies suggest that no-till (NT) practices do not increase soil organic matter (SOM) sequestration in all situations. We evaluated the interaction of tillage and soil texture effects on SOR I in Illinois Mollisols and Alfisols by characterizing particulate organic matter (POM), potentially mineralizable N (PMN), and soil microbial biomass (SMB). Thirty-six fields were sampled during spring and summer of 1995 and 1996, Each field had been under either conventional tillage (CT) (disc, moldboard plow, and/or chisel plow) or NT management for at least 5 gr. No-till fields contained 15% (3.0 g C kg(-1) soil) more soil organic C (SOC) than CT fields in the 0- to 5-cm depth; however, tillage did not affect SOC contents in the 5- to 15- or 15- to 30-cm depths, or in the overall sampling depth (0-30 cm). Fields under NT contained 33% more POM (1.4 g C kg(-1) soil) and 54% more PMN in the 0- to 5-cm depth, but there was no tillage effect on POM (0-15 cm) or PMN (0-30 cm) contents overall. Average POM contents were 29% lower (0.73 g C kg(-1) soil) in the 5- to 15-cm depth of the NT than of the CT soils. At sand contents below approximate to 50 g kg(-1) soil, NT fields contained greater SOC, total N, and POM contents in the 0- to 5-cm depth and lower POM contents in the 5- to 15-cm depth than CT fields. in soils with sand contents higher than approximate to 50 g kg(-1) soil, tillage practices did not affect the vertical distribution of SOC, total N, or POM. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Agron, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA, Urbana, IL USA. RP Wander, MM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Agron, 116 ASI Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Sims, Gerald/A-2500-2008 NR 46 TC 118 Z9 137 U1 1 U2 22 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 5 BP 1326 EP 1334 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 258LC UT WOS:000083839800035 ER PT J AU Schomberg, HH Jones, OR AF Schomberg, HH Jones, OR TI Carbon and nitrogen conservation in dryland tillage and cropping systems SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; MICROBIAL BIOMASS DYNAMICS; THIN BLACK CHERNOZEM; NO-TILL; FARMING SYSTEMS; ROTATIONS; MINERALIZATION; FERTILIZATION; RESIDUES; QUALITY AB Soil C and N greatly influence Long-term sustainability of agricultural systems, We hypothesized that cropping and tillage differentially influence dryland soil C and N characteristics in the Southern High Plains. A Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustol) cropped to vc heat (Triticum aestivum L.)-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench]-fallow (WSF), continuous wheat (CW) and continuous sorghum (CS) under no-tillage (NT), and stubble mulch (SM) was sampled at three depths to determine soil C and N characteristics. For CW, CS, and WSF phases (F-WSF, S-WSF, W-WSF), soil organic C (SOC) averaged 10.6 to 13.1 kg m(-3) and was greatest for CW, Carbon mineralization (C-MIN) at 0 to 20 mm was 30 to 40% greater for CW and F-WSF than for CS, S-WSF, or W-WSF. Cropping system by depth influenced soil organic N (SON),vith greatest SON at 0 to 20 mm in CW (1.5 kg m(-3)). At 0 to 20 mm for SM and NT, SOC was 9.9 and 12.5 kg m(-3), soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) was 0.80 and 1.1 kg m(-3), and soil microbial biomass N (SMBN) was 0.14 and 0.11 kg m(-3). Also at 0 to 20 mm, NT had 60% greater C-MIN, 11% more SMBC as a portion SOC, and 25% more SON compared to SM. Summed for 0 to 80 mm, NT had more SOC (0.98 vs 0.85 kg m(-2)) and SON (0.10 vs 0.9 kg m(-2)) than SM, and CW had greater or equal C and N activity as other systems. Negative correlations between yield and SOC, SMBC, C-MIN, SON, and SMBN indicate N removal in grain negatively affects active and labile C and N pools. Under dryland conditions, C and N conservation is greater with NT and with winter wheat because of less soil disturbance and shorter fallow. C1 USDA ARS, Nat Resources Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. USDA, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX USA. RP Schomberg, HH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nat Resources Conservat Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 37 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 5 BP 1359 EP 1366 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 258LC UT WOS:000083839800039 ER PT J AU Trettin, CC Johnson, DW Todd, DE AF Trettin, CC Johnson, DW Todd, DE TI Forest nutrient and carbon pools at Walker Branch Watershed: Changes during a 21-year period SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MIXED OAK FOREST; LOBLOLLY-PINE; ACID-RAIN; 3 DECADES; SOIL; BUDGETS; CALCIUM; ACIDIFICATION; PHOSPHORUS; SOUTHWEST AB A 21-yr perspective on changes in nutrient and C pools on undisturbed upland forest sites is provided. Plots originally representing four col er types have been sampled three times. On each plot, forest biomass, forest floor, and soil, to a depth of 60 cm, were measured, sampled, and analyzed for Ca, Mg, C, N, and P. Exchangeable soil Ca and Mg hale declined in most soils. Despite the low exchangeable Ca, cumulative sequestration in the biomass has exceeded the soil pool, suggesting that soil supplies below 60 cm are satisfying the biomass demand. Extractable soil P also declined, with means ranging from 4.2 to 18.2 kg ha(-1), as a result of reductions in the mineral soil and Oi horizon, The loss of extractable soil P exceeded biomass sequestration in all but one plot, suggesting abiotic soil processes as the removal mechanism. Soil C and N were either stable, although highly variable, or declined, which was unexpected in these undisturbed sites. The net C balance of these sites was controlled by aboveground sequestration, which offset changes in the soil and forest floor, Soil parent material and geomorphic setting strongly influenced the changes in soil properties during the 21-yr period, reflecting the importance of those factors in assessing soil nutrient and C cycles over that of forest cover type. The variability encountered in the periodic soil measurements highlights the difficulty in detecting temporal changes in soil chemical properties. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Environm & Resource Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP US Forest Serv, USDA, 2730 Savannah Hwy, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. EM trettinc@cofc.edu NR 37 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 13 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 EI 1435-0661 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 63 IS 5 BP 1436 EP 1448 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 258LC UT WOS:000083839800048 ER PT J AU Gagne, RJ Riley, EG AF Gagne, RJ Riley, EG TI A new gall midge (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) pest of live oak in Texas SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB A gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) new to science, described and named here as Arnoldiola atra Gagne, forms a previously unreported rosette gall on buds of live oak, Quercus virginiana Mill, in southeastern Texas. The galls form unsightly masses on specimen trees. Adults of both sexes, pupae and larvae of the gall midge are described. The origin of the new species is unknown. It is placed tentatively in Arnoldiola, a genus heretofore unreported for the Americas. C1 US Natl Museum, USDA ARS, PSI, Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Gagne, RJ (reprint author), US Natl Museum, USDA ARS, PSI, Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 159 EP 165 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 253YG UT WOS:000083584300001 ER PT J AU Temeyer, KB Pruett, JH AF Temeyer, KB Pruett, JH TI Production of monoclonal antibodies specific for hypodermin C, a collagenase of the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID SOLUBLE-PROTEINS AB Murine hybridomas were constructed that secreted monoclonal antibodies specific for hypodermin C (HyC), a collagenase produced by first instar larvae of the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (Villers). Monoclonal antibodies produced by the hybridoma cultures, HL1-C1 KL1-C2, HL1-C3 and HL1-C4 were each of subclass IgG1. C1 USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insect Res Lab, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Temeyer, KB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insect Res Lab, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 179 EP 182 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 253YG UT WOS:000083584300003 ER PT J AU Elzen, GW Elzen, PJ AF Elzen, GW Elzen, PJ TI Lethal and sublethal effects of selected insecticides - On Geocoris punctipes SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID TOBACCO BUDWORM LEPIDOPTERA; CARNEA NEUROPTERA-CHRYSOPIDAE; COMPARATIVE TOXICITIES; CAMPOLETIS-SONORENSIS; ICHNEUMONID PARASITE; NOCTUIDAE; HYMENOPTERA; PREDATOR; INSECTS AB Adults of the big-eyed bug, Geocoris punctipes (Say), from a laboratory culture, were exposed to selected insecticides and insect growth regulators (IGR's) using a foliar insecticide residue bioassay. Methoxyfenozide, tebufenozide, and spinosad were not toxic to male and female G. punctipes at the recommended rates, while chlorfenapyr produced only partial mortality. At recommended rates, tebufenozide and chlorfenapyr significantly reduced the fecundity of G. punctipes compared with a control. Most of the chemicals tested had no effect on host egg consumption of G. punctipes, whereas a recommended rate of chlorfenapyr increased egg consumption. Tebufenozide, methoxyfenozide, and chlorfenapyr appear very good for inclusion in IPM in cotton while chlorfenapyr seems fairly good. C1 USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Elzen, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 34 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 199 EP 205 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 253YG UT WOS:000083584300006 ER PT J AU Henneberry, TJ Jech, L Hendrix, DL Steele, T AF Henneberry, TJ Jech, L Hendrix, DL Steele, T TI Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae): Factors affecting adult and nymph honeydew production SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID TABACI HOMOPTERA; CARBOHYDRATE-METABOLISM; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; LINT STICKINESS; SAMPLING PLANS; STICKY COTTON; INSECT; SUGARS AB Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the quantity and quality of the major honeydew sugars produced by Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (= B. tabaci strain B) (SPW) adults and nymphs. The effects of temperature, light intensity, and SPW adult density on honeydew production were also determined. In the field, we studied the effects of insecticides on SPW populations and on honeydew production of adults and nymphs collected in treated and untreated cotton plots. In the laboratory, adult females lived longer than males, produced more and larger honeydew drops, and, in most cases, larger amounts of the measured honeydew sugars compared with males. Both male and female adults produced more honeydew at 26.7+/-1 degrees C and 32.2+/-1 degrees C compared with 21.1+/-1 degrees C. Under our conditions neither light intensity (30 or 450 mu mol/second/m(2), respectively), nor adult density affected honeydew production. SPW development from egg hatch to adult emergence averaged 12.2 days at 26.7+/-1 degrees C. Honeydew production began the first day of nymphal life and peaked on day 3 following emergence. First and second nymphal instars produced more drops than third and fourth nymphal instars. However, honeydew drop size was larger for third and fourth instars compared with first and second instars. The third and fourth instars produced more trehalulose compared with the earlier instars. Adults produced more honeydew than nymphs. Trehalulose as a percentage of all sugars measured in the study was greater for adults compared to nymphs Melezitose, as a percentage of all measured sugars, was greater for nymphs compared with adults. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Henneberry, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 207 EP 231 PG 25 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 253YG UT WOS:000083584300007 ER PT J AU Kim, CT Shih, FF Champagne, ET Daigle, K AF Kim, CT Shih, FF Champagne, ET Daigle, K TI Effects of phosphorylating salts and temperature on the preparation of rice starch phosphates by extrusion SO STARCH-STARKE LA English DT Article AB Rice starch phosphates were prepared by the extrusion of rice starch with phosphate salts including sodium tripolyphosphate (STP), sodium trimetaphosphate (SMP). and a 50:50 mixture of STP and SMP (STP-SMP). The incorporation of phosphorus in the starch increased with increased barrel temperature ranging from 120 to 180 degrees C. At 180 degrees C, phosphorus contents for products treated with STP, SMP, and STP-SMP were 0.376, 0.194, and 0.360 %, respectively. The effects of phosphorylation on functional and rheological properties of the starch varied, depending on the extent of molecular degradation and the formation of intermolecular cross-linking caused by the heat and shear of extrusion. Generally, extrusion stabilized the pasting properties of the extrudates, whereas phosphorylation enhanced the pasting consistency of the starch products. Good correlation was observed between the extrusion specific mechanical energy (SME) and the product of solubility and intrinsic viscosity, indicating a close relationship between the energy input in the extrusion process and the performance behavior of the extruded phosphorylation products. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Korea Food Res Inst, Songnam 463420, Kyonggi Do, South Korea. RP Shih, FF (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0038-9056 J9 STARCH-STARKE JI Starch-Starke PD SEP PY 1999 VL 51 IS 8-9 BP 280 EP 286 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-379X(199909)51:8/9<280::AID-STAR280>3.0.CO;2-V PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 269VL UT WOS:000084498200003 ER PT J AU Allen, TFH Tainter, JA Hoekstra, TW AF Allen, TFH Tainter, JA Hoekstra, TW TI Supply-side sustainability SO SYSTEMS RESEARCH AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE average product; benefit; collapse; commerce; complexity; complicatedness; cost; economics; ecosystem; elaboration; emergence; energy; global; gradient; hierarchy; history; infrastructure; management; marginal product; organization; problem solving; positive feedback; revolution; renewable resources; society; structure; sustainability; thermodynamics AB Historically, societies have been abandoned when management invoked complicated infrastructure that diminished returns on effort. Some societies survived by redefining their relationship to the resource base through emergence of a new, more elaborate level of organization. Organization may elaborate when resources are expanded or used more efficiently. The new situation favorably resets the cost/benefit ratio of problem solving. With six billion people, our critical problem is the capture of natural resources while maintaining ecosystem function to keep them renewable. Presently resource management is too complicated at too low a level, and suffers diminishing returns. Supply-side sustainability recommends management from the context for the function of the whole ecosystem, not the resource. Then ecosystems integrate materials and energy sustainability, while generating resources that humans can take. To achieve a global level of organization of resource management we see a new relationship between the feedback of commerce, greened by the social and environmental resource sciences in the academy, with governmental catalysis. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Albuquerque, NM USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Monitoring Inst, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Allen, TFH (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Birge Hall,430 Lincoln Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1092-7026 J9 SYST RES BEHAV SCI JI Syst. Res. Behav. Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 16 IS 5 BP 403 EP 427 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1743(199909/10)16:5<403::AID-SRES335>3.0.CO;2-R PG 25 WC Management; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Business & Economics; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 241MG UT WOS:000082886600002 ER PT J AU Vigo, TL Leonas, KK AF Vigo, TL Leonas, KK TI Antimicrobial activity of fabrics containing crosslinked polyethylene glycols SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST & AMERICAN DYESTUFF REPORTER LA English DT Article DE antimicrobial activity; bacteria; cotton/polyester fabrics; crosslinked polyethylene glycols; fungi; surfactant activity; thermal effect AB Cotton/polyester fabrics containing crosslinked polyethylene glycols (PEGs) were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against a diverse group of bacteria and fungi. The PEG-treated fabrics have substantial resistance to most microorganisms relative to untreated fabrics. Because the level of formaldehyde is extremely low, it is hypothesized that the antimicrobial activity of the modified fabrics is due to a unique combination of physical and physicochemical effects. These may include the hydrophilic nature of the crosslinked PEGs that dessicate microbes and deprive them of needed moisture and/or absorption and release of latent heat by the bound PEG. However, the most probable effects that impeded microbial growth may be attributable to the surfactant-like properties of the bound PEG which disrupt cell membranes due to the dual hydrophilic-hydrophobic characteristics of the PEGs. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Vigo, TL (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 RE Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ASSN TEXT CHEM COLOR PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 1526-2847 J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR AM D JI Text. Chem. Color Am. Dyest Rep. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 1 IS 1 BP 42 EP 46 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Textiles SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 321WQ UT WOS:000087478000003 ER PT J AU Yachmenev, VG Blanchard, EJ Lambert, AH AF Yachmenev, VG Blanchard, EJ Lambert, AH TI Study of the influence of ultrasound on enzymatic treatment of cotton fabric SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST & AMERICAN DYESTUFF REPORTER LA English DT Article DE cotton; enzymes; sonification; ultrasonic energy AB Using ultrasound energy in the reaction chamber during enzymatic treatment of cotton resulted in significant improvement in the performance of the enzyme but it did not compromise the mechanical strength of the cotton fabric. Ultrasound does not appear to damage or inactivate the complex structure of the enzyme molecule. The greatest enhancement of the enzymatic treatment of cotton fabric was provided by the combination of the sonification of the enzyme processing solution with conventional mechanical agitation. The data indicate that the maximum benefit of sonification of the enzyme processing solution occurs at relatively low enzyme concentrations. Using ultrasonic energy during enzymatic treatment of cotton fabric could provide significant savings through reduced processing time, reduced enzyme concentration needed for processing, and better uniformity of enzymatic treatment. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Yachmenev, VG (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 18 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSN TEXT CHEM COLOR PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 1526-2847 J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR AM D JI Text. Chem. Color Am. Dyest Rep. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 1 IS 1 BP 47 EP 51 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Textiles SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 321WQ UT WOS:000087478000004 ER PT J AU Brewer, EP Saunders, JA Angle, JS Chaney, RL McIntosh, MS AF Brewer, EP Saunders, JA Angle, JS Chaney, RL McIntosh, MS TI Somatic hybridization between the zinc accumulator Thlaspi caerulescens and Brassica napus SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE electrofusion; AFLP DNA analysis; somatic fusion; phytoremediation; metal toxicity ID SINAPIS-ALBA L; ELECTROPORATION CONDITIONS; PROTOPLAST HETEROKARYONS; MESOPHYLL PROTOPLASTS; DIPLOTAXIS-HARRA; PLANT-CELLS; HYBRIDS; NICOTIANA; FUSION; ELECTROFUSION AB Somatic hybrids between the zinc hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens and Brassica napus were produced by electrofusion of protoplasts isolated from each species. Optimization of electrofusion parameters yielded interspecies heteroplasmic fusion rates of up to 13%. Hybrids were selected by screening the growing calli for Zn tolerance. In addition, a second novel selection technique was developed based on the observation that a high proportion of hybrid microcalli grown in liquid media did not adhere to the wall of the culture vessel, while microcalli derived from parental cells did. Seventeen from a total of 64 regenerated plants were conclusively verified as hybrids by AFLP DNA analysis. The hybrid plants were grown in soil for up to 4 months, and at least five flowered. Several of these hybrids survived when grown on high-zinc media. These hybrids accumulated levels of zinc and cadmium that would have been toxic for B, napus. The data indicate that transfer of the trait for metal hyperaccumulation in plants is possible through somatic hybridization. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, NRI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, NRI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Saunders, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, NRI, Bldg 50,Room 100, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM saund10449@aol.com OI McIntosh, Marla/0000-0002-4169-8615 NR 51 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 99 IS 5 BP 761 EP 771 DI 10.1007/s001220051295 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 242CA UT WOS:000082919600003 ER PT J AU Cregan, PB Mudge, J Fickus, EW Danesh, D Denny, R Young, ND AF Cregan, PB Mudge, J Fickus, EW Danesh, D Denny, R Young, ND TI Two simple sequence repeat markers to select for soybean cyst nematode resistance coditioned by the rhg1 locus SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE simple sequence repeats; microsatellites; soybean cyst nematode; genetic mapping; marker-assisted selection ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; DNA MARKERS; IDENTIFICATION AB The soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Inchinoe) is the most economically significant soybean pest. The principal strategy to reduce or eliminate damage from this pest is the use of resistant cultivars. Identifying resistant segregants in a breeding program is a difficult and expensive process which is complicated by the oligogenic nature of the resistance and genetic variability in the pathogen. Fortunately, resistance at one SCN-resistance locus, rhg1, is generally accepted as a necessity for the development of resistant genotypes using any source of resistance and when challenged by any SCN race. Thus, the development of SCN resistant cultivars would be expedited if an effective and rapid system were available to identify breeding lines carrying a resistance allele at the rhg1 locus. In this study we report two simple sequence repeat (SSR) or microsatellite loci that cosegregate and map 0.4 cM from rhg1. Allelic variation at the first of these loci, BARC-Satt309, distinguished most, if not all, SCN-susceptible genotypes from those carrying resistance at rhg1 derived from the important SCN-resistance sources 'Peking', PI 437654, and PI 90763. BARC-Satt309 was also effective in distinguishing SCN resistance sources PI 88788 and PI 209332 from many, but not all, susceptible genotypes. BARC-Satt309 cannot be used in marker-assisted selection in populations developed from typical southern US cultivars crossed with the important resistance sources PI 88788 or PI 209332 because these genotypes all carry the identical allele at the BARC-Satt309 locus. A second SSR locus, BARC-Sat_168, was developed from a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone that was identified using the primers to BARC-Satt309. BARC-Sat_168 distinguished PI 88788 and PI 209332 from southern US cultivars such as 'Lee','Bragg' and 'Essex'. Both BARC-Satt309 and BARC-Sat_168 were used to assay Lines from SCN-susceptiblexSCN-resistant crosses and proved to be highly effective in identifying lines carrying rhg1 resistance from those carrying the allele for SCN susceptibility at the rhg1 locus. C1 USDA, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, ARD, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Minnesota, Plant Breeding Grad Programm, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Cregan, PB (reprint author), USDA, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, ARD, BARC W, Bldg 006,Rm 100, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 99 Z9 120 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 99 IS 5 BP 811 EP 818 DI 10.1007/s001220051300 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 242CA UT WOS:000082919600008 ER PT J AU Smithson, EB Johnston, CE AF Smithson, EB Johnston, CE TI Movement patterns of stream fishes in a Ouachita Highlands stream: An examination of the restricted movement paradigm SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BROWN TROUT; HABITAT; STABILITY; COLORADO; RANGE AB The restricted movement paradigm (RMP), which states adult fish do not move out of a pool or restricted stream reach, does not fully define the movements of stream fishes. Although stream fishes may spend the majority of their time in a home pool, they also make regular exploratory trips away from the home pool. Recapture of Ouachita Highlands stream fish marked with passive integrated transponder (PIT) rags showed that the majority of the uniquely marked fish in this study were in the pools of initial collection. The following percentages of marked fish were recaptured outside the pool of initial collection: 12% of creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus; 33% of blackspotted topminnow Fundulus olivaceus; 12% of green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus; and 14% of longear sunfish Lepomis megalotis. Standard lengths and weights did not differ significantly between nonmobile and mobile recaptured fish, and patterns of multiple recaptures indicated exploratory, round-trip movements. Such regular exploratory trips suggest that the area of use by and critical habitat for stream fishes may be greater than commonly estimated. C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Biol, University, MS 38677 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Smithson, EB (reprint author), 1702 Devine St, Jackson, MS 39202 USA. EM leesmitty@aol.com NR 26 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 26 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 EI 1548-8659 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 128 IS 5 BP 847 EP 853 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0847:MPOSFI>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351XC UT WOS:000089183900007 ER PT J AU Dunham, JB Peacock, MM Rieman, BE Schroeter, RE Vinyard, GL AF Dunham, JB Peacock, MM Rieman, BE Schroeter, RE Vinyard, GL TI Local and geographic variability in the distribution of stream-living Lahontan cutthroat trout SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL HABITAT LOSS; BROOK TROUT; RIVER DRAINAGE; RAINBOW-TROUT; BULL TROUT; TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE; MOUNTAINS; FISHES; FRAGMENTATION AB We investigated local and geographic variability in the up- and downstream distribution limits of threatened Lahontan cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi) in stream habitats of the eastern Lahontan basin in northern Nevada and southeastern Oregon. At a geographic scale, elevations of upstream distribution limits were significantly correlated with latitude and longitude, suggesting a potential influence of climatic gradients. Elevations of upstream distribution limits also were positively correlated with maximum basin elevation, which suggested topographic, rather than climatic constraints may be important. Upstream distribution limits were not significantly affected by local variation in stream size or presumptive dispersal barriers. Stream gradient was related to upstream distribution limits, but this was again confounded by maximum basin elevation. Stream gradients used by Lahontan cutthroat trout at upstream limits were considerably steeper than those observed for other subspecies of cutthroat trout in other areas. Geographic variation in elevations of downstream distribution limits was also apparent, paralleling variability in summer air temperatures and presumed restriction of Lahontan cutthroat trout from lower elevation habitats by unsuitably warm temperatures in summer. Previous regional models assumed downstream distribution limits for salmonids correspond to isotherms of 22-24 degrees C (mean July air temperature), but we found the distribution of Lahontan cutthroat trout to be considerably more restricted, most closely corresponding to a mean July air temperature of 18 degrees C. Occurrence of nonnative brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis was associated with a significant upstream shift of the downstream distribution of Lahontan cutthroat trout, suggesting a highly variable, but negative interaction between these species. C1 Univ Nevada, Biol Resources Res Ctr, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Biol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Dunham, JB (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Biol Resources Res Ctr, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 64 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 128 IS 5 BP 875 EP 889 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1999)128<0875:LAGVIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 351XC UT WOS:000089183900010 ER PT J AU Drummond, ST Fraisse, CW Sudduth, KA AF Drummond, ST Fraisse, CW Sudduth, KA TI Combine harvest area determination by vector processing of GPS position data SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE precision farming; yield mapping; swath width; GPS; GIS ID YIELD AB The measurement of actual harvested area per unit time is an important component in the creation of accurate crop yield maps. For row crops, such as corn, these measurements can be made manually on most conventional yield monitors. However; in drilled or broadcast crops a more accurate and automated method is required In this study, a vector method was developed to determine actual combine harvest area at each time step of the harvest process from a global positioning system (GPS) trajectory. The algorithm was coded into a geographic information system (GIS), and modifications were made to increase computational efficiency. The method was compared with a previously reported raster method of harvest area determination on data collected during the 1997 drilled soybean harvest, using high accuracy real time kinematic GPS data. The vector method improved harvest area estimates by an average of 11% over the assumption of a constant, full swath width and provided a number of distinct advantages over the raster method. C1 USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Drummond, ST (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Unit, 269 Agr Engn Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1221 EP 1227 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 257WP UT WOS:000083805700006 ER PT J AU Malone, RW Warner, RC Workman, SR Byers, ME AF Malone, RW Warner, RC Workman, SR Byers, ME TI Modeling surface and subsurface pesticide transport under three field conditions using PRZM-3 and GLEAMS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE metribuzin; contaminant transport; leaching; runoff no-till; compost ID ROOT ZONE MODEL; ADSORPTION-DESORPTION-KINETICS; WASTE COMPOST AMENDMENTS; CONVENTIONAL-TILLAGE; APPLIED METRIBUZIN; NO-TILLAGE; SOIL; DEGRADATION; GROUNDWATER; SORPTION AB Contaminant transport models should be evaluated over a wide range of conditions to determine their limitations. The models PRZM and GLEAMS have been evaluated many times, but few studies are available in which predicted movement in runoff and percolate were simultaneously evaluated against field data. Studies of this type are essential because pesticide leaching and runoff are mutually dependent processes. For this reason, PRZM-3 and GLEAMS were evaluated for their ability to predict metribuzin concentrations in runoff, sediment, subsurface soil, and pan lysimeters under three field conditions (yard waste compost amended, no-till, and conventional-till) on a Lowell silt loam soil. Sensitive input parameters were either site specific (climatic, soil, and chemical) or calibrated (K-factor, C-factor, curve number). In general, both models under-predicted metribuzin concentration in runoff water runoff sediment, subplow layer sail (15-75 cm), and pan lysimeter water (75 cm). Contrary to field data, bath models predicted that a large percentage (> 50%) of metribuzin would move below the "mixing zone" (top 1 cm) during the first rainfall event after application. Relatively little metribuzin was predicted to move beyond the plow layer (top 15 cm) into the pan lysimeters or subsurface soil throughout the simulation period, possibly due to the lack of a macropore component in the models. High metribuzin concentrations in sediment (field data) indicated that relatively little metribuzin moved below the "mixing zone", possibly because of hysteresis but much of the metribuzin that did move was quickly transported into the pan lysimeters, probably due to macropore flow, GLEAMS more accurately predicted pesticide concentration in sediment and PRZM predicted subsurface soil concentration somewhat more accurately than GLEAMS. Little difference in accuracy was detected between models on metribuzin concentration in runoff or metribuzin concentration in percolate. Although both models generally under-predicted metribuzin concentration in runoff runoff transport (mass of metribuzin in runoff) for the study period was over-predicted by both models which emphasizes the importance of accurately predicting herbicide concentration and runoff volume soon after application when the surface pesticide concentrations are highest. C1 USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RP Malone, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, POB 488, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. NR 50 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1275 EP 1287 PG 13 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 257WP UT WOS:000083805700011 ER PT J AU Harmel, RD Haan, CT Dutnell, R AF Harmel, RD Haan, CT Dutnell, R TI Bank erosion and riparian vegetation influences: Upper Illinois River, Oklahoma SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE channel bank stability; erosion; riparian vegetation; aerial photographs ID CHANNEL AB The Upper Illinois River; located in northeast Oklahoma and designated as an Oklahoma Scenic River; is an. important economic and ecological resource. Apparent bank instability, however; has introduced concern about the river's future value. The objectives of this research on the 101 km section from Lake Frances on the Oklahoma/Arkansas border to Lake Tenkiller in Oklahoma were to quantify short- and long-term bank erosion rates, and to evaluate the impact of riparian vegetation on short- and long-term bank erosion. Short-term erosion was measured with bank pins and cross-section surveys, and long-term erosion was measured from 1:7920 scale aerial photographs from 1979 and 1991. Short-term erosion was measured after four; 2.0- to 2.5-yr return period flow events (481 to 597 m(3)/s) from September 1996 and July 1997 Cumulative erosion (total for the four events) averaged 1.4 m and ranged from 0.0 to 8.1 m. During the period 1979 to 1991, lateral erosion averaged 16 m or 1.4 m/yr on 132 eroding banks. Also during this period, 79 ha of land surface area eroded, and the river became an average of 18% wider. Based on the Kruskal-Wallis test, short- and longterm data indicated no significant differences in bank erosion rate between forested, grassed, and mixed vegetation banks. However long-term analysis did indicate that 66% of grassed river bank length experienced detectable erosion (> 2 m) compared to only 16% of forested bank length. C1 USDA ARS, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma Conservat Commiss, Oklahoma City, OK USA. RP Harmel, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RI Harmel, Daren/L-5162-2013 NR 38 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1321 EP 1329 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 257WP UT WOS:000083805700015 ER PT J AU Hubbard, RK Ruter, JM Newton, GL Davis, JG AF Hubbard, RK Ruter, JM Newton, GL Davis, JG TI Nutrient uptake and growth response of six wetland/riparian plant species receiving swine lagoon effluent SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE wastewater; vegetative filter strips; riparian plant species ID VEGETATIVE FILTER STRIPS; BUFFER STRIPS; WASTE-WATER; NITRATE; WETLANDS; LOSSES; GRASS; CONSTITUENTS AB A two-year study was conducted to determine the growth response of six different wetland/riparian plant species receiving swine lagoon effluent. Wastewater from the third lagoon of the University of Georgia main swine unit at Tifton, Georgia, was applied to replicates of the species Ilex cassine ('Dahoon Holly'), Cephalanthus occidentalis ('Buttonbush'), Itea virginica ('Virginia Sweetspire'), Spartina patens ('Saltmeadow Cordgrass'), Juncus effusus (Soft Rush) and Panicum hemitomon ('Maidencane'). The plants were grown in open ended steel containers recessed in the soil at afield site so that they received natural weather conditions in addition to applied wastewater Measurements were taken periodically of plant height, plant width, biomass, leaf area, and N and P content. All six plant species responded to wastewater with increased growth, and were tolerant of the level of wastewater application. It was found that of the broad-leaved species Cephalanthus had the greatest growth response, while of the non-broad-leaved species Spartina had the greatest growth. C1 USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Hubbard, RK (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, POB 946, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RI Davis, Jessica/C-1903-2013 NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1331 EP 1341 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 257WP UT WOS:000083805700016 ER PT J AU Lawrence, KC Funk, DB Windham, WR AF Lawrence, KC Funk, DB Windham, WR TI Parallel-plate moisture sensor for yellow-dent field corn SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE moisture sensor corn; moisture content; radiofrequency; capacitance; dielectric ID WHEAT AB A Shielded parallel-plate moisture sensor was designed, calibrated, and validated to sense the moisture content of yellow-dent field corn (Zea mays L.). The sensor uses complex reflection coefficient measurements at about I, 40, and 140 MHz and sample weight to predict the moisture content of static corn samples at room temperature (similar to 22 degrees C) with a sample volume of 850 cm(3). The sensor was calibrated with 29 corn samples of differing hybrids, grown throughout the U.S. in 1997, with moisture contents ranging from about 10% to 26% wet basis, The standard error of calibration was 0.24% moisture with a coefficient of determination of 0.997. The sensor was validated with 77 independent samples. The validation bias was 0.04% moisture content and the standard error of prediction was 0.28% moisture content. The sensor performed slightly better than commercial moisture meters. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Packers & Stockyards Adm, Grain Inspect, Tech Serv Div, Kansas City, MO USA. RP Lawrence, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1353 EP 1357 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 257WP UT WOS:000083805700018 ER PT J AU Kang, S Delwiche, SR AF Kang, S Delwiche, SR TI Moisture diffusion modeling of wheat kernels during soaking SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE wheat; kernel; finite element; diffusion coefficient; moisture distribution ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; VAPOR DIFFUSIVITY; GRAIN; WATER; ENDOSPERM; COEFFICIENT; COMPONENTS; ADSORPTION AB finite element moisture diffusion model was refined for the purpose of examining the distribution of moisture within single mature kernels of wheat. Among the gross kernel components (endosperm, pericarp, and germ), moisture diffusion coefficients of the endosperm and pericarp were determined from soaking experiments and optimized with a finite element model. Nine commercial varieties of wheat, representing six U.S. market classes or subclasses, were examined. Through separate soaking experiments of pearled wheat, which represented the endosperm alone, and intact wheat, which represented the pericarp by mathematical subtraction (neglecting the contribution from the germ), the ranges in diffusion coefficients across the nine varieties were as follows: 0.46 x 10(-10) - 1.4 x 10(-10) m(2)/s for endosperm, 0.042 x 10(-10) - 0.42 x 10(-10) m(2)/s for pericarp. During finite element modeling, spherical and ellipsoidal geometries were assumed for pearled and intact kernels, respectively. With the kernel moisture ratio defined as the overall moisture content normalized with respect to the level of moisture at equilibrium, the soft varieties ('Rely', 'Penawawa', and 'Vanna') demonstrated a higher ratio than the hard variety 'TAM107'. Agreement between modeled and measured values for overall moisture content was very good, as seen by the ranges in the standard deviation of differences which were 0.014-0.041 and 0.008-0.029% db for pearled and intact kernels, respectively. Knowledge gained from this study will be useful in understanding how the tempering process affects the milling of hard and soft wheats. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kang, S (reprint author), BARC E, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Bldg 303,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1359 EP 1365 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 257WP UT WOS:000083805700019 ER PT J AU Buser, MD Stone, ML Brusewitz, GH Maness, NO Whitelock, DP AF Buser, MD Stone, ML Brusewitz, GH Maness, NO Whitelock, DP TI Thin-layer drying of marigold flowers and flower components for petal removal SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE marigold; thin-layer drying; xanthophyll; petal removal ID MODEL; CORN AB Thin-layer drying characteristics of marigolds were determined as a function of air temperature and airflow rate. Optimum drying conditions for petal separation were identified and xanthophyll reduction was associated with these conditions. A thin-layer model was developed to describe the drying characteristics of marigolds. Optimum conditions for petal detachment with thin-layer drying were found at an air temperature of 70 degrees C and an airflow rate of 0.33 m(3).s(-1).m(-2). On the average, xanthophyll content decreased at higher drying temperatures. C1 USDA ARS, US Cotton Ginning Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Buser, MD (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Cotton Ginning Lab, POB 256, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1367 EP 1373 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 257WP UT WOS:000083805700020 ER PT J AU Wei, CF Steudle, E Tyree, MT AF Wei, CF Steudle, E Tyree, MT TI Water ascent in plants: do ongoing controversies have a sound basis? SO TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID NEGATIVE XYLEM PRESSURES; PROBE; VULNERABILITY; TRANSPORT; EMBOLISM; CHAMBER; TENSION; FIELD; ROOTS AB The cohesion-tension theory of the ascent of sap in plants is fundamental to the understanding of water movement in plants. According to the theory, water is pulled upwards by high tensions (low negative pressures) created in the xylem vessels and tracheids of higher plants by the evaporation of water vapour from leaves. However, much lower tensions (less negative pressures) have been found from direct measurements using a pressure probe. These do not appear to be compatible with the cohesion-tension theory. As a consequence, the validity of the cohesion-tension theory has been questioned and alternative mechanisms for sap ascent have been proposed. Recent experiments show that the conclusions drawn from the pressure probe work were premature. New direct measurements of xylem pressure support the cohesion-tension theory and the previous indirect measurements of xylem pressure. C1 Univ Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl Pflanzenokol, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. US Forest Serv, USDA, Aiken forestry Sci Lab, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. RP Steudle, E (reprint author), Univ Bayreuth, Lehrstuhl Pflanzenokol, POB 101251, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. NR 30 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1360-1385 J9 TRENDS PLANT SCI JI Trends Plant Sci. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 4 IS 9 BP 372 EP 375 DI 10.1016/S1360-1385(99)01466-1 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 231LD UT WOS:000082309700009 ER PT J AU Van Oostveldt, K Dosogne, H Burvenich, C Paape, MJ Brochez, V Van den Eeckhout, E AF Van Oostveldt, K Dosogne, H Burvenich, C Paape, MJ Brochez, V Van den Eeckhout, E TI Flow cytometric procedure to detect apoptosis of bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes in blood SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE polymorphonuclear leukocytes; apoptosis; flow cytometry; cattle ID NEUTROPHIL APOPTOSIS; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; OXIDATIVE STRESS; CELLS; PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE; RECOGNITION; MACROPHAGES; RNA AB A flow cytometric technique was used to detect apoptosis and necrosis of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophil leukocytes (PMN) using fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled annexin-V and propidium iodide (PI). Isolation of PMN from the blood following lysis by water or NH4Cl resulted in false positive results for apoptosis. Therefore, a method was developed to identify living, apoptotic and necrotic PMN simultaneously in a single 100 mu l blood sample. To establish a positive control for PMN apoptosis, the effect of cycloheximide, actinomycin D, diamide, buthionine sulfoximine and sodium arsenite, that have been described to induce apoptosis by various mechanisms was tested. Only actinomycin D induced a significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic PMN after 2 h. Incubation of blood for 6 h with cycloheximide, actinomycin D and buthionine sulfoximine resulted in a significant increase of apoptotic PMN compared to control values. Sodium arsenite, mainly caused necrosis after 6 h of incubation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 State Univ Ghent, Fac Med Vet, Dept Physiol Biochem & Biometr, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. State Univ Ghent, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Lab Pharmaceut Biotechnol, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. RP Burvenich, C (reprint author), State Univ Ghent, Fac Med Vet, Dept Physiol Biochem & Biometr, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. NR 22 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD SEP 1 PY 1999 VL 70 IS 1-2 BP 125 EP 133 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00071-9 PG 9 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 238AR UT WOS:000082689200011 PM 10507293 ER PT J AU Venturini, MC Bacigalupe, D Venturini, L Machuca, M Perfumo, CJ Dubey, JP AF Venturini, MC Bacigalupe, D Venturini, L Machuca, M Perfumo, CJ Dubey, JP TI Detection of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in stillborn piglets in Argentina SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE toxoplasmosis; Toxoplasma gondii; pigs; stillbirth; indirect fluorescent antibody test; modified agglutination test; fetal fluids; Argentina ID AGGLUTINATION-TEST; PIGS; DIAGNOSIS; INFECTION AB Fetal fluids of 738 stillborn piglets from three swine farms in Argentina were examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. Antibodies were detected in 15 samples at a 1:20 dilution in the indirect fluorescent antibody test and 10 samples were positive in the modified agglutination test (MAT) at a dilution of 1:25; four of these samples had a MAT titer of greater than or equal to 1:100. This survey indicates a low rate of congenital T. gondii infection in stillborn pigs in Argentina. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Vet Sci, Dept Parasitol, Lab Parasitol, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Vet Sci, Inst Pathol, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. ARS, USDA, Parasite Biol Epidemiol Lab, Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Vet Sci, Dept Parasitol, Lab Parasitol, CC 296, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD SEP 1 PY 1999 VL 85 IS 4 BP 331 EP 334 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00104-1 PG 4 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 232RR UT WOS:000082384200012 PM 10488736 ER PT J AU Rhyan, JC Wilson, KL Wagner, B Anderson, ML BonDurant, RH Burgess, DE Mutwiri, GK Corbeil, LB AF Rhyan, JC Wilson, KL Wagner, B Anderson, ML BonDurant, RH Burgess, DE Mutwiri, GK Corbeil, LB TI Demonstration of Tritrichomonas foetus in the external genitalia and of specific antibodies in preputial secretions of naturally infected bulls SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cattle; genitalia; immunity; immunoglobulins; immunohistology; trichomoniasis; Tritrichomonas foetus ID SURFACE-ANTIGEN; EXTRACELLULAR PROTEINASES; BOVINE TRICHOMONIASIS; FETUS; IMMUNIZATION; PATHOGENESIS; RESPONSES; HEIFERS; IMMUNE AB Portions of penis and prepuce were collected from 24 bulls with current or recent Tritrichomonas foetus infection. Epididymides were collected from seven of the bulls, and seminal vesicles and prostate were collected from four. Following immunohistochemical staining with two monoclonal antibodies (34.7C4.4 and TF1.15) prepared against T. foetus surface antigens, trichomonads were identified in sections from 15 of the bulls. Organisms were most often located in penile crypts in the midshaft and caudal regions and less often in preputial crypts. Trichomonads were not observed in sections from other genitalia or in subepithelial tissue. T. foetus antigen, however, was present in the cytoplasm of some epithelial cells and the cytoplasm of some mononuclear cells in subepithelial lymphoid aggregates and follicles. Preputial smegma was collected from 16 T. foetus-infected bulls and from 16 control bulls with negative T. foetus cultures. Preputial antibody levels to TF1.17, a surface antigen of T. foetus, were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Preputial secretions from infected bulls contained specific antibody of each isotype and subisotype tested. IgG1 responses were the greatest, IgM and IgA responses were approximately equal, and IgG2 responses were low. Each isotype and subisotype response in infected bulls was significantly greater than that in the controls. These results confirm previous speculation concerning anatomical sites of infection and suggest that parasite antigen can be taken up and processed locally, resulting in deposition of specific IgG1, IgG2, IgA, and IgM antibodies in the preputial cavity. C1 USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Pathobiol Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Saskatchewan, Western Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W0, Canada. Univ Calif Davis, Calif Vet Diagnost Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Populat Hlth & Reprod, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Vet Mol Biol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. RP Rhyan, JC (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, VS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 35 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 36 IS 5 BP 406 EP 411 DI 10.1354/vp.36-5-406 PG 6 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 257XL UT WOS:000083808000006 PM 10490208 ER PT J AU Radi, ZA Register, KB Lee, EK Kehrli, ME Brogden, KA Gallup, JM Ackermann, MR AF Radi, ZA Register, KB Lee, EK Kehrli, ME Brogden, KA Gallup, JM Ackermann, MR TI In situ expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA in calves with acute Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE beta(2)-integrins; bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency; CD18; cattle; in situ hybridization; lung ID AERUGINOSA-INDUCED PNEUMONIA; INDUCED LUNG INJURY; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; NEUTROPHIL FUNCTION; HOLSTEIN CATTLE; DEFICIENCY BLAD; INFLAMMATION; ADHERENCE; EMIGRATION; TISSUE AB The in situ expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA in normal and pneumonic lung tissues of Holstein calves with bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD) was compared with that of age-matched non-BLAD Holstein calves by in situ hybridization. Twenty-four Holstein calves (both BLAD and non-BLAD) were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups and inoculated intrabronchially with Pasteurella haemolytica or pyrogen-free saline. Lung tissues were collected and fixed in 10% neutral formalin at 2 or 4 hours postinoculation (PI). The expression and distribution of ICAM-1 mRNA in the different cell types of the lung tissue was detected by in situ hybridization with a 307-base-pair bovine ICAM-1 riboprobe. In lungs of both non-BLAD and BLAD saline-inoculated calves, ICAM-1 expression was present in epithelial cells but occurred in <30% of cells in bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. ICAM-1 expression in vascular endothelial cells was present in <30% of cells in pulmonary arteries and veins. The expression of ICAM-1 was significantly greater (>60% of cells) in bronchiolar and alveolar epithelial cells and pulmonary endothelial cells of arteries and veins in both BLAD and non-BLAD calves inoculated with P. haemolytica. Bronchiolar epithelium had the highest intensity of mRNA expression and highest percentage of cells that were stained, whereas bronchial epithelium had the lowest intensity and percentage of cells stained. Most alveolar macrophages and neutrophils in infected lungs also expressed ICAM-1. ICAM-1 expression was generally increased in infected BLAD calves at 2 hours PI as compared with non-BLAD calves but not at 4 hours PI. The increased expression of ICAM-1 during acute P. haemolytica pneumonia in calves suggests that ICAM-1 is upregulated and may play a role in leukocyte infiltration. The extent of ICAM-1 expression in P. haemolytica-inoculated calves with BLAD was initially enhanced but otherwise similar to that in non-BLAD calves. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Pathol, Coll Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Avian & Swine Resp Dis Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ruminant & Resp Dis Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Radi, ZA (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Pathol, Coll Vet Med, 2740 Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 57 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 36 IS 5 BP 437 EP 444 DI 10.1354/vp.36-5-437 PG 8 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 257XL UT WOS:000083808000009 PM 10490211 ER PT J AU Wauchope, RD Sumner, HR Truman, CC Johnson, AW Dowler, CC Hook, JE Gascho, GJ Davis, JG Chandler, LD AF Wauchope, RD Sumner, HR Truman, CC Johnson, AW Dowler, CC Hook, JE Gascho, GJ Davis, JG Chandler, LD TI Runoff from a cornfield as affected by tillage and corn canopy: A large-scale simulated-rainfall hydrologic data set for model testing SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID COASTAL AB A rainfall simulator was used to apply 5 cm of rainfall in 2 hours to two replicate 624 m(2) plots at six times during each of the growing seasons of 1992 and 1993. Because the simulator generated reproducible and time-invariant rainfall intensities, the resulting 24 hydrographs reproducibly reveal the effects of tractor wheel compaction, tillage, soil reconsolidation, surface sealing, and corn canopy development. A time series data set including weather, crop development, soils properties, evapotranspiration, and antecedent soil water is available. These data should provide hydrologic modelers, particularly those interested in modeling runoff with time resolutions of <1 day, with a useful validation data set. C1 USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Brookings, SD USA. RP Wauchope, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. RI Davis, Jessica/C-1903-2013 NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 35 IS 9 BP 2881 EP 2885 DI 10.1029/1999WR900186 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 230HY UT WOS:000082246800024 ER PT J AU Wetzel, DK Horak, MJ Skinner, DZ AF Wetzel, DK Horak, MJ Skinner, DZ TI Use of PCR-based molecular markers to identity weedy Amaranthus species SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Amaranthus spp. AMASS; ITS1 and ITS2; Amaranthus albus L-AMAAL, tumble pigweed; Amaranthus arenicola IM Johnst. AMAAR, sandhills amaranth; Amaranthus blitoides S-Wats. AMABL, prostrate pigweed; Amaranthus hybridus L-AMACH, smooth pigweed; Amaranthus palmeri S-Wats. AMAPA, Palmer amaranth; Amaranthus powelli S-Wats. AMAPO, Powell amaranth; Amaranthus retroflexus L-AMARE, redroot pigweed; Amaranthus rudis Sauer AMATA, common waterhemp; Amaranthus spinosus L-AMASP, spiny amaranth; Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) JD Sauer AMATU, tall waterhemp ID SOYBEAN GLYCINE-MAX; GENETIC DIVERSITY; RAPD ANALYSIS; EVOLUTIONARY; WILD; DNA AB Weedy species of the genus Amaranthus, commonly referred co as pigweeds, have increased in frequency and severity over the past few years. Identification of these weeds is difficult because of similar morphological characteristics among species and variation within species. Studies were initiated to develop a molecular marker identification system utilizing restriction enzyme analysis of amplified ribosomal DNA (rDNA). A set of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers was developed to distinguish 10 weedy species of pigweeds. Restriction-site variation, utilizing five endonucleases, within the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) of the rDNA allowed for the positive identification of eight species and one pair of species. These markers will be useful for biological and ecological studies on the genus. Nomenclature: Amaranthus spp. AMASS. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Horak, MJ (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 22 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 8 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 5 BP 518 EP 523 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 263KV UT WOS:000084124600008 ER PT J AU Webster, TM Cardina, J AF Webster, TM Cardina, J TI Apocynum cannabinum seed germination and vegetative shoot emergence SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Apocynum cannabinum L., hemp dogbane; Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean; APCCA; growing degree days; moisture stress; seed germination; vegetative shoot emergence ID TILLAGE; POPULATIONS; TEMPERATURE; VELVETLEAF; MODEL; WEEDS; CORN AB Apocynum cannabinum is a native creeping perennial distributed throughout the U.S., with increasing importance in reduced tillage systems throughout the Midwest. Apocynum cannabinum has been shown to be a difficult species to control in field crops. Effective weed management is often a function of the timing of control practice. Knowledge of weed emergence patterns may be useful in predicting the optimum rime of weed management. The objectives of these studies were to describe how temperature and moisture affect A. cannabinum seed germination and to describe the relationship between growing degree units (GDU) and A. cannabinum vegetative shoot emergence. At constant temperatures, seed germination was described as a sigmoidal function of temperature (r(2) = 0.83), with maximum germination (32%) from 26 to 34 C. Under alternating temperatures, seed germination increased in a linear relationship between mean temperatures of 15 and 34 C (r(2) = 0.85). Maximum seed germination (88%) occurred at a mean temperature of 34 C under alternating temperatures. The relationship between seed germination and osmotic potential between -1.0 and 0 MPa was described by a gompertz function (r(2) = 0.98). Germination at -1.0 MPa was 4% and increased in a near linear manner to the nontreated control (0 MPa), which had 80% germination. Vegetative shoot emergence in 1997 and 1998 had a sigmoidal relationship to GDU using a base temperature of 6 C (r(2) = 0.96). However, initial shoot appearance was not consistent over years, with first emergence recorded on May 21, 1997 (132 GDU), and May 5, 1998 (73 GDU). Approximately 50% of the shoots emerged before Tune 7, 1997 (282 GDU), and May 21, 1998 (285 GDU); therefore, optimal weed management programs will need to be initiated following this GDU accumulation. Nomenclature: Apocynum cannabinum L., hemp dogbane; Glycine max (L.) Merr., soybean. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Webster, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nematodes Weeds & Crops Res Unit, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RI Webster, Theodore/A-4468-2009 OI Webster, Theodore/0000-0002-8259-2059 NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 5 BP 524 EP 528 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 263KV UT WOS:000084124600009 ER PT J AU Jasieniuk, M Maxwell, BD Anderson, RL Evans, JO Lyon, DJ Miller, SD Morishita, DW Ogg, AG Seefeldt, S Stahlman, PT Northam, FE Westra, P Kebede, Z Wicks, GA AF Jasieniuk, M Maxwell, BD Anderson, RL Evans, JO Lyon, DJ Miller, SD Morishita, DW Ogg, AG Seefeldt, S Stahlman, PT Northam, FE Westra, P Kebede, Z Wicks, GA TI Site-to-site and year-to-year variation in Triticum aestivum-Aegilops cylindrica interference relationships SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Aegilops cylindrica Host. AEGCY, jointed goatgrass; Triticum aestivum L., winter wheat; decision aid; economic threshold; nonlinear regression; parameter estimation; rectangular hyperbolic model; yield; crop-weed interference; AEGCY ID ECHINOCHLOA-CRUS-GALLI; SOYBEAN GLYCINE-MAX; CORN ZEA-MAYS; WEED DENSITY; PIGWEED AMARANTHUS; RELATIVE-TIME; CROP YIELD; MODELS; EMERGENCE AB Crop yield loss-weed density relationships critically influence calculation of economic thresholds and the resulting management recommendations made by a bioeconomic model. To examine site-to-site and year-to-year variation in winter Triticum aestivum L. (winter wheat)-Aegilops cylindrica Host. (jointed goatgrass) interference relationships, the rectangular hyperbolic yield loss function was fit to data sets from multiyear field experiments conducted at Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. The model was fit to three measures of A. cylindrica density: fall seedling, spring seedling, and reproductive tiller densities. Two parameters: i, the slope of the yield loss curve as A. cylindrica density approaches zero, and a, the maximum percentage yield loss as A. cylindrica density becomes very large, were estimated for each data set using nonlinear regression. Fit of the model to the data was better using spring seedling densities than fall seedling densities, but it was similar for spring seedling and reproductive tiller densities based on the residual mean square (RMS) values. Yield loss functions were less variable among years within a sire than among sires for all measures of weed density. For the one site where year-to-year variation was observed (Archer, WY), parameter a varied significantly among years, but parameter i did not. Yield loss functions differed significantly among sites for 7 of 10 comparisons. Sire-to-site statistical differences were generally due to variation in estimates of parameter i. Site-to-site and year-to-year variation in winter T. aestivum-A. cylindrica yield loss parameter estimates indicated that management recommendations made by a bioeconomic model cannot be based on a single yield loss function with the same parameter values for the winter T. aestivum-producing region. The predictive ability of a bioeconomic model is likely to be improved when yield loss functions incorporating time of emergence and crop density are built into the model's structure. Nomenclature: Aegilops cylindrica Host. AEGCY, jointed goatgrass; Triticum aestivum L., winter wheat. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USDA ARS, Cent Plains Res Ctr, Akron, OH USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Plants Soils & Biometeorol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Nebraska, Panhandle Res & Extens Ctr, Scottsbluff, NE 69361 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Plant Soil & Insect Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Idaho, Twin Falls Res & Extens Ctr, Twin Falls, ID USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Plant Soil & Insect Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Idaho, Twin Falls Res & Extens Ctr, Twin Falls, ID 83303 USA. Natl A Cylindrica Res Program, Ten Sleep, WY 82442 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Kansas State Univ, Agr Res Ctr, Hays, KS 67601 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Nebraska, W Cent Res & Extens Ctr, N Platte, NE 69101 USA. RP Jasieniuk, M (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 21 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 5 BP 529 EP 537 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 263KV UT WOS:000084124600010 ER PT J AU Wetzel, DK Horak, MJ Skinner, DZ Kulakow, PA AF Wetzel, DK Horak, MJ Skinner, DZ Kulakow, PA TI Transferal of herbicide resistance traits from Amaranthus palmeri to Amaranthus rudis SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Amaranthus palmeri S-Wats. AMAPA, Palmer amaranth; Amaranthus rudis Sauer AMATA, common waterhemp; AFLP analysis; Amaranthus hybrids; genetic analysis; introgression; AMAPA; AMATA ID INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS; BRASSICA-NAPUS; IDENTIFICATION; HYBRIDIZATION; EVOLUTION; BIOTYPE; CROSSES AB Herbicide resistance has been reported in several Amaranthus species throughout the U.S. Because evidence exists of interspecies hybridization in some species of this genus, this study was conducted to determine whether acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicide resistance could be transferred from Amaranthus palmeri to Amaranthus rudis through interspecific crosses. Plants of each species were grown in a growth chamber, and controlled interspecies crosses were made between ALS-resistant and -susceptible plants. A total of 15 putative hybrid plants were produced from an estimated 10,000 cross-pollinated flowers. Analysis of restriction enzyme digests of the ALS gene in which a single base substitution confers resistance inferred that herbicide resistance had been transferred from a resistant male A. rudis to the hybrid plant. Offspring of hybrid plants, backcrossed to the susceptible parent, survived herbicide treatment, demonstrating that herbicide resistance was transferred between species. DNA analysis also was performed using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique between parental and putative hybrid plants. Several unique bands were found only in the hybrid. Nomenclature: Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. AMAPA, Palmer amaranth; Amaranthus rudis Sauer AMATA, common waterhemp. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Horak, MJ (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 32 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 8 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 5 BP 538 EP 543 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 263KV UT WOS:000084124600011 ER PT J AU Horvath, DP AF Horvath, DP TI Role of mature leaves in inhibition of root bud growth in Euphorbia esula L. SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE GA, gibberellic acid; NPA, N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid; Euphorbia esula L., leafy spurge, EPHES; correlative inhibition; auxin; gibberellic acid; EPHES ID CORRELATIVE INHIBITION; PLANTS AB Earlier studies on the source of signals controlling correlative inhibition of root buds (underground adventitious buds located on the lateral roots) in Euphorbia esula indicated thar either growing meristems (apical or axillary buds) or fully expanded leaves could prevent root buds from breaking quiescence. An investigation of the production and transport requirements of the leaf-derived signal is described. As few as three leaves remaining on budless stems greatly reduced the growth of (but not the number of growing) root buds. Also, light and CO2 fixation were necessary for the leaf effects on root bud growth, but not necessary for correlative inhibition imposed by growing axillary buds. Treatment of plants with Ametryn induced root bud growth on budless plants but not on plants with intact axillary buds. The polar auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid prevented transmission of the signal from growing axillary buds, bur it had only a minor effect on the transmission of the leaf-derived signal. Treatment of plants with gibberellic acid (GA) induced growth of root buds under otherwise noninducing conditions to some extent in all plants. However, the greatest effects of GA were on plants with intact leaves (meristemless/budless and meristemless). GA had no significant effect on root bud quiescence under conditions that induced root bud growth. Nomenclature: GA, gibberellic acid; NPA, N-1-naphthylphthalmic acid; Euphorbia esula L., leafy spurge, EPHES. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Horvath, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674,Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. OI Horvath, David/0000-0002-8458-7691 NR 21 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 5 BP 544 EP 550 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 263KV UT WOS:000084124600012 ER PT J AU Stahl, LAB Johnson, GA Wyse, DL Buhler, DD Gunsolus, JL AF Stahl, LAB Johnson, GA Wyse, DL Buhler, DD Gunsolus, JL TI Effect of tillage on timing of Setaria spp. emergence and growth SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE glyphosate; Setaria faberi Herrm., giant foxtail; Setaria spp., foxtail spp.; Zea mays L., 'Pioneer 3563.'; conservation tillage; no-tillage; population dynamics; seedbank; weed ecology; weed emergence; SETFA; SETVI ID CORN ZEA-MAYS; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; GIANT FOXTAIL; WEED-CONTROL; ABUTILON-THEOPHRASTI; CROP-ROTATION; SEED; SYSTEMS AB Weed management can be a significant challenge in cropping systems, partly because the effects of tillage systems on weed seedbank and seedling population dynamics are not well understood. Field research was conducted from 1994 to 1996 in established tillage plots consisting of moldboard plow (MP), chisel plow (CP), and no-tillage (NT). The objectives were to determine the effects of long-term tillage systems on the timing and duration of Setaria spp. emergence and percentage cumulative emergence from the soil seedbank and to investigate the effect of tillage on Setaria spp. density and seed production following glyphosate application at Setaria spp. heights of 5, 10, and 15 cm. NT contained a greater number of Setaria spp. seed in the 0- to 1-, 1- to 3-, and 3- to 6-cm depths than MP or CP systems. There was little difference between the three tillage systems at depths greater than 6 cm. Setaria spp. emergence was greater in NT than in MP or CP in 1994 and 1996 and greater than in MP in 1995. There was a substantial increase in Setaria spp. emergence in NT between 3 and 4 weeks after planting (WAP) in 1994 and between 5 and 6 WAP in 1995 and 1996. Significant emergence did not occur past 5 to 6 WAP in 1994 and 1995 but continued over a longer period of time in 1996. Setaria spp. plants consistently reached targeted herbicide application heights 4 to 9 d earlier in NT than in CP and MP. In 1994, final Setaria spp. density was greater in NT compared to CP and MP at the 5- and 10-cm herbicide application timings. When glyphosate was applied to 15-cm-tall Setaria, very few weeds were present following application across all tillage systems. In 1995, NT resulted in greater Setaria spp. density than MP or CP across all application timings. There was no difference in final Setaria spp. density between MP and CP across all glyphosate timings in 1994 and 1995. Seed production was negligible in MP and CP, regardless of glyphosate timing. In NT, however, significant seed production occurred, especially with early application. Results indicate that the effectiveness of nonresidual herbicides for Setaria faberi Herrm. control is influenced by tillage system and the timing of application. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; Setaria faberi Herrm., giant foxtail; Setaria spp., foxtail spp.; Zea mays L., 'Pioneer 3563'. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Johnson, GA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, So Expt Stn, 35838 120th St, Waseca, MN 56093 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 5 BP 563 EP 570 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 263KV UT WOS:000084124600015 ER PT J AU Hartzler, RG Buhler, DD Stoltenberg, DE AF Hartzler, RG Buhler, DD Stoltenberg, DE TI Emergence characteristics of four annual weed species SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Amaranthus rudis Sauer AMATA, common waterhemp; Setaria faberi Herrm. SETFA, giant foxtail; Abutilon theophrasti Medik. ABUTH, velvetleaf; Eriochloa villosa (Thunb.) Kunth ERBVI, woolly cupgrass; seedbank; seedling emergence; AMATA; SETFA; ABUTH; ERBVI ID CORN ZEA-MAYS; ERIOCHLOA-VILLOSA CONTROL; CHLOROACETAMIDE HERBICIDES; ABUTILON-THEOPHRASTI; CHENOPODIUM-ALBUM; PERIODICITY; POPULATION AB Emergence characteristics, including initial time of emergence, magnitude of emergence, and mean time of emergence, of Amaranthus rudis Sauer, Setaria faberi Herrm., Eriochloa villosa (Thunb.) Kunth, and Abutilon theophrasti Medik. were studied in central Iowa during the first 3 yr following burial of seed collected and buried in the fall of 1994 or 1995. Although the initial emergence date varied among years, the emergence sequence among species was consistent. Eriochloa villosa and A. theophrasti were the first species to emerge, with initial emergence occurring between April 28 and May 10. Initial emergence dates for these species were the same, except for 1995 when A. theophrasti emerged 4 d prior to E. villosa. Amaranthus rudis was the last species to emerge, with initial emergence ranging from 5 to 25 d after A. theophrasti. First-year emergence in 1995 was 8% for A. theophrasti, 7% for A. rudis, 41% For E. villosa, and 33% for S. faberi, based on the number of buried seed. Proportional emergence during the first year following burial in 1996 was similar to 1995 for A. theophrasti and S. faberi, but greater emergence was observed in 1996 for E. villosa and A. rudis. During the 3 yr of both studies, cumulative emergence of the two grass species (43 to 71%) was higher than for the broadleaf species (13 to 35%). A high percentage of the total annual emergence of E. villosa occurred within the first 2 wk of initial emergence, whereas a high percentage of A. rudis emergence occurred late in its emergence period. Emergence characteristics of the four species were consistent among years and seed sources. Nomenclature: Amaranthus rudis Sauer AMATA, common waterhemp; Setaria faberi Herrm. SETFA, giant foxtail; Abutilon theophrasti Medik. ABUTH, velvetleaf; Eriochloa villosa (Thunb.) Kunth ERBVI, woolly cupgrass. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Hartzler, RG (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 22 TC 93 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 13 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 5 BP 578 EP 584 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 263KV UT WOS:000084124600017 ER PT J AU Ziska, LH Teasdale, JR Bunce, JA AF Ziska, LH Teasdale, JR Bunce, JA TI Future atmospheric carbon dioxide may increase tolerance to glyphosate SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE glyphosate; Chenopodium album L-CHEAL, common lambsquarters; Amaranthus retroflexus L-AMARE, redroot pigweed; climate change; carbon dioxide; postemergence; CHEAL; AMARE ID GROWTH-STIMULATION; CO2 ENRICHMENT; PLANTS; WEEDS; CROP; C-3 AB We tested whether the efficacy of chemical weed control might change as atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2] increases by determining if tolerance to a widely used, phloem mobile, postemergence herbicide, glyphosate, was altered by a doubling of [CO2]. Tolerance was determined by following the growth of Amaranthus retroflexus L. (redroot. pigweed), a C-4 species, and Chenopodium album L. (common lambsquarters), a C-3 species, grown at near ambient (360 mu mol mol(-1)) and twice ambient (720 mu mol mol(-1)) [CO2] for 14 d following glyphosate application at rates of 0.00 (control), 0.112 kg ai ha(-1) (0.1 x the commercial rate), and 1.12 kg ai ha(-1) (1.0 x the commercial rare) in four separate trials. Irrespective of [CO2], growth of the C-4 species, A. retroflexus, was significantly reduced and was eliminated altogether at glyphosate application rates of 0.112 and 1.12 kg ai ha(-1), respectively. However, in contrast to the ambient [CO2] treatment, an application rate of 0.112 kg ai ha(-1) had no effect on growth, and a 1.12 kg ai ha(-1) rate reduced but did not eliminate growth in elevated [CO2]-grown C. album. Although glyphosate tolerance does increase with plant size at the time of application, differences in glyphosate tolerance between CO2 treatments in C. album cannot be explained by size alone. These data indicate that rising atmospheric [CO2] could increase glyphosate tolerance in a C-3 weedy species. Changes in herbicide tolerance at elevated [CO2] could limit chemical weed control efficacy and increase weed-crop competition. C1 USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Weed Sci Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ziska, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Bldg 046A,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 18 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1999 VL 47 IS 5 BP 608 EP 615 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 263KV UT WOS:000084124600022 ER PT J AU Lowney, MS AF Lowney, MS TI Damage by black and turkey vultures in Virginia, 1990-1996 SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE black vulture; damage; depredation; predation; turkey vulture AB Damage by black (Coragyps atratus) and turkey (Catharates aura) vultures increased annually since 1990, when 2 complaints were reported, and peaked at 207 complaints in 1995. Black vultures are associated with depredations of livestock and pets and damage to real and personal property. Congregations of mixed flocks of black and turkey vultures are associated with health concerns, property damage, and nuisance complaints. Turkey vultures are infrequently identified as a problem compared to black vultures and mixed flocks. Vulture damage was reported in 55 counties and 2 cities in Virginia from October 1994 to 1996. Black vultures were reported to kill cattle or carves in 32 counties, with 76% of statewide livestock predation reported from Southwestern Ridge and Valley and Southern Piedmont physiographic regions. Eleven counties reported black vultures killing other livestock, including farm-raised deer. Twelve counties reported black vultures killing, injuring, and harassing pets. While there is a range of nonlethal techniques to alleviate black vulture predation on livestock-including harassment with pyrotechnics or center-fire rifles, removing carrion, moving expectant cattle to alternate pastures, relocating nearby vulture roosts by harassment with pyrotechnics, and monitoring livestock several times a day-these techniques frequently were ineffective. The lethal method recommended to reduce or stop black vulture predation on livestock was shooting a few vultures to supplement harassment. New research is needed to develop control methods to alleviate vulture damage and develop vulture population models. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Moseley, VA 23120 USA. RP Lowney, MS (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, POB 130, Moseley, VA 23120 USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 715 EP 719 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 264GZ UT WOS:000084173500025 ER PT J AU Seamans, TW Belant, JL AF Seamans, TW Belant, JL TI Comparison of DRC-1339 and alpha-chloralose to reduce herring gull populations SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE alpha-chloralose; capture agent; DRC-1339; herring gull; Larus argentatus; toxicant AB Results of several herring gull (Larus argentatus) control programs using DRC-1339 (3-chloro-4-methyl-benzenamine hydrochloride) suggested that the published median lethal dose (LD50) of 2.9 mg of DRC-1339/kg of body weight may not be accurate in some environments. We conducted laboratory trials to estimate LD50 values of DRC-1339 and of alpha-chloralose (AC) for herring gulls inhabiting fresh water. We also conducted field trials to compare effectiveness of these compounds in simulated gull control operations. We calculated the LD50 for DRC-1339 as 4.6 mg/kg and 43.1 mg/kg for AC. Mean (+/-SD) time to death for DRC-1339-dosed birds varied from 34.0 (+/- 12.2) hours at LD96 to 109.5 (+/-55.5) hours at LD27 AC time to death varied from 2.3 (+/-0.5) hours at >LD99 to 5.8 (+/-0.0) hours at LD13. In field trials, DRC-1339 baits treated at 27.4 mg/kg (LD99) resulted in 29% known mortality. In contrast, AC baits with a 30-mg/kg dosage (LD99), 65% of gulls were captured with 82% mortality. AC was more effective than DRC-1339 in removing gulls from a nesting colony. We recommend consideration of AC as a gull population management chemical because It is fast-acting, humane, and can be used as a nonlethal capture agent. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Seamans, TW (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 729 EP 733 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 264GZ UT WOS:000084173500027 ER PT J AU Pochop, PA Cummings, JL Wedemeyre, KL Engeman, RM Davis, JE AF Pochop, PA Cummings, JL Wedemeyre, KL Engeman, RM Davis, JE TI Vegetation preferences of captive Canada geese at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE airport; bird hazard; Branta canadensis; Canada geese; cover management; forage AB Bird-aircraft strikes represent a serious safety and economic problem in the United States. Canada geese (Branta canadensis) are frequently attracted to airfields because of the availability of preferred forage and large open areas. At Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, we determined preferences of captive, wild-caught, lesser Canada geese (B. c. parvipes) for alternative vegetation types not normally planted at this airfield. We compared Canada goose preferences for Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis), beach wildrye (Elymus mollis), Baring hairgrass (Deschampsia beringensis), lupine (Lupinus nootkatensis), and flightline turf (a mix of smooth brome [Bromus sp.], dock [Rumex acerosella], and red fescue [Festuca rubra]). Geese preferred flightline turf over Kentucky bluegrass. Bering hairgrass was marginally less preferred than Kentucky bluegrass. Kentucky bluegrass was preferred over lupine, bluejoint reedgrass, and beach wildrye. We discuss vegetation management as an alternative goose control technique. Further evaluation of the least preferred vegetation types should be conducted in large flight pen and field plot studies. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US Dept Def, Elmendorf AFB, AK 99506 USA. RP Pochop, PA (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 734 EP 740 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 264GZ UT WOS:000084173500028 ER PT J AU Inbar, M Mayer, RT AF Inbar, M Mayer, RT TI Spatio-temporal trends in armadillo diurnal activity and road-kills in central Florida SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE armadillo; diurnal activity; Florida; road-kills ID DASYPUS-NOVEMCINCTUS; UNITED-STATES; POPULATION; HIGHWAY AB Armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) are one of the mammals most commonly found dead along Florida highways. Thus, they may serve as a model to study which factors are affecting wildlife road-kills. Armadillo diurnal activity and road-kills were examined along a 168.9-km stretch of the Ronald Reagan Turnpike in Florida. We conducted 49 surveys during a 13-month period (3-5 surveys/month), with 143 road-kill incidents and 173 observations of active armadillos. Activity and road-kills were spatially and temporally correlated with several factors. Rate of armadillo road-kill was from interactions among temperature, vegetation coverage, and traffic volume. During winter (November-March), armadillos are more diurnal and generally less active, thus they are less likely to be killed by vehicles. Armadillo activity in these months was concentrated near habitat with dense woodlands. In summer, armadillos are predominantly nocturnal and apparently more active. Consequently, their road-kill rates nearly doubled and were highly correlated with traffic volume, but not with vegetation. Of all the traffic-volume data sets, mean nighttime traffic generated the only significant correlation with road-kills. Traffic did not affect armadillo diurnal activity. Our study demonstrated how the relative importance of the factors affecting road-ki II changed temporally. Spatial analyses suggested that armadillos are more dispersed during summer. C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Inbar, M (reprint author), Univ Haifa, Dept Biol, IL-36006 Tivon, Israel. NR 27 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 865 EP 872 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 264GZ UT WOS:000084173500042 ER PT J AU Miller, JE AF Miller, JE TI A MAN OF ACTION - John S. Gottschalk - 1912-1999 - Our respects SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 USDA, CSREES, NRE, Aerosp Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Miller, JE (reprint author), USDA, CSREES, NRE, Aerosp Ctr, Room 829,Mail Stop 2210, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 876 EP 877 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 264GZ UT WOS:000084173500044 ER PT J AU Woodworth, BL Faaborg, J Arendt, WJ AF Woodworth, BL Faaborg, J Arendt, WJ TI Survival and longevity of the Puerto Rican Vireo SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NEST PREDATION; LIFE-HISTORY; BIRDS; RATES; HAWAII; MODEL; POPULATION; FOREST AB The Puerto Rican Vireo (Vir eo latimeri), a Puerto Rican endemic, is declining in at least one forest reserve as the result of pressures from introduced nest predators and an introduced brood parasite. We collected data on adult survival, adult longevity, and juvenile survival from a long-term mist netting study (1973-1999) and a demographic study of color-marked birds (1990-1993) in Guanica Forest, Puerto Rico. Of the adult birds banded in the first three years of the demographic study, 24 of 32 males (75%) and 6 of 7 females (86%) were known to survive until June of the year following their banding. Model-based estimates of adult survival rare from capture/resighting of 65 color-marked birds was 0.74 (+/- 0.05 SE); for 51 adult males analyzed separately, survival rate was 0.74 (+/-0.06; data were insufficient to estimate survival rate of females). We recorded a new longevity record for the Puerto Rican Vireo of 13 years, 2 months. Juvenile survival was estimated by enumeration to be 0.40 (+/-0.15). Juveniles spent prolonged periods on their natal territory, which might increase their probability of surviving to first breeding. Puerto Rican Vireos have relatively high survival rates despite the presence of numerous introduced predators in their habitat, a highly seasonal environment, and the stress of renesting as many as 6 times in a season. C1 Univ Missouri, Div Biol Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Sabana Field Res Stn, Palmer, PR 00721 USA. RP Woodworth, BL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 37 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 111 IS 3 BP 376 EP 380 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 227XV UT WOS:000082106000010 ER PT J AU Lebow, ST Winandy, JE AF Lebow, ST Winandy, JE TI Effect of fire-retardant treatment on plywood pH and the relationship of pH to strength properties SO WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WOOD AB This paper investigates the relationship between wood pH and the strength properties of fire-retardant-treated (FRT) plywood, as it is affected by fire-retardant (FR) formulations, processing variables, and extended high temperature exposure conditions. The objectives of this study were to (1) identify the effect of post-treatment kiln-drying temperature, followed by high temperature exposure, on wood pH; (2) identify the effect of various mixtures of FR components, followed by high temperature exposure, on wood pH; (3) determine if treatment effects on strength and pH are affected by plywood thickness; and (4) quantify the relationship between changes in wood pH and strength loss and whether pH can be used as a predictor of strength loss. Results indicate that the differences in pH resulting from the initial redry temperature became insignificant after extended periods of high temperature exposure. All FR treatments studied caused large, rapid decreases in pH, with the most rapid decreases occurring with formulations containing phosphoric acid. Additions of berate compounds, especially disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (Timbor), produced a measurable buffering effect that slowed or lessened the decreases in pH. No differences in the effect of FRT on the wood pH-strength relationship were noted between the two plywood thicknesses evaluated. A strong relationship was noted between changes in pH of the plywood and reductions in strength and energy-related properties. These findings suggest that the pH of FRT plywood is a good indicator of its current condition and may have potential as a predictor of future strength loss as the plywood is subjected to elevated in-service temperatures. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Lebow, ST (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 10 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0043-7719 J9 WOOD SCI TECHNOL JI Wood Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1999 VL 33 IS 4 BP 285 EP 298 PG 14 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 242MT UT WOS:000082945400004 ER PT J AU Eggleston, G AF Eggleston, G TI The importance of removing interfering amino acids for the accurate quantitation of sugars in beet sugar industry samples using ion chromatography SO ZUCKERINDUSTRIE LA English DT Article AB The dramatic effect of interfering amino acids on reducing the accurate and precise quantitation of sugars in beet sugar industry samples, using ion chromatography with integrated pulsed amperometric detection (IC-IPAD), was reported. Beet sugar industry samples included beet syrup, juice and molasses samples. Using sugar and amino acid standard mixtures, and beet sugar industry samples,proline was found to co-elute with fructose and serine with sucrose, and both co-elutions were "additive", which caused both fructose and sucrose to be overestimated. Conversely, the co-elution of arginine with myo-inositol, and glutamine with glucose had a marked "suppressive" effect on sugar quantitation and caused underestimations. In particular, glucose was frequently underestimated up to 60% and above. Various methods were investigated for their efficiency to remove interfering amino acids, but not remove sugars: prefiltering of dilute samples through cation exchange syringe filters proved the most efficient method. Using sugar and amino acid standard mixtures, within experimental error, the cation exchange filter restored the mean concentrations of myo-inositol, glucose and sucrose to expected values, and standard deviations for all sugars were reduced markedly. Removal of interfering amino acids in a beet juice from a sweet water tank caused increases in mean concentrations for myoinositol (+4.2%) and particularly for glucose (+62.5%), and a decrease for fructose (-7.3%). C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Eggleston, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERLAG DR ALBERT BARTENS PI BERLIN 38 PA LUCKHOFFSTRASSE 16, D-14129 BERLIN 38, GERMANY SN 0344-8657 J9 ZUCKERINDUSTRIE JI Zuckerindustrie PD SEP PY 1999 VL 124 IS 9 BP 702 EP 707 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 243KH UT WOS:000082996100003 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, AH Van Horn, L AF Lichtenstein, AH Van Horn, L TI Very-low-fat diets - Response SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Letter ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; LIFE-STYLE CHANGES C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Chicago, IL USA. RP Lichtenstein, AH (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD AUG 31 PY 1999 VL 100 IS 9 BP 1014 EP 1015 PG 2 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 232DZ UT WOS:000082353000026 ER PT J AU Cheng, WH Taliercio, EW Chourey, PS AF Cheng, WH Taliercio, EW Chourey, PS TI Sugars modulate an unusual mode of control of the cell-wall invertase gene (Incw1) through its 3 ' untranslated region in a cell suspension culture of maize SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SUCROSE SYNTHASE GENES; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; MESSENGER-RNA; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; CHENOPODIUM-RUBRUM; YEAST INVERTASE; HIGHER-PLANTS; EXPRESSION; GLUCOSE; METABOLISM AB We show here that a cell-wall invertase encoded by the Incw1 gene is regulated at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels by sugars in a heterotrophic cell suspension culture of maize. The Incw1 gene encoded two transcripts: Incw1-S (small) and Incw1-L (large); the size variation was attributable to different lengths in the 3' untranslated region, Both metabolizable and nonmetabolizable sugars induced Incw1-L RNA apparently by default. However, only the metabolizable sugars, sucrose and D-glucose, were associated with the increased steady-state abundance of Incw1-S RNA, the concomitant increased levels of INCW1 protein and enzyme activity, and the downstream metabolic repression of the sucrose synthase gene, Sh1, Conversely, nonmetabolizable sugars, including the two glucose analogs 3-O-methylglucose and 2-deoxy-glucose, induced greater steady-state levels of the Incw1-L RNA, but this increase did not lead to either an increase in the levels of the INCW1 protein/enzyme activity or the repression of the Sh1 gene. We conclude that sugar sensing and the induction of the Incw1 gene is independent of the hexokinase pathway, More importantly, our results also suggest that the 3' untranslated region of the Incw1 gene acts as a regulatory sensor of carbon starvation and may constitute a link between sink metabolism and cellular translation in plants. C1 Univ Florida, Program Plant Mol & Cellular Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Chourey, PS (reprint author), Univ Florida, Program Plant Mol & Cellular Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 37 TC 47 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD AUG 31 PY 1999 VL 96 IS 18 BP 10512 EP 10517 DI 10.1073/pnas.96.18.10512 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 233JQ UT WOS:000082424100104 PM 10468640 ER PT J AU Meek, DW Prueger, JH Sauer, TJ Kustas, WP Hipps, LE Hatfield, JL AF Meek, DW Prueger, JH Sauer, TJ Kustas, WP Hipps, LE Hatfield, JL TI A note on recognizing autocorrelation and using autoregression SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE autocorrelation; autoregression; solar radiation ID INSTRUMENTS; MODELS AB The presence of autocorrelation in the analysis of a variable sampled sequentially at regular time intervals appears to be unknown to many agricultural meteorologists despite abundant documentation found in the traditional meteorological and statistical literature. It follows that the statistical consequences as well as methodological alternatives are also unknown. Through an example using paired radiometer observations, this note discusses recognition of autocorrelation as well as the importance of testing ordinary least squares regression parameters in the presence of autocorrelated residuals. An autoregression example is presented as one alternative way to analyze the given dataset. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Plants Soils & Biometeorol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Meek, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. OI Hipps, Lawrence/0000-0002-7658-8571 NR 19 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD AUG 30 PY 1999 VL 96 IS 1-3 BP 9 EP 17 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00025-8 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 234JF UT WOS:000082480400002 ER PT J AU Dill, K Stanker, LH Young, CR AF Dill, K Stanker, LH Young, CR TI Detection of salmonella in poultry using a silicon chip-based biosensor SO JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; poultry; Light-Addressable Potentiometric Sensor (LAPS); silicon chip ID ADDRESSABLE POTENTIOMETRIC SENSOR; TYPHIMURIUM; FOODS AB Salmonella typhimurium was detected to levels as low as 119 CFUs using the Threshold(R) Immunoassay System. This immunoassay system utilizes solution-based binding of the biotin and fluorescein labeled antibodies to salmonella, followed by filtration-capture of the immunocomplex on a biotin-coated nitrocellulose membrane. Lastly, an anti-fluorescein urease conjugate is bound to the immunocomplex. Detection of the bound immunocomplex is made possible via the silicon chip-based light-addressable potentiometric sensor. In the presence of the urea, urease converts the substrate to ammonia and CO2 and this results in a pH change at the silicon surface. The resultant pH change is monitored with time and the signal output is reported in mu V s(-1). An experiment whereby chicken carcass washings were fortified with salmonella showed a recovery of 90%, indicating that the technique can be used to test for salmonella under these conditions. Precautions must be used with this instrument as sample debris will affect sample flow through the membrane and hence the signal output. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Mol Devices Corp, Sunnyvale, CA 94089 USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, Food & Feed Safety Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Dill, K (reprint author), CombiMatrix Corp, 887 Mitten Rd, Burlingame, CA 94010 USA. NR 10 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-022X J9 J BIOCHEM BIOPH METH JI J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods PD AUG 30 PY 1999 VL 41 IS 1 BP 61 EP 67 DI 10.1016/S0165-022X(99)00027-5 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 238DC UT WOS:000082694800006 PM 10512039 ER PT J AU Hughes, CA Gebhardt, JS Reuss, A Matthews, BF AF Hughes, CA Gebhardt, JS Reuss, A Matthews, BF TI Identification and expression of a cDNA encoding cystathionine gamma-synthase in soybean SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cystathionine gamma-synthase; methionine; cDNA; complementation; expression; Glycine max ID BACTERIAL DIHYDRODIPICOLINATE SYNTHASE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; METHIONINE BIOSYNTHESIS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; SPINACH-CHLOROPLASTS; ASPARTATE KINASE; HIGHER-PLANTS; PURIFICATION; GENE; SEQUENCE AB Methionine is one of the essential amino acids that are synthesized in low amounts in seeds of many agronomically important crop plants such as soybean. Cystathionine-gamma-synthase (CS; EC 4.2.99.9) is the branch point enzyme leading to methionine synthesis. We isolated a 1023 nucleotide cDNA-encoding soybean CS from a leaf cDNA library using a 672-nucleotide Arabidopsis cDNA probe. The complete cDNA contains a single open reading frame of 1608 bp that encodes a 536 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 58 090 Da. The amino terminal portion of the deduced amino acid sequence is rich in threonine and serine, suggesting the presence of a chloroplast transit peptide (155 amino acids). The soybean CS amino acid sequence shares sequence identity with several CS proteins, Arabidopsis thaliana, Z. mays, M. crystallium, and Escherichia coli. The coding region minus the transit peptide was cloned in-frame into pUC18. This construct was used to transform and complement an E. coli methionine auxotroph, AB301. Northern analysis revealed that a 1.9 kb soybean CS mRNA was expressed at the highest level in 8-day light-grown cotyledons and the lowest level in 8-day dark-grown leaves. Southern analysis suggests that the multiple banding patterns may be indicative of several restriction sites within the genomic sequence or CS may be part of a small gene family. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Morgan State Univ, Dept Biol, Baltimore, MD 21251 USA. RP Matthews, BF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Bldg 006, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD AUG 30 PY 1999 VL 146 IS 2 BP 69 EP 79 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00052-7 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 237PL UT WOS:000082665200002 ER PT J AU Koren, V Schaake, J Mitchell, K Duan, QY Chen, F Baker, JM AF Koren, V Schaake, J Mitchell, K Duan, QY Chen, F Baker, JM TI A parameterization of snowpack and frozen ground intended for NCEP weather and climate models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE ETA-MODEL; LAND-SURFACE SCHEME; UNSATURATED SOIL; FROST HEAVE; MOISTURE; COVER; HYDROLOGY; LAYER; TEMPERATURE; CONDUCTIVITY AB Extensions to the land surface scheme (LSS) in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction, regional, coupled, land-atmosphere weather prediction model, known as the mesoscale Eta model, are proposed and tested off-line in uncoupled mode to account for seasonal freezing and thawing of soils and snow-accumulation-ablation processes. An original model assumption that there is no significant heat transfer during redistribution of liquid water was relaxed by including a source/sink term in the heat transfer equation to account for latent heat during phase transitions of soil moisture. The parameterization uses the layer-integrated form of heat and water diffusion equations adopted by the original Eta-LSS. Therefore it simulates the total ice content of each selected soil layer. Infiltration reduction under frozen ground conditions was estimated by probabilistic averaging of spatially variable ice content of the soil profile. Off-line uncoupled tests of the new and original Eta-LSS were performed using experimental data from Rosemount, Minnesota. Simulated soil temperature and unfrozen water content matched observed data reasonably well. Neglecting frozen ground processes leads to significant underestimation/overestimation of soil temperature during soil freezing/thawing periods and underestimates total soil moisture content after extensive periods of soil freezing. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, DSWC, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol, 1325 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM victor.koren@noaa.gov RI Chen, Fei/B-1747-2009; Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011 OI Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512 NR 60 TC 256 Z9 278 U1 3 U2 47 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D16 BP 19569 EP 19585 DI 10.1029/1999JD900232 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 230CY UT WOS:000082235300042 ER PT J AU Baker, JM Davis, KJ Liknes, GC AF Baker, JM Davis, KJ Liknes, GC TI Surface energy balance and boundary layer development during snowmelt SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MOISTURE; HEAT; SOIL; ENTRAINMENT; ADVECTION; MODEL AB Improved prediction of snowmelt requires comprehensive data collection, including surface, subsurface, and atmospheric processes, during the snowmelt period. We report results of field research in which all components of the surface energy balance were measured during two different snowmelt periods, along with boundary layer soundings. The two periods were quite different, the first being overcast and the second occurring under clear skies. However, snowmelt was estimated relatively well from the cumulative residual of the energy balance in both cases. Downward infrared radiation and sensible heat flux were important contributors to the melt during overcast conditions, with net radiation providing about mio thirds of the energy for melt and sensible heat providing the remainder. The sunny melt was dominated by direct solar heating of the surface. In both cases, estimation of melt as a residual of the energy balance agreed well with visual and gravimetric observations. The boundary layer soundings revealed the importance of advection, which was generally consistent with synoptic patterns during the period of the study. The data also showed a transition from advection-dominated to turbulence-dominated boundary layer budgets as the snowpack disappeared. The potential for convective cloud formation was also examined. Surface heating and entrainment outweighed adiabatic cooling and evaporation, resulting in the boundary layer top relative humidity decreasing as the snow melted and turbulent mixing increased. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA, ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Univ Minnesota, USDA, ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, 439 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM jbaker@soils.umn.edu NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D16 BP 19611 EP 19621 DI 10.1029/1999JD900224 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 230CY UT WOS:000082235300045 ER PT J AU Ottinger, SE Mayura, K Lemke, SL McKenzie, KS Wang, NY Kubena, LF Phillips, TD AF Ottinger, SE Mayura, K Lemke, SL McKenzie, KS Wang, NY Kubena, LF Phillips, TD TI Utilization of electrochemically generated ozone in the degradation and detoxication of benzo[a]pyrene SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART A LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; INTERCELLULAR COMMUNICATION; COMMON EIDER; WASTE-WATER; OZONATION; PRODUCTS; PHENANTHRENE; METABOLISM; OXIDATION; TOXICITY AB The ability of electrochemically generated ozone (O-3) to degrade and detoxify the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was assessed utilizing the chick embryotoxicity screening test (CHEST) and Hydra attenuata bioassays. Aqueous solutions containing 10 mu g/ml BaP and 0.5% (v/v) acetonitrile were subjected to ozonolysis for 0 to 30 min. Rapid degradation of BaP was evident by both gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. HPLC fluorescence detection revealed no BaP shortly after 5 min of ozonolysis, while HPLC with PDA detection demonstrated continued reactions with ozone over the 30-min time course. As little as 2 min of O-3 treatment afforded protection from BaP-induced mortality and toxicity (embryolethality and liver discoloration) in the chicken embryos. In the hydra bioassay, no toxicity was observed in the adult hydra until the ozonolysis products were reconstituted 100-fold from their initial post-ozonolysis concentrations. The results obtained from this study clearly demonstrate the potential application of electrochemically generated O-3 for the detoxication and prevention of toxicity of BaP. Both CHEST and hydra assays predict that the ozonolysis products of BaP are less toxic than the parent compound. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Fac Toxicol, VAPH, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Lynntech Inc, College Stn, TX USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Stat, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX USA. RP Phillips, TD (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Fac Toxicol, VAPH, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42-ES04197] NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL A JI J. TOXICOL. ENV. HEALTH PT A PD AUG 27 PY 1999 VL 57 IS 8 BP 565 EP 583 DI 10.1080/009841099157511 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 232GT UT WOS:000082363400004 PM 10515574 ER PT J AU Akin, DE Henriksson, G Slomczynski, D Eriksson, KEL AF Akin, DE Henriksson, G Slomczynski, D Eriksson, KEL TI Retting of flax with endopolygalacturonase from Rhizopus species. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Royal Inst Technol, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Henriksson, Gunnar/G-3556-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 63-CELL BP U228 EP U228 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900623 ER PT J AU Beaulieu, JC Harrell, DL Grimm, CC AF Beaulieu, JC Harrell, DL Grimm, CC TI Changes in the volatile composition of cantaloupe using automated SPME. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 50-AGFD BP U38 EP U38 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900049 ER PT J AU Bertoniere, NR Howley, PS Rousselle, MA Clarkson, K Larenas, K van Schouwen, D AF Bertoniere, NR Howley, PS Rousselle, MA Clarkson, K Larenas, K van Schouwen, D TI Structural changes in cotton cellulose from modification with cellulases from genetically engineered organisms. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Genencor Int Inc, Palo Alto, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 60-CELL BP U227 EP U228 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900620 ER PT J AU Biresaw, G Carriere, CJ Sammler, RL AF Biresaw, G Carriere, CJ Sammler, RL TI Temperature dependence of the interfacial tension of polymer blends by the imbedded fiber retraction method. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Dow Chem Co, Mat R&D Lab, New Business Cent R&D, Midland, MI 48674 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 29-POLY BP U407 EP U407 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226RA UT WOS:000082034001174 ER PT J AU Blanchard, EJ Graves, EE Salame, PA AF Blanchard, EJ Graves, EE Salame, PA TI Flame resistant cellulosic materials. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 80-CELL BP U234 EP U234 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900639 ER PT J AU Bland, JM Osbrink, W Woodson, D Vigo, CB AF Bland, JM Osbrink, W Woodson, D Vigo, CB TI Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) as an alternative method for the study of termite pheromones and cuticular hydrocarbons. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 130-AGRO BP U103 EP U103 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900254 ER PT J AU Bopp, A Montante, S Diegelmann, RF Goheen, S AF Bopp, A Montante, S Diegelmann, RF Goheen, S TI Design, preparation, and activity of cotton gauze for use in chronic wound research. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. VCU, MCV, Wound Healing Inst, Richmond, VA USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 11-CELL BP U215 EP U215 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900586 ER PT J AU Boue, SM Burow, ME Carter, CH Ehrlich, KG Cleveland, TE McLachlan, JA AF Boue, SM Burow, ME Carter, CH Ehrlich, KG Cleveland, TE McLachlan, JA TI Accumulation of soybean phytoalexins with antiestrogenic activin from cotyledons inoculated with aspergillus. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Tulane Xavier Ctr Bioenvironm Res, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 59-AGFD BP U40 EP U40 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900058 ER PT J AU Boylston, EK Thibodeaux, DP AF Boylston, EK Thibodeaux, DP TI Dimensional changes ih cotton mercerized at elevated temperatures. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 69-CELL BP U230 EP U230 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900628 ER PT J AU Buisson, YSL French, AD AF Buisson, YSL French, AD TI Cotton textile damage and energy consumption by mechanical drying. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 83-CELL BP U235 EP U235 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900642 ER PT J AU Buttery, RG Nam, YL AF Buttery, RG Nam, YL TI Flavor volatiles of rice and rice products: Some recent studies. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 21-AGFD BP U30 EP U30 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900021 ER PT J AU Caldwell, DJ McReynolds, JL Byrd, JA Caldwell, DY Stanker, LH Hargis, BM AF Caldwell, DJ McReynolds, JL Byrd, JA Caldwell, DY Stanker, LH Hargis, BM TI Temporal pattern of antimicrobial residue detection in chicken egg yolk samples following administration to egg-producing chicken hens. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Texas A&M Univ, Poultry Hlth Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, FAPRL, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 14-AGRO BP U68 EP U68 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900141 ER PT J AU Cardamone, JM Turner, JD AF Cardamone, JM Turner, JD TI In situ cellulose modification of wool/cotton blended textiles. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Cotton Inc, Raleigh, NC 27612 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 77-CELL BP U233 EP U233 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900636 ER PT J AU Cardamone, JM AF Cardamone, JM TI Biodeterioration of wool by microorganisms and insects. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 33-CELL BP U221 EP U221 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900601 ER PT J AU Dailey, OD Dowd, MK Mayorga, JC AF Dailey, OD Dowd, MK Mayorga, JC TI Role of lactic acid in corn wet-mill steeping: The relationship between protein solubilization and starch yield. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Commod Utilizat Res Unit, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 67-AGFD BP U42 EP U43 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900065 ER PT J AU Datta, S Loyo-Rosales, JE Rice, CP AF Datta, S Loyo-Rosales, JE Rice, CP TI Rapid method for the determination of trace levels of nonylphenol in fish tissue using solid-phase extraction and HPLC fluorescence detection. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 138-ENVR BP U584 EP U584 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901775 ER PT J AU Doane, WM AF Doane, WM TI Starch science and technology. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 5-CARB BP U182 EP U182 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900486 ER PT J AU Dowd, MK Pelitire, SM AF Dowd, MK Pelitire, SM TI Gossypol recovery from cottonseed soapstock. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 58-AGFD BP U40 EP U40 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900057 ER PT J AU Edwards, JV Ullah, AJ Sethumadhavan, K Batiste, S Goynes, WR AF Edwards, JV Ullah, AJ Sethumadhavan, K Batiste, S Goynes, WR TI Conjugation and activity of lysozyme and cellulase with cotton cellulose and cross-linked ethoxylate acrylate resin. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 61-CELL BP U228 EP U228 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900621 ER PT J AU Eggleston, G Palmisano, M AF Eggleston, G Palmisano, M TI Chemical chances across the sweet-water tank of a sugarbeet factory. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 40-CARB BP U192 EP U192 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900520 ER PT J AU Eisemann, JD Linz, GM Johnston, JJ AF Eisemann, JD Linz, GM Johnston, JJ TI Evaluation of the primary and secondary nontarget hazards associated with starlicide. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 77-AGRO BP U87 EP U88 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900202 ER PT J AU Fiddler, W AF Fiddler, W TI Application of supercritical fluid extraction to pesticide and drug residue analysis in eggs. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 3-AGRO BP U64 EP U64 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900130 ER PT J AU Fishman, ML Chau, HK Hoagland, P AF Fishman, ML Chau, HK Hoagland, P TI Characterization of orange pectin extracted by microwave heating under pressure. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 70-CARB BP U202 EP U202 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900550 ER PT J AU French, AD Kelterer, AM Johnson, GP AF French, AD Kelterer, AM Johnson, GP TI Touring the hills and valleys of the cellobiose potential energy surface. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Graz Tech Univ, A-8010 Graz, Austria. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 65-CELL BP U229 EP U229 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900625 ER PT J AU French, AD Kelterer, AM Johnson, GP AF French, AD Kelterer, AM Johnson, GP TI HF/6-31G energy surfaces for various disaccharide linkage types. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Graz Tech Univ, A-8010 Graz, Austria. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 31-CARB BP U190 EP U190 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900512 ER PT J AU Gallagher, S AF Gallagher, S TI Preparation of siloxane phosphorous compounds and their textile application. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 79-CELL BP U233 EP U233 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900638 ER PT J AU Gardner, DJ Shi, SQ Tze, WT Rials, TG AF Gardner, DJ Shi, SQ Tze, WT Rials, TG TI Contact angle determination of lignocellulosic fibers by column-wicking measurements. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Maine, Adv Engineered Wood Composites Ctr, Orono, ME 04469 USA. USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 89-CELL BP U236 EP U236 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900646 ER PT J AU Glahn, JF Avery, ML AF Glahn, JF Avery, ML TI Use of Poisson distribution to estimate red-winged blackbird mortality from toxic bait application. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Florida Field Stn, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 62-AGRO BP U83 EP U83 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900187 ER PT J AU Goheen, SC Gibbins, BM Hilsenbeck, JL Herbold, CW Edwards, JV AF Goheen, SC Gibbins, BM Hilsenbeck, JL Herbold, CW Edwards, JV TI Adsorption and surface-mediated unfolding of proteins. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 9-CELL BP U214 EP U215 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900584 ER PT J AU Goynes, WR Howley, PS Ingber, BF Bertoniere, NR AF Goynes, WR Howley, PS Ingber, BF Bertoniere, NR TI Comparison of cotton fiber damage from cellulase finishes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 59-CELL BP U227 EP U227 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900619 ER PT J AU Grimm, DA Grimm, CC AF Grimm, DA Grimm, CC TI Determination of the distribution of glucose polymers of amylopectin using MALDI-TOF. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Tulane Univ, Coordinat Instrumentat Facil, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 55-AGFD BP U39 EP U39 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900054 ER PT J AU Hapeman, CJ Rice, PJ McConnell, LL Isensee, AR Heighten, L AF Hapeman, CJ Rice, PJ McConnell, LL Isensee, AR Heighten, L TI Agrochemical losses from polyethylene mulch. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, BARC W, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 139-AGRO BP U106 EP U106 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900263 ER PT J AU Hargis, BM Caldwell, DY Caldwell, DJ Byrd, JA Stanker, LH AF Hargis, BM Caldwell, DY Caldwell, DJ Byrd, JA Stanker, LH TI Development of a rapid and nonspecific bioassay for defection of antimicrobial residues in chicken egg yolk. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Texas A&M Univ, Poultry Hlth Lab, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Coll Vet Med, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Poultry Hlth Lab, Dept Poultry Sci, Coll Vet Med, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 13-AGRO BP U68 EP U68 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900140 ER PT J AU Hoagland, RE Lee, H Trevors, JT Hall, JC Locke, MA AF Hoagland, RE Lee, H Trevors, JT Hall, JC Locke, MA TI Transformation of nitroaromatic herbicides and related xenobiotics by microorganisms and plants. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, SWSRU, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 167-AGRO BP U115 EP U115 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900289 ER PT J AU Hoagland, RE Zablotowicz, RM AF Hoagland, RE Zablotowicz, RM TI Plant and microbial hydrolytic enzymes related to pesticide metabolism. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, SWSRU, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 103-AGRO BP U95 EP U96 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900228 ER PT J AU Jacks, TJ AF Jacks, TJ TI Intracellular compartmentation and kinetic properties of enzymes as controlling factors for substrate competition. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 112-AGFD BP U55 EP U55 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900109 ER PT J AU Jayasundera, S Schmidt, WF Hapeman, CJ Torrents, A AF Jayasundera, S Schmidt, WF Hapeman, CJ Torrents, A TI Nuclear magnetic resonance study and molecular modeling of metolachlor conformations in solution. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, NRI, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 101-ENVR BP U573 EP U573 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901740 ER PT J AU Johnston, DB Ramirez, EC Haard, NF AF Johnston, DB Ramirez, EC Haard, NF TI Cloning and expression of a cysteine protease inhibitor from induced tomato leaves. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 60-AGFD BP U40 EP U41 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900059 ER PT J AU Kim, SH Willett, JL Carriere, CJ AF Kim, SH Willett, JL Carriere, CJ TI Smear-induced aggregation in starch solutions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 110-POLY BP U430 EP U430 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226RA UT WOS:000082034001253 ER PT J AU Kitchen, NR Sudduth, KA Drummond, ST AF Kitchen, NR Sudduth, KA Drummond, ST TI Quantifying soil and landscape variability for precision crop management. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 8-FERT BP U590 EP U590 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901785 ER PT J AU Kochansky, J AF Kochansky, J TI Development of an analysis of oxytetracycline in extender patties. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 189-AGRO BP U122 EP U122 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900311 ER PT J AU Lehotay, SJ Harman-Fetcho, JA AF Lehotay, SJ Harman-Fetcho, JA TI Direct sample introduction (DSI)/GC/MS-MS for the analysis of pesticide residues in eggs. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 7-AGRO BP U65 EP U66 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900134 ER PT J AU Lloyd, SW Grimm, CC AF Lloyd, SW Grimm, CC TI Quickly quantifying catfish quality. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 102-AGFD BP U52 EP U52 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900100 ER PT J AU Mahoney, N Molyneux, R AF Mahoney, N Molyneux, R TI Volatile constituents of asafoetida. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 25-AGFD BP U31 EP U31 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900025 ER PT J AU Mata-Sandoval, JC Karns, JS Torrents, A AF Mata-Sandoval, JC Karns, JS Torrents, A TI Influence of rhamnolipids on the bioavailability of aged pesticides in contaminated soils. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Civil Engn, Environm Engn Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 191-AGRO BP U122 EP U122 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900313 ER PT J AU Mauldin, RE Johnston, JJ Primus, TM Savarie, PJ Brooks, JE AF Mauldin, RE Johnston, JJ Primus, TM Savarie, PJ Brooks, JE TI Evaluation of potential toxicants for brown tree snake control on Guam. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 78-AGRO BP U88 EP U88 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900203 ER PT J AU McConnell, LL Rice, CP Harman-Fetcho, JA AF McConnell, LL Rice, CP Harman-Fetcho, JA TI Atmospheric transport of pesticides to the Chesapeake Bay: A review of previous studies and future directions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 48-AGRO BP U79 EP U79 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900175 ER PT J AU Merken, HM Beecher, GR AF Merken, HM Beecher, GR TI Robust detection and quantification of flavonoids in US foods. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 114-AGFD BP U56 EP U56 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900111 ER PT J AU Mizutani, C Seguchi, K Bertoniere, NR AF Mizutani, C Seguchi, K Bertoniere, NR TI Effect of surfactant on the enzyme hydrolysis of cellulosic fibers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Mukugawa Womens Univ, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638558, Japan. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 43-CELL BP U224 EP U224 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900611 ER PT J AU Parikh, DV Calamari, TA Sachinvala, ND AF Parikh, DV Calamari, TA Sachinvala, ND TI Chemically modified cotton materials for wound management. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 8-CELL BP U214 EP U214 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900583 ER PT J AU Pattee, HE Sanders, TH Isleib, TG Giesbrecht, FG AF Pattee, HE Sanders, TH Isleib, TG Giesbrecht, FG TI Peanut roast color and sensory-attribute relationships: An exploration of influencing variables. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 30-AGFD BP U32 EP U32 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900030 ER PT J AU Pavlath, AE AF Pavlath, AE TI Portable pensions: Are they a reality or a dream? SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Walnut Creek, CA 94958 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 12-PROF BP U692 EP U692 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226RA UT WOS:000082034002108 ER PT J AU Pavlath, AE AF Pavlath, AE TI History of the chemical grassroots. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Walnut Creek, CA 94958 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 10-PROF BP U692 EP U692 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226RA UT WOS:000082034002106 ER PT J AU Pavlath, AE AF Pavlath, AE TI Professionalism: Origin, presence, and future. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Walnut Creek, CA 94958 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 11-PROF BP U692 EP U692 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226RA UT WOS:000082034002107 ER PT J AU Petroski, RJ AF Petroski, RJ TI Improved Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination of aldehydes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, REE, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 12-AGRO BP U67 EP U67 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900139 ER PT J AU Primus, TM Ramey, CA Griffin, DL Johnston, JJ AF Primus, TM Ramey, CA Griffin, DL Johnston, JJ TI Weatherability of chlorophacinone steam-rolled oat baits under field conditions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 121-AGRO BP U101 EP U101 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900245 ER PT J AU Rajasekaran, K Cary, JW Jacks, TJ Cleveland, TE AF Rajasekaran, K Cary, JW Jacks, TJ Cleveland, TE TI Genetic engineering of cotton for improved fiber quality and value-added traits. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 10-CELL BP U215 EP U215 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900585 ER PT J AU Rendleman, JA AF Rendleman, JA TI Characterization of low molecular weight amylose derived from cyclodextrin. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 113-AGFD BP U55 EP U56 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900110 ER PT J AU Rice, CP Klingebiel, U Poster, D AF Rice, CP Klingebiel, U Poster, D TI Chiral patterns of soil-aged pesticides (technical chlordane, BHC, and DDT). SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 88-ENVR BP U569 EP U569 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033901727 ER PT J AU Rice, CP AF Rice, CP TI Fog: A unique phase for partitioning of pesticides and other pollutants. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US Geol Serv, Biol REsources Div, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 31-AGRO BP U73 EP U74 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900158 ER PT J AU Rice, PJ McConnell, LL Heighton, LP Isensee, AR Sadeghi, AM Abdul-Baki, AA Hetzer, PR Baker, JE Hapeman, CJ AF Rice, PJ McConnell, LL Heighton, LP Isensee, AR Sadeghi, AM Abdul-Baki, AA Hetzer, PR Baker, JE Hapeman, CJ TI Off-site movement of pesticides and soil in runoff from vegetable production. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, BARC W, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, BARC W, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RI Baker, Joel/A-9685-2011; McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 OI Baker, Joel/0000-0002-9980-7781; NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 138-AGRO BP U106 EP U106 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900262 ER PT J AU Sachinvala, ND Hamed, OA Winsor, DL Tregre, GJ Maskos, K Bertoniere, NR AF Sachinvala, ND Hamed, OA Winsor, DL Tregre, GJ Maskos, K Bertoniere, NR TI Complete chemical shift map of allyl and crotyl celluloses. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Tulane Univ, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. EM nozar@commserver.srrc.usda.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 64-CELL BP U229 EP U229 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900624 ER PT J AU Sayre, RW Clark, L AF Sayre, RW Clark, L TI Comparison of primary and secondary repellents for aversive conditioning of European Starlings. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, APHIS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 97-AGRO BP U94 EP U94 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900222 ER PT J AU Schmidt, WF Hapeman, CJ Torrents, A AF Schmidt, WF Hapeman, CJ Torrents, A TI NMR relaxation study on acetamide pesticide interactions with soil organic matter surrogates. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, NRI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 194-AGRO BP U123 EP U123 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900316 ER PT J AU Shaikh, B Paulson, GD AF Shaikh, B Paulson, GD TI Distribution of total (14)c residue in egg yolk, white, and tissues following oral C-14 sulfamethazine administration to hens. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US FDA, Res Off, Ctr Vet Med, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 19-AGRO BP U69 EP U70 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900146 ER PT J AU Singh, WP Giletto, A Grimsley, JK Wild, J Edwards, JV AF Singh, WP Giletto, A Grimsley, JK Wild, J Edwards, JV TI Cotton towelettes for decontamination of nerve agents. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Lynntech Inc, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 35-CELL BP U221 EP U221 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900603 ER PT J AU Steinheimer, TR AF Steinheimer, TR TI Overview of agrochemical studies of surface and groundwater contamination in the loess soils of Southwestern Iowa. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 109-AGRO BP U97 EP U98 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900234 ER PT J AU Tellez, MR Schrader, KK Wedge, DE Estell, RE Fredrickson, EL Powell, JE AF Tellez, MR Schrader, KK Wedge, DE Estell, RE Fredrickson, EL Powell, JE TI Activity and volatile constituents of crude fractions of Flourensia cernua (DC). SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, Natl Ctr Dev Nat Prod, University, MS 38677 USA. USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, NMSU Dept 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA ARS, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 45-AGFD BP U36 EP U37 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900045 ER PT J AU Tregre, GJ Sachinvala, ND Hamed, OA Winsor, DL Bertoniere, NR AF Tregre, GJ Sachinvala, ND Hamed, OA Winsor, DL Bertoniere, NR TI Blends of carboxymethyl and diethylaminoethyl cottons. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 75-CELL BP U232 EP U232 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900634 ER PT J AU Tunick, MH Van Hekken, DL Smith, PW Malin, EL AF Tunick, MH Van Hekken, DL Smith, PW Malin, EL TI Effect of high-pressure homogenization on microstructure and rheology of Mozzarella cheese. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 66-AGFD BP U42 EP U42 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900064 ER PT J AU Vigo, TL Sachinvala, ND AF Vigo, TL Sachinvala, ND TI Synthesis and applications of deoxycelluloses and related structures. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 76-CELL BP U232 EP U232 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900635 ER PT J AU Vigo, TL AF Vigo, TL TI Antimicrobial polymers and fibers: Retrospective end prospective. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 31-CELL BP U220 EP U220 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900599 ER PT J AU Welch, CM Peters, JG AF Welch, CM Peters, JG TI Additives that suppress yellowing end improve performance ih formaldehyde-free dp finishing with citric acid. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 81-CELL BP U234 EP U234 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900640 ER PT J AU Yachmenev, VG Blanchard, EJ AF Yachmenev, VG Blanchard, EJ TI Study of the influence of ultrasound on enzymatic scouring of greige cotton fabric. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 82-CELL BP U234 EP U234 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900641 ER PT J AU Yates, SR Wang, D Paperinik, S Gan, J AF Yates, SR Wang, D Paperinik, S Gan, J TI Modeling the fate and transport of volatile pesticides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 29-AGRO BP U73 EP U73 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900156 ER PT J AU Yokoyama, WH Davis, PA AF Yokoyama, WH Davis, PA TI Bran from wheat and rice reduce aberrant crypts in rats. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 22 PY 1999 VL 218 MA 64-AGFD BP U42 EP U42 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 226QZ UT WOS:000082033900063 ER PT J AU Beard, C Ward, G Rieder, E Chinsangaram, J Grubman, MJ Mason, PW AF Beard, C Ward, G Rieder, E Chinsangaram, J Grubman, MJ Mason, PW TI Development of DNA vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease, evaluation of vaccines encoding replicating and non-replicating nucleic acids in swine SO JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on New Approaches in Vaccine Development 1997 (NAVD 97) CY 1997 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA SP Austrian Soc Biotechnol DE foot-and-mouth disease virus; empty capsids; vaccine; attenuated virus; nucleic acid vaccine ID VIRUS CAPSID PROTEINS; HETEROLOGOUS SYSTEMS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; ESCAPE MUTANTS; SITE; EXPRESSION; RECEPTOR; CATTLE; PROTECTION AB We have developed naked DNA vaccine candidates for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), an important disease of domestic animals. The virus that causes this disease, FMDV, is a member of the picornavirus family, which includes many important human pathogens, such as poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, and rhinovirus. Picornaviruses are characterized by a small (7-9000 nucleotide) RNA genome that encodes capsid proteins, processing proteinases, and enzymes required for RNA replication. We have developed two different types of DNA vaccines for FMD. The first DNA vaccine, pP12X3C, encodes the viral capsid gene (P1) and the processing proteinase (3C). Cells transfected with this DNA produce processed viral antigen, and animals inoculated with this DNA using a gene gun produced detectable antiviral immune responses. Mouse inoculations with this plasmid, and with a derivative containing a mutation in the 3C proteinase, indicated that capsid assembly was essential for induction of neutralizing antibody responses. The second DNA vaccine candidate, pWRMHX, encodes the entire FMDV genome, including the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, permitting the plasmid-encoded viral genomes to undergo amplification in susceptible cells. pWRMHX encodes a mutation at the cell binding site, preventing the replicated genomes from causing disease. Swine inoculated with this vaccine candidate produce viral particles lacking the cell binding site, and neutralizing antibodies that recognize the virus. Comparison of the immune responses elicited by pP12X3C and pWRMHX in swine indicate that the plasmid encoding the replicating genome stimulated a stronger immune response, and swine inoculated with pWRMHX by the intramuscular, intradermal, or gene gun routes were partially protected from a highly virulent FMD challenge. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, N Atlantic Area, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Mason, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, N Atlantic Area, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 33 TC 60 Z9 74 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1656 J9 J BIOTECHNOL JI J. Biotechnol. PD AUG 20 PY 1999 VL 73 IS 2-3 BP 243 EP 249 DI 10.1016/S0168-1656(99)00142-X PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 232KM UT WOS:000082370000017 PM 10486933 ER PT J AU Schmerr, MJ Jenny, AL Bulgin, MS Miller, JM Hamir, AN Cutlip, RC Goodwin, KR AF Schmerr, MJ Jenny, AL Bulgin, MS Miller, JM Hamir, AN Cutlip, RC Goodwin, KR TI Use of capillary electrophoresis and fluorescent labeled peptides to detect the abnormal prion protein in the blood of animals that are infected with a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium on High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis and Related Microscale Techniques CY JAN 23-28, 1999 CL PALM SPRINGS, CALIFORNIA DE prion proteins; proteins ID SCRAPIE; IMMUNOASSAY; DISEASE; TISSUE; AGENT; PRPSC; SHEEP; MICE; BSE AB Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans and in animals are fatal neuro-degenerative diseases with long incubation times. The putative cause of these diseases is a normal host protein, the prion protein, that becomes altered. This abnormal prion protein is found mostly in the brains of infected individuals in later stages of the disease, but also can be found in lymphoid and other tissues in lower amounts. In order to eradicate this disease in animals, it is important to develop a system that can concentrate the abnormal prion protein and an assay that is very sensitive. The sensitivity that can be achieved with capillary electrophoresis makes it possible to detect the abnormal protein in blood. A peptide from the carboxyl terminal region, amino acid positions 218-232, was labeled with fluorescein during the synthesis of the peptide at the amino terminus. Antibodies that have been produced to this peptide were affinity purified and used in a capillary electrophoresis immunoassay. The amount of fluorescein labeled peptide in the capillary was 50 amol. Blood was obtained from normal sheep and elk, from sheep infected with scrapie and elk infected with chronic wasting disease. Puffy coats and plasma were prepared by a conventional method. After treatment with proteinase K, which destroys the normal protein but not the altered one, the blood fractions were extracted and tested in the capillary electrophoresis immunoassay for the abnormal prion protein. The abnormal prion protein was detected in fractions from blood from infected animals but not from normal animals. This assay makes a pre-clinical assay possible for these diseases and could be adapted to test for the abnormal prion protein in process materials that are used for manufacture of pharmaceuticals and products for human consumption. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science BN. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, MWA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Natl Vet Serv Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Vet & Anim Sci, Caldwell, ID 83605 USA. RP Schmerr, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, MWA, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 20 TC 126 Z9 131 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD AUG 20 PY 1999 VL 853 IS 1-2 BP 207 EP 214 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00514-2 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 229VX UT WOS:000082217400024 PM 10486728 ER PT J AU Richards, MP Ashwell, CM McMurtry, JP AF Richards, MP Ashwell, CM McMurtry, JP TI Analysis of leptin gene expression in chickens using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium on High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis and Related Microscale Techniques CY JAN 23-28, 1999 CL PALM SPRINGS, CALIFORNIA DE leptin; peptides; hormones; actin; DNA; RNA ID OBESE GENE; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; REACTION PRODUCTS; BODY-WEIGHT; QUANTITATION; DNA; CLONING; PCR; SEPARATION; RECEPTORS AB Leptin is a peptide hormone product of the obese (ob) gene that functions in the regulation of appetite, energy expenditure and reproduction in animals and humans. We have developed a technique using capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE-LIF) for the analysis of chicken leptin (261 base pairs, bp) and beta-actin (612 bp) double-stranded DNA products from reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Amplicons were separated using a DB-1 coated capillary (27 cmx100 mu m I.D.) at a field strength of 300 V/cm in a replaceable sieving matrix consisting of 0.5% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) in 1X TEE (89 mM Tris-base, 89 mM boric acid, 2 mM EDTA, pH 8.3) buffer with 0.5 mu g/ml EnhanCE fluorescent intercalating dye. RT-PCR samples (1-2 mu l) were diluted 1:100 with deionized water and introduced into the capillary by electrokinetic injection. Separations were completed in less than 6 min and the total time required per sample, including capillary conditioning, was 8 min. We have applied RT-PCR-CE-LIF to determine the effects of insulin and estrogen treatment on leptin gene expression relative to that of beta-actin in chicken liver and adipose tissue. In addition, we have constructed a chicken leptin mRNA competitor (234 bp amplicon) and evaluated it for use as an internal standard in the development of a quantitative-competitive RT-PCR assay. Our findings represent the first reported application of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of leptin gene expression by RT-PCR. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Richards, MP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD AUG 20 PY 1999 VL 853 IS 1-2 BP 321 EP 335 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)00576-2 PG 15 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 229VX UT WOS:000082217400035 PM 10486739 ER PT J AU Brown, F Benkirane, N Limal, D Halimi, H Newman, JFE Van Regenmortel, MHV Briand, JP Muller, S AF Brown, F Benkirane, N Limal, D Halimi, H Newman, JFE Van Regenmortel, MHV Briand, JP Muller, S TI Delineation of a neutralizing subregion within the immunodominant epitope (GH loop) of foot-and-mouth disease virus VP1 which does not contain the RGD motif SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE foot-and-mouth disease virus; neutralization; synthetic peptide ID GLY-ASP MOTIF; B-CELL; INTEGRIN ALPHA(V)BETA(3); VITRONECTIN RECEPTOR; COXSACKIEVIRUS A9; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; HOST-CELLS; T-CELL; ANTIBODY; SEQUENCE AB The major immunogenic site of fool-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is contained in a disordered loop comprising residues 134-158 of capsid protein VP1, located on the surface of the viral particle. Peptides corresponding to this sequence generally elicit protective levels of neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs. In some instances, however, the level of neutralizing antibodies is low although the level of antibodies against the peptide, determined by ELISA, is as high as that in the sera with high neutralizing antibody titres. In an attempt to ascertain the reason for this difference, we have synthesized on a cellulose membrane 10 overlapping decapeptides, offset by one residue, covering the segment 141-159 of VP1 of two viruses belonging to serotypes A12 and O1, and tested them with guinea pig antisera raised against peptide 141-159, VP1 and FMDV particles (SPOTscan method). With type A, some peptides which were strongly positive with highly neutralizing antisera did not include the RGD triplet located at residues 145-147. In contrast, antisera with low neutralization titres reacted only with decapeptides which included the RGD motif. Moreover, peptide 147-156 coupled to keyhole limpet haemocyanin, but not peptide 141-149 coupled to the same carrier, elicited high levels of neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs. In the case of serotype O, highly neutralizing antisera to virus reacted in ELISA with peptides 141-150 (containing the RGD motif) and 135-144 (located upstream from the RGD motif). The results suggest that the RGD tripler is not an indispensable constituent of peptides able to elicit a neutralizing antibody response against the virus. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CNRS, Inst Biol Mol & Cellulaire, UPR 9021, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Muller, S (reprint author), CNRS, Inst Biol Mol & Cellulaire, UPR 9021, 15 Rue Rene Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. RI Muller, Sylviane/J-5319-2014; Benkirane-Jessel, Nadia/H-6438-2016 NR 28 TC 17 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD AUG 20 PY 1999 VL 18 IS 1-2 BP 50 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00169-3 PG 7 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 234UB UT WOS:000082501800006 PM 10501234 ER PT J AU Chen, XL Hartzell, DL McGraw, RA Hausman, GJ Dean, RG Lee, K Baile, CA AF Chen, XL Hartzell, DL McGraw, RA Hausman, GJ Dean, RG Lee, K Baile, CA TI Analysis of a 762-bp proximal leptin promoter to drive and control regulation of transgene expression of growth hormone receptor in mice SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE transgenic; leptin; promoter; mice ID OB GENE-EXPRESSION; BINDING PROTEIN-ALPHA; MOUSE OBESE GENE; PRIMARY CULTURES; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; MESSENGER-RNA; INSULIN; DIFFERENTIATION; ADIPOCYTES; ACTIVATION AB Transgenic (TG) mice expressing porcine GH receptor (pGHR) directed by a 762-bp proximal leptin promoter were used to analyze the capability of the promoter to drive and regulate pGHR expression in vivo. Transgene expression occurred in inguinal, retroper itoneal, and epididymal/parametrial fat depots in both male and female TG mice, but not in wild type (WT) mice. pGHR transgene was also expressed in liver, heart, kidney, muscle, lung, and brain. Levels of pGHR transgene mRNA were higher in tissues other than adipose tissue. Fasting reduced leptin mRNA levels in adipose; however, pGHR transgene expression was not affected in either adipose or muscle. These results suggest (1) the region between +3 and -759 bp of the leptin promoter is able to drive gene expression in vivo, (2) this region may not be responsible for adipose tissue specificity of leptin expression, and (3) this region may not be responsible for negative regulation of leptin gene expression during fasting. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, USDA, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Chen, XL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Lee, Kichoon/G-2234-2012 NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD AUG 19 PY 1999 VL 262 IS 1 BP 187 EP 192 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1176 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 230QC UT WOS:000082261000033 PM 10448090 ER PT J AU Ni, M Tepperman, JM Quail, PH AF Ni, M Tepperman, JM Quail, PH TI Binding of phytochrome B to its nuclear signalling partner PIF3 is reversibly induced by light SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID REGULATORY ACTIVITY; TERMINAL-DOMAIN; TRANSDUCTION; PROTEIN AB The phytochrome photoreceptor family directs plant gene expression by switching between biologically inactive and active conformers in response to the sequential absorption of red and far-red photons(1,2). Several intermediates that act late in the phytochrome signalling pathway have been identified, but fewer have been identified that act early in the pathway(3,4). We have cloned a nuclear basic helix-loop-helix protein, PIF3, which can bind to non-photoactive carboxy-terminal fragments of phytochromes A and B and functions in phytochrome signalling in vivo(5). Here we show that full-length photoactive phytochrome B binds PIF3 in vitro only upon light-induced conversion to its active form, and that photoconversion back to its inactive form causes dissociation from PIF3. We conclude that photosensory signalling by phytochrome B involves light-induced, conformer-specific recognition of the putative transcriptional regulator PIF3, providing a potential mechanism for direct photoregulation of gene expression. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 17 TC 262 Z9 287 U1 2 U2 22 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 19 PY 1999 VL 400 IS 6746 BP 781 EP 784 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 228HM UT WOS:000082131100054 PM 10466729 ER PT J AU Hirano, SS Charkowski, AO Collmer, A Willis, DK Upper, CD AF Hirano, SS Charkowski, AO Collmer, A Willis, DK Upper, CD TI Role of the Hrp type III protein secretion system in growth of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B728a on host plants in the field SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL BROWN SPOT; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; HYPERSENSITIVE RESPONSE; PATHOGENIC BACTERIA; PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA; NONHOST PLANTS; BEAN-PLANTS; GENE; POPULATIONS; PATHWAY AB hrp genes are reportedly required for pathogenicity in Pseudomonas syringae pv, syringae (Pss) and other phytopathogenic bacterial species, A subset of these genes encodes a type III secretion system through which virulence factors are thought to be delivered to plant cells, In this study, we sought to better understand the role that hrp genes play in interactions of Pss with its host as they occur naturally under field conditions. Population sizes of hrp mutants with defects in genes that encode components of the Hrp secretion system (Delta hrcC::nptII and hrpJ:: Omega Spc) and a protein secreted via the system (Delta hrpZ::nptII) were similar to B728a on germinating seeds. However, phyllosphere (i,e,, leaf) population sizes of the hrcC and hrpJ secretion mutants, but not the hrpZ mutant, were significantly reduced relative to B728a, Thus, the Hrp type III secretion system, but not HrpZ, plays an important role in enabling Pss to flourish in the phyllosphere, but not the spermosphere, The hrcC and hrpJ mutants caused brown spot lesions on primary leaves at a low frequency when they were inoculated onto seeds at the time of planting. Pathogenic reactions also were found when the hrp secretion mutants were co-infiltrated into bean leaves with a non-lesion-forming gacS mutant of B728a, In both cases, the occurrence of disease was associated with elevated population sizes of the hrp secretion mutants. The role of the Hrp type III secretion system in pathogenicity appears to be largely mediated by its requirement for growth of Pss in the phyllosphere, Without growth, disease does not occur. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Hirano, SS (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 40 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD AUG 17 PY 1999 VL 96 IS 17 BP 9851 EP 9856 DI 10.1073/pnas.96.17.9851 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 227UN UT WOS:000082098500074 PM 10449783 ER PT J AU Reinhardt, TA Koszewski, NJ Omdahl, J Horst, RL AF Reinhardt, TA Koszewski, NJ Omdahl, J Horst, RL TI 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 and 9-cis-retinoids are synergistic regulators of 24-hydroxylase activity in the rat and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 alters retinoic acid metabolism in vivo SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; 9-cis-retinoic acid; 24-hydroxylase; retinoic acid metabolism ID VITAMIN-D-RECEPTOR; X-RECEPTOR; RESPONSE ELEMENTS; OSTEOCALCIN GENE; DNA-BINDING; 9-CIS; CELLS; DIFFERENTIATION; IDENTIFICATION; PLASMA AB The RXR forms a heterodimer with the VDR to activate genes that are regulated by 1,25(OH)(2)D-3. In the absence of RXR's ligand, 9-cis-RA, RXR appears to be a silent partner to VDR. The effect of 9-cis-RA on VDR/RXR heterodimer formation and 1,25(OH)(2)D-3-mediated gene expression in vivo remains unclear. We examined the effect of exogenous 9-cis-RA or 9-cis-RA precursors, 9,13-di-cis-RA and 9-cis-RCHO, on 1,25(OH)(2)D-3-mediated induction rat renal 24-hydroxylase. The rats were treated as follows: (1) vehicle; (2) 1,25(OH)(2)D-3; (3) 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 + 9-cis-RA; (4) 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 + 9,13-di-cis-RA; (5) 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 + 9-cis-RCHO; (6) 9-cis-RA; (7) 9,13-di-cis-RA; and (8) 9-cis-RCHO. 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 was administered IP 18 h prior to sacrifice. The retinoids were administered every 4 h, starting 28 h prior to sacrifice. The last retinoid dose was administered 4 h prior to sacrifice. Treatment with 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 alone increased 24-hydroxylase from 35 +/- 6 (controls) to 258 +/- 44 pmol/min/g tissue. When 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 was administered with 9-cis-RA, 9,13-di-cis-RA, or 9-cis-RCHO, 24-hydroxylases were 568 +/- 56, 524 +/- 56, and 463 +/- 62 pmol/min/g tissue, respectively. Furthermore, codosing of 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 and 9-cis-retinoids resulted in higher circulating concentrations of 9-cis-RA and 9,13-di-cis-RA when compared to rats dosed with 9-cis-retinoids alone. This was shown to be due to 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 increasing the half-life of 9,13-di-cis-RA by three to four times. These results show that 9-cis-RA can act synergistically with 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 in the regulation of 24-hydroxylase in vivo. Additionally, 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 regulates 9,13-di-cis-RA metabolism in vivo. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Kentucky, Albert B Chandler Med Ctr, Div Nephrol Bone & Mineral Metab, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Reinhardt, TA (reprint author), ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD AUG 15 PY 1999 VL 368 IS 2 BP 244 EP 248 DI 10.1006/abbi.1999.1335 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 230LM UT WOS:000082252700005 PM 10441374 ER PT J AU Rao, DS Siu-Caldera, ML Uskokovic, MR Horst, RL Reddy, GS AF Rao, DS Siu-Caldera, ML Uskokovic, MR Horst, RL Reddy, GS TI Physiological significance of C-28 hydroxylation in the metabolism of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-2; 1 alpha,24(S),25,28(OH)(4)D-2; calcium; hydroxylation; kidney; metabolism ID RAT-KIDNEY; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D3; 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN-D3; 24-HYDROXYLATION; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION; VITAMIN-D2; OXIDATION; ENZYME AB In our previous study, we indicated for the first time that C-28 hydroxylation plays a significant role in the metabolism of 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-2 [1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-2] by identifying 1 alpha,24(S),25,28-tetrahydroxyvitamin D-2 [1 alpha,24(S),25,28(OH)(4)D-2] as a major renal metabolite of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-2 [G. S. Reddy and K-Y. Tserng Biochemistry 25, 5328-5336, 1986]. The present study was performed to establish the physiological significance of C-28 hydroxylation in the metabolism of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-2. We perfused rat kidneys in vitro with 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)[26,27-H-3]D-2 (5 x 10(-10)M) and demonstrated that 1 alpha,24(R),25-trihydroxyvitamin D-2 [1 alpha,24(R),25(OH)(3)D-2] and 1 alpha,24(5),25,28(OH)(4)D-2 are the only two major physiological metabolites of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-2. In the same perfusion experiments, we also noted that there is no conversion of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-2 into 1 alpha,25,28-trihydroxyvitamin D-2 [1 alpha,25,28(OH)(3)D-2]. Moreover, 1 alpha,24(5),25,28(OH)(4)D-2 is not formed in the perfused rat kidney when synthetic 1 alpha,25,28(OH)(3)D-2 is used as the starting substrate. This finding indicates that C-28 hydroxylation of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-2 occurs only after 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-2 is hydroxylated at C-24 position. At present the enzyme responsible for the C-28 hydroxylation of 1 alpha,24(R),25(OH)(3)D-2 in rat kidney is not known. Recently, it was found that 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-3-24-hydroxylase (CYP24) can hydroxylate carbons 23, 24, and 26 of various vitamin D-3 compounds. Thus, it may be speculated that CYP24 may also be responsible for the C-28 hydroxylation of 1 alpha,24(R),25(OH)(3)D-2 to form 1 alpha,24(S),25,28(OH)(4)D-2. The biological activity of 1 alpha,24(5),25,28(OH)(4)D-2, determined by its ability to induce intestinal calcium transport and bone calcium resorption in the rat, was found to be almost negligible. Also, 1 alpha,24(S),25,28(OH)(4)D-2 exhibited very low binding affinity toward bovine thymus vitamin D receptor. These studies firmly establish that C-28 hydroxylation is an important enzymatic reaction involved in the inactivation of 1 alpha,25(OH)(2)D-2 in kidney under physiological conditions. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Brown Univ, Women & Infants Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Providence, RI 02905 USA. Hoffmann La Roche Inc, Nutley, NJ 07110 USA. ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Reddy, GS (reprint author), Brown Univ, Women & Infants Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, 101 Dudley ST, Providence, RI 02905 USA. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD AUG 15 PY 1999 VL 368 IS 2 BP 319 EP 328 DI 10.1006/abbi.1999.1308 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 230LM UT WOS:000082252700014 PM 10441383 ER PT J AU Yermiyahu, U Nir, S Ben-Hayyim, G Kafkafi, U Scherer, GFE Kinraide, TB AF Yermiyahu, U Nir, S Ben-Hayyim, G Kafkafi, U Scherer, GFE Kinraide, TB TI Surface properties of plasma membrane vesicles isolated from melon (Cucumus melo L.) root cells differing in salinity tolerance SO COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES LA English DT Article DE calcium; plasma membrane; root; salinity; sodium; surface charge ID FREE-FLOW ELECTROPHORESIS; CULTURED CITRUS CELLS; MONO-VALENT; PHOSPHOLIPID-MEMBRANES; ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; CATION ADSORPTION; ION BINDING; PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE VESICLES; LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM; BILAYER-MEMBRANES AB The hypotheses that genotypic differences in salinity tolerance may result from (i) differences in global surface charge density or (ii) from differences in global Ca2+ binding were tested. An attempt was made to correlate the differing salinity tolerance of four melon cultivars with surface properties of vesicles extracted from the plasma membrane (PM) of their root cells. Surface characterization involved measurements of electrophoretic mobility and sorption of Ca-45(2+) to the vesicles in the presence of varying concentrations of Ca2+, Na+ and Mg2+. Irrespective of salinity tolerance, vesicles from the four cultivars yielded similar zeta potentials under similar conditions, indicating similar global surface charge densities. Sorption studies with vesicles from two cultivars differing in salinity tolerance predicted independently this result of equal surface charge density. The estimated global binding affinities of Ca2+ Na+ and Mg2+ to the PM of both cultivars were the same with binding coefficients of 50, 0.8 and 9 M-1, respectively. Consequently, the hypotheses enumerated above to interpret genotypic differences in salinity toxicity are rejected. However, vesicles from the salt-resistant strain sorbed 19% more Ca2+ per given amount of protein in the membrane, indicating the existence of a larger number of negatively charged surface sites per given amount of protein and a smaller amount of protein per given area of membrane. Genotypic differences in site-specific Ca2+-binding affinity (e.g. at ion channels) remain a viable hypothesis for genotypic differences in salinity tolerance. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Inst Soils Water & Environm Sci, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Agr, Seagram Ctr Soil & Water Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Inst Hort, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Agr, Dept Field & Vegetable Crops, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Univ Hannover, Inst Ornamentals Tree Appl Genet, Hannover, Germany. ARS, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, USDA, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 53 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-7765 J9 COLLOID SURFACE B JI Colloid Surf. B-Biointerfaces PD AUG 15 PY 1999 VL 14 IS 1-4 BP 237 EP 249 DI 10.1016/S0927-7765(99)00039-9 PG 13 WC Biophysics; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Biophysics; Chemistry; Materials Science GA 230UM UT WOS:000082268800022 ER PT J AU Rahman, MM Guard-Petter, J Asokan, K Hughes, C Carlson, RW AF Rahman, MM Guard-Petter, J Asokan, K Hughes, C Carlson, RW TI The structure of the colony migration factor from pathogenic Proteus mirabilis - A capsular polysaccharide that facilitates swarming SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MULTICELLULAR MIGRATION; CELL-DIFFERENTIATION; POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS; CAPILLARY GLC; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; SPECTROSCOPY; MONOSACCHARIDES; CONFIGURATION; VULGARIS; H-1-NMR AB Swarming by Proteus mirabilis is characterized by cycles of rapid and coordinated population migration across surfaces following differentiation of vegetative cells into elongated hyperflagellated swarm cells. It has been shown that surface colony expansion by the swarm cell population is facilitated by a colony migration factor (Cmf), a capsular polysaccharide (CPS) that also contributes to the uropathogenicity of P. mirabilis (Gygi, D., Rahman, M. M., Lai, H.-C., Carlson, R., Guard-Petter, J., and Hughes, C. (1995) Mel. Microbiol. 17, 1167-1175). In this report, the Cmf-CPS was extracted with hot water, precipitated with ethanol, and further purified by gel permeation chromatography, Its structure was established by glycosyl composition and linkage analyses, and by one- and two dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The Cmf-CPS is composed of the following tetrasaccharide repeating unit. [GRAPHICS] C1 Univ Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Pathol, Cambridge CB2 1QP, England. RP Carlson, RW (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Res Ctr, 220 Riverbend Rd, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 35 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD AUG 13 PY 1999 VL 274 IS 33 BP 22993 EP 22998 DI 10.1074/jbc.274.33.22993 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 226GV UT WOS:000082012800015 PM 10438465 ER PT J AU Turchin, P Taylor, AD Reeve, JD AF Turchin, P Taylor, AD Reeve, JD TI Dynamical role of predators in population cycles of a forest insect: An experimental test SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN PINE-BEETLE; COLEOPTERA AB Population cycles occur frequently in forest insects. Time-series analysis of fluctuations in one such insect, the southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis), suggests that beetle dynamics are dominated by an ecological process acting in a delayed density-dependent manner. The hypothesis that delayed density dependence in this insect results from its interaction with predators was tested with a long-term predator-exclusion experiment. Predator-imposed mortality was negligible during the increase phase, grew during the year of peak population, and reached a maximum during the period of population decline. The delayed nature of the impact of predation suggests that predation is an important process that contributes significantly to southern pine beetle oscillations. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Turchin, P (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RI Taylor, Andrew/I-5040-2012 NR 26 TC 106 Z9 114 U1 1 U2 32 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 13 PY 1999 VL 285 IS 5430 BP 1068 EP 1071 DI 10.1126/science.285.5430.1068 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 226QV UT WOS:000082033100046 ER PT J AU Rillig, MC Wright, SF Allen, MF Field, CB AF Rillig, MC Wright, SF Allen, MF Field, CB TI Rise in carbon dioxide changes in soil structure SO NATURE LA English DT Letter ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI C1 Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Ctr Conservat Biol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Rillig, MC (reprint author), Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Plant Biol, 290 Panama St, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Rillig, Matthias/B-3675-2009 OI Rillig, Matthias/0000-0003-3541-7853 NR 10 TC 95 Z9 113 U1 2 U2 30 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 12 PY 1999 VL 400 IS 6745 BP 628 EP 628 DI 10.1038/23168 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 226QU UT WOS:000082032900033 ER PT J AU He, HQ Chen, AC Davey, RB Ivie, GW George, JE AF He, HQ Chen, AC Davey, RB Ivie, GW George, JE TI Identification of a point mutation in the para-type sodium channel gene from a pyrethroid-resistant cattle tick SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Boophilus microplus; insecticide; acaricide; resistance ID COCKROACHES BLATTELLA-GERMANICA; MUSCA-DOMESTICA; NA+ CHANNELS; KDR; INSECTICIDES; LOCUS; LEPIDOPTERA; LINKAGE AB To investigate the molecular mechanism of resistance to pyrethroids in the southern cattle tick, Boophilus microplus, we have obtained and sequenced a partial para-homologous sodium channel cDNA from susceptible and pyrethroid-resistant tick strains. A point mutation that results in an amino acid change from Phe to lie was identified in the highly conserved domain IIIS6 of the homologous sodium channel from ticks that are highly resistant to pyrethroid acaricides, This mutation is at a location different from those reported in the same gene in pyrethroid-resistant insects, (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 ARS, USDA, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, USDA, Mission, TX 78573 USA. ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, USDA, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Chen, AC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 22 TC 83 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD AUG 11 PY 1999 VL 261 IS 3 BP 558 EP 561 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1076 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 226HQ UT WOS:000082014900003 PM 10441465 ER PT J AU Shen, F Chen, PD Walfield, AM Ye, J House, J Brown, F Wang, CY AF Shen, F Chen, PD Walfield, AM Ye, J House, J Brown, F Wang, CY TI Differentiation of convalescent animals from those vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease by a peptide ELISA SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE FMDV; peptide ELISA; differential ID NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE; VIRAL-ANTIGENS; AMINO-ACID; VIRUS; INFECTION; ANTIBODIES; IMMUNOGENICITY; RECOMBINANT; BACULOVIRUS AB We have identified continuous antigenic determinants within the amino acid sequences of the conserved nonstructural region containing proteins 2C and 3ABC of foot-and-mouth disease virus which can distinguish between the sera from vaccinated and infected animals, An ELISA based on a 3B peptide gave a positive reaction with sera from cattle, pigs, sheep and guinea pigs infected with all seven serotypes of the virus, but not with sera from vaccinated animals. In experiments with cattle and pigs to determine the duration of the antibody response, positive reactions were obtained as late as one year after infection. The advantages of using peptides from the nonstructural viral proteins instead of recombinant proteins for differentiating vaccinees from infected animals include their exquisite specificity, nonreactivity with antibodies against host cell-derived proteins (e.g. E. coli and insect cell proteins), and their ease of preparation. (C) 1999 Elsevier science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 United Biomed Inc, Hauppauge, NY 11788 USA. USDA, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), United Biomed Inc, 25 Davids Dr, Hauppauge, NY 11788 USA. NR 22 TC 88 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD AUG 6 PY 1999 VL 17 IS 23-24 BP 3039 EP 3049 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00148-6 PG 11 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 225KD UT WOS:000081957300013 PM 10462239 ER PT J AU Trabelsi, S Krazsewski, AW Nelson, SO AF Trabelsi, S Krazsewski, AW Nelson, SO TI Unified calibration method for nondestructive dielectric sensing of moisture content in granular materials SO ELECTRONICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DENSITY AB Dielectric methods are commonly used for the nondestructive continuous sensing of moisture content in granular materials. However, an individual calibration equation is required for each particular material. The authors present a unified calibration method for moisture content determination that provides reliable information regardless of the grain type. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Trabelsi, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 5 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEE-INST ELEC ENG PI HERTFORD PA MICHAEL FARADAY HOUSE SIX HILLS WAY STEVENAGE, HERTFORD SG1 2AY, ENGLAND SN 0013-5194 J9 ELECTRON LETT JI Electron. Lett. PD AUG 5 PY 1999 VL 35 IS 16 BP 1346 EP 1347 DI 10.1049/el:19990890 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 231LQ UT WOS:000082310900042 ER PT J AU Liu, YB Tabashnik, BE Dennehy, TJ Patin, AL Bartlett, AC AF Liu, YB Tabashnik, BE Dennehy, TJ Patin, AL Bartlett, AC TI Development time and resistance to Bt crops SO NATURE LA English DT Letter ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; INSECT ADAPTATION C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, USDA, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Liu, YB (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 11 TC 135 Z9 146 U1 0 U2 14 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 5 PY 1999 VL 400 IS 6744 BP 519 EP 519 DI 10.1038/22919 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 223RT UT WOS:000081854800038 PM 10448853 ER PT J AU Zhang, N Portis, AR AF Zhang, N Portis, AR TI Mechanism of light regulation of Rubisco: A specific role for the larger Rubisco activase isoform involving reductive activation by thioredoxin-f SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID RIBULOSE-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; OXYGENASE ACTIVASE; RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE/OXYGENASE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; SPINACH LEAVES; MESSENGER-RNA; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ATP AB Rubisco activase is a nuclear-encoded chloroplast protein that is required for the light activation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) in vivo. In most plants examined to date, there are two isoforms of Rubisco activase arising from alternative splicing that differ only at the carboxyl terminus. Here we demonstrate with recombinant proteins that in Arabidopsis the larger isoform has a unique role in the regulation of Rubisco activity. At physiological ratios of ADP/ATP, the 46-kDa isoform has minimal ATP hydrolysis and Rubisco activation activity in comparison with the 43-kDa isoform, Analysis of a series of carboxyl-terminal deletion and Ala substitution mutants of the 46-kDa isoform revealed that the presence of Cys residues at positions 411 and 392 were essential to preserve a low ATP hydrolysis and Rubisco activation activity in the presence of ADP. Consequently, incubation of the 46-kDa isoform with DTT and thioredoxin-f increased both activities, whereas incubations with DTT alone or with thioredoxin-m were ineffective. Thioredoxin-f and DTT had no effect on the 43-kDa isoform, However, premixing both isoforms before conducting a reduction and oxidation cycle demonstrated that the activity of both isoforms could be regulated. Reduction and oxidation also modulated the activity of native activase proteins isolated from either Arabidopsis or spinach, but not tobacco, which only has the smaller isoform. These findings suggest that in plants containing both isoforms, Rubisco activase regulates the activity of Rubisco in response to light-induced changes in both the ADP/ATP ratio and the redox potential via thioredoxin-f. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, USDA, ARS,Madigan Labs 190, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Program Physiol & Mol Plant Biol, USDA, ARS,Madigan Labs 190, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, USDA, ARS,Madigan Labs 190, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Photosynth Res Unit, USDA, ARS,Madigan Labs 190, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Portis, AR (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, USDA, ARS,Madigan Labs 190, 1201 W Gregory Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 38 TC 173 Z9 187 U1 0 U2 21 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD AUG 3 PY 1999 VL 96 IS 16 BP 9438 EP 9443 DI 10.1073/pnas.96.16.9438 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 223HL UT WOS:000081835500119 PM 10430961 ER PT J AU Wang, H McArthur, ED Freeman, DC AF Wang, H McArthur, ED Freeman, DC TI Narrow hybrid zone between two subspecies of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata : Asteraceae). IX. Elemental uptake and niche separation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Artemisia tridentata; Asteraceae; biological absorption coefficients; elemental concentrations; hybrid zone; niche differentiation; reciprocal transplant experiment; sagebrush ID TRANSPLANT EXPERIMENTS; LOUISIANA IRISES; FITNESS; HYBRIDIZATION; BREAKDOWN; SELECTION AB The concentrations of selected elements and their biological absorption coefficients were determined for leaves from plants in native stands and reciprocal transplant gardens to determine whether niche differentiation occurs among the parental taxa and their hybrids in the big sagebrush hybrid zone in Utah. The bounded hybrid superiority model predicts such niche differentiation, while the ecologically neutral dynamic equilibrium model predicts complete niche overlap, at least in the vicinity of the hybrid zone. The concentrations of elements in the leaves of site-indigenous sagebrush and the biological absorption coefficients differed significantly between the subspecies and between either parental taxon and hybrids. Within reciprocal transplant gardens, both the elemental concentrations and the biological absorption coefficients differed among the gardens and taxa. Significant genotype-by-environment interactions were observed for several essential elements. Niche differentiation was evident as correspondence analyses ordinated the parental taxa and hybrids into separate groups even when raised in the same garden. These findings support the ecologically based bounded hybrid superiority model and suggest that the big sagebrush parental taxa and their hybrids have adapted to their respective unique habitats. C1 Wayne State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. Univ Oregon, Inst Neurosci, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Freeman, DC (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. RI Wang, Han/A-9774-2008 OI Wang, Han/0000-0003-2420-3147 NR 47 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 86 IS 8 BP 1099 EP 1107 DI 10.2307/2656972 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 229HE UT WOS:000082186800006 PM 10449388 ER PT J AU Rosenberg, IH AF Rosenberg, IH TI Virtual folate: virtual success? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Rosenberg, IH (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 70 IS 2 BP 177 EP 178 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 219RT UT WOS:000081621400001 PM 10426691 ER PT J AU Handelman, GJ Nightingale, ZD Lichtenstein, AH Schaefer, EJ Blumberg, JB AF Handelman, GJ Nightingale, ZD Lichtenstein, AH Schaefer, EJ Blumberg, JB TI Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in plasma after dietary supplementation with egg yolk SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE humans; plasma; lutein; zeaxanthin; carotenoids; HPLC; nutrient absorption; chickens; egg yolk; bioavailability; cholesterol; LDL cholesterol ID MACULAR PIGMENT; BETA-CAROTENE; VITAMIN-A; CHOLESTEROL; AGE; DEGENERATION; VEGETABLES; HUMANS AB Background: The food matrix in which carotenoids are found affects their bioavailability. Lutein and zeaxanthin are abundant in egg yolks and accumulate in the macular region of the retina, where they may affect visual function. Objective: We sought to determine whether plasma lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations are elevated after dietary supplementation with egg yolk. Design: Eleven moderately hypercholesterolemic men and women consumed 2 separate baseline diets, which contained 29-33% of energy as total fat, with 20% of energy as either beef tallow or corn oil. These diets were supplemented with cooked chicken egg yolks (1.3 egg yolks/d for an intake of 10.4 MJ). Each subject consumed all 4 diets. Each diet was consumed for 4.5 wk, with a washout period of greater than or equal to 2 wk between diet phases. At the end of each diet phase, fasting morning plasma samples were collected and stored for carotenoid analysis by HPLC. Commercial chicken egg yolks were analyzed for carotenoids and cholesterol. Results: Egg yolk supplementation of the beef tallow diet increased plasma lutein by 28% (P < 0.05) and zeaxanthin by 142% (P < 0.001); supplementation of the corn oil diet increased plasma lutein by 50% (P < 0.05) and zeaxanthin by 114% (P < 0.001). Changes in plasma lycopene and p-carotene were variable, with no consistent trend. Egg yolk supplementation increased plasma LDL-cholesterol concentrations by 8-11% (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Egg yolk is a highly bioavailable source of lutein and zeaxanthin. The benefit of introducing these carotenoids into the diet with egg yolk is counterbalanced by potential LDL-cholesterol elevation from the added dietary cholesterol. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Handelman, GJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-39326] NR 29 TC 135 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 70 IS 2 BP 247 EP 251 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 219RT UT WOS:000081621400012 PM 10426702 ER PT J AU Lager, KM Mengeling, WL Brockmeier, SL AF Lager, KM Mengeling, WL Brockmeier, SL TI Evaluation of protective immunity in gilts inoculated with the NADC-8 isolate of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and challenge-exposed with an antigenically distinct PRRSV isolate SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LELYSTAD VIRUS; PREGNANT SWINE; STRAINS; INFECTION; VR-2332; FAILURE; FETUSES; FIELD; HERD AB Objectives-To determine whether intrauterine inoculation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) interferes with conception and whether exposure to one strain of PRRSV provides protection against challenge-exposure (CE) with homologous or heterologous strains of PRRSV. Animals-40 gilts. Procedure-Gilts were inoculated by intrauterine administration of a PRRSV isolate (NADC-8) at breeding. Inoculated and noninoculated gilts were exposed oronasally to homologous (NADC-8) or heterologous (European isolate) PRRSV during late gestation. Specimens from gilts and fetuses were tested against CE virus. Lack of virus in gilts indicated protective immunity for the dam, in fetuses indicated protection of gilt from reproductive losses, and in both groups indicated complete protection. Results-In the homologous CE group, interval from inoculation to CE ranged from 90 to 205 days, and protection was complete. In the heterologous CE group, interval from inoculation to CE ranged from 90 to 170 days, and protection was incomplete. The CE virus was detected in gilts necropsied 134 to 170 days after CE and in a litter necropsied 170 days after CE. Conclusions-Homologous protection can be induced in gilts by exposure to live PRRSV. Heterologous protection from reproductive losses can be induced in gilts by exposure to live PRRSV; however, this protection is incomplete and may have a shorter duration than homologous protection. Clinical Relevance-Exposure of swine to enzootic PRRSV will provide protection against homologous PRRSV-induced reproductive losses. Extent and duration of protection against heterologous PRRSV may be variable and dependent on antigenic relatedness of the virus strains used for inoculation and CE. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virol Swine Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Avian Swine Resp Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Lager, KM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virol Swine Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 29 TC 68 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 60 IS 8 BP 1022 EP 1027 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 221KA UT WOS:000081725200024 PM 10451216 ER PT J AU Zhao, F Ambady, S de Leon, FAP Miller, LM Kunney, JK Grimm, DR Schook, LB Louis, CF AF Zhao, F Ambady, S de Leon, FAP Miller, LM Kunney, JK Grimm, DR Schook, LB Louis, CF TI Microsatellite markers from a microdissected swine chromosome 6 genomic library SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE swine; microsatellite markers; chromosome microdissection; linkage map ID MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA; PORCINE GENOME; LINKAGE MAP; SEGMENT AB To develop additional microsatellite (MS) markers in the region of the porcine skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor gene (RYR1), a microdissected genomic library was generated from the proximal half of the q arm of swine chromosome 6, Purified DNA was restriction enzyme-digested, ligated to oligonucleotide adaptors and amplified by PCR using primers complementary to the adaptor sequences, The purity of the amplified products and boundaries of the microdissected chromosomal region were verified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. (CA)(n)-containing sequences were then identified in a small insert genomic library generated from the PCR-amplified microdissected DNA, Oligonucleotide primers were developed for the PCR amplification of 30 of the 46 (CA)(n) repeat-containing clones, which were subsequently used to amplify DNA isolated from unrelated pigs of different breeds to determine the informativeness of these MS markers. Twenty-two of these MS markers were genotyped on the University of Illinois Yorkshire x Meishan swine reference population. These 22 markers were all assigned within a 50.7-CM region of the swine chromosome 6 linkage map, indicating the specificity of the microdissected library. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Anim Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. USDA ARS, IDRL, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Biochem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Louis, CF (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Biochem, 435 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. OI Miller, Loren/0000-0002-5482-2152; Ponce de Leon, Federico/0000-0001-8645-553X; Schook, Lawrence/0000-0002-6580-8364 NR 21 TC 10 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 30 IS 4 BP 251 EP 255 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00502.x PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 230KY UT WOS:000082251400002 PM 10467699 ER PT J AU Kappes, SM Lang, KDM Plante, Y AF Kappes, SM Lang, KDM Plante, Y TI Linkage assignments for 14 SRC bovine microsatellites SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID MAP C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Saskatchewan Res Council, Bova Can Labs, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2X8, Canada. RP Kappes, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 30 IS 4 BP 323 EP 324 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.1999.00445-7.x PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 230KY UT WOS:000082251400019 PM 10467716 ER PT J AU Kankaanpaa, P Sutas, Y Salminen, S Lichtenstein, A Isolauri, E AF Kankaanpaa, P Sutas, Y Salminen, S Lichtenstein, A Isolauri, E TI Dietary fatty acids and allergy SO ANNALS OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE atopic disease; leukotrienes; omega-3 fatty acids; omega-6 fatty acids; prostaglandins ID SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; GAMMA-LINOLENIC ACID; ATOPIC-DERMATITIS; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; MEDIATOR PRODUCTION; MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; WEST-GERMANY; EAST-GERMANY; ASTHMA; CHILDREN AB The increase in the prevalence of atopic diseases has recently been linked to altered consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). As typical Western diets contain almost 10 times more linoleic acid (18:2 omega-6) than alpha-linolenic acid (18:3 omega-3), it is the metabolism of the former that predominates. Subsequently produced arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids alter the balance of T-helper cells type 1 and type 2 thus favouring the production of immunoglobulin (Ig)E. In atopic subjects, the impact of this excessive eicosanoid production may be further strengthened as a result of changes in cyclic nucleotide metabolism exacerbated by substrate availability. Dietary omega-3 fatty acids can have marked influence on both specific and nonspecific immune responses in modifying eicosanoid production and replacing w-6 fatty acids in cell membranes. Therefore, it is concluded that careful manipulation of dietary PUFAs may play a key role in the successful management of inflammation associated with atopic diseases. C1 Univ Turku, Dept Biochem & Food Chem, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland. Univ Turku, Dept Pediat, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Kankaanpaa, P (reprint author), Univ Turku, Dept Biochem & Food Chem, Vatselankatu 2, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland. NR 62 TC 65 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOC MEDICINE PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 WIMPOLE STREET, LONDON W1M 8AE, ENGLAND SN 0785-3890 J9 ANN MED JI Ann. Med. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 31 IS 4 BP 282 EP 287 DI 10.3109/07853899908995891 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 226FT UT WOS:000082010200008 PM 10480759 ER PT J AU Xiao, LH Morgan, UM Limor, J Escalante, A Arrowood, M Shulaw, W Thompson, RCA Fayer, R Lal, AA AF Xiao, LH Morgan, UM Limor, J Escalante, A Arrowood, M Shulaw, W Thompson, RCA Fayer, R Lal, AA TI Genetic diversity within Cryptosporidium parvum and related Cryptosporidium species SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; PCR-RFLP ANALYSIS; CLETHRIONOMYS-GLAREOLUS; DISCONTINUOUS SUCROSE; TRANSMISSION; HOSTS; MICE; POPULATIONS; INFECTIVITY; PREVALENCE AB To assess the genetic diversity in Cryptosporidium parvum,,ve have sequenced the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene of seven Cryptosporidium spp., various isolates of C. parvum from eight hosts, and a Cryptosporidium isolate from a desert monitor. Phylogenetic analysis of the SSU rRNA sequences confirmed the multispecies nature of the genus Cryptosporidium, with at least four distinct species (C. parvum, C. baileyi, C, muris, and C. serpentis). Other species previously defined by biologic characteristics, including C. wrairi, C. meleagridis, and C. felis, and the desert monitor isolate, clustered together or within C. parvum. Extensive genetic diversities were present among C. parvum isolates from humans, calves, pigs, dogs, mice, ferrets, marsupials, and a monkey. In general, specific genotypes were associated with specific host species. A PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism technique previously developed by us could differentiate most Cryptosporidium spp. and C. parvum genotypes, but sequence analysis of the PCR product was needed to differentiate C.,wrairi and C. meleagridis from some of the C. parvum genotypes. These results indicate a need for revision in the taxonomy and assessment of the zoonotic potential of some animal C. parvum isolates. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Murdoch Univ, State Agr Biotechnol Ctr, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Ctr Ecol, Caracas, Venezuela. Ohio State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Prevent Med, Columbus, OH 43219 USA. ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Xiao, LH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, Mail Stop F-12,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM lax0@cdc.gov RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 FU PHS HHS [DW75937730-01-0] NR 47 TC 327 Z9 354 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 65 IS 8 BP 3386 EP 3391 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 223WR UT WOS:000081865000019 PM 10427023 ER PT J AU Karns, JS AF Karns, JS TI Gene sequence and properties of an s-triazine ring-cleavage enzyme from Pseudomonas sp strain NRRLB-12227 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HERBICIDE ATRAZINE; CYANURIC ACID; PROTEIN; DEGRADATION; AMIDOHYDROLASE; MINERALIZATION; PURIFICATION; BACTERIA; PATHWAY; CLONING AB Pesticides based on the s-triazine ring structure are widely used in cultivation of food crops. Cleavage of the s-triazine ring is an important step in the mineralization of s-triazine compounds and hence in their complete removal from the environment. Cyanuric acid amidohydrolase cleaves cyanuric acid (2,4,6-trihydroxy-s-triazine), which yields carbon dioxide and biuret; the biuret is subject to further metabolism, which yields CO2 and ammonia. The trzD gene encoding cyanuric acid amidohydrolase was cloned into pMMB277 from Pseudomonas sp. strain NRRLB-12227, a strain that is capable of utilizing s-triazines as nitrogen sources. Hydrolysis of cyanuric acid was detected in crude extracts of Escherichia coli containing the cloned gene by monitoring the disappearance of cyanuric acid and the appearance of biuret by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). DEAE and hydrophobic interaction HPLC were used to purify cyanuric acid amidohydrolase to homogeneity and a spectrophotometric assay for the purified enzyme was developed. The purified enzyme had an apparent K-m of 0.05 mM for cyanuric acid at pH 8.0. The enzyme did not cleave any other s-triazine or hydropyrimidine compound, although barbituric acid (2,4,6-trihydroxypyrimidine) was found to be a strong competitive inhibitor. Neither the nucleotide sequence of trzD nor the amino acid sequence of the gene product exhibited a significant level of similarity to any known gene or protein. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Karns, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Natl Resources Inst, Room 140,Bldg 001,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 65 IS 8 BP 3512 EP 3517 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 223WR UT WOS:000081865000038 PM 10427042 ER PT J AU Calvo, AM Hinze, LL Gardner, HW Keller, NP AF Calvo, AM Hinze, LL Gardner, HW Keller, NP TI Sporogenic effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids on development of Aspergillus spp. SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NIDULANS; CONIDIATION; LIGHT; FLUG AB Aspergillus spp. are frequently occurring seed-colonizing fungi that complete their disease cycles through the development of asexual spores, which function as inocula, and through the formation of cleistothecia and sclerotia. We found that development of all three of these structures in Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus flavus, and aspergillus parasiticus is affected by linoleic acid and light. The specific morphological effects of linoleic acid include induction of precocious and increased asexual spore development in A. flavus and A. parasiticus strains and altered sclerotium production in some A. flavus strains in which sclerotium production decreases in the light but increases in the dark In A. nidulans, both asexual spore production and sexual spore production were altered by linoleic acid. Spore development was induced in all three species by hydroperoxylinoleic acids, which are linoleic acid derivatives that are produced during fungal colonization of seeds. The sporogenic effects of these linoleic compounds on A. nidulans are similar to the sporogenic effects of A. nidulans psi factor, an endogenous mixture of hydroxylinoleic acid moieties. Light treatments also significantly increased asexual spore production in all three species. The sporogenic effects of light, linoleic acid, and linoleic acid derivatives on A. nidulans required an intact veA gene. The sporogenic effects of light and linoleic acid on Aspergillus spp., as well as members of other fungal genera, suggest that these factors may be significant environmental signals for fungal development. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Keller, NP (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 23 TC 140 Z9 148 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 65 IS 8 BP 3668 EP 3673 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 223WR UT WOS:000081865000060 PM 10427064 ER PT J AU Ignoffo, CM Wong, JFH Saathoff, SG AF Ignoffo, CM Wong, JFH Saathoff, SG TI Mortality and feeding of mid-stadium larvae of Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens fed a wild strain or a recombinant strain of Baculovirus heliothis expressing all insect-specific toxin of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus SO APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE baculoviruses; Heliothis/Helicoverpa; Leiurus quinquestriatus; toxin; fecal weights ID NUCLEAR-POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; TRICHOPLUSIA NI LARVAE; AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA; GENE AB A recombinant of the Heliothis/Helicoverpa single-enveloped nucleopolyhedrosis virus (RcHzSNPV), carrying a gene encoding an insect-specific toxin from the scorpion, Leiurus quinquestriatus herbraeus, significantly increased the rapidity of kill and reduced feeding by larvae of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa tea over that of its parental, wild-type strain (WtHzSNPV). The RcHzSNPV at 1.0 occlusion bodies/mm(2) killed or paralyzed H. virescens and H. tea larvae ca. 1.5-fold and 1.7-fold quicker, respectively, than the WtHzSNPV strain. Larvae not exposed to virus produced 3- to 5-fold more frass than larvae exposed to RcHzSNPV, and ca. 2- to 3-fold more frass than larvae exposed to WtHzSNPV. Increasing the rapidity of kill and reducing larval feeding are attributes that enhance the use of recombinant baculoviruses as potential biorational pesticides. C1 USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. Dupont Co, Stine Haskell Res Ctr, Agr Prod, Newark, DE 19714 USA. RP Ignoffo, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, 1503 S Providence Rd, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAPAN SOC APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL PI TOKYO PA 1-43-11 KOMAGOME TOSHIMA-KU, TOKYO, 170, JAPAN SN 0003-6862 J9 APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL JI Appl. Entomol. Zoolog. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 34 IS 3 BP 279 EP 283 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 234JT UT WOS:000082481500001 ER PT J AU Pfeiffer, TJ Lawson, TB Rusch, KA AF Pfeiffer, TJ Lawson, TB Rusch, KA TI Northern quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria, seed clam waste characterization study: precursor to a recirculating culture system design SO AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID OYSTER AB The high demand and price of the northern quahog, Mercenaria mercenaria, enable this species to be an excellent commercial aquaculture candidate for coastal Georgia. The most economical method to grow clams is in the natural environment at controlled densities. Commercial nurseries grow small seed from the hatchery (1-2 mm) to a size suitable for planting in the field (8-10 mm). The pivotal role of the nursery phase to the success of bivalve mariculture has prompted research into improving nursery culture systems. Utilizing recirculation technology can contribute to the development and success of land-based nursery systems that offer higher survival and faster growth than field-based systems. This paper presents baseline excretion data that can be useful in the design of a recirculating system for culturing bivalve Mercenaria seed clams in a land-based system. The total ammonia nitrogen excretion rate based on a 24-h isolation period ranged from 20.0 to 89.4 mu g NH4-N g clam(-1) day(-1) for Mercenaria seed clams with a shell length ranging from 3.0 to 12.6 mm. The low ammonia production rate combined with the high ammonia tolerance limits of bivalves minimizes the need for a biofilter unit. The BOD, loading rate was highly variable and ranged from 0.05 to 0.32 mg 1(-1)-O-2 g clam(-1) day(-1). For the seed clams that were less than 8 mm in shell length, the effluent total suspended solids concentration was three times greater than the larger size clams (10-12 mm shell length). Results indicated the importance of a solids removal mechanism to decrease the BOD, loading rate and reduce potential psuedofaeces production. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Marine Extens Serv, Shellfish Aquaculture Lab, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Agr Expt Stn, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Lawson, TB (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Aquaculture Syst Res Unit, POB 4912-1200 N Univ, Pine Bluff, AR 71611 USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8609 J9 AQUACULT ENG JI Aquac. Eng. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 20 IS 3 BP 149 EP 161 DI 10.1016/S0144-8609(99)00012-6 PG 13 WC Agricultural Engineering; Fisheries SC Agriculture; Fisheries GA 235YT UT WOS:000082572000002 ER PT J AU Tiebel, O Oka, K Robinson, K Sullivan, M Martinez, J Nakamuta, M Ishimura-Oka, K Chan, L AF Tiebel, O Oka, K Robinson, K Sullivan, M Martinez, J Nakamuta, M Ishimura-Oka, K Chan, L TI Mouse very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR): gene structure, tissue-specific expression and dietary and developmental regulation SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE very low-density lipoprotein receptor; mouse gene structure; dietary regulation; developmental regulation ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-E RECEPTOR; LIPASE MESSENGER-RNA; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; KNOCKOUT MICE; LDL RECEPTOR; DNA-BINDING; ALPHA-2-MACROGLOBULIN RECEPTOR; PROTEIN; FAMILY; CELLS AB The very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) is a multifunctional apolipoprotein (apo)E receptor that shares a common structural feature as well as some ligand specificity to apo E with members of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. We have isolated and characterized the mouse VLDLR gene. The mouse VLDLR gene contains 19 exons spanning approximately 50 kb. The exon-intron organization of the gene is completely conserved between mouse and human. Since the 5 '-flanking region of the mouse VLDLR gene contains two copies of a sterol regulatory element-1 like sequence (SRE-1), we next studied regulation of the VLDLR mRNA expression in heart, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in C57BL/6, LDLR-/-, apo E-/- and LDLR-/-, apo E-/- mice fed normal chow or atherogenic diet. The VLDLR mRNA expression was down-regulated 3-fold by feeding atherogenic diet in heart and skeletal muscle only in LDLR-/- mice. In contrast, VLDLR mRNA expression was up-regulated by atherogenic diet in adipose tissue in all animal models except double knockout mice. These results suggest that SRE-1 may be functional and VLDLR plays a role in cholesterol homeostasis in heart and skeletal muscle when LDLR is absent and that apo E is required for this modulation. Developmental regulation of the VLDLR mRNA expression was also tissue-specific. VLDLR mRNA expression in heart displayed significant up and down regulation during development. Maximal level was detected on post-natal day 3. However, the VLDLR mRNA levels in skeletal muscle remained relatively constant except a slight dip on post-natal day 7. In kidney and brain, VLDLR mRNA also peaked on post-natal day 3 but remained relatively constant thereafter. In liver, VLDLR mRNA expression was very low; it was barely detectable at day 19 of gestation and was decreased further thereafter. In adipose tissue, the VLDLR mRNA level showed an increase on post-natal day 13, went down again during weaning and then continued to increase afterwards. This developmental pattern as well as dietary regulation in adipose tissue supports the notion that VLDLR plays a role in lipid accumulation in this tissue. Although the primary role of VLDLR in heart, muscle and adipose tissue is likely in lipid metabolism, developmental pattern of this receptor in other tissues suggests that VLDLR has functions that are unrelated to lipid metabolism. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Oka, K (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL51586] NR 51 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD AUG PY 1999 VL 145 IS 2 BP 239 EP 251 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00068-4 PG 13 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 231RM UT WOS:000082324000002 PM 10488949 ER PT J AU Perez-Jimenez, F Castro, P Lopez-Miranda, J Paz-Rojas, F Blanco, A Lopez-Segura, F Velasco, F Marin, C Fuentes, F Ordovas, JM AF Perez-Jimenez, F Castro, P Lopez-Miranda, J Paz-Rojas, F Blanco, A Lopez-Segura, F Velasco, F Marin, C Fuentes, F Ordovas, JM TI Circulating levels of endothelial function are modulated by dietary monounsaturated fat SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE endothelial function; monounsaturated-rich diet; plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1; conjugated diene formation; plasma lipid profiles ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR TYPE-1; VON-WILLEBRAND-FACTOR; TISSUE FACTOR; PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; IN-VIVO; PLASMA; ACID; ATHEROSCLEROSIS AB Background: For the most part, the benefits of monounsaturated-rich diets (MUFA-diet) have been related to their action on plasma lipid levels. However other non-lipidic effects could also be involved in their protective effects. One of these involves the decrease in plasma levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), the main inhibitor of fibrinolysis. Given that the PAI-1 is of endothelial origin, one hypothesis is that the MUFA-diet could protect against CHD by modulating some endothelial components. Methods and results: Healthy male subjects (n = 25) received three different consecutive diets, each lasting 28 days: a low fat NCEP-I-diet, with 28% calories as fat, 10% saturated fat (SAT), 12% monounsaturated (MUFA) and 6% polyunsaturated (PUFA); a MUFA-diet, with 38% calories as fat, 10% SAT, 22% MUFA and 6% PUFA, and a SAT rich-diet (SAT-diet), with 38% calories as fat, 20% SATI 12% MUFA and 6% PUFA. After each dietary period, the plasma lipid profile was determined. including total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol. total triglyceride, apo Al. apo B plasma levels and conjugated diene formation, after incubation of LDL particles with Cu 5 mu M/l. Endothelial products measured in plasma were von Willebrand factor (VWF), E-selectin, Thrombomodulin and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI) levels. We observed a decrease in VWF, PAI-1 and TFPI plasma levels and an increase in lag time of conjugated diene formation after the MUFA-diet. There was a positive correlation between the decreases in TFPI and VWF and the changes in total cholesterol, LDL-C, apo B plasma levels. The decrease in TFPI was negatively correlated with the increase in lag time of conjugated diene formation. PAI-1 plasma levels were positively correlated with total cholesterol, LDL-C and triglycerides and negatively correlated with HDL-C. Conclusions: Consumption of a Mediterranean-type MUFA-diet produces a decrease in plasma levels of vWF, TFPI and PAI-1 plasma levels in young healthy males. Given that these substances are of endothelial origin, one could suggest that the MUFA of the diet has a beneficial effect on endothelial function resulting in protective changes against thrombogenesis. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipidos & Arteriosclerosis, Cordoba 14004, Spain. Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Hematol Serv, Cordoba 14004, Spain. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Met Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Perez-Jimenez, F (reprint author), Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Unidad Lipidos & Arteriosclerosis, Avda Menendez Pidal S-N, Cordoba 14004, Spain. OI Perez Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-9808-1280; Perez-Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-7499-7681; FUENTES JIMENEZ, FRANCISCO/0000-0002-4584-7366; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 54776] NR 39 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD AUG PY 1999 VL 145 IS 2 BP 351 EP 358 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00116-1 PG 8 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 231RM UT WOS:000082324000016 PM 10488963 ER PT J AU Entry, JA AF Entry, JA TI Influence of nitrogen on atrazine and 2, 4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid mineralization in blackwater and redwater forested wetland soils SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE wetlands; blackwater; redwater; atrazine; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ID 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID; CRANBERRY BOGS; DEGRADATION; GROUNDWATER; BIODEGRADATION; RESPIRATION; PERSISTENCE; FUNGAL AB Microcosms were used to determine the influence of N additions on active bacterial and fungal biomass, atrazine and dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) mineralization at 5, 10 and 15 weeks in soils from blackwater and redwater wetland forest ecosystems in the northern Florida Panhandle. Active bacterial and fungal biomass was determined by staining techniques combined with direct microscopy. Atrazine and 2,4-D mineralization were measured radiometrically. Treatments were: soil type, (blackwater or redwater forested wetland soils) and N additions (soils amended with the equivalent of 0, 200 or 400 kg N ha(-1) as NH4NO3). Redwater soils contained higher concentrations of C, total N, P, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, B and Zn than blackwater soils. After N addition and 15 weeks of incubation, active bacterial biomass in redwater soils was lower when N was added. Active bacterial biomass in blackwater soils was lower when 400 kg N ha(-1), but not when 200 kg N ha(-1) was added. Active fungal biomass in blackwater soils was higher when 400 kg N ha(-1), but not when 200 kg N ha(-1), was added. Active fungal biomass in redwater soils was lower when 200 kg N ha(-1), but not when 400 kg N ha(-1), was added. After 15 weeks of incubation 2,4-D degradation was higher in redwater wetland soils than in blackwater soils. After 10 and 15 weeks of incubation the addition of 200 or 400 kg N ha(-1) decreased both atrazine and 2,4-D degradation in redwater soils. The addition of 400 kg N ha(-1) decreased 2,4-D degradation but not atrazine degradation in blackwater soils after 10 and 15 weeks of incubation. High concentrations of N in surface runoff and groundwater resulting from agricultural operations may have resulted in the accumulation of N in many wetland soils. Large amounts of N accumulating in wetlands may decrease mineralization of toxic agricultural pesticides. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 North,3600 East, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 54 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 348 EP 353 DI 10.1007/s003740050564 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 228MZ UT WOS:000082141400003 ER PT J AU Vallet, JL Smith, TPL Sonstegard, T Pearson, PL Christenson, RK Klemcke, HG AF Vallet, JL Smith, TPL Sonstegard, T Pearson, PL Christenson, RK Klemcke, HG TI Isolation of complementary deoxyribonucleic acids encoding putative secreted and membrane-bound folate binding proteins from endometrium of swine SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID MESSENGER-RNAS; GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL MODIFICATION; COWS MILK; RECEPTOR; SEQUENCE; CELLS; CDNA; CLONING; INTERRELATIONSHIPS; REQUIREMENTS AB Two distinct forms of endometrial folate binding protein (FBP) cDNAs were isolated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and 3' and 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) procedures. On the basis of the absence or presence of an intact glycophosphatidylinositol linkage site in the C terminus of the predicted amino acid sequences, the two forms appear to encode secreted and membrane-bound forms of FBP. The cDNAs for the putative secreted and membrane forms encoded 252- and 249-amino acid proteins, respectively, that were 73% identical with each other and were 66-82% identical with other known FBPs. However, the nucleotide sequences within the 5' untranslated region and from codons 224 and 223 of the secreted and membrane forms, respectively, to the 3' ends of each RNA, were divergent. The divergence in the 3' ends of the two cDNAs was exploited to determine changes in concentrations of each mRNA in the endometrium during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy. Northern blots of endometrial total RNA probed with a putative secreted FBP specific probe indicated that mRNA concentrations do not change during early pregnancy. In contrast, blots probed with a putative membrane FBP specific probe indicated that mRNA concentrations increase dramatically from Day 15 to Day 24 of pregnancy. Finally, N-terminal amino acid sequencing of FBP purified from Day 15 pregnant uterine flushings matched the secreted form of FBP mRNA. These data are consistent with a role for putative secreted and membrane-bound forms of FBPs in the transport of folate to the developing swine conceptus during early pregnancy. C1 ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Reprod Res Unit, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Vallet, JL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Reprod Res Unit, POB 166,State Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 61 IS 2 BP 372 EP 379 DI 10.1095/biolreprod61.2.372 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 220DK UT WOS:000081649100006 PM 10411514 ER PT J AU Donoghue, AM Sonstegard, TS King, LM Smith, EJ Burt, DW AF Donoghue, AM Sonstegard, TS King, LM Smith, EJ Burt, DW TI Turkey sperm mobility influences paternity in the context of competitive fertilization SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID SEMEN DONOR SELECTION; GALLUS-DOMESTICUS; FOWL SPERMATOZOA; MOTILITY; PENETRATION; FERTILITY AB We have devised a novel means of investigating competitive fertilization in turkeys, using microsatellite genotyping to identify male parentage. Our results demonstrate that sperm mobility is a mechanism responsible in part for paternity efficiency in turkeys. Sperm mobility is composed of several parameters in which sperm motility is a component. Differences between ejaculates in the number of sperm penetrating into a dense, insert, nontoxic solution were measured and used to classify males into high, average, or low sperm mobility phenotypes. Microsatellite genotyping was used to determine parentage of poults after equal numbers of sperm from in males (either high or average phenotype, n = 5, mixed with low phenotype, n = 5) were inseminated simultaneously. In a separate study, the numbers of sperm hydrolyzing the perivitelline layer of eggs were compared between hens inseminated with sperm from high-, average-, or low-phenotype males. Overall, heterospermic inseminations resulted in consistently fewer offspring produced by low-mobility phenotype males. This correlated with physiological data in which semen from the low-mobility males had reduced numbers of sperm at the fertilization site as determined by sperm hole counts in the perivitelline layer of eggs. This is the first illustration of a measurable sperm trait predictive of paternity success in a competitive fertilization trial in turkeys, a species that is predominately reproduced by artificial insemination of multiple-sire pools. C1 ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Tuskegee Univ, Dept Agr Sci, Tuskegee, AL USA. Roslin Inst, Div Mol Biol, Roslin EH25 9PS, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Donoghue, AM (reprint author), ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Bldg 200,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 61 IS 2 BP 422 EP 427 DI 10.1095/biolreprod61.2.422 PG 6 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 220DK UT WOS:000081649100014 PM 10411522 ER PT J AU Ewel, JJ O'Dowd, DJ Bergelson, J Daehler, CC D'Antonio, CM Gomez, LD Gordon, DR Hobbs, RJ Holt, A Hopper, KR Hughes, CE LaHart, M Leakey, RRB Lee, WG Loope, LL Lorence, DH Louda, SM Lugo, AE McEvoy, PB Richardson, DM Vitousek, PM AF Ewel, JJ O'Dowd, DJ Bergelson, J Daehler, CC D'Antonio, CM Gomez, LD Gordon, DR Hobbs, RJ Holt, A Hopper, KR Hughes, CE LaHart, M Leakey, RRB Lee, WG Loope, LL Lorence, DH Louda, SM Lugo, AE McEvoy, PB Richardson, DM Vitousek, PM TI Deliberate introductions of species: Research needs - Benefits can be reaped, but risks are high SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Review ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PLANT INVASIONS; CORDGRASS SPARTINA; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; HOST-SPECIFICITY; HYBRIDIZATION; EVOLUTION; CLASSIFICATION; INTERFERENCE; RESISTANCE C1 USDA Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Org Trop Studies, Las Cruces Biol Stn, San Vito Java, Coto Brus, Costa Rica. Org Trop Studies, Wilson Bot Garden, San Vito Java, Coto Brus, Costa Rica. Nat Conservancy Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Perth, WA 6014, Australia. Nat Conservancy Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96817 USA. Univ Delaware, USDA ARS, Beneficial Insect Intro Res Unit, Newark, DE 19713 USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford OX1 3RB, England. S Florida Water Management Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33406 USA. Inst Terr Ecol, Penicuik EH26 QB, Midlothian, Scotland. Landcare Res, Dunedin, New Zealand. US Geol Survey, Div Biol Res, Makawao, HI 96768 USA. Natl Trop Bot Garden, Lawai, HI 96765 USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Entomol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Cape Town, Dept Bot, Inst Plant Conservat, ZA-7701 Rondebosch, South Africa. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Ewel, JJ (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. EM jackewel@gte.net RI Hobbs, Richard/F-5883-2010; Richardson, David/A-1495-2008 OI Hobbs, Richard/0000-0003-4047-3147; Richardson, David/0000-0001-9574-8297 NR 112 TC 147 Z9 165 U1 4 U2 40 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD AUG PY 1999 VL 49 IS 8 BP 619 EP 630 DI 10.2307/1313438 PG 12 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 220TL UT WOS:000081683500006 ER PT J AU Bricker, BJ AF Bricker, BJ TI Differentiation of hard-to-type bacterial strains by RNA mismatch cleavage SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID BRUCELLA-OVIS; DNA; AMPLIFICATION; SEQUENCES; MUTATIONS; GENUS; PCR AB Many bacteria are difficult to subtype due to high genetic relatedness. rn the cases of pathogens of medical or veterinary importance, subtyping is an essential fool of epidemiologists. This report describes a method for molecular subtyping based on the defection of point mutations without DNA sequencing or specialized equipment. The method, known. as RNA mismatch cleavage, hybridizes RNA transcripts derived from PCR-amplified DNA, with a control RNA transcript followed by RNase cleavage at point-mutation mismatches. The method was successful in distinguishing all six Brucella species tested and was able to distinguish 11 of the 18 biovars studied. Of the remaining seven biovars (all of which are Brucella abortus strains), three subgroups were identified. The method should be applicable to all hard-ro-subtype bacterial strains. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Bricker, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 USA SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD AUG PY 1999 VL 27 IS 2 BP 321 EP + PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 225MN UT WOS:000081965500021 PM 10457839 ER PT J AU Massicotte, HB Molina, R Tackaberry, LE Smith, JE Amaranthus, MP AF Massicotte, HB Molina, R Tackaberry, LE Smith, JE Amaranthus, MP TI Diversity and host specificity of ectomycorrhizal fungi retrieved from three adjacent forest sites by five host species SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE fungal succession; fungal communities; compatibility; Arbutus menziesii; Pseudotsuga menziesii; Pinus ponderosa; Abies grandis; Lithocarpus densiflora ID SOUTHERN BRITISH-COLUMBIA; ARCTOSTAPHYLOS-UVA-URSI; DOUGLAS-FIR SEEDLINGS; OIL-SANDS TAILINGS; JACK PINE STANDS; PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII; SUILLUS-GREVILLEI; SOUTHWEST OREGON; INCOMPATIBLE INTERACTIONS; MYCORRHIZAL SPECIFICITY AB Seedlings of Abies grandis (Dougl.) Lindl. (grand fir), Lithocarpus densiflora (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. (tanoak), Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws. (ponderosa pine), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas-fir), and Arbutus menziesii Pursh (madrone) were planted in mixture and monoculture in soil collected from three adjacent forest sites in southwestern Oregon (a clearcut area, a 25-year-old Douglas-fir plantation, and a mature 90- to 160-year-old Douglas-fir - pine forest) to determine the effect of host tree diversity on retrieval of ectomycorrhizal morphotypes. In this greenhouse bioassay, 18 morphotypes of mycorrhizae were recognized overall from all soils with a total of 55 host-fungus combinations: 14 types with ponderosa pine, 14 with Douglas-fir, 10 with tanoak, 10 with grand fir, and 7 for madrone. Four genus-specific morphotypes were retrieved (three on ponderosa pine and one on Douglas-fir), even in mixture situations, demonstrating selectivity of some fungal propagules by their respective host. Five types were detected on all hosts, but not necessarily in soils from all sites. The remaining nine types were associated with two, three, or four hosts, which indicates a wide potential for interspecific hyphal linkages between trees. More morphotypes were retrieved from the monoculture treatments compared with the mixture treatments, although the differences were not significant. Several examples of acropetal replacement of one fungus by another (interpreted as succession) were recorded on all hosts during the course of the experiment. These results illustrate the importance of different host species in maintaining ectomycorrhizal fungus diversity, especially fungi with restricted host range, and the strong potential for fungal linkages between trees in forest ecosystems. C1 Univ No British Columbia, Coll Sci & Management, Fac Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Univ No British Columbia, Coll Sci & Management, Fac Nat Resources & Environm Sci, 3333 Univ Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. EM hugues@unbc.ca NR 82 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 27 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 1053 EP 1076 PG 24 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 262AL UT WOS:000084043500001 ER PT J AU McGrath, JM Hickok, LG AF McGrath, JM Hickok, LG TI Multiple ribosomal RNA gene loci in the genome of the homosporous fern Ceratopteris richardii SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE rDNA; in situ hybridization; homosporous ferns; evolution; gene silencing; polyploidy ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; HIGH CHROMOSOME-NUMBERS; RDNA LOCI; METHYLATION; DNA; PATTERNS AB The genomes of homosporous ferns are largely uncharacterized, but they appear to differ from gymnosperms and angiosperms in key aspects, such as high chromosome numbers at the diploid level, and thus provide a unique perspective on plant genome structure and evolution. Using the model homosporous fern Ceratopteris richardii, loci encoding ribosomal RNA sequences (rDNA genes) were detected using fluorescent in situ hybridization. At least two major rDNA loci were visible in all cases, and six or more weakly hybridizing signals were observed in most cytological preparations. These results are consistent with models of homosporous fern evolution via cycles of polyploidy followed by gene silencing. They are also consistent with other models of fern genome evolution. With the exception of the weakly hybridizing signals, these data are similar to analogous reports of one or two major rDNA loci in diploid angiosperms. These results suggest that the gross morphology of rDNA loci are similar between diploid homosporous ferns and angiosperms, but that important clues to rDNA gene and chromosome evolution in homosporous ferns may reside in the analysis of their minor rDNA sequences. C1 Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Bot, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP McGrath, JM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, 494D PSSB, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 24 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 1199 EP 1202 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 262AL UT WOS:000084043500016 ER PT J AU Enebak, SA Ostry, ME Anderson, NA AF Enebak, SA Ostry, ME Anderson, NA TI Inoculation methods for selecting Populus tremuloides resistant to Hypoxylon canker SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID TREMBLING ASPEN; MAMMATUM; CLONES; TREES AB Canker expansion and the amount of callus tissue formed were measured monthly on 60 ramets from each of five trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) clones that had been inoculated in wounds: with Entoleuca mammata (= Hypoxylon mammatum (Wahl.) Mill.) over a 12-month period. At the clone level, the prevalence of nonlethal cankers within clones prior to the study had no correlation with canker expansion with three of the five clones. Greenhouse inoculation of ramets derived from the same five clones resulted in the same resistance rankings as main-stem inoculations in the field. One isolate, Hm-27, produced longer cankers, and less callus developed on all clones compared with trees inoculated with the less aggressive strain, Hm-24. Cankers developed only on clones that were inoculated during the months of April through July with April inoculations resulting in the largest cankers. These results indicate that there is a limited time frame when wounds on aspen are susceptible to infection by artificial inoculation with the pathogen as many wound inoculations neither produced cankers nor wound callus. Comparing inoculation methods, either main-stem inoculations in the field or greenhouse inoculations coupled with the natural canker prevalence could be used to include or exclude clones for use in an aspen breeding program. C1 Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Enebak, SA (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 8 BP 1192 EP 1196 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-8-1192 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 243TP UT WOS:000083013600002 ER PT J AU Wilson, MV Ingersoll, CA Thies, WG AF Wilson, MV Ingersoll, CA Thies, WG TI Testing for effects of stump fumigation with chloropicrin on vegetation in an early seral Douglas-fir stand SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PHELLINUS-WEIRII INOCULUM; LAMINATED ROOT-ROT; SOIL; METHYLISOTHIOCYANATE; GROWTH; RHIZOSPHERE; RESPONSES; INJECTION; FUMIGANTS; PATHOGEN AB The biocide chloropicrin has been suggested for the control of laminated root rot (caused by Phellinus weirii (Murr.) Gilb.), a widespread and economically important disease of Douglas-fir (Pseltdotsuga,menziesii (Mirb.) France) forests. This study investigated the effects of chloropicrin use on vegetation. A 65-year-old stand in northwestern Washington dominated by Douglas-fir was harvested by clear-cutting in 1988. At time of harvest, the stand was severely affected by laminated root rot. After harvest, plots were either left unfumigated or fumigated with 3.0-18.2 kg of chloropicrin per 0.04 ha. We used multivariate analyses to investigate the effect of chloropicrin on the abundance of vegetation, accounting for pretreatment plot differences. Five years after harvest and fumigation, no significant differences in vegetation composition or cover were found. Chloropicrin fumigation significantly increased diversity (Hill's measure) but not richness. Of the 10 most abundant species, only two showed significant effects: higher levels of chloropicrin application led to lower Veronica serpyllifolia L. var. serpyllifolia cover and to mon Linnaea borealis L. cover. The power of statistical tests to detect effects of chloropicrin on vegetation was high (0.75-0.99) for large effect sizes, lending confidence to the conclusion that chloropicrin use caused few prominent adverse effects. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Wilson, MV (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 8 BP 1254 EP 1258 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 243TP UT WOS:000083013600009 ER PT J AU Colgan, W Carey, AB Trappe, JM Molina, R Thysell, D AF Colgan, W Carey, AB Trappe, JM Molina, R Thysell, D TI Diversity and productivity of hypogeous fungal sporocarps in a variably thinned Douglas-fir forest SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; WESTERN OREGON; SMALL MAMMALS; MYCOPHAGY; MATS; CONSUMPTION; NITROGEN; STAND; INTERRELATIONSHIPS; MYCORRHIZAL AB Although ecosystem management techniques are designed to enhance species diversity in managed forests, no comprehensive study has been conducted to evaluate effects of such techniques on diversity and productivity of hypogeous fungi (truffles). During this study, truffles were collected in a 55- to 65-year-old Douglas-fir forest from March 1993 through December 1995 at approximately 6-week intervals. Half of the stands served as controls, half were assigned a variable density thinning (VDT) treatment. A VDT stand comprised a mosaic of patches thinned to different densities of standing live trees. To further evaluate the effect of harvesting impacts, this mosaic was divided into two thinning categories, lightly thinned and heavily thinned areas. Truffle standing crop varied greatly but generally was highest in spring with a smaller peak in the fall. At least some sporocarps were found year round, with winter having the lowest biomass and species richness. Overall standing crop biomass (over all seasons) was significantly lower in VDT stands compared with control stands. The abundance of Gautieria and Hysterangium species was lower in thinned stands, while Melanogaster species diversity and productivity were highest in these stands. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Molina, R (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM molinar@fsl.orst.edu NR 42 TC 39 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 8 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 8 BP 1259 EP 1268 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-8-1259 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 243TP UT WOS:000083013600010 ER PT J AU Millard, MM Wolf, WJ Dintzis, FR Willett, JL AF Millard, MM Wolf, WJ Dintzis, FR Willett, JL TI The hydrodynamic characterization of waxy maize amylopectin in 90% dimethyl sulfoxide-water by analytical ultracentrifugation, dynamic, and static light scattering SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article DE amylopectin waxy maize; hydrodynamic characterization; static light scattering ID STARCHES; SIZE AB Static light scattering of high amylopectin waxy maize starch gently dispersed in 90% dimethyl sulfoxide-water yielded a weight average molecular weight M-W, and radius of gyration R-g, of 560 x 10(6) g/mol and 342 nm, respectively. To obtain an independent hydrodynamic characterization of these solutions, we measured the sedimentation coefficient for the main component in an analytical ultracentrifuge. The value of s(0), the infinite dilution sedimentation coefficient, was 199 S. The translational diffusion coefficient DO in very dilute solutions was measured by dynamic light scattering at 90 degrees and found to be 2.33 x 10(-9) cm(2)/s. An effective hydrodynamic radius Rh was calculated from this diffusion constant using the Stokes-Einstein equation and found to be 348 nm. The structure-related parameter rho = R-g/R-h was calculated to be 0.98. The weight average molecular weight calculated from the Svedberg equation using the values measured for s(0) and DO was 593 X 106 g/mol, This result is in reasonable agreement with the light scattering results. As light scattering results are subject to experimental errors due to the possibility of dust contamination, the presence of microgel or aggregates, and the questionable applicability of light scattering theory to interpret results for macromolecular sizes approaching the wave length of light used as a source for scattering, it is advisable to have corroborating hydrodynamic data when possible to further validate light scattering results in this very high molecular weight range. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, MWA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61614 USA. RP Willett, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, MWA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ, Peoria, IL 61614 USA. NR 26 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 4 BP 315 EP 320 DI 10.1016/S0144-8617(99)00021-1 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 211WT UT WOS:000081185400002 ER PT J AU Masuelli, L Ettenberg, S Vasaturo, F Vestergaard-Sykes, K Cutler, ML AF Masuelli, L Ettenberg, S Vasaturo, F Vestergaard-Sykes, K Cutler, ML TI The Ras suppressor, RSU-1, enhances nerve growth factor-induced differentiation of PC12 cells and induces p21(CIP) expression SO CELL GROWTH & DIFFERENTIATION LA English DT Article ID INDUCED NEURITE RETRACTION; LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID; TRK PROTOONCOGENE; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION; SIGNALING PATHWAY; KINASE ACTIVATION; ADENYLYL CYCLASE; BINDING PROTEIN; MAP KINASES AB The Rsu-1 Ras suppressor gene was isolated based on its ability to inhibit v-Ras transformation. Using Rsu-l transfectants of the pheochromocytoma cell line PC12, we demonstrated previously that Rsu-l expression inhibited Jun kinase activation but enhanced Erk2 activation in response to epidermal growth factor, In the present study, the Rsu-l PC12 transfectants were used to investigate the role of Rsu-l in nerve growth factor (NGF)- and v-Ki-ras-mediated neuronal differentiation, NGF-induced neurite extension was enhanced, not inhibited, by the expression of Rsu-l in PC12 cells, The activation of Erk kinase activity in response to NGF was sustained longer in the Rsu-l transfectants compared with the vector control cells. During NGF-mediated differentiation, an increase in the expression of specific mRNAs for the early response genes Fos, cJun, and NGF1a was detected in both the vector control and Rsu-l transfectants. The expression of the differentiation-specific genes VGF8 and SCG10 was similar in Rsu-l transfectants compared with the vector control cells, The induction of Rsu-l expression in these cell lines did not inhibit v-Ki-ras-induced differentiation, as measured by neurite extension, These data suggest that although Rsu-l blocked some Has-dependent response(s), these responses were not required for differentiation, Moreover, the induction of Rsu-l expression in the PC12 clones resulted in growth inhibition and p21(WAF/CIP) expression. Hence, Rsu-l expression enhances NGF-induced differentiation while inhibiting the growth of cells. C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pathol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. USDA, Labs, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. First Univ Rome, Dept Expt Med, I-00161 Rome, Italy. RP Cutler, ML (reprint author), Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pathol, B3122,4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1044-9523 J9 CELL GROWTH DIFFER JI Cell Growth Differ. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 10 IS 8 BP 555 EP 564 PG 10 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 228EB UT WOS:000082123200003 PM 10470855 ER PT J AU Kasarda, DD AF Kasarda, DD TI Glutenin polymers: The in vitro to in vivo transition SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 82nd Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Cereal-Chemists CY SEP 13-17, 1998 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA SP Amer Assoc Cereal Chemists ID MOLECULAR-WEIGHT GLUTENINS; HEXAPLOID BREAD WHEAT; SUBUNIT GENE; TRANSGENIC WHEAT; DISULFIDE BONDS; PROTEIN; QUALITY; EXPRESSION; FLOUR; SEQUENCES C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Kasarda, DD (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 30 TC 62 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD AUG PY 1999 VL 44 IS 8 BP 566 EP 571 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 230UH UT WOS:000082268400003 ER PT J AU Kasperbauer, MJ AF Kasperbauer, MJ TI Colored mulch for food crops SO CHEMTECH LA English DT Article ID FAR-RED LIGHT; END C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Kasperbauer, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. EM kasper@florence.ars.usda.gov NR 11 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0009-2703 J9 CHEMTECH JI Chemtech PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 8 BP 45 EP 50 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied SC Chemistry GA 225GG UT WOS:000081949600010 ER PT J AU da Costa, ACS Bigham, JM Rhoton, FE Traina, SJ AF da Costa, ACS Bigham, JM Rhoton, FE Traina, SJ TI Quantification and characterization of maghemite in soils derived from volcanic rocks in southern Brazil SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE aluminum substitution; ferrimagnetic; maghemite; magnetic susceptibility; magnetite; selective dissolution ID IRON-OXIDES; MAGNETIC-SUSCEPTIBILITY; EXTRACTABLE IRON; KAOLINITIC SOILS; OXISOLS; ALUMINUM; CLASSIFICATION; MOSSBAUER; MINERALS; GOETHITE AB Many soils developed from volcanic rocks in southern Brazil exhibit spontaneous magnetization caused by the presence of fine-grained maghemite (gamma-Fe2O3), but few attempts were made to quantify or characterize this important soil component. To that end, clays were separated from freely drained soils derived from acid (greater than or equal to 63% SiO2), intermediate (54-62% SiO2), and basic (less than or equal to 53% SiO2) igneous rocks produced by the Parana flood volcanism. The sample set included soils with a wide range of pedogenic development on different landscape positions. The Fe oxide mineralogy of these samples was examined by using a combination of selective dissolution, magnetic susceptibility, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Hematite and maghemite were the primary Fe oxides in mature soils (Oxisols, Ultisols, and Alfisols) developed from basic rocks; whereas goethite was dominant in all other soils, especially those formed from acid-intermediate rocks. The association of maghemite with basic rock materials suggests that it was primarily formed by oxidation of lithogenic magnetite. A strong, positive correlation (R-2 = 0.89) was obtained between mass specific magnetic susceptibility (chi) of the clay fractions and maghemite contents estimated by XRD. Either method could be used for quantitative analyses, but chi was more sensitive than XRD at low maghemite concentrations (<2 wt. LTC). The clay-sized maghemites were superparamagnetic with an estimated value for the mass specific magnetic susceptibility (chi(If)) value of 91,000 x 10(-8) m(3) kg(-1) and frequency dependent Variations of 10-15%. The maghemites also had low unit cell constants, which, if attributed entirely to replacement of Fe by Al, would correlate with Al substitutions in the range of 5-16 mole %. Selective dissolution of the soil maghemites was achieved by treatment of Fe oxide concentrates with 1.8 M H2SO4 at 75 degrees C for 7 h. C1 Univ Estadual Maringa, Dept Agron, BR-87020900 Maringa, Parana, Brazil. Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP da Costa, ACS (reprint author), Univ Estadual Maringa, Dept Agron, BR-87020900 Maringa, Parana, Brazil. NR 47 TC 19 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 9 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 USA SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 47 IS 4 BP 466 EP 473 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470408 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA 231TM UT WOS:000082326300008 ER PT J AU Rosenberg, NJ Epstein, DJ Wang, D Vail, L Srinivasan, R Arnold, JG AF Rosenberg, NJ Epstein, DJ Wang, D Vail, L Srinivasan, R Arnold, JG TI Possible impacts of global warming on the hydrology of the Ogallala aquifer region SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; YIELD; CLIMATE; SENSITIVITY; SIMULATION; GROWTH; MODEL; CROPS; USA AB The Ogallala or High Plains aquifer provides water for about 20% of the irrigated land in the United States. About 20 km(3) (16.6 million acre-feet) of water are withdrawn annually from this aquifer. In general, recharge has not compensated for withdrawals since major irrigation development began in this region in the 1940s. The mining of the Ogallala has been pictured as an analogue to climate change in that many GCMs predict a warmer and drier future for this region. In this paper we attempt to anticipate the possible impacts of climate change on the sustainability of the aquifer as a source of water for irrigation and other purposes in the region. We have applied HUMUS, the Hydrologic Unit Model of the U.S. to the Missouri and Arkansas-White-Red water resource regions that overlie the Ogallala. We have imposed three general circulation model (GISS, UKTR and BMRC) projections of future climate change on this region and simulated the changes that may be induced in water yields (runoff plus lateral flow) and ground water recharge. Each GCM was applied to HUMUS at three levels of global mean temperature (GMT) to represent increasing severity of climate change (a surrogate for time). HUMUS was also run at three levels of atmospheric CO2 concentration (hereafter denoted by [CO2]) in order to estimate the impacts of direct CO2 effects on photosynthesis and evapotranspiration. Since the UKTR and GISS GCMs project increased precipitation in the Missouri basin, water yields increase there. The BMRC GCM predicts sharply decreased precipitation and, hence, reduced water yields. Precipitation reductions are even greater in the Arkansas basin under BMRC as are the consequent water yield losses. GISS and UKTR climates lead to only moderate yield losses in the Arkansas. CO2-fertilization reverses these losses and yields increase slightly. CO2 fertilization increases recharge in the base (no climate change) case in both basins. Recharge is reduced under all three GCMs and severities of climate change. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Washington, DC USA. Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Blackland Res Ctr, Temple, TX USA. ARS, USDA, Temple, TX USA. RP Rosenberg, NJ (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, Washington, DC USA. RI Srinivasan, R/D-3937-2009 NR 34 TC 88 Z9 91 U1 5 U2 75 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 4 BP 677 EP 692 DI 10.1023/A:1005424003553 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 218VU UT WOS:000081574400004 ER PT J AU Pelletier, G Upadhyaya, SK AF Pelletier, G Upadhyaya, SK TI Development of a tomato load/yield monitor SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE mass flow measurement; precision farming; processing tomatoes; yield monitor AB The objective of this study was to develop a load/yield monitor for mounting on a processing tomato harvester. A continuous mass flow-ype yield-ensing device equipped with load cells and a vibration-resistant angle transducer along with a differential global positioning system (DGPS) was developed to collect spatially variable yield data in real-time. Both analog and digital signal processing were employed to maximise the accuracy of data acquisition. The yield monitoring system was calibrated, validated, and tested during the 1997 harvesting season. The coefficient of determination, r(2), between the actual fruit weight and the yield monitor prediction was 0.997. The system was then used to measure yield variability and produce yield maps. There were significant spatial variations in processing tomato yield. The lowest 20% yielding area within a field produced less than half the tomatoes compared to the highest 20% yielding area within the same field. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Cotton Ginning & Prod lab, Lubbock, TX USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Upadhyaya, SK (reprint author), USDA, Cotton Ginning & Prod lab, Lubbock, TX USA. NR 16 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1699 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 23 IS 2 BP 103 EP 117 DI 10.1016/S0168-1699(99)00025-3 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA 241UD UT WOS:000082900200003 ER PT J AU Martz, LW Garbrecht, J AF Martz, LW Garbrecht, J TI An outlet breaching algorithm for the treatment of closed depressions in a raster DEM SO COMPUTERS & GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE hydrology; watershed; digital terrain analysis; digital elevation model; DEM; GIS; automated drainage analysis; depressions ID DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS; AUTOMATED RECOGNITION; DRAINAGE NETWORKS; VALLEY LINES; DIRECTION AB Automated drainage analysis of raster DEMs typically begins with the simulated filling of all closed depressions and the imposition of a drainage pattern on the resulting flat areas. The elimination of closed depressions by filling implicitly assumes that all depressions are caused by elevation underestimation. This assumption is difficult to support, as depressions can be produced by overestimation as well as by underestimation of DEM values. This paper presents a new algorithm that is applied in conjunction with conventional depression filling to provide a more realistic treatment of those depressions that are likely due to overestimation errors. The algorithm lowers the elevation of selected cells on the edge of closed depressions to simulate breaching of the depression outlets. Application of this breaching algorithm prior to depression filling can substantially reduce the number and size of depressions that need to be filled, especially in low relief terrain,Removing or reducing the size of a depression by breaching implicitly assumes that the depression is due to a spurious flow blockage caused by elevation overestimation. Removing a depression by filling, on the other hand, implicitly assumes that the depression is a direct artifact of elevation underestimation. Although the breaching algorithm cannot distinguish between overestimation and underestimation errors in a DEM, a constraining parameter for breaching length can be used to restrict breaching to closed depressions caused by narrow blockages along well-defined drainage courses. These are considered the depressions most likely to have arisen from overestimation errors. Applying the constrained breaching algorithm prior to a conventional depression-filling algorithm allows both positive and negative elevation adjustments to be used to remove depressions. The breaching algorithm was incorporated into the DEM preprocessing operations of the TOPAZ software system. The effect of the algorithm is illustrated by the application of TOPAZ to a DEM of a low-relief landscape. The use of the breaching algorithm during DEM pre-processing substantially reduced the number of cells that needed to be subsequently raised in elevation to remove depressions. The number and kind of depression cells that were eliminated by the breaching algorithm suggested that the algorithm effectively targeted those topographic situations for which it was intended. A detailed inspection of a portion of the DEM that was processed using breaching algorithm in conjunction with depression-filling also suggested the effects of the algorithm were as intended. The breaching algorithm provides an empirically satisfactory and robust approach to treating closed depressions in a raster DEM. It recognises that depressions in certain topographic settings are as likely to be due to elevation overestimation as to elevation underestimation errors. The algorithm allows a more realistic treatment of depressions in these situations than conventional methods that rely solely on depression-filling. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Geog, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A5, Canada. ARS, USDA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Martz, LW (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Geog, 9 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A5, Canada. NR 19 TC 63 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-3004 J9 COMPUT GEOSCI JI Comput. Geosci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 25 IS 7 BP 835 EP 844 DI 10.1016/S0098-3004(99)00018-7 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Geology GA 229LQ UT WOS:000082196400011 ER PT J AU Beauchamp, WD Cooke, F Lougheed, C Lougheed, LW Ralph, CJ Courtney, S AF Beauchamp, WD Cooke, F Lougheed, C Lougheed, LW Ralph, CJ Courtney, S TI Seasonal movements of Marbled Murrelets: Evidence from banded birds SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Brachyramphus marmoratus; Marbled Murrelet; migration; population movements ID CAPTURE; ALASKA; SEA AB Recent techniques for capturing Marbled Murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) have created opportunities for studying them through systematic banding programs. One murrelet banded in breeding plumage during the summer of 1995 at Theodosia Inlet, on the Sunshine Coast of British Columbia, was recaptured in basic plumage in the fall of 1996 near Orcas Island in the San Juan Islands, Washington State, a distance of 220 km southeast from the original banding location. It was captured again at Theodosia Inlet in breeding plumage in the summer of 1997. This is the first evidence of long distance movement for the Marbled Murrelet. Seven color-marked individuals from the Theodosia Inlet population were located in the same geographic area outside the breeding season. Although our sample size is small, this suggests that both nonmigratory and migratory individuals occur within a single summering population. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Canadian Wildlife Serv, Pacific Wildlife Res Ctr, Delta, BC V4K 3N2, Canada. US Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Sustainable Ecosyst Inst, Portland, OR 97219 USA. RP Cooke, F (reprint author), Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 8888 Univ Dr, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 5 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD AUG PY 1999 VL 101 IS 3 BP 671 EP 674 DI 10.2307/1370198 PG 4 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 226CG UT WOS:000082002300023 ER PT J AU Mills, LS Doak, DF Wisdom, MJ AF Mills, LS Doak, DF Wisdom, MJ TI Reliability of conservation actions based on elasticity analysis of matrix models SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-GROWTH RATE; RED-COCKADED WOODPECKERS; PROJECTION MATRICES; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; RELATIVE IMPORTANCE; DEMOGRAPHIC-MODELS; VIABILITY ANALYSIS; TRADE-OFFS; MANAGEMENT; DYNAMICS AB Matrix population models have entered the mainstream of conservation biology, with analysis of proportional sensitivities (elasticity analysis) of demographic rates becoming important components of conservation decision making We identify areas where management applications using elasticity analysis potentially conflict with the mathematical basis of the technique, and we use a hypothetical example and three real data sets (Prairie Chicken [Tympanuchus cupido], desert tortoise [Gopherus agassizii], and killer whale [Orcinus orca]) to evaluate the extent to which conservation recommendations based on elasticities might be misleading. First, changes in one demographic rate can change the qualitative ranking of the elasticity values calculated from a population matrix, a result that dampens enthusiasm for ranking conservation actions based solely on which rates have the highest elasticity values. Second, although elasticities often provide accurate predictions of future changes in population growth rate under management perturbations that are large or that affect more than one rate concurrently, concordance frequently fails when different rates vary by different amounts. In particular, when vital rates change to their high or low values observed in nature, predictions of future growth rate based on elasticities of a mean matrix can be misleading, even predicting population increase when the population growth rate actually declines following a perturbation. Elasticity measures will continue to be useful tools for applied ecologists, but they should be interpreted with considerable care. We suggest that studies using analytical elasticity analysis explicitly consider the range of variation possible for different rates and that simulation methods are a useful tool to this end. C1 Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Environm Studies, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry & Range Sci Lab, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Mills, LS (reprint author), Univ Montana, Sch Forestry, Wildlife Biol Program, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. EM smills@selway.umt.edu RI Mills, L. Scott/K-2458-2012 OI Mills, L. Scott/0000-0001-8771-509X NR 52 TC 135 Z9 139 U1 3 U2 34 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 BP 815 EP 829 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98232.x PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 222EV UT WOS:000081771200015 ER PT J AU Stevens, C Khan, VA Lu, JY Wilson, CL Chalutz, E Droby, S Kabwe, MK Haung, Z Adeyeye, O Pusey, LP Tang, AYA AF Stevens, C Khan, VA Lu, JY Wilson, CL Chalutz, E Droby, S Kabwe, MK Haung, Z Adeyeye, O Pusey, LP Tang, AYA TI Induced resistance of sweetpotato to Fusarium root rot by UV-C hormesis SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE radiation; ultraviolet light-C; induced resistance; hormesis; sweetpotato; fusarium root rot ID POSTHARVEST DISEASES; STORAGE ROTS; LIGHT; FRUITS; VEGETABLES AB 'Jewel' sweetpotato storage roots previously treated with a low hermetic dose of ultraviolet light-C (UV-C) were stored for 30 days before inoculated artificially with Fusarium solani. Storage roots showed an increase in resistance to Fusarium root rot, as indicated by a reduction in lesion diameter, depth and weight of rotted tissue following UV-C treatment. The rate of decay development around F. solani inoculum plugs on UV-C treated sweetpotato storage roots progressed slowly, and about 55% failed to develop lesions on wounded UV-C treated, compared to 11% of untreated sweetpotato storage roots, 10 days after inoculation. There was a polynomial curvilinear regression relationship between percent incidence of Fusarium root rot and hermetic UV-C doses. The hermetic dose of UV-C which suppressed decay to the greatest degree was 3.6 kJ m(-2). Exposure of sweetpotato storage roots to doses of UV-C promoted phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) production with the maximum PAL activity occurred to the greatest degree at a UV-C dose of 3.6 kJ m(-2). Similarly, a relationship between PAL activity and the incidence of Fusarium root rot was established. Crude extracts from UV-C treated sweetpotato storage roots reduced germination, germ tube elongation, and growth off. solani compared to extracts obtained from untreated storage roots. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tuskegee Univ, Tuskegee Inst, George Washington Carver Agr Expt Stn, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Stevens, C (reprint author), Tuskegee Univ, Tuskegee Inst, George Washington Carver Agr Expt Stn, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. NR 22 TC 44 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 18 IS 7 BP 463 EP 470 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(99)00045-9 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 231ZJ UT WOS:000082341000005 ER PT J AU Howad, W Tang, HV Pring, DR Kempken, F AF Howad, W Tang, HV Pring, DR Kempken, F TI Nuclear genes from Tx CMS maintainer lines are unable to maintain atp6 RNA editing in any anther cell-type in the Sorghum bicolor A3 cytoplasm SO CURRENT GENETICS LA English DT Article DE cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS); Sorghum bicolor; tissue-specific mitochondrial RNA editing; pollen development ID MALE-STERILITY; MITOCHONDRIAL ATP6; FERTILITY RESTORATION; TRANSCRIPTS; CHLOROPLASTS; INFORMATION; MUTATION; TOBACCO; DISEASE; PLANTS AB RNA editing and cytoplasmic male sterility are two important phenomena associated with higher plant mitochondria. We recently have shown a potential function of RNA editing in CMS development. The frequency of atp6 RNA editing was specifically reduced in anthers of male-sterile Sorghum bicolor, which increased in frequency in partially restored progeny. Here we present data that show that the loss of RNA editing capability also occurs in a second nuclear background that allows the expression of male sterility. Loss of RNA editing thus appears to be associated with unique combinations of male-sterile cytoplasm and non-restoring nuclear backgrounds. In addition, the reduction of RNA editing affects both gametophytic and sporophytic anther cell-types but not other floral tissues. An analysis of F-2 plants exhibiting different levels of fertility indicates a co-segregation of fertility restoration and atp6 RNA editing. The atp6 transcript abundance is similar in seedlings and anthers of male-sterile, partially restored, and male-fertile lines and thus is not associated with loss of atp6 RNA editing in anthers. A model for RNA editing and male sterility based on the data available is presented. Functional correlations with other CMS systems are also discussed. C1 Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lehrstuhl Allgemeine & Mol Bot, D-44780 Bochum, Germany. Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol & Plant Mol, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Cellular Biol Program, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Kempken, F (reprint author), Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lehrstuhl Allgemeine & Mol Bot, Univ Str 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany. NR 29 TC 13 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0172-8083 J9 CURR GENET JI Curr. Genet. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 36 IS 1-2 BP 62 EP 68 DI 10.1007/s002940050473 PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 233NV UT WOS:000082433700008 PM 10447596 ER PT J AU Banks, D Albibi, R Chen, JC Lamikanra, O Jarret, RL Smith, BJ AF Banks, D Albibi, R Chen, JC Lamikanra, O Jarret, RL Smith, BJ TI Specific detection of Xylella fastidiosa Pierce's disease strains SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; PLANTS AB Pierce's disease (PD, Xylella fastidiosa) of grapevine is the primary pathogen limiting vinifera grape production in Florida and other regions of the southeastern United States. Quick and accurate detection of PD strains is essential for PD studies and control. A unique random amplified polymorphic DNA (PD1-1-2) was isolated from a PD strain from Florida. fragment PD1-1-2 was cloned, sequenced, and found to be 1005 bp in length. PCR primers were designed to utilize these sequence data for PD strain detection. One primer set (XF176f-XF954r) amplified a 779-bp DNA fragment from 34 PD strains including seven pathotypes of X. fastidiosa, but not from strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Xan. vesicatoria or Escherichia coli. A second primer set (XF176f and XF686r) amplified a 511-bp fragment specific to 98 PD strains, but not from strains of citrus variegated chlorosis, mulberry leaf scorch, oak leaf scorch, periwinkle wilt, phony peach, or plum leaf scald. Sequence analysis indicated that RAPD fragment PD1-1-2 contains a. Ser-tRNA gene. The PD-specific region includes a TaqI restriction site (TCGA) and is 150 bp downstream of the Ser-tRNA gene. C1 Florida A&M Univ, Ctr Viticultural Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. USDA SEA, Dept Plant Intro, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. RP Chen, JC (reprint author), Florida A&M Univ, Ctr Viticultural Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. NR 15 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 39 IS 2 BP 85 EP 88 DI 10.1007/s002849900423 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 217EB UT WOS:000081486100006 PM 10398832 ER PT J AU Finkelman, FD Wynn, TA Donaldson, DD Urban, JF AF Finkelman, FD Wynn, TA Donaldson, DD Urban, JF TI The role of IL-13 in helminth-induced inflammation and protective immunity against nematode infections SO CURRENT OPINION IN IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR-GAMMA; T-CELLS; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; INTERLEUKIN-4/INTERLEUKIN-13 RECEPTOR; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; JANUS KINASE; TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION; AIRWAY HYPERREACTIVITY; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; BINDING SUBUNIT AB Helminth infections induce the production of type 2 cytokines, which contribute both to expulsion of the worms and inflammatory responses that can either protect or damage the host. Although IL-4 has been considered the most critical cytokine for both inflammation and protective immunity, recent observations indicate that IL-13 - a related cytokine - can have equal or even greater importance than IL-4 in inflammatory responses and host protection against infection. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Div Immunol, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, Res Serv 151, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. NIH, Parasit Dis Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Genet Inst, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA. ARS, Immunol Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Finkelman, FD (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Div Immunol, POB 670563, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. RI Wynn, Thomas/C-2797-2011; OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI35987] NR 85 TC 98 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 0 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0952-7915 J9 CURR OPIN IMMUNOL JI Curr. Opin. Immunol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 11 IS 4 BP 420 EP 426 DI 10.1016/S0952-7915(99)80070-3 PG 7 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 223EU UT WOS:000081828600010 PM 10448138 ER PT J AU Russo, G Couture, P Cucinotta, D Wilson, PWF Cupples, LA Otvos, JD Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Russo, G Couture, P Cucinotta, D Wilson, PWF Cupples, LA Otvos, JD Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI The Sst-1 polymorphism at the APOC3 gene locus in a population -based study: Association with an atherogenic lipid profile in men. SO DIABETOLOGIA LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, HNRCA, USDA, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI cucinotta, domenico/F-4832-2014 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0012-186X J9 DIABETOLOGIA JI Diabetologia PD AUG PY 1999 VL 42 SU 1 MA 447 BP A121 EP A121 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 225CC UT WOS:000081937600446 ER PT J AU Nearing, MA Simanton, JR Norton, LD Bulygin, SJ Stone, J AF Nearing, MA Simanton, JR Norton, LD Bulygin, SJ Stone, J TI Soil erosion by surface water flow on a stony, semiarid hillslope SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE soil erosion; rocks; hydraulics; hydraulic roughness; rill erosion ID ROCK-FRAGMENT COVER; PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES; RILL HYDRAULICS; MODEL; RANGELAND; VELOCITY; ARIZONA AB Soil erosion on hillslopes occurs by processes of soil splash from raindrop impacts and sediment entrainment by surface water flows. This study investigates the process of soil erosion by surface water flow on a stony soil in a semiarid environment. A field experimental method was developed whereby erosion by concentrated flow could be measured in predefined flow areas without disturbing the soil surface. The method allowed for measurements in this study of flow erosion at a much wider range of slopes (2.6 to 30.1 per cent) and unit discharge rates (0.0007 to 0.007 m(2) s(-1)) than have been previously feasible. Flow velocities were correlated to discharge and hydraulic radius, but not to slope. The lack of correlation between velocity and slope might have been due to the greater rock cover on the steeper slopes which caused the surface to be hydraulically rougher and thus counteract the expected effect of slope on flow velocity. The detachment data illustrated limitations in applying a linear hydraulic shear stress model over the entire range of the data collected. Flow detachment rates were better correlated to a power function of either shear stress (r(2) = 0.51) or stream power (r(2) = 0.59). Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. ARS, USDA, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Ukrainian Acad Agr Sci, Sokolovskovo Inst, UA-310024 M Kharkov, Ukraine. RP Nearing, MA (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Lab, 1196 Soil Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 21 TC 83 Z9 134 U1 2 U2 30 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 24 IS 8 BP 677 EP 686 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199908)24:8<677::AID-ESP981>3.0.CO;2-1 PG 10 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 226MQ UT WOS:000082024100002 ER PT J AU Nash, MS Whitford, WG de Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW Havstad, KM AF Nash, MS Whitford, WG de Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW Havstad, KM TI Livestock activity and Chihuahuan Desert annual-plant communities: Boundary analysis of disturbance gradients SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE boundary locations; Chihuahuan Desert; desert plant communities; livestock grazing; multivariate analysis; semivariogram ID SOUTHERN NEW-MEXICO; MESQUITE DUNELANDS; FORMER GRASSLANDS; VEGETATION; SOIL; PIOSPHERE; DIVERSITY; NITROGEN; SHEEP; WATER AB The impact of domestic livestock on soil properties and perennial vegetation is greatest close to water points and generally decreases exponentially with distance from water. We hypothesized that the impact of livestock on annual-plant communities would be similar to that on perennial vegetation. We used multivariate analysis and semivariograms to locate boundaries and to determine the number and width of different annual-plant zones (referred as biotic zones) on long-term livestock disturbance gradients in the northern Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico. We estimated abundance of annuals in 0.5-m(2) quadrats placed at 30-m intervals on 10 livestock disturbance gradients originating at water points. Tansy mustard, Descurainia pinnata, was abundant in severely disturbed areas and also in area:; that art: known to have high soil nitrogen content. Amaranthus palmeri was abundant in half of the transects in the zones nearest the water points. The relationships of annual-plan; abundance and species richness with distance from water points and with perennial-plan: cover were not significant (R-2 < 0.1). The number of boundaries and sizes of zones varied with distance from water points, with seasons, and with duration of grazing. The first biotic zone (most severely impacted by cattle) ranged from 75 to 795 m radius for winter-spring annuals and from 165 to 1065 m radius for the summer annuals. Variability in the number and size of biotic zones along grazing gradients was spatially correlated with the frequency and intensity of disturbance, with landscape position, and with patchiness of soil features. There were fewer and larger zones of summer annuals than of winter-spring annuals. Boundary analysis of livestock disturbance gradients provided a method with replication for assessing the impact of long-term livestock grazing on annual-plant communities. Livestock create nutrient-rich patches near water points by mixing dung with soil by hoof action. These nutrient-rich patches support species of annuals that are rare or absent in areas where soils are subjected to low-intensity disturbance. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Characterizat Res Div, Las Vegas, NV 89196 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Nash, MS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Characterizat Res Div, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89196 USA. NR 36 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 14 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 814 EP 823 DI 10.2307/2641331 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 225QQ UT WOS:000081972600006 ER PT J AU Strom, BL Roton, LM Goyer, RA Meeker, JR AF Strom, BL Roton, LM Goyer, RA Meeker, JR TI Visual and semiochemical disruption of host finding in the southern pine beetle SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Cleridae; Dendroctonus frontalis; host selection; Thanasimus dubius; vision; visual behavior ID DENDROCTONUS-PONDEROSAE COLEOPTERA; BARK BEETLES; BAITED TRAPS; COLONIZATION BEHAVIOR; FRONTALIS COLEOPTERA; IPS-TYPOGRAPHUS; SCOLYTIDAE; ORIENTATION; TREES; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB The importance of visual silhouettes for host finding by the southern pine beetle (SPB), Dendroctonus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), and the potential for disruption of this process using visual deterrents were evaluated with multiple-funnel traps, painted white or black, and with clear, white, or black Plexiglas sticky panels. All traps and panels were baited with the SPB attractant frontalure. The effect of combined semiochemical and visual disruption was evaluated in funnel traps by including the antiaggregation pheromone verbenone, or the repellent/inhibitory host compound 4-allylanisole, in addition to the attractant. Visual treatments had a highly significant effect on catch of SPB and the predatory clerid beetle Thanasimus dubius. In attractant-baited traps, white paint alone reduced the average number of SPB caught by 72% in Florida and 68% in Louisiana. The repellent 4-allylanisole reduced catch of SPB by 56% in Florida and 45% in Louisiana. Verbenone was eluted at 25% of the targeted rate and did not affect total catch in either place. White panels trapped 79% fewer SPB than black, and 55% fewer than clear, with both differences significant. Clear panels also caught significantly fewer (-54%) SPB than black panels. Capture of T. dubius was reduced significantly by clear (-61%) or white (-56%) panels compared to black but did not differ significantly between clear and white panels. The percentage of female SPB captured was not significantly changed by visual treatments but was, as expected, reduced by verbenone. Neither visual nor semiochemical treatments influenced the sex ratio of T. dubius. The potential for using visual disruptants for protection of trees was assessed in front of a single SPB infestation by painting trees either white or black to 4.5 m. White trees showed fewer landings by SPB and a reduced density of successful and total SPB attacks within, but not above, the painted area. These results show that both SPB and T. dubius can be significantly affected by altering visual silhouettes, and that visual and semiochemical treatments, especially used in combination, may increase effectiveness of bark beetle disruption strategies. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Entomol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Florida Dept Agr, Div Forestry, Gainesville, FL 32614 USA. RP Strom, BL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 54 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 6 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 1028 EP 1038 DI 10.2307/2641348 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 225QQ UT WOS:000081972600023 ER PT J AU Blaustein, AR Hays, JB Hoffman, PD Chivers, DP Kiesecker, JM Leonard, WP Marco, A Olson, DH Reaser, JK Anthony, RG AF Blaustein, AR Hays, JB Hoffman, PD Chivers, DP Kiesecker, JM Leonard, WP Marco, A Olson, DH Reaser, JK Anthony, RG TI DNA repair and resistance to UV-B radiation in western spotted frogs SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE amphibians; DNA repair; frogs and ultraviolet radiation; oocytes; photolyase; photoreactivation; Rana luteiventris; Rana pretiosa; spotted frogs; ultraviolet radiation; UV-B resistance ID DECLINING AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; RANA-AURORA; INTRODUCED BULLFROGS; HYLA-REGILLA; GOLDEN TOAD; MORTALITY; SURVIVAL; AMBIENT; EGGS AB We assessed DNA repair and resistance to solar radiation in eggs of members of the western spotted frog complex (Rana pretiosa and R. luteiventris), species whose populations are suffering severe range reductions and declines. Specifically, we measured the activity of photoreactivating enzyme (photolyase) in oocytes of spotted frogs. In some species, photoreactivation is the most important mechanism for repair of UV-damaged DNA. Using field experiments, we also compared the hatching success of spotted frog embryos at natural oviposition sites at three elevations, where some embryos were subjected to ambient levels of UV-B radiation and others were shielded from UV-B radiation. Compared with other amphibians, photolyase activities in spotted frogs were relatively high. At all sites, hatching success was unaffected by UV-B. Our data support the interpretation that amphibian embryos with relatively high levels of photolyase are more resistant to UV-B radiation than those with lower levels of photolyase. At the embryonic stage, UV-B radiation does not presently seem to be contributing to the population declines of spotted frogs. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Wildlife Management Program, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. Univ Salamanca, Dept Anim Biol, Salamanca 37071, Spain. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Blaustein, AR (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Zool, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Marco, Adolfo/B-7118-2009 NR 58 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 1100 EP 1105 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 225QQ UT WOS:000081972600029 ER PT J AU Rehfeldt, GE Ying, CC Spittlehouse, DL Hamilton, DA AF Rehfeldt, GE Ying, CC Spittlehouse, DL Hamilton, DA TI Genetic responses to climate in Pinus contorta: Niche breadth, climate change, and reforestation SO ECOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Article DE climatic gradients; climate models; climate response functions of populations; populations; fundamental niche vs realized niche; genetic variation; global climate change; microevolution; niche breadth; Pinus contorta; population differentiation; reforestation in a changing environment; responses to a changing environment ID LODGEPOLE PINE; DOUGLAS-FIR; SSP LATIFOLIA; GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION; ECOLOGICAL GENETICS; PLANT-COMMUNITIES; PROVENANCE TESTS; VEGETATION MODEL; SYLVESTRIS L; POPULATIONS AB Fundamental plant-environment relationships were revealed by analyses of 20-yr height and survival of 118 populations representing two subspecies of Pinus contorta growing in common gardens at 60 environmentally disparate test sites in British Columbia. The approach involved (1) preparing models that described the general climate of British Columbia, (2) developing population-specific response functions driven by predicted climate variables, (3) developing general transfer functions that predict performance from the climatic distances over which populations were transferred, and (4) interpreting the results in terms of niche breadth, effects of climate change on adaptedness of populations, and reforestation in a changing environment. Polynomial regression models used physiographic descriptors to predict seven climate variables from normalized records of 513 weather stations. Values of R-2 ranged over 0.80-0.97 for thermal variables and 0.54-0.61 for precipitation variables. Validations with independent data from 45 stations were strong and suggested that the models were generally free of bias within the limits of the original data. Response functions describing the height or survival of each population were developed from quadratic regressions using predicted climate variables for each test site. Mean annual temperature and mean temperature in the coldest month were the most effective variables for predicting population height, while the ratio of summer temperature to summer moisture was the best predictor of survival. Validation of the response functions with independent data from two additional test sites produced values of R-2 between actual and predicted values that were as high as 0.93 for height and 0.73 for survival. The results demonstrated that natural populations have different climatic optima but tend to occupy suboptimal environments. Nevertheless, the general transfer functions showed that optimal growth and survival of the species as a whole is associated with the null transfer distance. These seemingly anomalous results suggest that the same processes thought to determine the distribution of species control the distribution of genotypes within species: (1) environmental selection to produce a broad fundamental niche, and (2) density-dependent selection to produce a relatively narrow realized niche within which most populations are relegated to suboptimal environments. Consequently, the steep geographic dines typical of P. contorta seem to be driven more by density-dependent selection than by environmental selection. Asymmetric gene flow from the center of distribution toward the periphery is viewed as a primary regulator that provides the fuel for both environmental and density dependent selection and thereby indirectly perpetuates suboptimality. The response functions predict that small changes in climate will greatly affect growth and survival of forest tree populations and, therefore, that maintaining contemporary forest productivities during global warming will require a wholesale redistribution of genotypes across the landscape. The response functions also provide the climatic bases to current reforestation guidelines and quantify the adjustments necessary for maintaining adaptedness in planted trees during periods of small (similar to 1 degrees C) temporal temperature shifts. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. British Columbia Minist Forests, Res Branch, Victoria, BC V8W 9C2, Canada. RP Rehfeldt, GE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, 1221 S Main St, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. EM rehfeldt@forest.moscowfsl.wsu.edu NR 100 TC 280 Z9 290 U1 9 U2 94 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9615 EI 1557-7015 J9 ECOL MONOGR JI Ecol. Monogr. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 69 IS 3 BP 375 EP 407 DI 10.1890/0012-9615(1999)069[0375:GRTCIP]2.0.CO;2 PG 33 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 221UW UT WOS:000081746100006 ER PT J AU Wheeler, GS Halpern, MD AF Wheeler, GS Halpern, MD TI Compensatory responses of Samea multiplicalis larvae when fed leaves of different fertilization levels of the aquatic weed Pistia stratiotes SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Samea multiplicalis; Spodoptera pectinicornis; Pistia stratiotes; waterlettuce; nitrogen utilization efficiency; compensatory feeding; nitrogen; biological control of weeds ID FRESH-WATER MACROPHYTES; SPODOPTERA-PECTINICORNIS; DIETARY NITROGEN; RESPIRATORY RATE; DILUTED DIETS; FOOD PLANTS; GROWTH; HERBIVORE; COVARIANCE; MOTH AB Compensatory responses of caterpillars fed low quality food include increased consumption and utilization of essential nutrients. Information about an insect's responses to nutritional challenges from their host plants could benefit weed biological control efforts in the selection and establishment of new agents. The target weed, Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae) is a floating aquatic plant that has relatively low nitrogen levels which are further diluted with high water content. Efforts to establish the insect Spodoptera pectinicornis (Hampson) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) for biological control of P. stratiotes could benefit by examining the nutritional responses of a similar widely established lepidopteran species, Samea multiplicalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Larvae of this species were fed leaves of P. stratiotes plants that had been fertilized (NPK) at high and low rates. The leaves of the fertilized plants had a 4.3-fold increase in nitrogen (dry weight) and a 1.6-fold increase in water content. The results suggest that no compensatory increases occurred in larvae fed leaves from the low fertilized plants as no changes were found in fresh mass consumption or nitrogen utilization efficiency. Consequently, development time from second-third instars to pupation was delayed about 3 days compared with larvae fed the high nitrogen leaves. Furthermore, consumption of nitrogen was only 30% and its accumulation into larval tissues was only 60% compared with the larvae fed the high fertilized leaves. The resulting larvae had both a final biomass and a growth rate that were reduced by 40%. Regardless of plant fertilizer level, the larvae fed at a rate 5-10 times greater than that of similar lepidopteran species consuming either low or high quality diets, suggesting that the S. multiplicalis larvae may be functioning at their biological limit for ingesting food. C1 USDA ARS, Aquat Weed Res Unit, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Wheeler, GS (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Biol, POB 15141, Stanford, CA 94309 USA. NR 49 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 92 IS 2 BP 205 EP 216 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00539.x PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 237FR UT WOS:000082645200009 ER PT J AU Jensen, T Carlson, DA Barnard, DR AF Jensen, T Carlson, DA Barnard, DR TI Factor from swamp water induces hatching in egg of Anopheles diluvialis (Diptera : Culicidae) mosquitoes SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anopheles quadrimaculatus; Anopheles diluvialis; mosquitoes; hatching; chemical stimulant; infusion ID QUADRIMACULATUS COMPLEX; SPECIES-C; IDENTIFICATION; FLORIDA; KEY AB Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, An. smaragdinus Reinert, and An. diluvialis Reinert mosquitoes are recently described sibling species that occur in northern Florida where the adults are sympatric but larvae develop in different aquatic habitats. The hatching dynamics of these species showed that An. diluvialis utilizes a hatching stimulus that occurs in the substrate in intermittently flooded swamps. Most eggs of An. quadrinaculatus and An. smaragdinus hatch spontaneously in distilled water, but most eggs of An. diluvialis do not. Most An. diluvialis eggs hatch when placed in swamp water or when placed in an infusion of distilled water, leaf litter, and detritus from intermittently flooded swamps, suggesting the presence of an exogenous compound(s) as a hatching factor for this species. Percentage of egg hatch was largest in infusions made from swamp soil and in hexane extracts of swamp water, indicating that the hatching factor is a chemically stable organic substance. Because this phenomenon was not observed with water from lakes, ponds, springs, spring outlet streams, and rivers, An. diluvialis appears to require the hatching factor to facilitate egg hatch when intermittently flooded swamps are inundated. This article reports an exogenous compound being: exploited as a hatching stimulus by an Anopheles mosquito. C1 Univ Illinois, Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Jensen, T (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 545 EP 550 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 235QM UT WOS:000082554100002 ER PT J AU Jewett, DK Carpenter, JE AF Jewett, DK Carpenter, JE TI Chemically-mediated attraction of Ichneumon (=Pterocormus) promissorius (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae) males by females SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE semiochemical; pheromone; sex attractant; Helicoverpa spp.; Heliothis spp.; Diapetimorpha introita ID DIAPETIMORPHA-INTROITA HYMENOPTERA; FALL ARMYWORM; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; PUPAE; ABUNDANCE; PHEROMONE; MORTALITY; CORN AB Data supporting chemically-mediated communication between males and females of a pupal parasitoid Ichneumon (= Pterocormus) promissorius (Erichson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were gathered with a behavioral bioassay and electroantennography. Live I. promissorius females and a whole-body extract of females elicited greater responses from male antennae than did live males, a whole-body extract of them or a control. In behavioral bioassays, more I. promissorius males were recovered from traps baited with live females or the diethyl ether rinse of a glass substrate to which females were exposed than with live males, the diethyl ether rinse of a glass substrate to which males were exposed or a control. Volatile materials collected from live females either effluvially or by their immersion in solvent did not attract males. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Carpenter, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, 2747 Davis Rd,POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 551 EP 556 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 235QM UT WOS:000082554100003 ER PT J AU Mankin, RW Arbogast, RT Kendra, PE Weaver, DK AF Mankin, RW Arbogast, RT Kendra, PE Weaver, DK TI Active spaces of pheromone traps for Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) in enclosed environments SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Plodia interpunctella; meal moth; sex pheromone; stored products; habituation; spatial targeting ID MOTH; ORIENTATION; DISRUPTION; BUDWORM; PLUMES AB Pheromone traps of different types vary considerably in their attractive ranges and trapping efficiency. This report examines physical and behavioral factors that affect the attractive range of pheromone traps for Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) in enclosed areas. The lures in a trap used to target infestations in department stores emitted (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate at approximate to 2.3 ng/h, or 10% of typical rates for field-trap lures. Males exhibited flight or wing-fanning responses at distances up to approximate to 4 m from the traps, which is in good agreement with predictions of previous pheromone dispersal models. At distances of approximate to 0.5 m, the sound pressure level of wing beats (and thus the wing aerodynamic power output) by males responding to pheromone was significantly higher than the sound pressure level of wing beats in the absence of pheromone. Responsiveness to pheromone habituated rapidly after initial exposure (approximate to 3 min half-life), and the aerodynamic power output declined quickly to levels measured without pheromone. The habituation response may be reproductively advantageous by allowing moths to conserve energy when a mate is not located quickly. It contributes to the ability of short-range pheromone traps to spatially target infestations of P. interpunctella in department stores by decreasing the attractive ranges from 4 m to 2-3 m within 5-10 min after the moth's initial exposure to pheromone. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Mankin, RW (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Entomol, POB 163020, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 36 TC 22 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 557 EP 565 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 235QM UT WOS:000082554100004 ER PT J AU Jackson, DM Heagle, AS Eckel, RVW AF Jackson, DM Heagle, AS Eckel, RVW TI Ovipositional response of tobacco hornworm moths (Lepidoptera : Sphingidae) to tobacco plants grown under elevated levels of ozone SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Manduca sexta; Nicotiana tabacum; hornworm; oviposition; tobacco; ozone ID BEETLE EPILACHNA-VARIVESTIS; FEEDING PREFERENCE; NOCTUIDAE; LEAVES; YIELD; LEAF AB Tropospheric ozone (O-3) is an important air pollutant that can injure plants, and it may have direct or indirect effects on associated insects. Thus, tobacco plants Nicotiana tabacum L., were exposed to 4 concentrations of O-3 in open-top chambers at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Air Quality Research Unit at Raleigh, NC. The O-3 treatments were charcoal-filtered ail (CF), nonfiltered air (NF), and NF with O-3 added for 12 h/d (0900-2100 hours EST) to obtain proportions of O-3 approximate to 1.4 times ambient (NF1) and 1.7 times ambient (NF2). After plants had been exposed to ozone for at least 5 d, eggs from tobacco hornworm moths, Manduca sexta (L.), were counted and removed daily from the plants. Hornworm moths oviposited significantly more eggs on plants grown in the highest O-3 treatment (NF2). However, when plants were removed from the chambers, or when the O-3 was turned off in the chambers, there were no differences in ovipositional preferences of M. sexta females. Tobacco plants in treatments with enhanced O-3 had lower levels of total cuticular cembranoid diterpenes, which are important ovipositional stimulants for M sexta. Therefore, observed changes in leaf-surface chemistry (i.e., lowered cembranoid diterpenes) do not explain the higher oviposition rates by M sexta moths on plants grown in chambers with enhanced O-3. C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Jackson, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 49 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 566 EP 571 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 235QM UT WOS:000082554100005 ER PT J AU Bentz, BJ Mullins, DE AF Bentz, BJ Mullins, DE TI Ecology of mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) cold hardening in the intermountain west SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Dendroctonus ponderosae; bark beetle; supercooling point; freeze intolerant ID DENDROCTONUS-PONDEROSAE; WINTER SURVIVAL; INSECTS; TEMPERATURE; POPULATIONS; PHENOLOGY; MORTALITY; TOLERANCE; HARDINESS AB The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, spends the majority of its life cycle within the phloem of pine trees, experiencing exposure to temperatures below -30 degrees C in many parts of their expansive range. To better understand cold tolerance capabilities of this insect, seasonal patterns of cold-hardiness, as measured by supercooling points in the laboratory, were compared with seasonal patterns of host tree phloem temperatures at several geographic sites for 2 beetle generations. Larvae were found to be intolerant of tissue freezing, and supercooling points measured appear to be a reasonable estimate of the lower limit for survival. Of the compounds analyzed, glycerol was found to be the major cryoprotectant. No differences in supercooling points were found among instars or between larvae collected from the north and south aspect of tree boles. Both phloem temperatures and supercooling points of larvae collected from within the phloem were found to be different among the geographic sites sampled. Mountain pine beetle larvae appear to respond to seasonal and yearly fluctuations in microhabitat temperatures by adjusting levels of cold hardening. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Logan, UT 84321 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Bentz, BJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Logan, UT 84321 USA. NR 36 TC 62 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 29 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 577 EP 587 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 235QM UT WOS:000082554100007 ER PT J AU French, BW Elliott, NC AF French, BW Elliott, NC TI Spatial and temporal distribution of ground beetle (Coleoptera : Carabidae) assemblages in riparian strips and adjacent wheat fields SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum; predator; canonical correspondence analysis; community structure; ecotone ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; POLYPHAGOUS PREDATORS; PITFALL TRAPS; RHOPALOSIPHUM-PADI; CEREAL FIELDS; ARTHROPODS; FARMLAND; EFFICIENCY; DENSITIES; DISPERSAL AB Ground beetles are polyphagous predators that often colonize cereal fields from adjacent habitats. Boundaries separating these habitats may filter the movement of species across them resulting in differences in species composition among the habitats. Ground beetles were captured in spring 1995 at 3 sites, autumn through spring 1995-1996 at 4 sites, and autumn through spring 1996-1997 at 2 sites using pitfall traps positioned in riparian strips, wheat fields, and along riparian-wheat field edges. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to arrange ground beetles along temporal and spatial gradients. Autumn and spring assemblages of ground beetles were separated along the Ist canonical axis. The 2nd canonical axis further separated spring and winter assemblages of ground beetles. With the effects of season removed, ground beetles were classified with respect to habitat association along axes 1 and 2 of a partial canonical correspondence analysis. Based on this analysis, ground beetles occupying wheat field interiors and wheat field edges were separated from those occupying riparian interiors and riparian edges along the Ist canonical axis. The 2nd canonical axis separated beetles occupying interior habitats from those occupying edge habitats. We classified beetles as habitat generalists, wheat specialists, riparian specialists, or boundary specialists. Riparian areas may serve as permanent habitats for ground beetles to colonize cereal fields. Because of their continuous seasonal activity and predatory nature many species of ground beetles are good candidates for biological control of wheat pests. C1 USDA, ARS, SPA, Plant Sci Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP French, BW (reprint author), USDA, ARS, SPA, Plant Sci Res Lab, 1301 N Western, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 54 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 9 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 597 EP 607 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 235QM UT WOS:000082554100010 ER PT J AU Bloem, S Bloem, KA Carpenter, JE Calkins, CO AF Bloem, S Bloem, KA Carpenter, JE Calkins, CO TI Inherited sterility in codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae): Effect of substerilizing doses of radiation on field competitiveness SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE codling moth; inherited sterility; sterile insect technique; competitiveness; mating; trapping ID FRUIT-FLY DIPTERA; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; TEPHRITIDAE; NOCTUIDAE; IRRADIATION; SUPPRESSION; QUALITY AB In release-recapture tests conducted in apple orchards in Oroville, WA, a significant relationship was found between the dose of gamma radiation used to treat adult male codling moths, Cydia pomonella (L.), and the number of males recaptured in virgin female-baited sticky traps. Males treated with 100 Gy responded to calling virgin females in larger percentages than those treated with 200 and 250 Gy. However, the percentage of untreated (released) males captured was lower than the percentage of 100 Gy-treated males captured; a possible explanation for this is that untreated males were moving farther away and were less likely to be near the female-baited traps for recapture. Recapture was highest at days 4 and 5 after release, and significantly more males of all treatments were recaptured when dusk temperatures were at or above 16 degrees C. Radiation also had a negative impact on codling moth mating competitiveness in the field. In mating table experiments, successful matings decreased as the dose of radiation increased. Untreated males were the most competitive among released codling moths. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. Okanagan Kootenay Sterile Insect Release Program, Osoyoos, BC V0H 1V0, Canada. USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Bloem, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 36 TC 28 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 669 EP 674 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 235QM UT WOS:000082554100018 ER PT J AU Geden, CJ AF Geden, CJ TI Host location by house fly (Diptera : Muscidae) parasitoids in poultry manure at different moisture levels and host densities SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Musca domestica; Muscidifurax raptor; Spalangia gemina; Spalangia cameroni; Spalangia endius; Dirhinus himalayanus ID MUSCIDIFURAX-RAPTOR HYMENOPTERA; CENTRAL NEW-YORK; MUSCA-DOMESTICA DIPTERA; CONFINED BEEF-CATTLE; FLIES DIPTERA; SPALANGIA-CAMERONI; EASTERN NEBRASKA; STABLE FLIES; DAIRY FARMS; PTEROMALIDAE HYMENOPTERA AB Manure moisture varies widely under field conditions, but little is known about the impact of this environmental factor on natural enemies of house flies. Five species of parasitoids [Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, Spalangia cameroni Perkins, Spalangia endius Walker, Spalangia gemina Boucek, and Dirhinus himalayanus (Masi)] were evaluated for their ability to locate house fly, Musca domestica L., pupae in manure containing 45, 55, 65, 75, or 85% moisture at low (2.5:1) and high (50:1) host:parasitoid ratios. M, raptor preferred manure with 75% or less moisture, and responded most strongly to manure containing 45% moisture, with little change in search patterns caused by host density. The 3 Spalangia spp. showed a strong preference for manure containing 45-65% moisture, but attacked pupae in wetter manure when hosts were in short supply. S. endius showed the strongest preference among the Spalangia spp. for dry manure, attacking twice as many hosts in the 45% moisture treatments as in the 55 or 65% treatments. D. himalayanus was similar to M. raptor and preferred dry manure, although this species had low overall rates of host attacks and reproduction compared with the other species. The results suggest that releases of combinations of species with different manure moisture preferences may be more effective than single-species releases in poultry houses that are heterogeneous with respect to moisture conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Geden, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 34 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 28 IS 4 BP 755 EP 760 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 235QM UT WOS:000082554100029 ER PT J AU Novak, JM AF Novak, JM TI Soil factors influencing atrazine sorption: Implications on fate SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Mechanisms and Effects of Resistant Sorption Processes of Organic Compounds in Natural Particles, at the 214th National Meeting of the ACS CY 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NEVADA SP Amer Chem Soc, Environm Chem Div DE soil organic carbon; landscape position; tillage; atrazine; sorption ID NORFOLK LOAMY SAND; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; COASTAL-PLAIN; TILLAGE AB The effects of two soil properties-soil organic carbon (SOC) content and landscape position-and a management factor (tillage) from Iowa and South Carolina soils on the sorption of the herbicide atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) were evaluated to assess their influence on atrazine fate in the soil environment. In both Iowa and South Carolina, the magnitude of atrazine sorption was strongly and positively correlated with SOC, landscape position, and tillage. Landscape position was especially important for Iowa soils because SOC-enriched depressional areas (potholes) on the Wisconsin glacial surface could sorb more atrazine than soils in sloping positions. Our data suggest that herbicide management strategies such as application rates or herbicide selection will require some adjustments to account for the effects of SOC, landscape position, and tillage management on herbicide sorption in to augment effective weed control and prevent herbicide movement to groundwater. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Novak, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 18 IS 8 BP 1663 EP 1667 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<1663:SFIASI>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 221DZ UT WOS:000081709900008 ER PT J AU Laird, DA Fleming, PD AF Laird, DA Fleming, PD TI Mechanisms for adsorption of organic bases on hydrated smectite surfaces SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Mechanisms and Effects of Resistant Sorption Processes of Organic Compounds in Natural Particles, at the 214th National Meeting of the ACS CY 1997 CL LAS VEGAS, NEVADA SP Amer Chem Soc, Environm Chem Div DE pyridine; smectite; montmorillonite; hydrophobic nanosite; adsorption ID WATER; ATRAZINE; SOILS AB Mechanisms by which organic bases are adsorbed on hydrated smectite surfaces were investigated. Three Ca-saturated reference smectites (Otay, SPV, and Panther Creek) were dispersed in distilled water containing 5 mu mol of pyridine or 3-butylpyridine. The pH was adjusted to between 7.5 and 3 using 0.01 M HCl. After a 2-h equilibration, the amount of pyridine or 3-butylpyridine adsorbed on the clay and the amount of Ca desorbed from the clay were determined. Negligible amounts of pyridine were absorbed by the Ca-smectites in the neutral systems (pH > 7); however, most of the added pyridine was adsorbed on the smectites in the acidified systems (pH < 5). Equivalent amounts. of Ca2+ were desorbed from the clays, indicating that pyridine was adsorbed as a protonated species by cation exchange. By contrast, 40 to 90% of added 3-butylpyridine was adsorbed on the smectites at neutral pHs, whereas only small amounts of Ca2+ were desorbed. The results suggest that 3-butylpyridine is initially retained by hydrophobic bonding between the alkyl side chain of the molecule and hydrophobic nanosites located between the charge sites on smectite surfaces. Surface acidity catalyzed protonation 1 to 1.5 pH units above the pK(a) of the bases. C1 USDA, Agr Res Midwest Area, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Laird, DA (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Midwest Area, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 NR 23 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 5 U2 9 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 18 IS 8 BP 1668 EP 1672 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1999)018<1668:MFAOOB>2.3.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 221DZ UT WOS:000081709900009 ER PT J AU Voss, KA Porter, JK Bacon, CW Meredith, FI Norred, WP AF Voss, KA Porter, JK Bacon, CW Meredith, FI Norred, WP TI Fusaric acid and modification of the subchronic toxicity to rats of fumonisins in F-moniliforme culture material SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fusarium moiliforme; fumonisins; fusaric acid; toxic interactions ID HUMAN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER; DIETARY FUMONISIN; CORN; B-1; SWINE; MYCOTOXINS; AREAS; LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NEPHROTOXICITY AB Fumonisins and fusaric acid (FA) are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme and other Fusarium which grow on corn. Fumonisins cause animal toxicities associated with F. moniliforme and, like F, moniliforme, they are suspected human oesophageal carcinogens. Toxic synergism was obtained by simultaneous administration of FA and fumonisin B(1) to chicks in ovo. To determine the effect of FA on in vivo toxicity of F. moniliforme culture material (CM), male rats (12 groups, n = 5/group) were fed diets containing 0.025, 0.10 or 2.5% CM (providing dietary levels of 3.4, 18.4 or 437 ppm fumonisins, respectively) to which, at each CM level, 0, 20, 100 or 400 ppm FA were added. Additionally, an FA control group was fed 400 ppm FA only and an untreated control group was given neither FA nor culture material. Apoptosis and other effects consistent with those caused by fumonisins were present in the kidneys of animals fed 0.025% or more CM and in the livers of animals fed 2.5% CM. FA was without effect. No differences between the untreated and FA control groups were noted and no differences among the four groups (0-400 ppm FA) fed 0.025% CM, the four groups fed 0.10% CM or the four groups fed 2.5% CM were apparent. Thus, FA exerted no synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects on the subchronic in vivo toxicity of fumonisin-producing F. moniliforme. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Voss, KA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 56 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 37 IS 8 BP 853 EP 861 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(99)00074-5 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 239JW UT WOS:000082765800006 PM 10506009 ER PT J AU Coleman, ME Marks, HM AF Coleman, ME Marks, HM TI Qualitative and quantitative risk assessment SO FOOD CONTROL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Food Safety and HACCP Conference CY 1998 CL NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS DE stochastic process; susceptible sub-populations; mechanisms of pathogenecity ID TOPICS AB Risk assessment and HACCP are related, but fundamentally different processes. Four major elements of risk assessment are commonly described (hazard identification; exposure assessment; dose-response assessment or hazard characterization; and risk characterization). Some similarities exist between the inputs for the first elements of risk assessment (hazard identification) and HACCP (hazard analysis). However, HACCP involves the identification of critical control points of a process for the purpose of producing a 'safe' product, and thus is essentially a risk management procedure that does not estimate risk with attendant uncertainty as in the formal structured procedure described for risk assessment. For quantitative models in microbial risk assessment, exposure assessment requires data for pathogen occurrence, density or level, and distribution in foods and live animals, parameters for growth and decline, and consumption information. A crucial difference between chemical and microbial risk assessment is that for the latter, exposure models must account for pathogen growth and deactivation, termed predictive microbiology. This field has emphasized prediction of the expected changes in a population of organisms and is extended by an example accounting for the stochastic or random variability of microbial growth in a given circumstance. Dose-response assessment, the third element of risk assessment, is the crucial link between exposure in food to adverse human health outcomes. Data, from controlled human studies with healthy adult volunteers to describe dose-response relationships, are limited. Differences between human sub-populations may be inferred from animal studies, based on a common mechanism, such as the observed pre-disposition of antibiotic-treated animals to subsequent challenges with enteric pathogens. Professional organizations, such as the Society for Risk Analysis, can greatly assist governments, industry, academia, and stakeholders in scrutinizing the risk analysis processes of risk assessment, risk management, and risk communication. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Coleman, ME (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, 1400 Independence Ave SW,Rm 3718 FCB, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 27 TC 34 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-7135 J9 FOOD CONTROL JI Food Control PD AUG-OCT PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4-5 BP 289 EP 297 DI 10.1016/S0956-7135(99)00052-3 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 227JY UT WOS:000082078300012 ER PT J AU Juneja, VK Whiting, RC Marks, HM Snyder, OP AF Juneja, VK Whiting, RC Marks, HM Snyder, OP TI Predictive model for growth of Clostridium perfringens at temperatures applicable to cooling of cooked meat SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL-GROWTH; STORAGE-TEMPERATURE; FOODBORNE DISEASE; LABORATORY MEDIA; SODIUM-CHLORIDE; OUTBREAKS; FOOD; PH AB The objective of this study was to develop a model to predict the growth of Clostridium perfringens from spores at temperatures applicable to the cooling of cooked meat products. The growth medium used was trypticase-peptone-glucose-yeast extract broth. C. perfringens population counts were determined at appropriate intervals by plating onto tryptose-sulfite-cycloserine agar. C, perfringens growth from spores was not observed at a temperature of 51 degrees C for up to 3 weeks. it was found that, generally for relative growth of more than 1/2 log10, the use of the logistic function provided a better prediction than the use of the Gompertz function. The two parameters: germination, outgrowth and lag (GOL) time, and exponential growth rate, EGR, were determined using the logistic function. The exponential growth rates and the reciprocal of the GOL times were fitted to the square root Ratkowsky model, using temperature as the independent variable. Applying multi-variate statistical procedures, confidence intervals were computed on the prediction of the amount of relative growth for a given temperature. Closed form equations are developed that allow for predicting growth for a general cooling scenario and the standard error of the prediction. These equations depend upon microbiological assumptions of the effect of history of the GOL times for gradual changes in temperature. For example, for cooling from 50 degrees C to 10 degrees C in 8 h, the equations predict a relative growth of 3.37 with an upper 97.5% confidence limit of 6.73. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. USDA, Food Safety Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Hospitality Inst Technol & Management, St Paul, MN 55114 USA. RP Juneja, VK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 29 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0740-0020 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 16 IS 4 BP 335 EP 349 DI 10.1006/fmic.1998.0245 PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 230NR UT WOS:000082257700003 ER PT J AU Diez-Gonzalez, F Russell, JB AF Diez-Gonzalez, F Russell, JB TI Factors affecting the extreme acid resistance of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANION ACCUMULATION; INTRACELLULAR PH; ORGANIC-ACIDS; ACETIC-ACID; TOLERANCE; RPOS; K-12 AB When stationary phase Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells were subjected to extreme acid shock (pH 2.0, 6 h, 37 degrees C) cell survival was as great as 10% but culture conditions greatly affected the acid resistance. Anaerobic cultures were more resistant to extreme acid shock if the glucose concentration of the growth medium was high, acids accumulated, and pH declined. By varying pH and acetate concentration, it was possible to demonstrate a high correlation (R-2 = 0.86) between undissociated acetate and extreme acid resistance. Because dissociated acetate and extreme acid resistance were poorly correlated (R-2 < 0.01), it appeared that the pH effects were being mediated via acetate dissociation. Propionate and butyrate were as effective as acetate, but formate, lactate, benzoate and the uncoupler, carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) were much less effective in promoting extreme acid-resistance. Acetate, propionate, butyrate, benzoate and CCCP ail decreased the intracellular pH of E. coli O157:H7, hut the correlation between intracellular pH and extreme acid resistance was low (R-2 < 0.01). Cultures grown aerobically only needed half as much acetate to induce extreme acid resistance as those grown anaerobically, and the addition of the reducing agent, cysteine, to anaerobic media made the stationary phase cells less responsive to acetate. An rpoS mutant of E. coli O157:H7 was at least 100-fold more sensitive to acid shock than the wild-type, and large amounts of acetate were needed to promote even a small increase in viability. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14833 USA. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14833 USA. NR 26 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0740-0020 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 16 IS 4 BP 367 EP 374 DI 10.1006/fmic.1998.0249 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 230NR UT WOS:000082257700006 ER PT J AU Hinton, A AF Hinton, A TI Inhibition of the growth of Salmonella typhimurium ST-10 by propionic acid and chloride salts SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; FOODBORNE; REDUCTION; DISEASE; POULTRY; TRENDS; HEALTH; SODIUM; MEAT AB The ability of propionic acid and chloride salts to inhibit Salmonella typhimurium growth was determined. Brain-heart infusion (BHl) was supplemented with 0, 250, 500, or 750 mM of potassium chloride (KCL) sodium chloride (NaCl) or 0, 125, 250, or 375 mM of both KCl and NaCl. Propionic acid was added to the BHl and BHl salts to produce final concentrations of 0, 25 50, 75 mM of propionic acid. The final pH of the media was 6.5. Supplemented BHl was inoculated with 10(3) S. typhimurium ml(-1) and incubated at 37 degrees C for 48 h. Culture absorbance was measured spectrophotometrically at 625 nm, and colony forming units (cfu) ml(-1) were enumerated on plate count agar (PCA) BG sulfa agar (BGS), and bismuth sulfite agar (BS) Although propionic acid, KCl and NaCl reduced S. typhimurium growth, mixtures of propionic acid and one or both salts were more effective in inhibiting S. typhimurium growth than either substance alone. Propionic acid and chloride salts produced no injury that reduced the ability of the bacterium to grow on BGS or BS. Absorbance and cfu ml(-1) measurements detected inhibition of S. typhimurium growth by propionic acid and the salts. Findings indicate that the synergistic reaction between propionic acid and KCl or NaCl may be a useful concept to apply in the formulation of products designed to inhibit S, typhimurium growth. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, PPMQ, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Hinton, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, PPMQ, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0740-0020 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 16 IS 4 BP 401 EP 407 DI 10.1006/fmic.1998.0255 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 230NR UT WOS:000082257700010 ER PT J AU Yang, XS Witcosky, JJ Miller, DR AF Yang, XS Witcosky, JJ Miller, DR TI Vertical overstory canopy architecture of temperate deciduous hardwood forests in the eastern United States SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE boreal hardwood; northern hardwood; plant area index; upland oak; Weibull cumulative distribution function ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; OAK FOREST; LIGHT TRANSMITTANCE; FOLIAGE; DISTRIBUTIONS AB The stand attributes and vertical overstory profiles of plant area (the total projected surface area of all canopy elements including leaves, twigs, and stems) for 15 temperate deciduous hardwood forest types were studied and reported. The study was conducted across the eastern United States within forest type-groups of boreal hardwood, northern hardwood, and upland oak. Vertical distributions of plant area were measured with gap-fraction-based optical sensors mounted on a mobile sampling tower, In general, the stand attributes of the surveyed forest types exhibited distinct characteristics among the three type-groups. The vertical profile of the overstory plant area demonstrated significant differences among forest types and therefore represented an important architectural feature of a forest type. The vertical profile data were well described by a modified Weibull cumulative distribution function, The two model parameters, one indicating a depth for 63% foliage inclusion and the other representing skewness, were presented for each of the 15 forest types. These two model parameters can be used to depict the vertical distribution of overstory plant area in other stands of the same types. The vertical profiles of overstory plant area were related to the successional characteristics and understory tolerance. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Nat Resources Management & Engn, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Hlth Protect, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Nat Resources Management & Engn, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Yang, XS (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Nat Resources Management & Engn, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. NR 42 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 45 IS 3 BP 349 EP 358 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 226FA UT WOS:000082008600006 ER PT J AU Scott, CT Kohl, M Schnellbacher, HJ AF Scott, CT Kohl, M Schnellbacher, HJ TI A comparison of periodic and annual forest surveys SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE continuous forest inventory; sampling with partial replacement; mixed estimator; forest monitoring; change estimation ID PARTIAL REPLACEMENT; INVENTORY AB Forest surveys of large areas often are conducted on a periodic basis, every 10 yr, for example. However, periodic assessments can be problematic due to fluctuating budgets and survey results that do not reflect forest dynamics between measurements. As a result, many countries are interested in designing surveys with annual measurements, such as the U.S. Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) Program design, The existing periodic design for Switzerland was compared with four annual designs in which an equal number of plots are observed annually. Data for the comparisons were collected annually on 682 plots over 7 successive yr across Switzerland. Three estimation methods were applied to each design: Continuous Forest Inventory, Sampling with Partial Replacement, and Mixed Estimator. These used simple means, regression updating, and inverse weighting of new and old plots, and regression combined with growth-model projections, respectively. For 12 combinations of 3 attributes, the Regional Survey design was the most cost-effective, followed by the National or Regional Update Survey designs. The Periodic Survey and the National Survey (similar to the FHM design) were the least cost-effective, Sampling with Partial Replacement was the most efficient estimator, though the Mixed Estimator would have been the most efficient had less biased growth projection models been used. C1 US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. Dresden Univ Technol, Inst Forest Growth & Comp Sci, D-01737 Tharandt, Germany. RP Scott, CT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 45 IS 3 BP 433 EP 451 PG 19 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 226FA UT WOS:000082008600014 ER PT J AU Snyder, SA Tyrrell, LE Haight, RG AF Snyder, SA Tyrrell, LE Haight, RG TI An optimization approach to selecting research natural areas in national forests SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE forest planning; integer optimization; land-use planning; optimization modeling; reserve selection; Research Natural Areas; Superior National Forest ID MAXIMIZE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY; RESERVE SELECTION; PROGRAMMING APPROACH; LOCATION PROBLEM; ALGORITHMS; EFFICIENCY; NETWORKS; EXAMPLE; FYNBOS AB The USDA Forest Service has a long-established program to identify areas in national forests for designation as protected Research Natural Areas (RNAs). One of the goals is to protect high quality examples of regional ecosystems for the purposes of maintaining biological diversity, conducting nonmanipulative research and monitoring, and fostering education. When RNA designation conflicts with other land uses, difficult choices must be made about the best number and location of sites. We addressed this problem by adapting a classic optimization formulation from the location science literature. The formulation was an integer optimization model for selecting the set of RNAs that maximized the number of regional ecosystems and natural communities represented subject to an upperbound on the total area covered by the sites in the selected set. We applied the formulation using 33 potential RNAs in the Superior National Forest in northeastern Minnesota. The 33 potential RNAs were chosen for our case study because they had been mapped and field-surveyed for the presence of natural communities. The use of those sites does not imply that other areas in the Superior National Forest do not merit further study as RNA candidates. The model quickly generated information about the trade-offs between different protection goals. We found multiple sets of potential RNAs, ranging from all 33 sites to a much smaller set of 21 sites, that attained the specified goals for natural community representation. Thus, the decision-maker can choose among sets of sites with a wide range of total areas without compromising the representation goal. We also found that requirements to choose a set of sites that represents a range of locally defined ecosystems or priority natural communities can limit the total number of natural communities that can be represented within a set of sites of a given area. Average solution times for different problems were less than 5 seconds on a personal computer, suggesting that integer optimization can readily facilitate investigation of the impacts of RNA selection goals. C1 Minnesota Dept Transportat, Mendota Heights, MN 55120 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, USDA, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Snyder, SA (reprint author), Minnesota Dept Transportat, 1110 Ctr Pointe Curve, Mendota Heights, MN 55120 USA. NR 36 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 45 IS 3 BP 458 EP 469 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 226FA UT WOS:000082008600016 ER PT J AU Schoene, NW Kamara, KS AF Schoene, NW Kamara, KS TI Population doubling time, phosphatase activity, and hydrogen peroxide generation in Jurkat cells SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Jurkat cells; Wurzburg cells; hydrogen peroxide; protein tyrosine phosphatase; flow cytometry; 2 ',7 '-dichlorodihydrofluorescein; 2 ',7 '-dichlorofluorescein; free radicals ID NF-KAPPA-B; PROTEIN-TYROSINE PHOSPHATASES; HUMAN T-CELL; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; OXIDATIVE STRESS; ACTIVATION; ANTIOXIDANTS; HIV-1; CD45 AB Differences in growth characteristics, phosphatase activity, and hydrogen peroxide generation in two clones of a T-cell leukemic line are described in this communication. Wurzburg cells had significantly shorter population doubling times compared with the parental Jurkat cells (16.6 +/- 2.0 h and 20.7 +/-2.2 h, respectively; mean rt SD, p <.0001, n = 20). In addition, total phosphatase activity was significantly decreased (p <.006) and hydrogen peroxide production was significantly increased (p <.002) in Wurzburg cells compared to Jurkat cells. That the cell Line with the faster growth rate should have these latter two properties is entirely consistent with the positive effects of increased kinase activity and hydrogen peroxide on proliferative cellular responses in T cells. As originally described, Wurzburg cells were distinguished from Jurkat cells by their lack of CD45, a membrane protein tyrosine phosphatase, and their positive response to hydrogen peroxide-stimulation of NF-kappa B activation. We propose that these two clones, with their distinguishing characteristics, can be used to advantage in experiments designed to study the effects of antioxidants on signaling pathways that control cell life and death. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 ARS, USDA, BHNRC, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Schoene, NW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, BHNRC, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Bldg 307,Rm 215,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM schoene@307.bhnrc.usda.gov NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3-4 BP 364 EP 369 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)00074-X PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 227YL UT WOS:000082107500016 PM 10468210 ER PT J AU Haag, WR Warren, ML AF Haag, WR Warren, ML TI Mantle displays of freshwater mussels elicit attacks from fish SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glochidia; host-fish; mantle displays; mussels; parasites; Unionidae ID GLOCHIDIA AB 1. Gravid females of some North American freshwater mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionidae) display highly modified mantle margins and other reproductive structures which mimic small fish, terrestrial insects, or aquatic macro-invertebrates. We report the responses of fish to these lures, based on the results of laboratory encounters between the following pairs of displaying mussels and fishes: Lampsilis cardium and Micropterus coosae; L. perovalis and M. coosae; and Villosa nebulosa and Percina nigrofasciata. In all three encounters, the lures elicited attacks from fish. 2. Encounters between Lampsilis spp. and M. coosae resulted in gill infestations of the fish by larval mussels, which are obligate parasites on fish. An encounter between V. nebulosa and P. nigrofasciata did not result in infestation. 3. The use of these lures to attract fish may greatly increase the chances of parasite/host encounters and may also reduce the chances of infestation of unsuitable hosts. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Haag, WR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, 1000 Front St, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 15 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 1 BP 35 EP 40 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.1999.00454.x PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 224ZH UT WOS:000081929500004 ER PT J AU Hudson, M Ringli, C Boylan, MT Quail, PH AF Hudson, M Ringli, C Boylan, MT Quail, PH TI The FAR1 locus encodes a novel nuclear protein specific to phytochrome A signaling SO GENES & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE signal transduction; phytochrome; far-red; nuclear; Arabidopsis ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; LIGHT CONTROL; TRANSGENIC ARABIDOPSIS; GENE; EXPRESSION; FAMILY; COP1; TRANSDUCTION; HYPOCOTYL; MUTATIONS AB The phytochrome family of photoreceptors has a well-defined role in regulating gene expression in response to informational light signals. Little is known, however, of the early steps of phytochrome signal transduction. Here we describe a new Arabidopsis mutant, far1 (far-red-impaired response), which has reduced responsiveness to continuous far-red light, but responds normally to other light wavelengths. This phenotype implies a specific requirement for FAR1 in phyA signal transduction. The far1 locus maps to the south arm of chromosome 4, and is not allelic to photomorphogenic loci identified previously. All five far1 alleles isolated have single nucleotide substitutions that introduce stop codons in a single ORF. The I;ARI gene encodes a protein with no significant sequence similarity to any proteins of known function. The FAR1 protein contains a predicted nuclear localization signal and is targeted to the nucleus in transient transfection assays. This result supports an emerging view that early steps in phytochrome signaling may be centered in the nucleus. The FAR1 gene defines a new multigene family, which consists of at least four genes in Arabidopsis. This observation raises the possibility of redundancy in the phyA-signaling pathway, which could account for the incomplete block of phyA signaling observed in the far1 mutant. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Hudson, Matthew/A-4438-2008 OI Hudson, Matthew/0000-0002-4737-0936 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM47475, R01 GM047475] NR 44 TC 136 Z9 145 U1 3 U2 10 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS PI PLAINVIEW PA 1 BUNGTOWN RD, PLAINVIEW, NY 11724 USA SN 0890-9369 J9 GENE DEV JI Genes Dev. PD AUG 1 PY 1999 VL 13 IS 15 BP 2017 EP 2027 DI 10.1101/gad.13.15.2017 PG 11 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 225QH UT WOS:000081971900012 PM 10444599 ER PT J AU Pederson, GA Quesenberry, KH Smith, GR Guteva, YK AF Pederson, GA Quesenberry, KH Smith, GR Guteva, YK TI Collection of Trifolium sp and other forage legumes in Bulgaria SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Bulgaria; clovers; collecting expedition; forage legumes; Trifolium sp.; Trifolium vesiculosum Savi AB Joint collecting expeditions to improve the genetic diversity of Trifolium species in the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) were carried out in Bulgaria by scientists of the USDA-ARS, University of Florida, Texas A&M University, and Institute of Introduction and Plant Genetic Resources (IIPGR), Bulgaria, on 14-27 July 1990 and 30 July - 13 August 1993. The objectives were to collect seed of T. vesiculosum Savi and other annual clovers in southeastern Bulgaria in 1990 and seed of perennial Trifolium species in southwestern Bulgaria in 1993. A total of 246 collections were made of 50 Trifolium species (38 annual and 12 perennial) and 25 collections of 17 other forage legumes. Collections were made at 90 sites in 13 of the 20 floristic regions in Bulgaria. The genetic diversity of T. vesiculosum in the NPGS was increased by the addition of 16 accessions. Four Trifolium sp. were added to the NPGS. Land utilization for intensive grazing near villages and small plot farming in river valleys greatly increased between 1990 and 1993. Genetic erosion of the extensive Trifolium resources within Bulgaria may occur as these practices increase. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Sci Res Lab, Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Res & Ext Ctr, Overton, TX 75684 USA. Inst Introduct & Plant Genet Resources, Plovdiv, Bulgaria. RP Pederson, GA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Sci Res Lab, Forage Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 46 IS 4 BP 325 EP 330 DI 10.1023/A:1008796325591 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 213VJ UT WOS:000081293700003 ER PT J AU Horejsi, T Staub, JE AF Horejsi, T Staub, JE TI Genetic variation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE cucumber; Cucumis sativus; genetic distance; germplasm management; molecular markers; multi-dimensional scaling; multi-variate statistics; RAPDs ID RAPD MARKERS; RFLP; DIVERSITY; ISOZYME; GERMPLASM; NARROW; LOCI AB Isozyme and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) have been applied to studies of genetic relationships and germplasm management in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). However, isozymes identify relatively few polymorphisms, and RFLPs are technically complex, expensive, and not compatible for the high through-put required for rigorous assessment of this narrow-based germplasm. Since random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers do not manifest such shortcomings, a study was conducted in cucumber to examine genetic relationships in diverse germplasm, assess the usefulness of RAPD markers in distinguishing elite accessions, and compare the relative effectiveness of RAPD markers to that of isozyme and RFLP markers. One hundred and eighteen C. sativus accessions were analyzed using variation at 71 RAPD loci (44 mapped and 27 unmapped). Genetic distances among accessions were estimated using the simple matching coefficient complement, and analyzed using multi-dimensional scaling. Each accession had a unique marker profile, indicating that RAPD analysis was useful in genotypic differentiation. Germplasm grouping patterns were consistent with individual accession origins, theoretical dispersal routes and discriminating morphological characters (i.e., sex expression and fruit length to diameter ratio). Although elite accessions were discriminated by RAPD profiling, their genetic distances were relatively small (between 0.01 and 0.58), indicating limited genetic diversity in this germplasm array. Assessment of a subset of the germplasm array using RAPDs resulted in genetic distance measurements more similar to published genetic distance estimates by RFLP markers (Spearman rank correlation, r(s) = 0.7-0.8) than estimates by isozyme markers (r(s) = 0.4). Data indicate that RAPD markers have utility for analysis of genetic diversity and germplasm management in cucumber. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Staub, JE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 41 TC 61 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 46 IS 4 BP 337 EP 350 DI 10.1023/A:1008650509966 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 213VJ UT WOS:000081293700005 ER PT J AU Jauhar, PP Chibbar, RN AF Jauhar, PP Chibbar, RN TI Chromosome-mediated and direct gene transfers in wheat SO GENOME LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Special Symposium on Genetic Resources, Biotechnology, and World Food Supply CY JUN 20-21, 1997 CL LONDON, CANADA SP Genet Soc Canada, Univ Western Ontario, McMaster Univ, Univ Guelph, Int Dev & Res Ctr, Ottawa, Shastri Indo Canadian Inst DE alien-gene transfer; fluorescent GISH; Giemsa banding; homoeologous chromosome pairing; molecular markers; transgenic bread wheat; transgenic durum wheat ID BARLEY YELLOW DWARF; FERTILE TRANSGENIC WHEAT; GREEN-FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; MOLECULAR CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS; STABLY TRANSFORMED CALLUS; HEXAPLOID BREAD WHEAT; RUST RESISTANCE GENE; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; DURUM-WHEAT AB Wild grasses, including relatives of wheat, have several desirable characters that can be introduced into both bread wheat and durum wheat. Since current wheat cultivars lack certain traits, for example, resistance to fusarium head blight (scab), related wild grasses may be the only option for useful variability. Wide hybridization of wheat with grasses, coupled with cytogenetic manipulation of the hybrid material, has been instrumental in the genetic improvement of wheat. Chromosome engineering methodologies, based on the manipulation of pairing control mechanisms and induced translocations, have been employed to transfer into wheat specific disease and pest resistance genes from annual (e.g., rye) or perennial (e.g., Thinopyrum spp., Lophopyrum spp., and Agropyron? spp.) members of the wheat tribe, Triticeae. The advent of in situ hybridization techniques, for example, fluorescent GISH combined with Giemsa C-banding, has proved immensely useful in characterizing alien chromatin specifying resistance to various pathogens and pests. The use of DNA markers (RAPDs and RFLPs) helps to identify desirable genotypes more precisely and, thereby, facilitates gene transfer into wheat. Such markers may be particularly helpful in monitoring the introgression of alien genes in the wheat genome. In fact, several cultivars, particularly of bread wheat, contain superior traits of alien origin. The development of novel gene-transfer techniques in the past decade that allow direct delivery of DNA into regenerable embryogenic callus of wheat has opened up new avenues of alien-gene transfer into wheat cultivars. Thus, transgenic bread and durum wheats have been produced and methods of gene delivery standardized. The application of transgenic technology has not only yielded herbicide-resistant wheats, but has also helped to improve grain quality by modifying the protein and starch profiles of the grain. These in vitro approaches to gene transfer are developing rapidly, and promise to become an integral part of plant breeding efforts, However, the new biotechnological tools will complement, not replace, conventional plant breeding. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Plant Biotechnol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada. RP Jauhar, PP (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RI Chibbar, Ravindra/A-4787-2008 OI Chibbar, Ravindra/0000-0002-2282-5236 NR 146 TC 50 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 1999 VL 42 IS 4 BP 570 EP 583 DI 10.1139/gen-42-4-570 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 227KP UT WOS:000082079800005 ER PT J AU Finn, C AF Finn, C TI Our horticultural heritage from the Americas: Introduction to the workshop SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Our Horticultural Heritage from the Americas, at the 94th ASHS Annual Meeting CY JUL 26, 1997 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH SP Amer Soc Hort Sci, Hist Horticultural Sci Working Grp C1 ARS, USDA, NW Ctr Small Fruit Res, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Finn, C (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Ctr Small Fruit Res, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1999 VL 34 IS 5 BP 808 EP 809 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 231CE UT WOS:000082288000003 ER PT J AU Brown, CR AF Brown, CR TI A native American technology transfer: The diffusion of potato SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Our Horticultural Heritage from the Americas, at the 94th ASHS Annual Meeting CY JUL 26, 1997 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH SP Amer Soc Hort Sci, Hist Horticultural Sci Working Grp C1 Washington State Univ, Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Brown, CR (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1999 VL 34 IS 5 BP 817 EP 821 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 231CE UT WOS:000082288000007 ER PT J AU Carter, J Brennan, R Wisniewski, M AF Carter, J Brennan, R Wisniewski, M TI Low-temperature tolerance of blackcurrant flowers SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Ribes nigrum; freezing injury; deacclimation; supercooling ID RIBES-NIGRUM L; SPRING FROST; ICE NUCLEATION; BLACK; INJURY; LEAVES; BUDS AB The low-temperature tolerance of flowers from three blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L,) cultivars, 'Brodtorp','Ben Tirran', and 'Baldwin', was determined at two stages of floral development, The three cultivars together represent a large part of the available genetic base for this subgenus of Ribes. Plants were maintained either at 4 degrees C in a growth cabinet under a 16-hour photoperiod or outdoors in Scotland during Spring 1997. Observed genotypic differences in survival were not associated with differences in LT50 of the flowers, and observations of freezing damage to flowers on intact plants suggest that the flowers can often survive by supercooling. This hypothesis is partly confirmed by the finding that detached flowers from all three cultivars have the capacity to supercool to at least -9 degrees C. Ice nucleation in stem tissue, however, was found to occur at or above -2 degrees C. That flowers on intact plants can apparently survive by supercooling, together with the finding that ice nucleation in stem tissue occurs at temperatures well above the LT50 of flowers, indicate the presence of barriers to propagation of ice from stem tissue to raceme. Such barriers within individual racemes are also indicated by patterns of freezing damage to flowers on intact plants cooled to -5 degrees C. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Scottish Crop Res Inst, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland. ARS, USDA, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Carter, J (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1999 VL 34 IS 5 BP 855 EP 859 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 231CE UT WOS:000082288000013 ER PT J AU Grieve, CM Guzy, MR Poss, JA Shannon, MC AF Grieve, CM Guzy, MR Poss, JA Shannon, MC TI Screening Eucalyptus clones for salt tolerance SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE agroforestry; biomass production; coppicing; drainage water reuse; Eucalyptus camaldulensis; E. rudis; relative growth rate; salinity; sulfate-dominated irrigation waters ID PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPARISONS; CAMALDULENSIS; GROWTH; MORPHOLOGY; RESPONSES; CULTURE; LINES AB Agroforestry plantations offer environmentally acceptable strategies for the reuse of saline drainage waters. Tree species suitable for use in such systems must be selected for survival and sustained growth under highly saline conditions. In this screening trial, four clones of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehn. (4543, 4544, 4573, and 4590) and one clone of E. rudis Endl. (4501) were grown in greenhouse sand cultures irrigated with sodium sulfate-dominated waters. Solution compositions were prepared to simulate saline drainage waters typically found in the San Joaquin Valley of California, Electrical conductivities of the solutions ranged from 2 to 28 dS.m(-1). Treatments were replicated three times. All plants survived and were harvested after 7 weeks under saline treatment. Plant height was measured weekly and shoot biomass was determined at final harvest. The salinity levels that resulted in a 50% reduction in biomass production (C-50) were 16.4 (4573), 17.1 (4543), 17.7 (4544), 29.0 (4590), and 30.0 dS.m(-1) (4501). Over the range of salinities from 4 to 20 dS.m(-1), clones 4501, 4590, and 4573 generally maintained higher relative growth rates (RGR) than did clones 4544 and 4543. However, at the highest salinity, RGRs of clones 4501, 4544, and 4573 were significantly greater than those of clones 4543 and 4590, Assessed on the basis of biomass production, clones 4501 (E. rudis) and 4590 (E. camaldulensis) showed exceptional potential for use in agroforestry systems where the saline drainage waters are sodium sulfate-dominated. C1 ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Grieve, CM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1999 VL 34 IS 5 BP 867 EP 870 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 231CE UT WOS:000082288000016 ER PT J AU Thomas, CE AF Thomas, CE TI Additional evaluations of Cucumis melo L. germplasm for resistance to downy mildew SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE melon; Pseudoperonospora cubensis; disease resistance; foliar disease AB Field evaluations for resistance against downy mildew, incited by Pseudoperonospora cubensis (Berk. & M,A, Curtis) Rostovzev were conducted on 1076 U.S. Plant Introductions (PI) of Cucumis melo L. (melon), A disease index (DI) was calculated for each entry that had one or more resistant plants, Based on DI, Pls 271329 and 401644 were the most resistant overall (DI = 2.6 and 2.8, respectively). However, resistant plants exhibiting reaction type (RT) 3 were identified in 68 accessions, and (RT) accessions had moderately resistant (RT 2) plants. C1 ARS, USDA, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Thomas, CE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1999 VL 34 IS 5 BP 920 EP 921 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 231CE UT WOS:000082288000030 ER PT J AU Scorza, R Pooler, M AF Scorza, R Pooler, M TI Growth and yield of F-1 hybrid peaches developed from doubled haploids SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica; breeding; fruit evaluation; rootstocks; yield ID TREES AB Doubled haploid peach [Prunus persica (L,) Batsch] lines were cross-pollinated to produce F-1 hybrids. F-1 hybrids were evaluated at 3, 7, 8, and 9 years after field planting for tree growth as measured by trunk cross-sectional area, and for fruit production as measured by total weight, total number, and production per unit trunk cross-sectional area. Fruit quality of most F-1 hybrids was within the range of quality observed in progeny of standard peach cultivars, and tree growth and productivity were similar to those of standard cultivars. F-1 hybrids present the possibility of developing scion varieties that can be produced from seed, thus eliminating the need for grafting scions onto rootstocks in situations where specific, adapted rootstocks are not necessary, They could also be used to develop genetically uniform seed-propagated rootstocks, The use of doubled haploid-derived F-1 peach hybrids, however, would require reliable, efficient production techniques. C1 USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. ARS, USDA, US Natl Arboretum, Washington, DC 20002 USA. RP Scorza, R (reprint author), USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1999 VL 34 IS 5 BP 928 EP 931 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 231CE UT WOS:000082288000032 ER PT J AU Fery, RL AF Fery, RL TI 'Petite-N-Green', a small-seeded, full-season, green cotyledon, pinkeye-type southernpea SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vigna unguiculata; cowpea; blackeye bean; blackeye pea; vegetable breeding C1 ARS, US Vegetable Lab, USDA, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Fery, RL (reprint author), ARS, US Vegetable Lab, USDA, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1999 VL 34 IS 5 BP 938 EP 939 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 231CE UT WOS:000082288000036 ER PT J AU McQuiston, JR Vemulapalli, R Inzana, TJ Schurig, GG Sriranganathan, N Fritzinger, D Hadfield, TL Warren, RA Snellings, N Hoover, D Halling, SM Boyle, SM AF McQuiston, JR Vemulapalli, R Inzana, TJ Schurig, GG Sriranganathan, N Fritzinger, D Hadfield, TL Warren, RA Snellings, N Hoover, D Halling, SM Boyle, SM TI Genetic characterization of a Tn5-disrupted glycosyltransferase gene homolog in Brucella abortus and its effect on lipopolysaccharide composition and virulence SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID INTRACELLULAR SURVIVAL; IMMUNOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION; LYSOSOME FUSION; ROUGH STRAIN; SIDE-CHAIN; SMOOTH; POLYSACCHARIDE; MICE; IDENTIFICATION; PURIFICATION AB We constructed a rough mutant of Brucella abortus 2308 by transposon (Tn5) mutagenesis. Neither whole cells nor extracted lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ham this mutant, designated RA1, reacted with a Brucella O-side-chain-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), Bru-38, indicating the absence of O-side-chain synthesis. Compositional analyses of LPS from strain RA1 showed reduced levels of quinovosamine and mannose relative to the levels in the parental, wild-type strain, 2308. We isolated DNA flanking the Tn5 insertion in strain RA1 by cloning a 25-kb XbaI genomic fragment into pGEM-3Z to create plasmid pJM6. Allelic exchange of genomic DNA in B. abortus 2308 mediated by electroporation of pJM6 produced kanamycin-resistant: clones that were not reactive with MAb Bru-38. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from these rough clones revealed Tn5 in a 25-kb XbaI genomic fragment. A homology search with the deduced amino acid sequence of the open reading frame disrupted by Tn5 revealed limited homology with various glycosyltransferases. This B. abortus gene has been named wboA. Transformation of strain RA1 with a broad-host-range plasmid bearing the wild-type B. abortus wboA gene resulted in the restoration of O-side-chain synthesis and the smooth phenotype. B. abortus RA1 was attenuated for survival in mice. However, strain RA1 persisted in mice spleens for a longer time than the B. abortus vaccine strain RB51, but as expected, neither strain induced antibodies specific for the O side chain. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. SRA Technol, Rockville, MD 20805 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Infect & Parasit Dis, Washington, DC 20306 USA. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Bacterial Dis, Washington, DC 20307 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Boyle, SM (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 49 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 67 IS 8 BP 3830 EP 3835 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 219ZA UT WOS:000081637400019 PM 10417145 ER PT J AU Shamova, O Brogden, KA Zhao, CQ Nguyen, T Kokryakov, VN Lehrer, RI AF Shamova, O Brogden, KA Zhao, CQ Nguyen, T Kokryakov, VN Lehrer, RI TI Purification and properties of proline-rich antimicrobial peptides from sheep and goat leukocytes SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID BOVINE NEUTROPHILS; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDE; CDNA CLONING; BACTENECINS; FAMILY; POLYPEPTIDES; CATHELICIDIN; DEFENSINS; IDENTIFICATION AB We purified three proline-rich antimicrobial peptides from elastase-treated extracts of sheep and goat leukocytes and subjected two of them, OaBac5 alpha and ChBac5, to detailed analysis. OaBac5 alpha and ChBac5 were homologous to each other and to bovine Bac5. Both exhibited potent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity under low-concentration sale conditions. While the peptides remained active against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, and Listeria monocytogenes in 100 mM NaCl, they lost activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans under these conditions. ChBac5 was shown to bind lipopolysaccharide, a property that could enhance its ability to kill gram-negative bacteria. Proline-rich Bad peptides are highly conserved in ruminants and may contribute significantly to their innate host defense mechanisms. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Hlth Sci, Inst Mol Biol, Sch Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Russian Acad Med Sci, Inst Expt Med, Dept Gen Pathol & Pathophysiol, St Petersburg 19736, Russia. ARS, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, Midwest Area Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Lehrer, RI (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Sch Med, 10833 LeConte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. FU FIC NIH HHS [TW00355, F15 TW000355]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI 40248, AI 22839] NR 32 TC 67 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 67 IS 8 BP 4106 EP 4111 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 219ZA UT WOS:000081637400054 PM 10417180 ER PT J AU Brogden, KA Ackermann, MR McCray, PB Huttner, KM AF Brogden, KA Ackermann, MR McCray, PB Huttner, KM TI Differences in the concentrations df small, anionic, antimicrobial peptides in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in respiratory epithelia of patients with and without cystic fibrosis SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDE; AIRWAY SURFACE; LUNG LAVAGE; ANTILEUKOPROTEASE AB Affinity-purified rabbit polyclonal (PAB96-1) and mouse monoclonal (1G9-1C2) antibodies to synthetic H-DDDDDDD-ON, an antimicrobial anionic peptide (AP) originally isolated from ovine pulmonary surfactant, were prepared and used to assess the concentrations of AP-like molecules in human respiratory tract samples. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, concentrations of AP-like molecules measured by enzyme-linked imnmunosorbent assay were significantly lower in 13 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) (mean +/- standard deviation [SD], 0.78 +/- 0.46 mM) than in 34 patients without CF (1.30 +/- 0.66 mM) (P = 0.01), In pulmonary tissues of three patients without CF, very little antigen was stained in the apical cytoplasm of the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium yet robust staining was seen in the alveolar epithelium. In pulmonary tissues of three patients with CF, robust staining of antigen was seen in the apical cytoplasm of the bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium yet no staining was seen in the alveolar epithelium. These results show that AP-like molecules are present in healthy human respiratory tract samples and differ in concentration and location of expression in patients with and without CF. C1 ARS, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Iowa Hosp & Clin, Dept Pediat, Allergy Pulm Div, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Childrens Hosp, Dept Med, Joint Program Neonatol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Brogden, KA (reprint author), ARS, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, POB 70,2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 15 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 67 IS 8 BP 4256 EP 4259 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 219ZA UT WOS:000081637400074 PM 10417200 ER PT J AU He, HQ Chen, AC Davey, RB Ivie, GW George, JE AF He, HQ Chen, AC Davey, RB Ivie, GW George, JE TI Characterization and molecular cloning of a glutathione S-transferase gene from the tick, Boophilus microplus (Acari : Ixodidae) SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ectoparasites; acaricide resistance; inverse RT-PCR; cDNA cloning ID INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; DIAMONDBACK MOTH; AEDES-AEGYPTI; STRAINS; EXPRESSION; COUMAPHOS; ISOZYMES; ENZYMES; FAMILY AB A glutathione S-transferase (GST) was purified from the larval cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), by glutathione-affinity chromatography. The purified enzyme appeared as a single band on SDS-PAGE and has a molecular mass of 25.8 kDa determined by mass spectrometry. The N-terminus of the purified enzyme was sequenced. The full-length cDNA of the enzyme was isolated by RT-PCR using degenerate oligonucleotides derived from the N-terminal amino acid sequence. The cDNA contains an open reading frame encoding a 223-amino-acid protein with the N-terminus identical to the purified GST. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with GSTs from other species revealed that the enzyme is closely related to the mammalian mu class GST. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. USDA ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, Mission, TX 78573 USA. USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Chen, AC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 22 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 29 IS 8 BP 737 EP 743 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(99)00056-9 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 222HX UT WOS:000081779800008 PM 10451925 ER PT J AU Moore, PH AF Moore, PH TI Sugarcane improvement in the 21st Century via biotechnology SO INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SACCHARUM; GRASSES; SORGHUM AB Crop biotechnology, broadly defined either as those technologies used to insert useful new genes to change a plant's performance (transgenics) or as those used to evaluate the genetic makeup of any plant (genomics), is changing the face of agriculture, Biotechnology for sugarcane improvement lags behind that for major crops such as maize and soybean, but research underway should provide sugarcane growers with new varieties improved in ways not previously possible. In recent years, sugarcane has been transformed with genes to reduce crop inputs and reduce yield losses due to pests and pathogens. Transformed lines are being evaluated in field trials in Australia, South Africa, and the United States. In genomics, molecular technologies have been developed and are beginning to be used by sugarcane breeders for variety identification, resolving phylogenetic relationships, and selecting parents and progeny of crosses for carrying specific genes of interest. C1 ARS, USDA, Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, TFV&SRU,Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. RP Moore, PH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, TFV&SRU,Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, 99-193 Aiea Hts Dr,Suite 300, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT SUGAR JOURNAL LTD PI WEST GLAMORGAN PA PO BOX 26N ST PORT TALBOT, WEST GLAMORGAN SA13 1NX, WALES SN 0020-8841 J9 INT SUGAR J JI Int. Sugar J. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 101 IS 1208 BP 434 EP 438 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 229RB UT WOS:000082207400026 ER PT J AU Ralph, J Peng, JP Lu, FC Hatfield, RD Helm, RF AF Ralph, J Peng, JP Lu, FC Hatfield, RD Helm, RF TI Are lignins optically active? SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lignin; lignin dimer; DFRC; pine; kenaf; maize; CAD-deficient pine mutant; circular dichroism; optical activity; chirality; racemic ID MOLECULAR WEIGHT PHENOLS; ACID DEGRADATION; LIGNIFICATION; PATHWAY; NMR AB The accepted derivation of lignins from non(enzymatically)-controlled radical coupling reactions has been recently challenged, and it is relevant to ascertain unequivocally whether lignins are or are not (as normally assumed) optically active. Two approaches were used. First, DFRC (derivatization followed by reductive cleavage) dimers derived from beta-5- and beta-beta-units in pine lignins, which certainly retain unaltered chiral centers (as well as beta-1- and beta-O-4-units where the intactness may be debated), were shown to be optically inactive by circular dichroism (CD) and chiral highperformance liquid chromatography. CD of beta-5-derived dimers following enantiomeric separation readily demonstrated the sensitivity of the method. Second, no optical activity could be detected (above 250 nm to avoid carbohydrate contributions) by CD of lignin isolates from pine, kenaf, maize, or a CAD-deficient pine mutant. Representative lignins are therefore not, within limits of detection by these methods, optically active. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Fralin Biotechnol Ctr, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Ralph, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53705 USA. OI Helm, Richard/0000-0001-5317-0925 NR 35 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 47 IS 8 BP 2991 EP 2996 DI 10.1021/jf9901136 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 228GL UT WOS:000082128700004 PM 10552598 ER PT J AU Ramezanzadeh, FM Rao, RM Windhauser, M Prinyawiwatkul, W Marshall, WE AF Ramezanzadeh, FM Rao, RM Windhauser, M Prinyawiwatkul, W Marshall, WE TI Prevention of oxidative rancidity in rice bran during storage SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE rice bran; oxidative rancidity; lipoxygenase activity; storage; microwave heat ID TRYPSIN-INHIBITOR; LIPOXYGENASE; INACTIVATION; TIME AB The effect of microwave heat on lipoxygenase (LOX) activity in rice bran under various storage conditions was examined. Raw rice bran from the long-grain variety Lemont was adjusted to 21% moisture content and heated in a microwave oven at 850 W for 3 min. Raw and microwave-heated rice bran samples were packed in zipper-top bags or vacuum packs and stored at room temperature (25 degrees C) or in the refrigerator (4-5 degrees C) for 16 weeks. Samples were analyzed for LOX activity at 4-week intervals. LOX activity did not significantly change from its initial value at week 0 for zipper-top and vacuum-packed samples while stored at 4-5 degrees C for 12 weeks, but decreased at week 16. Vacuum packing did not show a significant impact on LOX activity during 16 weeks of storage. Microwave-heated samples stored in the refrigerator did not show significant change in LOX activity for up to 12 weeks but showed a significant(p < 0.05) decrease at 16 weeks. Results showed that oxidative rancidity of rice bran could be prevented by microwave heating the samples, packing in zipper-top bags, and storing at 4-5 degrees C for up to 16 weeks. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Dept Food Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Rao, RM (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Dept Food Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 26 TC 30 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 47 IS 8 BP 2997 EP 3000 DI 10.1021/jf981168v PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 228GL UT WOS:000082128700005 PM 10552599 ER PT J AU Ramezanzadeh, FM Rao, RM Windhauser, M Prinyawiwatkul, W Tulley, R Marshall, WE AF Ramezanzadeh, FM Rao, RM Windhauser, M Prinyawiwatkul, W Tulley, R Marshall, WE TI Prevention of hydrolytic rancidity in rice bran during storage SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE rice bran; free fatty acid; hydrolytic rancidity; microwave heat; storage ID BROWN RICE AB The effect of microwave heating, packaging, and storage temperature on the production of free fatty acids (FFA) in rice bran was examined. Freshly milled raw rice bran was adjusted to 21% moisture content and heated in a microwave oven at 850 W for 3 min. Raw and microwave-heated rice bran were packed in zipper-top bags or vacuum-sealed bags and stored at 4-5 or 25 degrees C for 16 weeks. FFA content-of bran was measured at 4-week intervals. Total FFA increased rapidly over the 16-week period from the initial value of 2.5% in raw bran stored at 25 degrees C to 54.9% in vacuum bags and 48.1% in zipper-top bags. However, total FFA of raw bran stored at 4-5 degrees C increased at, a slower rate from an initial value of 2.5 to 25.4% in vacuum bags and 19.5% in zipper-top bags. After 16 weeks of storage, total FFA of microwave-heated bran stored at 25 degrees C increased from 2.8 to 6.9 and 5.2%, respectively, for samples stored in vacuum bags and zipper-top bags. Total FFA of microwave-heated samples stored at 4-5 degrees C did not change significantly with storage time. Results showed that hydrolytic rancidity of rice bran can be prevented by microwave heating and that the recommended storage condition for microwaved rice bran is 4-5 degrees C in zipper-top bags. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Dept Food Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Rao, RM (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Dept Food Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 14 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 47 IS 8 BP 3050 EP 3052 DI 10.1021/jf981335r PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 228GL UT WOS:000082128700012 PM 10552606 ER PT J AU Fan, XT Mattheis, JP AF Fan, XT Mattheis, JP TI Development of apple superficial scald, soft scald, core flush, and greasiness is reduced by MCP SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE apple; conjugated trienes; core flush; ethylene; alpha-farnesene; greasiness; 1-methylcyclopropene; 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one; soft scald; superficial scald ID GRANNY-SMITH APPLES; FUNCTIONAL DISORDER; ALPHA-FARNESENE; STORED APPLES; ANTIOXIDANTS; ETHYLENE; STORAGE; PEEL; DIPHENYLAMINE; RESPONSES AB 1-Methylcyclopropene (MCP) was used to evaluate the role of ethylene in development of apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) physiological disorders during storage. Granny Smith, Red Chief Delicious, and Fuji apple fruit were treated with MCP at a concentration of 1 mu L L-1 for 12 h at 20 degrees C. For all varieties stored at 0 degrees C, ethylene production and respiration rates were reduced for several months following MCP treatment, and firmness; and titratable acidity of treated fruit were higher compared to controls. Apples treated with MCP did not develop superficial scald or peel greasiness through 6 months storage plus ripening at 20 degrees C for 7 days. Core flush was not observed in MCP-treated fruit until 6 months after treatment when the incidence was still lower compared to control fruit. MCP delayed the rise in production of alpha-farnesene and reduced accumulation of its oxidation products. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Hort, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Mattheis, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 47 TC 173 Z9 201 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 47 IS 8 BP 3063 EP 3068 DI 10.1021/jf981176b PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 228GL UT WOS:000082128700015 PM 10552609 ER PT J AU Meagher, LP Beecher, GR Flanagan, VP Li, BW AF Meagher, LP Beecher, GR Flanagan, VP Li, BW TI Isolation and characterization of the lignans, isolariciresinol and pinoresinol, in flaxseed meal SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE phytoestrogens; lignans; isolariciresinol; pinoresinol; flaxseed; Linum usitatissimum; secoisolariciresinol; matairesinol ID MASS-SPECTROMETRIC METHOD; ISOTOPE-DILUTION; ISOFLAVONOID EXCRETION; FORSYTHIA-INTERMEDIA; URINARY LIGNAN; WOMEN; PHYTOESTROGENS; IDENTIFICATION; PLASMA; MEN AB The isolation and characterization of the lignans, isolariciresinol, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol, and matairesinol, potent phytoestrogens, from flaxseed meal are described. This is the first report of isolariciresinol and pinoresinol being detected in a food. The extraction method selected combined the removal of the lignan glycosides from the plant matrix with an alcoholic solvent system, followed by acid hydrolysis to release the aglycons. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection system was used for initial separation and detection of the lignans at 280 nm in the acid-hydrolyzed methanolic extract. Lignan trimethylsilyl ether derivatives were characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Secoisolariciresinol is the major lignan in flaxseed; isolariciresinol, pinoresinol, and matairesinol were identified as minor lignan components. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Meagher, LP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 47 TC 106 Z9 114 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 47 IS 8 BP 3173 EP 3180 DI 10.1021/jf981359y PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 228GL UT WOS:000082128700032 PM 10552626 ER PT J AU Drake, SR Eisele, TA AF Drake, SR Eisele, TA TI Carbohydrate and acid contents of Gala apples and Bartlett pears from regular and controlled atmosphere storage SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sucrose; glucose; fructose; sorbitol; quinic; malic; skikimic; citric; fumaric AB Gala apples and Bartlett pears were harvested over two crop seasons at different maturities and growing sources then stored in refrigerated storage alone and in controlled atmosphere storage (1% O-2 plus 1% CO2 or 2% O-2 plus 3% CO2) Before and after storage of 45 or 90 days, the juice from the fruit was examined for carbohydrate and acid compositions and contents. For Gala apples, the type and length of storage had no significant effect on juice carbohydrate and acid contents and compositions, whereas the time of harvest greatly influenced both parameters. Storage atmosphere did not affect the carbohydrate and acid contents and compositions of Bartlett pear juice; however, the source of the fruit and subsequent amount of ripening did appear to significantly cause changes in the same parameters. The carbohydrate and acid compositions and contents of Gala apple juice were within the compositional range for worldwide apple juice. Bartlett pear juice contained significantly greater concentrations of citric acid than shown in previously published studies. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98811 USA. RP Drake, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98811 USA. NR 15 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 47 IS 8 BP 3181 EP 3184 DI 10.1021/jf981228x PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 228GL UT WOS:000082128700033 PM 10552627 ER PT J AU Klindt, J Yen, JT Christenson, RK AF Klindt, J Yen, JT Christenson, RK TI Effect of prepubertal feeding regimen on reproductive development of gilts SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE gilts; puberty; growth; pregnancy ID FASTING HEAT-PRODUCTION; GROWTH-PERFORMANCE; BODY-COMPOSITION; NUTRITION; PIGS; HEIFERS AB The effect of prepubertal feed level on growth and reproductive development of gilts was investigated. At 13 wk of age, white crossbred gilts were penned individually and assigned to the following treatments: Ad lib, ad libitum intake from 13 to 25 wk of age (n = 64); Control, ad libitum intake from 13 wk of age until 100 kg BW and then 90% of ad libitum intake until 25 wk of age (n = 65); and Restricted, 74% of dd libitum intake from 13 wk to 25 wk of age (n = 64). Feed was formulated to primarily restrict energy intake. The study was replicated in two seasons. At 25 wk of age, gilts were moved to group pens, approximately 16 gilts/pen, allowed ad libitum access to feed, and estrus detection was initiated. Gilts were mated at first estrus and those recycling were remated. After mating, gilts were moved to gestation stalls and fed 1.5x maintenance. At 30 d of gestation, reproductive tracts were harvested, and numbers of corpora lutea (CL) and live embryos were recorded. From 13 to 25 wk of age, feed consumption was 258 for Ad lib, 251 for Control, and 189 kg/gilt for Restricted, and, from 13 wk of age until 30 d of gestation, total feed consumption was 367 for Ad lib, 356 for Control, and 299 kg/gilt for Restricted gilts. Age at puberty (196 d) and pregnancy (200 d) was not affected (P > .18) by treatment. However, the rate at which gilts attained puberty (e.g., percentage pubertal at 28 d) was greatest in Ad lib (75) and least in Control (61) gilts. Number of CL and live embryos at 30 d of gestation/gilt assigned to the study was unaffected (P > .21) by treatment. Quantity of feed consumed from 13 wk of age to 30 d of gestation per live embryo in gilts assigned to the study was 40.0 for Ad lib, 39.8 for Control, and 30.6 kg/gilt for Restricted gilts. These results indicate that moderate feed restriction of gilts during prepubertal development may increase efficiency of swine production without negative impact on reproductive performance through 30 d of gestation. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Klindt, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 1968 EP 1976 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XU UT WOS:000084445600002 PM 10461970 ER PT J AU Berg, EP Grams, DW Miller, RK Wise, JW Forrest, JC Savell, JW AF Berg, EP Grams, DW Miller, RK Wise, JW Forrest, JC Savell, JW TI Using current on-line carcass evaluation parameters to estimate boneless and bone-in pork carcass yield as influenced by trim level SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigmeat; carcass yield; probes ID HENNESSY GRADING PROBE; PIG CARCASSES; FAT; MEATER AB The objective of this study was to develop prediction equations for estimating proportional carcass yield to a variety of external trim levels and-bone-in and boneless pork primal cuts. Two hundred pork carcasses were selected from six U.S. pork processing plants and represented USDA carcass grades (25% USDA #1, 36% USDA #2, 25% USDA #3, and 14% USDA #4). Carcasses were measured (prerigor and after a 24 h chill) for fat and muscle depth at the last rib (LR) and between the third and fourth from last rib (TH) with a Hennessy optical grading probe (OGP). Carcasses were shipped to Texas A&M University, where one was randomly assigned for fabrication. Selected sides were fabricated to four lean cuts (ham, loin, Boston butt, and picnic shoulder) then fabricated progressively into bone-in (BI) and boneless (BL) four lean cuts (FLC) trimmed to .64, .32, and 0 cm of s.c. fat, and BL 0 cm trim, seam fat removed, four lean cuts (BLS-0FLC). Total dissected carcass lean was used to calculate the percentage of total carcass lean (PLEAN). Lean tissue subsamples were collected for chemical fat-free analysis and percentage carcass fat-free lean (FFLEAN) was determined. Longissimus muscle area and fat depth also were collected at the 10th and 11th rib interface during fabrication. Regression equations were developed from linear carcass and OGP measurements predicting FLC of each fabrication point. Loin muscle and fat depths from the OPG obtained on warm, prerigor carcasses at the TH interface were more accurate predictors of fabrication end points than warm carcass probe depth obtained at the last rib or either of the chilled carcass probe sites (probed at TH or LR). Fat and loin muscle depth obtained via OGP explained 46.7,. 52.6, and 57.1% (residual mean square error [RMSE] = 3.30, 3.19, and 3.04%) of the variation in the percentage of BI-FLC trimmed to .64, .32, and 0 cm of s.c. fat, respectively, and 49.0, 53.9, and 60.7% (RMSE = 2.91, 2.81, and 2.69%) of the variation in the percentage of BL-FLC trimmed to .64, .32, and 0 cm of s.c. fat, respectively. Fat and loin muscle depth from warm carcass OGP probes at the TH interface accounted for 62.4 and 63.5% (RMSE 3.38 and 3.27%) of the variation in PLEAN and FFLEAN, respectively. These equations provide an opportunity tp estimate pork carcass yield for a variety of procurement end point equations using existing on-line techniques. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA, Standardisat Branch, Agr Mkt Serv, Washington, DC 20090 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Anim Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Miller, RK (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Savell, Jeffrey/C-2434-2008 OI Savell, Jeffrey/0000-0003-0354-1286 NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 1977 EP 1984 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XU UT WOS:000084445600003 PM 10461971 ER PT J AU Sauber, TE Stahly, TS Nonnecke, BJ AF Sauber, TE Stahly, TS Nonnecke, BJ TI Effect of level of chronic immune system activation on the lactational performance of sows SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sows; lactation; immune system ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; INFLAMMATORY CHALLENGE; LYSINE NEEDS; ENDOTOXIN; PIGS; GROWTH; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; INTERLEUKIN-1; PROTEIN; MILK AB The effect of the level of chronic immune system (IS) activation on sow lactational performance was determined in 11 pairs of littermate, primiparous sows. Sows with a low level of IS activation were created by rearing the animals via early weaning, isolated rearing schemes. During lactation, two levels of IS activation were achieved in each littermate sow pair by subcutaneous administration of either 0 (saline) or 5 mu g/kg of sow BW of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a mineral oil adjuvant emulsion on d 2 and 10 of lactation. Litters were standardized to 13 pigs by 8 h postpartum. Sows were offered daily 6.0 kg of a corn-soy diet formulated to contain a minimum of 250% of the dietary nutrient concentrations estimated to be needed by lactating sows. Based on antibody titers to a of LPS and serum concentrations of cu-l acid glycoprotein (AGP), high IS sows mounted an immune response to the LPS during lactation, and low IS sows maintained a low level of IS activation. Over an 18-d lactation, a high level of chronic activation of the sows' immune systems depressed daily sow feed intakes by .56 kg, litter weight gains by .32 kg, and daily milk by 1.4 kg, milk energy by 1.7 Mcal, and milk protein yields by 71 g, but did not alter sow bodyweight loss. The reductions in yields of milk and milk nutrients likely were because of proinflammatory cytokine-induced inhibition of the lactogenic hormones resulting from high chronic IS activation. Based on these data, the level of chronic IS activation alters the lactational performance of sows. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Stahly, TS (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Room 201,Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 57 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 1985 EP 1993 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XU UT WOS:000084445600004 PM 10461972 ER PT J AU Fahrenkrug, SC Casas, E Keele, JW Smith, TPL AF Fahrenkrug, SC Casas, E Keele, JW Smith, TPL TI Technical note: Direct genotyping of the double-muscling locus (mh) in piedmontese and Belgian Blue cattle by fluorescent PCR SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE polymerase chain reaction; alleles ID MYOSTATIN GENE; MUTATIONS AB A simple PCR-based allele detection system has been developed to assist in the management of the two most prevalent double-muscled (mh) breeds in the U.S. Application of this assay will permit the implementation of structured mating systems dependent on precise genotypes at the mh locus. The genetic assay uses standard fluorescent genotyping technology and relies on the unique nucleotide composition of wild-type and mutant alleles of myostatin, the gene underlying the double-muscled phenotype. We present data demonstrating the efficacy of this fluorescent primer-based PCR assay in genotyping animal populations carrying normal and(or) mutant alleles of the myostatin gene. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Fahrenkrug, SC (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 8 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 2028 EP 2030 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XU UT WOS:000084445600009 PM 10461977 ER PT J AU Mader, TL Dahlquist, JM Hahn, GL Gaughan, JB AF Mader, TL Dahlquist, JM Hahn, GL Gaughan, JB TI Shade and wind barrier effects on summertime feedlot cattle performance SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE feedlots; wind protection; steers; shade; summer; environment ID HEAT-STRESS; DAIRY-CATTLE; TEMPERATURE; STEERS AB In each of three summertime trials conducted over consecutive years, approximately 110 predominantly black and black-white-face steers were blocked by weight and randomly allotted to one of 16 pens in a 2 x i factorial arrangement of treatments. Factors consisted of cattle being fed in facilities with or without wind barriers and with or without shade. Steers were fed dry-relied corn-based diets (1.43 Mcal/ kg, NEg). Mean starting date and days on feed were June 26 and 79, respectively. I;I unshaded areas, temperature and humidity averaged 21.6 degrees C and 77.9%, and the blackglobe-humidity index (BGHI) at 1500 averaged between 84.0 and 89.1. Each of four 6.1- x 6.1-m structures (mean height = 3.4 m) with white steel roofs provided shade (2.65 m(2)/steer) for two pens. In facilities with wind barriers provided, airflow was reduced from the north and northwest by a 25-m-wide shelterbelt containing six rows of trees. For cattle fed in pens with wind barriers, shade increased(P < .05) gain from 0 to 56 d and decreased (P < .05) DMI/ADG from 0 to 28 d. Differences (P < .05) in performance were not found between shaded and unshaded cattle in any portion of the feeding period for cattle fed in the pens without wind barriers and over the entire feeding period in either type of facility. The shade response in pens with wind barriers seemed to be greater the Ist yr than in subsequent years. Differences in weather patterns among years, especially air temperature, humidity, and solar radiation, may partially explain this interaction. Also, in yr I, cattle tended to have greater fat thickness at finish than in yr 2 and 3. Correlations between BGHI and DMI tended to be greater during the early portion of the trial(0 to 28 d) than over the entire trial. Correlations between the difference in BGHI under shade vs no shade and percentage of shade use had the greatest magnitude and were significant only in the first 28 d vs over the entire feeding period. Although no heat-related cattle deaths occurred in this study, results suggest that shade improves cattle performance in the summer when they are fed in facilities with winter wind protection available and have not become acclimated to hot conditions. Once cattle are acclimated or hot conditions subside, compensation by unshaded cattle offsets much of the initial benefits of providing shade. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, NE Res & Extens Ctr, Concord, NE USA. Univ Illinois, Orr Res Ctr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Queensland, Sch Vet Sci & Anim Prod, Gatton Coll, Gatton, Qld 4345, Australia. RP Mader, TL (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, NE Res & Extens Ctr, Concord, NE USA. EM tmader1@unl.edu RI Gaughan, John/B-3484-2010 NR 37 TC 57 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CHAMPAIGN PA 2441 VILLAGE GREEN PLACE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61822 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 2065 EP 2072 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XU UT WOS:000084445600015 PM 10461983 ER PT J AU Rumsey, TS McLeod, K Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Baldwin, RL AF Rumsey, TS McLeod, K Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Baldwin, RL TI Effects of oral chlortetracycline and dietary protein level on plasma concentrations of growth hormone and thyroid hormones in beef steers before and after challenge with a combination of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and growth hormone-releasing hormone SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE antibiotics; chlortetracycline; cattle; somatotropin; thyroxine; triiodothyronine ID ROASTED SOYBEANS; PITUITARY-CELLS; PROMOTER AFFECT; FACTOR-I; IGF-I; 3,5,3'-TRIIODOTHYRONINE; SERUM AB The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a subtherapeutic level of chlortetracycline (CTC) fed to growing beef steers under conditions of limited and adequate dietary protein on plasma concentrations of GH, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid hormones before and after, an injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) + GHRH. Young beef steers (n = 32 average BW = 285 kg) were assigned to a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments' of either a 10 or 13% crude protein diet (70% concentrate, 15% wheat straw, and 15% cottonseed hulls) and either a corn meal carrier or carrier + 350 mg of CTC daily top dressed on the diet. Steers were fed ad libitum amounts of diet for 56 d, and a jugular catheter was then placed in each steer in four groups (two steers from each treatment combination per group) during four consecutive days (one group per day). Each steer was injected via the jugular catheter with 1.0 mu g/kg BW TRH + .1 mu g/kg BW GHRH in 10 mt of saline at 0800. Blood samples were collected at -30, -15, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 120, 240, and 360 min after releasing hormone injection. Plasma samples were analyzed for GH, TSH, thyroxine (T-4), and triiodothyronine (T-3). After 84 d on trial, the steers were slaughtered and the pituitary and samples of liver were collected and analyzed for 5'-deiodinase activity. Feeding CTC attenuated the GH response to releasing hormone challenge by 26% for both area under the response curve (P < .03) and peak response (P < .10). Likewise, CTC attenuated the TSH response to releasing hormone challenge for area under the response curve by 16% (P < .10) and peak response by 33% (P < .02), and attenuated the T-4 response for area under the curve by 12% (P < .08) and peak response by 14% (P < .04). Type II deiodinase activity in the pituitary was 36% less (P < .02) in CTC-fed steers than in Steers not fed CTC. The results of this study are interpreted to suggest that feeding subtherapeutic levels of CTC to young growing beef cattle attenuates the release of GH and TSH in response to pituitary releasing hormones, suggesting a mechanism by which CTC may influence tissue deposition in cattle. C1 USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rumsey, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Bldg 200,Room 102,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 2079 EP 2087 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XU UT WOS:000084445600017 PM 10461985 ER PT J AU Hausman, GJ AF Hausman, GJ TI The interaction of hydrocortisone and thyroxine during fetal adipose tissue differentiation: CCAAT enhancing binding protein expression and capillary cytodifferentiation SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE capillaries; hormones; fetus; differentiation; pigs ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED PIG FETUSES; ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; PORCINE PREADIPOCYTES; GENE-EXPRESSION; SECRETION; CELLS; HORMONE; DEXAMETHASONE; BIOSYNTHESIS AB Late-term fetal pigs from genetically obese dams have elevated levels of thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids, depressed levels of GH, larger fat cells and elevated lipogenesis than do fetal pigs from lean dams. We investigated the influence of elevated levels of thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids per se on adipose tissue traits by chronically treating hypophysectomized (hypox; d 70) fetal pigs between d 90 and 105 of gestation with either thyroxine (T-4), hydrocortisone (HC), or the combination of T-4 + HC. Treatment with T-4 and T-4 + HC increased serum T-4 and IGF-I levels and enhanced skin and hair development. Treatment with HC and T-4 + HC increased serum HC levels, fat cell size; and inner subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness. Quantitative analysis of stained adipose tissue sections indicated that T-4 + HC treatment increased lipid accretion and fat cell cluster development more than did either hormone alone. The T-4 + HC markedly increased apparent fat cell number, because there was only a 19% increase in fat cell size. A hyper-induced deficit in cytodifferentiation of capillaries associated with adipocytes was not influenced by T-4 but was partially normalized by treatment with HC and T-4 + HC. Immunocytochemical and Western blot analyses showed no influence of hormonal treatment on expression of three CCAAT enhancing binding protein (C/EBP) isoforms. However, expression of C/EBP delta in adipose tissue was markedly reduced in control fetal pigs compared with hyper fetal pigs. These studies indicate that concurrent action of glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones may be the critical aspect of endocrine regulation of fetal adipogenesis. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Hausman, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 37 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 2088 EP 2097 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XU UT WOS:000084445600018 PM 10461986 ER PT J AU Bee, G Solomon, MB Czerwinski, SM Long, C Pursel, VG AF Bee, G Solomon, MB Czerwinski, SM Long, C Pursel, VG TI Correlation between histochemically assessed fiber type distribution and isomyosin and myosin heavy chain content in porcine skeletal muscles SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; histochemistry; myosins; skeletal muscle ID SLOW-TWITCH MUSCLES; SUCCINATE-DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY; MYOFIBRILLAR ATPASE ACTIVITY; ISOFORMS; RAT; POPULATION; LIGHT; IIA AB Highly sensitive enzyme assays developed to differentiate skeletal muscle fibers allow the recognition of three main fiber types: slow-twitch oxidative (SO), fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG), and fast-twitch glycolytic (FG). Myosin, the predominant contractile protein in mammalian skeletal muscle, can be separated based on the electrophoretic mobility under nondissociating conditions into SM2, SM1, IM, FM3, and FM2 isoforms, or under dissociating conditions into myosin heavy chain (MHC) I, IIb, IIx/d, and IIa. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the histochemical method of differentiation of fiber types is consistent with the electrophoretically identified isomyosin and MHC isoforms. These comparisons were made using serratus ventralis (SV), gluteus medius (GM), and longissimus muscles (LM) from 13 pigs. Two calculation methods for the histochemical assessed fiber type distribution were adopted. The first method incorporated the number of fibers counted for each fiber type and calculated a percentage of the total fiber number (fiber number percentage: FNP). The second method expressed the cross-sectional area of each fiber type as a percentage of the total fiber area measured per muscle (fiber area percentage: FAP). Independent of the calculation methods, correlation analyses revealed in all muscles a strong relation between SO fibers, the slow isomyosin (SM1 and SM2), and MHCI, as well as between the FG fibers, the fast isomyosin (FM3 and FM2), and MHCIIx/b content(P < .05). There were no correlations between FOG fiber population assessed by histochemical analysis and intermediate isoform (IM) or MHCIIa content. The present results did not provide conclusive evidence as to which of the calculation methods (FNP or FAP) was more closely related to myosin composition of skeletal muscles. Despite some incompatibility between the methods, the present study shows that histochemical as well as electrophoretic analyses yielded important information about the composition of porcine skeletal muscle. The combination of the two methods may be essential to accurately characterize porcine skeletal muscles. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Meat Sci Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Solomon, MB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Meat Sci Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Bee, Giuseppe/F-4955-2010; Bee, Giuseppe/N-6348-2013 NR 38 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 2104 EP 2111 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XU UT WOS:000084445600020 PM 10461988 ER PT J AU Moeller, S Wulf, D Meeker, D Ndife, M Sundararajan, N Solomon, MB AF Moeller, S Wulf, D Meeker, D Ndife, M Sundararajan, N Solomon, MB TI Impact of the hydrodyne process on tenderness, microbial load, and sensory characteristics of pork longissimus muscle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigmeat; tenderness; tenderizing AB Paired, boneless pork loin muscles were obtained from 76 market hogs to evaluate tenderness, meat quality characteristics, sensory attributes, and microbial characterization of pork muscle exposed to the Hydrodyne Process (H) compared with untreated control (C) loin. A subset of 16 paired loins was randomly selected for use in sensory evaluation and microbial characterization. Loins were vacuum packaged and immersed in a heat shrink tank prior to the H treatment. The Hydrodyne treatment exposed the loin to the pressure equivalent of a 150-g explosive, generating a pressure distribution of approximately 703 kg/cm(2) at the surface of the samples. Meat quality assessments taken following treatment included subjective color, firmness/wetness, marbling scores (1 to 5 scale), Minolta reflectance and color readings, drip loss, and lipid content. The P-value for statistical significance for main effects and interactions was set at <.05 in all analyses. Administration of H resulted in a 17% improvement in Warner-Bratzler shear force (2.6.9 vs 3.24 kg), with the shear force similar at two end-point cooking times (11 and 16 min) corresponding to approximately 75 and 83 degrees C, respectively. No differences between H and C were observed for color score, firmness score, Minolta L*, Minolta Y, or drip loss on uncooked samples. The H loins had lower marbling scores (P < .05) and intramuscular lipid (P < .05) content than the paired C loin. Sensory evaluation on the randomly selected (n = 16) paired loins samples showed no improvement in Warner-Bratzler shear force. Sensory panelists were also unable to detect a difference between H and C loins for both initial and sustained tenderness scores. No differences between H and C loins were found for pork flavor, off-flavor, cohesiveness, or number of chews before swallowing, but Ii loins had a significantly lower juiciness score and more cooking loss than C loins. Microbial analysis results showed no differences in coliform bacteria counts, aerobic plate counts, and no detectable levels of Escherichia coli bacteria in any loins. The findings support the ability of the Hydrodyne procedure to improve tenderness without impacting other muscle quality attributes of pork. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA ARS, Meat Sci Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Moeller, S (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, 122 Anim Sci Bldg,2029 Fyffe Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RI Moeller, Steven/B-4026-2012 NR 13 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 2119 EP 2123 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XU UT WOS:000084445600022 PM 10461990 ER PT J AU Stahl, CH Han, YM Roneker, KR House, WA Lei, XG AF Stahl, CH Han, YM Roneker, KR House, WA Lei, XG TI Phytase improves iron bioavailability for hemoglobin synthesis in young pigs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE phytase; iron; hemoglobin; anemia; pigs ID SOYBEAN-MEAL DIET; SUPPLEMENTAL MICROBIAL PHYTASE; WEANLING PIGS; SOY PROTEIN; ABSORPTION; PHOSPHORUS; HUMANS; MODEL; ZINC; PURIFICATION AB Dietary phytase supplementation improves bioavailabilities of phytate-bound minerals such as P, Ca, and Zn to pigs,but its effect on Fe utilization is not clear. The efficacy of phytase in releasing phytate-bound Fe and P from soybean meal in vitro and in improving dietary Fe bioavailability for hemoglobin repletion in young, anemic pigs was examined. In Exp. 1, soybean meal was incubated at 37 degrees C for 4 h with either 0, 400, 800, or 1,200 units (U) of phytase/kg, and the released Fe and P concentrations were determined. In Exp. 2, 12 anemic, 21-d-old pigs were fed either a strict vegetarian, high-phytate (1.34%) basal diet alone, or the diet supplemented with 50 mg Fe/kg diet (ferrous sulfate) or phytase at 1,200 U/kg diet (Natuphos, BASF, Mt. Olive, NJ) for 4 wk. In Exp. 3, 20 anemic, 28-d-old pigs were fed either a basal diet with a moderately high phytate concentration (1.18 %) and some animal protein or the diet supplemented with 70 mg Fe/kg diet, or with one of two types of phytase (Natuphos or a new phytase developed in our laboratory, 1,200 U/kg diet) for 5 wk. In Exp. 2 and 3, diets supplemented with phytase contained no inorganic P. In Exp. I, free P concentrations in the supernatant increased in a phytase dose-dependent fashion (P < .05), whereas free Fe concentrations only increased at the dose of 1,200 U/kg (P < .10). In Exp. 2 and 3, dietary phytase increased hemoglobin concentrations and packed cell volumes over the unsupplemented group;these two measures, including growth performance, were not significantly different than those obtained with dietary supplemental Fe. In conclusion, both sources of phytase effectively degraded phytate in corn-soy diets and subsequently released phytate-bound Fe from the diets for hemoglobin repletion in young, anemic pigs. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Lei, XG (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 36 TC 39 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 2135 EP 2142 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XU UT WOS:000084445600024 PM 10461992 ER PT J AU Ford, SP Rosazza, JPN Al-Mahmoud, MS Lin, S Farley, DB Short, RE AF Ford, SP Rosazza, JPN Al-Mahmoud, MS Lin, S Farley, DB Short, RE TI Abortifacient effects of a unique class of vasoactive lipids from Pinus ponderosa needles SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE lipids; parturition; placental retention; guinea pigs ID UTERINE BLOOD-FLOW; ISOCUPRESSIC ACID; BEEF-COWS; CARUNCULAR ARTERIES; RANGE CATTLE; ABORTION; INGESTION; FETAL; PARTURITION; PREGNANCY AB Pinus ponderosa needle (PN) ingestion by late pregnant cows results in decreased uterine blood flow, premature parturition, and retained placentae. Further, plasma from PN-fed cows increases caruncular arterial tone induces prolonged contraction) in an isolated perfused bovine placentome. A novel class of vasoactive lipids was isolated and identified using a bovine placentome assay-guided fractionation of CH2Cl2 extracts of PN. Placentome perfusion tests indicated that 1-12-dodecanedioyl-dimyristate (14-12-14) was the most potent of the PN lipids for increasing caruncular arterial tone. Late pregnant guinea pigs (GP) were used to evaluate the abortifacient activity of these vasoactive lipids. In Study 1, on d 50 of gestation, part of the control diet was replaced with chopped PN (Diet A) or chopped PN subjected to sequential extraction with diethyl ether (Et2O; Diet B); Et2O and CH2Cl2 (Diet C); and Et2O, CH2Cl2, and methanol (Diet D). The GP on Diets A and B exhibited shorter (P < .01) gestation lengths and reduced (P < .01) pig birth weights than GP on the control diet or Diets C and D. Further, only GP on Diets A and B exhibited retained placentae. In Study 2, on d 50 of gestation, part of the control diet was replaced with chopped PN that had been subjected to exhaustive CH2Cl2 extraction and then infiltrated with either CH2Cl2 alone (Diet E), CH2Cl2 containing 14-12-14 (Diet F or CH2Cl2 containing isocupressic acid (Diet G); then solvents were evaporated. The GP consuming Diet F had shorter(P < .05) gestation lengths and reduced (P < .05) pig birth weights than did GP consuming Diets E or G. The GP consuming Diet F also exhibited a high incidence of retained placentae. These data provide evidence that a unique class of vasoactive lipids in PN exhibit abortifacient activity in guinea pigs. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Pharm, Div Med & Nat Prod Chem, Iowa City, IA 52240 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Pharm, Ctr Biocatalysis & Bioproc, Iowa City, IA 52240 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Obstet, Iowa City, IA 52240 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RP Ford, SP (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, 11 Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 33 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 2187 EP 2193 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XU UT WOS:000084445600030 PM 10461998 ER PT J AU Rumsey, TS Kahl, S Elsasser, TH AF Rumsey, TS Kahl, S Elsasser, TH TI Field method for monitoring blood glucose in beef cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; glucose; blood sugar; monitoring; methodology AB The purpose of this study was to determine the applicability of the Accu-Chek Easy (ACE) human self-monitoring system for monitoring glycemic status in cattle. The ACE method was compared with the Yellow Springs Instrument (YSI) analytical laboratory method in two studies. A preliminary study (62 samples) and a primary study (434 samples) involved a nine-fold range and a 10-fold range, respectively, of glucose concentrations obtained during the acute phase response of growing beef cattle to injections of varying dosages of endotoxin. The ACE monitoring method compared with the YSI analytical method resulted in similar patterns of glucose concentration change, similar ranking of glucose means across endotoxin dosages during hyper-and hypoglycemia, and a close relationship between paired YSI and ACE concentrations from common samples. The ACE method identified all nine animals that displayed hypoglycemic distress during the acute phase response to endotoxin injection. The relationship between the YSI analytical method and the ACE monitoring method was found to be nonlinear (YSI = -38.2 + 13.6 ACE(.50); R-2 = .99; S-y.x = 7.3 mg/dL), and the use of this equation to predict YSI values fl om ACE values in an independent data set resulted in linearity when YSI was regressed on the predicted YSI values (YSI = -.78 + 1.00.Predicted YSI; R-2 = .87; S-y.x = 6.9 mg/dL). Even though variation seemed greater for ACE than for YSI, we concluded that a system developed for human self-monitoring of blood glucose, such as the ACE, can be used to monitor the glycemic status of cattle. C1 ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rumsey, TS (reprint author), ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA,BARC E, Bldg 102, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 2194 EP 2200 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XU UT WOS:000084445600031 PM 10461999 ER PT J AU Lammoglia, MA Bellows, RA Grings, EE Bergman, JW AF Lammoglia, MA Bellows, RA Grings, EE Bergman, JW TI Effects of prepartum supplementary fat and muscle hypertrophy genotype on cold tolerance in newborn calves SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dietary fat; newborn animals; cold tolerance; muscular hypertrophy; heat production ID BROWN ADIPOSE-TISSUE; BOS-TAURUS; METABOLISM; RESPONSES; EXPOSURE; BIRTH; RAT AB Effects of feeding pregnant dams supplemental dietary fat during the last 55 d of gestation on cold tolerance of newborn crossbred calves with (Piedmontese cross, P, n = 15) or without (Hereford cross, H, n = 16) the muscle hypertrophy allele was determined. Primiparous FI dams gestating F2 calves of the respective breeds were assigned randomly within breed to receive gestation diets containing either 2.2 (Low Fat; LF) or 5.1% fat (High Fat; HF). Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds containing 37% oil with 79% linoleic acid were the supplemental fat source in diets formulated to be isocaloric-isonitrogenous. At parturition, calves were separated from their dams, fed 38 degrees C pooled dairy cow colostrum (30 mL/kg BW), muzzled to prevent suckling, and returned to their dams in a heated (22 degrees C) room for 3.5 h. At 4 h of age (birth = 0 h), a catheter was inserted into the jugular vein. At 5h of age, calves were placed in a 0 degrees C room for 140 min, and rectal temperatures and blood samples were obtained at 10- and 20-min intervals. Blood was assayed for cortisol and glucose. Rectal temperature was affected by diet (P < .05), time, diet x time, and breed x time (P < .01 for time and the interactions). Cortisol and glucose concentrations were not affected by diet, breed, or the diet x breed interaction, but they were affected by time, breed x time (both P < .01), and diet x time (P = .06). Calves from HF dams had higher rectal temperatures than calves from LF dams, and the HF calves maintained higher rectal temperatures throughout cold exposure. Cortisol concentrations were lower (P = .06) in calves from HF dams, and these calves had more (P = .06) glucose available for metabolic heat production than calves from LF dams. Piedmontese-cross calves maintained higher (P < .01) rectal temperatures and had higher cortisol and glucose (both P < .01) concentrations than did H-cross calves. We conclude that feeding dams supplemental fat during late gestation increased heat production in newborn calves and potentially could increase calf survival; calves with muscle hypertrophy may have a different ratio of shivering vs nonshivering thermogenesis due to differences in body composition or relationships among uncoupling proteins. C1 BovaGen, San Antonio, TX 78216 USA. Eastern Agr Res Ctr, Montana Agr Expt Stn, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RP Bellows, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Rt 1,Box 2021, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 2227 EP 2233 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XU UT WOS:000084445600035 PM 10462003 ER PT J AU Wise, T Ford, JJ AF Wise, T Ford, JJ TI Effects of the thymic peptide thymulin on in vitro and in vivo testicular steroid concentrations in White composite and Meishan boars SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE testes; thymus; boars; estrone; testosterone ID CELL STEROIDOGENESIS INVITRO; LEYDIG-CELLS; RAT TESTIS; HORMONE; MACROPHAGES; TESTOSTERONE; GONADOTROPIN; PIGS; PHYSIOLOGY; SECRETION AB Immuno-peptides may have positive or negative effects on gonadal steroidogenesis, but few have been tested outside of rodent species or in vivo. In Exp. 1, thymulin, a secreted nonapeptide of the thymus, was incubated (1, 10, 100, or 1,000 ng/mL) with testicular minces (sampled at 3, 6, or 12 h) from Chinese Meishan boars of high gonadotropin/testicular steroidogenic function (n = 8) and White composite boars of European origin(n = 8) to test the hypothesis that thymulin could augment hCG stimulation of testicular androgen concentrations. Thymulin alone had few effects on androgen concentrations (testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone+dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate [DHEA+DHEASO(4)]) in Meishan boar testicular incubates. In minces from White composites incubated with thymulin, testosterone concentrations were generally below control values (P < .05), but DHEA+DHEASO(4) concentrations were unaffected. Thymulin had no effect on estrone concentrations in testicular incubates of White composite boars but stimulated estrone concentrations in Meishan testicular incubates. Thymulin plus hCG increased testosterone (3 and 6 h of incubation; P <.05) but not DHEA+DKEASO(4) concentrations in White composite testicular incubates. Thymulin plus hCG did not alter androgen or estrogen concentrations from control values in Meishan testicular incubates. In Exp.2 with a protocol similar to that of Exp. 1 for testicular minces from White composite boars (n = 30), thymulin increased testosterone concentrations during the early incubation period (1 to 3 h; P <.05) and depressed testosterone concentrations at later times (6 h; P < .05). Thymulin synergized with hCG in stimulating increases in testosterone and DHEA+DHEASO(4) concentrations (P < .05) but had no effect on estrone concentrations in vitro. Thymulin was tested in vivo in boars from three genetic lines selected for high, medium, or normal circulating LH concentrations (Meishan, select White composites, and control White composites, respectively). Injection of thymulin i.v. (4.4, 44.4, or 444.4 ng/kg BW) generally increased circulating testosterone concentrations (2 to 3 h later; P < .01), but the response was dependent on the boar's general circulating LH concentrations and dose of thymulin, Overall results from these studies support the hypothesis of a thymulin augmentation of LH stimulation of androgen increases in vitro and in vivo in the testis of boars. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Wise, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM wise@email.marc.usda.gov NR 47 TC 3 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CHAMPAIGN PA 2441 VILLAGE GREEN PLACE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61822 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 2240 EP 2251 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XU UT WOS:000084445600037 PM 10462005 ER PT J AU Bennett, LL Hammond, AC Williams, MJ Chase, CC Kunkle, WE AF Bennett, LL Hammond, AC Williams, MJ Chase, CC Kunkle, WE TI Diet selection by steers using microhistological and stable carbon isotope ratio analyses SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE botanical composition; cattle; feeding behavior; foraging; intake; mixed pastures ID RHIZOMA PEANUT; PASTURES; ANIMALS; PLANT; PERFORMANCE; RESIDENT; QUALITY; FECES AB Two methods of determining diet botanical composition, microhistological (MH), and stable carbon isotope ratio (CR) analyses were used to determine botanical composition of ingesta and fecal grab samples in steers grazing rhizoma peanut-mixed tropical grass pastures. Three pastures were used over two grazing seasons, 1992 and 1993, in Brooksville, FL. A weighted-disc double-sampling technique was used to determine forage mass and botanical composition, percentage of rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata), grass (Paspalum notatum and Cynodon dactlyon), and forb (primarily Chenopadium ambrosioides) on offer every 28 d throughout the grazing seasons. There was an effect of sampling date (P < .001), sampling date x pasture (P < .001), and sampling date x year (P < .001) on forage mass on offer. There was a pasture x year x sampling date interaction(P < .001) for all botanical components. In 1992 and 1993, using cannulated steers sampled every 56 d, there were interactions with year for rhizoma peanut and forb (P < .05), but not for grass with MH analysis (components: rhizoma peanut, grass, and forb). Ingesta and fecal rhizoma peanut (r = .73 and .92 for 1992 and 1993, respectively) and ingesta and fecal forb (r = .86 and .98 for 1992 and 1993, respectively) were positively correlated (P < .001). Ingesta and fecal grass mere positively correlated (r = .52, P < .001), but the correlation was not as high. With the CR analysis (components: Calvin cycle [C-3] plants and C-4-dicarboxylic acid pathway [C-4] plants), ingesta and corrected fecal (corrected for in vitro organic matter digestibility [IVOMD]) Ca plants were positively correlated (r = .62; P < .001). Diet composition of fecal grab samples from noncannulated steers, collected on the same sampling schedule as for hand-clipped pasture samples, differed at times due to the complexity of the award (both rhizoma peanut and forb constituted a single component, C-3, in the CR analysis). Based on these results, if there is a substantial contribution of forb to the diet, fecal microhistological analysis may be more informative than fecal carbon ratio analysis for estimating diet selection by cattle grazing tropical pastures. C1 Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. ARS, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. RP Williams, MJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, 22271 Chinsegut, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 5 U2 10 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 77 IS 8 BP 2252 EP 2258 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XU UT WOS:000084445600038 PM 10462006 ER PT J AU Walter, MT Mutch, P Salmon, CD McCool, DK Hedin, LO AF Walter, MT Mutch, P Salmon, CD McCool, DK Hedin, LO TI Digitizing chart recorder data: Coordinate system conversion for rain gauges and similar recording instruments SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Though chart recorder data are widely available for many environmental parameters over long periods of record, the nonorthogonal coordinate systems of many types of recorder charts complicates data extraction such that it is almost always manual: a tedious chore involving hand-counting tiny red boxes. Perhaps the most common data available on these types of charts are precipitation from weighing-type recording rain gauges. Unfortunately, because most digitizer software assumes the data being digitized have an orthogonal coordinate system, the nonorthogonality inherent in these charts prevents simple digitization of the data. Ii methodologies exist for electronically extracting rain gauge data, they are not widely known; recent texts still outline manual break-point tabulation in detail with no reference to any software or published methodologies for electronic data extraction. A simple procedure is presented here to transform digitized chart recorder data into meaningful, accurate data using readily available software. A comparison of manually read precipitation data and precipitation data extracted with a digitizer showed average differences of less than half the smallest marked increment on the charts for both precipitation amount and time. Differences were almost exclusively due to human bias in locating break points rather than true error. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Washington State Univ, Biosyst Engn Dept, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Systemat, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Walter, MT (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 16 IS 8 BP 1138 EP 1142 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(1999)016<1138:DCRDCS>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 231EJ UT WOS:000082294900012 ER PT J AU Everett, KDE Kahane, S Bush, RM Friedman, MG AF Everett, KDE Kahane, S Bush, RM Friedman, MG TI An unspliced group I intron in 23S rRNA links Chlamydiales, chloroplasts, and mitochondria SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE; COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCE; ACANTHAMOEBA-CASTELLANII; CHLAMYDOMONAS-MOEWUSII; EVOLUTIONARY TRANSFER; HOMING ENDONUCLEASE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; DNA; ORIGIN; MICROORGANISM AB Chlamydia was the only genus in the order Chlamydiales until the recent characterization of Simkania negevensis Z(T) and Parachlamydia acanthamoebae strains. The present study of Chlamydiales 23S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) focuses on a naturally occurring group I intron in the I-CpaI target site of 23S rDNA from S. negevensis. The intron, SnLSU.1, belonged to the IB4 structural subgroup and was most closely related to large ribosomal subunit introns that express single-motif, LAGLIDADG endonucleases in chloroplasts of algae and in mitochondria of amoebae. RT-PCR and electrophoresis of in vivo rRNA indicated that the intron was not spliced out of the 23S rRNA, The unspliced 658-nt intron is the first group I intron to he found in bacterial rDNA or rRNA, and it may delay the S, negevensis developmental replication cycle by affecting ribosomal function. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Avian & Swine Resp Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Virol, Beer Sheva, Israel. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Irvine, CA 92696 USA. RP Everett, KDE (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Parasitol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 52 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 181 IS 16 BP 4734 EP 4740 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 226GN UT WOS:000082012100002 PM 10438738 ER PT J AU Ellis, KJ AF Ellis, KJ TI Is equivalent truly equivalent? Reply SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Letter ID X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETERS; CROSS-CALIBRATION; BODY C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Body Composit Lab, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Ellis, KJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI DURHAM PA PO BOX 2759, DURHAM, NC 27715-2759 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 14 IS 8 BP 1469 EP 1470 DI 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.8.1469 PG 2 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 220RV UT WOS:000081682000027 ER PT J AU Schmelz, EA Grebenok, RJ Galbraith, DW Bowers, WS AF Schmelz, EA Grebenok, RJ Galbraith, DW Bowers, WS TI Insect-induced synthesis of phytoecdysteroids in spinach, Spinacia oleracea SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE spinach; Spinacia oleracea; induced defense; damage; 20-hydroxyecdysone; phytoecdysteroid; methyl jasmonate; jasmonic acid; root herbivory; Otiorhynchus sulcatus; abscisic acid; gibberellic acid; indole-3-acetic acid; 1-naphthaleneacetic acid; trans-zeatin; root-shoot ratio ID INHIBITOR-II GENE; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS; JASMONIC ACID ACTIVATE; ABSCISIC-ACID; NICOTIANA-SYLVESTRIS; LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM; PROTEINASE-INHIBITORS; METHYL JASMONATE; TISSUE-CULTURES; TOMATO PLANTS AB Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) foliage is known to synthesize and accumulate insect molting hormones, predominantly in the form of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). We previously demonstrated that root 20E accumulation is increased following root damage. We designed two further experiments to address root responses to both mechanical and insect damage. In plants grown hydroponically, removal of 35% or less of the root mass did not result in changes in root 20E levels. However, removal of 70% of the root mass stimulated 6.0- and 1.5-fold increases in the root and shoot 20E concentrations, respectively. The effects of insect damage on soil-grown plants were investigated by infesting plant roots with black vine weevil (BVW: Otiorhynchus sulcatus) larvae and allowing them to feed for seven days. Decreases in root mass occurred in young plants; however, no changes were detected in mature plants. In all cases, root herbivory resulted in at least a 3.0-fold increase in root 20E concentrations. Our previous experiments implicated jasmonic acid and the analog methyl jasmonate (MJ) in signaling the damage-induced accumulation of root 20E levels. We investigated the activity of other phytohormones and growth regulators (GRs) on the 20E accumulation patterns of young plants as a means of examining the significance of jasmonates in the induction response. Hydroponic additions of MJ (0.5 mu M) and the synthetic auxin, l-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 0.5 mu M), resulted in significant increases in root 20E levels. At the concentrations tested, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA(3)), abscisic acid (ABA), and trans-zeatin (Z) had no effects on root 20E concentrations. However, both NAA (0.5-5.0 mu M) and Z (5.0 mu M) treatments caused increases in the root/sheet dry mass ratios, indicating shifts in resource allocation to the roots. Treatments involving ABA (5.0 mu M) and Z (0.5-5.0 mu M) caused significant increases in shoot 20E concentrations. No other hormone treatments altered shoot accumulation patterns. The mechanisms underlying the root 20E induction phenomena were investigated through the incorporation of [2-C-14]mevalonic acid ([C-14]MVA). Within one day, excised roots readily incorporated radioactivity into 20E from [C-14]MVA. In intact plants, [C-14]MVA absorbed by the roots was rapidly incorporated into root 20E pools following damage and MJ treatments. This implies that the wound-induced root 20E accumulation is the result of increased de novo 20E synthesis in the root. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Canisius Coll, Dept Biol, Buffalo, NY 14208 USA. RP Schmelz, EA (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr,POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 59 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 4 U2 26 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 25 IS 8 BP 1739 EP 1757 DI 10.1023/A:1020969413567 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 227TT UT WOS:000082096600002 ER PT J AU Zilkowski, BW Bartelt, RJ AF Zilkowski, BW Bartelt, RJ TI Cross-attraction of Carpophilus humeralis to pheromone components of other Carpophilus species SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Carpophilus humeralis; pheromone components; structure-activity relationships; field trials; kairomones; wind tunnel bioassay; synergism; 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol; 2,5-diisopropylpyrazine; 2-phenylethanol ID SYNTHETIC AGGREGATION PHEROMONES; TETRAENE HYDROCARBONS; DRIEDFRUIT BEETLE; FIELD-TESTS; COLEOPTERA; NITIDULIDAE; HEMIPTERUS; RESPONSES; VOLATILES; LUGUBRIS AB The pineapple beetle, Carpophilus humeralis, is known from field tests to be more attracted to baits containing the pheromone blends of other Carpophilus species and food odors than to food odors alone, but a pheromone is not yet known for C. humeralis. Wind-tunnel bioassays were used to determine specifically which of the Carpophilus pheromone components were the most attractive for C. humeralis. Nine tetraene and triene components normally used in field studies, plus eight additional male-specific compounds from other Carpophilus species, and one additional analog, were used in these experiments. At the 10-ng level, 15 of 18 compounds tested with a food-related coattractant (propyl acetate) were more attractive for C. humeralis than the coattractant alone. With decreasing doses (1, 0.1, and 0.01 ng) the number of attractive compounds declined. Only one compound, (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-decatetraene (1), had significant attraction for C. humeralis at 0.01 ng, close to the lower threshold level of pheromone attraction for other Carpophilus species. Responses to mixtures of compounds were explored. For example, 1 was synergistic with 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol (E), 2,5-diisopropylpyrazine (D), and 2-phenylethanol (P), which are known attractants for C. humeralis; a mixture of 1 plus E, D, and P was 20 times more attractive than 1 alone and five times more than E, D, plus P. The specificity of C. humeralis for certain tetraenes was similar to that exhibited by C, hemipterus, while the specificity for trienes was similar to that of C. freemani. The behavior of C. humeralis to these pheromone components suggests that it may have a pheromone like that of other Carpophilus species or that it could possibly use these compounds as host finding kairomones. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Zilkowski, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 25 IS 8 BP 1759 EP 1770 DI 10.1023/A:1020921530406 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 227TT UT WOS:000082096600003 ER PT J AU Sant'Ana, J Da Silva, RFP Dickens, JC AF Sant'Ana, J Da Silva, RFP Dickens, JC TI Olfactory reception of conspecific aggregation pheromone and plant odors by nymphs of the predator, Podisus maculiventris SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE plant volatiles; pheromone; odor perception; nymphs; predators; spined soldier bug; Podisus maculiventris ID COLORADO-POTATO-BEETLE; ANTENNAL-SPECIFIC PROTEIN; GREEN LEAF VOLATILES; LYGUS-LINEOLARIS; ELECTROANTENNOGRAM RESPONSES; PERILLUS-BIOCULATUS; ANTHONOMUS-GRANDIS; DAMAGED PLANTS; BOLL-WEEVIL; HOST-PLANT AB Olfactory reception of 23 odorants, including plant volatiles and male-produced aggregation pheromone, by third and fifth instars of the spined soldier bug (SSB) Podisus,maculiventris was investigated by using electroantennograms (EAGs). Both nymphal stages were sensitive to male-produced aggregation pheromone components (E)-2-hexenal, benzyl alcohol, and alpha-terpineol. The plant volatile, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol (a chemical known to be released by plants in response to prey feeding over the short-term), elicited the largest EAGs of all volatiles tested. While third instars were sensitive to nonanal, only fifth instars responded to both nonanal and (+/-)-linalool, both compounds released systemically by plants in response to feeding by potential prey. Antennal extirpation experiments showed that sensilla responsive to hexan-1-ol, (E)-2-hexenal, and cu-terpineol are situated mainly on the terminal antennal segment. The results support the hypothesis that P. maculiventris nymphs use both plant volatiles and pheromone components in locating potential prey and other behaviors. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Vegetable Lab,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Fed Rio Grande Sul, Fac Agron, Dept Fitossanidade, BR-91540000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. RP Dickens, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Vegetable Lab,BARC W, Bldg 010A,Rm 240, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 57 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 25 IS 8 BP 1813 EP 1826 DI 10.1023/A:1020977615385 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 227TT UT WOS:000082096600006 ER PT J AU Inbar, M Doostdar, H Leibee, GL Mayer, RT AF Inbar, M Doostdar, H Leibee, GL Mayer, RT TI The role of plant rapidly induced responses in asymmetric interspecific interactions among insect herbivores SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE herbivory; induced response; interspecific interactions; leafminers; pathogenesis related proteins; plant defense; tomato; whiteflies ID BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; TOMATO PLANTS; INDUCED RESISTANCE; HOST-PLANT; COMPETITION; DEFENSE; PERFORMANCE; ALEYRODIDAE; DENSITIES; INDUCTION AB The role of induced responses of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, in interspecific interactions between two polyphagous herbivores, the silver-leaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii (WF), and the vegetable leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (LM), was characterized in laboratory and field experiments. Feeding by LMs and WFs induced local and systemic production of putative defensive proteins, i.e., chitinases, peroxidases, beta-1,3-glucanases, and lysozymes. The magnitude of the induction for each defensive protein varied between species. Unlike WFs, LMs caused a 33% local reduction in total foliar protein content. In a whole-plant choice experiment, adult LM feeding, oviposition, and larval survival were reduced by 47.7%, 30.7%, and 26.5%, respectively, for the WF-infested host compared with the controls. Early WF infestations also had negative systemic (plant-mediated) effects on LMs. Adult LMs preferred leaves from control plants to leaves of plants that had been previously infested with WFs; no reciprocal effect of LMs on WFs were found. Feeding by Helicoverpa tea larvae, which has been shown previously to affect LM performance, had no effect on WF survival and development. LM natural population dynamics were monitored on WF-preinfested and control plants in a field experiment. WF-infested plants were less suitable for LM development with an overall 41% reduction in LM population density. These results demonstrate asymmetric direct and plant-mediated interspecific interactions between generalist herbivores feeding simultaneously on the same host. Possible mechanisms by which WFs overcome plant defenses are suggested. This ability may also contribute to WF success that makes them a major pest worldwide. The study supports the idea that over an evolutionary time scale, herbivores sharing the same host plant will automatically compete. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. Univ Florida, IFAS, CFREC, Sanford, FL 32703 USA. RP Mayer, RT (reprint author), Univ Haifa, Dept Biol, IL-36006 Tivon, Israel. NR 57 TC 65 Z9 80 U1 4 U2 21 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 25 IS 8 BP 1961 EP 1979 DI 10.1023/A:1020998219928 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 227TT UT WOS:000082096600016 ER PT J AU Williams, RS Sotos, P Feist, WC AF Williams, RS Sotos, P Feist, WC TI Evaluation of several finishes on severely weathered wood SO JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-ROUGHNESS; PAINT ADHESION; PERFORMANCE; DURABILITY; STAINS AB Alkyd-, oil-modified-latex-, and latex-based finishes were applied to severely weathered western redcedar and redwood boards that did not have any surface treatment to ameliorate the weathered surface prior to painting. Six finishes were evaluated annually for 11 years for cracking, flaking, erosion, mildew growth, discoloration, and general appearance. Low-solids-content Inter finishes that contained about 10% raw linseed oil and 11% acrylic resin (i.e., the oil-modified latex finishes) performed better on badly weathered wood than did the alkyd and the other latex finish, even after 11 years. Latex finishes that contained raw linseed oil probably stabilized the weathered surface and plasticized the finish. The stabilization of the wood surface and the flexibility of the finish throughout its service life are the important factors in finish performance on these weathered substrates. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Williams, RS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION SOC COATING TECH PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422 USA SN 0361-8773 J9 J COATING TECHNOL JI J. Coat. Technol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 71 IS 895 BP 97 EP 102 DI 10.1007/BF02697927 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 230DQ UT WOS:000082236900014 ER PT J AU Trasti, SL Dubey, JP Webb, DM Blanchard, TW Britt, J Fritz, D Lewis, RM AF Trasti, SL Dubey, JP Webb, DM Blanchard, TW Britt, J Fritz, D Lewis, RM TI Fatal visceral and neural sarcocystosis in dogs SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; HEPATIC SARCOCYSTOSIS; NEOSPORA-CANINUM; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; APICOMPLEXA; NEURONA AB This paper describes acute Visceral and neural sarcocystosis in four dogs. One animal was simultaneously infected with distemper virus, and another with Blastomyces dermatitidis. Schizonts and merozoites of Sarcocystis canis were found in the lesions. C1 USDA ARS, BARC E, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Cornell Univ, New York State Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Illinois Dept Agr, Anim Dis Lab, Galesburg, IL 61402 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Vet Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. Arkansas Livestock & Poultry Commiss Lab, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Div Pathol, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC E, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9975 J9 J COMP PATHOL JI J. Comp. Pathol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 121 IS 2 BP 179 EP 184 DI 10.1053/jcpa.1999.0307 PG 6 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 219GK UT WOS:000081599400008 PM 10405310 ER PT J AU Fadamiro, HY Cosse, AA Baker, TC AF Fadamiro, HY Cosse, AA Baker, TC TI Fine-scale resolution of closely spaced pheromone and antagonist filaments by flying male Helicoverpa zea SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY A-SENSORY NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa zea; Noctuidae; Lepidoptera; sex pheromone; antagonist ID SUSTAINED-FLIGHT TUNNEL; TOBACCO BUDWORM MOTH; SEX-PHEROMONE; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; UPWIND FLIGHT; CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION; BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES; RECEPTOR NEURONS; TRICHOPLUSIA-NI; LEPIDOPTERA AB The limits of a male moth's ability to resolve closely spaced odor filaments have been investigated. Male Helicoverpa tea normally respond to their conspecific sex pheromone blend by exhibiting an upwind flight, which culminates in source contact by at least 50% of the bioassayed individuals. When loaded onto the same filter paper source containing this hitherto attractive pheromone blend, or onto a separate filter paper and co-emitted from the same pipette source with pheromone, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate severely reduced upwind flight and source contact by male H. zea. A similar level of upwind flight inhibition was recorded when the antagonist (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate was emitted from its own point source placed 1 mm upwind of the pheromone point source, both plumes being simultaneously emitted in a continuous mode to form a confluent strand. However, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate was less effective in reducing upwind flight and source contact when it was isolated and pulsed from its own source, placed 1 mm either upwind, downwind or cross-wind of a pipette source from which pheromone was simultaneously being pulsed, such that both filaments were separated in time by 0.001-0.003 s. These results suggest that male H. zea are able to distinguish between odor sources separated by as little as 1 mm in space and 0.001 s in time. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Fadamiro, HY (reprint author), Minnesota Dept Agr, Ag Mkt & Dev Div, Div Biol Control, 90 W Plato Blvd, St Paul, MN 55107 USA. NR 29 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0340-7594 J9 J COMP PHYSIOL A JI J. Comp. Physiol. A-Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 185 IS 2 BP 131 EP 141 DI 10.1007/s003590050372 PG 11 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences; Physiology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology; Physiology; Zoology GA 236RV UT WOS:000082613100002 ER PT J AU Casper, DP Maiga, HA Brouk, MJ Schingoethe, DJ AF Casper, DP Maiga, HA Brouk, MJ Schingoethe, DJ TI Synchronization of carbohydrate and protein sources on fermentation and passage rates in dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ruminal undegradable protein; corn; barley; nonstructural carbohydrates ID EARLY LACTATION; RUMINAL PROTEIN; CRUDE PROTEIN; NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATE; MICROBIAL-GROWTH; MILK-PRODUCTION; SOYBEAN-MEAL; DRY-MATTER; DIETS; BARLEY AB Four ruminally cannulated Holstein cows in midlactation were randomly assigned to a 4 x 4 Latin square design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to evaluate two nonstructural carbohydrate sources (corn or barley) with two sources of ruminally undegradable protein (soybean meal or extruded soybean meal) on milk production, ruminal fermentation, and digesta passage rates. Milk production (25.1, 27.5, 23.8, and 23.5 kg/d for the corn and soybean meal, corn and extruded soybean meal, barley and soybean meal, and barley and extruded soybean meal, respectively) and dry matter intake per unit of body weight (3.9, 4.1, 3.7, and 3.7%) were greater for cows fed corn than for cows fed barley and were similar for cows fed soybean meal or extruded soybean meal. Concentrations of ruminal NH3-N were greater for cows fed the corn and soybean meal diet than for cows fed other diets (15.0, 10.4, 9.0, and 11.3 mg/dl). Rumen volatile fatty acid concentrations were greater for cows fed corn than barley (133, 139, 121, and 118 mu mol/ml). Fractional passage rates of solids from the rumen were greater for cows fed the barley and soybean meal diet than cows fed the corn and soybean meal diet (3.4, 3.9, 4.2, and 3.8%/h), and ruminal liquid dilution rates were similar for cows fed all diets (11.2, 11.0, 11.1, and 11.9%/h). The attempt to synchronize ruminal nonstructural carbohydrate and crude protein degradability produced minimal benefits for midlactation dairy cows. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Dairy Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Energy Metab Unit,Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Casper, DP (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Dairy Sci, Dairy Microbiol Bldg,Box 2104, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 35 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 82 IS 8 BP 1779 EP 1790 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 228DB UT WOS:000082120700021 PM 10480104 ER PT J AU Gengler, N Tijani, A Wiggans, GR Misztal, I AF Gengler, N Tijani, A Wiggans, GR Misztal, I TI Estimation of (co)variance function coefficients for test day yield with a expectation-maximization restricted maximum likelihood algorithm SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE (co)variance function coefficients; test day model; heritability; correlation C1 Natl Fund Sci Res, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. Gembloux Agr Univ, Anim Sci Unit, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Dairy & Anim Sci, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Gengler, N (reprint author), Natl Fund Sci Res, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. OI Gengler, Nicolas/0000-0002-5981-5509 NR 0 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 82 IS 8 BP 1849 EP 1849 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 228DB UT WOS:000082120700030 ER PT J AU Glenn, DM Puterka, GJ Vanderzwet, T Byers, RE Feldhake, C AF Glenn, DM Puterka, GJ Vanderzwet, T Byers, RE Feldhake, C TI Hydrophobic particle films: A new paradigm for suppression of arthropod pests and plant diseases SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE inert pesticide; mineral particle barrier; kaolin ID POWDERY MILDEW; WHITEWASH; ANTITRANSPIRANT; CLAY; CUCUMBER; SPRAYS; SQUASH; VIRUS; DUST; SOIL AB We introduce a unique concept, hydrophobic particle film technology, that represents the combined synthesis of knowledge on the use of hydrophobic films, physical particle barriers, and white reflective surfaces to suppress arthropod pests and diseases of agricultural crops. The hydrophobic particle film is based on the inert mineral, kaolin, that is surface treated with a water-repelling agent. We demonstrate suppression of important tree fruit arthropod pests and diseases by altering the plants surface with dust applications of these hydrophobic particles. There are a number of potential mechanisms involved in pest suppression. Arthropods can be repelled from, or infestations suppressed, on a plant coated with a hydrophobic particle film barrier by making the plant visually or tactually unrecognizable as a host. In addition, insect movement, feeding, and other physical activities can be severely impaired by the attachment of particles to the arthropods body as they crawl upon the film. Diseases can be prevented by enveloping the plant in a hydrophobic particle Blm barrier that prevents disease inoculum or water from directly contacting the leaf surface. Thus, many fungal and bacterial pathogens that require a liquid film of water for disease propagule germination are prevented. Other key features of the hydrophobic particle film are that it reduces heat stress by reflecting sunlight with its bright white color, and does not affect plant photosynthesis or productivity because of the porous nature of the film. Out results suggest that the hydrophobic particle film concept could offer broad spectrum protection against arthropod pests and diseases in certain agricultural crops. C1 ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, USDA, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Virginia Tech, Alison H Smith Jr Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Winchester, VA 22602 USA. ARS, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, USDA, Beckley, WV 25802 USA. RP Glenn, DM (reprint author), ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, USDA, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 44 TC 154 Z9 163 U1 1 U2 19 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 92 IS 4 BP 759 EP 771 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 232FW UT WOS:000082361100003 ER PT J AU Tabashnik, BE Patin, AL Dennehy, TJ Liu, YB Miller, E Staten, RT AF Tabashnik, BE Patin, AL Dennehy, TJ Liu, YB Miller, E Staten, RT TI Dispersal of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae) males in transgenic cotton that produces a Bacillus thuringiensis toxin SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pectinophora gossypiella; Bacillus thuringiensis; pink bollworm; transgenic cotton; dispersal; resistance management ID RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT AB To delay evolution of pest resistance to transgenic cotton that produces Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ac (Bt cotton), refuges composed of cotton that does not produce Cry1Ac (non-Bt cotton) are mandated by the United States Environmental protection Agency. One critical assumption of this strategy is that susceptible adults emerging from non-Bt cotton refuges mate with resistant adults emerging from Bt cotton, which requires movement of adults between Bt cotton and non-Bt cotton. To better understand movements of pink bollworm, the key lepidopteran pest of cotton in Arizona, we analyzed the distribution of wild mates and dispersal of sterile males during 1997 on a 259-ha block of a commercial farm containing 76 ha of Bt cotton (69%) and 34 ha of non-Bt cotton (31%). The distribution of 28,397 wild males caught in pheromone traps between 22 May and 20 September suggests that many moved at least 400 m from non-Bt cotton to Bt cotton, yet movement was not sufficient to distribute wild males randomly between Bt cotton and non-Bt cotton. The average number of wild males caught per trap in non-Bt cotton was nearly double that for Bt cotton. Of the estimated 176,000 sterile males released on 8 dates from 18 June through 4 July, we captured 4,447 in pheromone traps between 19 June and 24 July, which represents a recovery rate of 2.5%. The results show that 66-94% of captured sterile males dispersed 400 m or less from the release sites. Along with previously published data, the results reported here suggest that, to promote mating between susceptible and resistant adults, refuges for pink bollworm should be close to Bt cotton. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. APHIS, USDA, PPQ, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Tabashnik, BE (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 19 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 92 IS 4 BP 772 EP 780 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 232FW UT WOS:000082361100004 ER PT J AU Williams, DF Oi, DH Knue, GJ AF Williams, DF Oi, DH Knue, GJ TI Infection of red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) colonies with the entomopathogen Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporidia : Thelohaniidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis invicta; fire ant; biological control; pathogen; microbial control; disease ID POLYGYNE; RICHTERI AB Thelohania solenopsae Knell, Alien, & Hazard is an entomopathogenic microsporidium that infects imported fire ants. We documented artificially initiated transmission of T. solenopsae among colonies of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. Microsporidian transmission was initiated by providing colonies with brood (mixture of eggs, larvae, and pupae) from infected S. invicta colonies. Inoculated laboratory colonies of S. invicta had significantly less brood and adults than control colonies; after 23-29 wk, there was at least 88% less brood in the inoculated colonies. Lower egg laying rates, queen weights, and queen survivorship was also documented from infected colonies. Thus, T. solenopsae slowly debilitates an S. invicta queen so that reproductive capacity diminishes and early death results. Artificial inoculations resulting in infection and spread of T. solenopsae among red imported fire ant colonies under field conditions was also demonstrated for the 1st time. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32606 USA. RP Williams, DF (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32606 USA. NR 31 TC 51 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 92 IS 4 BP 830 EP 836 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 232FW UT WOS:000082361100011 ER PT J AU Jones, GD Coppedge, JR AF Jones, GD Coppedge, JR TI Foraging resources of boll weevils (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anthonomus grandis; weevil foraging resources; host plants; pollen ID NORTHEASTERN MEXICO; POLLEN; TEXAS; COTTON AB Pollen analyses were used to determine alternative foraging resources of spring and early season adult boil weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, in 1995 at three Texas locations: Uvalde, Crockett, and Munday. Overall, 82% of the boil weevils (n = 486) contained pollen, and over 8,900 pollen grains were encountered. Pollen representing 58 families, 97 genera, and 46 species were identified in the samples. Salicaceae (28%), Fabaceae (13%), and Poaceae (8%) pollen grains represented the highest percentage of pollen types: whereas, Poaceae (45%), Asteraceae (43%), and Fabaceae (34%) pollen grains were found in the greatest number of samples. Fabaceae had more pollen taxa followed by Asteraceae. Uvalde samples had the highest species diversity and species richness. Although there were no significant differences in species diversity, richness, and evenness among the three sites, there was a significant reduction in species diversity in Munday samples from June to July. Our research shows that bell weevils at three Texas locations foraged on a variety of pollen. Identified pollen spectra reflected the habitat from where the boil weevils were captured. C1 ARS, Areawide Pest Manangement Res Unit, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Jones, GD (reprint author), ARS, Areawide Pest Manangement Res Unit, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 52 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 92 IS 4 BP 860 EP 869 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 232FW UT WOS:000082361100015 ER PT J AU Spurgeon, DW Raulston, JR Lingren, PD Shaver, TN AF Spurgeon, DW Raulston, JR Lingren, PD Shaver, TN TI Vertical distribution of Mexican rice borer (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) larvae and tunnels in Lower Rio Grande Valley sugarcane SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Eoreuma loftini; Saccharum spp.; vertical distribution ID EOREUMA-LOFTINI LEPIDOPTERA; TEXAS SUGARCANE AB Vertical distribution patterns of Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), larvae and tunnels in Lower Rio Grande Valley sugarcane, Saccharum spp., were examined by stalk dissections in commercial sugarcane from late May until early September (1992) or mid-October (1993). Larval age distributions were fairly stable throughout the sampling periods. with small larvae consistently comprising a substantial portion of the larval population infesting millable stalks. Meaningful differences in the vertical distributions of small, medium, and large larvae were not detected. Contrary to earlier reports, most larvae and tunnels were located in the lower, more productive internodes regardless of the degree of stalk development. These results do not support the concept of age-specific internode susceptibility to Mexican rice borer attack, and stress the need to consider season-long population suppression in the development of strategies to manage the Mexican rice borer in sugarcane. C1 ARS, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. ARS, IFNRRU, USDA, Weslaco, TX USA. ARS, APMRU, USDA, College Stn, TX USA. RP Spurgeon, DW (reprint author), ARS, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, USDA, 2771 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 92 IS 4 BP 870 EP 874 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 232FW UT WOS:000082361100016 ER PT J AU Brown, MW Glenn, DM AF Brown, MW Glenn, DM TI Ground cover plants and selective insecticides as pest management tools in apple orchards SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apple; pest management; habitat manipulation; sustainable agriculture ID VEGETATION; MITES AB The quantity and quality of fruit in 2 adjacent apple orchards in eastern West Virginia were compared between 1 conventionally managed orchard and 1 with ground cover plantings underneath apple trees and reduced insecticide applications. Four species of plants [dill, Anethum graveolens L.; buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum Moench; dwarf sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench; and rape, Brassica napus L.] were planted in alternating, single-species strips under the tree canopy, and only 1 broad-spectrum insecticide (phosmet) plus Bacillus thuringiensis was applied in the ground cover orchard over the 2-yr period (1995-1996) of the study. The conventional orchard received 5 applications of an organo-phosphate each year. Disease management was the same for both orchards. The ground cover orchard had significantly greater populations of spirea aphid (Aphis spiraecola Patch) and leafhoppers [Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee, Edwarsiana rosae (L.), and Emposaca fabae (Harris)] than the conventional orchard. The conventional orchard had more damage from fire blight than the ground cover orchard. Total yield of apples from the ground cover orchard was significantly less than in the conventional orchard, probably because of competition by the ground cover plants for water and nutrients. Fruit quality was lower in the ground cover orchard in 1995 (76% undamaged fruit compared with 80% undamaged in the conventional orchard),but in 1996 there was no difference in fruit quality between orchards (75% undamaged fruit). Plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst),damage was significantly different between orchards, but different orchards had greater damage in each year. In 1996, fruit in the conventional orchard had more apple scab, but in the ground cover orchard fruit had higher levels of summer rots and other diseases. In this study, ground covers and reduced insecticide use were not an acceptable alternative to conventional pest management because of reduced yield. However, with better management of ground cover plantings to avoid excessive competition with the apple trees, this strategy of pest management shows promise for reducing insecticide use in apple orchards. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Brown, MW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 37 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 17 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 92 IS 4 BP 899 EP 905 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 232FW UT WOS:000082361100020 ER PT J AU Dyby, SD Sailer, RI AF Dyby, SD Sailer, RI TI Impact of low-level radiation on fertility and fecundity of Nezara viridula (Hemiptera : Pentatomidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Nezara viridula; egg viability; fecundity; fitness; partial sterility; radiation AB The southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.),was exposed to ionizing radiation of <10 Cy in the 4th instar and rendered partially sterile. Females laid nonviable eggs in high proportions and had significantly lower fecundity than controls. Diet and inbreeding status affected fecundity, fertility, and the reproductive response after irradiation. One inbred group became sterile with the combined stress of radiation and diet. When irradiated (5 Gy) and nonirradiated wildtypes mated, the proportion of nonviable eggs laid was intermediate to that laid by pairs of irradiated wildtype bugs and pairs of nonirradiated bugs. Other mixed-treatment pairings and outcrosses gave variable results. Adult progeny from irradiated pairs showed an "all or none" form of recovery with regard to fitness. Fertile pairs laid egg masses with a majority of eggs hatching. However, almost half the pairs were infecund or laid only sterile eggs. Overall, fecundity was significantly less in progeny of irradiated inbred or irradiated wildtype bugs. At higher levels of radiation, nymphs either died before reaching the adult stage or became sterile. At 20 Gy, half survived to the adult stage. One female laid sterile eggs when mated to a nonirradiated male. Nonirradiated females produced no egg masses after mating with the irradiated males. At 40 and 60 Gy, mid-instar 4th-instar nymphs became emaciated. Most underwent a delayed molt and died in the 5th instar. At 80 Gy, most died in the 4th instar. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Dyby, SD (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 92 IS 4 BP 945 EP 953 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 232FW UT WOS:000082361100027 ER PT J AU Spurgeon, DW Coppedge, JR Raulston, JR Marshall, H AF Spurgeon, DW Coppedge, JR Raulston, JR Marshall, H TI Mechanisms of boll weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) bait stick activity relative to pheromone traps SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anthonomus grandis; boll weevil; bait stick; pheromone trap AB Mechanisms of bait stick activity against boil weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, including attractiveness relative to traps, competition with traps, longevity of the pheromone lure, and behavior and mortality of responding weevils, were studied in the Lower Rio Grande and Brazos Valleys of Texas. Adhesive-coated bait sticks captured 2-4 times as many weevils as adhesive-coated trap bases, although the lateral surface area of the bait stick was only 1.5-fold that of the trap base. Overall, reductions in trap captures because of competitive interactions with bait sticks were not clearly demonstrated. However, temporal patterns of capture suggested that competition from bait sticks may have reduced trap captures initially when bait stick pheromone sources were fresh. Initial pheromone release rates by the bait stick lure were approximate to 8.1 times greater than for the trap lure and may have caused a temporary competitive effect. Responding weevils did not feed on or probe the bait stick surface, and when stationary assumed a departure posture with the tip of the abdomen held low and the head held high. Responding weevils contacted the bait stick for an average of 9.4 +/- 1.7 min, but nearly half remained on the device for <5 min. Exposure to the bait stick in the field resulted in mortality similar to that of unexposed weevils, whereas forced-contact bioassays indicated high levels of mortality. These results indicate that forced-contact bioassays may be inappropriate for assessing the toxicity of the bait stick to boil weevils. C1 USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Spurgeon, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 92 IS 4 BP 960 EP 966 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 232FW UT WOS:000082361100029 ER PT J AU Hallman, GJ Worley, JW AF Hallman, GJ Worley, JW TI Gamma radiation doses to prevent adult emergence from immatures of Mexican and West Indian fruit flies (Diptera : tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anastrepha ludens; Anastrepha obliqua; ionizing radiation; irradiation; dose-response ID FLY DIPTERA AB Quarantine treatments against tephritids generally have been concerned only with eggs and larvae because the larva leaves the fruit to pupate in the soil. However, irradiation would usually be applied after fruits are packed, and some packed fruits, such as citrus, could conceivably sit at ambient conditions for a few days before being irradiated. allowing 3rd instars to emerge and pupate within the packaging. Pupae are generally more tolerant of irradiation than are larvae and eggs. This research evaluated tolerance of immatures of Mexican and West Indian lit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) and A. obliqua (Macquart), respectively, to ionizing radiation from a (137)Cs source. Although tolerance to irradiation generally increased with increasing stage of development, the insect immediately preceding 2 developmental milestones (pupariation and larval to pupal molt) was usually more susceptible than 24 h earlier. We recommend that fruits to be irradiated not remain at ambient temperatures for enough time to enable 3rd instars to develop to the phanerocephalic pupal stage, which is approximate to 3 d at 25 degrees C for the 2 species studied. The Ist d of the phanerocephalic pupa is approximate to 40% more tolerant of irradiation than the 3rd instar, whereas the insect 24 h earlier is only approximate to 14% more tolerant. Mexican fruit nr 3rd instars inside grapefruits, Citrus paradisi Macf., were notably more tolerant of irradiation than 3rd instars in ambient air. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Hallman, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 19 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 92 IS 4 BP 967 EP 973 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 232FW UT WOS:000082361100030 ER PT J AU Arthur, FH AF Arthur, FH TI Survival of red flour beetles (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) on concrete partially treated with cyfluthrin SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tribolium castaneum; beetle; cyfluthrin; pyrethroids; population density ID FERRUGINEUS STEPHENS COLEOPTERA; REFUGE-SEEKING BEHAVIOR; CRYPTOLESTES-FERRUGINEUS; TRIBOLIUM-CASTANEUM; SILVANIDAE; INTERVALS; CUCUJIDAE; TOXICITY; FOOD; TRAP AB Different densities of red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), were exposed for 1 h on concrete with 20, 40, 60, or 80% of the total area treated with 200 mg/m(2) of 20% [(AI)] cyfluthrin wettable powder. Residual bioassays were repeated 4 times at monthly intervals. Population density did not affect knockdown or survival of red flour beetles. The percentage of beetles still mobile after they were exposed decreased as the percentage of treated area increased, and there was no significant difference with respect to month. Survival decreased as the percentage of treated concrete increased and increased with each successive monthly bioassay. When beetles were knocked down after exposure, survival was higher for beetles knocked down on untreated concrete compared with treated concrete in 9 out of 16 comparisons. The presence of untreated pockets within a treated area could enable some of the insects to partially survive exposure to cyfluthrin in field applications. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Arthur, FH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 92 IS 4 BP 981 EP 987 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 232FW UT WOS:000082361100032 ER PT J AU Leesch, JG Tebbets, JS Obenland, DM Vail, PV Tebbets, JC AF Leesch, JG Tebbets, JS Obenland, DM Vail, PV Tebbets, JC TI Dose-morality and large-scale studies for controlling codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) eggs on 'd'Agen' plums by using methyl bromide SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; quarantine; bioassay; phytotoxicity ID QUARANTINE TREATMENT; FUMIGATION; OLETHREUTIDAE; LARVAE; NECTARINES; STORAGE; APPLES; EXPORT; JAPAN AB Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), eggs on 'd'Agen' cultivar of plums, Prunus salicina Lindl., were treated with methyl bromide to determine if a quarantine treatment could be developed so that the plums could be exported to Japan from the United States. Small-scale tests consisted of treating codling moth eggs on plums with various doses of methyl bromide at 20 degrees C for 2 h. Small-scale tests showed that 0- to 24-h-old eggs of codling moth on the plums were controlled by doses >22.5 g/m(3). Because testing showed that 48 g/m(3) had no adverse effect on the quality of plums, this dose was chosen for large-scale testing to establish the quarantine dose. Large-scale tests consisted of treating plums at 18.5 degrees C for 2 h using methyl bromide at a dose of 48 mg/liter. Large-scale tests showed that the dose of 48 g/m(3) killed all 0- to 24-h-old codling moth eggs exposed on plums in packing cartons without affecting the quality of the plums. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Leesch, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 92 IS 4 BP 988 EP 993 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 232FW UT WOS:000082361100033 PM 10504898 ER EF