FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Grasela, JJ McIntosh, AH Goodman, CL Wilson, LE King, LA AF Grasela, JJ McIntosh, AH Goodman, CL Wilson, LE King, LA TI Expression of the green fluorescent protein carried by Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus in insect cell lines SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Article DE recombinant baculovirus; AcMNPV; insect cell lines; green fluorescent protein ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; INVITRO HOST RANGE; SERUM-FREE MEDIA; RECOMBINANT BACULOVIRUS; REPLICATION; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; CULTURE; GFP AB A recombinant AcMNPV containing the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene under the polyhedrin promoter (polh) was used to investigate the expression of the gfp gene as well as the production of recombinant extracellular virus in 14 continuous insect cell lines, including Heliothis virescens (BCIRL-HV-AM1), Helicoverpa tea (BCIRL-HZ-AM1), Anticarsia gemmatalis (BCIRL-AG-AM1), Trichoplusia ni (TN-CL1), Spodoptera frugiperda (IPLB-SF21), Spodoptera exigua (BCIRL/ AMCY-Se-E1 and BCIRL-AMCY-Se-E5), Bombyx mori (BMN), Sf9 (a clone of IPLB-SF21), and five cell line clones of BCIRL-HV-AM1. The susceptibility of the cell lines to the recombinant virus (AcMNPV.GFP) was ascertained by calculating the mean percentage number of green light-emitting cells as well as by TCID50 titration of extracellular virus with fluorescence as a sign of infection. Of the 14 cell lines tested, all were permissive with varying degrees to AcMNPV.GFP, except BCIRL-HV-AMCL2 and BCIRL-HZ-AM1, both grown in serum-containing medium, and BMN, grown in serum-free medium, which were nonpermissive to the virus. Except for BCIRL/AMCY-Se-E1, IPLB-SF21, and four of the five BCIRL-HV-AM1 clones, all the other cell lines (BCIRL-HV-AM1, BCIRL-AG-AM1, TN-CL1, Se-E5, and Sf9) expressed detectable levels of GFP by 48 h postinoculation. The BCIRL/AMCY-Se-E1 and IPLB-SF21 cells, grown in serum-free medium (Ex-Cell 401), expressed detectable levels of GFP at 72 h postinoculation. By contrast, in BCIRL/ AMCY-Se-E1 in serum-containing medium (Ex-Cell 401 + 10% FBS [fetal bovine serum]), GFP was detected at 48 h postinoculation. Furthermore, TN-CL1 cells produced the largest mean percentage number of fluorescent (76.6%) cells in both serum-containing and serum-free medium (64.8%) at 120 h postinoculation. All the BCIRL-HV-AM1 clones showed no GFP expression until 96 h postinoculation, and only then about 1% of the cell population fluoresced. The mean extracelluar virus (ECV) production at 120 h postinoculation was highest in BCIRL/AMCY-Se-E5 cells grown in Ex-Cell 401 + 10% FBS (37.8 x 10(6) TCID50/ml) followed by BCIRL-HV-AM1 in TC199-MK (33.4 x 10(6) TCID50/ml). Only the BCIRL-HV-AMCL3 clone produced any substantial level of ECV at 120 h postinoculation (16.9 x 10(6) TCID50/ mi). However, there was no significant correlation between ECV production and the mean percentage number of fluorescent cells. This study provides further information on the susceptibility of 14 insect cell lines to a recombinant AcMNPV containing the green fluorescent protein gene. This information might avail researchers with information to facilitate decisions as to what other cell lines are available for in vitro studies of the gfp gene. C1 ARS, USDA, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. Oxford Brookes Univ, Sch Biol & Mol Sci, Oxford OX3 0BP, England. RP Grasela, JJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, 1503 S Providence Rd,Res Pk, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. NR 37 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1071-2690 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 3 BP 205 EP 210 PG 6 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 302HN UT WOS:000086359800011 ER PT J AU Triplett, BA AF Triplett, BA TI Cotton ovule culture: A tool for basic biology, biotechnology and cotton improvement SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT LA English DT Article DE cellulose; cell wall; cotton fiber; cottonseed; embryo; Gossypium ID VITRO FIBER DEVELOPMENT; GOSSYPIUM-HIRSUTUM-L; GEL-PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY; PLANT-GROWTH SUBSTANCES; CELL-WALL POLYMERS; INVITRO; ELONGATION; SUBERIN; ACID; TEMPERATURES AB Nearly 30 years ago the conditions for culturing immature cotton ovules were established to serve as a working research tool for investigating the physiology and biochemistry of fibre development. Not only has this tissue culture method been employed to characterize the biochemistry of plant cell expansion and secondary cell wall synthesis, but ovule cultures have contributed to numerous other aspects of plant cell physiology and development as well. In addition to basic studies on fiber development, cotton ovule cultures have been used to examine plant-fungal interactions, to model low temperature stress responses, to elucidate the pathways responsible for pigment formation in naturally pigmented fiber and to probe how cytoskeletal elements regulate cell wall organization. Success in rescuing Gossypium interspecific hybrids was dependent on ovule culture media formulations that could support early embryo development in ovulo. As tissues produced in culture are analyzed by increasingly more sophisticated techniques there appear to be some differences between ovule growth in planta and ovule growth in vitro. Discerning how ovule culture fiber development is different from fiber development in field-grown plants can contribute valuable information for crop improvement. Cotton ovule cultures are an especially attractive model system for studying the effects of gravity on cell elongation, cellulose biosynthesis and embryo development and are excellent target for examining transient expression of introduced gene constructs. With only minor modification, the procedure originally described by C. A. Beasley; and I. P. Ting for growing cotton ovules in vitro will continue to le a useful research tool for the foreseeable future. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Coton Fiber Biosci Res, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Triplett, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Coton Fiber Biosci Res, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 79 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1054-5476 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-PL JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 2 BP 93 EP 101 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 325GG UT WOS:000087667400004 ER PT J AU Holser, RA Carriere, CJ Park, JS Abbott, TP AF Holser, RA Carriere, CJ Park, JS Abbott, TP TI Rheological characterization of jet-cooked Lesquerella fendleri seed gum and cornstarch solutions SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE new crops; gums; rheology; viscosity modifier AB Lesquerella is a potential new seed crop that contains hydroxy fatty acid triglycerides and approximately 15% seed coat gums. The polysaccharide gum of the Lesquerella fendleri seed was isolated and jet-cooked with cornstarch in a series of laboratory experiments to investigate the viscoelastic properties of gum-modified starch solutions. The Lesquerella gum was combined with cornstarch at 1, 5, and 10% levels to produce a jet-cooked and drum dried material with potential application as a thickening or suspension agent. Flow curves were determined for 1% solutions of jet-cooked starch and gum combinations. All materials investigated were biodegradable and exhibited positive thixotropic behavior. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Natl Instrumentat Ctr Environm Management, Suwon 441744, South Korea. RP Holser, RA (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 11 IS 2-3 BP 243 EP 247 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00046-1 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 302GX UT WOS:000086358300019 ER PT J AU Erhan, SZ Asadauskas, S AF Erhan, SZ Asadauskas, S TI Lubricant basestocks from vegetable oils SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE vegetable oil; soybean; high oleic sunflower; lubricants; viscosity; oxidation; pour points AB Compared to the lubricants made of petroleum, vegetable-based lubricants are much more biodegradable but inferior in many other technical characteristics. The basestock typically contributes to more than 80% of lubricant and must meet performance criteria in such aspects as cleanliness, viscometric properties, volatility, oxidative and hydrolytic stability, deposit forming tendencies, solvency, miscibility or compatibility with system elastomers and other. For vegetable-based lubricants, oxidative stability and low temperature problems are considered the most critical. Thin film oxidation test was used to compare oxidative stabilities. Vegetable oils appear an order of magnitude less stable than mineral oils or synthetic biodegradable basestocks, such as isoalkyl adipates or poly alphaolefins. Low temperature performance of vegetable oils, namely pour points and cold storage, was also problematic. These problems can only partially be relieved by lubricant additives, thus vegetable oils have to be modified chemically to eliminate sites susceptible to oxidation and to disrupt formation of crystals at low temperatures. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Erhan, SZ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RI Asadauskas, Svajus/A-6766-2010 OI Asadauskas, Svajus/0000-0001-9267-5280 NR 12 TC 149 Z9 155 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 11 IS 2-3 BP 277 EP 282 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00061-8 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 302GX UT WOS:000086358300023 ER PT J AU Yun, CH Lillehoj, HS Choi, KD AF Yun, CH Lillehoj, HS Choi, KD TI Eimeria tenella infection induces local gamma interferon production and intestinal lymphocyte subpopulation changes SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID DELTA-T-CELLS; MEDIATED INHIBITION; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; CHICKEN; COCCIDIOSIS; ANTIGENS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; VERMIFORMIS; ACERVULINA; RESISTANCE AB The role of intestinal lymphocytes and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production in protective immunity to Eimeria tenella infection was evaluated in two inbred strains of chickens (SC and TK) that display different patterns of susceptibility to coccidiosis. Oral inoculation of either strain with E. tenella led to parasite invasion of the intestinal cecum and cecal tonsils, Greater fetal oocyst shedding was seen in TK chickens. Flow cytometric analyses of cecal tonsil lymphocytes demonstrated greater numbers of CD4(+) and T-cell receptor gamma delta-positive (TCR1(+)) cells in SC chickens and elevated numbers of CD8(+) and TCR2(+) cells in TK chickens following primary infection. IFN-gamma mRNA expression was significantly increased in cecal tonsil and intraepithelial lymphocytes at days 6 and 8, respectively, after primary infection in SC compared to TK chickens. While no differences were noted between cecal tonsil lymphocytes of the two strains following secondary infection, TK chickens showed elevated IFN-gamma transcript levels in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes at this time. Selective depletion of CD4(+), but not CD8(+), cecal tonsil lymphocytes in SC chickens resulted in a reduced IFN-gamma mRNA expression, indicating that CD4(+) cells are the primary source of this cytokine. Collectively; these results indicate that Local lymphocyte responses and production of IFN-gamma are influenced by host genetic factors. C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, LPSI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Poultry Sci Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, LPSI, BARC-E,Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI YUN, Cheol-Heui/0000-0002-0041-2887 NR 50 TC 61 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 68 IS 3 BP 1282 EP 1288 DI 10.1128/IAI.68.3.1282-1288.2000 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 285UW UT WOS:000085407400040 PM 10678939 ER PT J AU Ramirez-Romero, R Brogden, KA AF Ramirez-Romero, R Brogden, KA TI The potential role of the Arthus and Shwartzman reactions in the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis SO INFLAMMATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Pasteurella haemolytica; pathogenesis; Arthus reaction; Shwartzman reaction ID HAEMOLYTICA A1-DERIVED ENDOTOXIN; BOVINE RESPIRATORY-DISEASE; SHIPPING FEVER PNEUMONIA; NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; ACUTE LUNG INJURY; PULMONARY INFLAMMATION; CALVES; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; SHEEP; PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA-A1 AB Pneumonic pasteurellosis (PP) is an economically important disease in cattle, sheep, and goats. Pasteurella haemolytica is commonly isolated from the severe fibrinopurulent pneumonia that characterize this respiratory syndrome. During infection, the bacteria produce leukotoxin (LKT) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), both potent inducers of inflammation. Nonetheless, it has also been demonstrated that an exacerbated host's inflammatory response is responsible for the severe lung damage. Despite research in this field, the pathogenesis of PP is still incomplete. Two classical models of acute inflammatory response induced in laboratory animals, the Arthus and Shwartzman reactions, could explain the pathogenesis of the severe lung lesions that characterize PP. C1 Univ Autonoma Nuevo Leon, Fac Med Vet & Zootecnia, Dept Patol, Monterrey 64930, NL, Mexico. ARS, Resp & Neurol Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Ramirez-Romero, R (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 43 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1023-3830 J9 INFLAMM RES JI Inflamm. Res. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 49 IS 3 BP 98 EP 101 DI 10.1007/s000110050565 PG 4 WC Cell Biology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Immunology GA 305HH UT WOS:000086533000002 PM 10807496 ER PT J AU Zu, YC Kramer, KJ Oppert, B Dowdy, AK AF Zu, YC Kramer, KJ Oppert, B Dowdy, AK TI cDNAs of aminopeptidase-like protein genes from Plodia interpunctella strains with different susceptibilities to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aminopeptidase; PASA; cDNA; gene; amino acid sequence; Indianmeal moth; Plodia interpunctella; Bacillus thuringiensis ID BRUSH-BORDER MEMBRANE; INSECTICIDAL CRYSTAL PROTEINS; CRYIA(C) DELTA-ENDOTOXIN; AMINO-ACID SEQUENCE; MANDUCA-SEXTA; CRY1AC TOXIN; MOLECULAR-CLONING; MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; BINDING PROTEIN; INDIANMEAL MOTH AB Aminopeptidase N has been reported to be a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1A toxin-binding protein in several lepidopteran insects, cDNAs of aminopeptidase-like proteins from both Bt-susceptible RC688(s) and Bt-resistant HD198(r) strains of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella were cloned and sequenced. They contain 3345 and 3358 nucleotides, respectively, and each has a 3048 bp open reading frame that encodes 1016 amino acids. Putative protein sequences include 10 potential glycosylation sites and a zinc metal binding site motif of HEXXH, which is typical of the active site of zinc-dependent metallopeptidases. Sequence analysis indicated that the deduced protein sequences are most similar to an aminopeptidase from Heliothis virescens with 62% sequence identity and highly similar to three other lepidopteran aminopeptidases from Plutella xylostella, Manduca sexta. Bombyx mori with sequence identities of 51-52%. Four nucleotide differences were observed in the open reading frames that translated into two amino acid differences in the putative protein sequences. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) confirmed an aminopeptidase gene coding difference between RC688(s) and HD198(r) strains of P. interpunctella in the PCR amplification of a specific allele (PASA) using preferential primers designed from a single base substitution. The gene mutation for Asp(185)-->Glu(185) was also confirmed in two additional Bt-resistant P. interpunctella strains. This mutation is located within a region homologous to the conserved Cry1Aa toxin binding regions from Bombyx mori and Plutella xylostella. The aminopeptidase-like mRNA expression levels in the Bt-resistant strain were slightly higher than those in the Bt-susceptible strain. The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession numbers AF034483 for susceptible strain RC688(s) and AF034484 for resistant strain HD198(r)). (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Dowdy, AK (reprint author), ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. EM dowdy@usgmrl.ksu.edu NR 33 TC 28 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 EI 1879-0240 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 30 IS 3 BP 215 EP 224 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(99)00118-6 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 293JU UT WOS:000085849100004 PM 10732989 ER PT J AU Schrader, KK Dayan, FE Allen, SN de Regt, MQ Tucker, CS Paul, RN AF Schrader, KK Dayan, FE Allen, SN de Regt, MQ Tucker, CS Paul, RN TI 9,10-anthraquinone reduces the photosynthetic efficiency of Oscillatoria perornata and modifies cellular inclusions SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE 9,10-anthraquinone; cyanobacteria; 2-methylisoborneol; off-flavor; Oscillatoria ID MISSISSIPPI CATFISH PONDS; BLUE-GREEN-ALGA; CF. CHALYBEA; 2-METHYLISOBORNEOL; TOXICITY; BIOASSAY; GEOSMIN AB The natural compound 9,10-anthraquinone was found to inhibit the growth of the musty odor-producing cyanobacterium Oscillatoria perornata at a low concentration (1 mu M) in previous laboratory studies. In this study, the mode of action of 9,10-anthraquinone was investigated by observing ultrastructural changes in O. perornata and by monitoring chlorophyll fluorescence as an indicator of photosynthetic efficiency. Results indicate that 9,10-anthraquinone inhibits photosynthetic electron transport, probably at PSII, and thereby affects growth. Moreover, 9,10-anthraquinone treatment caused thylakoid disorganization and reduced the number of ribosomes in O. perornata. The thylakoid disorganization is identical to reported modification in a cyanobacterium treated with simazine, a PSII inhibitor. C1 Univ Mississippi, USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, Sch Pharm, University, MS 38677 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Delta Res & Extens Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38766 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38766 USA. RP Schrader, KK (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, Sch Pharm, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 161 IS 2 BP 265 EP 270 DI 10.1086/314255 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 321AA UT WOS:000087431700009 ER PT J AU Robinson, JM Bunce, JA AF Robinson, JM Bunce, JA TI Influence of drought-induced water stress on soybean and spinach leaf ascorbate-dehydroascorbate level and redox status SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE ascorbate; dehydroascorbate; ascorbate : dehydroascorbate redox status; ascorbate-glutathione cycle; drought-induced water stress; spinach; soybean ID DEFICIENT ARABIDOPSIS MUTANT; ACID METABOLISM; ACTIVE OXYGEN; VITAMIN-C; PLANTS; CHLOROPLASTS; LEAVES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; BIOSYNTHESIS; POTENTIALS AB We examined the influence of water stress (water deficit) induced by drought on the steady state levels of ascorbic acid (ASC), dehydroascorbate (DHA), and the ASC:DHA redox status in leaflets of Glycine max (soybean) and leaves of Spinacia oleracea (spinach). Two soybean cultivars (cv. Essex and cv. Forrest) and one spinach cultivar (cv. Nordic) were grown in high-light growth chambers (approximate to 1000-1200 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) or in the greenhouse during May, June, and July 1999. The cultivars were supplied with water until approximate to 25-29 d postemergence, at which time one-half of the plants were not watered for a period of from 4.5 to 7.5 d; the other half of the plants were provided water daily and served as controls. On designated days, leaf water potential (Psi(Leaf)) was measured, and leaf disks of constant area were excised in the period between approximate to 1230 and 1330 hours. Leaf disk samples were immediately frozen in liquid N-2, samples were extracted, and ASC and DHA levels were measured and expressed as pmol per gram dry mass per time point. For the soybean cultivars, low Psi(Leaf) values (approximate to-3.00 to -3.95 MPa) were accompanied by slight decreases in ASC levels and slight increases in DHA levels per gram dry mass. In some cases, leaflet ASC levels of water-stressed soybeans were similar to controls or were even increased by as much as 1.2 times. In soybeans, the mole fraction of ASC remained at 93-99 mol% of the total ascorbate (ASC + DHA), indicating that most of the total ascorbate remained in the reduced form even at low water potential. In spinach plants subjected to water stress (-1.8 to -2.6 MPa), leaf ASC decreased as much as 38%, but the ASC remained at 96-99 mol% of the total ascorbate. It is concluded that during water stress, enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle in leaf mesophyll cells, as well as in the system that generates reductant to support DHA to ASC recycling, e.g., photosynthetic electron transport in chloroplasts, is able to remain active enough to maintain reduction of DHA to ASC. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Inst Nat Resources, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Robinson, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Inst Nat Resources, Bldg 046A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 161 IS 2 BP 271 EP 279 DI 10.1086/314257 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 321AA UT WOS:000087431700010 ER PT J AU Atibalentja, N Noel, GR Domier, LL AF Atibalentja, N Noel, GR Domier, LL TI Phylogenetic position of the North American isolate of Pasteuria that parasitizes the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, as inferred from 16S rDNA sequence analysis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Heterodera glycines; Pasteuria sp.; phylogeny; 16S rDNA sequence; soybean cyst nematode ID MELOIDOGYNE-ARENARIA RACE-1; RAMOSA METCHNIKOFF 1888; BACTERIAL PARASITE; BACILLUS-PENETRANS; EVOLUTIONARY TREES; DNA-SEQUENCES; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; LIFE-CYCLE; SP-NOV; JAVANICA AB A 1341 bp sequence of the 16S rDNA of an undescribed species of Pasteuria that parasitizes the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, was determined and then compared with a homologous sequence of Pasteuria ramose, a parasite of cladoceran water fleas of the family Daphnidae. The two Pasteuria sequences, which diverged from each other by a dissimilarity index of 7%, also were compared with the 16S rDNA sequences of 30 other bacterial species to determine the phylogenetic position of the genus Pasteuria among the Gram-positive eubacteria. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum-likelihood, maximum-parsimony and neighbour-joining methods showed that the Heterodera glycines-infecting Pasteuria and its sister species. P. ramosa, form a distinct line of descent within the Alicyclobacillus group of the Bacillaceae. These results are consistent with the view that the genus Pasteuria is a deeply rooted member of the Clostridium-Bacillus-Streptococcus branch of the Gram-positive eubacteria. neither related to the actinomycetes nor closely related to true endospore-forming bacteria. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Crop Protect Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Noel, GR (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 63 TC 44 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 50 BP 605 EP 613 PN 2 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 298LX UT WOS:000086141800021 PM 10758866 ER PT J AU Anderson, RC Rasmussen, MA Jensen, NS Allison, MJ AF Anderson, RC Rasmussen, MA Jensen, NS Allison, MJ TI Denitrobacterium detoxificans gen. nov., sp nov., a ruminal bacterium that respires on nitrocompounds SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anaerobic respiration; nitrocompound; Denitrobacterium detoxificans ID NITROPROPANOL-METABOLIZING BACTERIUM; MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; POSITION; RUMEN AB A new group of anaerobic, Gram-positive, high G+C (56-60 mol%) bacteria was isolated from the bovine rumen, Of four strains characterized, all were nonmotile and none produced spores. The isolates did not produce indole or H2S and did not hydrolyse gelatin. Cells of each strain exhibited similar rod-shaped morphology (0.5-1.0 x 1.0-1.5 mu m) although bulbous ends were sometimes present. None of the four strains were able to grow via oxidation of a variety of potentially fermentable substrates but rather obtained energy for growth via anaerobic respiration processes, oxidizing hydrogen, formate or lactate for reduction of various oxidized nitrogen compounds. Trimethylamine oxide and DMSO were also used as electron acceptor. All four strains shared greater than 99% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity. The closest match found between the 16S rRNA gene sequence of all four strains, NPOH1(T), NPOH2, NPOH3 and MAJ1, to sequences available in GenBank was that of Coriobacterium glomerans (86 % sequence similarity), a phenotypically dissimilar anaerobe within the class Actinobacteria, To accommodate these bacteria the creation of a new genus and species, Denitrobacterium detoxificans, for placement within the family Coriobacteriaceae is proposed. The type strain, NPOH1(T) (ATCC 700546(T)), grew equally well over a narrow range of incubation temperatures tested (32-39 degrees C). C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Anderson, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RI Rasmussen, Mark/N-9509-2014 NR 24 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 50 BP 633 EP 638 PN 2 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 298LX UT WOS:000086141800024 PM 10758869 ER PT J AU Marshall, WE Ahmedna, M Rao, RM Johns, MM AF Marshall, WE Ahmedna, M Rao, RM Johns, MM TI Granular activated carbons from sugarcane bagasse: production and uses SO INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS; CANE BAGASSE; WASTE-WATER; METALS AB The USA produces some 8.6 million tonnes of bagasse per year, most of which is burned to produce steam. The remainder (around 1.4 million tonnes) presents a disposal problem, or is used in low-value products. However, an alternative use would be to convert it into Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC), GAC's derived from bagasse could have a number of advantages over competing substances (largely bone char or material derived from bituminous coal) used in sugar decolorisation and various other processes. This paper reports on the evaluation of several bagasse-based GAC materials in sugar decolorization trials, in comparison with commercial carbon preparations. The type of binder used was found to have potent effects on the properties of the bagasse-based GAC's, Several of these GAC's gave sugar decolorization comparable to that achieved by the commercial preparations, although none of them fully matched the commercial material in physico-chemical terms. The cheapness and availability of bagasse, and the encouraging results so far collated, suggest that further research should be conducted into the potential of bagasse-based GAC's. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Marshall, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. OI Ahmedna, Mohamed/0000-0001-8727-4300 NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT SUGAR JOURNAL LTD PI WEST GLAMORGAN PA PO BOX 26N ST PORT TALBOT, WEST GLAMORGAN SA13 1NX, WALES SN 0020-8841 J9 INT SUGAR J JI Int. Sugar J. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 102 IS 1215 BP 147 EP 151 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 295MJ UT WOS:000085970900010 ER PT J AU Merken, HM Beecher, GR AF Merken, HM Beecher, GR TI Measurement of food flavonoids by high-performance liquid chromatography: A review SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE antioxidant; flavonoids; HPLC; mass spectrometry; polyphenols ID CAPILLARY-ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS; RED RASPBERRY JUICE; BLACK TEA LIQUORS; ALLIUM-CEPA L; DIASTEREOMERIC FLAVANONE GLYCOSIDES; ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT COMPOSITION; PHOTODIODE-ARRAY DETECTOR; HPLC MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L.; PRUNUS-CERASUS L AB The flavonoids are plant polyphenols found frequently in fruits, vegetables, and grains. Divided into several subclasses, they include the anthocyanidins, pigments chiefly responsible for the red and blue colors in fruits, fruit juices, wines, and flowers; the catechins, concentrated in tea; the flavonones and flavanone glycosides, found in citrus and honey; and the flavones, flavonols, and flavonol glycosides, found in tea, fruits, vegetables, and honey. Known for their hydrogen-donating antioxidant activity as well as their ability to complex divalent transition metal cations, flavonoids are propitious to human health. Computer-controlled high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has become the analytical method of choice. Many systems have been developed for the detection and quantification of flavonoids across one, two, or three subclasses. A summary of the various HPLC and sample preparation methods that have been employed to quantify individual flavonoids within a subclass or across several subclasses are tabulated in this review. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Merken, HM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 205 TC 348 Z9 365 U1 17 U2 185 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 3 BP 577 EP 599 DI 10.1021/jf990872o PG 23 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 296LN UT WOS:000086026000001 PM 10725120 ER PT J AU Pattee, HE Isleib, TG Giesbrecht, FG McFeeters, RF AF Pattee, HE Isleib, TG Giesbrecht, FG McFeeters, RF TI Investigations into genotypic variations of peanut carbohydrates SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Arachis hypogaea L.; sugars; genetic variation; environmental variation ID DESCRIPTIVE FLAVOR; MATURITY; COLOR; SEED AB Carbohydrates are known to be important precursors in the development of roasted peanut quality. However, little is known about their genotypic variation. A better understanding of the role of carbohydrates in roasted peanut quality requires first an understanding of the genotypic variation in the soluble carbohydrate components. Ion exchange chromatography was used to isolate 20 different carbohydrate components in 52 genotypes grown in replicated trials at two locations. Inositol, glucose, fructose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose were quantitated, and 12 unknown peaks were evaluated on the basis of the peak height of the unknown relative to the cellobiose internal standard peak height. Peaks tentatively identified as verbascose and ajugose could not be properly integrated because of tailing. Of the 18 carbohydrates that were estimated, 9 exhibited significant variation between test environments, 5 among market types, 14 among genotypes within market types, and 11 exhibited some significant form of genotype x environment interaction. Genotypes accounted for 38-78% of the total variation for the known components, suggesting that broad-sense heritability for these components is high. The observed high genotypic variation in carbohydrate components is similar to the high genotypic variation observed for the sweetness attribute in roasted peanuts, which raises the question regarding possible interrelationships. The establishment of such interrelationships could be most beneficial to peanut breeding programs to ensure the maintenance of flavor quality in future peanut varieties. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Pattee, HE (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Bot, Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 34 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 3 BP 750 EP 756 DI 10.1021/jf9910739 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 296LN UT WOS:000086026000025 PM 10725144 ER PT J AU Pattee, HE Isleib, TG Giesbrecht, FG McFeeters, RF AF Pattee, HE Isleib, TG Giesbrecht, FG McFeeters, RF TI Relationships of sweet, bitter, and roasted peanut sensory attributes with carbohydrate components in peanuts SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Arachis hypogaea L.; flavor; carbohydrate; components; roasted peanut; sweet; bitter ID DESCRIPTIVE FLAVOR; MATURITY; COLOR AB Certain roasted peanut quality sensory attributes have been shown to be heritable. Currently the only means of measuring these traits is the use of a trained sensory panel. This is a costly and time-consuming process. It is desirable, from a cost, time, and sample size perspective, to find other methodologies for estimating these traits. Because sweetness is the most heritable trait and it has a significant positive relationship to the roasted peanut trait, the possible relationships between heritable sensory traits and 18 carbohydrate components (inositol, glucose, fructose, sucrose, raffinose, stachyose, and 12 unknown peaks) in raw peanuts from 52 genotypes have been investigated. Previously reported correlations among sweet, bitter, and roasted peanut attributes were evident in this study as well. Where there was positive correlation of total sugars with sweetness, there also was positive correlation of total sugars with roasted peanut attribute and negative correlation of total sugars with bitterness and astringency. The expected generalized relationship of total sugars or sucrose to sweetness could not be established because the relationship was not the same across all market-types. Further work is needed to determine the nature of the chemical components related to the bitter principle, which appear to modify the sweet response and interfere with the sensory perception of sweetness, particularly in the Virginia market-type. Also, certain carbohydrate components showed significant relationships with sensory attributes in one market-type and not another. These differential associations demonstrate the complexity of the interrelationships among sweet, bitter, and roasted peanut sensory attributes. Within two market-types it is possible to improve the efficiency of selection for sweetness and roasted peanut quality by assaying for total carbohydrates. On the basis of the regression values the greatest efficiency would occur in the fastigiate market-type and then the runner. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Pattee, HE (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Bot, Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 3 BP 757 EP 763 DI 10.1021/jf9910741 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 296LN UT WOS:000086026000026 PM 10725145 ER PT J AU Broadhurst, CL Polansky, MM Anderson, RA AF Broadhurst, CL Polansky, MM Anderson, RA TI Insulin-like biological activity of culinary and medicinal plant aqueous extracts in vitro SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE glucose; insulin; diabetes; antidiabetic plants; hypoglycemic plants ID DIABETES-MELLITUS; LEAF EXTRACT; CHROMIUM; GLUCOSE; DRUGS; TEA AB To evaluate the possible effects on insulin function, 49 herb, spice, and medicinal plant extracts were tested in the insulin-dependent utilization of glucose using a rat epididymal adipocyte assay. Cinnamon was the most bioactive product followed by witch hazel, green and black teas, allspice, bay leaves, nutmeg, cloves, mushrooms, and brewer's yeast. The glucose oxidation enhancing bioactivity was lost from cinnamon, tea, witch hazel, cloves, bay leaf and allspice by poly-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) treatment, indicating that the active phytochemicals are likely to be phenolic in nature. The activity of sage, mushrooms, and brewers's yeast was not removed by PVP. Some products such as Korean ginseng, flaxseed meal, and basil have been reported to be effective antidiabetic agents; however, they were only marginally active in our assay. Our technique measures direct stimulation of cellular glucose metabolism, so it may be that the active phytochemicals in these plants improve glucose metabolism via other mechanisms or that this in vitro screening is not a reliable predictor of hypoglycemic effects in vivo for some products. In summary, the positive effects of specific plant extracts on insulin activity suggest a possible role of these plants in improving glucose and insulin metabolism. C1 USDA ARS, BHNRC, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, BHNRC, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Bldg 307,Room 224, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 200 Z9 211 U1 2 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 3 BP 849 EP 852 DI 10.1021/jf9904517 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 296LN UT WOS:000086026000043 PM 10725162 ER PT J AU Parris, N Dickey, LC Wiles, JL Moreau, RA Cooke, PH AF Parris, N Dickey, LC Wiles, JL Moreau, RA Cooke, PH TI Enzymatic hydrolysis, grease permeation, and water barrier properties of zein isolate coated paper SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE zein; coating; paper; recycle; enzyme; hydrolysis; grease; water vapor ID CORN; EXTRACTION; RESISTANCE; FILMS AB An inexpensive zein-lipid mixture was isolated from yellow dent, dry-milled corn. Grease permeation through zein isolate applied to brown Kraft paper was found to be independent of loading levels at zein isolate levels above 30 mg/16 in.(2). The data shows that water vapor transmission rates depended on the amount of coating applied. Triacylglycerols were the most abundant lipid in milled corn but were absent in the zein isolate (perhaps due to hydrolysis by lipases). Zein from the paper was hydrolyzed enzymatically and the hydrolysis monitored by SDS-capillary electrophoresis. At an E:S ratio of 1:100 no further increase in the hydrolysate peak occurred after 10 and 30 min for alpha-chymotrypsin and pancreatin 8x; however, zein and lipid were still present 1 h after hydrolysis by pancreatin 1x. C1 USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Clemson Univ, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Parris, N (reprint author), USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 3 BP 890 EP 894 DI 10.1021/jf991079y PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 296LN UT WOS:000086026000050 PM 10725169 ER PT J AU Liu, Y Chen, YR Ozaki, Y AF Liu, Y Chen, YR Ozaki, Y TI Two-dimensional visible/near-infrared correlation spectroscopy study of thermal treatment of chicken meats SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE two-dimensional correlation analysis; visible/NIR spectroscopy; chicken meat; thermal treatment; myoglobin ID DEPENDENT SPECTRAL VARIATIONS; PURE LIQUID-STATE; 2-DIMENSIONAL CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; N-METHYLACETAMIDE; POULTRY CARCASSES; IR SPECTROSCOPY; RAMAN; BEEF; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; CLASSIFICATION AB The thermal treatment of chicken meats was investigated by generalized 2D visible/NIR correlation spectroscopy. Synchronous 2D visible correlation analysis revealed that there are at least two bands around 445 and 560 nm, decreasing in intensity with cooking time. The corresponding asynchronous spectrum indicated that the spectral intensity reduction of the two bands occurs before the intensity variation of the 475, 520, and 585 nm bands. It suggested that the 445 and 560 nm bands be assigned to deoxymyoglobin and oxymyoglobin, respectively, and at least one of the 475, 520, and 585 nm bands assigned to the denatured species (metmyoglobin) of myoglobin. Also, the asynchronous 2D NIR correlation spectrum indicated that C-H fractions are easily oxidized. In addition, strong correlation peaks correlating the bands in the visible, SW-NIR, and NIR spectral regions were observed and discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Kwansei Gakuin Univ, Sch Sci, Dept Chem, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6628501, Japan. RP Chen, YR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM cheny@ba.ars.usda.gov RI Ozaki, Yukihiro/B-4760-2011 NR 37 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 3 BP 901 EP 908 DI 10.1021/jf990662b PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 296LN UT WOS:000086026000052 PM 10725171 ER PT J AU Zeringue, HJ AF Zeringue, HJ TI Identification and effects of maize silk volatiles on cultures of Aspergillus flavus SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE maize (Zea mays); cornsilk; Aspergillus flavus; aflatoxin; volatiles ID AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION; KERNELS; EAR; CONTAMINATION; RESISTANCE AB Volatiles generated from corn silks of individual genotypes of maize were found to exhibit differences in biological activities when the volatiles were exposed to 5-day solid cultures of Aspergillus flavus. In inverted potato dextrose-agar Petri plate bioassays, it was found that volatiles emitted from silks of the different maize genotypes had a profound effect on the growth of the fungus and, consequently, aflatoxin production. To determine the underlying cause for this bioactivity, volatiles emitted from the maize silks were trapped on Tenax glass columns and were analyzed by GO-MS. Aflatoxin field-resistant maize genotypes exhibited a larger relative concentration of the antifungal aldehyde, furfural (2-furancarboxaldehyde), when compared to the relative concentrations of the field-susceptible varieties tested. In a closed-container 5-day study, it was observed that fresh 1-and C-day-old corn silk samples of aflatoxin-resistant maize genotypes emitted higher concentrations of furfural compared to those from susceptible genotypes. This observation probably explains the reason for the bioactivity observed in the in vitro bioassays, and the presence of furfural appears to contribute to a defense mechanism for protecting the developing maize kernel from fungal attack. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70119 USA. RP Zeringue, HJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70119 USA. NR 18 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 3 BP 921 EP 925 DI 10.1021/jf990061k PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 296LN UT WOS:000086026000056 PM 10725175 ER PT J AU Brown, MA Brown, AH Jackson, WG Miesner, JR AF Brown, MA Brown, AH Jackson, WG Miesner, JR TI Genotype x environment interactions in Angus, Brahman, and reciprocal-cross cows and their calves grazing common bermudagrass, endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures, or both forages SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genotypes; environment; beef cattle; forage; heterosis ID INTERACTIONS INVOLVING PROPORTION; REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE; MATERNAL PERFORMANCE; PREWEANING TRAITS; HEREFORD CATTLE; MILK-PRODUCTION; BEEF-CATTLE; COWS; BIRTH; HETEROSIS AB Reproductive and preweaning data on 190 Angus (A x A), Brahman (B x B), and reciprocal-cross cows (A x B and B x A) and 434 two- and three-breed-cross calves managed on common bermudagrass (BG), endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+), or a combination of both forages (ROT) were used to evaluate the interaction of forage type with individual and maternal heterosis and maternal and grandmaternal breed effects. Cows were born from 1988 to 1991, and calves sit-ed by 13 Polled Hereford bulls were born from 1995 to 1991. Heterosis for calving rate was larger on E+ than on BG or ROT (P < .05), whereas maternal effects were larger on BG than on ROT (P < .10). Maternal heterosis for birth weight was negative on BG (P < .11) but positive on E+ and ROT (P < .10). Grandmaternal effects were evident on BG (P < .10) and E+ (P < .01) but not on ROT. Forage effects were generally substantial for 205-d weight, calf weaning hip height, and calf weaning weight:height ratio; BG was highest, ROT was intermediate, and E+ was lowest. Maternal heterosis for these traits was generally greater on E+ than on BG (P < .10). Grandmaternal effects for 205-d weight, hip height, and weight:height ratio were not important on any forage. Heterosis for weaning weight per cow exposed was substantial on all forages (P < .01) and was significantly greater on E+ (P < .01) than on BG or ROT, but maternal effects were not significant. Thus, we observed more advantage to Brahman-cross cows over purebreds on E+ than on BG. We also observed that moving cows and calves from E+ to BCT in the summer will alleviate some, but not all, of the deleterious effects of E+ on calf growth, although it may be more beneficial for reproductive traits in purebred cows. C1 USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Anim Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Bonneville, AR 72927 USA. RP Brown, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 19 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 78 IS 3 BP 546 EP 551 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZW UT WOS:000088217800007 PM 10764060 ER PT J AU Casas, E Shackleford, SD Keele, JW Stone, RT Kappes, SM Koohmaraie, M AF Casas, E Shackleford, SD Keele, JW Stone, RT Kappes, SM Koohmaraie, M TI Quantitative trait loci affecting growth and carcass composition of cattle segregating alternate forms of myostatin SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; genetic markers; quantitative traits; carcasses ID BIOLOGICAL TYPES; BELGIAN-BLUE; MH-LOCUS; MUTATIONS; GENE; MAPS; INTERVAL; MICE; DNA AB The effects of the bovine myostatin gene on chromosome 2 on birth and carcass traits have been previously assessed. The objective of this study was to identify additional quantitative trait loci (QTL) for economically important traits in two families segregating an inactive copy of myostatin. Two half-sib families mere developed from Belgian Blue x MARC III (n = 246) and Piedmontese x Angus (n = 209) sires. Traits analyzed were birth (kg) and yearling weight (kg); hot carcass weight (kg); fat depth (cm); marbling score; longissimus muscle area (cm(2)); estimated kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (%); USDA yield grade; retail product yield (%); fat yield (%); and wholesale rib-fat yield (%). Meat tenderness was measured as Warner-Bratzler shear force at 3 and 14 d postmortem. The effect of myostatin on these traits was removed by using phase information obtained from the previous study with six microsatellite markers flanking the locus. Selective genotyping was done on 92 animals from both families to identify genomic regions potentially associated with retail product yield and fat depth, using a total of 150 informative markers in each family. Regions in which selective genotyping indicated the presence of QTL were evaluated further by genotyping the entire population and additional markers. For the family with Belgian Blue inheritance (n = 246), a significant QTL for birth and yearling weight was identified on chromosome 6, Suggestive QTL were identified for longissimus muscle area and hot carcass weight on chromosome 6 and for marbling on chromosomes 17 and 27. For the family with Piedmontese inheritance (n = 209), suggestive QTL on chromosome 5 were identified for fat depth, retail product yield, and USDA yield grade and on chromosome 29 for Warner-Bratzler shear force at 3 and 14 d postmortem. Interactions suggesting the presence of QTL were observed between myostatin and chromosome 5 for Warner-Bratzler shear force at 14 d postmortem and between myostatin and chromosome 14 for fat depth. Thus, in families segregating an inactive copy of myostatin in cattle, other loci influencing quantitative traits can be detected. These results are the initial effort to identify and characterize QTL affecting carcass and growth traits in families segregating myostatin. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Casas, E (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 31 TC 163 Z9 173 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 78 IS 3 BP 560 EP 569 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZW UT WOS:000088217800009 PM 10764062 ER PT J AU Shappell, NW Feil, VJ Smith, DJ Larsen, GL McFarland, DC AF Shappell, NW Feil, VJ Smith, DJ Larsen, GL McFarland, DC TI Response of C2C12 mouse and turkey skeletal muscle cells to the beta-adrenergic agonist ractopamine SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cells; beta-adrenergic agonists; turkey; ractopamine; muscles ID MYOFIBRILLAR PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; METABOLISM; RECEPTOR; PROLIFERATION; ANTAGONISTS; GROWTH; RATS AB The effects of ractopamine (RAG) and ractopamine stereoisomers (RR, RS, SR, and SS) on cyclic AMP (cAMP) production, total protein, and PNA concentrations in mouse skeletal muscle cells (C2C12) were evaluated. The RAC (10 mu M) caused an similar to 30% increase in cell number, protein, and DNA concentrations in myoblasts after 48 h; no differences were found in myotubes. The RAG-stimulated increase of these variables in myoblasts was blocked by the presence of equimolar concentrations of propranolol. At a later passage, myoblasts failed to exhibit an increase in cell number, protein, or DNA upon exposure to RAG. Both myoblasts and myotubes increased cAMP production in response to 10 mu M RAG. The RAC isomers ranked RR >> SR > RS similar to SS in ability to stimulate cAMP production, with essentially no response to SS. The SR produced about 50% of the RR response. Coincubation of propranolol (10 mu M) and RAC (10 mu M) prevented RAG-stimulated cAMP production in myotubes but not in myoblasts (similar to 35% of cAMP produced by RAC alone). Turkey satellite cells (derived from biceps femoris of 12-wk-old toms) produced essentially no increased cAMP when exposed to 10 mu M RAG stereoisomers. Stability of RAC was evaluated under laboratory storage and culture conditions. The RAC was stable for more than 4 mo when stored in deuterated DMSO (>98% purity) at room temperature or in aqueous solutions at -80 degrees C, as determined from sequential nuclear magnetic resonance studies. Radiolabeled RAC was incubated for 72 h in the presence of serum-containing medium, with or without C2C12 cells. Ninety-eight percent of the parent compound found in the medium at time zero was present in the medium as parent at the end of 72 h. The cellular cAMP response to RAC through beta-adrenergic receptors seems to be stereospecific. If the state of myoblasts and myotubes in vitro reflects the in vivo state, then the ractopamine effect in vivo on cellular processes (including cell division and protein and DNA accumulation) may be independent of beta-adrenergic receptors in muscle. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Shappell, NW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674 Univ,Sta, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 32 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 78 IS 3 BP 699 EP 708 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZW UT WOS:000088217800025 PM 10764078 ER PT J AU McLeod, KR Baldwin, RL AF McLeod, KR Baldwin, RL TI Effects of diet forage : concentrate ratio and metabolizable energy intake on visceral organ growth and in vitro oxidative capacity of gut tissues in sheep SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE lambs; organs; energy; oxygen; cells ID FASTING HEAT-PRODUCTION; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; BEEF STEERS; BLOOD-FLOW; NUTRITION; LEVEL; PROTEIN; RUMINANTS; MUCOSA; LAMBS AB We used 28 crossbred wether lambs to determine the effects of dietary forage:concentrate ratio and metabolizable energy intake on visceral organ growth and oxidative capacity of gut tissues in lambs. Lambs were assigned randomly to a factorial arrangement of dietary treatments consisting of pelleted diets containing either 75% orchardgrass or 75% concentrate fed once daily at either .099 or .181 Meal ME.(kg BW.75)(-1).d(-1). After a 52-d feeding period, lambs were slaughtered to obtain measurements of visceral organ mass and composition and oxidative capacity of isolated epithelial cells. Lamb performance, as measured by DMI, ADG, and efficiency of gain, was greater (P = .0001) for both diets at high ME intake. Likewise, lambs fed 75% concentrate gained faster and more (P less than or equal to .01) efficiently than lambs fed 75% forage. Total digestive tract (TDT; includes rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, and intestines) weight increased (P = .0001) with ME intake and was greater (P = .03) in lambs fed 75% forage than in those fed 75% concentrate, As a percentage of empty body weight (EBW), TDT weight increased with ME intake in lambs fed 75% forage, but it was unaffected by ME intake in lambs fed 75% concentrate (diet x intake, P = .03). Liver weight increased (P = .0001) with ME intake and was greater (P = .005) in lambs fed 75% concentrate vs 75% forage; however, liver weight as a percentage of EBW was increased (P = .0002) with ME intake but was unaffected by diet. Greater ME intake increased (P less than or equal to .02) small intestinal (SI) epithelial and muscle mass of 15-cm sections, whereas jejunal epithelial mass was greater (P = .01) for lambs fed 75% forage vs 75% concentrate. Rumen epithelial concentrations of DNA and RNA increased (P less than or equal to .02) with greater ME intake, whereas SI concentrations of DNA and RNA were largely unaffected by diet or ME intake. The activity of Na+-K+-ATPase increased in ileal epithelium (P less than or equal to .02) with ME intake and concentrate in the diet, but activity in ruminal epithelium increased (P = .05) with concentrate. Total oxygen consumption by isolated ruminal and intestinal epithelial cells was unaffected by treatment. These data suggest that ME intake and level of dietary forage affect ruminal and intestinal growth via changes in cellular hyperplasia. Additionally, this study supports the concept that ME intake and diet composition alter gut energy expenditure, at least in part, through changes in mass rather than mass specific metabolism. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP McLeod, KR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Bldg 162,Room 211,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 43 TC 75 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 78 IS 3 BP 760 EP 770 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZW UT WOS:000088217800032 PM 10764085 ER PT J AU Baldwin, RL McLeod, KR AF Baldwin, RL McLeod, KR TI Effects of diet forage : concentrate ratio and metabolizable energy intake on isolated rumen epithelial cell metabolism in vitro SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rumen; epithelium; metabolism; oxidation ID VOLATILE FATTY-ACIDS; NUTRIENT FLUX; PROPIONATE; GLUCOSE; BUTYRATE; TISSUES; INVITRO; CATTLE; GUT AB Crossbred wether lambs were used to assess the effect of altered forage:concentrate ratio and metabolizable energy intake on metabolism of substrates by ruminal epithelium using an isolated cell system. Lambs (n = 28; 20.1 +/- 3 kg BW) were assigned randomly to a factorial arrangement of dietary treatments consisting of either 75% forage or 75% concentrate fed once daily at either .099 or .181 Meal ME (kg BW.75)(-1.)d(-1) for 52 d. After a 52-d feeding period, isolated rumen epithelial cells (IREC) were incubated in the presence of an oxidizable substrate with a single C-14 label (acetate, propionate, butyrate, glucose, glutamate, and glutamine) at concentrations ranging from .1 to 50 mM, and substrate oxidation to (CO2)-C-14 Or metabolism to beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HBA), acetoacetate, pyruvate, and lactate was determined. For all substrates, oxidation to CO2 was concentration-dependent and saturable within the physiological range. Differences in substrate oxidation to CO2 by IREC at specific substrate concentrations did not affect V-max (maximal rate of substrate oxidation, nmol oxidized to CO2.1 x 10(6) cells(-1).90 min(-1)) and K-ox (concentration of substrate at which half V-max oxidation rate is achieved, mmoles/L) estimates for the dietary treatments. Production of beta-HBA from butyrate by IREC from the lambs fed 75% forage was not affected by ME intake; however, production was elevated by high ME intake of the 75% concentrate diet (diet x intake interaction; P < .02). Acetoacetate production from butyrate by IREC from lambs fed at high ME intake was greater (P = .001) than from those fed at low ME intake. Lactate and pyruvate production from glucose, glutamate, and propionate were generally unaffected by dietary treatment; however, rate of glutamine metabolism to lactate and pyruvate by IREC was increased with increased ME intake. The observed changes in metabolite production rates across groups did not affect the predicted V-max and K-ox parameter estimates. The estimated K-ox values corroborate that VFA are the primary oxidizable fuels used by ruminal epithelial cells while illustrating that other substrates such as glucose, glutamate, and glutamine would not be expected to be oxidized extensively in vivo due to the high K-ox relative to substrate concentrations in vivo. In conclusion, the capacity of isolated ruminal epithelial cells to oxidize substrates was largely unaffected by ME intake or dietary forage:concentrate ratio of the diet. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Baldwin, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Bldg 162,Rm 204c,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 33 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 78 IS 3 BP 771 EP 783 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZW UT WOS:000088217800033 PM 10764086 ER PT J AU Hoerning, EF AF Hoerning, EF TI Eggs and egg products SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article C1 AMS, USDA, Sci & Technol Programs, Eastern Lab, Gastonia, NC 28054 USA. RP Hoerning, EF (reprint author), AMS, USDA, Sci & Technol Programs, Eastern Lab, 2311-B Aberdeen Blvd, Gastonia, NC 28054 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 83 IS 2 BP 478 EP 478 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 299TU UT WOS:000086214600046 ER PT J AU Ross, PF AF Ross, PF TI Veterinary analytical toxicology SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Natl Vet Serv Lab, Toxicol Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Ross, PF (reprint author), USDA, Natl Vet Serv Lab, Toxicol Lab, POB 844, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 83 IS 2 BP 511 EP 512 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 299TU UT WOS:000086214600063 ER PT J AU Vallet, JL AF Vallet, JL TI Fetal erythropoiesis and other factors which influence uterine capacity in swine SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE uteroferrin; folate; placenta; uterus ID RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN; FOLIC-ACID SUPPLEMENTATION; PURPLE PHOSPHATASE; IRON TRANSPORT; UNILATERAL HYSTERECTOMY; PREIMPLANTATION MEISHAN; PLACENTAL DEVELOPMENT; CONCEPTUS DEVELOPMENT; PORCINE ENDOMETRIUM; EMBRYONIC SURVIVAL AB Large litter size of healthy piglets at weaning is an important aspect of swine production efficiency, this is influenced by several factors like ovulation rate, fertilization rate, early embryonic mortality and uterine capacity. Several studies showed that none of the single trait is effective to influence the production efficiency. Genetic selection in association with hormonal manipulations to reduce placental size and increase its efficiency has been found effective. The uterine capacity is also improved through the improvement of fetal erythropoiesis during early as well as late gestation due to use of genetic selection, marker assisted selection or other treatments. Increased uterine capacity may be useful for increasing litter size when treatments are applied for increasing the number of available embryos either by increasing ovulation rate and decreasing embryonic mortality or transfer of viable embryos. C1 ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Vallet, JL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 98 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 10 PU GARUDA SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS PI IZATNAGAR PA 151, JANAKPURI, IZATNAGAR 243 122, INDIA SN 0971-2119 J9 J APPL ANIM RES JI J. Appl. Anim. Res. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 17 IS 1 BP 1 EP 26 PG 26 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 299WC UT WOS:000086220000001 ER PT J AU Northcutt, JR Buhr, RJ Rowland, GN AF Northcutt, JR Buhr, RJ Rowland, GN TI Relationship of broiler bruise age to appearance and tissue histological characteristics SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE broiler bruising; carcass quality; defects; discoloration; downgrading AB Because commercial broilers may be bruised at any time during production and even up to the time of slaughter, minimizing bruising requires a clear understanding of when and how it occurs. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the age, visual appearance, and histological characteristics of a bruise. Market-aged broilers were anesthetized, bruised on the breast, wing, and drum, and processed 0, 1, 6, 12, or 24 hr after receiving the bruises. Bruise color measurements revealed that as their age increased, breast bruises became darker (higher Delta L; change in lightness value), whereas wing and drum bruises became lighter (lower Delta L). Redness and yellowness of breast bruises were not significantly different at any of the bruise ages. With increasing bruise age, wing bruises became less red and less yellow, and drum bruises became more red and more yellow. Histological tissue samples showed that drum bruises were more severe than breast or wing bruises at all time intervals. For all bruises, maximum Delta L and tissue edema occurred in carcasses of broilers injured 6 hr before processing. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Avian Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Northcutt, JR (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 9 IS 1 BP 13 EP 20 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 326AE UT WOS:000087708900003 ER PT J AU Northcutt, JK Smith, DP Buhr, RJ AF Northcutt, JK Smith, DP Buhr, RJ TI Effects of bruising and marination on broiler breast fillet surface appearance and cook yield SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE broiler bruising; carcass quality; cook yield; discoloration; marination ID COLOR; MEAT; QUALITY; TIME AB During production and antemortem stages of processing, broiler breast skin and the underlying muscles may become bruised, resulting in discolored fillets that are usually downgraded. Depending upon the bruise severity and surface area, bruised fillets may be further processed, e.g., marinated, provided the fillets meet the customer's specifications. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of breast bruising on marinade pickup and retention, as well as to investigate the possibility that marination might improve bruised fillet appearance. To accomplish these objectives, market-aged broilers were anesthetized, bruised on one side of the breast, and processed within 1 or 12 hr after receiving the injury (bruise age). Marination pickup for boneless, skinless fillets ranged from approximately 7.5 to 9.7%, with wide variation and no defined pattern relative to bruising. For a 1 hr bruise age (equivalent to unloading, hanging, stunning, and bleeding stages), marination increased redness of the raw fillet, but decreased redness in the cooked fillet compared to the non-marinated bruised fillets. These results indicate that marination may improve bruised fillet appearance when the fillets originate from broilers injured during antemortem stages of processing and are designated for cooked products. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Northcutt, JK (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 9 IS 1 BP 21 EP 28 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 326AE UT WOS:000087708900004 ER PT J AU Berrang, ME Dickens, JA AF Berrang, ME Dickens, JA TI Presence and level of Campylobacter spp. on broiler carcasses throughout the processing plant SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE broiler; Campylobacter; E. coli; processing plant ID JEJUNI; PREVALENCE; FARM AB In order to create an effective HACCP program, it is important to know the effect of processing steps on microbial populations, including Campylobacter. To test for microbial populations, broiler carcasses were removed from the line in a commercial processing plant at six different sites. Care was taken to follow the same flock through the plant on each visit to eliminate the possibility of a flock effect masking any processing effect measured. On 6 different days, five birds were examined from each site for a total of 30 birds per site (six flocks). Sampling sites included: pre-scald, post-scald/pre-pick, post-pick, post-evisceration (immediately following removal of the viscera), pre-chill/post-final washer, and post-chill. All carcasses were sampled by whole carcass rinse and examined for total aerobes, coliform, generic Escherichia coli and Campylobacter populations. Results are reported as mean log(10) CFU/mL of rinse fluid recovered. Overall bacterial populations decreased due to processing. However, coliform, E. coli, and Campylobacter counts, which were all depressed by scalding, increased after the birds moved through the picker. C1 ARS, USDA, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Berrang, ME (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 13 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 6 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 9 IS 1 BP 43 EP 47 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 326AE UT WOS:000087708900007 ER PT J AU King, LM Donoghue, AM AF King, LM Donoghue, AM TI Adaptation of the sperm mobility test for identification of turkey toms with low fertilizing potential SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE semen evaluation; sire selection; sperm; sperm motility; turkey ID QUALITY AB Because nearly all the turkeys produced in the United. States are the result of artificial insemination (AI), it is important to increase the efficiency of this labor-intensive practice. A semen evaluation test predictive of fertility would be extremely beneficial. Studies have shown that sperm mobility is predictive of fertility. The Sperm Mobility Test (SMT) objectively quantifies sperm mobility by measuring the density of sperm that swim through a solution of Accudenz at body temperature. This test results in a sperm mobility index score which is used to rank toms within a flock. Toms classified as having low sperm mobility have reduced fertility compared to those toms with high-mobility. By using the it is possible to screen semen to determine which toms have the least chance of siring poults, then to cull them from a flock. This study attempted to determine if a reliable laboratory method for the analysis of turkey sperm mobility could be successfully modified for commercial field use in the turkey industry, Both the laboratory method and the: proposed field methods yielded equivalent results. Consistently, toms classified with low mobility sperm could be identified utilizing any of the test methods evaluated. We conclude that the SMT is adaptable for on-farm use for the selection of potential sires. C1 ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, LPSI, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Donoghue, AM (reprint author), ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, LPSI, USDA, Bldg 200,BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 9 IS 1 BP 66 EP 73 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 326AE UT WOS:000087708900011 ER PT J AU McAllister, PE Bebak, J Wagner, BA AF McAllister, PE Bebak, J Wagner, BA TI Susceptibility of Arctic char to experimental challenge with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; STRAINS AB Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus were exposed to the fish pathogens infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) to estimate susceptibility of the species to infection. Fish were immersion challenged at 46, 74, and 95 d posthatch for 5 h in viral concentration of 10(3) or 10(5) PFU(plaque-forming units)/mL and were monitored for 21 d postchallenge. Fish that died were assayed individually for virus-associated mortality, and survivors were assayed individually to estimate prevalence of virus carrier status. Arctic char succumbed to IHNV infection with population losses as high as 41%, and prevalence of IHNV carriers in surviving fish was 24% or less with virus titers in carrier fish ranging from 2.5 x 10(2) PFU/g to greater than 1.3 x 10(6) PFU/g. Infections with IPNV resulted in losses of 20% or less, and prevalence of IPNV carriers in surviving fish was as high as 82% with virus titers in carrier fish ranging from 2.5 x 10(2) PFU/g to greater than 5.0 x 10(6) PFU/g Logistic regression models were developed for the mortality and infection data for each virus. For IHNV, the odds of dying or becoming infected were significantly greater for the fish from the 74-d age-group than for the fish from the 46-d or 95-d age-groups. Fish exposed to 10(5) PFU of IHNV/mL had significantly greater odds of dying or becoming infected than fish exposed to 10(3) PFU/mL. For IPNV, the odds of dying were significantly greater for the 74-d age-group compared with the other tyro age-groups. The 74-d fish were also significantly more likely to become infected than the 95-d-old fish. Fish exposed to 10(5) PFU of IPNV/mL had significantly greater odds of dying or becoming infected than fish exposed to 10(3) PFU of IPNV/mL. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Freshwater Inst, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP McAllister, PE (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Fish Hlth Res Lab, 1700 Leetown Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD MAR PY 2000 VL 12 IS 1 BP 35 EP 43 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0035:SOACTE>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 300UQ UT WOS:000086271700005 ER PT J AU Johnson, AR Turner, SJ Whitford, WG de Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW AF Johnson, AR Turner, SJ Whitford, WG de Soyza, AG Van Zee, JW TI Multivariate characterization of perennial vegetation in the northern Chihuahuan Desert SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE New Mexico; shrub encroachment; desert grassland; ordination ID SOUTHERN NEW-MEXICO; INPUT DATA ORDER; MESQUITE DUNELANDS; FORMER GRASSLANDS; INSTABILITY; ORDINATION; SOUTHWEST; CLIMATE AB We surveyed vegetation at 100 sites in southern New Mexico to establish a benchmark for monitoring vegetation change. Sites were selected in a stratified random design, based on a classified AVHRR image. Two shrubs (Larrea tridentata and Prosopis glandulosa) are the most important contributors to perennial cover in the area. Principal components analysis (PCA) and detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) both clearly delineate these shrublands from the smaller number of compositionally-varied grassland sites. A latitudinal trend in DCA axis 1 scores suggests that encroachment of shrubs into grasslands is most pronounced in the southern portion of the study area. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. St Cloud State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. US EPA, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89195 USA. Environm Res & Wildlife Dev Agcy, Terr Environm Res Ctr, Abu Dhabi, U Arab Emirates. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Johnson, AR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. NR 41 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 44 IS 3 BP 305 EP 325 DI 10.1006/jare.1999.0597 PG 21 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 299NH UT WOS:000086204400004 ER PT J AU Bass, HW Riera-Lizarazu, O Ananiev, EV Bordoli, SJ Rines, HW Phillips, RL Sedat, JW Agard, DA Cande, WZ AF Bass, HW Riera-Lizarazu, O Ananiev, EV Bordoli, SJ Rines, HW Phillips, RL Sedat, JW Agard, DA Cande, WZ TI Evidence for the coincident initiation of homolog pairing and synapsis during the telomere-clustering (bouquet) stage of meiotic prophase SO JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE meiosis; chromosome; telomere; bouquet; synapsis ID FISSION YEAST; MAIZE; CHROMOSOMES; MEIOSIS; HETEROCHROMATIN; ORGANIZATION; SEGREGATION; POSITIONS; MOVEMENT; COMPLEX AB To improve knowledge of the prerequisites for meiotic chromosome segregation in higher eukaryotes, we analyzed the spatial distribution of a pair of homologs before and during early meiotic prophase, Three-dimensional images of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used to localize a single pair of homologs in diploid nuclei of a chromosome-addition line of oat, oat-maize9b, The system provided a robust assay for pairing based on cytological colocalization of FISH signals. Using a triple labeling scheme for simultaneous imaging of chromatin, telomeres and the homolog pair, we determined the timing of pairing in relation to the onset of three sequential hallmarks of early meiotic prophase: chromatin condensation (the leptotene stage), meiotic telomere clustering (the bouquet stage) and the initiation of synapsis (the zygotene stage), We found that the two homologs were mostly unpaired up through middle leptotene, at which point their spherical cloud-like domains began to transform into elongated and stretched-out domains. At late leptotene, the homologs had completely reorganized into long extended fibers, and the beginning of the bouquet stage was conspicuously marked by the de novo clustering of telomeres at the nuclear periphery. The homologs paired and synapsed during the bouquet stage, consistent with the timing of pairing observed for several oat 5S rDNA loci. In summary, results from analysis of more than 100 intact nuclei lead us to conclude that pairing and synapsis of homologous chromosomes are largely coincident processes, ruling out a role for premeiotic pairing in this system. These findings suggest that the genome-wide remodeling of chromatin and telomere-mediated nuclear reorganization are prerequisite steps to the DNA sequence-based homology-search process in higher eukaryotes. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, USDA, Agr Res Serv, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Biochem & Biophys, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Bass, HW (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Bass, Hank/I-4962-2012; OI Riera-Lizarazu, Oscar/0000-0002-7477-4063 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01-GM-25101-16, R01-GM-48547] NR 40 TC 98 Z9 102 U1 1 U2 8 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0021-9533 J9 J CELL SCI JI J. Cell Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 113 IS 6 BP 1033 EP 1042 PG 10 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 301LV UT WOS:000086312400014 PM 10683151 ER PT J AU Taylor, SL King, JW AF Taylor, SL King, JW TI Optimization of the extraction and fractionation of corn bran oil using analytical supercritical fluid instrumentation SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RICE BRAN; CHOLESTEROL; CHROMATOGRAPHY; ESTERS C1 ARS, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Taylor, SL (reprint author), ARS, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ Ave, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 15 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 USA SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 38 IS 3 BP 91 EP 94 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 287GK UT WOS:000085498000002 PM 10702915 ER PT J AU Bricker, BJ Ewalt, DR MacMillan, AP Foster, G Brew, S AF Bricker, BJ Ewalt, DR MacMillan, AP Foster, G Brew, S TI Molecular characterization of Brucella strains isolated from marine mammals SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPECIES INFECTION; SEAL; DNA AB Recently, gram-negative bacteria isolated from a variety of marine mammals have been identified as Brucella species by conventional phenotypic analysis. This study found the 16S rRNA gene from one representative isolate was identical to the homologous sequences of Brucella abortus, B. melitensis, B. canis, and B. suis. IS711-based DNA fingerprinting of 23 isolates from marine mammals showed all the isolates differed from the classical Brucella species. In general, fingerprint patterns grouped by host species. The data suggest that the marine mammal isolates are distinct types of Brucella and not one of the classical species or biovars invading new host species. In keeping with historical precedent, the designation of several new Brucella species may be appropriate. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Ames, IA USA. FAO WHO Ctr Brucellosis Reference & Res, OIE Brucellosis Reference Lab, Cent Vet Lab, Weybridge, Surrey, England. RP Bricker, BJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 N Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RI brew, simon/C-8978-2011 NR 17 TC 86 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 38 IS 3 BP 1258 EP 1262 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 291ND UT WOS:000085742200059 PM 10699036 ER PT J AU Williams, RS Jourdain, C Daisey, GI Springate, RE AF Williams, RS Jourdain, C Daisey, GI Springate, RE TI Wood properties affecting finish service life SO JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-ROUGHNESS; PAINT ADHESION; PERFORMANCE; DURABILITY; STAINS AB Wood is a biological material that has widely different properties on species, geographic area where the tree grew, the growth conditions, size of the tree at harvest, sawing and other manufacturing processes. some of the most important wood properties as they relate to wood finishing are discussed, e.g., growth rate, density, knots, extractives, juvenile wood, grain orientation, and weathering characteristics. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Calif Redwood Assoc, Novato, CA 94949 USA. Rohm & Haas Co, Spring House, PA 19477 USA. Tru Test Mfg Co, Chicago, IL 60622 USA. RP Williams, RS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 30 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION SOC COATING TECH PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422 USA SN 0361-8773 J9 J COATING TECHNOL JI J. Coat. Technol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 72 IS 902 BP 35 EP 42 DI 10.1007/BF02698003 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 291FZ UT WOS:000085724600005 ER PT J AU Williams, RS Knaebe, M AF Williams, RS Knaebe, M TI Restoration of severely weathered wood SO JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-ROUGHNESS; PAINT ADHESION; PERFORMANCE; DURABILITY; STAINS AB Severely weathered window units were used to test various restoration methods and pretreatments. Sanded and unsanded units were pretreated with a consolidant or water repellent preservative, finished with an oil- or latex-based paint system, and exposed outdoors near Madison, WI, for five years. Pretreatments were applied to both window sashes (stiles and rails) and sills, In most cases, pretreatment with consolidants was detrimental to the finish. These pretreatments generally caused more flaking and cracking of the paint compared with that of untreated controls or penetrating water-repellent preservatives. The best results were obtained by a combination of sanding and pretreatment with a water-repellent preservative containing copper naphthenate or with tung oil. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Williams, RS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU FEDERATION SOC COATING TECH PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422 USA SN 0361-8773 J9 J COATING TECHNOL JI J. Coat. Technol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 72 IS 902 BP 43 EP 51 DI 10.1007/BF02698004 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 291FZ UT WOS:000085724600006 ER PT J AU Corwin, DL AF Corwin, DL TI Evaluation of a simple lysimeter-design modification to minimize sidewall flow SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE solute transport; bypass; water flow; preferential flow ID CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT; PESTICIDES; MODEL; BROMIDE; SOIL; FATE AB A common criticism of many soil lysimeter designs has been the existence of artificial flowpaths along the soil-wall interface. This artificial flow is referred to as sidewall flow. A simple lysimeter-design modification was evaluated that utilizes annular rings to divert sidewall flow near the soil surface into the soil column to minimize the occurrence of sidewall flow along the remainder of the column's length. A chloride-tracer experiment was used to evaluate the effectiveness of annular rings in minimizing sidewall flow in a mesoscale soil lysimeter (0.6 m in diameter and 1.83 m in height). The tracer-experiment data showed that even though sidewall flow may not have been completely eliminated it was reduced to an undetectable level based on chloride distributions and time domain reflectometry measurements. However, a delicate balance exists between minimizing sidewall flow and significantly altering the natural water-flow dynamics when using annular rings. The simple design modification provides a means of using a disturbed column of soil to evaluate models of solute transport, and to study preferential flow and contaminant mobility without concern for spurious data due to artificial flow along the soil-wall interface of the lysimeter. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Corwin, DL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 22 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD MAR 1 PY 2000 VL 42 IS 1 BP 35 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00088-1 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 277LT UT WOS:000084935600003 ER PT J AU Weaver, SA Aherne, FX Meaney, MJ Schaefer, AL Dixon, WT AF Weaver, SA Aherne, FX Meaney, MJ Schaefer, AL Dixon, WT TI Neonatal handling permanently alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function, behaviour, and body weight in boars SO JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CORTICOSTEROID-BINDING GLOBULIN; GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR CONCENTRATIONS; KILLER-CELL ACTIVITY; PLASMA-CORTISOL; GROWTH-PERFORMANCE; THYMUS WEIGHT; DOMESTIC PIGS; FEMALE RATS; STRESS; BRAIN AB Neonatal handling permanently alters hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) function in rats. In the rat, this treatment increases hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors (GR) and dampens plasma ACTH and corticosterone responses to stressors. The objectives of this study were to determine whether neonatal handling of pigs would effect permanent changes in plasma corticosteroid binding capacity (CBG), basal or stresser-induced plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations, brain or pituitary GR levels, dexamethasone suppression of plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations, behaviour in an open field-test pen, and body weights. Twelve litters of pigs were randomly assigned to either neonatal handling or no disturbance. Handled litters were removed from the farrowing crate for 10 min per day for the first 14 days of life. Male pigs were kept for the study and the boars were weighed monthly. At 7 months of age, boars were tested for locomotory behaviour in an open field-test pen. The boars were implanted with indwelling ear-vein catheters and blood samples were obtained basally, during and after application of a nose snare, and after 0.04 mg/kg dexamethasone. Boars were killed and blood samples were obtained and the brain and pituitary glands collected. Handled boars had greater (P<0.05) plasma CBG binding and lower basal total (P<0.05) and calculated free (P<0.03) plasma cortisol concentrations. No significant differences between treatments were found in plasma ACTH or cortisol responses to a nose-snare stressor; however, when killed, handled boars had greater (P<0.02) plasma ACTH concentrations. Handled and non-handled boars did not: differ in plasma ACTH or cortisol responses to dexamethasone. There was no treatment effect on GR expression in the pituitary gland, frontal cortex, hippocampus, or hypothalamus. Behaviourally, the handled boars had higher (P<0.03) locomotor scores over inner squares and a lower (P<0.05) ratio of outer:inner squares entered in open field-tests. During the first 7 months of life, body weights were lower (P<0.004) for handled boars. In conclusion, neonatal handling permanently altered HPA function in pigs, but in a manner dissimilar to that found in the rat. These changes induced in the pig were not beneficial for commercial production with respect to body weight. C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Agr Food & Nutr Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada. McGill Univ, Dept Psychiat, Montreal, PQ H4H 1R3, Canada. McGill Univ, Dept Neurol, Montreal, PQ H4H 1R3, Canada. McGill Univ, Dept Neurosurg, Montreal, PQ H4H 1R3, Canada. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Lacombe Res Ctr, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada. RP Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Poultry Sci Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM sweaver@ansc.purdue.edu NR 65 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 7 PU BIOSCIENTIFICA LTD PI BRISTOL PA EURO HOUSE, 22 APEX COURT WOODLANDS, BRADLEY STOKE, BRISTOL BS32 4JT, ENGLAND SN 0022-0795 EI 1479-6805 J9 J ENDOCRINOL JI J. Endocrinol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 164 IS 3 BP 349 EP 359 DI 10.1677/joe.0.1640349 PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 293VR UT WOS:000085874500012 PM 10694375 ER PT J AU Owens, LB Malone, RW Shipitalo, MJ Edwards, WM Bonta, JV AF Owens, LB Malone, RW Shipitalo, MJ Edwards, WM Bonta, JV TI Lysimeter study of nitrate leaching from a corn-soybean rotation SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID TILE DRAINAGE; MONOLITH LYSIMETERS; SURFACE RUNOFF; NITROGEN; TILLAGE; CROP; SYSTEMS; IRRIGATION; PERCOLATE; LOSSES AB High rates of N fertilizer in the production of continuous corn (Zea mays L,) have resulted in excessive nitrate N(NO3-N) leaching, with concentrations in ground water frequently exceeding the maximum contaminant Ic, cl (MCL) of 10 mg/L. This study was conducted to determine whether NO3-N leaching would be reduced by allowing for a legume N credit for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and applying less N fertilizer to corn in a corn-soybean rotation than would be applied to continuous corn. A rge (Secale cereale L,) winter cover crop was used following soybean. In the spring of each corn gear, 140 kg Nma as NH4NO3 was surface applied to two large, undisturbed monolith lysimeters (8.1 m(2) surface area, 2.4 m deep), and 196 kg N/ha was applied to two other lysimeters. Prior to 6 yr of this treatment, there was a 6 yr period during which lysimeters received 224 kg N/ha in the spring of the corn year. The highest NO3-N concentrations and the most transport occurred during the winter/spring soil moisture recharge period (November through April). Concentrations of NO3-N in the percolate from all four lysimeters were similar, with a 6-yr, flow-weighted average of 9.9 +/- 2.5 mg/L. Although reducing N fertilizer inputs in a corn-soybenn rotation to allow for a legume N credit may lower N leaching amounts and concentrations, the NO3-N MCL may still be exceeded. For a given gear, weather can impart percolation and leaching more than the current crop. C1 USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. RP Owens, LB (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, POB 488, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. OI Shipitalo, Martin/0000-0003-4775-7345 NR 33 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 467 EP 474 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355WR UT WOS:000089412000015 ER PT J AU Sauer, TJ Daniel, TC Nichols, DJ West, CP Moore, PA Wheeler, GL AF Sauer, TJ Daniel, TC Nichols, DJ West, CP Moore, PA Wheeler, GL TI Runoff water quality from poultry litter-treated pasture and forest sites SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID EXTRACTABLE SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; GRAZING MANAGEMENT; FESCUEGRASS PLOTS; NITROGEN; LOSSES; INTENSITY; SURFACE AB In the Ozark Highlands of the USA (36-38 degrees N, 91-95 degrees W), annual application of poultry litter to pasture land is a routine waste management practice. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of site characteristics and poultry litter application on runoff and nutrient transport from grazed pasture and forest sites at different landscape positions. Sixteen pairs of 1 x 2 m plots were established on Nixa (loamy-skeletal, siliceous, active, mesic Glossic Fragiudults) and Clarksville (loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Paleudults) cherty silt loams. One plot of each pair received 4.5 Mg ha(-1) of poultry litter. Rainfall was simulated at 75 mm h(-1) for 1 h (25-yr return period storm) one month after litter application. A composite runoff sample was analyzed for dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), total phosphorus (TP), ammonia N (NH3-N), nitrate N (NO3-N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and total suspended solids (TSS), Poultry litter-treated plots had consistently higher concentrations of all water quality parameters tested compared to untreated plots. Concentration of DRP in runoff from untreated pints was linearly correlated with three soil P tests (0.35 < r(2) < 0.85), Soil P on litter-treated plots had little effect on runoff DRP, which averaged 2.20 mg L-1 High variation in runoff resulted in only NO3-N showing significantly greater losses due to poultry litter treatment at two pasture sites. Results indicate that variation in runoff has a significant effect on nutrient transport from grazed pastures receiving poultry litter. C1 USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Hort, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Sauer, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 29 TC 78 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 515 EP 521 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355WR UT WOS:000089412000020 ER PT J AU Kelley, DW Nater, EA AF Kelley, DW Nater, EA TI Historical sediment flux from three watersheds into Lake Pepin, Minnesota, USA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; BASINS; PB-210 AB This contribution presents an assessment of the modern and historic: fluxes of sediments exiting the Mississippi, St. Croix, and Minnesota watersheds and entering Lake Pepin, a natural riverine lake on the Upper Mississippi River. A Chemical Mass Balance receptor model and elemental signatures for sediments in Lake Pepin and the rivers draining its three principal catchment areas were used to apportion sediments in the lake to their source watersheds. The apportionment data, estimated trapping efficiency of the lake, and watershed basin areas were used to calculate sediment fluxes and erosion rates for each basin on a decadal basis. The relative apportionment of sediments from the Minnesota River watershed increased since European settlement of the region circa 1830 from 83 to 87% for the upper, 83 to 90% for the middle, and 78 to 87% for the lower reaches of the lake. Sediment loading to the whole lake shows a 12-fold increase from historic levels in the mass of Minnesota River-derived sediments. The amount of sediment currently supplied by this river is more than seven times the amount supplied by the headwater-Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers combined, Sediment contributions from these two combined watersheds have risen sevenfold since settlement. The causes of these increases are attributable to intensive agricultural production, especially within the Minnesota River basin. Watershed alterations have resulted in a decrease in wetlands, riparian zones, and native prairie and an increase in acreage artificially drained by sub-surface tile lines and surface ditching. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dep Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Kelley, DW (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, 439 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 31 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 561 EP 568 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355WR UT WOS:000089412000025 ER PT J AU Gan, J Hutchinson, C Ernst, FF Becker, JO Yates, SR AF Gan, J Hutchinson, C Ernst, FF Becker, JO Yates, SR TI Column system for concurrent assessment of emission potential and pest control of soil fumigants SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID METHYL-BROMIDE VOLATILIZATION; ROTYLENCHULUS-RENIFORMIS; 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE; AIR; ISOTHIOCYANATE; PINEAPPLE; INJECTION; CHARCOAL; DRIP AB Fumigation for soilborne pest and pathogen control is under close scrutiny because of its potential hazardous effects on the environment and on human health. Therefore, reduced-risk yet effective fumigation practices are imperatively needed. We have developed a column system that allows an integrated evaluation of emission potential and efficacy of fumigants. The system consists of a large, packed soil column and a sampling chamber for measuring fumigant emissions at the soil surface. Nematodes (or of her pests) can be inoculated into the column and their survival may be assayed after the treatment. This approach was used to evaluate the emission of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) and its efficacy against the citrus nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans when ammonium thiosulfate, a 1,3-D degrading fertilizer, was applied at the soil surface. Results closely comparable to field observations were obtained. Compared with field studies, the proposed method is rapid and inexpensive, and thus may be used for screening fumigation practices that have improved environmental safety and pest control performance. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Soil Phys & Pesticide Res Unit, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Nematol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Gan, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Soil Phys & Pesticide Res Unit, 4500 Glenwood Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 29 IS 2 BP 657 EP 661 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 355WR UT WOS:000089412000037 ER PT J AU Fayer, R Trout, JM Walsh, E Cole, R AF Fayer, R Trout, JM Walsh, E Cole, R TI Rotifers ingest oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE behavior; cryptosporidiosis; protozoa; sewage; waterborne; zoonosis ID PURIFICATION AB Six genera of rotifers including Philodina, Monostyla, Epiphanes, Euchlanis, Brachionus, and Asplanchna were exposed to oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum cleaned of fecal debris. Unstained oocysts and those stained with fluorescein-conjugated monoclonal antibody were added to suspensions of viable rotifers and were examined by phase-contrast, differential interference contrast, and fluorescence microscopy. Rotifers of all six genera were observed ingesting oocysts. A maximum of 25 oocysts was observed in the stomachs of Euchlanis and Brachionus. Euchlanis and Epiphanes were observed excreting boluses containing up to eight oocysts. It was not determined whether rotifers digested or otherwise rendered occysts nonviable. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Biol Sci, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Madison, WI USA. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 47 IS 2 BP 161 EP 163 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00026.x PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 296WJ UT WOS:000086049500008 PM 10750844 ER PT J AU Mills, TR Rumble, MA Flake, LD AF Mills, TR Rumble, MA Flake, LD TI Habitat of birds in ponderosa pine and aspen/birch forest in the Black Hills, South Dakota SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAVITY-NESTING BIRDS; VEGETATION STRUCTURE; OREGON; COMMUNITIES; SNAGS AB Birds with both eastern and western distributions occur in the Black Hills of western South Dakota. This forest is mostly ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and is managed for timber. Logging alters forest characteristics and the bird community. We studied habitat relations of breeding songbirds at the stand- and site-level scares in ponderosa pine and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)/paper birch (Betula papyrifera) forest. Sixty bird species were observed less than or equal to 50 m from count points. Species richness was greater in aspen/birch than in ponderosa pine. Species richness was generally lower in ponderosa pine with >40% overstory canopy cover (OCC) than in ponderosa pine with less than or equal to 40% OCC and than aspen/birch of any structural stage. Seven bird species were associated with the ponderosa pine, while four species were associated with aspen/birch. Bird associations at the stand-level were further refined by OCC and diameter-at-breast-height (DBH) structural stage of each forest type. Habitats for most birds in the Black Hills can be managed using current forest inventory descriptions that include OCC and DBH. However, Red-naped Sapsuckers (Sphyrapicus nuchalis), Red-breasted Nuthatches (Sitta canadensis), White-breasted Nuthatches (S. carolinensis), Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus, and Western Tanagers (Piranga ludoviciana) were strongly associated with site-level vegetation characteristics. Snag density, snag condition, and deciduous trees beneath the ponderosa pine canopy should be included in forest inventories to better quantify habitats for these birds. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Custer, SD 57730 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Ctr Great Plains Ecosyst Res, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Rapid, SD 57701 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Mills, TR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, RR 2 Box 200, Custer, SD 57730 USA. NR 61 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 8 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 71 IS 2 BP 187 EP 206 PG 20 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 321GW UT WOS:000087448600001 ER PT J AU Blanchard, EJ Graves, EE Salame, PA AF Blanchard, EJ Graves, EE Salame, PA TI Flame resistant cotton/polyester carpet materials SO JOURNAL OF FIRE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE cotton carpet; catalysts; cellulose crosslinking; cellulose esterification; flame resistance; polycarboxylic acid ID FORMALDEHYDE; COTTON AB Cotton/polyester carpet materials are resistant to surface flame spread after esterification of the cellulosic fibers with polycarboxylic acid and suitable catalyst. The crosslinked cellulose-containing materials passed the required flammability standards for carpet when subjected to the methenamine pill test. This test is much less severe than the rigorous vertical flame test method required for textiles designated for other end uses. Cotton-containing carpet materials finished with 5-10% polycarboxylic acid, such as 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) or citric acid, and sodium phosphate, sodium hypophosphite, sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate catalyst were found to meet test method specifications when proper processing and fixation conditions were employed. Specific details of processing conditions and results of flammability tests are presented. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Mid S Area, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Blanchard, EJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Mid S Area, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd,POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 9 PU TECHNOMIC PUBL CO INC PI LANCASTER PA 851 NEW HOLLAND AVE, BOX 3535, LANCASTER, PA 17604 USA SN 0734-9041 J9 J FIRE SCI JI J. Fire Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 18 IS 2 BP 151 EP 164 DI 10.1106/YG50-J7PR-EMQY-X5HU PG 14 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 318BE UT WOS:000087263100005 ER PT J AU Hsu, AF Wu, E Foglia, TA Piazza, GJ AF Hsu, AF Wu, E Foglia, TA Piazza, GJ TI Kinetic behavior of soybean lipoxygenase: A comparative study of the free enzyme and the enzyme immobilized in an alginate silica sol-gel matrix SO JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ACID HYDROPEROXIDE; OXIDATION; ASSAY AB Lipoxygenase (LOX) is an enzyme that regioselectively introduces a hydroperoxide into polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). We recently reported a procedure that immobilizes soybean LOX within an alginate sol-gel matrix. In this study, the kinetic profile of free LOX was compared with that of the sol-gel immobilized LOX. The temperature dependent activity profile of free LOX was optimal at 25C whereas immobilized LOX had optimal activity over the temperature range of 25-35C. Enzyme activity, measured in aqueous buffer, for both the free and immobilized LOX preparations had K-m values of 2.5 and 1.40 mmoles/L, respectively, and V-max values of 0.056 and 0.02 mu mol/min, respectively. The relative rates of oxidation of linoleic acid and acylglycerols containing linoleoyl residues catalyzed by free and immobilized LOX also were determined The results showed that both free and immobilized LOX favor linoleic acid as a substrate. Relative substrate preference for free LOX was linoleic acid > 1-monolinolein > 1,3-dilinolein > trilinolein, and for immobilized LOX was linoleic acid > 1, 3-dilinolein > 1-monolinolein > trilinolein. In general, LOX immobilized in alginate silica sol-gel matrix retained the physical and chemical characteristics of free LOX. C1 ARS, Lipid & Wool Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Hsu, AF (reprint author), ARS, Lipid & Wool Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. OI Piazza, George/0000-0003-4896-4928 NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8884 J9 J FOOD BIOCHEM JI J. Food Biochem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 24 IS 1 BP 21 EP 31 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4514.2000.tb00040.x PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Food Science & Technology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Food Science & Technology GA 296ZU UT WOS:000086057300002 ER PT J AU Wang, CY AF Wang, CY TI Effect of moist hot air treatment on some postharvest quality attributes of strawberries SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID PRESTORAGE HEAT-TREATMENT; FRUIT AB 'Northeaster' strawberries were heated with moist hot air at 36, 39, 42, 45, 50 and 55C for 0, 20,40, 60, 80 or 100 min. Fruit were injured when exposed to temperatures 50C or higher, or durations of 60 min or longer at 45C. Treatment at 45C for 40 min or at 42C for 60-100 min resulted in the least decay incidence after 5 days at 0C, 3 days at 10C, and 1 day at 20C. Healed strawberries in general had lower titratable acidity, higher soluble solids content and higher levels of fructose, glucose, and sucrose than nonheated samples. Heated fruit also had a higher soluble solids/acid ratio, but lower citric acid and melic acid content. The lightness measurements, L* and chroma values, C* were decreased bq, moist hot air treatment and the fruit were duller and less bright in appearance after heat treatment Strawberries heated at 39C or lower temperatures had no discernable differences from nontreated fruit in quality attributes measured. However, fruit treated with 45C for 40 min or 42C for 60-100 min maintained better postharvest quality than other treatments. C1 USDA, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Inst Plant Sci, BARCW, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), USDA, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Inst Plant Sci, BARCW, Bldg 002, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 23 IS 1 BP 51 EP 59 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2000.tb00195.x PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 293FP UT WOS:000085841200005 ER PT J AU Moshonas, MG Shaw, PE AF Moshonas, MG Shaw, PE TI Changes in volatile flavor constituents in pasteurized orange juice during storage SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Pasteurized orange juice which was packaged in laminated gable top cartons was stored for the expected shelf-life of 9 weeks at 2C and at -18C (control sample). Periodic quantitative analysis of 46 volatile constituents by headspace gas chromatography (HSGC) showed a gradual decrease during the first 4 weeks and a more rapid drop after 5-6 weeks of storage. The decrease was greater for water soluble than for oil soluble constituents. HSGC of the laminated composite carton revealed an initial rapid absorption of many volatile constituents. A sensory panel found a significant decrease in the hedonic rating of juice stored for 7 weeks at 2C compared with that for the starting juice. Triangle difference and paired preference tests showed no differences between juices stored at 2C and those stored at -18C for the same length of time, and no preference for either juice stored at 7 or 9 weeks for the same length of time. C1 ARS, USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. RP Shaw, PE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, 600 Ave S NW,POB 1909, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 23 IS 1 BP 61 EP 71 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2000.tb00196.x PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 293FP UT WOS:000085841200006 ER PT J AU Santos, CV Tomasula, PM AF Santos, CV Tomasula, PM TI Acylation and solubility of casein precipitated by carbon dioxide SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acylation; solubility; casein; carbon dioxide; anhydride ID MICELLAR CALCIUM-PHOSPHATE; FUNCTIONAL-PROPERTIES; EMULSIFYING PROPERTIES; PROTEINS; MILK; SUCCINYLATION; LEGUMIN AB Casein precipitated from milk using carbon dioxide (CO2-casein) and calcium caseinate were acetylated and succinylated. Aqueous solubility of casein was measured at pH 3, 5, 7, and 9, Acetylation extent was lower for CO2-casein while both succinylated to similar extents, Solubility between the unmodified caseins was similar except at pH 5 with CO2-casein being less soluble. Succinylation enhanced solubility for both caseins at pH 5, 7, and 9 with similar solubility between the succinylated caseins at each pH. Acetylation enhanced solubility at pH 5, however CO2-casein still possessed lower solubility than calcium caseinate. Acylation and solubility behavior indicated structural features in CO2-casein which were not present in calcium caseinate. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Santos, CV (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 40 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 65 IS 2 BP 227 EP 230 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2000.tb15984.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 306GZ UT WOS:000086590100009 ER PT J AU Hamada, JS AF Hamada, JS TI Characterization and functional properties of rice bran proteins modified by commercial exoproteases and endoproteases SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rice bran; proteolysis; functional properties; flavor ID SOY PROTEINS; DEAMIDATION; INGREDIENTS AB Large portions of rice bran protein cannot be solubilized by mild solvents, but endoprotease use increases protein recovery. Bran was treated with 2 commercial proteases to achieve 8% to 9% peptide bond hydrolysis. The exo- plus endprotease was preferred to just using endopeptidases as it allowed the production of protein hydrolysates with enhanced functional properties. Solubility and emulsification activity and stability of hydrolysates produced with the protease blends were greater than that produced with endoprotease alone. These high value hydrolysates, produced from rice bran, an underutilized rice milling coproduct, are suitable for many processed foods, particularly those requiring potent solubility and emulsification at mildly acidic conditions. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. EM jhamada@nola.srrc.usda.gov NR 21 TC 59 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 15 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-1147 EI 1750-3841 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 65 IS 2 BP 305 EP 310 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2000.tb15998.x PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 306GZ UT WOS:000086590100023 ER PT J AU Gobster, PH Haight, RG Shriner, D AF Gobster, PH Haight, RG Shriner, D TI Landscape change in the Midwest - An integrated research and development program SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN AB Contemporary patterns of landownership and development are changing the landscape of urban, suburban, and rural areas, fragmenting the forest resource base and raising concerns among a range of stakeholders. A new Landscape Change Integrated Research and Development Program of the USDA Forest Service, North Central Research Station, is examining the character, causes, and effects of these changes as well as the effectiveness of strategies aimed at stemming the negative consequences of landscape change. C1 US Forest Serv, Landscape Change Integrated Res & Dev Program, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Gobster, PH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Landscape Change Integrated Res & Dev Program, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Gobster, Paul/A-2826-2013 OI Gobster, Paul/0000-0002-8576-0310 NR 22 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 98 IS 3 BP 9 EP 14 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 418NR UT WOS:000167898700004 ER PT J AU Cohen, JD AF Cohen, JD TI Preventing disaster - Home ignitability in the wildland-urban interface SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB Wildland-urban interface (W-UI) fires are a significant concern for federal, state, and local land management and fire agencies. Research using modeling, experiments, and W-UI case studies indicates that home ignitability during wildland fires depends on the characteristics of the home and its immediate surroundings. These findings have implications for hazard assessment and risk mapping, effective mitigations, and identification of appropriate responsibility for reducing the potential for home loss caused by W-UI fires. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59808 USA. RP Cohen, JD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59808 USA. NR 10 TC 143 Z9 148 U1 2 U2 22 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 98 IS 3 BP 15 EP 21 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 418NR UT WOS:000167898700005 ER PT J AU Avard, MM Schiebe, FR Everitt, JH AF Avard, MM Schiebe, FR Everitt, JH TI A potential tool for estimating chlorophyll concentration in lakes and reservoirs SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; ALGAL CHLOROPHYLL; WATER; NM AB Airborne video cameras equipped with narrow band filters were used to assess chlorophyll-a concentration in flood retention reservoirs of the Little Washita River watershed in Oklahoma. The video data was analyzed in three steps: raw data, data after calibration, and reflectance data. Results indicate that airborne video imaging of reservoirs has a great deal of potential and may have far-reaching effects in lake management strategies. C1 SE Oklahoma State Univ, Durant, OK 74701 USA. SST Dev Grp Inc, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. USDA ARS, Remote Sensing Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Avard, MM (reprint author), SE Oklahoma State Univ, Stn A,Box 4200, Durant, OK 74701 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 15 IS 1 BP 125 EP 133 DI 10.1080/02705060.2000.9663728 PG 9 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 287LU UT WOS:000085508000013 ER PT J AU Wintermantel, WM Zaitlin, M AF Wintermantel, WM Zaitlin, M TI Transgene translatability increases effectiveness of replicase-mediated resistance to Cucumber mosaic virus SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NICOTIANA-BENTHAMIANA PLANTS; PATHOGEN-DERIVED RESISTANCE; LONG-DISTANCE MOVEMENT; 54-KDA GENE SEQUENCE; TOBACCO PLANTS; STRAND RNA; VIRAL-RNA; EXPRESSION; PROTEIN; INFECTION AB Transgenic tobacco plants expressing an altered form of the 2a replicase gene from the Fny strain of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) exhibit suppressed virus replication and restricted virus movement when inoculated mechanically or by aphid vectors, Additional transformants have been generated which contain replicase gene constructs designed to determine the role(s) of transgene mRNA and/or protein in resistance. Resistance to systemic disease caused by CMV, as well as delayed infection, was observed in several lines of transgenic plants which were capable of expressing either full-length or truncated replicase proteins. In contrast, among plants which contained nontranslatable transgene constructs, only one of 61 lines examined exhibited delays or resistance. Once infected, plants never recovered, regardless of transgene translatability. Transgenic plants exhibiting a range of resistance levels were examined for transgene copy number, mRNA and protein levels. Although ribonuclease protection assays demonstrated that transgene mRNA levels were very low, resistant lines had consistently more steady-state transgene mRNA than susceptible lines. Furthermore, chlorotic or necrotic local lesions developed on the inoculated leaves of transgenic lines containing translatable transgenes, but not on inoculated leaves of lines containing nontranslatable transgenes, These results demonstrate that translatability of the transgene and possibly expression of the transgene protein itself facilitates replicase-mediated resistance to CMV in tobacco. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Wintermantel, WM (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 30 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 81 BP 587 EP 595 PN 3 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 287KY UT WOS:000085506100004 PM 10675396 ER PT J AU Ray, JD AF Ray, JD TI Fragment length calculator: A Windows 95 program for calculating DNA fragment length SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Ray, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 91 IS 2 BP 177 EP 178 DI 10.1093/jhered/91.2.177 PG 2 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 290LG UT WOS:000085677300020 PM 10768139 ER PT J AU Welsh, HH Lind, AJ AF Welsh, HH Lind, AJ TI Evidence of lingual-luring by an aquatic snake SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIZARD TONGUE-FLICKING; GARTER SNAKE; THAMNOPHIS-ELEGANS; BEHAVIORAL VARIATION; GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; EVOLUTION; VISION; MODE AB We describe and quantify the components of an unusual snake behavior used to attract fish prey: lingual-luring. Our earlier research on the foraging behavior of the Pacific Coast aquatic garter snake (Thamnophis atratus) indicated that adults are active foragers, feeding primarily on aquatic Pacific giant salamanders (Dicamptodon tenebrosus) in streambed substrates. Juvenile snakes, however, use primarily ambush tactics to capture larval anurans and juvenile salmonids along stream margins, behaviors that include the lingual-luring described here. We found that lingual-luring differed from typical chemosensory tongue-flicking by the position of the snake, contact of the tongue with the water surface, and the length of time the tongue was extended. Luring snakes are in ambush position and extend and hold their tongues out rigid, with the tongue-tips quivering on the water surface, apparently mimicking insects in order to draw young fish within striking range. This behavior is a novel adaptation of the tongue-vomeronasal system by a visually-oriented predator. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Welsh, HH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM hwelsh/psw_rsl@fs.fed.us NR 39 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 10 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 34 IS 1 BP 67 EP 74 DI 10.2307/1565240 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 294GV UT WOS:000085904300010 ER PT J AU Alonso, CV Bingner, RL AF Alonso, CV Bingner, RL TI Goodwin Creek Experimental Watershed: A unique field laboratory SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Alonso, CV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 10 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD MAR PY 2000 VL 126 IS 3 BP 174 EP 177 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2000)126:3(174) PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 285MP UT WOS:000085393100002 ER PT J AU Finkelman, FD Morris, SC Orekhova, T Mori, M Donaldson, D Reiner, SL Reilly, NL Schopf, L Urban, JF AF Finkelman, FD Morris, SC Orekhova, T Mori, M Donaldson, D Reiner, SL Reilly, NL Schopf, L Urban, JF TI Stat6 regulation of in vivo IL-4 responses SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CD4 T-CELLS; GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODE PARASITE; IN-VIVO; NIPPOSTRONGYLUS-BRASILIENSIS; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; B-CELLS; PRODUCE INTERLEUKIN-4; TRICHINELLA-SPIRALIS; ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY; INTERFERON-GAMMA AB Although in vitro development of a Th2 response from naive CD4(+) T cells is Stat6 dependent, mice immunized with a goat Ab to mouse IgD have been reported to produce a normal primary IL-4 response in Stat6-deficient mice. Experiments have now been performed with mice immunized with more conventional Ags or inoculated with nematode parasites to account for this apparent discrepancy. The ability of an immunogen to induce a primary in vivo IL-4 response in Stat6-deficient mice was found to vary directly with its ability to induce a strong type 2 cytokine-biased response in normal mice, Even immunogens, however, that induce strong primary IL-4 responses in Stat6-deficient mice induce poor memory IL-4 responses in these mice. Consistent with this, Stat6-deficient CD4(+) T cells make relatively normal IL-4 responses when stimulated in vitro for 3 days with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28, but poor IL-4 responses if they are later restimulated with anti-CD3. Thus, Stat6 signaling enhances primary IL-4 responses that are made as part of a type 0 cytokine response (mixed type 1 and type 2) and is required for normal development or survival of Th2 memory cells. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Div Immunol, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Cincinnati Vet Adm Med Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. Genet Inst, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Finkelman, FD (reprint author), Cincinnati VAMC, Res Serv 151, Dept Internal Med, 3200 Vine St, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI35987, R01 AI42370, R01 AI44971] NR 80 TC 143 Z9 146 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD MAR 1 PY 2000 VL 164 IS 5 BP 2303 EP 2310 PG 8 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 286YU UT WOS:000085477100006 PM 10679064 ER PT J AU MacDonald, JM AF MacDonald, JM TI Demand, information, and competition: Why do food prices fall at seasonal demand peaks? SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID PRODUCTS AB Prices for seasonal food products fall at demand peaks. Price declines are not driven by falling agricultural input prices; indeed, farm to retail margins narrow sharply. I use electronic scanner data from a sample of US supermarkets to show that seasonal price declines are closely linked to market concentration, and are much larger in markets with several rivals than where a single brand dominates. Seasonal demand increases reduce the effective costs of informative advertising, and increased informative advertising by retailers and manufacturers in turn may allow for increased market information and greater price sensitivity on the part of buyers. C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP MacDonald, JM (reprint author), USDA, Serv Econ Res, Room 2132,1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 9 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-1821 J9 J IND ECON JI J. Indust. Econ. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 1 BP 27 EP 45 PG 19 WC Business, Finance; Economics SC Business & Economics GA 295FR UT WOS:000085956500002 ER PT J AU Kim, H Kuo, TM Hou, CT AF Kim, H Kuo, TM Hou, CT TI Production of 10,12-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid, an intermediate in the conversion of ricinoleic acid to 7,10,12-trihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3 SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biotransformation; dihydroxy octadecenoic acid; trihydroxy octadecenoic acid; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; ricinoleic acid; hydroxylation ID FLAVOBACTERIUM SP DS5; OLEIC-ACID; 7,10-DIHYDROXY-8(E)-OCTADECENOIC ACID; LINOLEIC-ACID; NRRL B-14859; BIOCONVERSION; COMPOUND; IDENTIFICATION; HYDRATASE; ENZYME AB A bacterial isolate, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PR3), has been reported to produce a new compound, 7,10,12-trihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (TOD), from ricinoleic acid (Kuo TM, LK Manthey and CT Hou, 1998, J Am Oil Chem Soc 75: 875-879). The reaction is unique in that it involves an introduction of two additional hydroxyl groups at carbon 7 and 10 and a rearrangement of the double bond from carbon 9-10 (cis) to 8-9 (trans), In an effort to elucidate the metabolic pathway involved in the formation of TOD from ricinoleic acid by PR3, we have isolated another compound from the reaction mixture using HPLC. The structure of the new compound was determined to be 10, 12-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DHOD) by GC/MS, FTIR, and NMR, The structural similarity between DHOD and TOD and the results from the time course study of the above two compounds strongly suggested that DHOD was an intermediate in the bioconversion of ricinoleic acid to TOD by PR3, The optimum pH and temperature for the production of DHOD from ricinoleic acid by PR3 was 6.5 and 26 degrees C, respectively. This is the first report on the production of 10,12-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid from ricinoleic acid by PR3. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hou, CT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 19 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 24 IS 3 BP 167 EP 172 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900804 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 314JU UT WOS:000087053300003 ER PT J AU Bruni, R Sant'Ana, J Aldrich, JR Bin, F AF Bruni, R Sant'Ana, J Aldrich, JR Bin, F TI Influence of host pheromone on egg parasitism by scelionid wasps: Comparison of phoretic and nonphoretic parasitoids SO JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE Telenomus; Podisus maculiventris; Euschistus obscurus; Scelionidae; kairomone; biological control; phoresy ID PODISUS-MACULIVENTRIS HEMIPTERA; COLORADO POTATO BEETLE; STINK BUG HEMIPTERA; NEZARA-VIRIDULA; TELENOMUS-PODISI; SEX-PHEROMONES; CONTROL AGENTS; PENTATOMIDAE; HYMENOPTERA; HETEROPTERA AB The kairomonal activity of the attractant pheromone for the "spined soldier bug," Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), was investigated by exposing fresh pentatomid egg masses bl field traps with or without synthetic pheromone. Predominantly two parasitoids were recovered from exposed eggs of P. maculiventris and Euschistus obscurus: Telenomus podisi Ashmead (a generalist pentatomid egg parasitoid) and Telenomus calvus Johnson (a phoretic specialist on Podisus eggs) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). The incidences of T. podisi from P. maculiventris and E. obscurus eggs placed in pheromone-baited and nonbaited traps were not significantly different, suggesting that this oophagous wasp does not use the spined soldier bug attractant pheromone as a kairomone. However T. calvus was reared almost exclusively front egg masses of P, maculiventris placed inside pheromone-baited traps. These results suggest that T. calvus females orient to volatile chemicals emitted by spined soldier bug males ns a searching strategy to find areas likely to contain host eggs, in addition to the previously discovered strategy of using rile pheromone to guide their phoretic behavior. The data also indicate that T, calvus can distinguish between the egg masses of these pentatomid hosts at close range. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Aldrich, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Bldg 007,Rm 326,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jaldrich@asit.arsusda.gov NR 42 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 17 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0892-7553 EI 1572-8889 J9 J INSECT BEHAV JI J. Insect Behav. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 13 IS 2 BP 165 EP 173 DI 10.1023/A:1007728012482 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 321GZ UT WOS:000087448900001 ER PT J AU Kuenen, LPS Calderone, NW AF Kuenen, LPS Calderone, NW TI Varroa mite infestations in elevated honey bee brood cells: Effects of context and caste SO JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE Varroa jacobsoni; Apis mellifera; parasite load scores; mite prevalence; raised cells; mite behavior ID APIS-MELLIFERA L; PARASITIC MITE; JACOBSONI OUD; UNITED-STATES; CERANA FABR; INVASION; BEHAVIOR; WORKER; LARVAE; PREFERENCES AB The Varroa mite infestation level of honey bee, Apis mellifera, worker larvae reared in individual raised cells was 6-fold higher than in the adjacent six cells surrounding them; this differential infestation rate is similar to published values of higher mite infestations of drone cells compared to worker cells. Infestation levels in control cells were the same as in the surrounding cells. In contrast to infestation of these individually raised cells, Varroa mites invaded worker larvae in raised cells along the perimeter of a patch of raised cells (10 by 21 rows) 2.5 times more often than surrounding unraised cells, and similarly ca. 2.5 times more often than in the remaining raised cells (interior) of this patch. In similarly prepared frames of drone comb, Varroa mires invaded individually raised drone cells 3.3-fold more often than the adjacent surrounding cells and control cells. On the other hand Varroa mites infested drone larvae in the interior of the raised-patch area as often as drones in raised cells along the perimeter of the raised-patch, and this rate was ca. 2.5-fold higher than for drone larvae in unraised cells surrounding the raised-patch and drone larvae in control cells. The higher levels of infestation of raised cells did riot come at the expense of the surrounding cells, i.e., the infestation levels of the adjacent surrounding cells were the same as in control cells. For worker larvae the increased number of mites invading individual raised cells and edge cells of the raised patch were proportional to the number of surrounding nonraised cells. The relationship between raised cell-edges, observations of mite walking behavior on comb surfaces, and larval-to-cell-rim distances ave discussed in relation to their possible roles in eliciting mite invasion of honey bee larval cells and contrasted to the putative role of kairomones in larval-host location. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Kuenen, LPS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 35 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0892-7553 J9 J INSECT BEHAV JI J. Insect Behav. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 13 IS 2 BP 201 EP 215 DI 10.1023/A:1007784130228 PG 15 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 321GZ UT WOS:000087448900004 ER PT J AU Pitts-Singer, TL Forschler, BT AF Pitts-Singer, TL Forschler, BT TI Influence of guidelines and passageways on tunneling behavior of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and R. virginicus (Banks) (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) SO JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE Reticulitermes flavipes; R. virginicus; Rhinotermitidae; tunneling behavior; termites ID SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE ISOPTERA; FORAGING POPULATIONS; SEARCH AB Tunneling behavior of laboratory-maintained cultures of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and R, virginicus (Banks) was examined to determine (1) if the termites build tunnels along preexisting wives or tunnels, and (2) whether tunnels are arranged to optimize search efficiency. Tunnel patterns were considered optimal if for the number of tunnels present, the maximum area was explored Termites entered either control arenas or arenas in which they encountered a wire or a pre-formed tunnel. Analyses revealed that R. flavipes and R. virginicus almost always follow pre-formed tunnels, but do not follow wires as readily. Within each species, the distributions of tunnels in treatment arenas were different from distributions in control arenas, most often when pre-formed tunnels Mere the treatment. Optimal tunnel arrangements in control arenas were found in 62% of R. flavipes patterns with 2 tunnels and in 43% of a. virginicus patterns with 2 tunnels. None of the 3-tunnel patterns from control arenas of R. flavipes and 29% of those of R. virginicus had optimal arrangements. Overall, the spatial arrangement of tunnels in control arenas was significantly different between R. flavipes and R. virginicus. C1 US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Pitts-Singer, TL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 25 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0892-7553 J9 J INSECT BEHAV JI J. Insect Behav. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 13 IS 2 BP 273 EP 290 DI 10.1023/A:1007748517025 PG 18 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 321GZ UT WOS:000087448900011 ER PT J AU Zdarek, J Nachman, RJ Denlinger, DL AF Zdarek, J Nachman, RJ Denlinger, DL TI Parturition hormone in the tsetse Glossina morsitans: activity in reproductive tissues from other species and response of tsetse to identified neuropeptides and other neuroactive compounds SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE parturition; abortion; uterus; tsetse fly; neuropeptides; parturition hormone ID LOCUSTA-MIGRATORIA; FLY; OVIDUCTS; DIPTERA AB Parturition hormone (PH) activity is present not only in the uterus of the tsetse Glossina morsitans but also in the oviducts of Bombyx mori and Schistocerca gregaria, as well as the: ejaculatory duct of S. gregaria males. Activity thus appears to be present in the reproductive ducts of diverse insect taxa. To determine whether any of the common insect neuropeptides are capable of mimicking the effect of PH, 35 identified neuropeptides and analogs were evaluated for PH activity. Modest PH activity was observed for only high doses of proctolin and a pyrokinin analog, thus suggesting that PH is unlikely to be closely related to any of the identified neuropeptides tested. While proctolin was highly effective in stimulating contractions of the S. gregaria oviduct, the extract from the tsetse uterus elicited only a weak response in this bioassay. PH activity was, however, effectively mimicked with an injection df 8 bromo-cyclic GMP, thus suggesting a potential role for this cyclic nucleotide in mediating the PH response. Pregnant females were responsive to PH, other neuropeptides and cyclic nucleotides only when females were neck-ligated. In intact females, the brain can presumably override the stimulation provided by the active compounds. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Entomol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Int Ctr Insect Physiol & Ecol, Nairobi, Kenya. Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Organ Chem & Biochem, CR-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic. USDA ARS, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Entomol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Denlinger, DL (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Entomol, 1735 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM denlinger.1@osu.edu NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 46 IS 3 BP 213 EP 219 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00114-6 PG 7 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 290KN UT WOS:000085675600002 PM 12770225 ER PT J AU Oberlander, H Leach, CE Shaaya, E AF Oberlander, H Leach, CE Shaaya, E TI Juvenile hormone and juvenile hormone mimics inhibit proliferation in a lepidopteran imaginal disc cell line SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE imaginal discs; juvenile hormone; methoprene; fenoxycarb ID PLODIA-INTERPUNCTELLA; WING DISKS; ECDYSONE AB The action of juvenile hormone (JH) and JH mimics have been examined in vitro by utilizing the imaginal disc-derived cell line, IAL-PID2. We have discovered that the cell line was responsive to JH and a variety of JH mimics:. The most consistent response obtained in our studies was inhibition of cell proliferation, in the absence of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), which characteristically reduces cell proliferation in its own right in this cell line. JH-I, JH-III, methoprene, fenoxycarb, and farnesol significantly inhibited cell proliferation after 3 days of exposure of the cells in vitro to each of the compounds. Linoleic acid controls had no effect on proliferation in the cultures. The cell proliferation assay demonstrates the JH responsiveness of this cell line, but the concentrations of JH required were high compared to the concentrations of 20E needed for inhibition of proliferation in these cells. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RP Oberlander, H (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 28 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 46 IS 3 BP 259 EP 265 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(99)00178-X PG 7 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 290KN UT WOS:000085675600007 ER PT J AU Klevay, LM Johnson, LK AF Klevay, LM Johnson, LK TI Acute effects of copper in drinking water on men and women. SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1081-5589 J9 J INVEST MED JI J. Invest. Med. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 MA 67 BP 193A EP 193A PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 302CE UT WOS:000086346700079 ER PT J AU Strelkoff, TS Clemmens, AJ AF Strelkoff, TS Clemmens, AJ TI Approximating wetted perimeter in power-law cross section SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB The wetted perimeter is an open-channel. parameter that influences surface drag and also influences infiltration in furrows and unlined canals. Various approximations to the wetted perimeter are examined for channel cross sections in which the top width is a power law of depth. Exact solutions are available only for select values of the exponent. Interpolation between exact values, partial sums of series approximations, and numerical integration are compared. A simple nonlinear interpolation scheme or a three-term summation yields results accurate to within 1% of the range of typical channel geometries. Common numerical approximations are shown to yield errors in excess of a range of from 3 to 10%. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Strelkoff, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 East Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 5 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 126 IS 2 BP 98 EP 109 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2000)126:2(98) PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA 297WF UT WOS:000086105100004 ER PT J AU Brousseau, ME Schaefer, EJ Dupuis, J Eustace, B Van Eerdewegh, P Goldkamp, AL Thurston, LM FitzGerald, MG Yasek-McKenna, D O'Neill, G Eberhart, GP Weiffenbach, B Ordovas, JM Freeman, MW Brown, RH Gu, JZ AF Brousseau, ME Schaefer, EJ Dupuis, J Eustace, B Van Eerdewegh, P Goldkamp, AL Thurston, LM FitzGerald, MG Yasek-McKenna, D O'Neill, G Eberhart, GP Weiffenbach, B Ordovas, JM Freeman, MW Brown, RH Gu, JZ TI Novel mutations in the gene encoding ATP-binding cassette 1 in four Tangier disease kindreds SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ATP-binding cassette; apolipoprotein; cholesterol; high density lipoprotein; Tangier disease ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR; CYSTIC-FIBROSIS; P-GLYCOPROTEIN; CELLULAR CHOLESTEROL; INTRACELLULAR CHOLESTEROL; MULTIDRUG TRANSPORTER; PHOSPHOLIPASE-C; LIPID EFFLUX AB Tangier disease (TD) is an autosomal co-dominant disorder in which homozygotes have a marked deficiency of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and, in some cases, peripheral neuropathy and premature coronary heart disease (CHD), Homozygotes are further characterized by cholesteryl ester deposition in various tissues throughout the body, most notably in those of the reticuloendothelial system. Several studies have demonstrated that the excess lipid deposition iu TD is due to defective apolipoprotein-mediated efflux of cellular cholesterol and phospholipids. Although much progress has been made in our understanding of the metabolic basis of TD, the precise molecular defect had remained elusive until very recently, By positional cloning methods, we: 1) confirm the assignment of TD to chromosome 9q31, 2) provide evidence that human ATP-binding cassette-1 (hABC-1) maps to a 250 kb region on 9q31, and 3) describe novel deletion, insertion, and missense mutations in the gene encoding hABC-1 in four unrelated TD kindreds. These results establish a causal role for mutations in hABC-1 in TD and indicate that this transporter has a critical function in the regulation of intracellular lipid trafficking that dramatically affects plasma HDL cholesterol levels. C1 Genome Therapeut Corp, Dept Human Genet, Waltham, MA 02453 USA. Genome Therapeut Corp, Genom Dept, Waltham, MA USA. Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, JM Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Day Neuromuscular Res Lab, Charlestown, MA USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Lipid Metab Unit, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Gu, JZ (reprint author), Genome Therapeut Corp, Dept Human Genet, Waltham, MA 02453 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-09319, HL-45098] NR 59 TC 101 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 41 IS 3 BP 433 EP 441 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 299XZ UT WOS:000086224900013 PM 10706591 ER PT J AU Handoo, ZA AF Handoo, ZA TI A key and diagnostic compendium to the species of the genus Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913 (Nematoda : Belonolaimidae) SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE compendium; diagnosis; identification; key; morphology; nematode; stunt nematodes; taxonomy; Tylenchorhynchus AB An identification kev to 111 species of Tylenchorhynchus is given. Tylenchorhynchus is defined as containing only those species with four incisures in the lateral field. A compendium providing the most important diagnostic characters for use in identification of species is included as a supplement to the kev. Some species in a related but unnecessary genus were placed in the genus Tylenchorhynchus, based on morphological structures and logical groupings of the species. Bitylenchus iphilus is transferred to Tylenchorhynchus. The diagnosis of Tylenchorhynchus is emended, and a list of all the valid species of the genus is given. The characters most useful for separating species are the stylet length, shape of Lip region, number of lip annules, shape of tail and tail terminus, number of tail annules, and position of vulva (V%). As defined in the paper, the genus currently is composed of 111 valid species. C1 ARS, USDA, Nematol Lab, Plant Sci Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Handoo, ZA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Nematol Lab, Plant Sci Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 24 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 32 IS 1 BP 20 EP 34 PG 15 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 312AY UT WOS:000086921500004 PM 19270946 ER PT J AU Forge, TA Ingham, RE Kaufman, D Pinkerton, JN AF Forge, TA Ingham, RE Kaufman, D Pinkerton, JN TI Population growth of Pratylenchus penetrans on winter cover crops grown in the Pacific Northwest SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cereal crops; disease management; host range; nematode; oat; pest management; population dynamics; Pratylenchus penetrans; soil-borne pathogens; sudangrass; wheat ID ROOT-LESION NEMATODES; GREEN MANURE; MELOIDOGYNE-CHITWOODI; CULTIVARS; SUPPRESSION; SUDANGRASS; RAPESEED AB Population growth of Pratylenchus penetrans on 13 fall and winter cover crops was studied in the greenhouse and field. All crops except oat cv. Saia supported population growth of P. penetrans in greenhouse experiments, although the response of P. penetrans to oat cv. Saia varied considerably between experiments. The mean ratio of the final population density/initial population density (Pf/Pi) after 16 weeks for P. penetrans added to a greenhouse soil mix was 0.09, whereas Pf/Pi values after 10 weeks for two experiments with naturally infested soil were 0.95 and 2.3. Although P. penetrans increased on sudangrass cv. Trudan 8 and sudangrass x sorghum hybrid cv. SS 222, subsequent incorporation of sudangrass vegetation into soil reduced P. penetrans populations to preplant levels. Field experiments were inconclusive but suggested that oat cv. Saia or rye cv. Wheeler may be better choices for winter cover than weed-contaminated fallow or other crops on P. penetrans-infested sites in the Pacific North west. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, N Willamette Area Res & Extens Ctr, Aurora, OR 97002 USA. ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Forge, TA (reprint author), Pacific Agri Food Res Ctr, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 8 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 32 IS 1 BP 42 EP 51 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 312AY UT WOS:000086921500006 PM 19270948 ER PT J AU Johnson, AW Dowler, CC Handoo, ZA AF Johnson, AW Dowler, CC Handoo, ZA TI Population dynamics of Meloidogyne incognita, M-arenaria, and other nematodes and crop yields in rotations of cotton, peanut, and wheat under minimum tillage SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Arachis hypogaea; cotton; crop rotation; Gossypium hirsutum; Helicotylenchus dihystera; management; Meloidogyne arenaria; M. incognita; nematicide; nematode; peanut; root-knot nematode; spiral nematode; Triticum aestivum; wheat ID OVERHEAD SPRINKLER IRRIGATION; MANAGING NEMATODES; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; PLANTING DATE; MANAGEMENT; FENAMIPHOS; BAHIAGRASS; SYSTEM; CORN AB Wheat, cotton, and peanut were arranged in three cropping sequences to determine the effects of fenamiphos (6.7 kg a.i./ha) and cropping sequence on nematode population densities and crop yields under conservation tillage and irrigation for 6 years. The cropping sequences included a wheat winter cover crop each year and summer crops of cotton every year, peanut every year, or cotton rotated every other year with peanut. The population densities of Meloidogyne spp. and Helicotylenchus dihystera were determined monthly during the experiment. Numbers of M. incognita increased on cotton and decreased on peanut, whereas M. arenaria increased on peanut, and decreased on cotton; both nematode species remained in moderate to high numbers in plots of wheat. Root damage was more severe on cotton than peanut and was not affected by fenamiphos treatment. The H. dihystera population densities were highest in plots with cotton every summer, intermediate in the cotton-peanut rotation, and lowest in plots with peanut every summer. Over all years and cropping sequences, yield increases in fenamiphos treatment over untreated control were 9% for wheat, 8% for cotton, and 0% for peanut. Peanut yields following cotton were generally higher than yields following peanut. These results show that nematode problems may be manageable in cotton and peanut production under conservation tillage and irrigation in the southeastern United States. C1 ARS, USDA, Coastal Plain Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, Nematol Lab, Inst Plant Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 32 IS 1 BP 52 EP 61 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 312AY UT WOS:000086921500007 PM 19270949 ER PT J AU Fortnum, BA Kasperbauer, MJ Decoteau, DR AF Fortnum, BA Kasperbauer, MJ Decoteau, DR TI Effect of mulch surface color on root-knot of tomato grown in simulated planting beds SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE host-parasite relationship; light quality; Meloidogyne incognita; nematode; photomorphogenesis; plastic mulch; polyethylene; root-knot; tomato ID FAR-RED LIGHT; MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA; NEMATODE DEVELOPMENT; YIELD; END AB The effect of different-colored polyethylene mulches on quantity and spectra of reflected light, plant morphology, and root-knot disease was studied in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) grown in simulated planting beds. Tomato plants were inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita at initial populations (Pi) of 0, 1,000, 10,000, or 50,000 eggs/plant, and grown in a greenhouse for 50 days over white, red, or black mulch. Soil temperature was kept constant among the mulch treatments by placing an insulation barrier between the colored mulch and the soil surface. Soil temperature varied less than 0.5 degrees C between soil chambers at solar noon. Tomatoes grown over white mulch received more reflected photosynthetic light and had greater shoot weights (27%), root weights (32%), and leaf area (20%) than plants grown over black mulch. Plants grown over red mulch received a higher far-red-to-red ratio in the reflected light. Mulch color altered the plant's response to root-knot nematode infection by changing the distribution of mass in axillary shoots. At high Pi, axillary leaf area and leaf weight were greater in tomato grown over white mulch than when grown over red mulch. The root-gall index was lower for plants grown over white mulch than similar plants grown over red mulch. C1 Clemson Univ, Pee Dee Res & Educ Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol & Physiol, Florence, SC 29506 USA. ARS, USDA, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Hort, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Fortnum, BA (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Pee Dee Res & Educ Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol & Physiol, Florence, SC 29506 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 32 IS 1 BP 101 EP 109 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 312AY UT WOS:000086921500012 PM 19270954 ER PT J AU Ametaj, BN Nonnecke, BJ Franklin, ST Horst, RL Bidlack, WR Stuart, RL Beitz, DC AF Ametaj, BN Nonnecke, BJ Franklin, ST Horst, RL Bidlack, WR Stuart, RL Beitz, DC TI Dietary vitamin A modulates the concentrations of RRR-alpha-tocopherol in plasma lipoproteins from calves fed milk replacer SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE calves; vitamin A; vitamin E; lipoprotein; milk replacer ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I; RETINOIC ACID; PRERUMINANT CALF; INTESTINAL-ABSORPTION; BETA-CAROTENE; MESSENGER-RNA; ADULT-RATS; ACETATE; SERUM; EXPRESSION AB The practice of supplementing milk replacers fed to neonatal calves with high concentrations of vitamin A has raised concerns regarding the effect of excess vitamin A on the bioavailability of vitamin E. A 4 x 2 factorial experiment evaluated the effects of four dietary amounts of vitamin A [0, 1.78 [National Research Council (NRC)(6) requirement, control], 35.6 and 71.2 mu mol daily as retinyl acetate] and two forms of vitamin E (RRR-alpha-tocopherol and RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, 155 mu mol daily) on plasma RRR-alpha-tocopherol and RRR-gamma-tocopherol and RRR-alpha-tocopherol associated with plasma lipoproteins (Lp) from milk replacer-fed Holstein calves from birth to 28 d of age. The VLDL, LDL, HDL and very high-density lipoprotein (VHDL) fractions were separated by ultracentrifugal flotation, and the amount of vitamin E associated with each fraction was determined by normal-phase HPLC. The amount and distribution of RRR-alpha-tocopherol in Lp fractions were unaffected by the form of dietary vitamin E. Plasma and Lp RRR-alpha-tocopherol concentrations increased with age (P < 0.0001) and were maximal at 28 d of age. Concentrations of RRR-alpha-tocopherol associated with Lp were 25% (P < 0.01) to 39% (P < 0.0001) lower in calves fed 35.6 and 71.2 mu mol of vitamin A daily than in control carves at 28 d of age. The RRR-gamma-tocopherol concentrations were unaffected by dietary vitamin A (P greater than or equal to 0.05). In conclusion, dietary vitamin A modulated the amount and distribution of RRR-a-tocopherol in the circulation of milk replacer-fed neonatal calves. Because of the essential antioxidant role of vitamin E, the health-related consequences associated with the depression of the LP RRR-alpha-tocopherol concentrations in carves fed vitamin A at 35.6 and 71.2 mu mol need to be investigated. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Dairy Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Coll Agr, Dept Human Food Nutr, Pomona, CA 91768 USA. Stuart Prod Inc, Bedford, TX USA. RP Nonnecke, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 57 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 130 IS 3 BP 629 EP 636 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 289EH UT WOS:000085607200021 PM 10702596 ER PT J AU Shaw, AM Escobar, AJ Davis, CA AF Shaw, AM Escobar, AJ Davis, CA TI Reassessing the food guide pyramid: Decision-making framework SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION LA English DT Article AB Food guides are dynamic nutrition education tools based on current nutrition recommendations, data on foods consumed by the target population, and nutrient content of those foods. As new nutrient/food recommendations are proposed, food guides must be reassessed to ensure that they continue to meet nutrient objectives. A framework for conducting this assessment is described, consisting of six major steps. The first two steps identify the specific source and nature of a new nutrition standard and consider data on prevalence of inadequate intakes in the population in order to establish research priorities among candidate issues.The third step assesses the ability of current food guide recommendations to meet the proposed new standard, leading to a fourth step, ii needed, in which potential changes to the Food Guide are systematically explored. A fifth step considers the consistency of any potential food guide modifications with current objectives for practicality and usefulness of the guide to its target audience. The final step recognizes that some nutrient recommendations may have no feasible dietary solution, and supplements must be considered. As examples, this paper applies this framework to determining implications for food guidance of the new Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium, magnesium, and folic acid and presents options for consideration in providing individualized dietary guidance for specific age groups regarding these nutrients. Application of this assessment framework can help assure nutrition educators, researchers, and policy makers that proposed modifications to food guidance are based on a systematic, documented research process, consistent with established goals and objectives of the Food Guide and with current nutritional data and recommendations. Assessment activities can help identify research needs for improved data on nutrient composition of food and data on consumer understanding and application of food guidance principles. These activities can also help inform those who establish nutrition standards or propose fortification levels of the potential consequences of their recommendations for food-guide-based diet patterns. C1 USDA, Ctr Nutr Policy & Promot, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Shaw, AM (reprint author), USDA, Ctr Nutr Policy & Promot, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 7 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU DECKER PERIODICALS INC PI HAMILTON PA 4 HUGHSON STREET SOUTH PO BOX 620, LCD 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 0022-3182 J9 J NUTR EDUC JI J. Nutr. Educ. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 32 IS 2 BP 111 EP 118 DI 10.1016/S0022-3182(00)70528-0 PG 8 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Education & Educational Research; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 300CQ UT WOS:000086235600008 ER PT J AU McNeel, RL Mersmann, HJ AF McNeel, RL Mersmann, HJ TI Nutritional deprivation reduces the transcripts for transcription factors and adipocyte-characteristic proteins in porcine adipocytes SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE pigs; adipocytes; transcription factors; mRNA; starvation; transcripts ID ENHANCER-BINDING-PROTEIN; OBESE GENE-EXPRESSION; GLUCOSE-TRANSPORTER GENE; ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA; FATTY-ACID SYNTHASE; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; 3T3-L1 PREADIPOCYTES; LIPOPROTEIN-LIPASE; PPAR-GAMMA; C/EBP-ALPHA AB For an organism to survive during nutritional deprivation, it must be able to regulate the genes involved in energy metabolism. White adipose tissue is an energy source during fasting conditions. In adipose tissue, transcription factors regulate several adipocyte-characteristic proteins involved in differentiation and energy metabolism. We investigated the transcript concentrations of two key transcription factors, as well as the transcript concentrations of several adipocyte-characteristic proteins, and genes involved in adipocyte energy metabolism in the adipose tissue of pigs fasted for 72 hours. Nutritional deprivation resulted in decreased transcript concentrations of the transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein alpha. The transcript concentrations of several adipocyte-characteristic proteins, fatty acid synthase, glucose transporter 4, lipoprotein lipase, leptin, and adipocyte fatty acid binding protein were also significantly reduced. The insulin receptor transcript concentration did not change. We conclude that these transcript concentration changes are aimed collectively at adjusting energy partitioning to conserve energy during nutritional deprivation, thereby enabling survival. (C) Elsevier Science Inc 2000. All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP McNeel, RL (reprint author), Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 47 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 11 IS 3 BP 139 EP 146 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(99)00085-6 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 304FM UT WOS:000086472600004 PM 10742658 ER PT J AU Kay, CE Bartos, DL AF Kay, CE Bartos, DL TI Ungulate herbivory on Utah aspen: Assessment of long-term exclosures SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Populus tremuloides communities; reproduction; decline; cattle grazing; deer browsing; elk browsing; undergrowth ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; FIRE; ELK AB The role of livestock grazing and big-game browsing in the decline of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in the Intermountain West has long been questioned. All known aspen exclosures (n=8) on the Dixie and Fishlake National Forests in south-central Utah were measured during late summer of 1995 and 1996 to determine aspen stem dynamics, successional status, and understory species composition. Fire of the exclosures mere of a 3-part design with a total-exclusion portion, a livestock-exclusion portion, and a combined-use portion which permitted the effects of deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (Cervus elaphus) herbivory to be measured separately from those of livestock. Aspen within all total-exclusion plots successfully regenerated and developed multi-aged stems without the influence of fire or other disturbance. Aspen subjected to browsing by wildlife, primarily mule deer, either failed to regenerate successfully or regenerated at stem densities significantly lower (2,498 stems ha(-1)) than that on total-exclusion plots (4,474 stems ha(-1)). On combined wildlife-livestock-use plots, most aspen failed to regenerate successfully, or did so at low stem densities (1,012 stems/ha(-1)). Aspen successfully regenerated on ungulate-use plots only when deer numbers were low. Similarly, ungulate herbivory had significant effects on understory species composition. In general, utilization by deer tended to reduce shrubs and tall palatable forbs while favoring the growth of native grasses. The addition of livestock grazing, however, tended to reduce native grasses while promoting introduced species and bare soil. Thus, communities dominated by old-age or single-age trees appear to be a product of ungulate browsing, not a biological attribute of aspen as has been commonly assumed. There was no evidence that climatic variation affected aspen regeneration. Observed differences are attributed to varied histories of ungulate herbivory. C1 Utah State Univ, Inst Polit Econ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Polit Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Logan, UT 84321 USA. RP Kay, CE (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Inst Polit Econ, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 42 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 39 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 53 IS 2 BP 145 EP 153 DI 10.2307/4003274 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337MT UT WOS:000088365900002 ER PT J AU Karn, JF AF Karn, JF TI Supplementation of yearling steers grazing Northern Great Plains rangelands SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE dry matter intake; forage crude protein; forage phosphorus; ground barley ID FORAGE; CATTLE; COWS AB Growing yearling steers on summer rangelands as part of a com-calf-yearling operation would allow producers to maximize forage utilization, and selling yearling steers when forage was in short supply mould minimize potential genetic losses in the cow herd. A series of summer supplementation and intake studies were conducted from 1988-1992 to determine if weight gains of grazing yearling steers could be increased by supplemental energy (ground barley), phosphorus (P), or crude protein. Studies mere conducted at 2 locations on pastures of approximately 51 ha each, which contained quite different mixtures of forage species. Forage P, crude protein and IVDOM levels were monitored throughout the grazing season. Supplementation results varied among years and between locations. There were significant (P < 0.14) location by treatment interactions in 1989 and 1990 because steers at the WEST location tended to respond more to supplementation than steers at the EAST location, but EAST location steers had the highest rates of gain. Providing supplements at gradually increasing rates produced results comparable to supplementing at a constant rate all summer. Supplemental crude protein showed no significant benefit, but crude protein levels in pasture forage were generally above steer requirements. Weight gains averaged over all 5 years were greater (P < 0.05) for steers supplemented with barley or barley and P, compared to unsupplemented control steers. The response to supplementation should be beneficial most years, but results may vary with the quantity and quality of available forage. C1 ARS, USDA, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Karn, JF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 53 IS 2 BP 170 EP 175 DI 10.2307/4003278 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337MT UT WOS:000088365900006 ER PT J AU Berg, WA Sims, PL AF Berg, WA Sims, PL TI Residual nitrogen effects on soil, forage, and steer gain SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Southern Plains; marginal farmland; grass fertilization; Old World bluestem; Bothriochloa ischaemum; forage quality ID ACIDIFICATION AB Nitrogen fertilization is a common practice on introduced grass pastures established on marginal farmland in the Southern Great Plains. The efficiency of N fertilizer use on pastures and concern about nitrate movement into substrata prompted this study of residual N effects following fertilization. The study was conducted on Old World bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum L.) pastures on Pratt soil (sandy, mixed thermic Psammentic Haplustalfs) in western Oklahoma where the 57-year average annual precipitation is 566 mm yr(-1). Herbage production and steer gains were quantified over 3 summer grazing seasons on paddocks fertilized annually with 0, 34, 68, or 102 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) during the preceding 5 years. Peak standing ungrazed herbage yields mere 2- to 4-fold greater in paddocks fertilized the preceding 5 years and were linearly related to the total N applied the previous 5 gears, Steer weight gain responded linearly to N with an average of 0.63 kg gain over 3 years per kg N applied over the preceding 5 years. No differences (P > 0.05) in soil nitrate concentrations to a depth of 2.8 m were measured among the N rate treatments. Overall, substantial effects of residual N mere measured in both herbage mass and steer weight gain for 3 years following 5 years of N fertilization. C1 ARS, USDA, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. RP Berg, WA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Plains Range Res Stn, 2000 18th St, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 53 IS 2 BP 183 EP 189 DI 10.2307/4003280 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337MT UT WOS:000088365900008 ER PT J AU Winslow, SR Sowell, BF AF Winslow, SR Sowell, BF TI A comparison of methods to determine plant successional stages SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE range condition; seral stages; plant communities; succession AB Twenty-six, 0.04 ha macroplots were sampled on 9 range sites in southwestern Montana to compare successional scores and condition classifications of range condition analysis and United States Forest Service (USFS) Ecodata and Ecopac (Strata) analysis methods. Range condition scores (0-100%) and range condition classes (poor, fair, good, excellent) were derived from the traditional Soil Conservation Service range condition analysis method, with the exception that only major decreaser and increaser graminoids and shrubs were individually clipped and bagged. Ecological status scores (1-100%) and ecological condition classes (low, mid, high, very high) were determined with United States Forest Service Eco;lata methods. Range condition score means were greater (p < 0.02) than ecological status score means (48% vs 41%). Standing crop biomass affected differences (p < 0.001) between range condition scores and ecological status scores. Lower producing sites had greater range condition scores than ecological status scores and higher producing sites had greater ecological status scores than range condition scores. Range condition classes and ecological condition classes were not independent (p < 0.02). Differences between the 2 methods were attributable to the use of species composition by weight for the range condition analysis and the use of percent canopy cover by Ecodata methods. Rangeland managers trying to determine successional status should realize that range condition analysis and Ecodata methods produce similar condition classes but different condition scores. C1 USDA, NRCS, Plant Mat Ctr, Bridger, MT 59014 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Winslow, SR (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, Plant Mat Ctr, Bridger, MT 59014 USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 53 IS 2 BP 194 EP 198 DI 10.2307/4003282 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337MT UT WOS:000088365900010 ER PT J AU Lecain, DR Morgan, JA Schuman, GE Reeder, JD Hart, RH AF Lecain, DR Morgan, JA Schuman, GE Reeder, JD Hart, RH TI Carbon exchange rates in grazed and ungrazed pastures of Wyoming SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE grazing; productivity; photosynthesis; soil respiration; species composition ID NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; CO2 EXCHANGE; RANGELAND; RESPONSES; GRASSLANDS; VEGETATION; NITROGEN; PRAIRIE; SOILS; RESPIRATION AB The influence of cattle grazing on carbon cycling in the mixed grass prairie was investigated by measuring the CO2 exchange rate in pastures with a 13 year history of heavy or light grazing and an ungrazed exclosure at the High Plains Grasslands Research Station near Cheyenne, Wyo. In 1995, 1996 and 1997 a closed system chamber, which covered 1 m(2) of ground, was used every 3 weeks from April to October to measure midday CO2 exchange rate. Green vegetation index (similar to leaf area index), soil respiration rate, species composition, soil mater content, soil temperature, and air temperature were also measured to relate to CO2 exchange rates of the 3 grazing treatments. Treatment differences varied among gears, but overall early season (mid April to mid June) CO2 exchange rates in the grazed pastures were higher (up to 2.5 X) than in the exclosure. Higher early season CO2 exchange rates were associated with earlier spring green-up in grazed pastures, measured as higher green vegetation index. As the growing season progressed, green vegetation index increased in all pastures, but more so in the ungrazed exclosure, resulting in occasionally higher (up to 2 X) CO2 exchange rate compared with grazed pastures late in the season. Seasonal treatment differences mere not associated with soil temperature, soil respiration rate, or air temperature, nor was there a substantial change in species composition due to grazing. We hypothesize that early spring green-up and higher early season CO2 exchange rate in grazed pastures may be due to better light penetration and a warmer microclimate near the soil surface because of less litter and standing dead compared to the ungrazed pastures. When all the measurements mere averaged over the entire season, there mas no difference in CO2 exchange rate between heavily grazed, lightly prated and ungrazed pastures in this ecosystem. C1 ARS, USDA, Crops Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. ARS, USDA, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY USA. RP Lecain, DR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crops Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 30 TC 70 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 34 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 53 IS 2 BP 199 EP 206 DI 10.2307/4003283 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337MT UT WOS:000088365900011 ER PT J AU Sanderson, MA Reed, RL AF Sanderson, MA Reed, RL TI Switchgrass growth and development: Water, nitrogen, and plant density effects SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Panicum virgatum; morphological development; stress ID MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; PANICUM-VIRGATUM; DEFOLIATION; RESPONSES; GRASSES AB Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), an important component of the tallgrass prairie, is a productive warm-season forage grass. Interest in growing switchgrass for alternative uses has raised questions about resource use during production. The objective of our study was to examine how resource inputs affected interspecific plant competition in switchgrass. 'Alamo' switchgrass was established from seed in outdoor lysimeters in May 1993 and grown under 22 or 112 kg N ha(-1), and under field capacity or water-deficit conditions until August 1993. Plant spacing varied systematically from 10 to 70 cm. Plants were harvested in late summer each year and individual plant dry weight, tiller number, leaf area, and morphological development stage were measured. Soil moisture tensions below -45 kPa reduced switchgrass photosynthetic rates and xylem pressure potential. As plant spacing increased, tiller number, leaf area, plant dry weight, and morphological development stage increased. Plant dry weight and tiller number in the establishment year was not affected by N input. Established plants in 1993, however, responded to high N input at low plant densities with 50 to 100% greater leaf area and up to 3-fold greater plant dry weight compared to the low-N treatment. The increased plant dry weight at high N input resulted from increased individual tiller weight and not increased tiller number. Our data indicate that competitive responses of switchgrass plants at high plant densities were controlled by competition for aboveground resources, as plant yield and morphology at high densities were not affected by water or N inputs. C1 ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Samuel Roberts Noble Fdn Inc, Ardmore, OK 73402 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Agr Res & Extens, Stephenville, TX USA. RP Sanderson, MA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 15 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 14 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 53 IS 2 BP 221 EP 227 DI 10.2307/4003287 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 337MT UT WOS:000088365900015 ER PT J AU Garrett, WM Mack, SO Rohan, RM Guthrie, HD AF Garrett, WM Mack, SO Rohan, RM Guthrie, HD TI In situ analysis of the changes in expression of ovarian inhibin subunit mRNAs during follicle recruitment after ovulation in pigs SO JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY LA English DT Article ID MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; GRANULOSA-CELLS; PREOVULATORY MATURATION; DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID; STEROIDOGENIC ENZYME; ESTROUS-CYCLE; ACTIVIN; RAT; HYBRIDIZATION; TRANSCRIPTS AB In situ hybridization was used on frozen tissue sections with digoxigenin-labelled antisense riboprobes to inhibin/activin alpha and beta(A) subunits to determine whether inhibin/activin subunit mRNA expression was associated with development of growing, steroidogenically active follicles during follicle recruitment after ovulation. Cell proliferation-associated nuclear antigen Ki-67 protein and cytochrome P450 aromatase expression in granulosa cells were determined immunohistochemically and used as markers for granulosa cell proliferation and steroidogenesis, respectively, on days 3, 5 and 7 after the onset of oestrus. The amounts of inhibin/activin a and 13, subunit mRNA and P450 aromatase protein were greater (102, 93, and 238%, respectively; P < 0.05) in medium than in small non-atretic follicles and were positively correlated with Ki-67 and with each other. Inhibin/activin alpha and beta(A) mRNA, P450 aromatase, and Ki-67 in granulosa cells were reduced by 66-83% (P < 0.001) in atretic follicles compared with non-atretic follicles. In addition, inhibin/activin alpha and beta(A) mRNA and P450 aromatase in small (1-2 mm) non-atretic follicles decreased (P < 0.05) between day 3 and day 7 independently of morphological or biochemical signs of atresia. The pattern of inhibin/activin subunit mRNA expression supports the notion that activin and inhibin have roles in growth and steroidogenesis in follicle recruitment during the early luteal phase of the oestrous cycle. C1 USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Howard Univ, Coll Med, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Childrens Hosp, Dept Surg, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Guthrie, HD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOURNALS OF REPRODUCTION FERTILITY LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA 22 NEWMARKET RD, CAMBRIDGE CB5 8DT, ENGLAND SN 0022-4251 J9 J REPROD FERTIL JI J. Reprod. Fertil. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 118 IS 2 BP 235 EP 242 DI 10.1530/reprod/118.2.235 PG 8 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 298JX UT WOS:000086136500004 PM 10864787 ER PT J AU Neuhausler, U Jacobsen, C Schulze, D Stott, D Abend, S AF Neuhausler, U Jacobsen, C Schulze, D Stott, D Abend, S TI A specimen chamber for soft X-ray spectromicroscopy on aqueous and liquid samples SO JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION LA English DT Article DE X-ray microscopy; spectromicroscopy; wet specimen chambers; wet cells; colloidal systems AB A specimen chamber is described for soft X-ray spectromicroscopy of hydrated specimens and solutions. Applications include imaging and carbon edge spectroscopy of hydrated clay/polymer suspensions. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Gottingen, Forsch Einrichtung Rontgenphys, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Kiel, Inst Anorgan Chem, D-24098 Kiel, Germany. RP Neuhausler, U (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RI Jacobsen, Chris/E-2827-2015 OI Jacobsen, Chris/0000-0001-8562-0353 NR 7 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0909-0495 J9 J SYNCHROTRON RADIAT JI J. Synchrot. Radiat. PD MAR 1 PY 2000 VL 7 BP 110 EP 112 DI 10.1107/S0909049599015940 PN 2 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA 304UM UT WOS:000086502600009 PM 16609182 ER PT J AU Reinert, JF AF Reinert, JF TI Synonymy of subgenus Sinoaedes of genus Aedes with subgenus Mattinglyia of genus Heizmannia SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Sinoaedes; Heizmannia; Mattinglyia; Heizmannia occidentayunnana; mosquito AB The subgenus Sinoaedes is transferred from the genus Aedes and placed in synonymy with the subgenus Mattinglyia of the genus Heizmannia. The haplotype of Sinoaedes, Aedes occidentayunnanus, is transferred to the subgenus Mattinglyia of the genus Heizmannia and the spelling of the specific name is corrected to agree in gender with Heizmannia. Rationale for these actions is provided. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Walter Reed Biosystemat Unit, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Reinert, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOC PI MOUNT LAUREL PA 15000 COMMERCE PARKWAY, SUITE C, MOUNT LAUREL, NJ 08054 USA SN 8756-971X EI 1943-6270 J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 16 IS 1 BP 38 EP 39 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 298PT UT WOS:000086148900009 PM 10757490 ER PT J AU Reinert, JF AF Reinert, JF TI Assignment of two North American species of Aedes to subgenus Rusticoidus SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Rusticoidus; Aedes bicristatus; Aedes provocans; mosquito AB Aedes bicristatus and Aedes provocans ore transferred to subgenus Rusticoidus from subgenus Ochlerotatus. Primary morphologic features of Rusticoidus are provided for separating this subgenus from all other subgenera of genus Aedes. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Walter Rees Biosystemat Unit, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Reinert, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 2200 E PRIEN LAKE RD, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70601 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 16 IS 1 BP 42 EP 43 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 298PT UT WOS:000086148900011 PM 10757492 ER PT J AU Reinert, JF AF Reinert, JF TI Separation of trap-collected adults of Anopheles atropos from species of the Quadrimaculatus Complex SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Anopheles atropos; Quadrimaculatus Complex; mosquito AB The presence of a moderate- to large-sized patch of dark scales on the anterior surface of the fore coxa of Anopheles atropos can be used to separate this species From species of the Quadrimaculatus Complex collected in coastal areas of the United States. Identification of specimens is possible even if they have been collected in traps and are rubbed and faded. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Reinert, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 2200 E PRIEN LAKE RD, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70601 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 16 IS 1 BP 44 EP 44 PG 1 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 298PT UT WOS:000086148900012 PM 10757493 ER PT J AU Cermak, SC Isbell, TA AF Cermak, SC Isbell, TA TI Synthesis of delta-stearolactone from oleic acid SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE acid catalyzed; lactone; oleic acid; perchloric acid; regioselective; delta-stearolactone; sulfuric acid ID MEADOWFOAM FATTY-ACIDS; CATALYZED CONDENSATION; ESTOLIDES; LACTONES AB delta-Stearolactone was prepared from oleic acid using concentrated sulfuric acid under various conditions in the presence of polar, nonparticipating solvents, delta-Stearolactone was formed in as high as 15:1 ratios over the thermodynamic product, gamma-lactone, in the presence of methylene chloride, 100% wt/vol, at room temperature with two equivalents of sulfuric acid for 24 h. This procedure is applicable to other olefinic fatty acids such as estolides and fatty acid methyl esters. Temperature plays a role in the regioselectivity of the cyclization for delta-lactone, as lower temperatures (20 degrees C) gave higher delta/gamma ratios. At higher temperatures (50 degrees C) in the presence of sulfuric acid and methylene chloride the yield of lactone was 75% but with a delta/gamma ratio of only 0.3:1. Cyclization of oleic acid to lactone also occurred with other acids. Oleic acid underwent reaction with perchloric acid, one equivalent, in the absence of solvent at 50 degrees C, which yielded delta-lactone in a modest yield with a 3.1 delta/gamma ratio. The same temperature effect was observed with perchloric acid that was observed in the case of sulfuric acid. Because delta-stearolactone is much more reactive than the corresponding fatty acid, fatty acid ester, or gamma-lactone, we believe that it will be a useful synthon for many new industrial products including new biodegradable detergents. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Cermak, SC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 77 IS 3 BP 243 EP 248 DI 10.1007/s11746-000-0040-6 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 294WL UT WOS:000085933400006 ER PT J AU List, GR Neff, WE Holliday, RL King, JW Holser, R AF List, GR Neff, WE Holliday, RL King, JW Holser, R TI Hydrogenation of soybean oil triglycerides: Effect of pressure on selectivity SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE high-performance liquid chromatography; hydrogenation; pressure; selectivity; soybean oil; triglycerides ID TRIACYLGLYCEROL AB Soybean oil contains five triglycerides that account for over 70% of the total. These include LLL, LLO, LLP, LOG, and LOP and their isomers (where L = linoleic, O = oleic, P = palmitic). High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of samples taken during a typical hydrogenation run in which the iodine value (IV) was reduced from 130 to about 70 showed that the linoleate-containing triglycerides were reduced at a much faster rate than the linolenate-containing triglycerides. Results clearly show that hydrogenation proceeds through definite pathways rather than by random saturation of fatty acids within the triglyceride molecules. Pressure has a significant effect on the course of hydrogenation. At higher pressures (500 psi), the reaction is truly nonselective, since di- and trisaturated glycerides are formed at about 70 IV, whereas at 50 psi, the reaction becomes selective. At higher pressures, fat functionality and solid fat result primarily from di- and trisaturated fatty acid triglycerides as well as trans fatty acid triglycerides. At lower pressures, functionality results from trans acid triglyceride formation. Although the reactivity of linoleate containing triglycerides followed the pattern 6 double bonds > 5 double bonds > 4 double bonds, other factors may be important. For example, LLP is reactive and undergoes hydrogenation, while LLS remains unchanged. Triolein, which constitutes less than 3% of the total triglyceride in natural soybean oil, is a significant product of hydrogenation, which suggests that LLL and LLO are reduced directly while adsorbed on the catalyst surface. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP List, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 9 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 77 IS 3 BP 311 EP 314 DI 10.1007/s11746-000-0050-4 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 294WL UT WOS:000085933400016 ER PT J AU Vega, SE Palta, JP Bamberg, JB AF Vega, SE Palta, JP Bamberg, JB TI Variability in the rate of cold acclimation and deacclimation among tuber-bearing Solanum (potato) species SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Solanum species; cold acclimation; cold deacclimation ID NONACCLIMATED FREEZING TOLERANCE; FROST-HARDINESS; ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE; SOMATIC HYBRIDS; STRESS; EXPRESSION; RESISTANCE; CULTIVARS; CAPACITY; SURVIVAL AB Two major components of frost resistance are freezing tolerance in the nonacclimated state (growing in normal condition) and capacity to cold acclimate (increase in freezing tolerance upon exposure to chilling temperatures). In addition to these two major components, numerous factors contribute to frost survival. Although the rate of cold acclimation and deacclimation have been recognized as important factors contributing to frost survival, very little information about them is available. Our objective was to determine if there is variability in the rate of cold acclimation and deacclimation among tuber-bearing wild potato species: S. acaule Bitter, S. commersonii Dunal, S. megistacrolobum Bitter, S. multidissectum Hawkes, S. polytrichon Rydb,, S. sanctae-rosae Hawkes, and S. megistacroloblum subsp, toralapanum (Cardenas & Hawkes) Giannattasio&Spooner. Relative freezing tolerance of these species was measured after 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days of cold acclimation and after 12 and 24 hours deacclimation. Our results showed there were differences in the rates of cold acclimation and deacclimation among these species. With respect to the rate of acclimation we found these species can be divided into four groups: (i) early; (ii) late acclimators; (iii) progressive acclimators, and (iv) nonacclimators. Likewise, a wide range of cold deacclimation behavior was found. Some species showed as low a loss of 20% of their freezing tolerance, others showed as much as >60% loss after 12 hours of deacclimation, Significant deacclimation was observed in all cold acclimating species after 1 day. These results demonstrate that the rates of cold acclimation and deacclimation were not necessarily related to the cold acclimation capacity of a species. Rapid acclimation in response to low temperatures preceding a frost episode and slow deacclimation in response to unseasonably warm daytime temperatures could be advantageous for plants to survive frost events, Thus, in addition to nonacclimated freezing tolerance and acclimation capacity, it would be very desirable to be able to select for rapid acclimation and slow deacclimation abilities. Results demonstrate that variability for these two traits exists in Solanum L, (potato) species. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. ARS, USDA, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Interreg Potato Introduct Stn, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. RP Vega, SE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 42 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 125 IS 2 BP 205 EP 211 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 333WH UT WOS:000088153400010 ER PT J AU Reinert, RA Eason, G AF Reinert, RA Eason, G TI Genetic control of O-3 sensitivity in a cross between two cultivars of snap bean SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Phaseolus vulgaris; air pollution; plant breeding ID OZONE AB Identification of genetic control of ozone (O-3) sensitivity is desirable for selection of plant cultivars which are indicators of O-3 stress. A cross was made between two cultivars of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L),'Oregon 91' (P-1) and 'Wade Bush' (P-2), an O-3-sensitive and O-3-insensitive cultivar, respectively. Ten genetic populations (generations), 'Oregon 91' (P-1),'Wade Bush' (P-2), F-1, F-2, backcrosses to both parents, and all reciprocal crosses, were field planted in each of two summers and evaluated for injury to O-3. Ozone responses for the reciprocal crosses were not significantly different for any generation, so injury ratings from the reciprocal crosses were combined for each generation to provide six populations (P-1, P-2, F-1, F-2, BC1, and BC2) for analysis. When components of genetic variation were estimated from the six generations, additive genetic variance was the most important component in the total genetic variance available, although dominance variance was also a significant component. There was an inconsistency in the magnitude and the direction of the factors contributing to the dominance effects and also a large environmental component making up the phenotypic variance. Estimates of broad-sense heritability and narrow-sense heritability were 60% and 44%, respectively. Results suggest that O-3-sensitive and O-3-insensitive selections could be screened and evaluated in an ambient O-3 environment. Several generations will be necessary, however, to develop 'Bush Blue Lake' type selections that vary only in sensitivity to O-3. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Reinert, RA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 125 IS 2 BP 222 EP 227 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 333WH UT WOS:000088153400013 ER PT J AU Campagnolo, ER Warwick, MC Marx, HL Cowart, RP Donnell, HD Bajani, MD Bragg, SL Esteban, JE Alt, DP Tappero, JW Bolin, CA Ashford, DA AF Campagnolo, ER Warwick, MC Marx, HL Cowart, RP Donnell, HD Bajani, MD Bragg, SL Esteban, JE Alt, DP Tappero, JW Bolin, CA Ashford, DA TI Analysis of the 1998 outbreak of leptospirosis in Missouri in humans exposed to infected swine SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID INTERROGANS SEROVAR POMONA; RESTRICTION-ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS; CLASSIFICATION; KENNEWICKI; DIAGNOSIS; DNA AB Objective-To determine the extent of leptospirosis in persons exposed to infected swine, confirm the source of disease, define risk factors for infection, and identify means for preventing additional infections during an outbreak in Missouri in 1998. Design-Cross-sectional study. Sample Population-240 people and 1,700 pigs. Procedure-An epidemiologic investigation was conducted of people exposed to infected pigs from the University of Missouri-Columbia swine herd. The investigation included review of health of the pigs, a cross-sectional study of the people handling the pigs, serologic testing of human and porcine sera, and risk-factor analysis for leptospirosis within the human population. Results-Serologic testing of samples collected at the time of the investigation indicated that 59% of the pigs had titers to leptospires, denoting exposure. Of the 240 people in the exposed study population, 163 (68%) were interviewed, and of these, 110 (67%) submitted a blood sample. Nine (8%) cases of leptospirosis were confirmed by serologic testing. Risk factors associated with leptospirosis included smoking (odds ratio [OR], 14.4; 95% confidence interval [Cl],1.39 to 137.74) and drinking beverages (OR, 5.1; 95% Cl, 1.04 to 24.30) while working with infected pigs. Washing hands after work was protective (OR, 0.2; 95% Cl, 0.03 to 0.81). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Leptospirosis is a risk for swine producers and slaughterhouse workers, and may be prevented through appropriate hygiene, sanitation, and animal husbandry. It is essential to educate people working with animals or animal tissues about measures for reducing the risk of exposure to zoonotic pathogens. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Hlth Studies Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Dept Hlth, Sect Communicable Dis Control & Vet Publ Hlth, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. Off Epidemiol, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Food Anim Med, Coll Vet Med, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Campagnolo, ER (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 34 TC 41 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 1 PY 2000 VL 216 IS 5 BP 676 EP 682 DI 10.2460/javma.2000.216.676 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 290AL UT WOS:000085654100020 PM 10707682 ER PT J AU Brown, JW AF Brown, JW TI Acmanthina: A new genus of tortricid moths (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae : Euliini) from Chile and Argentina SO JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE tortricidae; hairpencil; genitalia; endemic genera AB Acamanthina, new genus, is described and illustrated from Chile and Argentina, and includes two species: A. acmanthes (Meyrick, 1931) (type species), new combination, and A. albipuncta, new species. Acmanthina can be distinguished from all other genera in Euliini by two external and one genitalia feature of the males: the absence of elongate scaling in the basal portion of the hindwing along veins 1A + 2A and CuP (present in the female), the possession of a fascicle of 17-20 extremely long sex scales (=hairpencil) concealed in a deep fold along the basal three-fifths of hindwing vein CuP, and the deep mesal excavation of the juxta. The new genus appears to be most closely related to Haemateulia Razowski. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Brown, JW (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI NEW YORK PA C/O AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST 79TH & CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA SN 0028-7199 J9 J NEW YORK ENTOMOL S JI J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. PD SPR-SUM PY 2000 VL 108 IS 1-2 BP 106 EP 113 DI 10.1664/0028-7199(2000)108[0106:AANGOT]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 388YH UT WOS:000166210300008 ER PT J AU Ludwig, GM AF Ludwig, GM TI Effect of environmental factors on development of rotifer and copepod nauplii populations in sunshine bass Morone chrysops x M-saxatilis nursery ponds without fish SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STRIPED BASS; ZOOPLANKTON PRODUCTION; CULTURE PONDS; WHITE BASS; TEMPERATURE; LARVAL; SALINITY; FOOD AB Knowledge of the effect of environmental factors on timing and production of zooplankton populations would enable sunshine bass Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis farmers to stock fry when live food is most available and thereby increase fry survival. Relationships of morning water temperature, morning and average daily air temperature, day length, number of rain days and daily rain fall, and dissolved oxygen concentrations to time required for rotifer and copepod nauplii populations to peak in freshly filled freshwater nursery ponds was determined. Relationships of the same independent variables to concentrations of rotifers and copepod nauplii at the peak were also determined. For rotifers, day length, dissolved oxygen, and water and air temperatures were highly correlated with time to the peak density, but not concentration of rotifers. Time required for copepod nauplii densities to peak was associated with rain events; whereas, nauplii concentration was related to day length, dissolved oxygen levels and, to a lesser extent, water and air temperatures. Regression equations of the independent variables had very low predictive value for rotifer or nauplii densities or time to reach initial peak nauplii populations. Regressions of day length, morning water temperature, morning and average daily air temperature had moderate values (r(2) > 0.7) for predicting time to initial peak rotifer densities. C1 USDA ARS, Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Ludwig, GM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, POB 860, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.2000.tb00692.x PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 309HA UT WOS:000086761400001 ER PT J AU Richardson, BA Richardson, MJ Scatena, FN McDowell, WH AF Richardson, BA Richardson, MJ Scatena, FN McDowell, WH TI Effects of nutrient availability and other elevational changes on bromeliad populations and their invertebrate communities in a humid tropical forest in Puerto Rico SO JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE abundance; biomass; bromeliads; diversity; elevation; nutrients; phytotelmata; productivity; Puerto Rico; species richness ID LUQUILLO MOUNTAINS; SPECIES RICHNESS; MONTANE FOREST; HURRICANE-HUGO; COSTA-RICA; BIOMASS; LITTERFALL AB Nutrient inputs into tank bromeliads were studied in relation to growth and productivity, and the abundance, diversity and biomass of their animal inhabitants, in three forest types along an elevational gradient. Concentrations of phosphorus, potassium and calcium in canopy-derived debris, and nitrogen and phosphorus in phytotelm water, declined with increasing elevation. Dwarf forest bromeliads contained the smallest amounts of debris/plant and lowest concentrations of nutrients in plant tissue. Their leaf turnover rate and productivity were highest and, because of high plant density, they comprised 12.8% of forest net primary productivity (0.4-7 t ha(-1) y(-1)), and contained 3.3 t ha(-1) of water. Annual nutrient budgets indicated that these microcosms were nutrient-abundant and accumulated < 5% of most nutrients passing through them. Exceptions were K and P in the dwarf forest, where accumulation was c. 25% of inputs. Animal and bromeliad biomass/plant peaked in the intermediate elevation forest, and were positively correlated with the debris content/bromeliad across all forest types. Animal species richness showed a significant mid-elevational peak, whereas abundance was independent of species richness and debris quantities, and declined with elevation as forest net primary productivity declined. The unimodal pattern of species richness was not correlated with nutrient concentrations, and relationships among faunal abundance, species richness, nutrient inputs and environment are too complex to warrant simple generalizations about nutrient resources and diversity, even in apparently simple microhabitats. C1 Napier Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, Midlothian, Scotland. US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Richardson, BA (reprint author), 165 Braid Rd, Edinburgh EH10 6JE, Midlothian, Scotland. RI McDowell, William/E-9767-2010 OI McDowell, William/0000-0002-8739-9047 NR 47 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 23 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0266-4674 J9 J TROP ECOL JI J. Trop. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 16 BP 167 EP 188 DI 10.1017/S0266467400001346 PN 2 PG 22 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 308BX UT WOS:000086689600001 ER PT J AU Schaefer, DA McDowell, WH Scatena, FN Asbury, CE AF Schaefer, DA McDowell, WH Scatena, FN Asbury, CE TI Effects of hurricane disturbance on stream water concentrations and fluxes in eight tropical forest watersheds of the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico SO JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biogeochemistry; disturbance; long-term records; nutrient export; stream chemistry; tropics ID BISLEY EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHEDS; RAIN-FOREST; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; TREEFALL GAPS; MAJOR IONS; HUGO; ECOSYSTEM; EXPORT; NITROGEN; AVAILABILITY AB Stream water chemistry responds substantially to watershed disturbances, but hurricane effects have not been extensively investigated in tropical regions. This study presents a long-term (2.5-11 y) weekly record of stream water chemistry on eight forested watersheds (catchment basins) in the Luquillo Mountains of Puerto Rico. This includes a period before and at least 2 y after the disturbance caused by the 1989 Hurricane Hugo. Nitrate, potassium and ammonium concentrations increased after the hurricane and remained elevated for up to 2 y. Sulphate, chloride, sodium, magnesium and calcium showed smaller relative significant changes. Average stream water exports of potassium, nitrate and ammonium increased by 13.1, 3.6 and 0.54 kg ha(-1) y(-1) in the first post-hurricane year across all watersheds. These represent increases of 119, 182 and 102% respectively, compared to the other years of record. The increased stream outputs of potassium and nitrogen in the first 2 y post-hurricane are equivalent to 3% (potassium) and 1% (nitrogen) of the hurricane-derived plant litter. Effects of hurricanes on tropical stream water potassium and nitrogen can be greater than those caused by canopy gaps or limited forest cutting, but less than those following large-scale deforestation or fire. C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Inst Trop Ecosyst Studies, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Schaefer, DA (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico, Inst Trop Ecosyst Studies, Box 363682, San Juan, PR 00936 USA. RI McDowell, William/E-9767-2010 OI McDowell, William/0000-0002-8739-9047 NR 46 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 8 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0266-4674 J9 J TROP ECOL JI J. Trop. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 16 BP 189 EP 207 DI 10.1017/S0266467400001358 PN 2 PG 19 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 308BX UT WOS:000086689600002 ER PT J AU Mecham, JO Jochim, MM AF Mecham, JO Jochim, MM TI Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of antibody to epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID COMPETITIVE ELISA; BLUETONGUE VIRUS; SEROTYPES AB An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been developed to detect antibodies to epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer virus (EHDV). The assay incorporates a monoclonal antibody to EHDV serotype 2 (EHDV-2) that demonstrates specificity for the viral structural protein, VP7. The assay was evaluated with sequential sera collected from cattle experimentally infected with EHDV serotype 1 (EHDV-1) and EHDV-2, as well as the four serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV), BTV-10, BTV-11, BTV-13, and BTV-17, that currently circulate in the US. A competitive and a blocking format as well as the use of antigen produced from both EHDV-1- and EHDV-2-infected cells were evaluated. The assay was able to detect specific antibody as early as 7 days after infection and could differentiate animals experimentally infected with EHDV from those experimentally infected with BTV. The diagnostic potential of this assay was demonstrated with field-collected serum samples from cattle, deer, and buffalo. C1 ARS, USDA, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Vet Diagnost Technol Inc, Wheat Ridge, CO 80033 USA. RP Mecham, JO (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, POB 3965,Univ Stn, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 16 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 12 IS 2 BP 142 EP 145 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 297YH UT WOS:000086110300007 PM 10730943 ER PT J AU Lam, N Letchworth, GJ AF Lam, N Letchworth, GJ TI Bovine herpesvirus 1 U(L)3.5 interacts with bovine herpesvirus 1 alpha-transinducing factor SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE-1; OPEN READING FRAME; VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS; COMPLETE DNA-SEQUENCE; IMMEDIATE-EARLY GENE; PSEUDORABIES VIRUS; TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS; EQUINE HERPESVIRUS-1; UL3.5 HOMOLOG; PROTEIN AB The bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) U(L)3.5 gene encodes a 126-amino-acid tegument protein. Homologs of U(L)3.5 are present in some alphaherpesviruses and have 20 to 30% overall amino acid homology that is concentrated in the N-terminal 50 amino acids. Mutant pseudorabies virus lacking U(L)3.5 is deficient in viral egress but can be complemented by BHV-1 U(L)3.5 (W. Fuchs, H, Granzow, and T. C. Mettenleiter, J. Virol. 71:8886-8892, 1997), The function of BHV-1 U(L)3.5 in BHV-1 replication is not known. To get a better understanding of its function, we sought to identify the proteins that interact with the BHV-1 U(L)3.5 protein. By using an in vitro pull-down assay and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry analysis, we identified BHV-1 alpha-transinducing factor (alpha BTIF) as a BHV-1 U(L)3.5-interacting protein. The interaction was verified by coimmunoprecipitation from virus-infected cells using an antibody to either protein, by indirect immunofluorescence colocalization in both virus-infected and transfected cells, and by the binding of in vitro-translated proteins. In virus-infected cells, U(L)3.5 and alpha BTIF colocalized in a Golgi-like subcellular compartment late in infection. In transfected cells, they colocalized in the nucleus. Deletion of 20 amino acids from the N terminus of U(L)3.5, but not 40 amino acids from the C terminus, abolished the U(L)3.5-alpha BTIF interaction both in vitro and in vivo. The interaction between U(L)3.5 and alpha BTIF may be important for BHV-1 maturation and regulation of alpha BTIF transactivation activity. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Hlth & Biomed Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Letchworth, GJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, ABADRL, POB 3965,Univ Stn, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 28 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 74 IS 6 BP 2876 EP 2884 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.6.2876-2884.2000 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 286LH UT WOS:000085447100042 PM 10684304 ER PT J AU Ivey, FM Tracy, BL Lemmer, JT NessAiver, M Metter, EJ Fozard, JL Hurley, BF AF Ivey, FM Tracy, BL Lemmer, JT NessAiver, M Metter, EJ Fozard, JL Hurley, BF TI Effects of strength training and detraining on muscle quality: Age and gender comparisons SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA; OLDER MEN; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; HUMAN QUADRICEPS; HYPERTROPHY; YOUNG; ADAPTATIONS; MORPHOLOGY; TENSION; FLEXORS AB Maximal force production per unit of muscle mass (muscle quality, or MQ) has been used to describe the relative contribution of non-muscle-mass components to the changes in strength with age and strength training (ST). To compare the influence of age and gender on MQ response to ST and detraining, 11 young men (20-30 years), nine young women (20-30 years), 11 older men (65-75 years), and 11 older women (65-75 years), were assessed for quadriceps MQ at baseline, after 9 weeks of ST, and after 31 weeks of detraining. MQ was calculated by dividing quadriceps one repetition maximum (1RM) strength by quadriceps muscle volume determined by magnetic resonance imaging. All groups demonstrated significant increases in 1RM strength and muscle volume after training (all p < .05). All groups also increased their MQ with training (all p < .01), but the gain in hla was significantly greater in young women than in the other three groups (p < .05). After 31 weeks of detraining, MQ values remained significantly elevated above baseline levels in all groups (p < .05), except the older women. These results indicate that factors other than muscle mass contribute to strength gains with ST in young and older men and women, but those other factors may account for a higher portion of the strength gains in young women. These factors continue to maintain strength levels above baseline for up to 31 weeks after cessation of training in young men and women, and in older men. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Kinesiol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Baltimore VA Med Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Kinesiol & Appl Physiol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Medford, MA 02155 USA. NIA, Gerontol Res Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. Morton Plant Mease Hlth Care, Florida Geriatr Res Program, Clearwater, FL USA. RP Hurley, BF (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Kinesiol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Fozard, James Leonard/B-3660-2009 FU NIA NIH HHS [1-AG-4-2148] NR 28 TC 91 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 10 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 55 IS 3 BP B152 EP B157 PG 6 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 331XR UT WOS:000088044400006 PM 10795719 ER PT J AU Martin, A Prior, R Shukitt-Hale, B Cao, GH Joseph, JA AF Martin, A Prior, R Shukitt-Hale, B Cao, GH Joseph, JA TI Effect of fruits, vegetables, or vitamin E-rich diet on vitamins E and C distribution in peripheral and brain tissues: Implications for brain function SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID HEALTHY ELDERLY SUBJECTS; ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; AGE-RELATED-CHANGES; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; RAT-BRAIN; E SUPPLEMENTATION; ASCORBIC-ACID; EXTRACELLULAR FLUID; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; CANCER PREVENTION AB Age-related neurodegenerative conditions are the principal cause of declining cognitive and motor function during aging. Evidence support that fruits and vegetables containing generous amounts of antioxidant nutrients are important for neurological function. We investigated the effect of diets enriched with fruits or vegetables but low in vitamin E and a diet high in vitamin E on the distribution of vitamins C and E in the brain and dopamine release of Fischer 344 rat model, over an 8-month period. The low-vitamin E diet resulted in lowered alpha-tocopherol levels in brain and peripheral tissues, whereas the animals that received a diet enriched in vitamin E showed a significant increase, between 500-900%. Vitamin C concentration in plasma, heart, and liver was reduced in the vitamin E-supplemented group. It is concluded that supplementation or depletion of alpha-tocopherol for 8 months results in marked changes in vitamin E levels in brain tissue and peripheral tissues, and varied distribution of alpha-tocopherol throughout the different brain regions examined. In addition, compared to control group, rats supplemented with strawberry, spinach, or vitamin E showed a significant enhancement in striatal dopamine release. These findings suggest that other nutrients present in fruits and vegetables, in addition to the well-known antioxidants, may be important for brain function. C1 Tufts Univ, Neurosci Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tufts Univ, Neurosci Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM amartin@hnrc.tufts.edu NR 55 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1079-5006 EI 1758-535X J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 55 IS 3 BP B144 EP B151 PG 8 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 331XR UT WOS:000088044400005 PM 10795718 ER PT J AU Falcon, LM Tucker, KL AF Falcon, LM Tucker, KL TI Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among Hispanic elders in Massachusetts SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES B-PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; NEW-YORK-CITY; MEXICAN-AMERICANS; PUERTO-RICANS; PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS; UNITED-STATES; HEALTH; ACCULTURATION; COMMUNITY; RESIDENTS AB Background. Few studies have addressed depression among Puerto Rican and Dominican elders. This study examined the prevalence of depressive symptomatology and associated situational factors, among a representative sample of Hispanic elders in the state of Massachusetts and a neighborhood comparison group of non-Hispanic whites (NHWs). Methods. Participants included 715 Hispanic elders (429 Puerto Rican, 128 Dominican, and 149 other Hispanic) in Massachusetts and 238 NHW elders living in the same neighborhoods. Depressive symptomatology was measured with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). The associations between socioeconomic status, household arrangements, acculturation, health problems, and depression score were examined with multiple linear and logistic regression. Results. Puerto Rican and Dominican elders had significantly greater prevalences of high depression scores when compared with neighborhood NHWs. After controlling for various social, demographic, and health characteristics. the scores of Puerto Ricans remained significantly greater than those of the NHWs, but nor "Other Hispanic" groups. Higher CES-D scores were significantly associated with bring female, living alone, and having a higher number of health problems, but not with income. Effects of acculturation were only found among Dominican elders. Conclusions. Puerto Rican elders experience high rates of depressive symptomatology that are associated with, but not fully explained by, high numbers of chronic health conditions. Further investigation is needed to both understand and treat this prevalent problem. C1 Northeastern Univ, Dept Sociol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Program Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Falcon, LM (reprint author), Northeastern Univ, Dept Sociol, 523 Holmes Hall, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; Falcon, Luis/C-1237-2009 FU NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG10425] NR 33 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 0 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 1079-5014 J9 J GERONTOL B-PSYCHOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. B-Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 55 IS 2 BP S108 EP S116 PG 9 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology; Psychology; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Psychology GA 331YB UT WOS:000088045300010 PM 10794195 ER PT J AU Fayer, R AF Fayer, R TI Cryptosporidiosis in cattle: A review (Reprinted) SO LARGE ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Reprint C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU VETERINARY PRACTICE PUBL CO PI IRVINE PA 3 BURROUGHSDR, IRVINE, CA 92618-2804 USA SN 1043-7533 J9 LARGE ANIM PRACT JI Large Anim. Pract. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 22 EP 23 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 294CK UT WOS:000085892200019 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP AF Dubey, JP TI Current concepts in neosporosis (Reprinted) SO LARGE ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Reprint ID CANINUM; DOGS C1 USDA, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VETERINARY PRACTICE PUBL CO PI IRVINE PA 3 BURROUGHSDR, IRVINE, CA 92618-2804 USA SN 1043-7533 J9 LARGE ANIM PRACT JI Large Anim. Pract. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 21 IS 2 BP 26 EP 27 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 294CK UT WOS:000085892200021 ER PT J AU Roberds, JH Selgrade, JF AF Roberds, JH Selgrade, JF TI Dynamical analysis of density-dependent selection in a discrete one-island migration model SO MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE selection; migration; genotype; density-dependence; bifurcation ID DIFFERENCE-EQUATIONS; BIFURCATIONS AB A system of non-linear difference equations is used to model the effects of density-dependent selection and migration in a population characterized by two alleles at a single gene locus. Results for the existence and stability of polymorphic equilibria are established. Properties for a genetically important class of equilibria associated with complete dominance in fitness are described. The birth of an unusual chaotic attractor is also illustrated. This attractor is produced when migration causes chaotic dynamics on a boundary of phase space to bifurcate into the interior of phase space, resulting in bistable genetic polymorphic behavior. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, So Inst Forest Genet, Saucier, MS 39574 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Math, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Roberds, JH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, So Inst Forest Genet, 23332 Hwy 67, Saucier, MS 39574 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0025-5564 J9 MATH BIOSCI JI Math. Biosci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 164 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1016/S0025-5564(00)00002-X PG 15 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 292UT UT WOS:000085814000001 PM 10704635 ER PT J AU Mulbry, W AF Mulbry, W TI Characterization of a novel organophosphorus hydrolase from Nocardiodes simplex NRRL B-24074 SO MICROBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE parathion; hydrolase; pesticide; organophosphate; coumaphos; aryldialkylphosphatase ID PSEUDOMONAS-DIMINUTA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GENE; EXPRESSION AB We characterized a novel organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) activity expressed by Nocardiodes simplex NRRL B-24074, a member of a coumaphos-degrading microbial consortium from cattle dip waste. Like the previously characterized OPH from Nocardia sp. strain B-1 (NRRL B-16944), OPH activity in N, simplex is located in the cytoplasm and is expressed constitutively. The purified enzyme is monomeric, has a native molecular size of 45,000 Da and has a specific activity toward ethyl parathion of 33 mu mole/min . mg protein. K-m constants for the enzyme with the structurally related organophosphate pesticides ethyl parathion and EPN were 100 mu M and 345 mu M, respectively. Although OPH activity in extracts did not require the addition of divalent cations, the purified enzyme lost activity during dialysis against phosphate buffer and this activity could be restored after incubation in buffer containing either CoSO4 or CuSO4. Our results suggest that OPH activity in N. simplex is distinct from other known OPHs and that the responsible gene is unrelated to known genes. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mulbry, W (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, 10300 Baltimore Blvd,Bldg 001,Rm 140, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 7 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0944-5013 J9 MICROBIOL RES JI Microbiol. Res. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 154 IS 4 BP 285 EP 288 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 301PP UT WOS:000086318800001 PM 10772149 ER PT J AU Bond, DR Russell, JB AF Bond, DR Russell, JB TI Protonmotive force regulates the membrane conductance of Streptococcus bovis in a non-ohmic fashion SO MICROBIOLOGY-UK LA English DT Article DE protonmotive force; proton conductance; energy spilling; Streptococcus bovis ID RUMINAL BACTERIUM; H+ CONDUCTANCE; BUFFERING CAPACITY; MOTIVE-FORCE; ENERGY; GROWTH; ATP; LACTIS; MITOCHONDRIA; ENERGETICS AB Because the DCCD (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide)-sensitive. F-ATPase-mediated futile ATP hydrolysis of non-growing Streptococcus bovis JB1 cells was not affected by sodium or potassium, ATP hydrolysis appeared to be dependent Because the DCCD (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide)-sensitive. F-ATPase-mediated, only upon the rate of proton flux across the cell membrane. However, available estimates of bacterial proton conductance were too low to account for the rate of ATP turnover observed in S, bovis, When de-energized cells were subjected to large pH gradients (2.75 units, or -170 mV), internal pH declined at a rate of 0.15 pH units s(-1). Based on an estimated cellular buffering capacity of 200 nmol H+ (mg protein)(-1) per pH unit, H+ flux across the cell membrane (at -170 mV) was 108 mmol (g protein)(-1) h(-1). When potassium-loaded cells were treated with valinomycin in low-potassium buffers, initial K+ efflux generated membrane potentials in close agreement with values predicted by the Nernst equation. These artificial membrane potentials drove H+ uptake, and H+ influx was counterbalanced by a further loss of cellular K+. Flame photometry indicated that the rate of K+ loss was 215 (+/-26) mmol K+ (g protein)(-1) h(-1) at -170 mV, but the potassium-sensitive fluorescent compound CD222 indicated that this rate was only 110 (+/-44) mmol K+ (g protein)(-1) h(-1). As pH gradients or membrane potentials were reduced, the rate of H+ flux declined in a non-ohmic fashion, and all rates were <25 mmol (g protein)(-1) h(-1) at a driving force of -80 mV, Previous estimates of bacterial proton flux were based on low and unphysiological protonmotive forces, and the assumption that H+ influx rate would be ohmic, Rates of H+ influx into S, bovis cells [as high as 9 x 10(-11) mol H+ (cm membrane)(-2) s(-1)] were similar to rates reported for respiring mitochondria, but were at least 20-fold greater than any rate previously reported in lactic acid bacteria. C1 Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. OI Bond, Daniel/0000-0001-8083-7107 NR 35 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1350-0872 J9 MICROBIOL-UK JI Microbiology-(UK) PD MAR PY 2000 VL 146 BP 687 EP 694 PN 3 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 294DH UT WOS:000085895500015 PM 10746772 ER PT J AU Carlson, SJ Shanker, S Chourey, PS AF Carlson, SJ Shanker, S Chourey, PS TI A point mutation at the Miniature1 seed locus reduces levels of the encoded protein, but not its mRNA, in maize SO MOLECULAR AND GENERAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE cell wall invertase; EMS-induced mutation; Zea mays; miniature seed mutant ID INVERTASE; EXPRESSION; ENDOSPERM; PEDICEL AB We report here on the molecular nature of an EMS-induced mutant, mnl-89, a leaky semidominant allele of the Miniaturel (Mnl) seed locus that encodes a seed-specific cell wall invertase, INCW2. The mnl-89 locus specifies normal levels of the Incw2 transcript but extremely low levels (about 6% of normal) of the protein and enzyme activity are expressed. Sequence analysis of Incw2 clones derived from the parental Mnl and the mutant genotypes shows a C to T transition in the mnl-89 allele, leading to a single amino acid alteration (proline to leucine) near the C-terminus of the mutant INCW2 protein. Although this change is not in the catalytic domain, putative N-glycosylation sites, or the beta-fructosidase motif, it does lie in a motif that is well conserved among all plant invertases and related fructosyltransferases. On the basis of these genetic in planta data, we believe we have identified a proline residue in a hitherto unknown GPFG motif as critical for the stability of such proteins. The single base change (C to T) also leads to the elimination of a BglI restriction site in the mutant allele. Indeed, BglI restriction digests of genomic DNAs from mnl-89 and Mnl genotypes show one and two fragments, respectively. Sequence analysis of RT-PCR-derived endosperm Incw clones from mnl-1 (the reference allele) seeds predict five amino acid substitutions relative to Mnl. Whether or not these sequences are encoded by the mnl-1 locus or another non-allelic Incw gene in the maize genome remains to be elucidated. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Program Plant Mol & Cellular Biol, USDA ARS,Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Interdisciplinary Ctr Biotechnol Res, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Chourey, PS (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Program Plant Mol & Cellular Biol, USDA ARS,Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Box 110680, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-8925 J9 MOL GEN GENET JI Mol. Gen. Genet. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 263 IS 2 BP 367 EP 373 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 304BH UT WOS:000086462300023 PM 10778757 ER PT J AU Camara, MPS O'Neill, NR van Berkum, P Dernoeden, PH Palm, ME AF Camara, MPS O'Neill, NR van Berkum, P Dernoeden, PH Palm, ME TI Ophiosphaerella agrostis sp nov and its relationship to other species of Ophiosphaerella SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE AFLP; Agrostis palustris; ITS sequence; phylogeny; systematics ID NECROTIC RING SPOT; SPRING DEAD SPOT; LEPTOSPHAERIA-KORRAE; BERMUDAGRASS; HERPOTRICHA; PATHOGENS; TURFGRASS; DISEASE AB Creeping bentgrass commonly is grown on golf courses in the United States. In the fall of 1998, symptoms of a new disease were observed on bentgrass putting greens in three states. The causal agent was determined to be an undescribed species of Ophiosphaerella based on morphological characteristics. This was supported by sequence analysis of the complete ITS region of the rDNA. A new species, Ophiosphaerella agrostis, is described based on these morphological and molecular analyses. Intraspecific genetic variation was assessed using amplified fragment length polymorphism DNA fingerprinting of 17 isolates collected from nine different locations. A 90% similarity was found among the isolates. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Palm, ME (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 26 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 92 IS 2 BP 317 EP 325 DI 10.2307/3761568 PG 9 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 296QC UT WOS:000086034400018 ER PT J AU Anikster, Y Eilam, T Bushnell, WR AF Anikster, Y Eilam, T Bushnell, WR TI Interspecific transfer of pycnial nectar induces pycniospore caps in rust fungi in a manner related to mating type within species SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Pycnial nectar of one mating type is known to induce cap formation on pycniospores of opposite mating type within several species of Puccinia and Uromyces. To learn if caps are induced by nectar transfers between species, we used interspecific pairings involving six species of Puccinia and three of Uromyces. Overall, caps were induced in 14 pairings between different species involving all tested species, except Puccinia helianthi which has no intraspecific cap induction. Nectar (with pycniospores) exchanged in reciprocal transfers between individual pycnial clusters of two different species gave pycniospore caps in nine of 16 cluster pairings, comparable to rates within species. Spore-free nectar combined from five or more pycnial clusters of one species (to ensure that nectar of two mating types was present) usually induced caps in pycniospores from single pycnial clusters of a second species. This occurred in all tested pairings of species except pairings involving P. helianthi. In experiments with pycniospore-free nectar of one capping type specificity from P. recondite, caps were induced in about 50% of pycnial clusters of unknown capping type from P. triticina or P. hordei and only in pycnial clusters of one capping type from P. triticina or P. reichertii in experiments in which type within species was determined. Coupled with the fact that capping type specificity and mating types are coincident within species, the results indicate that mating type-specific induction of pycniospore caps by nectar extends across species boundaries. Although aecia were never produced in interspecific pairings, cap induction occurred as it does in intraspecific pairings where it precedes aecium formation in species exhibiting the capping phenomenon. C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Bot, IL-69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel. Tel Aviv Univ, Inst Cereal Crops Improvement, IL-69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Anikster, Y (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Bot, IL-69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 104 BP 311 EP 316 DI 10.1017/S0953756299001379 PN 3 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 305JH UT WOS:000086536000011 ER PT J AU Tsaioun, KI Denisova, NA Obin, M Joseph, J AF Tsaioun, KI Denisova, NA Obin, M Joseph, J TI Novel growth factor Gas6, phosphatidylserine and their age-related changes in the rat brain. SO NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Gas6; vitamin K; brain; synaptosomes; aging ID ARREST-SPECIFIC GENE-6; TYROSINE KINASE RECEPTOR; SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; BLOOD-COAGULATION; PROTEIN-S; SPLICE VARIANT; AXL; BINDING; IDENTIFICATION; CALCIUM AB Gas6 is the newest member of the family of vitamin K-dependent proteins that acts as a ligand for the Axl family of RTK with homology to neural cell adhesion molecules. Gas6-Axl interactions have been implicated in anti-apoptotic activity. Here we report the first identification of Gas6 in the rat brain synaptosomes from three brain regions: striatum, hippocampus and frontal cortex. Furthermore, we discovered age-related and area-specific declines in the levels of Gas6 in the synaptosomes. The age effects on Gas6 levels were observed in all brain areas. Frontal cortex demonstrated the most dramatic decrease in Gas6 with aging lover 84% decline in old animals, as compared with young) (p<0.001). Gas6 levels in synaptosomes derived from striatum and hippocampus of the old animals were over 55% lower than those of the young (p<0.01). Phospholipid analysis of synaptosomes showed that in the cortex, decreases in Gas6 levels may be explained by age-related decrease in membrane phosphatidylserine composition. The brain area-specific decreases in Gas6 may in turn affect the RTK-regulated cell cycle, resulting in changes in distinct neuronal population viability. Thus, our findings suggest for the first time a role for Gas6 in brain aging. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Neurosci Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr & Vis Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tsaioun, KI (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Neurosci Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0893-6609 J9 NEUROSCI RES COMMUN JI Neurosci. Res. Commun. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 26 IS 2 BP 113 EP 122 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6769(200003/04)26:2<113::AID-NRC6>3.0.CO;2-R PG 10 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 309MM UT WOS:000086771600006 ER PT J AU Hummel, S AF Hummel, S TI Understory development in young Cordia alliodora plantations SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE biomass; Costa Rica; La Selva; monoculture; species diversity ID TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS; WOODY REGENERATION; COSTA-RICA; PRODUCTIVITY; FORESTS AB The biomass and composition of the understory plant community associated with Cordia alliodora planted at 2 m x 2 m spacing are characterized for the first (1992) and fifth (1996) years after stand establishment. The study plantations comprise three replicates each of C. alliodora monocultures and C. alliodora interplanted with perennial monocots (polycultures), part of an experiment located at the La Selva Biological Station in northern Costa Rica. In the first year, there was no significant difference in the mean aboveground understory biomass between the monocultures of C. alliodora (7975 kg/ha) and the polycultures of trees and monocots (5427 kg/ha). After 5 years, the understory biomass in the monocultures increased (16,918 kg/ha), while in the polycultures it decreased (116 kg/ha). In contrast to the first year, therefore, by the fifth year the understory biomass differed significantly between the two types of plantations (p = 0.005, R-2 = 0.78, LSD = 5200 kg). In the first year, 109 plant species were present in the understory of the C. alliodora monocultures and polycultures. The dominant species in both the monocultures and polycultures was the monocot Tripogandra serrulata; Panicum polygonatum was ranked second. After 5 years, 20 species representing 15 families were present in the monocultures. The dominant species was Paspalum conjugatum, followed by Tripogandra serrulata. Only two new species were recruited, and both were woody shrubs: Nectandra membranacea and Vernonia patens. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portlab Forestry Sci Lab, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Hummel, S (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portlab Forestry Sci Lab, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 159 EP 170 DI 10.1023/A:1006608905535 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 307QY UT WOS:000086665500003 ER PT J AU Cain, MD Shelton, MG AF Cain, MD Shelton, MG TI Revisiting the relationship between common weather variables and loblolly-shortleaf pine seed crops in natural stands SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE Coastal Plain sites; Pinus echinata Mill.; P. taeda L.; precipitation; temperature ID VEGETATION AB Seed production was monitored during 24 years using seed-collection traps in loblolly-shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.-P. echinata Mill.) stands located in southeast Arkansas, north-central Louisiana, and southwest Mississippi on the southeastern Coastal Plain, USA. Sound seed production was correlated with mean monthly precipitation and temperature from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather stations located near the seed-collection areas to determine the potential of weather factors in forecasting pine seed crops. Correlations were restricted to three critical periods in the pine reproductive cycle - strobili primordia differentiation, pollination, and fertilization. The most important (P less than or equal to 0.05) variables correlated with pine seed production for combined locations were cumulative precipitation (r = +0.60) during July, August, and September at 27 to 25 months before seed dispersal and mean temperature (r = -0.45) in August at 26 months before seed dispersal. Because multiple environmental factors can negatively impact pine seed development during the two years following strobili primordia differentiation, seed-production forecasts based on weather variables should be verified by on-site cone counts during the summer preceding autumn seed dispersal. C1 Univ Arkansas, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. RP Cain, MD (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, POB 3516, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. EM mcain/srs_monticello@fs.fed.us NR 42 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 187 EP 204 DI 10.1023/A:1006624907975 PG 18 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 307QY UT WOS:000086665500005 ER PT J AU Morris, CA Wilson, JA Bennett, GL Cullen, NG Hickey, SM Hunter, JC AF Morris, CA Wilson, JA Bennett, GL Cullen, NG Hickey, SM Hunter, JC TI Genetic parameters for growth, puberty, and beef cow reproductive traits in a puberty selection experiment SO NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Angus; puberty; genetics; correlation; reproduction ID ANGUS CATTLE; PREGNANCY RATE; PERFORMANCE; FERTILITY; WEIGHT; BULLS AB A selection experiment to change reproductive traits in Angus cattle has been maintained for 14 years, with first calvings in 1985. Alongside an unselected control line, three lines were established, selected for increased age at puberty in heifers (AGE+ line), reduced age at puberty in heifers (AGE- line), or increased scrotal circumference (SC line). The last two lines were merged at the 1992 matings, with the revised objective of applying further selection in both sexes to reduce age at puberty in heifers. Dates at puberty in heifers from an average of 8 to 16 months of age and SC in bulls were recorded in all lines, along with the pregnancy rates (PR) and subsequent calving dates (CD) in heifers and all cow-age groups. Heritabilities of single-record SC, standardised age at first behavioural oestrus (SFO), and single-record CD were 0.41 +/- 0.04 (repeatability 0.70 +/- 0.01), 0.27 +/- 0.04, and 0.09 +/- 0.04 (repeatability 0.19 +/- 0.03), respectively. Genetic correlations of SC with SFO and CD were -0.25 +/- 0.09 and -0.23 +/- 0.15, respectively; SFO with CD 0.57 +/- 0.17; and PR with SFO and SC -0.36 +/- 0.13 and 0.12 +/- 0.11, respectively. The selection-line difference in PR over seven years (AGE- mean minus AGE+ mean), excluding yearling heifer matings, was 4.7 +/- 2.1% (P < 0.05). Mean CD in the AGE- line was 3 days earlier than in the AGE+ line (P < 0.09). These correlation and selection-line results suggest that selecting for higher SC and earlier heifer puberty leads to earlier CD and higher PR. C1 AgRes, Ruakura Agr Res Ctr, Hamilton, New Zealand. USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Morris, CA (reprint author), AgRes, Ruakura Agr Res Ctr, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand. OI Cullen, Neil/0000-0003-0147-0760; Hickey, Sharon/0000-0003-3607-4602 NR 21 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 6 PU SIR PUBLISHING PI WELLINGTON PA PO BOX 399, WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND SN 0028-8233 J9 NEW ZEAL J AGR RES JI N. Z. J. Agric. Res. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 43 IS 1 BP 83 EP 91 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 307DW UT WOS:000086638800010 ER PT J AU Wilson, SM Carey, AB AF Wilson, SM Carey, AB TI Legacy retention versus thinning: Influences on small mammals SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; RED-BACKED VOLES; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; PEROMYSCUS-MANICULATUS; DEER MICE; OREGON; YOUNG; POPULATIONS; WASHINGTON AB Management strategies for promoting late-seral attributes in second-growth forest need evaluation for their efficacy in maintaining biodiversity, including complete forest-floor, small-mammal communities. Two common strategies in the Pacific Northwest are (1) management with thinnings to promote large trees with developed understories and (2) retention of legacies, defined as live trees, logs, and snags from the preceding forest, at harvest, followed by protection but not thinnings of the new stand. We compared small-mammal communities resulting from >65 yr of application of these strategies in the Puget Trough, Washington. We also compared these communities with the small-mammal communities found in old-growth, naturally young, and extensively managed forests elsewhere in western Washington. Forests managed with thinnings had 1.5 times the individual mammals and 1.7 times the mammal biomass of forests managed with legacies of coarse woody debris and snags-differences similar to those between old-growth and naturally young forest (1.2 times more individuals in old-growth) and old-growth and extensively managed forest (1.6 times more individuals in old-growth). Management strategy had a profound impact on community structure, with the Columbian mouse (Peromyscus oreas), the small mammal most associated with old growth, much reduced in Puget Trough forests (absent from most stands) and the creeping vole (Microtus oregoni) (a species commonly associated with early seral stages, but found in all seral stages in Washington) third-ranked in thinned stands but seventh ranked in legacy stands. The montane shrew (Sorex monticolus) was second-ranked, after Trowbridge's shrew (S. trowbridgii), in marked contrast to codominance by the southern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi), S. monticolus, and P. oreas in old growth. Thus, neither strategy produced communities typical of late-seral forests. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Carey, AB (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. EM acarey@fs.fed.us NR 79 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 12 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 74 IS 2 BP 131 EP 145 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 339ED UT WOS:000088463900006 ER PT J AU Mills, TJ AF Mills, TJ TI Position advocacy by scientists risks science credibility and may be unethical SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Mills, TJ (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3333 SW 1st Ave, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 6 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 74 IS 2 BP 165 EP 168 PG 4 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 339ED UT WOS:000088463900009 ER PT J AU Ordovas, JM AF Ordovas, JM TI ABC1: The gene for Tangier disease and beyond SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review AB Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death in America. CHD is multifactorial, and low plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are among the most common biochemical abnormalities observed in GHD patients. The mechanisms controlling plasma HDL-C levels are poorly understood. However, several groups recently reported that mutations at the ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 gene (ABC1) are responsible fora rare disorder known as Tangier disease, which is characterized in the homozygous state by the Virtual absence of circulating plasma HDL. This new finding represents a major breakthrough in our knowledge of lipoprotein metabolism and, more specifically, the reverse cholesterol transport This information could lead to a more precise assessment of the genetic predisposition to CHD as well as to new therapeutic tools to prevent and treat CHD. C1 Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 58 IS 3 BP 76 EP 79 PN 1 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 306QX UT WOS:000086608500004 PM 10812922 ER PT J AU Anderson, RA AF Anderson, RA TI Role of dietary factors: Micronutrients SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ILSI North America Workshop on Contributing Factors to Insulin Resistance CY DEC 09-10, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. ID DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; COPPER-DEFICIENT RATS; SUPPLEMENTAL CHROMIUM; GLUCOSE/INSULIN SYSTEM; INSULIN; ENDOCRINE; EXOCRINE C1 USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 58 IS 3 BP S10 EP S11 PN 2 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 307FZ UT WOS:000086643900005 PM 10812928 ER PT J AU Mengistu, LW Mueller-Warrant, GW Liston, A Barker, RE AF Mengistu, LW Mueller-Warrant, GW Liston, A Barker, RE TI psbA mutation (valine(219) to isoleucine) in Poa annua resistant to metribuzin and diuron SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE herbicide resistance; grass-seed production; field selection; diuron; metribuzin ID BRASSICA-NAPUS L; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; HERBICIDE RESISTANCE; TRIAZINE-RESISTANT; ATRAZINE RESISTANCE; MOLECULAR-BASIS; D1 PROTEIN; PHOTOSYNTHETIC PERFORMANCE; AMARANTHUS-HYBRIDUS; CHLOROPLAST GENE AB The herbicide-binding region of the chloroplast psbA gene from a total of 20 biotypes of Poa annua L resistant and susceptible to metribuzin and diuron was selectively amplified using PCR. Sequence analysis of the fragment from six herbicide-resistant biotypes of P annua exhibited a substitution from valine to isoleucine at position 219 of the D1 protein encoded by the psbA gene. This is the same mutation as reported for Chlamydomonas and Synechococcus through site-directed mutagenesis and in cell cultures of Chenopodium rubrum L. To our knowledge this is the first report of a higher plant exhibiting resistance in the field to photosystem II inhibitors due to a psbA mutation other than at position 264. The existence of additional biotypes of P annua resistant to diuron or metribuzin but lacking mutation in the herbicide-binding region indicates that resistance to these herbicides can also be attained by other mechanisms. (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Mueller-Warrant, GW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 46 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 56 IS 3 BP 209 EP 217 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1526-4998(200003)56:3<209::AID-PS117>3.0.CO;2-8 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 305LR UT WOS:000086542000001 ER PT J AU Valles, SM Dong, K Brenner, RJ AF Valles, SM Dong, K Brenner, RJ TI Mechanisms responsible for cypermethrin resistance in a strain of German cockroach, Blattella germanica SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SODIUM-CHANNEL GENE; KNOCKDOWN-RESISTANCE; PYRETHROID RESISTANCE; INSECTICIDE RESISTANT; CYTOCHROME-P450 MONOOXYGENASES; BIOCHEMICAL-CHARACTERIZATION; SUSCEPTIBLE STRAINS; DICTYOPTERA; PURIFICATION; ENZYMES AB Cypermethrin resistance level and mechanisms responsible for the resistance were investigated in a strain (Aves) of German cockroach. Blattella germanica (L.), collected recently from a Gainesville, Florida residence. Topical bioassay data revealed that the Aves strain was highly resistant to cypermethrin, exhibiting a resistance ratio of 93-fold. which was reduced to 29-fold when cockroaches were pretreated with piperonyl butoxide and reduced to 18-fold when pretreated with S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate. The synergist data implicated enhanced oxidative and hydrolytic metabolism as resistance mechanisms in the Aves German cockroach strain. This conclusion was further supported by significantly higher oxidative (2.4- to 4.2-fold) and hydrolytic (1.6- to 3.6-fold) detoxification enzyme activities toward surrogate substrates and significantly higher in vitro [C-14]cypermethrin metabolism. Microsomal NADPH-dependent (1.8-fold) and NADPH-independent (2.2-fold) [C-14]cypermethrin metabolism were significantly greater in the Aves strain than in the Orlando insecticide-susceptible strain. In vivo penetration studies with [C-14]cypermethrin indicated that decreased cypermethrin penetration may also be a contributing resistance mechanism in the Aves strain. Finally, the Leu993Phe mutation, shown previously to be associated with knockdown resistance (kdr), was present in the Aves strain. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Entomol, Pesticide Res Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Valles, SM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 41 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 66 IS 3 BP 195 EP 205 DI 10.1006/pest.1999.2462 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 296UK UT WOS:000086044600006 ER PT J AU Schaad, NW Vidaver, AK Lacy, GH Rudolph, K Jones, JB AF Schaad, NW Vidaver, AK Lacy, GH Rudolph, K Jones, JB TI Evaluation of proposed amended names of several pseudomonads and xanthomonads and recommendations SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID PV CITRI STRAINS; DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID RELATEDNESS; PHASEOLI EX SMITH; CAMPESTRIS PATHOVARS; PHENOTYPIC FEATURES; NUMERICAL-ANALYSIS; GENUS; RECLASSIFICATION; DIFFERENTIATION; REINSTATEMENT AB In 1980, over 90% of all plant-pathogenic pseudomonads and xanthomonads were lumped into Pseudomonas syringae and Xanthomonas campestris, respectively, as pathovars. The term "pathovar" was created to preserve the name of plant pathogens, but has no official standing in nomenclature. Proposals to elevate and rename several pathovars of the genera Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas to the rank of species has caused great confusion in the literature. We believe the following changes have merit and expect to adopt them for publication in a future American Phytopathological Society Laboratory Guide for Identification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Upon review of published data and the Rules of The International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, we make the following recommendations. We reject the proposal to change the name of P. syringae pvs. phaseolicola and glycinea to P. savastanoi pvs. phaseolicola and glycinea, respectively, because both pathogens are easily differentiated phenotypically from pv. savastanoi and convincing genetic data to support such a change are lacking. We accept the elevation of P. syringae pv. savastanoi to the rank of species. We accept the reinstatement of X. oryzae to the rank of species with the inclusion of X, oryzicola as a pathovar of X. oryzae and we accept the species X. populi. We agree with the elevation of the pvs. cassavae, cucurbitae, hyacinthi, pisi, and translucens to the rank of species but not pvs. melonis, theicola, and vesicatoria type B. We recommend that all type A X, vesicatoria be retained as X. campestris pv, vesicatoria and all type B X. vesicatoria be named X. exitiosa. We reject the newly proposed epithets arboricola, bromi, codiaei (poinsettiicola type B), hortorum, sacchari, and vasicola and the transfer of many pathovars of X. campestris to X, axonopodis. The proposed pathovars of X. axonopodis should be retained as pathovars of X. campestris. C1 ARS, USDA, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol Physiol & Weed Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Gottingen, Inst Pflanzenpathol, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Schaad, NW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, 1301 Ditto Ave, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. NR 39 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 2000 VL 90 IS 3 BP 208 EP 213 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.3.208 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 287HA UT WOS:000085499400001 PM 18944610 ER PT J AU Howell, CR Hanson, LE Stipanovic, RD Puckhaber, LS AF Howell, CR Hanson, LE Stipanovic, RD Puckhaber, LS TI Induction of terpenoid synthesis in cotton roots and control of Rhizoctonia solani by seed treatment with Trichoderma virens SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE induced resistance ID GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PYTHIUM-ULTIMUM; DAMPING-OFF; BIOCONTROL; PHYTOALEXINS; HARZIANUM; STRAINS AB Research on the mechanisms employed by the biocontrol agent Trichoderma virens to suppress cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) seedling disease incited by Rhizoctonia solani has shown that mycoparasitism and antibiotic production are not major contributors to successful biological control. In this study, we examined the possibility that seed treatment with T. virens stimulates defense responses, as indicated by the synthesis of terpenoids in cotton roots. We also examined the role of these terpenoid compounds in disease control. Analysis of extracts of cotton roots and hypocotyls grown from T. virens-treated seed showed that terpenoid synthesis and peroxidase activity were increased in the roots of treated plants, bur not in the hypocotyls of these plants or in the untreated controls. Bioassay of the terpenoids for toxicity to R. solani showed that the pathway intermediates desoxyhemigossypol (dHG) and hemigossypol (HG) were strongly inhibitory to the pathogen, while the final product gossypol (G) was toxic only at a much higher concentration. strains of T. virens and T. koningii were much more resistant to HG than was R. solani, and they thoroughly colonized the cotton roots. A comparison of biocontrol efficacy and induction of terpenoid synthesis in cotton roots by strains of T. virens, T. koningii, T. harzianum, and protoplast fusants indicated that there was a strong correlation (+0.89) between these two phenomena. It, therefore, appears that induction of defense response, particularly terpenoid synthesis, in cotton roots by T. virens may be an important mechanism in the biological control by this fungus of R. solani-incited cotton seedling disease. C1 ARS, USDA, So Crops Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Howell, CR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Crops Res Lab, 2765 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 21 TC 140 Z9 169 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 2000 VL 90 IS 3 BP 248 EP 252 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.3.248 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 287HA UT WOS:000085499400007 PM 18944616 ER PT J AU Shetty, KG Subbarao, KV Huisman, OC Hubbard, JC AF Shetty, KG Subbarao, KV Huisman, OC Hubbard, JC TI Mechanism of broccoli-mediated Verticillium wilt reduction in cauliflower SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE crucifer residue; cultural control; root colonization ID DAHLIAE MICROSCLEROTIA; SOIL; COLONIZATION; POTATO; FUNGI; ROOTS; CROPS AB Broccoli is resistant to Verticillium dahliae infection and does not express wilt symptoms. Incorporation of broccoli residues reduces soil populations of V. dahliae. The effects of broccoli residue were tested on the colonization of roots by V. dahliae, plant growth response, and disease incidence of both broccoli and cauliflower in soils with different levels of Ct dahliae inoculum and with or without fresh broccoli residue amendments. The three soils included a low-Verticillium soil, a high-Verticillium soil, and a broccoli-rotation soil (soil from a field after two broccoli crops) with an average of 13, 38, and below-detectable levels of micro-sclerotia per g of soil, respectively. Cauliflower planes in broccoli-amended high-Verticillium soil had significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) lower wilt incidence and severity than did plants in unamended soil. An immunohistochemical staining assay utilizing a monoclonal antibody specific to V. dahliae was used to determine colonization of the root cortex. Despite the absence of wilt symptoms, broccoli roots were colonized by V. dahliae. In high-Verticillium soil, the broccoli residue amendment caused a marked reduction in colonization rate of V. dahliae per unit of inoculum on both cauliflower and broccoli roots. In addition to its detrimental effects on the viability of microsclerotia in soil, broccoli residue may also have an inhibitory effect on the root-colonizing potential of surviving microsclerotia. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA, Res Stn, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Insect Biol, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Subbarao, KV (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA, Res Stn, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. OI Subbarao, Krishna/0000-0002-2075-1835 NR 38 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 2000 VL 90 IS 3 BP 305 EP 310 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.3.305 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 287HA UT WOS:000085499400015 PM 18944624 ER PT J AU Rajasekaran, K Cary, JW Jacks, TJ Stromberg, KD Cleveland, TE AF Rajasekaran, K Cary, JW Jacks, TJ Stromberg, KD Cleveland, TE TI Inhibition of fungal growth in planta and in vitro by transgenic tobacco expressing a bacterial nonheme chloroperoxidase gene SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE chloroperoxidase; disease resistance; haloperoxidase; reactive oxygen species; tobacco ID DISEASE RESISTANCE; OXIDATIVE BURST; PSEUDOMONAS-PYRROCINIA; PURIFICATION; PATHOGENS; DEFENSE AB Transgenic tobacco plants producing chloroperoxidase (CPO-P), encoded by a novel gene from Pseudomonas pyrrocinia, were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Successful transformation was shown by PCR, Southern, northern and western blot analyses, and assays of CPO-P enzyme activity. Extracts from plants transformed with the CPO-P gene significantly reduced Aspergillus flavus colonies by up to 100% compared with extracts from control plants transformed with pBI121. Compared with controls, the transformed plants showed increased disease resistance in planta against a fungal pathogen, Colletotrichum destructivum, the causal agent of tobacco anthracnose. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Univ SW Louisiana, Dept Biol, Lafayette, LA 70504 USA. RP Rajasekaran, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD MAR PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 333 EP 338 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 299BH UT WOS:000086175600001 ER PT J AU El-Ghaouth, A Smilanick, JL Brown, GE Ippolito, A Wisniewski, M Wilson, CL AF El-Ghaouth, A Smilanick, JL Brown, GE Ippolito, A Wisniewski, M Wilson, CL TI Application of Candida saitoana and glycolchitosan for the control of postharvest diseases of apple and citrus fruit under semi-commercial conditions SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Botrytis cinerea; chitosan; Penicillium digitatum; Penicillium expansum ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; CYTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS; BIOCONTROL; CHITOSAN; YEASTS; DECAY; MOLD AB The efficacy of the combination of Candida saitoana with 0.2% glycolchitosan (the bioactive coating) as a biocontrol treatment of postharvest diseases of apple and citrus fruit was evaluated in tests with natural inoculations that simulated commercial packinghouse conditions. The growth of C. saitoana in apple wounds and on fruit surfaces was not affected by glycolchitosan. The bioactive coating was more effective in controlling decay of several cultivars of apples (Red Delicious, Pome, Golden Delicious, and Empire) than either C. saitoana or 0.2% glycolchitosan alone. Depending on the apple cultivar used, the bioactive coating was comparable or superior to thiabendazole in reducing decay. The bioactive coating was also superior to C. saitoana in controlling decay of oranges (cvs. Washington navel, Valencia, Pineapple, and Hamlin) and cv. Eureka lemons, and the control level was equivalent to that with imazalil. The bioactive coating and imazalil treatments offered consistent control of decay on Washington navel oranges and Eureka lemons in early and late seasons, while C. saitoana or 0.2% glycolchitosan were most effective on early-season fruit. The combination of C. saitoana with 0.2% glycolchitosan also reduced the incidence of stem-end rot of cv. Valencia oranges, but control was less effective than treatment with imazalil. C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Univ Bari, Dipartimento Prot Plante Dalle Malattie, I-70126 Bari, Italy. Florida Dept Citrus, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. ARS, USDA, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Univ Nouakchott, Fac Sci & Tech, Nouakchott, Mauritania. RP Wilson, CL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 21 TC 60 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 84 IS 3 BP 243 EP 248 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.3.243 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 286QG UT WOS:000085456200006 ER PT J AU El-Ghaouth, A Smilanick, JL Wisniewski, M Wilson, CL AF El-Ghaouth, A Smilanick, JL Wisniewski, M Wilson, CL TI Improved control of apple and citrus fruit decay with a combination of Candida saitoana and 2-deoxy-D-glucose SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE analog; citrus; gray mold; microbial antagonist ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; POSTHARVEST DISEASES; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; PENICILLIUM-EXPANSUM; CYTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS; BIOCONTROL ACTIVITY; MOLD; ANALOGS; GREEN AB A combination of Candida saitoana with 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose to control decay of apple, lemon. and orange fruit was evaluated. Growth of C. saitoana in vitro was reduced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose; however, in apple wounds, the yeast grew as well in the presence of 2-deoxy-D-glucose as in its absence. When applied to fruit wounds before inoculation, the combination of C. saitoana with 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was more effective in controlling decay of apple, orange, and lemon caused by Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, and P. digitatum than either C. saitoana or the application of a 0.2% solution of 2-deoxy-D-glucose alone. Increasing the concentration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose from 0.2 to 0.5% did not improve control significantly. The combination of C. saitoana with 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was also effective against infections established up to 24 h before treatment. When applied within 24 h after inoculation, the combination of C. saitoana with 0.2% 2-deoxy-D-glucose was very effective in Controlling blue mold of apple and green mold of orange and lemon. The level of control of green mold was equivalent to imazalil treatment. When either C. saitoana or 0.28 2-deoxy-D-glucose was applied within 24 h after inoculation, neither had an effect on disease development on apple, orange, or lemon, and the incidence of decay was similar to the water-treated control. C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. ARS, USDA, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Univ Nouakchott, Fac Sci & Tech, Nouakchott, Mauritania. RP Wilson, CL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 23 TC 70 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 84 IS 3 BP 249 EP 253 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.3.249 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 286QG UT WOS:000085456200007 ER PT J AU O'Neill, NR Bauchan, GR AF O'Neill, NR Bauchan, GR TI Sources of resistance to anthracnose in the annual Medicago core collection SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; Colletotrichum trifolii; disease resistance; lucerne ID COLLETOTRICHUM-TRIFOLII; SATIVA PATHOSYSTEM; PENETRATION EVENTS; ALFALFA; EXPRESSION; RACE-1; ULTRASTRUCTURE; CULTIVARS AB The annual genus Medicago core collection, consisting of 201 accessions, represents the genetic diversity inherent in 3,159 accessions from 36 annual Medicago species. This germ plasm was evaluated for resistance to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum trifolii. Anthracnose is a major disease in perennial alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) grown in North America and disease control is based principally on the use of resistant varieties. Evaluation of the core collection was conducted using standardized environmental conditions in growth chambers, and included the M. sativa standard reference cvs. Are (resistant) and Saranac (susceptible). The degree of resistance found among accessions within species was highly variable; however, most annual species and accessions were susceptible. Only 14 accessions from seven species exhibited resistance greater than 40% seedling survival. These included accessions of M. murex, M. muricoleptis, M. polymorpha var. brevispina, M. polymorpha var. polymorpha, M. radiata, M. soleirolii, M. truncatula, and M. turbinata. Of the 12 accessions of M. polymorpha var, polymorpha, 4 exhibited more than 50% resistance, but 3 accessions were 100% susceptible. Most of the M. truncatula and M. turbinata accessions exhibited significantly more resistance than accessions of other species. Plant introduction (PI) accession number PI 495401 of M. muricoleptis exhibited 90.3% resistance. Accessions of M. scutellata were uniformly susceptible. Histological examinations of 14 of the most anthracnose-resistant accessions revealed that C. trifolii spores germinated and produced typical appressoria, but failed to penetrate and produce the primary and secondary hyphae characteristic of susceptible interactions. Resistant reactions were similar to those found in incompatible interactions with C. trifolii and alfalfa, which have been associated with specific genes leading to the production of isoflavonoid phytoalexins. The large genetic variability in annual Medicago spp. offers potential for locating and utilizing disease resistance genes through breeding or genetic engineering that will enhance the utilization of Medicago spp. as a forage crop. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP O'Neill, NR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 84 IS 3 BP 261 EP 267 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.3.261 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 286QG UT WOS:000085456200009 ER PT J AU Bowers, JH Locke, JC AF Bowers, JH Locke, JC TI Effect of botanical extracts on the population density of Fusarium oxysporum in soil and control of Fusarium wilt in the greenhouse SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID ESSENTIAL OILS; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI; HIGHER-PLANTS; COMPONENTS; DISEASE; STORAGE; MOLD AB Several commercial formulations of botanical extracts and essential oils are being investigated as possible alternatives to soil fumigation for control of Fusarium wilt diseases. Soil infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi was treated with 1, 5, and 10% aqueous emulsions of formulated extracts of clove (70% clove oil), neem (90% neem oil), pepper/mustard (chili pepper extract and essential oil of mustard), cassia (extract of cassia tree), and Banrot (a standard fungicide applied at different labeled rates) in separate experiments. Population densities of F. oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi were determined at 0 (before treatment), 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. Treatment of the soil with 5 and 10% aqueous emulsions resulted in significant (P < 0.05) differences among treatment means at each assay date. After 3 days, pepper/mustard, cassia, and clove extracts added as 10% aqueous emulsions reduced the population density of F: oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi 99.9, 96.1, and 97.5%, respectively, compared with the untreated control. Neem oil extract increased the population density of F: oxysporum f, sp. chrysanthemi at all concentrations tested. Banrot did not reduce the population density of F: oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi in any experiment. In a second, related experiment, soil infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis also was treated with 1, 5, and 10% aqueous emulsions of formulated extracts, incubated in closed plastic bags for 1 week, and planted with muskmelon seeds (cv. Gold Star) in the greenhouse. Treatment of infested soil with 5 and 10% aqueous emulsions of the botanical extracts resulted in differences among treatments after 5 to 6 weeks. The pepper/mustard, cassia, and clove extracts suppressed disease development in repeated experiments (80 to 100% healthy plant stand) compared with the untreated infested soil (<20%, stand). The observed reduction in the pathogen population and increased healthy plant stand in the greenhouse indicates that these extracts could have important roles in biologically based management strategies for control of Fusarium wilt diseases. C1 ARS, USDA, US Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bowers, JH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Rm 238,B-010A,BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 38 TC 67 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 84 IS 3 BP 300 EP 305 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.3.300 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 286QG UT WOS:000085456200015 ER PT J AU Berhow, MA AF Berhow, MA TI Effects of early plant growth regulator treatments on flavonoid levels in grapefruit SO PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article DE abscisic acid; Citrus paradisi; flavonoids; foliar sprays; gibberellic acid; grapefruit; juice; juice sacs; naringin; narirutin; peel; reduction ID GIBBERELLIC-ACID; QUANTITATIVE DISTRIBUTION; HESPERETIN 7-O-GLUCOSIDE; NARINGIN LEVELS; CITRUS TISSUES; NEOHESPERIDIN; PARADISI; PRUNIN; FRUITS; BIOSYNTHESIS AB Early foliar spray treatments containing gibberellic acid (GA(3)) significantly lower the concentration of the bitter flavonoid naringin in fruit tissues. Sprays containing a surfactant and different levels of GA(3) (5, 50, 100, and 500 ppm) or abscisic acid (ABA) (5, 25, and 50 ppm) were applied to young, developing fruit on mature grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) trees during the period from April to June, beginning just after fruit set. The fruit were allowed to mature and were harvested early the following year. Harvested fruit were evaluated for weight, juice characteristics, and flavonoid concentrations. GA(3) application resulted in larger mature fruit, which yielded juice with the same soluble solids value as juice from control fruit, but with slightly lower acid percentages and lower concentrations of naringin. ABA treatment had little effect on juice soluble solids, acid content and naringin content except at the highest concentration of 50 ppm, which lowered naringin levels slightly in juice. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Berhow, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 49 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6903 J9 PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI Plant Growth Regul. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 30 IS 3 BP 225 EP 232 DI 10.1023/A:1006349108636 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 284AJ UT WOS:000085308300006 ER PT J AU Burow, GB Gardner, HW Keller, NP AF Burow, GB Gardner, HW Keller, NP TI A peanut seed lipoxygenase responsive to Aspergillus colonization SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Arachis hypogaea; Aspergillus parasiticus; lipoxygenase; plant defense gene; plant/microbe interaction ID RICE BLAST FUNGUS; METHYL JASMONATE; AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION; EXPRESSION; GENE; PATHWAY; MAIZE; SEQUENCES; INFECTION; TOBACCO AB Several lines of evidence have indicated that lipoxygenase enzymes (LOX) and their products, especially 9S- and 13S-hydroperoxy fatty acids, could play a role in the Aspergillus/seed interaction. Both hydroperoxides exhibit sporogenic effects on Aspergillus spp. (Calvo, A., Hinze, L., Gardner, H.W. and Keller, N.P. 1999. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65: 3668-3673) and differentially modulate aflatoxin pathway gene transcription (Burow, G.B., Nesbitt, T.C., Dunlap, J. and Keller, N.P. 1997. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 10: 380-387). To examine the role of seed LOXs at the molecular level, a peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seed gene, PnLOX1, was cloned and characterized. Analysis of nucleotide sequence suggests that PnLOX1 encodes a predicted 98 kDa protein highly similar in sequence and biochemical properties to soybean LOX2. The full-length PnLOX1 cDNA was subcloned into an expression vector to determine the type(s) of hydroperoxide products the enzyme produces. Analysis of the oxidation products of PnLOX1 revealed that it produced a mixture of 30% 9S-HPODE (9S-hydroperoxy-10E, 12Z-octadecadienoic acid) and 70% 13S-HPODE (13S-hydroperoxy-9Z, 11E-octadecadienoic acid) at pH 7. PnLOX1 is an organ-specific gene which is constitutively expressed in immature cotyledons but is highly induced by methyl jasmonate, wounding and Aspergillus infections in mature cotyledons. Examination of HPODE production in infected cotyledons suggests PnLOX1 expression may lead to an increase in 9S-HPODE in the seed. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, USDA, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Keller, NP (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 45 TC 49 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 42 IS 5 BP 689 EP 701 DI 10.1023/A:1006361305703 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 303FM UT WOS:000086411400003 PM 10809442 ER PT J AU Livingston, DP Olien, CR Premakumar, R AF Livingston, DP Olien, CR Premakumar, R TI Thermal effect of CO2 on apoplastic ice in rye and oat during freezing SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 2ND-PHASE; TOLERANCE; STRESS AB Meristematic tissues from rye (Secale cereale) and oat (Avena sativa) were studied in an isothermal calorimeter at -3 degrees C. When the frozen tissue was placed in the calorimeter, the pressure increased within 4 d to 25 and 9 kPa above ambient pressure in the sample vessels containing crowns of rye and oat, respectively. Concurrently, the thermal output went down to -194 mu W in rye over the 4-d period; this negative thermal activity could be accounted for by ice melting in the plants. When the pressure was released, the output from the calorimeter went from -194 to 229 mu W within 1 h, suggesting that water had frozen in the plants. We propose that CO2 from respiration had dissolved in the water in the plants and caused melting of ice (heat absorption) due to the colligative properties of solutions. When the pressure was released, the CO2 came out of solution and the water froze (heat evolution). These thermal observations were duplicated in a simplified, nonbiological system using a glycol/water mixture that was partially frozen at -3 degrees C. C1 ARS, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. ARS, USDA, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Livingston, DP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 840 Method Rd,Unit 3, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 122 IS 3 BP 861 EP 865 DI 10.1104/pp.122.3.861 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 311UC UT WOS:000086903200027 PM 10712550 ER PT J AU Andersland, JM Triplett, BA AF Andersland, JM Triplett, BA TI Selective extraction of cotton fiber cytoplasts to identify cytoskeletal-associated proteins SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE actin; cytoskeleton; microfilaments; microtubules; tubulin ID MICROTUBULE-ASSOCIATED PROTEINS; PLANT CYTOSKELETON; IN-VITRO; ACTIN; GROWTH; PROTOPLASTS; PHALLOIDIN; ELONGATION; FILAMENTS; TUBULIN AB Cytoplasts from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fiber cells retain microtubule and microfilament cytoskeletons through extraction with non-ionic detergent and ethylene glycol bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N',N' -tetraacetic acid. Tubulin and actin are the most abundant proteins in extracted cytoplasts; however, many other less abundant proteins are also present. To determine if minor proteins were associated with the cytoskeleton, microtubules and microfilaments were selectively removed from extracted cytoplasts by detergent extraction in an alkaline Ca2+ solution. Under these extraction conditions, microtubules and microfilaments were fragmented and depolymerized unless previously stabilized by taxol and phalloidin. Associated proteins were identified by their loss in conjunction with either microtubules or microfilaments. As judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, one protein, of roughly 115 kDa, appeared to be associated with microfilaments since it was present in Ca2+-extracted preparations only when microfilaments were stabilized with phalloidin. The failure of most minor proteins to associate with microtubules and microfilaments suggests that caution must be used when interpreting co-isolation as evidence for an association of low abundance proteins with cytoskeletons. USDA-ARS (C) 2000 Published by Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM btriplet@nola.srrc.usda.gov NR 28 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0981-9428 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL BIOCH JI Plant Physiol. Biochem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 38 IS 3 BP 193 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0981-9428(00)00734-8 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 304VB UT WOS:000086503900004 ER PT J AU O'Mahony, P Burke, JJ Oliver, MJ AF O'Mahony, P Burke, JJ Oliver, MJ TI Identification of acquired thermotolerance deficiency within the ditelosomic series of 'Chinese Spring' wheat SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE acquired thermotolerance deficiency; ditelosomic; heat shock; Triticum aestivum ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; MESSENGER-RNA; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; TRANSGENIC ARABIDOPSIS; PLANTS; HSP104; EXPRESSION; GENES; DESTABILIZATION; COMPLEMENTS AB The relative contribution of individual heat shock proteins to acquired thermotolerance was evaluated through analysis of chromosomal deletions in a ditelosomic series of the hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar 'Chinese Spring'. This study describes the identification of a line within this ditelosomic series that exhibited a reduced level of acquired thermotolerance. Changes in the temperature sensitivity of chlorophyll accumulation were used as an indicator of acquired thermotolerance. The temperature providing maximum chlorophyll accumulation was 30 degrees C in leaves under continuous light. A 30-min challenge temperature of 48 degrees C prior to the light exposure was shown to inhibit subsequent chlorophyll accumulation. Preincubation at 40 degrees C for 4 h before the 30-min 48 degrees C challenge triggered the acquired thermotolerance system of the plant resulting in chlorophyll accumulation upon exposure to light. Evaluation of the ditelosomic series revealed reductions in acquired thermotolerance levels in the DT7DS line relative to controls. Two-dimensional SDS polyacrylamide gel analysis was used to identify reduction in the level of two low molecular mass heat shock proteins in DT7DS. USDA-ARS (C) 2000 Published by Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Stress & Germplasm Dev Unit, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RP Burke, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Stress & Germplasm Dev Unit, 3810 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. EM jburke@lbk.ars.usda.gov NR 30 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0981-9428 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL BIOCH JI Plant Physiol. Biochem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 38 IS 3 BP 243 EP 252 DI 10.1016/S0981-9428(00)00735-X PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 304VB UT WOS:000086503900010 ER PT J AU Whitaker, BD AF Whitaker, BD TI DPA treatment alters alpha-farnesene metabolism in peel of 'Empire' apples stored in air or 1.5% O-2 atmosphere SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apple fruit; Malus domestica; diphenylamine (DPA); alpha-farnesene; conjugated trienols (CTs); controlled atmosphere (CA) storage; HPLC analysis ID GRANNY-SMITH APPLES; SUPERFICIAL SCALD; FUNCTIONAL DISORDER; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; LOW OXYGEN; ETHYLENE; DIPHENYLAMINE; STORAGE AB Treatment with diphenylamine (DPA), sometimes in combination with storage under low(less than or equal to 1.5%) O-2 atmosphere, is the major commercial means of limiting superficial scald in apple fruit. Synthesis and oxidation of the sesquiterpene alpha-farnesene are thought to be directly involved in induction of this storage disorder. Control of scald by DPA has been ascribed to its ability to block both in vitro and in vivo oxidation of alpha-farnesene to conjugated trienes (CTs), but a number of reports have indicated that DPA has multiple effects, including reduction of alpha-farnesene synthesis, ethylene production, and respiration. The time course and levels of alpha-farnesene and CT accumulation in peel tissue were compared in 'Empire' apples that were either DPA-treated or untreated and stored for up to 28 weeks at 0 degrees C in air or under 1.5% O-2 atmosphere. Also, it was found that the HPLC-UV method previously developed to quantify alpha-farnesene and CTs could be used to simultaneously measure the concentration of DPA residue. In air-stored fruit, DPA treatment protracted rather than diminished alpha-farnesene synthesis; a similar maximum level of alpha-farnesene was reached at 15 and 28 weeks in untreated and DPA-treated fruit, respectively. DPA treatment delayed the onset of CT production by similar to 5 weeks and reduced CT accumulation more than 2.5-fold. The low O-2 atmosphere was overall more effective than DPA treatment in reducing synthesis and oxidation of alpha-farnesene. In combination, however, DPA and low O-2 had a synergistic effect, resulting in a ninefold reduction in alpha-farnesene and virtual elimination of CT production over 28 weeks. In both air and 1.5% O-2, DPA residue in the peel tissue declined rapidly during the first 15 weeks of storage and more gradually thereafter, with an overall drop from similar to 11 to 1.1 mu g g(-1). (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, HCQL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Whitaker, BD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, HCQL, Bldg 002,Rm 117,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 33 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 18 IS 2 BP 91 EP 97 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(99)00066-6 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 297YQ UT WOS:000086111100001 ER PT J AU Balog, JM Anthony, NB Cooper, MA Kidd, BD Huff, GR Huff, WE Rath, NC AF Balog, JM Anthony, NB Cooper, MA Kidd, BD Huff, GR Huff, WE Rath, NC TI Ascites syndrome and related pathologies in feed restricted broilers raised in a hypobaric chamber SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ascites; feed restriction; hypobaric chamber; broilers ID PULMONARY-HYPERTENSION SYNDROME; HIGH-ALTITUDE; CHICKENS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; HEMATOLOGY; STRAINS AB It has been demonstrated that the incidence of ascites can be significantly reduced through feed restriction. This method is thought to have an effect by slowing the growth rate of the birds. Interestingly, when birds are grown in a hypobaric chamber, ascites incidence increases while the overall growth rate of the birds is decreased. Unfortunately, the restriction programs practiced also have a detrimental effect on growth characteristics. An experiment was conducted to determine if the timing and duration of feed restriction can be used to reduce the incidence of ascites for broilers reared under high altitude and local elevation without having a negative impact on growth. A total of 600 commercial broiler males were used. Birds were divided, placing 360 birds in the hypobaric chamber at a simulated 2900 m (9,500 ft) above sea level, and 240 birds were placed at local elevation [390 m (1,300 ft) above sea level]. At each altitude there were four treatments: 1) fully fed controls; 2) feed available for 8 h/d for 6 wk (the duration of the study); 3) feed available for 3 h/d during the first 3 wk, then full feed for the remaining 3 wk; and 4) full feed for the first wk, then 3 wk of 8 h of feed availability, then 2 wk of full feed. Birds and feed were weighed weekly, and mortalities were necropsied to determine the cause of death. At the end of 6 wk, blood samples were taken, and the birds were weighed, necropsied, and scored for ascites, and organ weights were recorded. All feed restriction treatments significantly reduced ascites incidence, when compared with the fully fed controls. Treatment 2 birds were significantly lighter than any other group at both altitudes. The fully fed controls at local elevation were heavier than the fully fed controls at simulated high altitude, as seen in past experiments. C1 ARS, USDA, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Ctr Excellence Poultry Sci, Dept Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Balog, JM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 22 TC 36 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 4 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 79 IS 3 BP 318 EP 323 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 289ZR UT WOS:000085652300005 PM 10735196 ER PT J AU Gill, SPS Donoghue, AM Amann, RP AF Gill, SPS Donoghue, AM Amann, RP TI Exposure of turkey sperm to a synthetic peptide before insemination increases fertility SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE peptide; inseminations; fertility; hatchability; turkey AB Effects on fertility and hatch of eggs laid by hens inseminated with sperm exposed to a synthetic peptide were studied. Pooled semen from 40 randomly selected toms was split and held in vitro for 0 or 24 h before use. Just before insemination, sperm (at 8.33 x 10(9) sperm/mL) were exposed for 5 min to 0.0, 0.05, 0.25, or 0.50 mu M peptide. Hens (28 per group) were inseminated within less than 30 min with 250 x 10(6) in 30 mu L. Two inseminations 24 h before onset of lay were followed by weekly inseminations through 22 or 20 wk. For sperm that was fresh or held 24 h, peptide treatment (P < 0.02 or 0.01) and week of lay (P < 0.01) affected fertility and hatch of total eggs set. There was no effect of peptide treatment on hatchability of fertile eggs. For fresh sperm, use of 0.25 mu M peptide, but not 0.05 or 5.0 mu M peptide, increased (P < 0.05) fertility and hatch of total eggs set compared with the control (0 mu M). Values for fertility were 94 vs. 90% and for hatch were 84 vs. 80%. Increases in hatch were especially evident for fresh sperm after approximately 13 wk of lay. C1 BioPore Inc, State Coll, PA 16805 USA. ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gill, SPS (reprint author), BioPore Inc, POB 10074, State Coll, PA 16805 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 79 IS 3 BP 426 EP 429 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 289ZR UT WOS:000085652300021 PM 10735212 ER PT J AU Buhr, RJ Cason, JA Dickens, JA Hinton, A Ingram, KD AF Buhr, RJ Cason, JA Dickens, JA Hinton, A Ingram, KD TI Influence of flooring type during transport and holding on bacteria recovery from broiler carcass rinses before and after defeathering SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE broiler; transport flooring; bacteria recovery; salmonellae; Campylobacter ID AFRICAN POULTRY ABATTOIR; LOWER GUT CONTENTS; FEED WITHDRAWAL; DIRTY AREA; CHICKENS; CAMPYLOBACTER; SALMONELLAE; CONTAMINATION; POPULATIONS; SLAUGHTER AB Four trials were conducted to determine whether conventional solid or elevated wire mesh flooring, during transport and holding of broilers prior to slaughter, influenced the number of bacteria recovered from feathered and defeathered carcasses. After 4 h off feed, 7-wk-old broilers were placed at commercial density into a modified commercial transport dump-coop on either fiberglass sheeting or 2.54 x 2.54 cm wire mesh flooring that allowed feces to fall through. Broilers were transported for 1 h and then held for 13 h under a covered shed before processing. Broilers were killed by electrocution, and the vents were plugged to prevent escape of feces. External carcass rinses were obtained twice (from the same carcass) from eight broilers per flooring treatment per trial, before scalding and defeathering and again after defeathering and removal of the head and feet. Greater numbers of total aerobes, coliforms, and Escherichia coli were recovered from feathered carcasses than from defeathered carcasses. Campylobacter count was also less for defeathered than feathered carcasses from the solid flooring treatment but did not significantly decrease following defeathering of carcasses from the wire flooring. The incidence of Campylobacter-positive carcasses was reduced following defeathering for both flooring treatments, but the percentage of Salmonellae-positive carcasses remained constant. Coliform (log(10) 6.20 vs. 5.63 cfu/mL of rinse) and E. coli (log(10) 5.93 vs. 5.36) counts in the feathered rinses were significantly higher for the solid flooring compared with wire flooring, respectively. After defeathering, the number of coliforms (log(10) 3.12) and E. coli (log(10) 2.91) recovered did not differ between flooring treatments. Aerobic plate count (log(10) 7.06 and 4.02), Campylobacter count (log(10) 2.49 and 1.80), and the incidence of Campylobacter-positive (44 and 11%) and Salmonellae-positive (52 and 50%) carcasses for feathered and defeathered rinses, respectively, did not differ between flooring treatments. These results indicate that although broilers transported and held on solid flooring had noticeably dirtier breast feathers and higher coliform and EI coli counts prior to scalding and defeathering, bacteria recovery from external carcass rinses did not differ between the solid and wire flooring treatments after defeathering. C1 USDA, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Buhr, RJ (reprint author), USDA, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 79 IS 3 BP 436 EP 441 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 289ZR UT WOS:000085652300023 PM 10735214 ER PT J AU Mostyn, A Dastoor, EJ Stephenson, T Webb, R Keisler, DH Symonds, ME AF Mostyn, A Dastoor, EJ Stephenson, T Webb, R Keisler, DH Symonds, ME TI Effect of acute leptin administration on thermoregulation in day old lambs during non-rapid eye movement sleep. SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUTRITION SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract ID BROWN ADIPOSE-TISSUE; GENE C1 Univ Nottingham Hosp, Acad Div Child Hlth, Sch Human Dev, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England. Univ Nottingham, Div Agr & Hort, Sch Biol Sci, Nottingham NG7 2UH, England. USDA, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. RI Mostyn, Alison/B-9126-2008; Keisler, Duane/C-2746-2011 OI Keisler, Duane/0000-0002-8792-7030 NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0029-6651 J9 P NUTR SOC JI Proc. Nutr. Soc. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 59 SU S BP 13A EP 13A PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 353LV UT WOS:000089276400024 ER PT J AU Kang, YJ Wu, HY Saari, JT AF Kang, YJ Wu, HY Saari, JT TI Alterations in hypertrophic gene expression by dietary copper restriction in mouse heart SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CARDIAC-HYPERTROPHY; VOLUME OVERLOAD; RAT-HEART; PRESSURE; DEFICIENCY; CARDIOMYOPATHY; MITOCHONDRIAL; IRON AB Dietary copper (Cu) restriction causes a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy similar to that induced by work overload in rodent models. However, a possible change in the program of hypertrophic gene expression has not been studied in the Cu-deficient heart. This study was undertaken to fill that gap. Darns of mouse pups were fed a Cu-deficient diet (0.35 mg/kg diet) or a Cu-adequate control diet (6.10 mg/kg) on the fourth day after birth, and weanling mice continued on the dams' diet until they were sacrificed. After 5 weeks of feeding, Cu concentrations were dramatically decreased in the heart and the liver of the mice fed the Cu deficient diet. Corresponding to these changes, serum ceruloplasmin concentrations and hepatic Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase activities were significantly (P < 0.05) depressed, The size of the Cu-deficient hearts was greatly enlarged as estimated from the absolute heart weight and the ratio of heart weight to body weight. The abundances of mRNAs for atrial natriuretic factor, beta-myosin heavy chain, and alpha-skeletal actin in left ventricles were all significantly Increased in the Cu- deficient hearts. Furthermore, Cu deficiency activated the expression of the c-myc oncogene in the left ventricle, This study thus demonstrated that a molecular program of alterations in embryonic genes, similar to that shown in the work-overloaded heart, was activated in the hypertrophied heart induced by Cu deficiency. C1 Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Med, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. Univ Louisville, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. Jewish Hosp Fdn, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. USDA ARS, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Kang, YJ (reprint author), Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Med, 511 S Floyd St,MDR 531, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA68125]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL59225] NR 30 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0037-9727 J9 P SOC EXP BIOL MED JI Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 223 IS 3 BP 282 EP 287 DI 10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22340.x PG 6 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 286TN UT WOS:000085461900010 PM 10719841 ER PT J AU Leathers, TD Dien, BS AF Leathers, TD Dien, BS TI Xylitol production from corn fibre hydrolysates by a two-stage fermentation process SO PROCESS BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE corn fibre hydrolysate; fermentation; Pichia guilliermondii; xylitol ID ETHANOL-PRODUCTION; XYLOSE; ACID; FIBER AB Pichia guilliermondii strain NRRL Y-12723 fermented mixtures of xylose and arabinose to form xylitol and arabitol. However, cultures grown on a mixture of glucose, xylose and arabinose, in ratios characteristic of corn fibre hydrolysates, preferentially utilised glucose and only slowly metabolised pentose sugars, with low yields of sugar alcohols. A two-stage, sequential fermentation scheme for the production of xylitol and arabitol from a mixture of sugars was developed. Following glucose consumption, cells were removed from mixed sugar cultures and replaced with cells from cultures grown on xylose alone. In the second fermentation stage, xylose and arabinose were successfully fermented to xylitol and arabitol. Dilute acid hydrolysates of corn fibre were suitable substrates for the two-stage fermentation process, but only after treatment with a mixed-bed deionization resin. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Leathers, TD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM leathetd@mail.ncaur.usda.gov OI Dien, Bruce/0000-0003-3863-6664 NR 21 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-5113 J9 PROCESS BIOCHEM JI Process Biochem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 35 IS 8 BP 765 EP 769 DI 10.1016/S0032-9592(99)00137-5 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering, Chemical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Engineering GA 299DY UT WOS:000086181500003 ER PT J AU Moreno, JI Miernyk, JA Randall, DD AF Moreno, JI Miernyk, JA Randall, DD TI Staphylococcal protein A as a fusion partner directs secretion of the E1 alpha and E1 beta subunits of pea mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase by Bacillus subtilis SO PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND PURIFICATION LA English DT Article DE Bacillus subtilis; protein association; pyruvate dehydrogenase; secretion; Staphlococcal protein A ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; EXPRESSION; AUREUS; PURIFICATION; DEFICIENT; SYSTEM AB Staphylococcal protein A (SPA)-based vectors were constructed to direct secretion of the E1 alpha and E1 beta subunits of Pisum sativum mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis. These proteins were not exported when the signal peptide from levansucrase (SacBSP)was fused to their N-termini, Both SacBSP-E1 alpha and SacBSP-E1 beta fusion proteins were insoluble in the cytoplasm. However, when the SPA open-reading frame was inserted between SacBSP and El alpha or E1 beta, corresponding fusion proteins were secreted from the cells. The first (E) IgG-binding domain of SPA was sufficient to direct low level secretion of both fusion proteins (SacBSP-E-E1 alpha and SacBSP-E-E1 beta). Adding the second (D) IgG-binding domain improved extracellular protein yields 3- to 4-fold over E alone, but was not as efficient as secretion of the full-length (EDABC) SPA-fusion proteins, All constructs were based on the pUB110-derived multicopy plasmid pWB705. Separate B. subtilis strains transformed with SacBSP-E-E1 alpha-His(6) or SacBSP-E1 beta were cocultivated in the presence of Ni-NTA agarose, The native pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha 2 beta 2 structure was bound to the affinity matrix, demonstrating assembly after secretion, The use of SPA as a fusion partner during expression of heterologous proteins by B. subtilis provides the basis of a versatile system that can be used to study both secretion and protein:protein interactions. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Randall, DD (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 29 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1046-5928 J9 PROTEIN EXPRES PURIF JI Protein Expr. Purif. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 18 IS 2 BP 242 EP 248 DI 10.1006/prep.1999.1175 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 291DW UT WOS:000085719700016 PM 10686156 ER PT J AU Ross, RT Engeljohn, D AF Ross, RT Engeljohn, D TI Food irradiation in the United States: irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment for fresh fruits and vegetables and for the control of microorganisms in meat and poultry SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Meeting on Radiation Processing (IMRP-11) CY MAR 14-19, 1999 CL MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA DE phytosanitary; red meat; quarantine pests; minimum dose AB Recently there has been a renewed focus on food irradiation in the United States (US) for the disinfestation of fresh fruits and vegetables to eliminate pests from imported agricultural commodities that could threaten the economic viability of American agriculture and for the control of bacterium E. coli O157:H7 in beef, a pathogen that threatens the safety of the US domestic food supply. In January 1999 USDA/APHIS published in the Federal Register a rule which authorized irradiation as a guarantee treatment for papayas for movement from Hawaii to the US mainland. This treatment was never used for a number of reasons. However, in December, 1993, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its final rule to terminate production and consumption of methyl bromide, the only remaining broad spectrum fumigant for disinfesting agricultural commodities for pests of quarantine significance on imported and exported commodities. With increased global trade-pressures and the possible loss of methyl bromide as a fumigant for regulatory pests treatment made it imperative that practical treatment options be explored including irradiation. In May 1996, USDA/APHIS published a Notice of Policy which sets forth a policy statement that share positions and policies of USDA concerning the use of irradiation as a phytosanitary treatment. Subsequently in July, 1997, USDA/APHIS amended its Hawaiian regulation by increasing the dose required for papayas intended for interstate movement and by allowing carambolas and litchis also to move interstate as well. Fruits from Hawaii to the US mainland are currently being irradiated and distributed in commerce throughout the US Irradiation treatments now afford movement of many exotic fruits to the US mainland that could not be done earlier due to the lack of available treatment methods. To help combat this potential public health problem, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved treating red meat products. This process has been favorably received by the US food industries and health organizations because it can control E. coli O157:H7 and several other disease-causing microorganisms. However, irradiation will not be authorized until the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), the US federal agency that regulates meat and poultry products, finalizes it regulations. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Ross, RT (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, 1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. EM Ralph.T.Ross@usda.gov NR 6 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 57 IS 3-6 BP 211 EP 214 DI 10.1016/S0969-806X(99)00494-6 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 307LA UT WOS:000086653700003 ER PT J AU Carrillo-Garcia, A Bashan, Y Rivera, ED Bethlenfalvay, FJ AF Carrillo-Garcia, A Bashan, Y Rivera, ED Bethlenfalvay, FJ TI Effects of resource-island soils, competition, and inoculation with Azospirillum on survival and growth of Pachycereus pringlei, the giant cactus of the Sonoran Desert SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Azospirillum; desert soils; nitrogen fixation; nurse plant; Pachycereus pringlei; plant survival; resource-island ID RHIZOSPHERE BACTERIA; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; YIELD RESPONSE; NURSE PLANTS; BRASILENSE; ECOSYSTEM; NITROGEN; MEXICO; FACILITATION; ASSOCIATION AB Resource-island soils formed by some plants in arid lands are capable of supporting certain plants that do not normally establish in surrounding areas free of vegetation. We determined growth responses of Pachycereus pringlei (cardon), the giant columnar cactus, whose widespread, finely branched, subsurface root systems stabilize desert soils, to four soils collected from within or outside of resource islands. Traits of cardon grown in soils from mature (MM) or young (YM) Prosopis articulata (mesquite), mature Olnea testosa (ironwood, MI), or bare areas (BA) were compared, to determine differences between the effects of soils due to the identity or the stage of development of nurse plants. The levels of soil N, P, and C contents were in the order MM> > YM > MI greater than or equal to BA. The BA soil had the coarsest and MM soil the finest texture. Cardon was also grown in pot cultures inoculated with the plant-growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense, or in association with a competing grass, Sorghum bicolor (sorghum). Competition did not affect survival rates of cardon in any of the soils after six months of growth, but decreased biomass accumulation by up to 90% in the best (MM) soil. Inoculation of cardon seeds with A. brasilense did not affect survival but resulted in significantly better root and shoot growth, and this effect increased linearly as soil nutrients declined. In the best soil (MM), A. brasilense had no effect on cardon growth, but in the poorest soil (BA) shoot dry mass was almost 60% and root length over 100% greater as a result of inoculation, with responses in the other two soils intermediate. This effect did not appear to be owing to N-2 fixation, as nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) was not detected in any of the treatments. Soil formation by selected nurse trees in arid areas is an important factor in plant establishment and growth, and the present results indicate that these processes can be impeded or facilitated by the introduction of competing or beneficial organisms. The use of beneficial microorganisms associated with roots may accelerate the restoration of disturbed areas. C1 Ctr Invest Biol Noroeste, La Paz 23000, BCS, Mexico. ARS, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Bethlenfalvay, FJ (reprint author), Ctr Invest Biol Noroeste, AP 128, La Paz 23000, BCS, Mexico. EM bethleng@thegrid.net NR 62 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 24 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 8 IS 1 BP 65 EP 73 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100x.2000.80009.x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 296FM UT WOS:000086013300009 ER PT J AU Nord, M AF Nord, M TI Does it cost less to live in rural areas? Evidence from new data on food security and hunger SO RURAL SOCIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Rural-Sociological-Society CY AUG, 1998 CL PORTLAND, OREGON SP Rural Sociol Soc AB Rural-urban differences, in the association of food insecurity and hunger with income suggest that the cost of living is substantially lower in rural than in urban areas. This implies that the official poverty rate overstates rural economic hardship compared with that in urban areas. Geographic differences in cost of living implied by the association between food insecurity and income provide some validation of the cost: of housing adjustment proposed by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) panel on improving the measurement of poverty, but suggest that the NAS adjustment generally overcorrects for cost of living and would be seriously problematic in some regions. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Nord, M (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, 1800 M St NW,Room 2068, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU RURAL SOCIOLOGICAL SOC PI BELLINGHAM PA C/O RABEL J BURDGE, TREASURER, WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIV, DEPT SOCIOL ARNTZEN HALL R-510, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225-9081 USA SN 0036-0112 J9 RURAL SOCIOL JI Rural Sociol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 65 IS 1 BP 104 EP 125 PG 22 WC Sociology SC Sociology GA 289UC UT WOS:000085639500007 ER PT J AU Lott, JNA Ockenden, I Raboy, V Batten, GD AF Lott, JNA Ockenden, I Raboy, V Batten, GD TI Phytic acid and phosphorus in crop seeds and fruits: a global estimate SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE phytic acid; phytate; phosphorus; crop seeds and fruits; mineral nutrients; global estimate; low phytate mutants ID BEANS PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; EARLY SEEDLING GROWTH; PISUM-SATIVUM L; INOSITOL PHOSPHATES; PROTEIN BODIES; CUCURBITA-MAXIMA; MINERAL-COMPOSITION; GLOBOID CRYSTALS; PHYTASE ACTIVITY; TRACE-ELEMENTS AB A very important mineral storage compound in seeds is phytate, a mixed cation salt of phytic acid (myo-inositol hexakis phosphoric acid). This compound is important for several reasons: (1) It is vital for seed/grain development and successful seedling growth. (2) It is often considered to be an antinutritional substance in human diets, but it may have a positive nutritional role as an anti-oxidant and an anti-cancer agent. (3) It represents a very significant amount of phosphorus being extracted from soils and subsequently removed with the crop. (4) It plays a role in eutrophication of waterways. A key part of this review is an estimate of the annual tonnage of phosphorus and phytic acid sequestered in up to 4.1 billion metric tonnes of crop seeds and fruits globally each year. We estimate that nearly 35 million metric tonnes of phytic acid, containing 9.9 million metric tonnes of P, is combined with about 12.5 and 3.9 million metric tonnes of K and Mg respectively, to form each year over 51 million metric tonnes of phytate. The amount of P in this phytate is equal to nearly 65% of the elemental P sold world wide for use in mineral fertilizers. Dry cereal grains account for 69% of the total crop seed/fruit production but account for 77% of the total phytic acid stored each year. Low phytate mutants, that are now available for some key staple food crops such as maize and barley, offer potential benefits in such areas as the sustainability of lands used to grow crops, the mineral nutrition of humans and animals, and reduction in pollution of waterways. C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Biol, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. ARS, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, USDA, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Yanco Agr Inst, Yanco, NSW 2703, Australia. RP Lott, JNA (reprint author), McMaster Univ, Dept Biol, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada. EM lott@mcmaster.ca NR 191 TC 207 Z9 233 U1 5 U2 57 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 10 IS 1 BP 11 EP 33 PG 23 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 314NX UT WOS:000087063100002 ER PT J AU Kusel, J Kocher, S London, J Buttolph, L Schuster, E AF Kusel, J Kocher, S London, J Buttolph, L Schuster, E TI Effects of displacement and outsourcing on woods workers and their families SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE community well-being; globalization; labor; resource dependence; rural development; socioeconomics ID HEALTH; UNEMPLOYMENT AB This study examines the effects of displacement and outsourcing on 60 woods workers and their partners in northeastern California. Following displacement, 17% retired and 76% were reemployed when interviewed. The average unemployment period was 2 mo. Eighty percent of those reemployed continued to work in the woods. Postdisplacement income declined on average 25% from predisplacement levels. As a group, retirees fared the worst, losing 30% of their predisplacement income, while those reemployed in woods work lost on average 17%. Those reemployed worked in less stable jobs and frequently worked more hours with fewer or no benefits. Thirty percent were without health insurance. Women shouldered an increased responsibility for household income, contributing on average 15% more to the postdisplacement total. Job training was ineffective because the displaced were unwilling to move into occupations requiring relocation. Commitment to kin and communities kept the displaced from moving despite limited local opportunities. C1 Forest Community Res, Taylorsville, CA 95983 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Ecotrust, Portland, OR USA. US Forest Serv, Intermt Res Stn, Missoula, MT USA. RP Kusel, J (reprint author), Forest Community Res, POB 11, Taylorsville, CA 95983 USA. NR 33 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 13 IS 2 BP 115 EP 134 DI 10.1080/089419200279144 PG 20 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA 293VD UT WOS:000085873300002 ER PT J AU Martens, DA AF Martens, DA TI Plant residue biochemistry regulates soil carbon cycling and carbon sequestration SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE phenolic acids; vanillin; vanillic acid; carbon cycling; carbon sequestration; aggregate stability; soil respiration ID ANION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY; PULSED AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION; AGGREGATE STABILITY; ORGANIC-MATTER; LITTER DECOMPOSITION; LEAF LITTER; NITROGEN; FRACTIONS; WHEAT; MINERALIZATION AB Substrate composition is one of the most important factors influencing the decomposition of plant residues in soils. The interaction of organic residue biochemistry with residue decomposition rates, soil aggregation and soil humus composition was determined in a laboratory experiment. Addition of seven different organic residues (2% w/w alfalfa, oat, canola, clover, soybean, corn and prairie grasses) to a Webster soil resulted in a rapid, transient increase in aggregate mean weight diameters (MWD) when incubated for 9 d with residues with low phenolic acid content (alfalfa, canola and clover) and was inversely correlated with soil carbohydrate content (r = -0.63). More pronounced improvement in aggregate size was noted upon increased incubation to 84 d with organic residues higher in phenolic acid content (corn, prairie grasses, oat and soybean) and was related to soil phenolic acid (r = 0.65) and soil carbohydrate content (r = 0.70). Total plant residue phenolic acid content was related to MWD measured after incubation for 84 d by a quadratic response and plateau function (r = 0.96) and the MWD quadratically increased with an increase in vanillin-vanillic acid concentrations in the plant residues (r = 0.997). Soil organic C after 84 d was related to the MWD (r = 0.82) and the residue's vanillin-vanillic acid content (r = 0.86), suggesting that C remaining in the soil following decomposition maybe related to the specific phenolic acid content. The results suggest that transient aggregate stability initiated by microbial decomposition of the carbohydrate and amino acid content of the residue, is then strengthened by the interaction with phenolic acids such as vanillin or vanillic acid released by microbial decomposition from residues structural components. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Martens, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 54 TC 174 Z9 196 U1 7 U2 73 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 32 IS 3 BP 361 EP 369 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00162-5 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 288FL UT WOS:000085551800007 ER PT J AU Nassar, IN Horton, R Flerchinger, GN AF Nassar, IN Horton, R Flerchinger, GN TI Simultaneous heat and mass transfer in soil columns exposed to freezing/thawing conditions SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE frozen soil; soil temperature; coupled heat and water flow in soil; solute redistribution in freezing soil; SHAW model ID SHAW MODEL; ENERGY AB Soil heat and mass transfer are important processes in nature The effects of soil solution concentration on soil heat and mass transfer have not been investigated thoroughly for freezing/thawing conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the SHAW model predictions of heat, water, and chemical transfer in saline and solute-free soils. Heat and mass transfer was studied in closed soil columns. Included were loam soil materials with two salinity levels. Three derivatives of benzoic acid were used as tracers for liquid water movement, Soil was packed into PVC columns that were buried vertically in a field soil profile and exposed to ambient weather conditions. After 72 days, the soil columns were removed from the field and sectioned into 0.02-m increments in order to measure water content, chloride, and benzoic acid tracer distributions. In addition to the observed heat and mass transfer, the SHAW model was used to predict heat and mass transfer in the soil columns. The model described the temperature distributions accurately for both salinized and solute-free soils, Both observed and predicted values of water distribution showed water accumulation in the upper 0.4 m in the solute-free soil. The water diminished slightly in the upper 0.20-m region in the salinized soil columns. Within the salinized soil columns, the final solute distribution did not indicate appreciable net solute movement. The observed and predicted frost depths in the solute-free soil were between 0.45 m and 0.65 m, Freezing was not significant in the salinized soil. The SHAW model should be improved if it is expanded to include the effects of temperature and osmotic potentials on liquid water now in soil. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Alexandria, Fac Agr, Damanhour, Egypt. USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Horton, R (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 22 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 165 IS 3 BP 208 EP 216 DI 10.1097/00010694-200003000-00003 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 299EJ UT WOS:000086182600003 ER PT J AU Ulery, AL Stewart, S Reid, DA Shouse, PJ AF Ulery, AL Stewart, S Reid, DA Shouse, PJ TI Vacuum method for field installation of pipes and casings in sandy soils SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE infiltration; sand dune; gypsum block; neutron attenuation; instrumentation AB Soil moisture-monitoring equipment is difficult to install in poorly consolidated sand or sediments using hand tools because the loose material tends to collapse. The technique described herein uses a 5,5-hp wet/dry vacuum cleaner, powered by a portable gasoline generator, to remove the soil white an operator pushes a conductor pipe or casing into the profile. After initiating the hole using a hand bucket auger, an open-ended metal pipe or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) casing is inserted vertically into the shallow hole. A smaller tube, or stinger, attached to a wet/dry vacuum is inserted into the pipe to extract loose material while downward pressure is applied on the pipe. Once the casing is installed, instrumentation such as lysimeters, gypsum blocks, or tensiometers can be placed at the desired depth and backfilled with native soil. The casing is then raised and the soil allowed to collapse around the equipment, or the pipe can be left in place for neutron probe access. Measurements of soil water content after an infiltration experiment demonstrated uniform downward movement with minimal preferential now or soil disturbance as a result of the vacuum installation of gypsum blocks and a neutron access tube. C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Komex H2O Sci, Huntington Beach, CA 92649 USA. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92501 USA. RP Ulery, AL (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, MSC 3Q,POB 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 165 IS 3 BP 269 EP 273 DI 10.1097/00010694-200003000-00009 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 299EJ UT WOS:000086182600009 ER PT J AU Carrillo, MLK Letey, J Yates, SR AF Carrillo, MLK Letey, J Yates, SR TI Unstable water flow in a layered soil: I. Effects of a stable water-repellent layer SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WETTING FRONT INSTABILITY; PREFERENTIAL FLOW; POROUS-MEDIA; INFILTRATION; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB The development of preferential water flow in a soil profile can cause accelerated movement of pollutants to the groundwater thus reducing groundwater quality. This study investigated the effects of a stable water-repellent soil layer on the development of unstable waterflow in a:homogenous profile. Stable water-repellent soil is defined as: one whose degree of water repellency does not change with time after contact with water. The effects of water entry pressure (h(p)), water-repellent layer depth (L) and depth of ponded water at the soil surface (h(0)) on the development of unstable now were investigated using homogenous coarse sand packed into a specially built rectangular chamber, The hydraulic conductivity of the water repellent soil was also measured as a function of h(p) and h(o), in a separate experiment using the constant head method. The hydraulic conductivity and the water content of the water repellent soil increased as h(o)/h(p) increased. No water penetrated the water repellent layer for values of (h(o) + L)/h(p) < 1, unstable now developed for values between 1 and 1.5 and a stable front developed for values > 1.5. The conclusion is that stable flow occurred when the water flux through the water repellent layer exceeded the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the underlying wettable layer. The water nux through the water repellent layer was a function of the hydraulic conductivity of the water repellent layer which increased as h(o)/h(p) increased. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Soil & Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Soil Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Letey, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Soil & Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 450 EP 455 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MC UT WOS:000089446200002 ER PT J AU Carrillo, MLK Letey, J Yates, SR AF Carrillo, MLK Letey, J Yates, SR TI Unstable water flow in a layered soil: II. Effects of an unstable water-repellent layer SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PREFERENTIAL FLOW AB Water repellent soils are found throughout the world and can exhibit significantly different water now characteristics as compared to a wettable soil. The purpose of the study was to determine the significance of the stability of the water repellency on the development of unstable water flow below a water repellent layer. Unstable water-repellent soil refers to a soil whose degree of repellency changes with time after contact with water, Experiments were conducted in a specially built rectangular chamber where wetting front patterns could be observed through a Plexiglas sheet. The experiments were done on water repellent sand layers that were treated to create water drop penetration time (WDPT) values of 1, 10, and 150 min. The WDPT of the layer and the ratio (h(o) + L)/h(p) were important in the development of fingers, where h(o) is the depth of ponded water at the soil surface, L is the depth of the water repellent layer and h(o), is the water entry pressure head of the water repellent layer. For low WDPT (1 min) no fingers formed, As the WDPT increased, the tendency for finger:formation also increased. The medium WDPT (10 min) layer caused finger formation, however, the fingers broadened and converged after continued now and an almost uniform wetting front eventually developed, The combination of a high WDPT (150 min) and (h(o) + L)/h(p) < 1 produced the most dramatic and persistent fingering. The finger development across the layer and the flux through the layer was found to be a function of time. Water repellency at the soil surface has the greatest impact on infiltration because water depth may not be sufficient to overcome the water entry pressure and runoff would decrease the time of exposure to water to overcome unstable water repellency. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Soil & Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Phys & Pesticides Res Unit, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Letey, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Soil & Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 6 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 456 EP 459 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MC UT WOS:000089446200003 ER PT J AU Lee, JH Jaynes, DB Horton, R AF Lee, JH Jaynes, DB Horton, R TI Evaluation of a simple method for estimating solute transport parameters: Laboratory studies SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID 2-SITE 2-REGION MODELS; IMMOBILE WATER-CONTENT; SORBING POROUS-MEDIA; NONREACTIVE TRACERS; AGGREGATED OXISOL; MASS-TRANSFER; SOIL; COEFFICIENT; DEGRADATION; EXCHANGE AB A two-domain, physical nonequilibrium solute transport model has been used to describe the transport and fate of solute in soil. The model contains the parameters theta(im) (immobile water content) and a (mass transfer coefficient) which must be determined for a soil before applying the transport model. A simple field method that can estimate both: theta(im) and alpha without measuring extensive breakthrough curves (BTCs) has been presented, The purpose of this paper was to test in laboratory soil columns the simple method of estimating parameters by comparing to the conventional BTC analysis method of parameter estimation. The experiments involved 12-cm-long and 4-cm-diam. columns packed with five different soil materials. The BTCs were performed bn each column using a sequential application of Pour fluorobenzoate tracers. Each tracer was applied for a different length of time. The soil columns were sectioned at the end of the BTC experiments. The simple method gave results of theta(im) and or based upon the sectioned soil samples, and the ETC analysis gave results of theta(im) and alpha based upon effluent concentrations. The estimates by the two different methods were from the same experiments. Most of the estimated a values using the simple method were within the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the BTC estimates. For 7 of 10 soil columns, the estimates of immobile water fraction, theta(im)/theta, from the simple method were within the 95% CI of the estimates of theta(im)/theta obtained from ETC data. Breakthrough curves calculated using the theta(im) and alpha values estimated by the simple method mere similar to observed BTCs. The simple method provides estimation of theta(im) and alpha from easy to obtain soil samples in field and ran be used as a first approximation to apply the analytical BTC method. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Horton, R (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 20 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 492 EP 498 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MC UT WOS:000089446200008 ER PT J AU Chefetz, B Chen, Y Clapp, CE Hatcher, PG AF Chefetz, B Chen, Y Clapp, CE Hatcher, PG TI Characterization of organic matter in soils by thermochemolysis using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DERIVATIZATION GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; THERMALLY ASSISTED HYDROLYSIS; PYROLYSIS DERIVATIZATION; HUMIC ACIDS; GYMNOSPERM WOOD; METHYLATION; LIGNIN; SUBSTANCES; POLYMER AB Tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) thermochemolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was employed to study the chemical structure of soil organic matter sampled from a soil plot in which corn (Zea mays L.) was farmed continuously for 15 yr, The chromatograms exhibited peaks related to compounds derived from lignin, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), non-lignin aromatic structures; and heterocyclic N compounds. The dominant lignin-derived peaks in the TMAH thermochemolysis-GC/MS chromatograms were mainly derivatives of p-hydroxyphenyl and guaiacyl structures, suggesting a non-woody (grass) lignin type. With depth, the ratio of syringyl to guaiacyl compounds (SIG) decreased, suggesting a preferential degradation of the syringyl units by microorganisms. Fatty acid methyl esters of varying C-chain length (C-7 to C-27) were identified in the soil chromatograms, Both TMAH-GC/MS and C-13-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) data suggested a relative increase of longchain fatty acids with soil depth (or degree of humification), suggesting a refractory nature for these compounds. The heterocyclic N compounds yielded from the TMAH thermochemolysis were mainly pyrroles, pyridines, and pyrazoles, In addition, low levels of methylated amino acids (phenylalanine, leucine, and valine) were detected. The presence of the a,nino acids in the bottom layer of the soil suggests a preservation mechanism. The changes identified in the chemical components provide clues as to the nature of the humification processes in the soil profile and also yield information on the nature of the sources of soil organic matter. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Agr Food & Environm Qual Sci, Dept Soil & Water Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Chefetz, B (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, 100 W 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 29 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 25 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 583 EP 589 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MC UT WOS:000089446200019 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ Haney, RL Honeycutt, CW Schomberg, HH Hons, FM AF Franzluebbers, AJ Haney, RL Honeycutt, CW Schomberg, HH Hons, FM TI Flush of carbon dioxide following rewetting of dried soil relates to active organic pools SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS-C; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; MATTER POOLS; FUMIGATION-INCUBATION; EXTRACTION METHOD; N MINERALIZATION; DRY SOIL; TILLAGE; TEXTURE; DECOMPOSITION AB Soil quality assessment could become more standardized with the development of a simple, rapid, and reliable method for quantifying potential soil biological activity. We evaluated the flush of CO(2) following rewetting of dried soil under standard laboratory conditions as a method to estimate an active organic matter fraction. The bush of CO(2) following rewetting of dried soil (3 d incubation at approximate to 50% water-filled pore space and 25 degrees C) was assessed for 20 soil series containing a wide range of organic C (20 +/- 13 g kg(-1)) from Alberta-British Columbia, Maine, Texas, and Georgia. This flush of CO(2) explained 97% of the variability in cumulative C mineralization during 24 d [gamma = 12 + 3.3(x); n = 471], 86% of the variability in soil microbial biomass C [gamma = 337 + 2.4(x); n = 399], and 67% of the variability in net N mineralization during 24 d [gamma = 18 + 0.10(x) - 0.00002(x)(2); n = 327], Accounting for geographical differences in mean annual temperature and precipitation, which could affect soil organic matter quality, further Improved relationships between the flush of CO(2) and active, passive, and total C and N pools. Measuring the flush of CO(2) following rewetting of dried soil may have value for routine soil testing of biological soil quality because it (i) is an incubation procedure patterned after natural occurrences in most soils, (ii) exhibits strong overall relationships with active organic pools, (iii) shows relatively minor changes in relationships with active organic pools that may be due to climatic variables, (iv) has a simple setup with minimal equipment requirements, and (v) has rapid analysis time. C1 USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resour Conserv Cent, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, New England Plant Soil & Water Lab, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Franzluebbers, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resour Conserv Cent, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. EM afranz@arches.uga.edu NR 41 TC 141 Z9 163 U1 11 U2 89 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 613 EP 623 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MC UT WOS:000089446200024 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ Stuedemann, JA Schomberg, HH AF Franzluebbers, AJ Stuedemann, JA Schomberg, HH TI Spatial distribution of soil carbon and nitrogen pools under grazed tall fescue SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID POTASSIUM DISTRIBUTION; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; PASTURES; MINERALIZATION AB Cattle (Bos taurus) behavior may be an important variable controlling the spatial distribution of soil C and N pools in long-term, grazed pastures. Shade and water sources are more frequented areas of a pasture that can also serve as camping areas where excreta are deposited. We sampled a Cecil sandy loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult) under tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb,) at distances of 1, 10, 30, 50, and 80 m from permanent shade or water sources at the end of 8 and 15 yr of grazing. To a depth of 75 mm, soil bulk density was 1.15 Mg m(-3) at 1 m and averaged 1.00 Mg m-3 at other distances from shade or water. To a depth of 300 mm, soil organic C was 4.6 kg m-L at 1 m, 4.3 kg m(-2) at 10 m, and approximate to 4.0 kg m(-2) at distances of 30, 50, and 80 m from shade or water. Particulate organic C averaged 1.53 kg m(=2) at distances of 1, 10, and 30 m and 1.30 kg m(-2) at distances of 50 and 80 m from shade or water. Soil microbial biomass C, basal soil respiration, and net potential N mineralization were also greater nearer shade or water than farther away. Although lateral distribution effects were most dramatic at a depth of 0 to 25 mm, similar effects were observed even at a depth of 150 to 300 mm. Long-term rattle grazing in relatively small paddocks (0.7-0.8 ha) with permanent shade and water sources resulted in significant lateral and vertical changes in soil organic C and N pools. C1 USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resources Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Franzluebbers, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resources Conservat Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 15 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 23 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 635 EP 639 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MC UT WOS:000089446200026 ER PT J AU Shaw, JN West, LT Radcliffe, DE Bosch, DD AF Shaw, JN West, LT Radcliffe, DE Bosch, DD TI Preferential flow and pedotransfer functions for transport properties in sandy Kandiudults SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DUAL-POROSITY MODEL; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; SOIL COLUMNS; POROUS-MEDIA; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; ANION TRANSPORT; WATER; PARAMETERS AB Soils with differences in argillic and kandic horizon clay content (12-28% clay), thickness of overlying sandy eluvial horizons (ranging from <0.50 to >1.0 m), and degree of structural development occur in upland Kandiudult soils in the Upper Coastal Plain of Georgia. Interest in agricultural site-specific management necessitates more adequate characterization of solute transport properties between and within these Soils. Undisturbed columns (15-cm diam., n = 34) were Collected by horizon for three pedons typifying the extremes of the clay content in the argillic horizon. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) were conducted using a Br- tracer and were evaluated by fitting the single-and two-region adaption of the convection-dispersion equation (CDE) to outflow measurements. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s) measurements and methylene blue dye staining of conducting voids were also performed on the cores. Dye staining indicated differences in preferential flow occurred between surface (Ap), eluvial (E), and argillic and kandic (Bt) horizons. Retardation factors (R) were positively correlated with clay quantities, and horizons possessing relatively less clay (A and E horizons) possessed the highest alpha values (quickest solute exchange rates between mobile and immobile regions). Horizons with relatively higher clay quantities (Bts) had the lowest alpha and beta (ratio of mobile water to the volumetric water content) values, but the highest effective dispersivity (lambda(eff)) values. Dye-stained areas were correlated (r = 0.65) with beta, which suggested beta may be an approximation of the degree of preferential flow for these soils. For the three: pedons studied, significant differences in alpha existed between the extremes, and thus they are interpreted to behave differently from a solute transport standpoint. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) were developed for grossly estimating hydraulic and transport parameters. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soils, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, SE Watershed Lab, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. RP Shaw, JN (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, 202 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM jnshaw@acesag.auburn.edu NR 35 TC 36 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 EI 1435-0661 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 670 EP 678 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MC UT WOS:000089446200031 ER PT J AU Brannon, GR Hajek, BF AF Brannon, GR Hajek, BF TI Update and recorrelation of soil surveys using GIS and statistical analysis SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The introduction of U.S. soil taxonomy and the increased pressure on land use and development has generated the need to update soil surveys that were published before 1965, A portion of a pre-1965 soil survey from Montgomery county in Alabama was selected to evaluate an update approach using geographic information system (GIS) and statistical analysis. The update included map recompilation, correlation, interpretation, and presentation methods. Sampling points were identified with a stratified random sampling and data obtained at each point were analyzed by traditional statistical methods. The taxonomic accuracy was 75 to 83% at a confidence level of 90%, Interpretative reliability was 90 to 95% for dwellings without basements, 95 to 98% for septic tank absorption fields, and 93 to 98% for local roads and streets. Updating old soil surveys by using GIS technology and statistical evaluation can produce a quality soil survey that meets or exceeds National Cooperative Soil Survey (NCSS) standards. Using this method, an experienced soil scientist ran update, recorrelate, and recompile approximate to 40 180 ha (100 000 acres) yr(-1). This is an increase in production of 22 090 to 24100 ha (55 000-60 000 acres) or approximate to 120 to 150% compared with conventional remapping methods. C1 USDA, NRCS, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. RP Brannon, GR (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, POB 311, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 679 EP 680 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MC UT WOS:000089446200032 ER PT J AU Bajracharya, RM Lal, R Kimble, JM AF Bajracharya, RM Lal, R Kimble, JM TI Erosion effects on carbon dioxide concentration and carbon flux from an Ohio alfisol SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CHAMBER METHODS; SOIL CO2 AB Carbon dioxide concentrations in soil both reflect and influence soil biological activity and C nux to the atmosphere. We hypothesized that erosion affects CO2 concentration and C flux from the soil surface because of its effects on soil temperature and water regimes. The soil air concentrations of CO2 and corresponding temperature and water contents were monitored on slight (SLI), moderate (MOD), severe (SEV), and depositional (DEP) phases at 2-wk intervals between May 1996 and June 1997. The ambient soil CO2 concentration and CO2-C nux were determined using gas chromatograph analyses. Seasonal patterns in soil air CO2 concentrations (ranging from a winter low of 0.56 mL L-1 to a summer high of 20.90 mL L-1) predominated over more subtle differences (20-80% variation) due to erosion phase effects. Significantly greater (by 12-37%) CO2 concentrations for SEV and MOD phases over SLI and DEP were observed mainly during the summer. The effects of the erosion phase on soil CO2 concentrations appeared to be indirect through its impacts primarily on soil temperature and, presumably, soil biological activity. Soil air CO2 concentrations were significantly correlated with soil temperature (R-2 = 0.61) and CO2-C (R-2 = 0.65) nux from the soil surface but not with soil water content. Both linear and second-order polynomial regression equations using soil temperature predicted soil CO2 concentration. C1 Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA, NRCS, Natl Soil Survey Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. RP Lal, R (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM lal.1@osu.edu RI Lal, Rattan/D-2505-2013 NR 36 TC 37 Z9 49 U1 4 U2 10 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 EI 1435-0661 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 694 EP 700 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MC UT WOS:000089446200035 ER PT J AU Rhoton, FE AF Rhoton, FE TI Influence of time on soil response to no-till practices SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FERTILITY STATUS; CROP-ROTATION; MISSISSIPPI; MANGANESE; FRACTIONS; SYSTEMS; YIELDS; COPPER; WHEAT; CORN AB The number of growing seasons required for no-till practices to improve soil properties should be considered before changing management systems. To evaluate this time factor, an 8-yr tillage study was conducted on a Grenada silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Glossic Fragiudalfs) using cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-corn (Zea mays L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as test crops. Soil samples were characterized for soil organic matter (SOM), pH, exchangeable Ca and Mg, extractable P, K, Pe, Mn, Cu, and Zn, aggregate stability (AS), water dispersible clay (WDC), total clay (TC), and modulus of rupture (MR) at time 0, 4, and 8 yr. Within 4 yr, net-till (NT) resulted in statistically significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) differences compared to conventional tillage (CT). The surface 2.5 cm of the NT treatments had higher levels of SOM, exchangeable Ca, and extractable P, Mn, and Zn, but lower extractable K, Fe, and Cu. Tillage had no effect on exchangeable Mg and pH. No-till also resulted in higher AS, and lower MR, WDC, and TC in the top 2.5 cm, relative to CT The differences in soil properties between tillage treatments were essentially independent of crop. Instead, the results are controlled by relative amounts of SOM and clay, and the extent to which these properties change with time. Undoubtedly, NT practices ran improve several fertility and erodibility-related properties of this soil within 4:yr, and-enhance its sustainability. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Rhoton, FE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 30 TC 125 Z9 133 U1 3 U2 28 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 700 EP 709 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MC UT WOS:000089446200036 ER PT J AU Logsdon, SD Cambardella, CA AF Logsdon, SD Cambardella, CA TI Temporal changes in small depth-incremental soil bulk density SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SUBSOIL COMPACTION; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; CROP RESIDUE; SILT LOAM; TILLAGE; GROWTH; SURFACE; YIELD; PERSISTENCE; ROTATION AB Farmers are concerned that soil compaction will be a problem in the first few years after conversion to strict no-till. The objective of this study was to determine if the changes in depth-incremental soil bulk density during transition to no-till were greater than density changes due to natural variation. We sampled six locations from a no-till field and six locations from a disk field of a soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]-corn (Zea mays L.) rotation and took 12 samples at each of the 12 locations. The soil types sampled were Clarion (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic, Typic Hapludoll), Nicollet (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic, Aquic Hapludoll), and Canisteo (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic, Typic Endoaquoll) soils. We divided each 300-mm soil sample into 15 depth-increments, and poled the 12 samples for each location for each 20-mm depth-increment. Bulk densities ranged from 0.9 to 1.3 Mg m(-3) in the top 0 to 20 mm, and 1.2 to 1.6 Mg m(-3) for the depth-increments below 20 mm, Comparing the first and last sampling dates for the no-till field, no significant changes in bulk density were detected for any depth-increment; however, for the disk field, increases in significant bulk density were detected in 10 out of 15 depth-increments. Natural causes probably contributed to the bulk density changes that occurred over time in both fields. None of these bulk densities were high enough to restrict root growth. We concluded that concern about soil compaction under no-till management is inappropriate for these structured soils. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Logsdon, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 23 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 13 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 64 IS 2 BP 710 EP 714 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 356MC UT WOS:000089446200037 ER PT J AU Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF Hendrix, DL Steele, T AF Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF Hendrix, DL Steele, T TI Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) honeydew and honeydew sugar relationships to sticky cotton SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY HONEYDEW; LINT STICKINESS; INSECT AB Studies were conducted with Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring [= B. tabaci (Gennadius) Strain B] honeydew and 4 acid 6% isopropyl alcohol extracts of honeydew extracted from a contaminated cotton bale, honeydew deposited by B. argentifolii adults on cotton lint in the laboratory, sprays of commercially-procured individual sugars found in honeydew, and microliter pipette applied drops of honeydew, in all cases, to analyze the relationship between honeydew and thermodetector counts. Increasing concentrations of either honeydew extracted from lint or commercially-procured honeydew sugars applied individually resulted in increasing thermodetector counts as did a mixture of sugars simulating honeydew. Thermodetector counts on cotton lint also increased following sprays with increasing concentrations of 4 and 6% isopropyl alcohol extracts of honeydew. These fractions contain carbohydrates that range from tri- to pentasaccharides. Higher thermodetector counts were correlated with an increasing numbers of honeydew drops applied to lint as well as with increasing concentrations of honeydew in the drops. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Henneberry, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 25 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 310HZ UT WOS:000086821600001 ER PT J AU Hoffmann, WC Coppedge, JR Lingren, PS Chandler, LD AF Hoffmann, WC Coppedge, JR Lingren, PS Chandler, LD TI Impact of a semiochemical insecticide (Slam (R)) on abundance of beneficial insects in corn SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID ROOTWORM BEETLES COLEOPTERA; CHRYSOMELIDAE; BAITS; ATTRACTANTS; EMERGENCE; SOUTHERN AB A two-year study was conducted in central Texas (Bell County) to investigate the effects of foliar applications of a semiochemical insecticide, Slam(R), applied for control of adult Mexican corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera zeae Krysan & Smith, on field populations of beneficial arthropod predators and parasites. Pretreatment counts were made in five fields that were to be treated and five fields that remained untreated. Arthropod abundance was assessed at 7 and 14 days after treatment by placing field-collected corn plants in Berlese funnels. The arthropods were identified after the plants had been in the Berlese funnel for 36-38 hours. In most instances, there was no significant impact on abundance of beneficial arthropods from the application of Slam.(R) Of eight groups of adult beneficial arthropods, the treatment had a significant negative impact only on abundance of adult Coccinellidae other than Scymnus spp. at 14 days following treatment; however, the abundance of this arthropod was extremely low (1-8 insects per 100 plants). For the immature arthropods, Slam(R) treatment had a significant impact only on immature Orius spp. 7 days following treatment; however, this population recovered 14 days after treatment. The parasitism of corn earworm eggs was unaffected by the insecticide application. The abundance of Mexican corn rootworm adults was reduced by 81% and 94% at 7 and 14 days after treatment, respectively. C1 USDA ARS, So Crops Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Hoffmann, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Crops Res Lab, 2765 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 25 IS 1 BP 31 EP 38 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 310HZ UT WOS:000086821600004 ER PT J AU Ramos, LHM McGuire, MR Wong, LJG Castro-Franco, R AF Ramos, LHM McGuire, MR Wong, LJG Castro-Franco, R TI Evaluation of pectin, gelatin and starch granular formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID INACTIVATION; STABILITY AB Novel formulations for Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) were tested using bioassay methods in the laboratory and greenhouse. Granular formulations were made with gelatin, pectin or cornstarch, each with and without Congo red (i.e., a solar protectant). B. thuringiensis strain GM-7 was grown under liquid culture conditions and used in ail formulations. Artificial sunlight caused reduction in spore viability within 30 min of exposure. Within 1 h of exposure, formulations made with gelatin protected spores better than formulations made with starch or pectin. Insecticidal activity was not reduced as quickly, nor were differences among treatments quite so obvious. Formulations containing Congo red protected spores and insecticidal activity better than formulations without Congo red. When Trichoplusia iii (Hubner) neonates were placed on cotton plants treated with granules, no differences in defoliation occurred over three weeks among treatments containing B. thuringiensis. Plants treated with control granules or left untreated experienced 10.2% defoliation; plants treated with granules containing B. thuringienis underwent 0.6% defoliation. Granules made with pectin generally resisted wash-off better than granules made with starch or gelatin. When granules were placed in corn whorls previously infested with Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) larvae in the greenhouse, granules made with pectin or starch caused 94% insect mortality and the granules made from gelatin caused 72% larval mortality. C1 UANL, FCB, Dept Microbiol & Inmunol, Monterrey 66450, NL, Mexico. USDA ARS, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Autonoma Chapingo, Bermejillo, Dgo, Mexico. RP Ramos, LHM (reprint author), UANL, FCB, Dept Microbiol & Inmunol, AP 2790, Monterrey 66450, NL, Mexico. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 25 IS 1 BP 59 EP 67 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 310HZ UT WOS:000086821600007 ER PT J AU Panter, KE Weinzweig, J Gardner, DR Stegelmeier, BL James, LF AF Panter, KE Weinzweig, J Gardner, DR Stegelmeier, BL James, LF TI Comparison of cleft palate induction by Nicotiana glauca in goats and sheep SO TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CROOKED CALF DISEASE; MATERNAL INGESTION; CONIUM-MACULATUM; POISON HEMLOCK; NEWBORN PIGS; TERATOGENICITY; FORMOSUS; TOBACCO; REPAIR AB The induction of cleft palate by Nicotiana glauca (wild tree tobacco) during the first trimester of pregnancy was compared between Spanish-type goats and crossbred western-type sheep. Cleft palate was induced in 100% of the embryonic/fetal goats when their pregnant mothers were gavaged with N. glauca plant material or with anabasine-rich extracts from the latter, during gestation days 32-41. Seventy-five percent of newborn goats had cleft palate after maternal dosing with N. glauca during gestation days 35-41, while no cleft palates were induced when dosing periods included days 36-40, 37-39, or day 38 only. The induced cleft palates were bilateral, involving the entire secondary palates with complete detachment of the vomer. Eleven percent of the newborn goats from does gavaged during gestation days 32-41 had extracranial abnormalities, most often contractures of the metacarpal joints. Most of these contractures resolved spontaneously by 4-6 weeks postpartum. One new-born kid also had an asymmetric skull due to apparent fetal positioning. No cleft palates were induced in lambs whose mothers were gavaged with N. glauca plant or anabasine-rich extracts during gestation days 34-41, 35-40, 35-41, 36-41, 35-51, or 37-50. Only one of five lambs born to three ewes gavaged with N. glauca plant material during gestation days 34-55 had a cleft palate, but all five of these lambs had moderate to severe contractures in the metacarpal joints. The slight to moderate contracture defects resolved spontaneously by 4-6 weeks postpartum, but the severe contractures resolved only partially. Embryonic/fetal death and resorption (determined by ultrasound) occurred in 25% of pregnant goats fed N, glauca compared to only 4% of pregnant sheep. Nicotiana glauca plant material contained the teratogenic alkaloid anabasine at 0.175% to 0.23%, dry weight, demonstrating that Spanish-type goats are susceptible to cleft palate induction by the natural toxin anabasine, while crossbred western-type sheep are resistant. However, clinical signs of toxicity were equally severe in goats and sheep, even though maternal alkaloid tolerance was generally lower in sheep. We postulate that an alkaloid-induced reduction in fetal movement during the period of normal palate closure is the cause of the cleft palate and multiple flexion contractures. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Plast Surg, Providence, RI 02903 USA. RP Panter, KE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 35 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0040-3709 J9 TERATOLOGY JI Teratology PD MAR PY 2000 VL 61 IS 3 BP 203 EP 210 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(200003)61:3<203::AID-TERA8>3.3.CO;2-9 PG 8 WC Developmental Biology; Toxicology SC Developmental Biology; Toxicology GA 287UW UT WOS:000085525700008 PM 10661910 ER PT J AU Sawhney, APS AF Sawhney, APS TI A novel technique for evaluating the appearance and quality of a cotton fabric SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The unprinted side of an electronically printed fabric clearly shows almost all the common defects of its constituent fibers, yarns, and even its construction, thereby giving a true picture of the fabric's physical appearance. The defects of the constituents may include immature fiber neps, fiber contamination, yarn nonuniformity and defects, exposure of any noncellulosic synthetic fiber cope (such as glass) on the surface of a multicomponent core-wrap-yam fabric, and construction faults such as thick and thin places, skewness, and broken ends, among others. Based on this discovery, a novel, computerized method of quickly evaluating the appearance and thus the general quality of a cotton or predominantly cotton fabric is suggested. Basically, the method involves: an electronic "solid printing" (i.e., continuous printing or so-called "electronic dyeing") of one face or side of a greige or bleached fabric specimen with a precontrolled ink jet of any desired color or shade on a computer printer and an evaluation of the unprinted face of the fabric. The evaluation may be done either by a subjective visual examination of the unprinted side of the fabric or by an objective, pre-programmed image analysis of a computer generated (scanned or videoed) electronic file/copy of the unprinted face. Although most typical defects and faults of a fabric's constituent fibers and yarns, which ultimately determine its appearance and hence its quality, can be easily examined and classified visually, their automatic objective classification is complex and still requires extensive computer programming to establish scientific reliability for different fabrics and color resolutions. However, the new method may be used as an efficient on-line, off-line, or research tool for quickly and subjectively assessing and grading the physical appearance and general quality of a cotton or predominantly cotton fabric. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Sawhney, APS (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 70 IS 3 BP 187 EP 191 DI 10.1177/004051750007000301 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 288TJ UT WOS:000085580300001 ER PT J AU Arora, R Rowland, LJ Lehman, JS Lim, CC Panta, GR Vorsa, N AF Arora, R Rowland, LJ Lehman, JS Lim, CC Panta, GR Vorsa, N TI Genetic analysis of freezing tolerance in blueberry (Vaccinium section Cyanococcus) SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE cold hardiness; blueberry; inheritance; gene action; woody perennials ID ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE; RESISTANCE; WHEAT; INHERITANCE; HARDINESS; CULTIVARS; INJURY AB An understanding of the genetic control of freezing tolerance (FT) in woody perennials is important for the effective selection and development of plants with a broader climatic adaptation. This study was undertaken to examine the inheritance and gene action of FT in segregating populations of a woody perennial blueberry (Vaccinium, section Cyanococcus). Two backcross populations were derived from interspecific hybrids of the diploid species Vaccinium backcross and Vaccinium caesariense, which are widely divergent in their FT. The bud FTs of uniformly cold acclimated plants of parental, F-1, and two backcross populations were evaluated with a laboratory controlled freeze-thaw regime, followed by a visual assessment of injury. FT (LT50) was defined as the temperature causing 50% of the flower buds to be injured. Data indicate that the two parents were homozygous for genes for low or high FT. Freezing-tolerance values of the parental and F-1 populations indicate that freeze-sensitivity is a partially dominant trait. Results from reciprocal crosses revealed that there was no significant maternal influence on freezing tolerance. Parental phenotypes were fully recovered in 40-42 plants of each testcross population, suggesting that FT is determined by relatively few genes. The degree of dominance and an analysis of generation means revealed that FT in blueberry is controlled largely by additive gene effects and, to a lesser degree, by dominance gene effects. Testing of various genetic models indicated that FT inheritance can be adequately explained by a simple additive-dominance model; however, two epistatic models involving additive-additive and dominance-dominance interactions also fit the data. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Plant & Soil Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Otterbein Coll, Dept Life & Earth Sci, Westerville, OH 43081 USA. Rutgers Blueberry & Cranberry Res Stn, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. RP Arora, R (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Div Plant & Soil Sci, POB 6108, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 36 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 13 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 100 IS 5 BP 690 EP 696 DI 10.1007/s001220051341 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 307KJ UT WOS:000086652200007 ER PT J AU Simon, PW Matthews, WC Roberts, PA AF Simon, PW Matthews, WC Roberts, PA TI Evidence for simply inherited dominant resistance to Meloidogyne javanica in carrot SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE carrot; Daucus carota L.; disease resistance; Meloidogyne javanica; root knot nematodes AB Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are serious pests of carrot (Daucus cal ota L.) worldwide. While soil treatment with nematicides is the primary means for managing nematodes in carrot, there is a need to identify and introduce host plant resistance for crop improvement. This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of resistance to root-galling and reproduction by nr. javanica (Treub) Chitwood in a selection (BR-1252) of carrot variety Brasilia. F-2, F-3, F-4, and BC1 progenies from the cross BR-1252xB6274 (a susceptible inbred line) were screened in pot tests for reaction to M. javanica. The observed reactions based on galling and egg production on fibrous roots gave segregation patterns in all tests that were consistent with relatively simply inherited dominant resistance. Field testing in progress indicates that this resistance is very effective against both M. javanica and hi. incognita. A single gene model fits the observed data acceptably well in F-3 generations. However, the range of 3% to 51% susceptible plants in segregating Fg families and 1% to 47% in segregating F-4 families is much wider than the 25% expect ed with a single-gene model, and linked duplicate factors in the coupling phase could also explain the observed segregation patterns. The variation in percentage susceptibility among these families did not clearly cluster into three expected categories (25% S, 20.25% S, and 0.25% S for a 10-cM linkage distance, or 25% S, 16% S and 1% S for 20 cM), but it did tend to occur over the same range. Thus a 10-cM to 20-cM-linked duplicate factor model cannot be dismissed at this time. Egg production data in the F-2, F-3, and F-4 families provided evidence for slightly lower resistance expression in the heterozygous condition. Thus, while overall expressed in a dominant fashion, the resistance does exhibit some allelic dosage response. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Nematol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Simon, PW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 13 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 100 IS 5 BP 735 EP 742 DI 10.1007/s001220051346 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 307KJ UT WOS:000086652200012 ER PT J AU Schlenk, D Colley, WC El-Alfy, A Kirby, R Griffin, BR AF Schlenk, D Colley, WC El-Alfy, A Kirby, R Griffin, BR TI Effects of the oxidant potassium permanganate on the expression of gill metallothionein mRNA and its relationship to sublethal whole animal endpoints in channel catfish SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE potassium permanganate; metallothionein; catfish; RT-PCR; 3 ' RACE; bankit 219393 ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; RAINBOW-TROUT; INDUCTION; EXPOSURE; CLONING; STRESS; CDNA AB Potassium permanganate is an oxidant heavily used in fish culture. The effects of this compound were examined utilizing molecular (Metallothionein) and whole animal endpoints following an 8-week exposure to nominal concentrations of 0.5 (daily) and 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L (on alternate days) of potassium permanganate (PM). In order to measure MT, a complementary DMA clone of metallothionein (MT) was cloned and sequenced from the liver of channel catfish treated with a single injection of cadmium chloride (10 mg/kg). The cDNA was obtained by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique. No significant correlation was observed with gill MT expression or sublethal endpoints indicative of toxicity (weight, length, condition index [CI], or liver somatic index [LSI), MT mRNA expression in gill was significantly reduced only after 8 weeks in the 2.0 mg/L treatment. Decreases in CI were observed in males at all time points after 4 weeks, at the 2.0 mg/L treatment concentration, with a NOEC of 1 mg/L. Reductions in LSI that were not dose dependent were also observed in both males and females throughout the 8-week study and no consistent reduction in weight gain or length was observed. These data demonstrate that minimal changes in sublethal effects occur in fish following 0.5-2.0 mg/L PM treatment after 4 weeks, but recovery from adverse effects is observed by 8 weeks, suggesting that acute (typically less than 1 week) treatment of channel catfish with PM would not significantly affect fish health. C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Pharmacol Environm & Community Hlth Res, Pharmaceut Sci Res Inst, University, MS 38677 USA. Plymouth Marine Lab, Plymouth PL1 2PB, Devon, England. ARS, USDA, Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Schlenk, D (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Pharmacol Environm & Community Hlth Res, Pharmaceut Sci Res Inst, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 54 IS 1 BP 177 EP 182 DI 10.1093/toxsci/54.1.177 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 292MU UT WOS:000085799400019 PM 10746944 ER PT J AU Beier, RC Oyofo, BA Spates, GE AF Beier, RC Oyofo, BA Spates, GE TI Occurrence of the toxin dehydroabietic acid in Salmonella typhimurium SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE cyclic fatty acids; dehydroabietic acid; hydroxytetradecanoic acid; 2-hydroxytetradecanoic acid; 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid; mass spectrometry; methylenehexadecanoic acid; methyleneoctadecanoic acid; salmonellosis ID ENTERITIDIS PHAGE TYPE-4; PULP-MILL EFFLUENT; VIRULENCE FACTORS; RESIN ACIDS; OUTER-MEMBRANE; UNITED-STATES; CYTO-TOXIN; TROUT; BACTERIAL; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE AB Many strains of Salmonella typhimurium studied in our lab demonstrated marked differences in the pathogenicity for guinea pig, chicken and Hela cells. As a result, a pathogenic strain of S. typhimurium, strain 9SR2, was evaluated for lipophilic components that may be associated with virulence using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The hydroxylated fatty acids 2-hydroxytetradecanoic acid (2-OH-14:0) and 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid (3-OH-14:0) often present in lipid A, a potent endotoxin, were observed as their methyl esters. The cyclic fatty acids methylene-hexadecanoic acid (C17 Delta) and methyleneoctadecanoic acid (C19 Delta) also were detected. The nephrotoxic and neurotoxic diterpenoid resin acid, dehydroabietic acid, was observed for the first time from S. typhimurium in both the total lipid and diglyceride fractions and determined as its methyl ester at m/z 314.2246, Due to its previously established toxicity, dehydroabietic acid may be a factor associated with virulence of S. typhimurium. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. USN, Med Res Unit 2, Jakarta, Indonesia. RP Beier, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 53 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD MAR PY 2000 VL 38 IS 3 BP 337 EP 346 DI 10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00162-2 PG 10 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 261ND UT WOS:000084014500003 PM 10669023 ER PT J AU Birrell, SJ Hummel, JW AF Birrell, SJ Hummel, JW TI Membrane selection and ISFET configuration evaluation for soil nitrate sensing SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil; site-specific management; nitrate ID FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS; FLOW-INJECTION ANALYSIS; POLYVINYL-CHLORIDE) MATRIX MEMBRANES; QUATERNARY AMMONIUM-COMPOUNDS; POLYMERIC MEMBRANES; ELECTRODES; POTASSIUM; CALCIUM; IONS; HYDROGEN AB Successful implementation of site-specific crop management relies on accurate quantification of spatial variation of important factors. Data collection on a finer spatial resolution than is feasible with manual and/or laboratory methods is often required but cost prohibitive. Therefore, there is a need for the development of sensors to more accurately characterize within-field variability. The objective of this research was to investigate matrix membranes produced from different combinations of ligand and plasticizer materials using ion-selective electrode (ISE) technology, and to use selected membranes to develop a nitrate ion-selective field effect transistor (ISFET) which might be integrated with a flow injection analysis (FIA) system for real-time soil analysis. Several ion-selective membranes were tested, and all of the evaluated membranes proved to be viable candidates for the development of a nitrate ISFET membranes using methyltridodecylammonium chloride (MTDA) as the ligand showed a better response to nitrates at low concentrations while those using tetradodecylammonium nitrate (TDDA) ligand showed superior selectivity for the nitrate ion. A multi-ISFET nitrate sensor was successfully developed. The electrical responses of the ISFETs were consistent and predictable. While significant difficulty was found in preparing a multi-ISFET chip with all four sensors operational, once prepared, the multi-ISFET chips were reliable and performed through extensive tests without failure. The sensitivities of the nitrate ISFETs (38-46 mV/decade) were lower than the theoretical Nernst sensitivity. The nitrate ISFETs proved to be viable sensors for the development of a real-time soil nitrate analysis system, under the conditions of our tests. C1 Iowa State Univ, Agr & Biosyst Engn Dept, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Urbana, IL USA. RP Birrell, SJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Agr & Biosyst Engn Dept, 200C Davidson Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 50 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 43 IS 2 BP 197 EP 206 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 313UZ UT WOS:000087018800001 ER PT J AU Anthony, WS AF Anthony, WS TI Methods to reduce lint cleaner waste and damage SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE cotton; gin; lint cleaners; grid bars; cleaning; fiber damage AB New technology to automatically engage/disengage grid bars in saw-type lint cleaners to reduce fiber waste and associated fiber damage was evaluated in five studies. The number of active grid bars in the studies varied from 0 to 10, and as the number of grid bars increased, fiber loss and damage increased. Typically for a single 5-grid bar lint cleaner; about 50% of the material that was removed was removed by the first two grid bars; for two lint cleaners, about 40% of the material was removed by the first two grid bars. Short fiber content and neps increased over 30% as grid bars increased from 2 to 10, and mill performance was degraded. Material removed from lint by saw-type lint cleaners is strongly related to variety, growing conditions and harvesting, and ranged from 6.1 to 17.5 kg (13.4 to 38.6 lb) per bale when two lint cleaners were used. In a 39,000 bale field study where lint cleaning was optimized by a computerized process control system, fiber loss from two grid bars (3.6 kg or 8 lb/bale) was about 25% of that from five grid bars (13.6 kg or 30 lb/bale). C1 USDA ARS, Cotton Ginning Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Anthony, WS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cotton Ginning Res Unit, POB 256, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 43 IS 2 BP 221 EP 229 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 313UZ UT WOS:000087018800004 ER PT J AU Malone, RW Bonta, JV Stewardson, DJ Nelsen, T AF Malone, RW Bonta, JV Stewardson, DJ Nelsen, T TI Error analysis and quality improvement of the Coshocton weighing lysimeters SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE monolith weighing lysimeter; error analysis; quality improvement; Pareto analysis; evapotranspiration (ET); groundwater recharge; percolation ID EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; CALIBRATION AB Weighing lysimeter-computed evapotranspiration (ET) is sometimes used to assess ET computer-model predictions and to compare water use under different management or climatic conditions. For any use of lysimeter-computed ET the uncertainty associated with this value should be known and reported. The uncertainty associated with individual lysimeter-mass measurements has been previously presented, but ET-measurement uncertainty is a function of water-budget measurements (percolate volume, water-storage change, etc.), measurement-component uncertainty (uncertainty in mass and percolation measurements), and systematic error (e.g., lend-cell and potentiometer slope bias). The Coshocton lysimeters were not sufficiently accurate to compute hourly ET to the desired depth resolution, thus a quality-improvement plan was initiated that utilized Pareto analysis. The objectives of this article are to: (I) derive expressions for ET uncertainty; (2) determine the effect of the quality-improvement procedures applied to the Coshocton lysimeters on ET-measurement uncertainty; (3) perform an error analysis on the measurement components of the improved Coshocton weighing lysimeters. The quality improvements reduced the ET uncertainty from 0.36 mm/d to 0.032 mm/d under the condition of no rainfall (ET and percolation only). The ET-measurement uncertainty of the improved Coshocton lysimeters was sensitive to various measurement components especially the number of rainfall events and the uncertainty associated with mass and percolation measurements. This indicates that the improved measurement systems of the Coshocton weighing lysimeters are sufficiently accurate to compute hourly ET and that lysimeter-mass and percolation measurements should be monitored regularly (quality-control procedures should be followed). C1 USDA ARS, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Mech Mat & Mfg Engn, ISRU, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. USDA ARS, Midwest Area Off, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Malone, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Appalachian Expt Watershed,POB 488, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 43 IS 2 BP 271 EP 280 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 313UZ UT WOS:000087018800009 ER PT J AU Stone, KC Hunt, PG Novak, JM Johnson, MH Watts, DW AF Stone, KC Hunt, PG Novak, JM Johnson, MH Watts, DW TI Flow-proportional, time-composited, and grab sample estimation of nitrogen export from an eastern Coastal Plain watershed SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE water quality; watershed; sampling methods; flow rate; nitrogen ID CHESAPEAKE BAY; DISCHARGES; NUTRIENTS; ACCURACY AB The balance between resources expended and information obtained is an integral aspect of water quality investigations. As part of a Water Quality Demonstration Project in the eastern Coastal Plain, we monitored stream water quality at the watershed outlet. Four methods of assessing stream water quality were compared. These methods were time-composite sampling with continuous flow measurements (TC), flow-proportional sampling with independent measurement of flow (FP), grab sampling with instantaneous flow measurements (IG), and grab sampling for quality assurance/quality control checks using daily USGS flow measurements (UG). Flow measurements using the TC and IG methods were highly correlated (r(2) = 0.97). Because of more intensive measurements during high flow, the FP method sampled greater flow rates during the sampling period. For all four methods, nitrate-N, ammonia-N and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) concentrations were not correlated to streamflow. Because of the significantly greater flow sampled, the FP method predicted significantly greater mass loading rates for both nitrate-hi ammonia-hi and TKN. Grab sampling (IG and UG) and the TC methods were not significantly different for the entire sandy period; however a few monthly differences were significant. These results suggest that an appropriate sampling method should adequately weight sampling of both storm and base flows. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Stone, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 14 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 43 IS 2 BP 281 EP 290 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 313UZ UT WOS:000087018800010 ER PT J AU Szogi, AA Hunt, PG Humenik, FJ AF Szogi, AA Hunt, PG Humenik, FJ TI Treatment of swine wastewater using a saturated-soil-culture soybean and flooded rice system SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE paddy rice; nitrogen; phosphorus; wastewater treatment; constructed wetlands; swine manure; glycine max; Oryza sativa ID NITROGEN ACCUMULATION; GROWTH; WETLANDS; NITRIFICATION; SEDIMENTS; SORPTION; PLANTS; WATER AB Constructed wetlands have potential for treatment of livestock wastewater; but they generally contain wetland plants rather than agronomic crops. We evaluated two agronomic crops, saturated-soil-culrure (SSC) soybean and flooded rice, in a constructed wetland system used for swine wastewater treatment. Both crop production and treatment efficiency were evaluated from 1993 to 1996 in two 4-m x 33.5-m constructed wetland cells that were connected in series. The first cell contained SSC soybean - four cultivars planted in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Flooded rice 'Maybelle' was planted in the second cell. From the first to fourth year wastewater application rates were gradually increased to obtain rates of 2.0 to 8.8 and 0.5 to 2.2 kg hal d(-1) for total N and P, respectively. The best soybean grain and dry matter yields were 4.0 and 9.1 Mg ha(-1), respectively. These were obtained with soybean 'Young' at the lowest wastewater application rate. Increasing total N loading rates and the associated higher NH4-N concentrations depressed soybean seed yield and dry matter production. On the other hand, both rice grain and dry matter production were stable over the application range; mean values were 4.0 and 10.9 Mg ha(-1), respectively. Nutrient mass reductions were good; removal values increased linearly with loading rates (gamma = 0.69N load + 0.45, R-2 = 0.99 and y = 0.45P load + 0.20, R-2 = 0.95). At the highest loading rate, the system removed 751 and 156 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) N and P respectively. It appears that the SSC soybean and flooded rice system could be useful for liquid manure management in confined livestock production. The system produced comparable treatment to systems with natural wetland plants; moreover; the soybean and rice are marketable crops. However the flooded rice seems to be the more robust component for high wastewater application rates. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Anim Waste Management Programs, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Hunt, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 39 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 43 IS 2 BP 327 EP 335 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 313UZ UT WOS:000087018800015 ER PT J AU Malone, RW Shipitalo, MJ Douglass, LW Owens, LB Nelsen, TC Warner, RC Byers, ME AF Malone, RW Shipitalo, MJ Douglass, LW Owens, LB Nelsen, TC Warner, RC Byers, ME TI Assessing herbicide movement using soil samples versus percolate samples SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE atrazine; alachlor; pesticides; leaching; experimental design; transport modeling; GLEAMS ID SURFACE-APPLIED CHEMICALS; TRANSPORT; PESTICIDE; ATRAZINE; WATER; FLOW; GROUNDWATER; MOBILITY; TILLAGE; DRAINS AB Soil core samples are often used to assess herbicide movement through soil or to evaluate contaminant transport models. When macropore flow occurs, the suitability of soil cores for these purposes is questionable. Our objectives were to evaluate the effectiveness of soil samples from a macroporous soil as the sole means to assess herbicide movement in percolate and to assess a contaminant transport model. To accomplish this, atrazine and alachlor were surface-applied to 30 x 30 x 30 cm blocks of undisturbed, no-till silt loam soil at three moisture levels (dry, intermediate, wet) then subjected to a 0.5-h, 30 mm simulated rain. Percolate was collected from the base of the blocks and the soil was sampled by slicing the blocks into eight, 3.75 cm-thick, horizontal slabs. The contaminant transport model GLEAMS was used to predict herbicide concentration in the percolate and soil. The model was calibrated to equate the observed and predict percolate volume by adjusting the initial water content. Further model calibration was performed for two modeling scenarios: (I) to equate the observed and predicted herbicide concentration in the bottommost soil layer (26.25-30 cm) or (2) to equate the observed and predicted herbicide concentration in the surface soil layer (0-3.75 cm). No correlation was observed between herbicide concentration in soil and herbicide concentration in percolate. GLEAMS was calibrated to accurately predict percolate volumes and herbicide concentration in soil, but herbicide concentration in percolate was substantially under-predicted in most instances by a factor of 6 to 123. Our results indicate that the soil sampling strategy used in this study was a poor indicator of subsurface herbicide movement in percolate and ineffective as the sole means to assess contaminant transport models in soils subject to macropore flow. C1 USDA ARS, NAEW, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. Univ Maryland, Biometr Program Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Midw Area Off, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Biosyst & Agr Engn, Lexington, KY USA. Kentucky State Univ, Frankfort, KY USA. RP Malone, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, NAEW, POB 488, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. OI Shipitalo, Martin/0000-0003-4775-7345 NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 43 IS 2 BP 343 EP 348 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 313UZ UT WOS:000087018800017 ER PT J AU Delwiche, SR AF Delwiche, SR TI Wheat endosperm compressive strength properties as affected by moisture SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE wheat; physical properties; moisture; hardness; stress; strain ID NEAR-INFRARED REFLECTANCE; CHARACTERIZATION SYSTEM; HARDNESS; PROTEIN; STARCH; STANDARDIZATION; SPECTROSCOPY; SOFTNESS; TEXTURE AB Tempering, the addition of water to wheat before milling, is routinely performed to toughen the pericarp of the kernel and thus improve the efficiency of flour extraction. In an effort to better understand how tempering affects the kernel's internal structure, the effect of moisture on the physical strength properties of wheat kernel endosperm on an in situ basis was studied. Five soft and five hard wheat samples, available from the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology's Standard Reference Materials Program for the purpose of standardizing wheat hardness instruments, were examined. Geometrically precise cylinders of wheat endosperm (I mm diameter x 3 mm height) were conditioned under one of five relative humidities (similar to 0 to 93% RH, producing moisture contents of 3 to 28%, dry basis), then tested for the following compressive strength properties: maximum compressive stress (S-max), modulus of elasticity (E), work to maximum stress [W(S-max)], and strain at maximum stress [e(S-max)]. Large variations in strength properties occurred within the same sample and humidity, as seen by coefficients of variation reaching as high as 56%. Mean values of S-max, E, W(S-max), and e(S-max), based on 8 to 13 endosperm cylinders per sample x humidity setting, were normalized to a reference moisture content of 13% db. Normalized values of the first three properties were linearly fitted to moisture content and statistically tested to determine the similarity in response among samples. S-max was most linearly related to moisture content. When samples within a hardness class were pooled, the slopes of the normalized S-max regression equations were significantly different (P < 0.01) for hard and soft wheats. A similar pooling procedure for normalized E revealed a moderately significant (P < 0.05) difference between slopes of soft and hard classes. For W(S-max), most samples did not exhibit a sensitivity to moisture; however when pooled into soft and hard classes, the difference between these classes was highly significant (P < 0.01). The response of e(S-max) to moisture was constant except at the highest moisture content (24 to 28% db.), where the values were approximately twice as large. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Delwiche, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Bldg 303,BARC E,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 43 IS 2 BP 365 EP 373 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 313UZ UT WOS:000087018800020 ER PT J AU Vanotti, MB Hunt, PG AF Vanotti, MB Hunt, PG TI Nitrification treatment of swine wastewater with acclimated nitrifying sludge immobilized in polymer pellets SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE swine lagoons; ammonia removal; nitrification; immobilized nitrifiers; animal wastewater treatment; nitrifying pellets ID NITROGEN REMOVAL; DENITRIFICATION; SYSTEM; WATER AB Nitrification of ammonia (NH4+) is a critical component for improved systems of animal wastewater treatment. One of the most effective processes uses nitrifying microorganisms encapsulated in polymer resins. It is used in Japan in municipal wastewater treatment plants for higher nitrification rates, shorter hydraulic retention times (HRT), and lower aeration treatment cost. We evaluated whether this technology could be adapted for treatment of higher-strength lagoon swine wastewaters containing similar to 230 mg NH4-N L-1 and 195 mg BOD5 L-1. A culture of acclimated lagoon nitrifying sludge (ALNS) was prepared from a nitrifying biofilm developed in an overland flow soil using fill-and-draw cultivation. The ALNS was successfully immobilized in 3- to 5-mm polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer pellets by a PVA-freezing method. Swine wastewater was treated in aerated, suspended bioreactors with a 15% (w/v) pellet concentration using batch and continuous flow treatment. Alkalinity was supplemented with inorganic carbon to maintain the liquid pH within an optimum range (7.7-8.4). In batch treatment, only 14 h were needed for nitrification of NH4+. Ammonia was nitrified readily, decreasing at a rate of 16.1 mg NH4-N (L-)1 h(-1). In contrast it took 10 d for a control (no-pellets) aerated reactor to start nitrification; furthermore, 70% of the N was lost by air stripping. Without alkalinity supplements, the pH of the liquid fell to 6.0-6.2, and NH4+ oxidation stopped. In continuous flow treatment, nitrification efficiencies of 95% were obtained with NH4+ loading rates of 418 mg-Ar L-reactor(-1) d(-1) (2.73 g-N g-pellet(-1) d(-1)) and an HRT of 12 h. The rate of nitrification obtained with HRT of 4 h was 567 mg-N L-1 d(-1). In all cases, the NH4-N removed was entirely recovered in oxidized N forms. Nitrification rates obtained in this work were comparable to rates obtained with municipal systems. This indicates that immobilized ALNS pellets were not greatly affected by high NH4+ or BOD concentration of swine wastewater Thus, immobilized pellet technology can be adapted for fast and efficient removal of NH4+ contained in anaerobic swine lagoons using acclimated microorganisms. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Vanotti, MB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 35 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 43 IS 2 BP 405 EP 413 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 313UZ UT WOS:000087018800026 ER PT J AU Tao, Y Shao, J Skeeles, K Chen, YR AF Tao, Y Shao, J Skeeles, K Chen, YR TI Detection of splenomegaly in poultry carcasses by UV and color imaging SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE machine vision; poultry; automated inspection; food safety; disease detection; spectral imaging ID IMAGES AB Splenomegaly (spleen enlargement) is one indication that processed poultry is not acceptable for human consumption because of diseases such as tumors or septicemia. This study explored the possibility of detecting splenomegaly with a computer imaging system that will assist human inspectors in food safety inspections. Images of internal viscera from 45-day-old commercial turkeys were taken with fluorescent and UV lighting systems. Image processing algorithms using the linear transformation, morphological filtering and statistical classification were developed to distinguish the spleen from its background surroundings and then to detect abnormalities. Experimental results demonstrated that the imaging method could effectively distinguish the spleen from other organs and intestines. Based on a total of 57 turkey sample images, correct classification rates of 92% and 95% in detection of spleen abnormality were obtained using a self test set and an independent test set, respectively. The methods indicated the feasibility of using automated machine vision systems in the future to inspect internal organs and check the wholesomeness of poultry carcasses. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Tao, Y (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, 203 Engn Hall, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 43 IS 2 BP 469 EP 474 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 313UZ UT WOS:000087018800034 ER PT J AU Larkin, TS Carruthers, RI Legaspi, BC AF Larkin, TS Carruthers, RI Legaspi, BC TI Two-dimensional distributed delays for simulating two competing biological processes SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SOCIETY FOR COMPUTER SIMULATION INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE insect disease; time varying distributed delay; biological processes ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS; MODEL; INSECT; LEPIDOPTERA; HYMENOPTERA; COLEOPTERA; PARASITES; DISEASES; PATHOGEN AB We describe computer algorithms for modeling insect disease and other biological processes which may be incorporated in detailed simulation models of biological control systems. The method uses "time varying delays" (TVDDs) which have been used previously to model insect development. A TVDD lags an input and distributes the output according to a selected probability density function, which can range from exponential to normal to a discrete pulse. The computational methods for implementing TVDDs are relatively simple, and the data requirements (e.g., stage-specific developmental times) are often available from the literature, or commonly collected. A TVDD used to model a single biological process (commonly insect development), we refer to as a one-dimensional (ID) TVDD. To model two interacting species, we expand the TVDD concept into a second dimension which allows simulation of two simultaneous biological processes; e.g., development of the insect, and incubation of the disease. These processes are assumed to be independent, requiring independent data sets. We provide a theoretical basis for the two-dimensional (2D) TVDD, and pseudocode for implementing both 1D- and 2D-TVDDs. We also use published examples to illustrate the utility of the 2D-TVDD method for simulating two competitive biological processes. Finally, we discuss a simulation tool, HERMES (Hierarchical Environment for Research Modeling of Ecological Systems), with which biologists can create detailed mechanistic simulation models by manipulating graphical icons representing underlying mathematical modeling components. HERMES provides a variety of simulation components including representations of both 1D- and 2D-TVDDs; a Power Macintosh version of HERMES and a user's manual are available from the authors. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, PWA, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, Albany, CA 94710 USA. USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Larkin, TS (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 37 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC COMPUTER SIMULATION PI SAN DIEGO PA PO BOX 17900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92177 USA SN 0740-6797 J9 T SOC COMPUT SIMUL I JI Trans. Soc. Comput. Simul. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 17 IS 1 BP 25 EP 33 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 313UW UT WOS:000087018500003 ER PT J AU Valentine, HT Herman, DA Gove, JH Hollinger, DY Solomon, DS AF Valentine, HT Herman, DA Gove, JH Hollinger, DY Solomon, DS TI Initializing a model stand for process-based projection SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Process-Based Models for Forest Management CY AUG, 1998 CL SAARISELKA, FINLAND SP Int Union Forest Res Org DE carbon balance; crown length; diameter; growth; height; modeling; pipe-model theory ID WEIBULL FUNCTION; LOBLOLLY-PINE; GROWTH AB A stand generation (or initialization) procedure is designed to furnish morphologically plausible model trees for process-based projection. The steps of the initialization are: (i) the generation of the locations of model trees and the tessellation of tree areas; (ii) the sampling of diameters from a target distribution and assignments of those diameters to model-tree locations; (iii) the calculation of the height of each model tree from its assigned diameter and the distances to its neighbors; (iv) the calculation of the crown length of each model tree from its height and distances to its neighbors; and (v) the recalculation of diameter from height and crown length. Components of dry matter are calculated from the model-tree dimensions and pipe-model theory. Process-based projection with the AMORPHYS model is discussed. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Valentine, HT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012 NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 4 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 20 IS 5-6 BP 393 EP 398 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 299XN UT WOS:000086223900010 ER PT J AU Green, EJ MacFarlane, DW Valentine, HT AF Green, EJ MacFarlane, DW Valentine, HT TI Bayesian synthesis for quantifying uncertainty in predictions from process models SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Process-Based Models for Forest Management CY AUG, 1998 CL SAARISELKA, FINLAND SP Int Union Forest Res Org DE confidence intervals; mechanistic models; posterior distributions; sensitivity analysis ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS MODEL; BOWHEAD WHALES; GROWTH-MODEL; INFERENCE AB The Bayesian synthesis method is reviewed and judged to be useful for determining posterior distributions and interval estimates for inputs and outputs of process-based forest models. The method furnishes posterior distributions of the values of a model's parameters and response variables. The method also provides estimates of correlation among the parameters and output variables. Bayesian synthesis is the only type of uncertainty analysis that affords incorporation of all the information available to the investigator, in addition to the information contained in the model itself. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Nat Resources, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Green, EJ (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Nat Resources, 14 Coll Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 20 IS 5-6 BP 415 EP 419 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 299XN UT WOS:000086223900013 ER PT J AU Rood, SB Patino, S Coombs, K Tyree, MT AF Rood, SB Patino, S Coombs, K Tyree, MT TI Branch sacrifice: cavitation-associated drought adaptation of riparian cottonwoods SO TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION LA English DT Article DE branches; cavitation; cottonwoods; Populus; water relations ID POPULUS-DELTOIDES; XYLEM CAVITATION; SOUTHERN ALBERTA; WATER-STRESS; VULNERABILITY; DECLINE; POPLAR; DYSFUNCTION; DOWNSTREAM; HYBRIDS AB In their native riparian zones (floodplains), Populus deltoides (prairie cottonwood) and P. fremontii (Fremont cottonwood) commonly experience substantial branch die-back. These trees occur in semi-arid areas of North America and unexpectedly given the dry regions, they are exceptionally vulnerable to xylem cavitation. drought-induced air embolism of xylem vessels. We propose that the vulnerability to cavitation and branch dieback are physiologically linked; drought-induced cavitation underlies branch die-back that reduces transpirational demand enabling the remaining shoot to maintain a favorable water balance. This proposal follows field observation along various western North American rivers as precocious branch senescence. the yellowing and death of leaves on particular branches during mid- to late summer, was common for P. deltoides and P. fremontii during hot and dry periods of low stream-flow. Branches displaying precocious senescence were subsequently dead the following year. The proposed association between cavitation, precocious senescence and branch dieback is also supported by experiments involving external pressurization of branches to about 2.5 MPa with a branch collar or through an adjacent cut-branch. The treatments induced xylem cavitation and increased leaf diffusive resistance (stomatal closure) that was followed by leaf senescence and branch death of P. deltoides. P. trichocarpa (black cottonwood) appeared to be less affected by the pressurization treatment and this species as well P. angustifolia (narrowleaf cottonwood) and P. balsamifera (balsam poplar) seldom display the patchy summer branch senescence typical of P. deltoides and P. fremontii. 'Branch sacrifice' describes this cavitation-associated senescence and branch die-back that may provide a drought adaptation for the prairie and Fremont cottonwoods. C1 Univ Lethbridge, Dept Biol Sci, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada. US Forest Serv, Aiken Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. RP Rood, SB (reprint author), Univ Lethbridge, Dept Biol Sci, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada. OI Rood, Stewart/0000-0003-1340-1172 NR 30 TC 131 Z9 140 U1 1 U2 24 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0931-1890 J9 TREES-STRUCT FUNCT JI Trees-Struct. Funct. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 5 BP 248 EP 257 DI 10.1007/s004680050010 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 302RV UT WOS:000086380200002 ER PT J AU Konishi, E Yamaoka, M Kurane, I Mason, PW AF Konishi, E Yamaoka, M Kurane, I Mason, PW TI Japanese encephalitis DNA vaccine candidates expressing premembrane and envelope genes induce virus-specific memory B cells and long-lasting antibodies in swine SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES; MICE; IMMUNIZATION; PROTEIN; PRM; NS1; MATURATION; CHALLENGE AB Swine are an important amplifier of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in the paradomestic environment. In this study, two JE DNA vaccine candidates were evaluated for immunogenicity, in swine. Both vaccine plasmids encode a cassette consisting of the signal of premembrane (prM), prM, and envelope (E) coding regions of JE virus. One plasmid, designated pcJEME, is based on a commercial vector (pcDNA3), whereas the other plasmid, designated pNJEME, is based on a vector (pNGVL4a) designed to address some of the safety concerns of DNA vaccine use. No differences were detected in the immunogenicity of these two plasmids in mice or swine. Swine immunized with the DNA vaccines at a dose of 100 to 450 mu g at an interval of 3 weeks developed neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibitory (HAI) antibody titers of 1:40 to 1:160 at 1 week after the second immunization. However, swine administered two doses of a commercial JE vaccine (formalin-inactivated virus preparation; JEVAX-A) developed low (1:10) or undetectable antibody responses after their boost. Interestingly, serum antibody titers elicited by DNA vaccines in swine were higher than those detected in mice. Eight days after boosting with viral antigen (JEVAX-A) to detect an anamnestic response, swine immunized two times with the DNA vaccine showed a >100-fold elevation in HAI titer, indicating a strong recall of antibody response. Swine maintained detectable levels of HAI antibody for at least 245 days after two immunizations with a UNA vaccine. These results indicate that these DNA vaccines are able to induce virus-specific memory B cells and long-lasting antibiodies in swine, which were of higher levels than those obtained with a commercial formalin-inactivated JE vaccine. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Sci, Suma Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6540142, Japan. Natl Inst Infect Dis, Dept Virol 1, Tokyo 1628640, Japan. USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Konishi, E (reprint author), Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Sci, Suma Ku, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe, Hyogo 6540142, Japan. FU NCRR NIH HHS [U42-RR-11149] NR 40 TC 31 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD MAR 1 PY 2000 VL 268 IS 1 BP 49 EP 55 DI 10.1006/viro.1999.0142 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 292MA UT WOS:000085797200007 PM 10683326 ER PT J AU Sha, YS Melcher, U Davis, RE Fletcher, J AF Sha, YS Melcher, U Davis, RE Fletcher, J TI Common elements of spiroplasma plectroviruses revealed by nucleotide sequence of SVTS2 SO VIRUS GENES LA English DT Article DE inoviridae; plectrovirus; mollicute; spiroplasma; insertion sequence; SpV1 ID CITRI; DNA; RECOMBINATION; INTEGRATION; CLONING; VIRUSES; STRAIN; IS30 AB DNA of SpV1-like spiroplasma plectroviruses (rods with single-stranded circular DNA) is scattered in the genome of the phytopathogen Spiroplasma citri and has significant consequences for evolution of the S. citri genome. We determined the complete nucleotide sequence of SVTS2, a SpV1-like virus of S. melliferum, a honeybee pathogen, to ascertain, by comparison with S. citri SpV1 viruses (GenBank U28974 and X51344), the defining features of this important group. The 6,824 nt DNA contains nine ORFs homologous to ORFs of S. citri SpV1 viruses and five ORFs unique to SVTS2. The predicted amino acid sequences of the homologous ORFs were 17-38% identical to those of their S. citri counterparts. The SVTS2 predicted ORF 1 product (Mr 47,031) was considerably smaller than those of known S. citri SpV1 viruses. Also, in contrast to those viruses, SVTS2 lacked an ORF with recognizable similarity to a transposase. ORF 2 of all three viruses had a homologue among the products of genes of MVL-1, a virus of Acholeplasma laidlawii, another plectrovirus. The results suggest that, at most, only slightly more than half of SpV1 genomes consists of genes shared by all spiroplasma viruses of the group. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. USDA, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Melcher, U (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, 246 NRC, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RI Melcher, Ulrich/E-7160-2010 NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-8569 J9 VIRUS GENES JI Virus Genes PD MAR PY 2000 VL 20 IS 1 BP 45 EP 54 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity; Virology SC Genetics & Heredity; Virology GA 282BT UT WOS:000085196600006 ER PT J AU Brown, TC AF Brown, TC TI Projecting US freshwater withdrawals SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WATER AB As past attempts to forecast water use have shown, predicting the future is fraught with difficulty. Yet a lesser objective, to extend past trends into the future, can offer a useful look at what may lie ahead. Relying on U.S. Geological Survey water use data for the period 1960-1995, this paper projects U.S. water use based on trends in basic water use factors. Those trends are largely encouraging. Over the past 35 years, withdrawals in industry and at thermoelectric plants have steadily dropped per unit of output, withdrawals per acre have dropped in some irrigated regions, and per capita domestic withdrawals, after rising steadily from 1960 to 1990, dropped in 1995. If these trends continue, aggregate withdrawals in the United States over the next 40 years will stay within 10% of the 1995 level, despite economic growth and an expected 41% increase in population. This projection is in contrast to most previous projections of U.S. water use, which did not adequately account for future improvements in water use efficiency. Important qualifications to these projections are that some regions of the United States, especially the southeast, will experience above average increases and that the projections are for the average year and thus underestimate demands during dry years. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Brown, TC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2150 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 32 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR PY 2000 VL 36 IS 3 BP 769 EP 780 DI 10.1029/1999WR900284 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 287RL UT WOS:000085519700013 ER PT J AU Brommer, CL Shaw, DR Duke, SO Reddy, KN Willeford, KO AF Brommer, CL Shaw, DR Duke, SO Reddy, KN Willeford, KO TI Antagonism of BAS 625 by selected broadleaf herbicides and the role of ethanol SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BAS 625, lithium 2-[1-(2-(4-chlorophenoxy)propoxyimino)butyl]-3-oxo-5-thian-3-ylcyclohex- 1l-enolate; BAS 635, 1-[(4-methoxy-6-trifluoromethyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-3-(2-trifluoromethy lbenzenesulfonyl)urea bensulfuron; bentazon; chlorimuron; NC-311, ethyl 5-(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-ylcarbamoyl sulfamoyl)-1-methylpyrazole-4-carboxylate; Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell., wheat; Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. ECHCG, barnyardgrass; Brachiaria platyphylla (Griseb.) Nash BRAPP; broadleaf signalgrass; interactions; acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase); antagonism; cyclohexanedione ID SOYBEANS GLYCINE-MAX; SETHOXYDIM; BENTAZON; COMPATIBILITY; MECHANISMS; HALOXYFOP; DICLOFOP; GRASS AB Greenhouse and laboratory research was conducted to determine the antagonistic effects of various tank mixtures on BAS 625 efficacy. Bensulfuron at 60 g ai ha(-1) and BAS 635 at 40 g ai ha(-1) did nor antagonize control of Echinochloa crus-galli or Brachiaria platyphylla by BAS 625 at 30 g ai ha(-1) in greenhouse experiments. Tank mixtures of BAS 625 with 1,000 g ai ha(-1) bentazon reduced BAS 625 control of E. crus-galli from 100 to 40%. Antagonism of BAS 625 activity by bentazon or chlorimuron at 10 g ai ha(-1) was similar with B. platyphylla, reducing control from 100 to 28 and 32%, respectively. Addition of 5% (v/v) ethanol eliminated all antagonism with any of the herbicides used with either weed species. Uptake and translocation of C-14-BAS 625 1 and 12 h after treatment was not enhanced, either alone or in tank mixtures, with the addition of ethanol. Uptake of C-14-BAS 625 1 and 12 h after treatment was lower in both species when tank-mixed with bentazon. There was no effect of any of the ant agonizing herbicides or ethanol on the metabolic degradation of the BAS 625 that was taken up by the plant. The herbicide concentration for 50% inhibition of activity (I-50) for BAS 625 on Triticum aestivum acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) was 125 mu M. Bentazon, BAS 635, and NC-311 at 1 mM each did not alter the inhibition on ACCase by BAS 625. BAS 635, NC-311, and bentazon at 1 mM inhibited the activity of ACCase 12, 16, and 29%, respectively. Our results indicate that antagonism of the weed control activity of BAS 625 by bentazon may be partly caused by reduced uptake. Other mechanisms may be involved to explain the antagonism of BAS 625 by bentazon and the sulfonylurea herbicides used in this study. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biochem, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Shaw, DR (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 BP 181 EP 187 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0181:AOBBSB]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 316BQ UT WOS:000087147800005 ER PT J AU Ferreira, JFS Reddy, KN AF Ferreira, JFS Reddy, KN TI Absorption and translocation of glyphosate in Erythroxylum coca and E-novogranatense SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE glyphosate; Erythroxylum coca var. coca Lam.; E. novogranatense var. novogranatense (Morris) Hieron.; coca plants; erythroxylaceae; illicit crops; narcotic plants ID NUTSEDGE CYPERUS-ROTUNDUS; METABOLISM AB Absorption and translocation of C-14-glyphosate was studied in greenhouse-grown Erythroxylum coca and E. novogranatense. Autoradiography indicated that translocation patterns were similar for both species and that E. novogranatense absorbed and translocated more glyphosate than E. coca. In both young and mature plants, absorption of leaf-applied C-14-glyphosate increased with increased exposure rime, and 288 h after application, absorption was higher in E. novogranatense (79 and 52% of applied, respectively) compared with E. coca (60 and 14% of applied, respectively). Similarly, translocation of C-14-glyphosate increased with time in both species. In mature plants, after 288 h more C-14-glyphosate translocated in E. novogranatense (6.9% of applied) than E. coca (2.5%), but the opposite occurred in young plants. Most of the radioactivity translocated from the treated leaf accumulated in the main stems and roots of both species with little accumulation in tissues above the treated leaf. However, most of the applied radioactivity remained in the treated leaf regardless of growth stage and species. The absorption of C-14-glyphosate in young and mature plants off. cora was 1.3 and 3.6 rimes lower, respectively, than in E. novogranatense 288 h after treatment. Differences in absorption and translocation of glyphosate in E. coca and E. novogranatense may partially explain the reported differential response to glyphosate. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Reddy, KN (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 BP 193 EP 199 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0193:AATOGI]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 316BQ UT WOS:000087147800007 ER PT J AU Chachalis, D Reddy, KN AF Chachalis, D Reddy, KN TI Factors affecting Campsis radicans seed germination and seedling emergence SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Trumpetcreeper; Campsis radicans (L.) Seem. ex Bureau CMIRA; osmotic potential; pH; photoperiod; planting depth; salt stress; temperature; CMIRA ID DORMANCY; MILKWEED; SOIL AB The effects of environmental factors on germination and emergence of Campsis radicans seeds were examined in laboratory and greenhouse experiments. Campsis radicans pods produced numerous, papery, and small seeds (696 seeds/pod; 4 mg/seed). Seeds exhibited dormancy that was relieved (74% germination) after 2 wk of prechilling. Fluctuating temperatures and a 12-h photoperiod were required for maximum germination. Optimum conditions for C. radicans seed germination (74%) were 35/25 C (day/night, 12/12 h) with a 12-h photoperiod. Temperatures below 25/15 C or above 40/30 C were unfavorable for germination. Germination in constant temperatures or in continuous darkness was less than 15%. More than 59% of C. radicans seeds germinated at pH 5 to 9, but at pH 4 or 10 seed germination was totally inhibited. Germination was totally inhibited at osmotic stress higher than -0.2 MPa. Germination was 60% at 40 mM NaCl and 20% at 160 mM NaCl. Emergence was maximum (68%) for seeds that were placed on the soil surface, but no seedlings emerged from a soil depth at 4 cm. About 10% of seeds were still viable even after 20 wk of prechilling. Each pod contained about 700 seeds and each plant produced 20 to 40 pods. These results suggest that the spread potential of C. radicans by seeds would be at least 1,400 to 2,800 seeds plant(-1). However, only seeds near the soil surface would be able to germinate. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Chachalis, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 22 TC 89 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 25 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 BP 212 EP 216 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0212:FACRSG]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 316BQ UT WOS:000087147800010 ER PT J AU Grey, TL Walker, RH Wehtje, GR Adams, J Dayan, FE Weete, JD Hancock, HG Kwon, O AF Grey, TL Walker, RH Wehtje, GR Adams, J Dayan, FE Weete, JD Hancock, HG Kwon, O TI Behavior of sulfentrazone in ionic exchange resins, electrophoresis gels, and cation-saturated soils SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sulfentrazone; titration; sorption; herbicide ionization; pKa; pesticide leaching; retention factor; mobility ID ADSORPTION; FLUMETSULAM; MOBILITY; PH AB Sulfentrazone persistence in soil requires many crop rotational restrictions. The sorption and mobility of sulfentrazone play an important role in its soil persistence. Thus, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted to mimic the soil properties of cation and anion exchange with different intermediates. The molecular characterization and ionization shift of sulfentrazone from a neutral molecule to an anion were determined using a three-dimensional graphing technique and titration curve, respectively Sorption and mobility of 2.6 X 10(-5) M C-14-sulfentrazone were evaluated using a soil solution technique with ion exchange resins and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, respectively. Solution pH ranged from 4.0 to 7.4. As pH increased, sulfentrazone sorption to an anion resin increased and its sorption to a cation resin decreased. Percent sulfentrazone in solution was pH-dependent and ranged between 0 to 18% and 54 to 88% for the anion and cation resins, respectively. Mobility of sulfentrazone on a 20% polyacryalmide gel resulted in Rf values of +0.02 and +0.39 for pH of 4.0 and 7.4, respectively. A double peak for sulfentrazone was detected in the polyacrylamide gel when the pH (6.0 and 6.8) was near the reported pKa of 6.56. There was no clear interaction for the sorption of sulfentrazone at 1.0 mg kg(-1) to Congaree loamy sand or Decatur silty clay loam saturated with either calcium or potassium. Sulfentrazone behavior with the polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels and ion resins indicate the potential for this herbicide to occur as a polar or Zwitter ion. Sulfentrazone was adsorbed by potassium, calcium, and sodium saturated resins and subsequently desorbed using variable pH solutions. The level of sulfentrazone adsorption will vary among soil types and the amount of desorption into solution may be soil cation-dependent. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Coll Agr & Environm Sci, Georgia Expt Stn, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, Alabama Agr Expt Stn, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Univ Mississippi, USDA ARS, Natl Prod Utilizat Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38667 USA. W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. FMC Corp, Hamilton, GA 31811 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Chem, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Grey, TL (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Coll Agr & Environm Sci, Georgia Expt Stn, 1109 Expt St, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 21 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 7 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 BP 239 EP 247 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0239:BOSIIE]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 316BQ UT WOS:000087147800014 ER PT J AU Lemly, AD King, RS AF Lemly, AD King, RS TI An insect-bacteria bioindicator for assessing detrimental nutrient enrichment in wetlands SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE bioindicator; nutrient pollution; eutrophication; macroinvertebrates; aquatic bacteria; nitrogen; phosphorus; Ephemeroptera; wetlands ID MACROINVERTEBRATES; EVERGLADES; FISH AB Field and laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the use of bacterial growth on aquatic insects as a metric for determining the existence of nutrient impacts in wetlands. Results from field investigations indicated that elevated concentrations of nitrate and phosphate were associated with growth of filamentous bacteria on insect body surfaces and that there were significantly fewer mayflies (Ephemeroptera) in the nutrient-enriched wetland. Laboratory investigations confirmed a strong linkage between bacterial growth and reduced survival of mayflies. Survival was examined for individuals with bacterial infestation ranging from 0% to 60% body coverage. A threshold for catastrophic mortality was present at about the 25% level of coverage; there were very few survivors above that level. Based on these findings, the diagnostic endpoint for the bioindicator is 25% body coverage by bacterial growth, a level that signifies major differences in insect populations in the field and is also easy to detect visually. This study provides evidence that the insect-bacteria bioindicator is a reliable tool for assessing nutrient impacts on wetland macroinvertebrate communities. The bioindicator could be useful in the development of a Wetland Bioassessment Protocol. C1 Virginia Tech Univ, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Coldwater Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Wetland Ctr, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Lemly, AD (reprint author), Virginia Tech Univ, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Coldwater Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 12 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2000 VL 20 IS 1 BP 91 EP 100 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0091:AIBBFA]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 298WJ UT WOS:000086162200009 ER PT J AU Allen, JA Ewel, KC Keeland, BD Tara, T Smith, TJ AF Allen, JA Ewel, KC Keeland, BD Tara, T Smith, TJ TI Downed wood in Micronesian mangrove forests SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE coarse woody debris; Federated States of Micronesia; harvesting impacts; Kosrae; Pohnpei; Yap ID DEAD WOOD; STAND STRUCTURE; DEBRIS; ECOSYSTEMS; AUSTRALIA; MASS; DECOMPOSITION; DETRITUS; OREGON; CRABS AB Dead, downed wood is an important component of upland forest and aquatic ecosystems, but its role in wetland ecosystems, including mangroves, is poorly understood. We measured downed wood in ten sites on the western Pacific islands of Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap, all located within the Federated States of Micronesia. Our goals were to examine patterns of variability in the quantity of downed wood in these mangrove ecosystems, provide a general characterization of downed wood in a region with no previously published accounts, and investigate the relationship between harvesting practices and the amount of downed wood. The overall mean volume of downed wood at our study sites was estimated to be 60.8 m(3) ha(-1) (20.9 t ha(-1)), which is greater than most published data for forested wetlands. There were significant differences among islands, with the sites on Kosrae (104.2 m(3) ha(-1)) having a much greater mean volume of downed wood than those on Pohnpei (43.1 m(3) ha(-1)) or Yap (35.1 m(3) ha(-1)). Part of the difference among islands may be attributable to differences in stand age and structure, but the most important factor seems to be the greater amount of wood harvesting on Kosrae, coupled with a low efficiency of use of cut trees. Of a total of 45 cut trees examined on Kosrae, no wood had been removed from 18 (40%); these are believed to be trees cut down because other, more valuable, trees were caught on them as they were felled. Of the other 27 trees, only 24 to 42% of the stem volume (to a 10 cm top) was removed from the forest, the amount varying by species. The impacts of current harvesting practices are unknown but may include important effects on tree regeneration and the abundance and species composition of crab populations. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Kosrae State Dept Agr & Land, Forestry Sect, Kosrae 96844, Micronesia. Florida Int Univ, US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, SERC, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Allen, JA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, 1151 Punchbowl St,Room 323, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RI Allen, James/K-9141-2013 OI Allen, James/0000-0001-6459-5734 NR 46 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 12 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 2000 VL 20 IS 1 BP 169 EP 176 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2000)020[0169:DWIMMF]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 298WJ UT WOS:000086162200015 ER PT J AU Blackwell, BF Seamans, TW Helon, DA Dolbeer, RA AF Blackwell, BF Seamans, TW Helon, DA Dolbeer, RA TI Early loss of herring gull clutches after egg-oiling SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE corn oil; egg-oiling; Herring gull; Larus argentatus; nest abandonment; population growth; reproductive control ID WHITE MINERAL-OIL; MANAGEMENT; LANDFILLS AB Critical to the success of egg-oiling to control growth of bird populations is extension of the incubation period, thereby minimizing re-nesting attempts. Egg-oiling studies conducted with ring-billed (Larus delawarensis) and herring (I. argentatus) gulls generally have reported no evidence of abandonment of oiled clutches up to the expected hatching date (EHD). However, comparisons of clutch loss (assumed to be caused primarily by predation) up to EHD among control and treatment groups were not reported. Therefore, we evaluated early (oiling 21-27 days before EHD) and late (oiling 7-15 days before EHD) oiling protocols in a herring gull colony on Lake Erie, Erie County, Ohio. We observed marked differences (P < 0.001) among treatments in number of nests producing chicks (90.0%, n = 100, control; 20%, n = 100, early oil; and 1%, n = 100, late oil). Clutches in nests assigned to the 2 oil groups were more frequently (P < 0.001) lost (6% control; 29% early; 38% late) to abandonment, storms, and predation up to EHD. Only 56% of oil-treatment clutches were incubated past EHD. Clutch loss (including nest abandonment) up to EHD did not differ (P = 0.346) between nests in the early and late oil groups. Our data suggest that herring gulls were sensitive to oil and that nests were abandoned or clutches lost within the normal incubation period in numbers greater than expected under natural conditions. Thus, while effectiveness of egg-oiling to reduce recruitment in herring gull colonies is improved by oiling nests late in the incubation period, subsequent oil applications are recommended to account for late nests and re-nesting attempts. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Ohio Field Stn, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Blackwell, BF (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Ohio Field Stn, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 28 IS 1 BP 70 EP 75 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 308EJ UT WOS:000086697300010 ER PT J AU Wagner, KK Nolte, DL AF Wagner, KK Nolte, DL TI Evaluation of Hot Sauce (R) as a repellent for forest mammals SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE beaver; capsaicin; deer; Hot Sauce (R); mountain beaver; pocket gopher; porcupine; repellents ID REDUCING DEER DAMAGE; CAPSAICIN AB Foraging by forest mammals can be significantly detrimental to reforestation efforts. Repellents may offer a nonlethal solution for some situations. Hot Sauce(R) animal repellent uses capsaicin, a trigeminal irritant that should be aversive to most mammals. We conducted a series of tests evaluating the impact of Hot Sauce on foraging by 5 species of forest mammals. In our first study, we examined its potential to reduce browsing by black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Damage to Western redcedar seedlings (Thuja plicata) was initially reduced with application of a 6.2% Hot Sauce solution, but efficacy began to decline after 2 weeks. Big Game Repellent Powder(R) reduced deer damage to redcedar for the entire 6-week study (F greater than or equal to 743.9, P less than or equal to 0.01). Two-choice pen tests evaluated 0.06, 0.62, 3.1, and 6.2% Hot Sauce solutions as a repellent for pocket gopher (Thomomys mazama), porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), and mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa). Mountain beavers were not repelled by any concentration of Hot Sauce (F less than or equal to 1.94, P less than or equal to 0.18). Pocket gophers were repelled moderately by the 0.62, 3.1, and 6.2% concentrations, but even the 6.2% solution rarely reduced consumption below 50% of the food available. Porcupine foraging was reduced >48% by all repellent concentrations (FL 7.08, P less than or equal to 0.04). Beavers (Castor canadensis) were not repelled consistently by Hot Sauce in multiple-choice tests of the 0.06, 0.62, and 6.2% solutions. Although Hot Sauce effectively repelled some species, at a cost of $12.25/gallon for the 6.2% repellent solution, it may not be cost-effective for most situations. Additionally, our data indicate there may be difficulties with product durability under field conditions. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Olympia Field Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Wagner, KK (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr,Olympia Field Stn, 9730 Lathrop Ind Dr SW,Suite B, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 16 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 28 IS 1 BP 76 EP 83 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 308EJ UT WOS:000086697300011 ER PT J AU McDaniel, GW McKelvey, KS Squires, JR Ruggiero, LF AF McDaniel, GW McKelvey, KS Squires, JR Ruggiero, LF TI Efficacy of lures and hair snares to detect lynx SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE attractant; bait; detection; hair-snares; lures; lynx; scent stations; survey design AB Resource managers lack an inexpensive and quantifiable method to detect lynx presence across large landscapes. We tested efficacy of a protocol based on hair snagging to detect presence of lynx (Lynx canadensis). We tested 2 key elements of the protocol: 1) a hair-snaring device and 2) commercial lures used to attract and elicit rubbing behavior in lynx. The commercial lures we tested included: 1) beaver (Castor canadensis) castoreum and catnip oil, 2) Cat Passion(TM): 3) Pacific Call(TM) 4) Hawbacker's Cat lure #1(TM) and 5) BB1(TM) To compare detection rates among lures, we randomly placed lures at scent stations along 78 transects; each transect contained all 5 lures. We detected lynx at 45% of transects, and detections varied significantly among lures (chi(4)(2) = 13.4, P = 0.009). Hair snares baited with castoreum and catnip oil were used significantly more than expected (P = 0.002). The relatively high overall detection rate demonstrated that deploying an effective lure along transects is an effective method to detect presence or absence. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP McDaniel, GW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 15 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 4 U2 26 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 28 IS 1 BP 119 EP 123 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 308EJ UT WOS:000086697300017 ER PT J AU Belant, JL Seamans, TW AF Belant, JL Seamans, TW TI Comparison of 3 devices to observe white-tailed deer at night SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE infrared sensing; night vision; Odocoileus virginianus; spotlight; survey; white-tailed deer ID MANAGEMENT; POPULATIONS; PARK AB To further reduce deer-aircraft collisions, a method for observing deer on airports at night that does not affect aircraft operations is required. We compared the effectiveness of forward-looking infrared (FLIR), spotlight, and night vision goggles (NVG) to monitor the abundance of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) along a 10-km route in Ohio during 12 nights in winter (Jan-Feb) and summer (Jul) 1997. Numbers of deer observed with FLIR (825 in winter, 570 in summer) and spotlight (716 and 445) were similar (P> 0.05); number of deer observed with NVG (243 and 152) was less (P<0.05) in winter and summer. The FLIR provided the best overall observability of deer of the 3 devices tested. The FLIR was less affected than spotlights by inclement weather and was not obtrusive. Biologists working in suburban areas or on airports can use FLIR to detect deer in areas where a spotlight would be inappropriate. Under conditions tested, we do not recommend using NVG to detect white-tailed deer at night. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Belant, JL (reprint author), Denali Natl Pk & Preserve, Natl Pk Serv, 201 1st Ave, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 10 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 2000 VL 28 IS 1 BP 154 EP 158 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 308EJ UT WOS:000086697300022 ER PT J AU Slusser, J Gibson, J Bigelow, D Kolinski, D Disterhoft, P Lantz, K Beaubien, A AF Slusser, J Gibson, J Bigelow, D Kolinski, D Disterhoft, P Lantz, K Beaubien, A TI Langley method of calibrating UV filter radiometers SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID B RADIATION MEASUREMENTS; BIOLOGICAL-RESEARCH; ULTRAVIOLET; AIR; SPECTRORADIOMETERS; IMPROVEMENTS; SUGGESTIONS; SOLAR; LAMP; NM AB The Langley method of calibrating UV multifilter shadow band radiometers (UV-MFRSR) is explored in this paper. This method has several advantages over the traditional standard lamp calibrations: the Sun is a free, universally available, and very constant source, and nearly continual automated field calibrations can be made. Although 20 or so Langley events are required for an accurate calibration, the radiometer remains in the field during calibration. Difficulties arise as a result of changing ozone optical depth during the Langley event and the breakdown of the Beer-Lambert law over the finite filter band pass since optical depth changes rapidly with wavelength. The Langley calibration of the radiometers depends critically upon the spectral characterization of each channel and on the wavelength and absolute calibration of the extraterrestrial spectrum used. Results of Langley calibrations for two UV-MFRSRs at Mauna Loa, Hawaii were compared to calibrations using two National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) traceable lamps. The objectives of this study were to compare Langley calibration factors with those from standard lamps and to compare field-of-view effects. The two radiometers were run simultaneously: one on a Sun tracker and the other in the conventional shadow-band configuration. Both radiometers were calibrated with two secondary 1000 W lamp, and later, the spectral response functions of the channels were measured. The ratio of Langley to lamp calibration factors for the seven channels from 300 nm to 368 nm using the shadow-band configuration ranged from 0.988 to 1.070. The estimated uncertainty in accuracy of the Langley calibrations ranged from +/-3.8% at 300 nm to +/-2.1% at 368 nm. For all channels calibrated with Central Ultraviolet Calibration Facility (CUCF) lamps the estimated uncertainty was +/-2.5% for all channels. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, USDA UV B Radiat Monitoring Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Surface Radiat Res Branch, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Yankee Environm Syst, Turners Falls, MA 01376 USA. RP Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, USDA UV B Radiat Monitoring Program, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM sluss@nrel.colostate.edu NR 24 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD FEB 27 PY 2000 VL 105 IS D4 BP 4841 EP 4849 DI 10.1029/1999JD900451 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 287NU UT WOS:000085512800040 ER PT J AU Yaussy, DA AF Yaussy, DA TI Comparison of an empirical forest growth and yield simulator and a forest gap simulator using actual 30-year growth from two even-aged forests in Kentucky SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE NE-TWIGS; ZELIG; validation ID CLIMATE CHANGE; MODEL; ECOSYSTEMS AB Two individual-tree growth simulators are used to predict the growth and mortality on a 30-year-old forest site and an 80-year-old forest site in eastern Kentucky. The empirical growth and yield model (NE-TWIGS) was developed to simulate short-term (<50 year) forest growth from an industrial perspective. The gap model (ZELIG) is based on the theory of growth processes and has been used to simulate long-term (100 years and greater) forest succession. Based on comparisons of species specific diameter distributions, biomass, and board-foot and cubic-meter volumes, NE-TWIGS performed better for both sites than did ZELIG. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Yaussy, DA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. OI Yaussy, Daniel/0000-0003-1127-7809 NR 35 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD FEB 25 PY 2000 VL 126 IS 3 BP 385 EP 398 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00111-5 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 280WE UT WOS:000085126100011 ER PT J AU Florin-Christensen, J Suarez, CE Florin-Christensen, M Hines, SA McElwain, TF Palmer, GH AF Florin-Christensen, J Suarez, CE Florin-Christensen, M Hines, SA McElwain, TF Palmer, GH TI Phosphatidylcholine formation is the predominant lipid biosynthetic event in the hemoparasite Babesia bovis SO MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Babesia; lipid; metabolism; phosphatidylcholine; phosphatidylinositol; erythrocyte ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; MEROZOITE SURFACE-PROTEINS; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODIES; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; FACTOR INDUCTION; MALARIA; DERMASEPTIN; METABOLISM; DIACYLGLYCEROL AB This work examines the lipid composition and metabolism of bovine red blood cells infected by apicomplexan Babesia parasites, organisms closely related to Plasmodium sp. We found that erythrocytes infected with Babesia bovis (i-RBC) accumulate lipids and show striking increases in phosphatidylcholine. phosphatidic acid, diacylglycerol and cholesteryl esters as compared to uninfected erythrocytes cultured under the same conditions (n-RBC). A similar pattern was observed in cultures of erythrocytes infected with Babesia bigemina. The lipid profile of purified B. bovis merozoites showed that phosphatidylcholine is the most abundant phospholipid in this parasite (31.8% +/- 2.8 of total phospholipid), markedly differing from bovine n-RBC, in which it is only a minor component (4.8% +/- 0.6). B. bovis cultures incorporate radiolabeled choline into complex lipids, especially phosphatidylcholine. with minor amounts recovered in sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine. When [C-14] stearate was used as precursor, the labeling pattern again gave the highest incorporation into phosphatidylcholine, with lesser incorporation in sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidic acid. Diacylglycerol and small amounts of cholesteryl esters were the only labeled neutral lipids found. B. bovis also incorporates [H-3] myo-inositol into phosphatidylinositol. Parallel incubations with n-RBC as a control yielded no incorporation into either polar or neutral lipids with ally precursor. These results indicate that the lipid changes observed in i-RBC can be explained on the basis of the lipid biosynthetic activities of the babesial parasite. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of fatty acid methyl esters from phospholipids of i-RBC and n-RBC showed the same qualitative composition in both. However. i-RBC had higher ratios of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids and B. bovis cultures did not desaturate [C-14] stearate. Cholesterol was the only sterol detected by GC-MS. Phospholipase A(2) treatment of i-RBC and n-RBC revealed no enhanced hemolytic effects in i-RBC, suggesting that the erythrocyte membrane phospholipid composition is essentially unaltered by the parasite. Labeling of i-RBC or n-RBC with [I-125] Bolton-Hunter resulted in an enhanced phosphatidylserine labeling in i-RBC. This study provides the first data on B, bovis lipid constitution and biosynthesis. They show that phosphatidylcholine formation is the main biosynthetic process in these cells. The striking differences in the contents of phosphatidylcholine between host erythrocytes and the parasite suggests that it may be a useful target for both chemotherapy and immunoprophylaxis against bovine babesiosis. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. CONICET, INEUCI, Inst Neurosci, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Florin-Christensen, J (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Suarez, Carlos/A-3121-2008 NR 36 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-6851 J9 MOL BIOCHEM PARASIT JI Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. PD FEB 25 PY 2000 VL 106 IS 1 BP 147 EP 156 DI 10.1016/S0166-6851(99)00209-1 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology GA 288GC UT WOS:000085553500013 PM 10743618 ER PT J AU De Marez, T Cox, E Vercruysse, J Goddeeris, BM AF De Marez, T Cox, E Vercruysse, J Goddeeris, BM TI Identification of Ostertagia ostertagi specific cells in bovine abomasal lymph nodes SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cattle-nematoda; Ostertagia ostertagi; proliferation; CD2(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; T-CELLS; TRICHOSTRONGYLUS-COLUBRIFORMIS; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; PRIMARY INFECTION; IGE RESPONSE; GAMMA; LYMPHOCYTES; ANTIGEN; CATTLE AB To investigate the contribution of different bovine cell subpopulations in the development of in vitro induced responses by Ostertagia ostertagi third larval antigen extract (L3), bovine abomasal lymph node cell suspensions were depleted of specific cell populations. The depleted cell suspensions were subsequently assayed for their proliferative responses to O. ostertagi L3 antigen extract. Proliferative responses to O. ostertagi L3 antigen extract were restricted to a CD2(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) cell population and MHC II+ cells different from B-cells were of major importance. Depletion of CD4, CD8, CD4CD8, IgM or CD21 positive cells did not decrease proliferation to L3 antigen extract. Depletion of gamma delta T-cells, which also comprise a subpopulation of CD2+CD4-CD8- cells, reduced proliferation to L3 antigen extract only in one animal, The results suggest that either gamma delta T-cells could be involved in the proliferation or that another as yet unidentified population is important for proliferation. The precise role of these populations during infection with O. ostertagi and the mechanism by which these cells may influence the host immune response are important issues that remain to be elucidated, (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 State Univ Ghent, Fac Med Vet, Dept Virol Parastiol & Immunol, Parasitol Lab, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. State Univ Ghent, Fac Med Vet, Dept Virol Parastiol & Immunol, Immunol Lab, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. RP De Marez, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, LPSI, IDRL, Blgd 1040,Rm 105,Barc E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Goddeeris, Bruno/L-2440-2015 OI Goddeeris, Bruno/0000-0003-3729-7592 NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD FEB 25 PY 2000 VL 73 IS 2 BP 145 EP 154 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00157-9 PG 10 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 283ZG UT WOS:000085305500003 PM 10690930 ER PT J AU Heidari, M Kehrli, ME AF Heidari, M Kehrli, ME TI Cloning, sequencing, and analysis of cDNA encoding bovine granulocyte-colony stimulating factor SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neutrophils; mononuclear cells; cytokine; G-CSF; cDNA; RT-PCR ID LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; FACTOR G-CSF; HUMAN-MONOCYTES; EXPRESSION; CELLS; GENE AB Neutrophils play a critical role in defending against bacterial infections. Hematopoietic growth factors are a class of regulatory cytokines that are required for stimulation, proliferation, and differentiation of blood cells. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a cytokine that induces proliferation and maturation of precursor myeloid cells in the bone marrow into fully differentiated neutrophils. G-CSF also modulates the functional activity of mature neutrophils. Treatment with G-CSF significantly enhances neutrophil phagocytic activity and killing of bacteria and fungi. We have isolated and sequenced a cDNA clone encoding bovine G-CSF (bG-CSF) from an endothelial cell cDNA library using primers designed from ovine G-CSF. The full length cDNA is 1460 nucleotides with 585 nucleotides comprising the open reading frame. Sequence analysis shows 95% identity with ovine, 89% with porcine, 85% with human, and 76% with murine G-CSE The deduced G-CSF protein consists of 174 amino acids with 95% identity to ovine, 86% to porcine, 81% to human, and 71% to murine, The signal peptide of C-CSF is 21 amino acids long which is nine amino acids shorter than that of human and murine G-CSE RT-PCR analysis shows that neither freshly isolated nor ConA stimulated neutrophils express G-CSF mRNA. Mononuclear cells, however, expressed G-CSF mRNA after 48 h incubation with or without ConA stimulation. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Kehrli, ME (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 26 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD FEB 25 PY 2000 VL 73 IS 2 BP 183 EP 191 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(99)00164-6 PG 9 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 283ZG UT WOS:000085305500006 PM 10690933 ER PT J CA CDC TI Guidelines for surveillance, prevention, and control of West Nile virus infection - United States (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 49, pg 25, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 23 PY 2000 VL 283 IS 8 BP 997 EP 998 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 284AM UT WOS:000085308600012 ER PT J AU Li, ML Lewis, B Capuco, AV Laucirica, R Furth, PA AF Li, ML Lewis, B Capuco, AV Laucirica, R Furth, PA TI WAP-TAg transgenic mice and the study of dysregulated cell survival, proliferation, and mutation during breast carcinogenesis SO ONCOGENE LA English DT Article DE breast carcinogenesis; mouse model; SV40TAg; apoptosis; proliferation ID SV40 T-ANTIGEN; MAMMARY-GLAND INVOLUTION; CANCER FORMATION; APOPTOSIS; PATHWAYS; ANIMALS; DEATH AB Understanding the process of carcinogenesis is key to developing therapies which might interrupt or reverse tumor onset and progression. Cell growth and death signals are dependent not only upon molecular mechanisms within a cell but also upon external stimuli such as hormones, cell-cell signaling, and extracellular matrix, Mouse models can be used to dissect these complex processes, to identify key signaling pathways operating at different stages of tumorigenesis, and to test the strength of specific interventions. In the WAP-TAg mouse model, carcinogenesis is initiated by expression of the Simian Virus 40 T antigen (TAg), TAg expression is triggered by hormonal stimulation, either during estrus or pregnancy. Breast adenocarcinomas (ranging from well to poorly differentiated) develop in 100% of the female mice by approximately 8-9 months of age, Three distinct stages of tumorigenesis are easily identified: an initial proliferation, hyperplasia; and adenocarcinoma. The mean time to first palpable tumor in mice which undergo at least one pregnancy is 6 months. The tumorigenic process is marked by a competition between proliferation and apoptosis and is characterized by cellular acquisition of genetic mutations and increased stromal fibrosis. Protein levels of cell cycle control genes cyclin D1, cdk2, and E2F-1 are increased in these adenocarcinomas. c-Fos protein levels are slightly increased in these cancers, while c-Jun levels do not change. Hormonal exposure alters progression, Estrogen plays a role during the early stages of oncogenesis although the growth of the resulting adenocarcinomas is estrogen-independent. Transient hormonal stimulation by glucocorticoids that temporarily increases the rate of cell proliferation results in tetraploidy, premature appearance of irreversible hyperplasia, and early tumor development. Tumor appearance also can be accelerated through over expression of the cell survival protein, Bcl-2, Bcl-2 over expression not only reduces apoptosis during the initial proliferative process but also decreases the total rate of cell proliferation. This block in cell proliferation is lost selectively as the cells transition to adenocarcinoma, The WAP-TAg model can be utilized to investigate how the basic processes of cell proliferation, apoptosis, DNA mutation, and DNA repair are modified by external and internal signals during mammary oncogenesis. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med,Inst Human Virol, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Baltimore Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Methodist Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Furth, PA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med,Inst Human Virol, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, 725 W Lombard St,Room N545, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA70545] NR 25 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0950-9232 J9 ONCOGENE JI Oncogene PD FEB 21 PY 2000 VL 19 IS 8 SI SI BP 1010 EP 1019 DI 10.1038/sj.onc.1203271 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 292LT UT WOS:000085796400006 PM 10713684 ER PT J AU Sharma, RP Bhandari, N Riley, RT Voss, KA Meredith, FI AF Sharma, RP Bhandari, N Riley, RT Voss, KA Meredith, FI TI Tolerance to fumonisin toxicity in a mouse strain lacking the P75 tumor necrosis factor receptor SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fumonisin; tumor necrosis factor; tumor necrosis factor receptor; hepatotoxicity; mice; TNF receptor knockout mice; NF kappa B ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; NF-KAPPA-B; TNF RECEPTOR-1; MICE LACKING; FACTOR-ALPHA; LIVER; B-1; MYCOTOXINS; PATHWAYS; CORN AB Fumonisin B-I (FB1), a potent mycotoxin prevalent in corn and cereals, causes a variety of toxic effects in different mammalian species. The biochemical responses of FB1 involve inhibition of ceramide synthase leading to accumulation of free sphingoid bases and a possible involvement of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha). To further characterize the role of TNF alpha, toxic response to FB1 was investigated in male C57BL/6J mice (WT) and a corresponding TNF alpha receptor knockout (TRK) strain, genetically modified to lack the TNF alpha lb receptor. The hepatotoxic effects of 5 daily injections of 2.25 mg/kg per day of FB1 were observed in WT but were reduced in TRK, evidenced by circulating alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels and histopathological evaluation of the tissue. FB1 induced TNF alpha expression in the livers of both WT and TRK mice to a similar extent (3-4 fold over control); however, a corresponding increase of cellular NF kappa B. expected after the downstream cellular signaling of TNF alpha, was noted only in the WT. Accumulation of liver sphingosine after FB1 treatment was similar in both WT and TRK, but the FB1-induced increases in liver sphinganine and kidney sphingosine and sphinganine were lower in TRK than in WT. Results emphasized the role of TNF alpha in FB1-induced hepatotoxicity in mice and the possible relationship of sphingoid base accumulation and TNF alpha induction. Moreover, the presence of TNF alpha receptor lb appears to be important in mediating the hepatotoxic responses of TNF alpha and FB1 in mice. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Sharma, RP (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES09403] NR 45 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD FEB 21 PY 2000 VL 143 IS 2 BP 183 EP 194 DI 10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00168-7 PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 291DK UT WOS:000085718700005 PM 10755704 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Timm, KI Smith, BB AF Hamir, AN Timm, KI Smith, BB TI Thrombosis of the splenic vein in llamas (Lama glama) SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Article C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70,2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 0AT SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD FEB 19 PY 2000 VL 146 IS 8 BP 226 EP 228 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 291KT UT WOS:000085733800015 PM 10731075 ER PT J AU Hadsell, DL Murphy, KL Bonnette, SG Reece, N Laucirica, R Rosen, JM AF Hadsell, DL Murphy, KL Bonnette, SG Reece, N Laucirica, R Rosen, JM TI Cooperative interaction between mutant p53 and des(1-3)IGF-I accelerates mammary tumorigenesis SO ONCOGENE LA English DT Article DE transgenic mouse model; IGF-I; apoptosis; mutant p53; tumorigenesis ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; HUMAN-BREAST CANCER; MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION; TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL; IGF-BINDING PROTEIN-3; PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; RECEPTOR OVEREXPRESSION; GENE-EXPRESSION; WILD-TYPE; INSULIN AB Mammary tumorigenesis was analysed in transgenic mice which overexpress des(1-3)hIGF-I (WAP-DES) and/or a mutant form of p53 (p53(172R-H)). Nonlactating, multiparous WAP-DES mice exhibited hyperplastic lesions termed mammary interepithelial neoplasia (MIN) which constitutively expressed WAP-DES, By 23 months of age, 53% of the WAP-DES mice developed mammary adenocarcinomas. A 75% reduction in both apoptosis and proliferation was observed in the normal mammary glands of WAP-DES mice, Mammary tumor incidence in WAP-DES/p53 bitransgenic mice was similar to that of WAP-DES and 2-3-fold greater than that of nontransgenic and p53(172R-H) females, Tumor latency, however, was reduced by 8 months in bitransgenic mice as compared to mice of the other three genotypes. Aneuploidy was frequently observed in tumors from bitransgenic and p53(172R-H) mice, but not from mice expressing only the WAP-DES transgene, Expression of IGFBP3 was elevated in tumors from WAP-DES, but not bitransgenic mice, indicating an alteration in the p53/IGF-I axis. These studies indicate that overexpression of des(1-3)hIGF-I increases the frequency of MIN and stochastic mammary tumors and that the appearance of tumors displaying genomic instability is accelerated by mutant p53(172R-H). C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Hadsell, DL (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1 Baylor Pl, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA16303]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK52197-01] NR 48 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 2 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0950-9232 J9 ONCOGENE JI Oncogene PD FEB 17 PY 2000 VL 19 IS 7 BP 889 EP 898 DI 10.1038/sj.onc.1203386 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Oncology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 288MW UT WOS:000085567700006 PM 10702797 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, E Mullaney, EJ Lei, XG AF Rodriguez, E Mullaney, EJ Lei, XG TI Expression of the Aspergillus fumigatus phytase gene in Pichia pastoris and characterization of the recombinant enzyme SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus fumigatus; phytase; heterologous expression; Pichia pastoris; trypsin; pepsin; thermostability ID SOYBEAN MEAL DIETS; ACID-PHOSPHATASE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MICROBIAL PHYTASE; CLONING; PURIFICATION; NIGER; PIGS; PH; OVEREXPRESSION AB Aspergillus fumigatus phytase is a heat-stable enzyme of great potential. Our objective was to determine if a high level of functional expression of the A. fumigatus phytase gene could be produced in Pichia pastoris and how the recombinant phytase reacted to different substrates, heating conditions, and proteases, A 1.4-kb DNA fragment containing the coding region of the gene was inserted into the expression vector pPICZ alpha A and expressed in P. pastoris as an active, extracellular phytase (r-Afp), The yield was 729 mg of purified protein per liter of culture, with a specific activity of 43 units/mg of protein, The enzyme r-Afp shared similar pH and temperature optima, molecular size, glycosylation extent, and specificity for p-nitrophenyl phosphate and sodium phytate to those of the same enzyme expressed in A. niger. Given 20 min of exposure to 65 to 90 degrees C, the enzyme retained 20 to 39% higher residual activity in 10 and 200 mM sodium acetate than that in sodium citrate. The enzyme seemed to be resistant to pepsin digestion, but was degraded by high levels of trypsin. In conclusion, P. pastoris is a potential host to express high levels of A. fumigatus phytase and the thermostability of the recombinant enzyme is modulated by the specificity of buffer used in the heat treatment. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Lei, XG (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, 252 Morrison Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 32 TC 79 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 20 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD FEB 16 PY 2000 VL 268 IS 2 BP 373 EP 378 DI 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2121 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 286DB UT WOS:000085427400024 PM 10679211 ER PT J AU Bernier, UR Kline, DL Barnard, DR Schreck, CE Yost, RA AF Bernier, UR Kline, DL Barnard, DR Schreck, CE Yost, RA TI Analysis of human skin emanations by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 2. Identification of volatile compounds that are candidate attractants for the yellow fever mosquito (Aedes aegypti) SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; L-LACTIC ACID; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE; MALARIA MOSQUITO; HOST-SEEKING; 1-OCTEN-3-OL; CULICIDAE; DIPTERA; SURVEILLANCE AB Volatile compounds emanated from human skin were studied by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The purpose of this study was to identify compounds that may be human-produced kairomones which are used for host location by the mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.). The procedure used to collect volatiles was chosen because of prior knowledge that attractive substances can be transferred from skin to glass by handling. Laboratory bioassays have shown that the residuum on the glass remains attractive to mosquitoes until the compounds of importance evaporate. The sampling and analytical procedures modeled the above-cited process as closely as possible except that the evaporation of compounds from the glass surface was accomplished by thermal desorption from glass beads in a heated GC injection port. This made possible the solventless injection of volatiles onto the column. The compounds were cryofocused on the head of the column with liquid nitrogen prior to GC separation. A single stage of mass spectrometry on a triple quadrupole instrument was used for mass analysis. A combination of electron ionization and pulsed positive ion/negative ion chemical ionization modes on two different GC columns (one polar, one relatively nonpolar) was used to identify most of the 346 compound peaks detected by this technique. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Chem, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Bernier, UR (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Chem, POB 117200,Chem Lab Bldg, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 58 TC 205 Z9 217 U1 1 U2 51 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD FEB 15 PY 2000 VL 72 IS 4 BP 747 EP 756 DI 10.1021/ac990963k PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 285HE UT WOS:000085383000014 PM 10701259 ER PT J AU Wong, DWS Batt, SB Robertson, GH AF Wong, DWS Batt, SB Robertson, GH TI Constitutive expression of highly active barley alpha-amylase 1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and characterization of its properties. SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD FEB 15 PY 2000 VL 39 IS 6 MA 123 BP 1569 EP 1570 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 285NX UT WOS:000085396100164 ER PT J AU Morris, MS Bostom, AG Jacques, PF Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH AF Morris, MS Bostom, AG Jacques, PF Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH TI Hypercholesterolemia and hyperhomocysteinemia associated with hypothyroidism in a nationally representative sample of the United States SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Jean Mayer USDA, HNRCA, Boston, MA USA. Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Pawtucket, RI USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD FEB 15 PY 2000 VL 101 IS 6 MA P80 BP 732 EP 733 PG 2 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 284NZ UT WOS:000085339600128 ER PT J AU Urban, JF Schopf, L Morris, SC Orekhova, T Madden, KB Betts, CJ Gamble, HR Byrd, C Donaldson, D Else, K Finkelman, FD AF Urban, JF Schopf, L Morris, SC Orekhova, T Madden, KB Betts, CJ Gamble, HR Byrd, C Donaldson, D Else, K Finkelman, FD TI Stat6 signaling promotes protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis through a mast cell- and T cell-dependent mechanism SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTERFERON-GAMMA; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; NIPPOSTRONGYLUS-BRASILIENSIS; IFN-GAMMA; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN-3; INTESTINAL HELMINTH; PLASMODIUM-CHABAUDI; NEMATODE INFECTION; C-KIT; MICE AB Studies in mice infected with the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis demonstrated that IL-4/IL-13 activation of Stat6 suppresses development of intestinal mastocytosis and does not contribute to IL-4/IL-13 production, but is still essential for parasite expulsion. Because expulsion of another gastrointestinal nematode, Trichinella spiralis, unlike N. brasiliensis expulsion, is mast cell dependent, these observations suggested that T. spiralis expulsion would be Stat6 independent. Instead, we find that Stat6 activation by IL-4/IL-13 is required in T. spiralis-infected mice for the mast cell responses that induce worm expulsion and for the cytokine responses that induce intestinal mastocytosis. Furthermore, although lL-4 induces N, brasiliensis expulsion in the absence of B cells, T cells, and mast cells, mast cells and T cells are required for IL-4 induction of T spiralis expulsion. Thus, Stat6 signaling is required for host protection against N. brasiliensis and T. spiralis but contributes to expulsion of these two worms by different mechanisms. The induction of multiple effector mechanisms by Stat6 signaling provides a way for a cytokine response induced by most gastrointestinal nematode parasites to protect against most of these parasites, even though different effector mechanisms are required for protection against different nematodes, The Journal of Immunology, 2000, 164: 2046-2052. C1 Vet Adm Med Ctr, Res Serv 151, Dept Internal Med, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Div Immunol, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pediat, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Univ Manchester, Manchester, Lancs, England. Genet Inst, Cambridge, MA 02140 USA. RP Finkelman, FD (reprint author), Vet Adm Med Ctr, Res Serv 151, Dept Internal Med, 3200 Vine St, Cincinnati, OH 45220 USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI44971-01, R01 AI35987-06] NR 49 TC 138 Z9 142 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD FEB 15 PY 2000 VL 164 IS 4 BP 2046 EP 2052 PG 7 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 283VK UT WOS:000085296600054 PM 10657657 ER PT J AU Straw, BE Bush, EJ Dewey, CE AF Straw, BE Bush, EJ Dewey, CE TI Types and doses of injectable medications given to periparturient sows SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Objective-To determine types and doses of injectable medications given to periparturient sows and reasons for administering those medications and to compare medication practices among farms of different sizes. Design-Survey. Sample Population-301 farms; 231,016 periparturient sows. Procedure-A survey was used to obtain information regarding medications-given to sows during the farrowing period. State and federal veterinary medical officers completed surveys during;their final interview with producers who had participated in the National Animal Health Monitoring System's (NAHMS) Swine 95 study. Data were summarized and treatment regimens compared among farms of different sizes; Results-More than a third of the sows received medications during the farrowing period. The most common reasons for administering medications were routine preventive treatment and treatment of dystocia, uterine discharge, and poor appetite. The most commonly used medications for treatment of sick sows were oxytocin, procaine penicillin G, and B vitamins; high percentage of medications were either not indicated for the specific condition or used at greater or less than the approved close. In general, treatment rates and medications used did not differ among farms of different sizes. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Better treatment protocols are needed to provide more appropriate treatment of sick sows. C1 Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Populat Med, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Straw, BE (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 6 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 15 PY 2000 VL 216 IS 4 BP 510 EP 515 DI 10.2460/javma.2000.216.510 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 283DR UT WOS:000085261300024 PM 10687005 ER PT J AU Berry, J Peterson, HA Golrick, MA Blankenburg, J Calvert, AR Markham, GW Young, WG Hopkins, J Ogden, SM Astroff, RJ AF Berry, J Peterson, HA Golrick, MA Blankenburg, J Calvert, AR Markham, GW Young, WG Hopkins, J Ogden, SM Astroff, RJ TI Not by theory alone SO LIBRARY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ St Mary Lake, Feehan Mem Lib, Mundelein, IL USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Laredo Community Coll, Harold R Yeary Lib, Laredo, TX 78040 USA. Salt Lake Community Coll, Salt Lake City, UT USA. SUNY Buffalo, Univ Lib, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Penn State Univ, Arts & Humanities Lib, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BOWKER MAGAZINE GROUP CAHNERS MAGAZINE DIVISION PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0363-0277 J9 LIBR J JI Libr. J. PD FEB 15 PY 2000 VL 125 IS 3 BP 134 EP 136 PG 3 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA 285XG UT WOS:000085413200012 ER PT J AU Dinesh-Kumar, SP Baker, BJ AF Dinesh-Kumar, SP Baker, BJ TI Alternatively spliced N resistance gene transcripts: Their possible role in tobacco mosaic virus resistance SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS; FLAX RUST RESISTANCE; RECOGNITION; EXPRESSION; SIMILARITY; REPLICASE; PROTEIN; TOLL; L6 AB The N gene, a member of the Toll-IL-1 homology region-nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat region (LRR) class of plant resistance genes, encodes two transcripts, N-S and N-L, via alternative splicing of the alternative exon present in the intron III. The N-S transcript, predicted to encode the full-length N protein containing the Toll-IL-1 homology region, nucleotide binding site, and LRR, is more prevalent before and for 3 hr after tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection. The N-L transcript, predicted to encode a truncated N protein (N-tr) lacking 13 of the 14 repeats of the LRR, is more prevalent 4-8 hr after TMV infection. Plants harboring a cDNA-N-S transgene, capable of encoding an N protein but not an N-tr protein, fail to exhibit complete resistance to TMV. Transgenic plants containing a cDNA-N-S-bearing intron III and containing 3' N-genomic sequences, encoding both N-S and N-L transcripts, exhibit complete resistance to TMV, These results suggest that both N transcripts and presumably their encoded protein products are necessary to confer complete resistance to TMV. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Baker, BJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Dinesh-Kumar, Savithramma/E-1153-2011; Baker, Barbara/L-7198-2016 OI Baker, Barbara/0000-0002-1276-971X NR 20 TC 210 Z9 229 U1 1 U2 14 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD FEB 15 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 4 BP 1908 EP 1913 DI 10.1073/pnas.020367497 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 285VU UT WOS:000085409600112 PM 10660679 ER PT J AU Choi, IR Stenger, DC French, R AF Choi, IR Stenger, DC French, R TI Multiple interactions among proteins encoded by the mite-transmitted wheat streak mosaic tritimovirus SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HELPER COMPONENT-PROTEINASE; VEIN MOTTLING VIRUS; TOBACCO ETCH POTYVIRUS; AMINO-ACID SUBSTITUTIONS; TO-CELL MOVEMENT; COAT PROTEIN; APHID TRANSMISSIBILITY; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; HC-PRO; CYLINDRICAL INCLUSIONS AB The genome organization of the mite-transmitted wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) appears to parallel that of members of the Potyviridae with monopartite genomes, but there are substantial amino acid dissimilarities with other potyviral polyproteins. To initiate studies on the functions of WSMV-encoded proteins, a protein interaction map was generated using a yeast two-hybrid system. Because the pathway of proteolytic maturation of the WSMV polyprotein has not been experimentally determined, random libraries of WSMV cDNA were made both in DNA-binding domain and activation domain plasmid vectors and introduced into yeast. Sequence analysis of multiple interacting pairs revealed that interactions largely occurred between domains within two groups of proteins. The first involved interactions among nuclear inclusion protein a, nuclear inclusion protein b, and coat protein (CP), and the second involved helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro) and cylindrical inclusion protein (CI). Further immunoblot and deletion mapping analyses of the interactions suggest that subdomains of CI, HC-Pro, and P1 interact with one another. The two-hybrid assay was then performed using full-length genes of CI, HC-Pro, P1, P3, and CP, but no heterologous interactions were detected. In vitro binding assay using glutathione-S-transferase fusion proteins and in vitro translation products, however, revealed mutual interactions among Cl, HC-Pro, P1, and P3. The failure to detect interactions between full-length proteins by the two-hybrid assay might be due to adverse effects of expression of viral proteins in yeast cells. The capacity to participate in multiple homomeric and heteromeric molecular interactions is consistent with the pleiotropic nature of many potyviral gene mutants and suggests mechanisms for regulation of various viral processes via a network of viral protein complexes. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP French, R (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 344 Kein Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 69 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD FEB 15 PY 2000 VL 267 IS 2 BP 185 EP 198 DI 10.1006/viro.1999.0117 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA 286FY UT WOS:000085434000006 PM 10662614 ER PT J AU Guo, YJ Krauss, S Senne, DA Mo, IP Lo, KS Xiong, XP Norwood, M Shortridge, KF Webster, RG Guan, Y AF Guo, YJ Krauss, S Senne, DA Mo, IP Lo, KS Xiong, XP Norwood, M Shortridge, KF Webster, RG Guan, Y TI Characterization of the pathogenicity of members of the newly established H9N2 influenza virus lineages in Asia SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID A-VIRUSES; WILD DUCKS; AVIAN INFLUENZA; HEMAGGLUTININ; CLEAVAGE; SUBTYPES AB The reported transmission of avian H9N2 influenza viruses to humans and the isolation of these viruses from Hong Kong poultry markets lend urgency to studies of their ecology and pathogenicity. We found that H9N2 viruses from North America differ from those of Asia. The North American viruses, which infect primarily domestic turkeys, replicated poorly in inoculated chickens. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein genes indicated that the Asian H9N2 influenza viruses could he divided into three sublineages. Initial biological characterization of at least one virus from each lineage was done in animals. Early isolates of one lineage (A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94, H9N2) caused as high as 80% mortality rates in inoculated chickens, whereas all other strains were nonpathogenic. Sequence analysis showed that some isolates, including the pathogenic isolate, had one additional basic amino acid (A-R/K-S-S-R-) at the hemagglutinin cleavage site. Later isolates of the same lineage (A/Chicken/Hong Kong/G9/97, H9N2) that contains the PB1 and PB2 genes similar to Hong Kong/97 H5N1 viruses replicated in chickens, ducks, mice, and pigs but were pathogenic only in mice. A/Quail/Hong Kong/G1/97 (H9N2), from a second lineage that possesses the replicative complex similar to Hong Kong/97 H5N1 virus, replicated in chickens and ducks without producing disease signs, was pathogenic in mice, and spread to the brain without adaptation. Examples of the third Asian H9N2 sublineage (A/Chicken/Korea/323/96, Duck/Hong Kong/Y439/97) replicated in chickens, ducks, and mice without producing disease signs. The available evidence supports the notion of differences in pathogenicity of H9N2 viruses in the different lineages and suggests that viruses possessing genome segments similar to 1997 H5N1-like viruses are potentially pathogenic in mammals. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Chinese Acad Prevent Med, Inst Virol, Beijing 100052, Peoples R China. St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Virol & Mol Biol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. Natl Inst Vet Res, Anyang 430015, South Korea. Canton Rd Govt Off, Dept Agr & Fisheries, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. St Jude Childrens Hosp, Dept Biostat, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. Univ Hong Kong, Dept Microbiol, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Univ Tennessee, Dept Pathol, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. RP Guan, Y (reprint author), USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Suite D3007E,332 N Lauderdale, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM guan.yi@stjude.org FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI29680, AI95357] NR 33 TC 241 Z9 298 U1 0 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD FEB 15 PY 2000 VL 267 IS 2 BP 279 EP 288 DI 10.1006/viro.1999.0115 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 286FY UT WOS:000085434000015 PM 10662623 ER PT J AU Li, J Ashton, FT Gamble, HR Schad, GA AF Li, J Ashton, FT Gamble, HR Schad, GA TI Sensory neuroanatomy of a passively ingested nematode parasite, Haemonchus contortus: Amphidial neurons of the first stage larva SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Caenorhabditis elegans; dendrite; development; three-dimensional reconstructions; ultrastructure ID CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; STRONGYLOIDES-STERCORALIS; CHEMOSENSORY NEURONS; C-ELEGANS AB When infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus (a highly pathogenic, economically important, gastric parasite of ruminants) are ingested by grazing hosts, they are exposed to environmental changes in the rumen, which stimulate resumption of development. Presumably, resumption is controlled by sensory neurons in sensilla known as amphids. Neuronal function can be determined by ablation of specifically recognized neurons in hatchling larvae (L1) in which neuronal cell bodies are easily visualized using differential interference microscopy. Using three-dimensional reconstructions from electron micrographs of serial transverse sections, amphidial structure of the L1 is described. Each amphid of H. contortus is innervated by 12 neurons. The ciliated dendritic processes of 10 neurons lie in the amphidial channel. Three of these end in double processes, resulting in 13 sensory cilia in the channel. One process, that of the so-called finger cell, ends in a number of digitiform projections. Another specialized dendrite enters the amphidial channel, but leaves it to end within the sheath cell, a hollow, flask-shaped cell that forms the base of the amphidial channel. Although not flattened, this process is otherwise similar to the wing cells in Caenorhabditis elegans; we consider it AWC of this group. Two other neurons, ASA and ADB, appear to be homologs of tying cells AWA and AWE in C. elegans, although they end as ciliated processes in the amphidial channel, rather than as flattened endings seen in C, elegans. Each of the 12 amphidial neurons was traced to its cell body in the lateral ganglion, posterior to the worm's nerve ring. The positions of these bodies were similar to their counterparts in C. elegans; they were named accordingly. A map for identifying the amphidial cell bodies in the living L1 was prepared, so that laser microbeam ablation studies can be conducted. These will determine which neurons are involved in the infective process, as well as others important in establishing the host-parasite relationship. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Schad, GA (reprint author), Univ Penn, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, 3800 Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR 02483]; NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI 22662] NR 32 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-9967 J9 J COMP NEUROL JI J. Comp. Neurol. PD FEB 14 PY 2000 VL 417 IS 3 BP 299 EP 314 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(20000214)417:3<299::AID-CNE4>3.3.CO;2-F PG 16 WC Neurosciences; Zoology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Zoology GA 279VW UT WOS:000085066600004 PM 10683605 ER PT J AU O'Brien, DJ Roth, LH McAloon, AJ AF O'Brien, DJ Roth, LH McAloon, AJ TI Ethanol production by continuous fermentation-pervaporation: a preliminary economic analysis SO JOURNAL OF MEMBRANE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fermentation-pervaporation; fuel ethanol; cost-effective ID EXTRACTIVE FERMENTATION; CELL RECYCLE; MEMBRANE; BIOREACTOR AB Pervaporation can be utilized for recovery of ethanol from fermentation broths, thus suggesting a continuous fermentation process for fuel ethanol production. Based upon previously established laboratory performance data for pervaporation, a flux of 0.15 kg/m(2)/h and a selectivity of 10.3, process equipment was designed, sized, and costs estimated for the fermentation, pervaporation, distillation, and dehydration sections of a commercial-scale fuel ethanol plant. These costs were compared to those of a typical dry milling ethanol facility. For a baseline membrane cost of $200 m(2), costs for the fermentation-pervaporation process were slightly higher. Sensitivity analyses on the pervaporation performance parameters indicated that with only minor improvement in either flux or selectivity, a process employing pervaporation for ethanol recovery from fermentation broths could be cost-effective. (C)2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP O'Brien, DJ (reprint author), USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 17 TC 99 Z9 105 U1 3 U2 45 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-7388 J9 J MEMBRANE SCI JI J. Membr. Sci. PD FEB 14 PY 2000 VL 166 IS 1 BP 105 EP 111 DI 10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00255-0 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 285FF UT WOS:000085378500011 ER PT J AU Nair, PP Davis, KE Shami, S Lagerholm, S AF Nair, PP Davis, KE Shami, S Lagerholm, S TI The induction of SOS function in Escherichia coli K-12/PQ37 by 4-nitroquinoline oxide (4-NQO) and fecapentaenes-12 and-14 is bile salt sensitive: implications for colon carcinogenesis SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE genotoxicity; DNA repair; colon cancer; bile salts ID COLORIMETRIC BACTERIAL ASSAY; MICROSOME MUTAGENICITY TEST; LITHOCHOLIC ACID; DNA-REPAIR; CHROMOTEST; CELLS; IDENTIFICATION; GENOTOXICITY; MUTAGENESIS AB The response of Escherichia coli to genotoxic agents involves the triggering of a complex system of genes known as the SOS response. In E. coli PQ37, a test organism used for the assessment of genotoxicity, lacZ, the beta-galactosidase gene is placed under the control of sfiA, one of the SOS genes through an operon fusion. The induction of beta-galactosidase activity, when the organism is exposed to genotoxic agents, is an indirect measure of the genotoxic activity of the test compound. Incubation of E. coli PQ37 with either 4-nitroquinoline oxide (4-NQO) or one of the fecal mutagens, fecapentaene-12 or -14 (F-12 or F-14) in the presence of sodium taurocholate or sodium deoxycholate resulted in a significant enhancement of induction of P-galactosidase activity. The molecular mechanisms of 4-NQO-induced mutagenesis in E. coli are similar to those of the effects of UV light in which both replication-dependent and repair-dependent pathways of mutagenesis exist. Since E. coli PQ37 is excision-repair-deficient, alternate pathways are involved in this system. Bile salts by themselves do not trigger the SOS response, and hence their role in enhancing the SOS-inducing potency of mutagens may involve the potentiation of the cleavage-inactivation of lexA (repressor of SOS) by the protein product of the SOS-controlled gene, recA. The potentiating effect of bile salts on the fecal mutagens, F-12 and F-14, has implications in their suspected role in colon carcinogenesis associated with high-fat, low-fiber diets. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Int Hlth, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Div Human Nutr, Ellicott City, MD 21042 USA. ARS, Nutr Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Nair, PP (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Int Hlth, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Div Human Nutr, 4520 Hemlock Cone Way, Ellicott City, MD 21042 USA. NR 36 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD FEB 14 PY 2000 VL 447 IS 2 BP 179 EP 185 DI 10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00205-5 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 293LD UT WOS:000085852400005 PM 10751601 ER PT J AU Kroczynska, B Coop, NE Miernyk, JA AF Kroczynska, B Coop, NE Miernyk, JA TI AtJ6, a unique J-domain protein from Arabidopsis thaliana SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cDNA; chaperone; exon; expression; gene; intron; nucleotide sequence ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI DNAJ; HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; MOLECULAR CHAPERONES; CELL-DIVISION; HOMOLOG; FAMILY; HSP70; ACTIN; YDJ1; FTSA AB An Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA encoding a protein, AtJ6, related to Escherichia coli DnaJ was sequenced. Translation of the AtJ6 nucleotide sequence yields a protein with an N-terminal J-domain, but which lacks the G/F, and C-rich domains characteristic of DnaJ. In addition to the J-domain, one region of the sequence has homology with the prokaryotic FtsA protein. The remainder of the AtJ6 sequence is not notably related to anything in the sequence databases. The AtJ6 sequence represents a unique member of the A. thaliana J-domain protein family. The results of Northern analysis revealed that the AtJ6 mRNA is expressed in all organs of A. thaliana; expression was high in leaves, flowers, and siliques, and low in roots. The results of Southern analysis are consistent with a single unique gene. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Biochem & Biophys, PL-02106 Warsaw, Poland. RP Miernyk, JA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD FEB 7 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 1 BP 19 EP 27 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00195-8 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 283PQ UT WOS:000085284300003 ER PT J AU Minckley, RL Cane, JH Kervin, L AF Minckley, RL Cane, JH Kervin, L TI Origins and ecological consequences of pollen specialization among desert bees SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE biogeography; foraging; insect-plant interactions; environmental variation ID ANDREAS FAULT SYSTEM; DISTRIBUTIONS; BIOGEOGRAPHY; HYMENOPTERA; PHENOLOGY; EVOLUTION; BEHAVIOR AB An understanding of the evolutionary origins of insect foraging specialization is often hindered by a poor biogeographical and palaeoecological record. The historical biogeography (20 000 years before present to the present) of the desert-limited plant, creosote bush (Larrea tridentata), is remarkably complete. This history coupled with the distribution pattern of its bee fauna suggests pollen specialization For creosote bush pollen has evolved repeatedly among bees in the Lower Sonoran and Mojave deserts. In these highly xeric, floristically depauperate environments, species of specialist bees surpass generalist bees in diversity, biomass and abundance. The ability of specialist bees to facultatively remain in diapause through resource-poor years and to emerge synchronously with host plant bloom in resource-rich years probably explains their ecological dominance and persistence in these areas. Repeated origins of pollen specialization to one host plant where bloom occurs least predictably is a counter-example to prevailing theories that postulate such traits originate where the plant grows best and blooms most reliably Host-plant synchronization, a paucity of alternative floral hosts, or flowering attributes of creosote bush alone or in concert may account for the diversity of bee specialists that depend on this plant instead of nutritional factors or chemical coevolution between floral rewards and the pollinators they have evolved to attract. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Entomol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Minckley, RL (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Biol, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM minckley@biology.utah.edu NR 40 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 13 U2 45 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD FEB 7 PY 2000 VL 267 IS 1440 BP 265 EP 271 PG 7 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 288GT UT WOS:000085554900008 PM 10714881 ER PT J AU Nouvellon, Y Rambal, S Lo Seen, D Moran, MS Lhomme, JP Begue, A Chehbouni, AG Kerr, Y AF Nouvellon, Y Rambal, S Lo Seen, D Moran, MS Lhomme, JP Begue, A Chehbouni, AG Kerr, Y TI Modelling of daily fluxes of water and carbon from shortgrass steppes SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE simulation model; water and carbon fluxes; shortgrass ecosystem; arid environment; SALSA program ID MULTISPECTRAL SATELLITE DATA; SAHELIAN GRASSLAND MODEL; SIMULATION-MODEL; PLANT-GROWTH; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; BIOMASS DYNAMICS; UNITED-STATES; LIMITED DATA; ENERGY; EFFICIENCIES AB A process-based model for semi-arid grassland ecosystems was developed. It is driven by standard daily meteorological data and simulates with a daily time step the seasonal course of root, aboveground green, and dead biomass. Water infiltration and redistribution in the soil, transpiration and evaporation are simulated in a coupled water budget submodel. The main plant processes are photosynthesis, allocation of assimilates between aboveground and belowground compartments, shoots and roots respiration and senescence, and litter fall. Structural parameters of the canopy such as fractional cover and LAI are also simulated. This model was validated in southwest Arizona on a semi-arid grassland site. In spite of simplifications inherent to the process-based modelling approach, this model is useful for elucidating interactions between the shortgrass ecosystem and environmental variables, for interpreting H2O exchange measurements, and for predicting the temporal variation of above- and belowground biomass and the ecosystem carbon budget. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 CIRAD, F-34093 Montpellier 5, France. CNRS, DREAM CEFE, UPR 9056, F-34293 Montpellier, France. USDA ARS, Phoenix, AZ USA. ORSTOM, CICTUS, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. ORSTOM, IMADES, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. CESBIO, CNES, Toulouse, France. RP Nouvellon, Y (reprint author), USDA, ARS, USWCL, SW Watershed Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RI Lo Seen, Danny/C-2679-2008; begue, agnes/A-5718-2011; Lhomme, Jean Paul /G-7236-2015; Nouvellon, Yann/C-9295-2016; OI Lo Seen, Danny/0000-0002-7773-2109; begue, agnes/0000-0002-9289-1052; Nouvellon, Yann/0000-0003-1920-3847; rambal, serge/0000-0001-5869-8382 NR 73 TC 41 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD FEB 5 PY 2000 VL 100 IS 2-3 BP 137 EP 153 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00140-9 PG 17 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 285PR UT WOS:000085397900004 ER PT J AU Klemcke, HG AF Klemcke, HG TI Dehydrogenase and oxoreductase activities of porcine placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase SO LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE 11 beta-HSD; cortisol; placental metabolism; swine; placental development ID MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; CORTISONE INTERCONVERSION; GLUCOCORTICOID EXPOSURE; ADULT HYPERTENSION; FETAL MEMBRANES; RAT PLACENTA; TYPE-2; EXPRESSION; DECIDUA; GROWTH AB Dehydrogenase (cortisol to cortisone) and oxoreductase (cortisone to cortisol) activities of porcine placental 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11 beta-HSD) were measured in tissue fragment cultures on day 75 of gestation. Dehydrogenase activity was over fivefold greater than oxoreductase activity (p < .001). There were positive linear associations (p < .01) between net dehydrogenase activity (dehydrogenase minus oxoreductase) and fetal weight, fetal length, and placental weight. These data indicate a predominance of placental 11 beta-HSD dehydrogenase activity at this gestational stage that would insure a net conversion of cortisol to cortisone as it traverses the placenta. The data further suggest that 11 beta-HSD activities may provide an optimal glucocorticoid environment that is supportive of enhanced fetal and placental growth. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Klemcke, HG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 43 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0024-3205 J9 LIFE SCI JI Life Sci. PD FEB 4 PY 2000 VL 66 IS 11 BP 1045 EP 1052 DI 10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00669-4 PG 8 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 282FR UT WOS:000085207800009 PM 10724451 ER PT J AU Wartelle, LH Marshall, WE AF Wartelle, LH Marshall, WE TI Citric acid modified agricultural by-products as copper ion adsorbents SO ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE adsorption; agricultural by-products; citric acid modification; copper ID EXCHANGE PROPERTIES; ACTIVATED CARBONS; METAL AB Agricultural by-products, base-extracted and reacted with citric acid (CA), were compared to demonstrate their ability to adsorb copper ions (Cu2+) from solution. Soybean hulls exhibited the highest copper ion uptake (1.44 mmol/g) of the 12 biomaterials tested. The by-products with the highest bulk densities (> 0.6 g/cm(3)), namely pecan, black walnut, and English walnut shells, showed the lowest copper ion uptake after citric acid modification. Those materials with a bulk density less than 0.6 cm(3)/g and a low lignin content had the best potential of becoming ion exchange resins using citric acid modification. There appeared to be a linear inverse relationship between total negative charge and lignin content. Chemical modification of these materials results in a low cost value-added product which can benefit industry. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Wartelle, LH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd,POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 13 TC 65 Z9 69 U1 3 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1093-0191 J9 ADV ENVIRON RES JI Adv. Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 4 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1016/S1093-0191(00)00002-2 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 383VZ UT WOS:000165906200001 ER PT J AU Wang, D Shannon, MC Grieve, CM Yates, SR AF Wang, D Shannon, MC Grieve, CM Yates, SR TI Soil water and temperature regimes in drip and sprinkler irrigation, and implications to soybean emergence SO AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE spatial temporal distribution; infiltration; drip; sprinkler; soybean ID HEAT; MOISTURE; STRESS AB Irrigation has long been used in agriculture as a primary means of water management. It is well known that water distributions in the soil differ depending on the methods of irrigation. However, it is less clear how soil thermal regimes would change over time and space when irrigation methods are different. A field study was conducted to investigate the interactive effect of soil water and temperature regimes in drip and sprinkler irrigation. The effect of different methods of irrigation on soil water and thermal environment was then used to interpret differences in soybean emergence and seedling growth under the two irrigation treatments. Time domain reflectometry wave-guides and thermocouples were installed in field plots to provide soil water content and temperature measurements. Soybean seeds were planted to assess the emergence and seedling development. Consistent with infiltration theory, soil water contents were higher directly under the drip tapes in drip irrigation, but were relatively more uniform across the whole soil surface in sprinkler irrigation. Although five times more water was used in the sprinkler than in the drip plot, the soil water content at the seed zone was similar. Soil temperature was significantly higher in the drip than in the sprinkler plot, which led to a higher emergence rate and enhanced seedling growth. Drip irrigation not only conserved water but also maintained the soil profile at a higher temperature more favorable for plant emergence and seedling development. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Wang, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3774 J9 AGR WATER MANAGE JI Agric. Water Manage. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 43 IS 1 BP 15 EP 28 DI 10.1016/S0378-3774(99)00057-8 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 271YX UT WOS:000084624100002 ER PT J AU Stout, WL Fales, SL Muller, LD Schnabel, RR Weaver, SR AF Stout, WL Fales, SL Muller, LD Schnabel, RR Weaver, SR TI Water quality implications of nitrate leaching from intensively grazed pasture swards in the northeast US SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; grazing; orchardgrass; ryegrass; water quality; white clover ID URINE AB High density animal production systems, such as management intensive grazing (MIG), can have a negative effect on water quality. Learning to manage such systems to minimize water quality impacts is essential for the environmental and economic sustainability of these types of animal production systems. Management intensive grazing is a grazing system in which animals at a high stocking density are rotated through several paddocks at short time intervals (12-24 h) so that animal performance is maximized. Although MIG has the potential to increase dairy farm profitability in the northeast US, recent work in this region has shown that a substantial amount of N applied as fertilizer is leached below the root zone of orchardgrass (Dactyls glomerata L., (cv.) 'Pennlate') managed as an intensive pasture. How much N is leached from other forage species managed as intensive pasture under the climatic conditions of the northeast US is not known. A field study was conducted using large drainage lysimeters to measure NO3-N leaching loss from six pasture swards: orchardgrass + N, orchardgrass + alfalfa (Medicago sativa L., (cv.) Alfagraze), orchardgrass + Ladino type white clover (Trifolium repens L.), Ryegrass (Lolium perrene L, (cv.) Citadel) + N, ryegrass + alfalfa, and ryegrass + white clover. The study site was located in central Pennsylvania on a Hagerstown silt loam soil (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf). Nitrate-N leaching losses were most consistent under N fertilized swards where the amount of N could be adjusted for yearly weather conditions. In a drought year, NO3-N leaching increased dramatically in swards containing alfalfa or white clover. Sward type and stocking density need to be taken into consideration when developing an animal production system that will be both environmentally and economically sustainable. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Agron, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Dairy & Anim Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Stout, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 23 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 77 IS 3 BP 203 EP 210 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00084-5 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 274RZ UT WOS:000084780000003 ER PT J AU Evans, J Degrandi-Hoffman, G Wheeler, D AF Evans, J Degrandi-Hoffman, G Wheeler, D TI Honey bee queen production: Tight genes or too much food? SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Evans, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, Bldg 476 BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Evans, Jay/C-8408-2012 OI Evans, Jay/0000-0002-0036-4651 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 140 IS 2 BP 136 EP 137 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 280NN UT WOS:000085109000014 ER PT J AU Pettis, JS Shimanuki, H AF Pettis, JS Shimanuki, H TI Observations on the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida Murray, in the United States SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The small hive beetle, Aethina tumida Murray, was recently identified in the United States and was previously known only from sub-saharan Africa where it is considered a minor pest, The distribution(1) and severity of this pest in bee hives in North America is unknown. To begin to understand the biology of the beetle we examined the distribution of beetle life stages in soil, the prevalence of different lifestages during winter and the longevity of adult beetles held without food and water, Beetle larvae, pupae and newly eclosed adults were found from 1-20 cm deep in sandy soil in south central Florida with nearly 80% in the first 10 cm of soil surface. Eighty-three percent of all beetle life stages were collected within 30cm of the hive entrance, 17% at 90 cm and no beetles were found at 180cm, In February 1999 surveys of South Carolina and Georgia, only adult beetles were found within hives and no life stages were found in the soil. In contrast, in Florida larvae, pupae and adults were found in February, The adult beetle is proposed as the overwintering stage. Some adult beetles survived for five days without food or water and thus can survive long enough to be easily transported to new areas. These observations provide a starting point for future studies on the biology and control of small hive beetles in North America. C1 USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pettis, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, Bldg 476 BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 5 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 140 IS 2 BP 152 EP 155 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 280NN UT WOS:000085109000021 ER PT J AU Prestemon, JP Holmes, TP AF Prestemon, JP Holmes, TP TI Timber price dynamics following a natural catastrophe SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE cointegration; disasters; efficiency; Hurricane Hugo; intervention analysis; resource stocks ID EFFICIENT CAPITAL-MARKETS; INFORMATIONAL EFFICIENCY; COINTEGRATION ANALYSIS; LONG-RUN; STUMPAGE; INTEGRATION; EQUILIBRIUM; ARBITRAGE; LUMBER; FOREST AB Catastrophic shocks to existing stocks of a renewable resource can cause long-run price shifts. With timber, these long-run price shifts may be accompanied by a short-run price drop due to salvage. Hurricane Hugo damaged 20% of southern pine timber in the South Carolina Coastal Plain in 1989. To estimate the short- and long-run effects of the hurricane on the prices of timber stocks, we estimated an intervention model of the residuals of cointegration of South Carolina sawtimber and pulpwood stumpage prices with prices of similar products from other regions. Modeling revealed a 30% negative price spike due to salvage and a long-run enhancement effect, leading to prices that are 10% to 30% higher than they would have been had Hugo not occurred. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Prestemon, JP (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 40 TC 43 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 82 IS 1 BP 145 EP 160 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00012 PG 16 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 292DZ UT WOS:000085780000012 ER PT J AU Wilde, PE Ranney, CK AF Wilde, PE Ranney, CK TI The monthly food stamp cycle: Shopping frequency and food intake decisions in an endogenous switching regression framework SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE food intake; food stamps; shopping frequency; switching regression ID ECONOMIC-MODEL AB Mean food spending by food stamp households peaks sharply in the first three days after benefits are received. For those who conduct major grocery shopping trips only once per month (42% of all food stamp households), mean food energy intake drops significantly by the fourth week of the month. For the remaining households, intake remains steady over the course of the month, These patterns motivate an empirical model that simultaneously accounts for the shopping frequency and food intake decisions over time. Results have implications for policies that may affect the frequency of grocery shopping by food stamp households. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Agr Resource & Managerial Econ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Grad Sch, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Wilde, PE (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RI Wilde, Parke/B-6011-2009 OI Wilde, Parke/0000-0002-9596-9230 NR 25 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 82 IS 1 BP 200 EP 213 DI 10.1111/0002-9092.00016 PG 14 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 292DZ UT WOS:000085780000016 ER PT J AU Terry, RG Nowak, RS Tausch, RJ AF Terry, RG Nowak, RS Tausch, RJ TI Genetic variation in chloroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA in Utah Juniper (Juniperus osteosperma, Cupressaceae): Evidence for interspecific gene flow SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE chloroplast DNA; Cupressaceae; hybridization; Juniperus occidentalis (subsp australis and subsp; occidentalis); Juniperus osteosperma; nuclear ribosomal DNA; restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) ID GREAT-BASIN; POPULATIONS; INTROGRESSION; POLYMORPHISMS; VEGETATION; DIVERSITY; EVOLUTION; DYNAMICS; PLANT; PINES AB Geographic patterns of generic variation in chlorolast (cpDNA) and nuclear ribosomal (nrDNA) DNA were examined to test the hypothesis of hybridization between Juniperus osteosperma and Juniperus occidentalis in the Great Basin of western Nevada. Noncoding DNA from the trnL-trnF intergenic spacer and the trnL. intron of the chloroplast genome was sequenced from seven populations of J. osteosperma and four populations of J. occidentalis sampled over a large proportion of their respective ranges. An adenine nucleotide at position 436 in the aligned sequence and within a Tru 91 restriction site was found to be present in individuals of J. osteosperma sampled from western Colorado and central Utah, but absent in sequences of J. osteosperma sampled from central and western Nevada and all sequences of J, occidentalis. Two hundred fourteen individuals fi om 34 populations of J. osteosperma and J, occidentalis were then screened for cpDNA haplotype by Tru 91 digestion of the trnL-trnF polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product. Two cpDNA haplotypes were evident, each consisting of restriction fragment profiles that differed solely with respect to the presence or absence of the Tru 91 site encompassing the adenine nucleotide at position 436. One of these haplotypes was monomorphic in J. occidentalis and exhibited a decreasing frequency in J. osteosperma with increasing geographic distance from J. occidentalis in west-central Nevada. Geographic patterns in nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) variation were examined by restriction fragment analysis and, although spatially more restricted, exhibited patterns of clinal variation similar to those observed in cpDNA haplotype. Genetic relationships based on DNA sequences and geographic patterns of genetic variation in choroplast and nuclear ribosomal DNA are consistent with morphology in suggesting interspecific gene flow between J. occidentalis and J. osteosperma. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resource Sci 370, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Intermt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Terry, RG (reprint author), Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 35 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 10 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 87 IS 2 BP 250 EP 258 DI 10.2307/2656913 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 285NM UT WOS:000085395200013 PM 10675313 ER PT J AU Tucker, KL Rich, S Rosenberg, I Jacques, P Dallal, G Wilson, PWF Selhub, J AF Tucker, KL Rich, S Rosenberg, I Jacques, P Dallal, G Wilson, PWF Selhub, J TI Plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations relate to intake source in the Framingham Offspring Study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE vitamin B-12; cobalamin; vitamin supplements; breakfast cereal; dairy products; Framingham Offspring Study; elderly ID FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; SERUM COBALAMIN LEVELS; ELDERLY PEOPLE; DEFICIENCY; ANEMIA; REPRODUCIBILITY; MACROCYTOSIS; POPULATION; ABSORPTION; VALIDITY C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA USA. RP Tucker, KL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01AR41398] NR 25 TC 96 Z9 99 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 71 IS 2 BP 514 EP 522 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 276YX UT WOS:000084906900018 PM 10648266 ER PT J AU Lowe, NM Woodhouse, LR Matel, JS King, JC AF Lowe, NM Woodhouse, LR Matel, JS King, JC TI Comparison of estimates of zinc absorption in humans by using 4 stable isotopic tracer methods and compartmental analysis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE zinc; stable isotopes; zinc absorption; compartmental modeling; stable isotopic tracer methods; mass balance; fecal monitoring; deconvolution analysis; double isotopic tracer ratio; women ID FRACTIONAL ABSORPTION; METABOLISM; MEAL; MEN AB Background: Adjustment of gastrointestinal absorption is the primary means of maintaining zinc homeostasis; however, a precise, accurate method for measuring zinc absorption in humans has not been identified. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the estimates of the fraction of dietary zinc absorbed (FZA) by using 4 stable isotopic tracer methods: mass balance (MB) corrected for endogenous secretion, fecal monitoring (FM), deconvolution analysis (DA), and the double isotopic tracer ratio (DITR) method. Design: All 4 methods were applied to a single data set for each of 6 women, FZA was also determined for each subject by using a detailed compartmental model of zinc metabolism and that value was used as the reference with which the simpler methods were compared. Results: The estimates of FZA ((x)over bar +/- SD) determined by DA (0.27 +/- 0.08) and the DITR technique in plasma (0.30 +/- 0.10), 24-h urine samples (0.29 +/- 0.09), and spot urine samples (0.291 +/- 0.089) all compared well with the FZA reference value from the compartmental model (0.30 +/- 0.10), The MB and FM methods tended to overestimate FZA compared with the reference value. Conclusions: The determination of FZA by MB or FM is laborious, is sensitive to subject compliance, and may result in an overestimate, DA, although relatively accurate, has the disadvantage of requiring multiple blood drawings over several days. In contrast, the DITR technique applied to a spot urine specimen obtained greater than or equal to 3 d after tracer administration provides an accurate measure of FZA and is easy to implement; therefore, it is the recommended method for determination of FZA. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nutr Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP King, JC (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM jking@whnrc.usda.gov RI Lowe, Nicola/B-5472-2013 OI Lowe, Nicola/0000-0002-6934-2768 NR 21 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 71 IS 2 BP 523 EP 529 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 276YX UT WOS:000084906900019 PM 10648267 ER PT J AU Lykkesfeldt, J Christen, S Wallock, LM Chang, HH Jacob, RA Ames, BN AF Lykkesfeldt, J Christen, S Wallock, LM Chang, HH Jacob, RA Ames, BN TI Ascorbate is depleted by smoking and repleted by moderate supplementation: a study in male smokers and nonsmokers with matched dietary antioxidant intakes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE ascorbic acid; alpha-tocopherol; gamma-tocopherol; beta-carotene; lycopene; folic acid; smoking; plasma antioxidants; population study; dietary supplementation; poor diet; San Francisco Bay area ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL LEVELS; VITAMIN-E; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; VEGETABLE CONSUMPTION; DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID; OXIDATIVE STRESS; BETA-CAROTENE AB Background: Lack of reliable dietary data has hampered the ability to effectively distinguish between effects of smoking and diet on plasma antioxidant status. As confirmed by analyses of comprehensive food-frequency questionnaires, the total dietary intakes of fruit and vegetables and of dietary antioxidants were not significantly different between the study groups in the present study, thereby enabling isolation of the effect of smoking. Objective: Our objective was to investigate the effect of smoking on plasma antioxidant status by measuring ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, beta-carotene, and lycopene, and subsequently, to test the effect of a 3-mo dietary supplementation with a moderate-dose vitamin cocktail. Design: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, the effect of a vitamin cocktail containing 272 mg vitamin C, 31 mg all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, and 400 mu g folic acid on plasma antioxidants was determined in a population of smokers (n = 37) and nonsmokers (n = 38). The population was selected for a low intake of fruit and vegetables and recruited from the San Francisco Bay area, Results: Only ascorbic acid was significantly depleted by smoking per se (P < 0.01). After the 3-mo supplementation period, ascorbic acid was efficiently repleted in smokers (P < 0.001), Plasma alpha-tocopherol and the ratio of alpha- to gamma-tocopherol increased significantly in both supplemented groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our data suggest that previous reports of lower concentrations of plasma vitamin E and carotenoids in smokers than in nonsmokers may primarily have been caused by differences in dietary habits between study groups. Plasma ascorbic acid was depleted by smoking and repleted by moderate supplementation. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA USA. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Pharmacol & Pathobiol, Copenhagen, Denmark. Univ Bern, Inst Med Microbiol Infect Dis, Bern, Switzerland. RP Ames, BN (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, 401 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Lykkesfeldt, Jens/A-1072-2011; Christen, Stephan/B-8602-2009 OI Lykkesfeldt, Jens/0000-0002-6514-8407; FU NCI NIH HHS [CA39910]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ESO1896] NR 55 TC 130 Z9 135 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 71 IS 2 BP 530 EP 536 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 276YX UT WOS:000084906900020 PM 10648268 ER PT J AU Higgins, JA Hubalek, Z Halouzka, J Elkins, KL Sjostedt, A Shipley, M Ibrahim, MS AF Higgins, JA Hubalek, Z Halouzka, J Elkins, KL Sjostedt, A Shipley, M Ibrahim, MS TI Detection of Francisella tularensis in infected mammals and vectors using a probe-based polymerase chain reaction SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID FORMERLY YERSINIA-PHILOMIRAGIA; FLUOROGENIC PROBE; MEMBRANE-PROTEIN; PCR; DNA; TICKS; ASSAY; TULAREMIA; TAQMAN; IDENTIFICATION AB We investigated the use of a TaqMan 5' nuclease assay (5NA) directed against the Francisella tularensis outer membrane protein (Fop) gene and a polymerase chain reaction-enzyme immunoassay (PCR-EIA) directed against the tul 4 gene for detection of this organism in experimentally infected mice and in field-collected tick vectors. We also evaluated the use of specially formulated filter paper (FTA(TM)) for rapid sample preparation. The 5NA had a detection limit of 1 pg of genomic DNA (< 100 colony-forming units) and could be completed within several hours. The PCR-EIA could detect 1 pg of genomic DNA and 10 attograms (ag) (22 copies) of cloned insert, but takes longer to perform. Both assays were genus-specific, and successfully detected F. tularensis in mouse tissues (5NA) and in tick extracts (PCR-EIA). The FTA paper provided inexpensive, rapid, template preparation for the tick extracts, mouse tissues, and DNA obtained from clinical specimens. These probe-based assays have the potential to provide rapid, real-time/high-throughput molecular diagnostics in field situations. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Vertebrate Biol, Lab Med Zool, CZ-69142 Valtice, Czech Republic. US FDA, Div Bacterial Prod, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Umea Univ, Dept Clin Microbiol, Div Clin Bacteriol, Umea, Sweden. Def Res Estab, Umea, Sweden. GEO CENTERS Inc, Frederick, MD USA. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Diagnost Syst Div, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. RP Higgins, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Room 202,Bldg 1040,10400 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Hubalek, Zdenek/G-1111-2014 OI Hubalek, Zdenek/0000-0003-4732-0987 NR 31 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 62 IS 2 BP 310 EP 318 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 311BN UT WOS:000086864800024 PM 10813490 ER PT J AU Grimm, CC Lloyd, SW Zimba, PV Palmer, M AF Grimm, CC Lloyd, SW Zimba, PV Palmer, M TI Microwave distillation-solid-phase microextraction gas chromatographic analysis of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in catfish SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Article ID WATER AB The solid-phase microextraction method with microwave distillation augments direct headspace and purge-and-trap sample preparation techniques for rapid qualitative analysis. Applications have been successfully developed for the headspace analysis of foods, soil, and water. C1 ARS, USDA, SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Grimm, CC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SRRC, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RI Zimba, Paul/O-2778-2013 NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT SCIENTIFIC COMMUN INC PI SHELTON PA PO BOX 870, 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484-0870 USA SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 32 IS 3 BP 40 EP + PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 286UR UT WOS:000085467700003 ER PT J AU Kluza, DA Griffin, CR DeGraaf, RM AF Kluza, DA Griffin, CR DeGraaf, RM TI Housing developments in rural New England: effects on forest birds SO ANIMAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID MIGRATORY BIRDS; NEST PREDATION; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; FRAGMENTATION; COMMUNITIES; EDGE; SUCCESS; VEGETATION; ABUNDANCE; CORRIDORS AB In rural New England, forest fragmentation is caused by housing developments in forested areas. To evaluate the effects of these changes on forest birds, we compared bird assemblages between forests with different housing densities in western Massachusetts. Species occurrences and relative abundances were determined from systematic point count surveys and mist-netting at three plots in forest of low housing density (0-0.05 houses/ha) and of moderate housing density (0.60-6.70 houses/ha) in 1993 and 1994. Among guilds, Neotropical migrants and forest-interior species had significantly lower abundances in forests of moderate housing density. Abundances of ground/shrub nesting birds as a group, and of individual species such as veery (Catharus fuscescens), ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus) and wood thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), were greater in forest of low housing density, but blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) were more abundant in forest of moderate housing density. Although the abundances of ground/shrub nesting birds were positively related to ground cover, this vegetation structure did not differ between forest types. Avian and mammalian nest predators may be responsible for the trends in bird abundance. Avian nest predators may recognize forest of moderate housing density as edge habitat, and this rural development may also support relatively high densities of mammalian nest predators. These trends suggest that birds of New England's relatively extensive forests may be subject to greater fragmentation effects than generally thought, as a result of increasing rural housing development within forests. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Forestry & Wildlife Management, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Kluza, DA (reprint author), Univ Kansas, Nat Hist Museum, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. NR 49 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 29 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 1367-9430 J9 ANIM CONSERV JI Anim. Conserv. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 3 BP 15 EP 26 DI 10.1017/S1367943000000706 PN 1 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 344KE UT WOS:000088757100003 ER PT J AU Li, MD Rohrer, GA Wise, TH Ford, JJ AF Li, MD Rohrer, GA Wise, TH Ford, JJ TI Identification and characterization of a new allele for the beta subunit of follicle-stimulating hormone in Chinese pig breeds SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE follicle-stimulating hormone beta; breed variation; swine ID RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; PORCINE GENOME; EXPRESSION; BOARS AB During evaluation of follicle-stimulating hormone-beta (FSHB) expression in anterior pituitary glands by an RNase protection assay (RPA), the expected fragment of 205 nucleotides at positions 759-963 was not detected in one boar that had moderate plasma and pituitary FSH concentrations. After subcloning and sequencing, mRNA from this boar lacked an Il-bp fragment (5'-CATTTGGAAAC-3') at nucleotide positions 807-817 of the S'-untranslated region (3'-UTR, D allele). Wild-type FSHB (WT allele) was present in pituitary RNA and genomic DNA in both Meishan (MS) and White Composite (WC) pigs; whereas the D allele was present only in MS pigs (P < 0.01; 5/6 MS vs. 0/6 WC). Also, we found the D allele in five other Chinese breeds but absent in ten American Landrace, 11 Yorkshire and 17 Berkshire pigs. Additionally, the D allele had one silent nucleotide change in the coding region plus six, single nucleotide changes in the 3'-UTR. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Tennessee, Ctr Hlth Sci, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Memphis, TN 38163 USA. RP Ford, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 BP 28 EP 30 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2000.00581.x PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 285BL UT WOS:000085368300005 PM 10690358 ER PT J AU Fahrenkrug, SC Campbell, EM Vallet, JL Rohrer, GA AF Fahrenkrug, SC Campbell, EM Vallet, JL Rohrer, GA TI Physical assignment of the porcine erythropoietin receptor gene to SSC2 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID CHROMOSOME-9; UTEROFERRIN; PROTEIN; IRON; ACP5; MAP C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Fahrenkrug, SC (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 BP 69 EP 70 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2000.579-2.x PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 285BL UT WOS:000085368300013 PM 10690366 ER PT J AU Grosse, WM Kossarek, LM Kappes, SM McGraw, RA AF Grosse, WM Kossarek, LM Kappes, SM McGraw, RA TI Two bovine dinucleotide repeat polymorphisms: RM084 and RM171 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP McGraw, RA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 31 IS 1 BP 73 EP 73 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2000.579-7.x PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 285BL UT WOS:000085368300018 PM 10690371 ER PT J AU Brousseau, ME Kauffman, RD Herderick, EE Demosky, SJ Evans, W Marcovina, S Santamarina-Fojo, S Brewer, HB Hoeg, JM AF Brousseau, ME Kauffman, RD Herderick, EE Demosky, SJ Evans, W Marcovina, S Santamarina-Fojo, S Brewer, HB Hoeg, JM TI LCAT modulates atherogenic plasma lipoproteins and the extent of atherosclerosis only in the presence of normal LDL receptors in transgenic rabbits SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE familial hypercholesterolemia; metabolism; gene therapy; WHHL rabbits; low density lipoproteins ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; LECITHIN-CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN; FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; APOLIPOPROTEIN-E; BLOOD-PLASMA; WHHL RABBIT; METABOLISM; GENE AB Elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations are independent risk factors for coronary heart disease. We have previously demonstrated that overexpression of an enzyme with a well established role in HDL metabolism, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), in New Zealand White rabbits not only raises HDL-C concentrations but reduces those of LDL-C as well, ultimately preventing diet-induced atherosclerosis. In the present study, the human LCAT gene (hLCAT) was introduced into LDL receptor (LDLr)-deficient (Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic) rabbits to (1) investigate the role of the LDLr pathway in the hLCAT-mediated reductions of LDL-C and (2) determine the influence of hLCAT overexpression on atherosclerosis susceptibility in an animal model of familial hypercholesterolemia. Heterozygosity or homozygosity for the LDLr defect was determined by polymerase chain reaction, and 3 groups of hLCAT-transgenic (hLCAT+) rabbits that differed in LDLr status were established: (1) LDLr wild-type (LDLr+/+), (2) LDLr heterozygotes (LDLr+/-), and (3) LDLr homozygotes (LDLr-/--). Data for hLCAT+ rabbits were compared with those of nontransgenic (hLCAT-) rabbits of the same LDLr status. Plasma HDL-C concentrations were significantly elevated in the hLCAT+ animals of each LDLr status. However, LDL-C levels were significantly reduced only in hLCAT+/LDLr+/+ and hLCAT+/LDLr+/- rabbits but not in hLCAT+/LDLr-/- rabbits (405+/-14 versus 392+/-31 mg/dL), Metabolic studies revealed that the fractional catabolic rate (FCR, d(-1)) of LDL apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 was increased in hLCAT+/LDLr+/+ (26+/-4 versus 5+/-0) and hLCAT+/LDLr+/- (4+/-1 versus 1+/-0) rabbits, whereas the FCR of LDL apoB-100 in both groups of LDLr-/-- rabbits was nearly identical (0.16+/-0.02 versus 0.15+/-0.02). Consistently, neither aortic lipid concentrations nor the extent of aortic atherosclerosis was significantly different between hLCAT+/LDLr-/- and hLCAT-/LDLr-/- rabbits. Significant correlations were observed between the percent of aortic atherosclerosis and both LDL-C (r=0.985) and LDL apoB-100 FCR (-0.745), as well as between LDL-C and LDL apoB-100 FCR (-0.866). These data are the first to establish that LCAT modulates LDL metabolism via the LDLr pathway, ultimately influencing atherosclerosis susceptibility. Moreover, LCAT's antiatherogenic effect requires only a single functional LDLr allele, identifying LCAT as an attractive gene therapy candidate for the majority of dyslipoproteinemic patients. C1 NHLBI, Mol Dis Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ctr Biomed Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Med, NW Lipid Res Labs, Seattle, WA USA. RP Brousseau, ME (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, JM,Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 35 TC 34 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 450 EP 458 PG 9 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 281UM UT WOS:000085179200024 PM 10669643 ER PT J AU Couture, P Otvos, JD Cupples, LA Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Couture, P Otvos, JD Cupples, LA Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI Absence of association between genetic variation in the promoter of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene and plasma lipoproteins in the Framingham Offspring Study SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; LDL-cholesterol; lipoprotein subfractions ID B-CONTAINING LIPOPROTEINS; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; APOLIPOPROTEIN-B; HEART-DISEASE; HEPG2 CELLS; MTP GENE; ABETALIPOPROTEINEMIA; CHOLESTEROL; EXPRESSION; SECRETION AB Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) is a lipid transfer protein that is required for the assembly and secretion of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) by the liver and chylomicrons by the intestine. The common G-493T polymorphism of the MTP promoter has been shown to be associated with decreased plasma LDL-cholesterol and ApoB content of VLDL. The purpose of the present study was, therefore, to investigate the association of this mutation with variations in lipid and apoprotein levels, lipoprotein subclass profiles and coronary heart diasease (CHD) risk in a population-based sample of 1226 male and 1284 female Framingham Offspring participants. In men and women, no significant association was found between the G-493T MTP polymorphism and variations of plasma levels of total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, apoprotein B, HDL-cholesterol, apoprotein AI and triglycerides. In order to further investigate potential relationships with variations of lipoprotein phenotypes, lipoprotein subclass profiles were measured using automated nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Each NMR profile yielded information on lipid mass of VLDL, LDL, and HDL subclasses. In both genders, there was no significant association between the G-493T polymorphism and variability of lipoprotein subclass distributions or lipoprotein particle size. Furthermore, no significant association was found between the polymorphism of the MTP promoter and prevalence or the age of onset of CHD. Thus, our results suggest that the G-493T mutation in the MTP promoter is unlikely to have significant implications for cardiovascular disease in men and women. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biochem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, NHLBI, Framingham, MA 01701 USA. NHLBI, Framington Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701 USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL35243, HL54776]; PHS HHS [N01-38038] NR 37 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD FEB PY 2000 VL 148 IS 2 BP 337 EP 343 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00281-6 PG 7 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 289DR UT WOS:000085605700015 PM 10657570 ER PT J AU Sivinski, J Jeronimo, F Holler, T AF Sivinski, J Jeronimo, F Holler, T TI Development of aerial releases of Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Cameron) (Hymenoptera : Braconidae), a parasitoid that attacks the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann) (Diptera : Tephritidae), in the Guatemalan highlands SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control; augmentative biological control; fruit fly; mass rearing ID LONGICAUDATA ASHMEAD HYMENOPTERA; ANASTREPHA-SUSPENSA; SUPPRESSION; POPULATION; PUPAL AB A braconid parasitoid, Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Cameron), was released from the air into Guatemalan coffee plantations that contained Mediterranean fruit fries, Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann). Parasitoid adults were chilled placed in paper bags, and dropped from an altitude of 100 m and at an airspeed of similar to 130 km/h. Releases M ere made at four different densities over a period of two years. At the higher release rates parasitism levels reached as high as 84%. The feasibility of using a more technically sophisticated aerial release technique, the auger sterile-insect release machine utilized in C. capitata sterile-fly aerial eradication projects in California and Florida, was also examined. Chilled D. tryoni either alone or in combination with chilled, sterile C. capitata, were dropped over target areas and the released parasitoids examined for mortality and damage. Samples of released parasitoids were taken and tested for 'flight ability'; i.e. flight response after an opportunity to recover from chilling. There was no evidence of significant mortality due to aerial release, and the flight-ability of insects released at various rates and altitudes did not significantly differ from chilled controls that were not released from an airplane. C1 USDA ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, HPPC, Guatemala City, Guatemala. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, HPPC,DPI, Gainesville, FL 32602 USA. RP Sivinski, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, CMAVE, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 10 IS 1 BP 15 EP 25 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 309GW UT WOS:000086761000002 ER PT J AU Mulock, B Chandler, L AF Mulock, B Chandler, L TI Field-cage studies of Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycetes : Moniliaceae) for the suppression of adult western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; western corn rootworm; Beauveria bassiana; entomopathogenic fungus; microbial control ID BALSAMO VUILLEMIN; LEPIDOPTERA; POPULATIONS; TEMPERATURE; PYRALIDAE; FUNGI AB The efficacy of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, was tested as a control agent for adult western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, in walk-in field cages. Suspensions of B. bassiana conidia were applied to corn plants in cages into which laboratory-reared beetles hall been released. Beetles were collected at 3 and 5 days post-application and evaluated in the laboratory for mortality. Mortality was 10, 29 and 50%, at rate equivalents of 7 x 10(12), 2 x 10(13) (two applications), and 5 x 10(13) conidial ha, respectively. There was no significant difference in mortality of beetles collected at 3 days compared with 5 clays post-application. Mortality due to B. bassiana was 24% when beetles were released into field cages 24 h post-application (5 x 10(13) conidia/ha) compared with 50% when beetles were present during the application. Beetle mortality declined significantly with increasing time from application in feeding assays carried out with leaf samples removed from plants at 0, 12, 24 and 72 h post-application. Mortality of beetles collected from treated plants within cages and maintained in the laboratory was found to overestimate the population decline by approximate to 10% when compared with beetle estimated from treated plants within field cages. C1 USDA ARS, No Grains Insect Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Mulock, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grains Insect Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 10 IS 1 BP 51 EP 60 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 309GW UT WOS:000086761000006 ER PT J AU Williams, CE Mosbacher, EV Moriarity, WJ AF Williams, CE Mosbacher, EV Moriarity, WJ TI Use of turtlehead (Chelone glabra L.) and other herbaceous plants to assess intensity of white-tailed deer browsing on Allegheny Plateau riparian forests, USA SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Riparian forest; browsing; white-tailed deer; plant indicator species; Allegheny Plateau; USA ID ALTERNATE STABLE STATES; NORTHERN WISCONSIN; HEARTS-CONTENT; PENNSYLVANIA; COMMUNITIES; VEGETATION AB One of the key factors affecting the integrity of forest ecosystems in portions of the eastern United States is heavy browsing by overabundant populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman). Deer impacts to upland forests of the Allegheny Plateau in northwestern PA, USA, have been especially intense: high levels of deer browsing over the past 60 years have strongly influenced forest pattern and process. Riparian forests of the region are rich in herbaceous plant species, but virtually nothing is known about how deer browsing may influence the structure and function of these systems. Moreover, reliable techniques for assessing and monitoring deer impacts on riparian forests are lacking. The goal of this study was to determine whether the common riparian herbaceous plant turtlehead, Chelone glabra L., is a useful indicator species with which to assess and monitor the intensity of deer browsing in the herbaceous layer of Allegheny Plateau riparian forests. The percentage of C. glabra stems browsed by deer was significantly correlated with intensity of browsing on the herbaceous community during one sample period, but stem height, an attribute used widely in other studies of browse indicator species, was poorly correlated with intensity of browsing. Three other herbaceous plant species, Aster divaricatus L., A. prenanthoides Muhl. and Impatiens capensis Meerb., were preferentially browsed by deer and show promise for use as indicators of browsing intensity in riparian forests. Variability in deer browsing intensity on C. glabra across sites and sample periods suggests that use of an assemblage of herbaceous browse indicator species is preferable to sole reliance on C. glabra for assessing and monitoring browsing impact. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Clarion Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Clarion, PA 16214 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Allegheny Natl Forest, Warren, PA 16365 USA. RP Williams, CE (reprint author), Clarion Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Clarion, PA 16214 USA. NR 52 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 92 IS 2 BP 207 EP 215 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00054-3 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 276DC UT WOS:000084859500007 ER PT J AU Horn, BW Greene, RL Dorner, JW AF Horn, BW Greene, RL Dorner, JW TI Inhibition of aflatoxin B-1 production by Aspergillus parasiticus using nonaflatoxigenic strains: Role of vegetative compatibility SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin; Aspergillus parasiticus; biological control; intraspecific competition; vegetative compatibility ID ATOXIGENIC STRAIN; FLAVUS GROUP; FIELD; POPULATIONS; COMPETITION; PEANUTS; TAMARII; WILD; CORN AB The effect of vegetative compatibility on the inhibition of aflatoxin El production by Aspergillus parasiticus was examined using nonaflatoxigenic strains. Nonaflatoxigenic white-conidial mutants were paired in different proportions on an agar medium with aflatoxigenic yellow-conidial mutants belonging to the same isolate, to the same vegetative compatibility group but with the original wild types differing,in phenotype, and to different vegetative compatibility groups. Heterokaryosis as a result of hyphal anastomosis was detected by the presence of conidiogenous structures with a mixture of green and parental (white and/or yellow) chains of conidia. Sclerotium production (number and dry weight) was significantly greater in pairings of compatible strains that formed heterokaryons than in pairings of strains from different vegetative compatibility groups. In contrast, there were no consistent differences in aflatoxin B-1 inhibition by nonaflatoxigenic strains in pairings from the same vegetative compatibility group and pairings from different groups. Therefore, the composition of vegetative compatibility groups within a population may be of minor importance in predicting the efficacy of a particular nonaflatoxigenic strain for the biological control of aflatoxin contamination of crops. C1 ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, USDA, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. RP Horn, BW (reprint author), ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, USDA, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. NR 32 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD FEB PY 2000 VL 17 IS 2 BP 147 EP 154 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0798 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 283DM UT WOS:000085260900005 ER PT J AU Story, JM Good, WR White, LJ Smith, L AF Story, JM Good, WR White, LJ Smith, L TI Effects of the interaction of the biocontrol agent Agapeta zoegana L. (Lepidoptera : Cochylidae) and grass competition on spotted knapweed SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Agapeta zoegana; biological control; weed; rangeland; grass competition; spotted knapweed; Centaurea maculosa ID CENTAUREA-MACULOSA; DIFFUSE KNAPWEED; ROOT HERBIVORY; GROWTH; SOIL; COMPOSITAE; LAM AB Agapeta zoegana is a Eurasian root-mining moth introduced for biological control of spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa, in North America. A study was conducted during 1992 through 1994 to assess the establishment of the moth and to make a preliminary assessment of the combined effects of the moth and grass competition on spotted knapweed plant structure and density at two nearby sites in western Montana. The moth was well established at a release site in 1992 where it had been previously released, and it became comparably well established at a check site, 140 m away, by 1994. Knapweed plants at the A. zoegana release site had less above-ground biomass (43%), fewer stems per plant (29%), and fewer capitula per plant (43%) and were shorter (18%) than knapweed plants at the check site, which may represent impact of the moth on the plant. However, a comparison of infested versus uninfested knapweed plants throughout both sites showed that infested plants had more stems (15%), more capitula (40%), and more aboveground biomass (112%), were taller (7%), had thicker roots (92%), and were older (22%) than uninfested plants, suggesting that the moth preferentially attacked older, larger knapweed plants. Numbers of A. zoegana larvae per root were positively correlated with root diameter. Incidence of attack by A. zoegana was significantly greater in bolted knapweed plants than in rosettes, but larvae showed no preference for bolted plants over rosettes when root diameters were similar. A. zoegana had no effect on knapweed rosette density, but appeared to reduce the number of bolted knapweed plants in plots with low grass density (10% grass cover) by 39% and increase the density of knapweed seedlings in the spring by 65%. Plots with high grass density (50% grass cover) contained fewer bolted knapweed plants (35%), femer rosettes (38%), and fewer seedlings (50%) than plots with low grass density. The effects of A. zoegana and grass competition on bolted plant density were not additive. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Western Agr Res Ctr, MT Agr Expt Stn, Corvallis, MT 59828 USA. ARS, USDA, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. RP Story, JM (reprint author), Western Agr Res Ctr, MT Agr Expt Stn, Corvallis, MT 59828 USA. NR 18 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD FEB PY 2000 VL 17 IS 2 BP 182 EP 190 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0787 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 283DM UT WOS:000085260900009 ER PT J AU Talbot, NC Caperna, TJ Edwards, JL Garrett, W Wells, KD Ealy, AD AF Talbot, NC Caperna, TJ Edwards, JL Garrett, W Wells, KD Ealy, AD TI Bovine blastocyst-derived trophectoderm and endoderm cell cultures: Interferon tau and transferrin expression as respective in vitro markers SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID OVINE TROPHOBLAST PROTEIN-1; MOUSE EMBRYOS; YOLK-SAC; LINE; PREGNANCY; SECRETION; RUMINANTS; GROWTH; SHEEP; DIFFERENTIATION AB Continuous cultures of bovine trophectoderm (CT-1 and CT-5) and bovine endoderm (CE-1 and CE-2) were initiated and maintained on STO feeder cells. CT-1 and CT-5 were derived from the culture of intact, 10- to 11-day in vitro-produced blastocysts. CE-1 and CE-2 were derived from the culture of immunodissected inner cell masses of 7- to 8-day in vitro-produced blastocysts. The cultures were routinely passaged by physical dissociation. Although morphologically distinct, the trophectoderm and endoderm both grew as cell sheets of polarized epithelium (dome formations) composed of approximately cuboidal cells. Both cell types, particularly the endoderm, grew on top of the feeder cells for the most part. Trophectoderm cultures grew faster, relative to endoderm, in large, rapidly extending colonies of initially flat cells with little or no visible lipid. The endoderm, in contrast, grew more slowly as tightly knit colonies with numerous lipid vacuoles in the cells at the colony centers. Ultrastructure analysis revealed that both cell types were connected by desmosomes and tight junctional areas, although these were more extensive in the trophectoderm. Endoderm was particularly rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus indicative of cells engaged in high protein production and secretion. Interferon tau expression was specific to trophectoderm cultures, as demonstrated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and antiviral activity; and this property may act as a marker for this cell type. Serum protein production specific to endoderm cultures was demonstrated by Western blot; this attribute may be a useful marker for this cell type. This simple coculture method for the in vitro propagation of bovine trophectoderm and endoderm provides a system for assessing their biology in vitro. C1 USDA ARS, LPSI, GEML, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, LPSI, GEML, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, LPSI, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Talbot, NC (reprint author), USDA ARS, LPSI, GEML, BARC E, Bldg 200,Rm 13, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 57 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 62 IS 2 BP 235 EP 247 DI 10.1095/biolreprod62.2.235 PG 13 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA 278JV UT WOS:000084987400003 PM 10642558 ER PT J AU Lin, JJ Fleming, R Kuo, J Matthews, BF Saunders, JA AF Lin, JJ Fleming, R Kuo, J Matthews, BF Saunders, JA TI Detection of plant genes using a rapid, nonorganic DNA purification method SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR MARKERS; RESISTANCE; RHG4 AB We have developed a simple procedure for the preparation of plant genomic DNA using FTA paper Plant leaves were crushed against FTA paper; and the genomic DNA was purified using simple, nonorganic reagents. The 18S rRNA gene and the gene encoding the ribulose-l, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL) from the chloroplast genome were detected by PCR amplification of DNA on FTA paper: DNA amplification was successful using extracts from 16 dicot and monocot plants. studies of specific plant extracts revealed that extracts of leaf samples could be collected and stared at room temperature on FTA paper without a decrease in the DNA amplification success rate for more than a month. Both the 18S RNA gene and the rbcL gene were detected in the genomic DNA isolated from various soybean cultivars stored in this manner: Furthermore, by modestly increasing the number of cycles of DNA amplification, we were able to detect the uidA gene in transgenic tobacco and rice leaves as well as a single copy gene linked to the resistance gene of cyst nematode race 3 using genomic DNA isolated on FTA paper These results demonstrate that genomic DNA isolated using FTA paper can be used for the detection of plant genes, from a wide range of plants with either high or low gene copy number and of either nuclear or cytoplasmic origin. C1 Life Technol, Agr Biotechnol R&D, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Lin, JJ (reprint author), Life Technol, Agr Biotechnol R&D, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 10 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 USA SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD FEB PY 2000 VL 28 IS 2 BP 346 EP 350 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 281WE UT WOS:000085183800027 PM 10683746 ER PT J AU Piazza, GJ Foglia, TA Nunez, A AF Piazza, GJ Foglia, TA Nunez, A TI Epoxidation of fatty acids with membrane-supported peroxygenase SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE epoxide; hydroperoxide; membrane; oleic acid; peroxygenase ID VICIA-FABA L AB Peroxygenase is an enzyme that can convert a double bond to an epoxide. Peroxygenase activity from oat (Avena sativa) seeds was immobilized on synthetic membranes. The immobilized preparation was tested on oleic acid in aqueous and heptane media. The order of oxidant activity was tert-butyl hydroperoxide > cumene hydroperoxide > H2O2-Urea-H2O2. The immobilized preparation could be reused. Oleic acid was a preferred substrate compared to its trans analogue, elaidic acid. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Piazza, GJ (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. OI Piazza, George/0000-0003-4896-4928 NR 9 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 22 IS 3 BP 217 EP 221 DI 10.1023/A:1005614427586 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 280UB UT WOS:000085121200009 ER PT J AU Prestemon, JP Buongiorno, J AF Prestemon, JP Buongiorno, J TI Determinants of tree quality and lumber value in natural uneven-aged southern pine stands SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID LOBLOLLY-PINE; STRENGTH; GRADE; YIELD AB An ordered-probit model was developed to predict tree grade from tree- and stand-level variables, some of which could be changed by management. Applied to uneven-aged mixed loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) - shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) stands, the model showed that the grade of pine trees was highly correlated with tree diameter, tree height, and stand basal area, in non-linear fashion. In addition, a tree was more likely to be of high quality if it grew on industry or government forestland, on poorer sites, and in stands that had been partially cut in the past. However, the effects of changes in these variables on the unit value of recovered lumber were small. The exceptions were tree diameter and height, which were the most important indicators of lumber value. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Prestemon, JP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, POB 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 30 IS 2 BP 211 EP 219 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-2-211 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 288NT UT WOS:000085570400004 ER PT J AU Williams, MS Schreuder, HT AF Williams, MS Schreuder, HT TI Guidelines for choosing volume equations in the presence of measurement error in height SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB Assuming volume equations with multiplicative errors, we derive simple conditions for determining when measurement error in total height is large enough that only using tree diameter, rather than both diameter and height, is more reliable for predicting tree volumes. Based on data for different tree species of excurrent form, we conclude that measurement errors up to +/- 40% of the true height can be tolerated before inclusion of estimated height in volume prediction is no longer warranted. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Williams, MS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Suite 361,2150A Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 18 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 30 IS 2 BP 306 EP 310 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-2-306 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 288NT UT WOS:000085570400013 ER PT J AU Hallfrisch, J Behall, KM AF Hallfrisch, J Behall, KM TI Improvement in insulin and glucose responses related to grains SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article ID DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC MEN; HEALTHY HUMANS; BLOOD-GLUCOSE; OAT GUM; POSTPRANDIAL GLUCOSE; METABOLIC VARIABLES; AMYLOPECTIN STARCH; AMYLOSE CONTENT C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hallfrisch, J (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 52 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD FEB PY 2000 VL 45 IS 2 BP 66 EP 69 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 286KZ UT WOS:000085446300006 ER PT J AU Nelson, DR Freeman, TP Buckner, JS AF Nelson, DR Freeman, TP Buckner, JS TI Waxes and lipids associated with the external waxy structures of nymphs and pupae of the giant whitefly, Aleurodicus dugesii SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE waxes; lipids; nymphs; pupae; Aleurodicus dugesii; long-chain aldehydes; long-chain alcohols; cuticular lipids; hydrocarbons; wax esters; acetate esters; filaments; palisade; fatty acids ID ADULT WHITEFLIES; SURFACE WAX; TRIALEURODES-VAPORARIORUM; CUTICULAR LIPIDS; BEMISIA-TABACI; EXUVIAE; PARTICLES; HOMOPTERA; CABBAGE; LARVA AB The nymphs and pupae of the giant whitefly, Aleurodicus dugesii, produce large quantities of external lipids, both as waxy particles and as waxy filaments. The nymphs and pupae extrude filaments from two dorsal rows of five pores each. Filaments can attain lengths of 5-8 cm. The external lipids of nymphs and pupae consist largely of long-chain aldehydes, alcohols, acetate esters and wax esters. Hydrocarbons are minor components. Soon after hatching, the nymph produced an unidentified waxy fringe extruded laterally from its margin. After molting to the second instar, long, hollow, waxy filaments were produced by the immature stages. The major lipid class associated with the filaments was saturated wax esters (89%), mainly C44, C36 and C60. Associated with formation of the filaments were waxy particles in the shape of curls, which peeled off of the extruding filaments. Similar but more tubular-shaped curls were also produced by numerous lateral pores so that, eventually, the curls completely camouflaged the nymph. The major lipid class of the curls was wax esters (50%), mainly C44 and C46. The cuticular surface lipids of the nymphs were mainly long-chain aldehydes (43%) and wax esters (27%). Unsaturated fatty acid moieties constituted 2 and 19% of the wax esters of curls and nymph cuticular surface lipids, respectively. The major lipid classes of pupae and of their palisade were long-chain aldehydes and alcohols. No unsaturated wax esters were detected in the filaments, but 30% of pupal and 21% of palisade surface wax esters were unsaturated in their fatty acid moieties, 16:1, 18:1 and 20:1. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Electron Microscope Facil, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Nelson, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, 1605 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 125 IS 2 BP 265 EP 278 DI 10.1016/S0305-0491(99)00177-7 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 319ZP UT WOS:000087376600014 PM 10817914 ER PT J AU Jones, JA Swanson, FJ Wemple, BC Snyder, KU AF Jones, JA Swanson, FJ Wemple, BC Snyder, KU TI Effects of roads on hydrology, geomorphology, and disturbance patches in stream networks SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENDANGERED FISH HABITATS; PEAK FLOW RESPONSES; CHANNEL INITIATION; WESTERN CASCADES; LARGE BASINS; LAND-USE; SEDIMENT; OREGON; RIVER; LANDSLIDES AB We outline a view of how road networks interact with stream networks at the landscape scale and, based on examples from recent and current research, illustrate how these interactions might affect biological and ecological processes in stream and riparian systems. At the landscape scale, certain definable geometric interactions involving peak flows (floods) and debris flows (rapid movements of soil, sediment, and large wood down steep stream channels) are influences by the arrangement of the road network relative to the stream network. Although disturbance patches are created by peak-flow and debris-flow disturbances in mountain landscapes without roads, roads can alter the landscape distributions of the starting and stopping points of debris flows, and they can alter the balance between the intensity of flood peaks and the stream network's resistance to change. We examined this conceptual model of interactions between road networks and stream networks based on observations from a number of studies in the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregan (U.S.A.). Road networks appear to affect floods and debris flows and thus modify disturbance patch dynamics in stream and riparian networks in mountain landscapes. We speculate that these changes may influence the rates and patterns of survival and recovery of disturbed patches in stream networks, affecting ecosystem resilience, and we outline an approach for detecting such effects based on a patch dynamics perspective. A field sampling scheme for detecting the magnitude of various road effects on stream and riparian ecology could involve (1) landscape stratification of inherent stream network susceptibility to floods or debris flows, (2) overlay of road and stream networks and creation of areas with various densities of road-stream crossings, and (3) designations of expected high- and low-impact stream segments based on numbers of upstream road-stream crossings where sampling of selected biological variables would be conducted. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Jones, JA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 48 TC 164 Z9 192 U1 11 U2 92 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1 BP 76 EP 85 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99083.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 285AV UT WOS:000085366700012 ER PT J AU Wimberly, MC Spies, TA Long, CJ Whitlock, C AF Wimberly, MC Spies, TA Long, CJ Whitlock, C TI Simulating historical variability in the amount of old forests in the Oregon Coast Range SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; LARGE DISTURBANCES; CONIFEROUS FOREST; LANDSCAPE; GROWTH; PATTERN; SUPPRESSION; MANAGEMENT; VEGETATION AB We developed the landscape age-class demographics simulator (LADS) to model historical variability in the amount of old-growth and late-successional forest in the Oregon Coast Range over the past 3,000 years. The model simulated temporal and spatial patterns of forest fires along with the resulting fluctuations in the distribution of forest age classes across the landscape. Parameters describing historical fire regimes were derived from data from a number of existing dendroecological and paleoecological studies. Our results indicated that the historical age-class distribution was highly variable and that variability increased with decreasing landscape size. Simulated old-growth percentages were generally between 25% and 75% at the province scale (2,250,000 ha) and never fell below 5%. In comparison, old-growth percentages varied from 0 to 100%, at the late-successional reserve scale (40,000 ha). Province-scale estimates of current old-growth (5%) and late-successional forest (11%) in the Oregon Coast Range were lower than expected under the simulated historical fire regime, even when Potential errors irt our parameter estimates were considered. These uncertainties no, however, limit our ability to Precisely define ranges of historical variability. Our results suggest that in areas where historical disturbance regimes were characterized by large infrequent fires, management of forest age classes based on a range of historical variability may be feasible only at relatively large spatial scales. Comprehensive landscape management strategies will need to consider other factors besides the percentage of old forests on the landscape, including the spatial pattern of stands and the rates and pathways of landscape change. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Geog, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Wimberly, MC (reprint author), Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM mwimberly@fs.fed.us OI Wimberly, Michael/0000-0003-1549-3891 NR 47 TC 94 Z9 104 U1 2 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1 BP 167 EP 180 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98284.x PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 285AV UT WOS:000085366700022 ER PT J AU Miller, B Reading, R Hoogland, J Clark, T Ceballos, G List, R Forrest, S Hanebury, L Manzano, P Pacheco, J Uresk, D AF Miller, B Reading, R Hoogland, J Clark, T Ceballos, G List, R Forrest, S Hanebury, L Manzano, P Pacheco, J Uresk, D TI The role of prairie dogs as a keystone species: Response to Stapp SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID PLANT-HERBIVORE INTERACTIONS; MIXED-GRASS PRAIRIE; CONSEQUENCES; DIVERSITY; BIOMASS; ECOLOGY C1 Denver Zool Fdn, Denver, CO 80205 USA. Univ Maryland, Frostville, MD 21532 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Billings, MT 59101 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. RP Miller, B (reprint author), Denver Zool Fdn, 2300 Steele St, Denver, CO 80205 USA. NR 38 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1 BP 318 EP 321 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99201.x PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 285AV UT WOS:000085366700037 ER PT J AU Csinos, AS Sumner, DR Johnson, WC Johnson, AW McPherson, RM Dowler, CC AF Csinos, AS Sumner, DR Johnson, WC Johnson, AW McPherson, RM Dowler, CC TI Methyl bromide alternatives in tobacco, tomato and pepper transplant production SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE metam-sodium; dichloropropene; chloropicrin; Nicotiana tobacum L.; Capsicum frutescens L.; Lycopersicon esculentum Miller ID RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; ROOT DISEASES; SOIL AB Metam-sodium, chloropicrin, 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), 1,3-dichloropropene plus 17% chloropicrin (1,3-D + C-17) and 1,3-dichloropropene plus 35% chloropicrin(1,3-D + C-35) were evaluated alone and together under a polyethylene cover as alternatives for methyl bromide in tobacco, tomato and pepper transplant production over a two-year period. Eleven different weed species, 10 genera or species of fungi, two arthropods and four species of nematodes were evaluated in three different sites. All of the fumigant candidates were successful in controlling some of the pests. However, metam-sodium alone and in combination with 1,3-D + C-17, chloropicrin, and 1,3-D + C-35 were the most efficacious. Seventy-nine different parameters were measured over the two-year period including plant stands, vigour, plant heights and control of weeds, fungi, arthropods and nematodes. Metam-sodium and methyl bromide plus 2% chloropicrin (MeBrC) were not significantly different (P = 0.05) from each other in 76 of the 79 parameters evaluated; MeBrC was significantly better than metam-sodium for three of the 79 parameters. The combination of metam-sodium plus 1,3-D + C-17 was not significantly different from MeBrC for 74 of the 79 parameters tested. MeBrC was more efficacious than metam-sodium plus 1,3-D + C-17, for two of the 79 parameters, and metam-sodium plus 1,3-D + C-17 was significantly better than MeBrC for three of 79 parameters. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Csinos, AS (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 20 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 39 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(99)00086-1 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 296LW UT WOS:000086026700005 ER PT J AU Kuo, TM Lanser, AC Nakamura, LK Hou, CT AF Kuo, TM Lanser, AC Nakamura, LK Hou, CT TI Production of 10-ketostearic acid and 10-hydroxystearic acid by strains of Sphingobacterium thalpophilum isolated from composted manure SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OLEIC-ACID; CONVERSION; BIOCONVERSION; OXIDATION AB Six strains of Sphingobacterium thalpophilum were isolated from a compost mixture enriched with oleic acid. These strains converted oleic acid to 10-ketostearic acid (10-KSA; 87-94% of the total conversion product) and to 10-hydroxystearic acid (10-HSA; 6-13%) exhibiting three levels of total product yields. The predominant production of 10-KSA by these new S. thalpophilum isolates is in contrast to strain 142b (NRRL B-14797) previously isolated from a commercial compost, which produces exclusively 10-HSA. The production yield of greater than 75% 10-KSA was achieved in 36 h, acting on 0.26 g of oleic acid in 30-ml fermentation broth incubated with agitation at 28 degrees C. For easy maintenance, fast-growth, and high bioreactivity, these S. thalpophilum strains are suited for developing a large-scale production of 10-KSA and 10-HSA. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kuo, TM (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 40 IS 2 BP 105 EP 109 DI 10.1007/s002849910020 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 269XK UT WOS:000084502600006 PM 10594223 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, AH AF Lichtenstein, AH TI Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease risk SO CURRENT OPINION IN LIPIDOLOGY LA English DT Review ID HYDROGENATED SOYBEAN OIL; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE; PLASMA-LIPIDS; FISH-OIL; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; HEALTHY-SUBJECTS; CHOLESTEROL ACYLTRANSFERASE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; SERUM-LIPOPROTEINS AB Recent studies continue to confirm previous observations that trans fatty acids elevate low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and at relatively high intakes decrease high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Considerable interest is focused on the potential benefits of trans-free margarines. Both adipose and plasma trans fatty acid levels reflect dietary intake. Current estimates of trans fatty acid intake in developed countries range from 0.5 to 2.6% of energy, contributed to primarily by differences in food availability and preference, and partly by the methodological differences used to calculate the data. Curr Opin Lipidol 11:37-42. (C) 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res, Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Lichtenstein, AH (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res, Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 47 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0957-9672 J9 CURR OPIN LIPIDOL JI Curr. Opin. Lipidology PD FEB PY 2000 VL 11 IS 1 BP 37 EP 42 DI 10.1097/00041433-200002000-00006 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 291FG UT WOS:000085723000006 PM 10750692 ER PT J AU Fletcher, JC Meyerowitz, EM AF Fletcher, JC Meyerowitz, EM TI Cell signaling within the shoot meristem SO CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID ARABIDOPSIS ERECTA GENE; APICAL MERISTEM; PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE; RECEPTOR KINASE; EMBRYONIC PATTERN; PLANT DEVELOPMENT; LEAF DEVELOPMENT; CLONAL ANALYSIS; HOMEOBOX GENE; CLAVATA1 AB Shoot apical meristems are self-renewing stem cell populations that generate all of the above-ground organs (i.e. stems, leaves and flowers) of higher plants. Recent studies have identified new molecular components required for proper shoot meristem activity, and they have revealed that complex, intercellular communication pathways play important roles in coordinating meristem function. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. CALTECH, Div Biol 156 29, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Fletcher, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Meyerowitz, Elliot/A-7118-2009 NR 61 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 12 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1369-5266 J9 CURR OPIN PLANT BIOL JI Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 3 IS 1 BP 23 EP 30 DI 10.1016/S1369-5266(99)00033-3 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 284NY UT WOS:000085339500003 PM 10679445 ER PT J AU Anderson, RA AF Anderson, RA TI Chromium in the prevention and control of diabetes SO DIABETES & METABOLISM LA English DT Review DE glucose; insulin; diabetes; trace elements; steroid-induced diabetes; gestational diabetes; chromium ID TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; GLUCOSE-INTOLERANCE; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; SUPPLEMENTAL CHROMIUM; DEFICIENCY; RATS; CHOLESTEROL; PICOLINATE; METABOLISM; SYMPTOMS AB Chromium is an essential nutrient involved in the metabolism of glucose, insulin and blood lipids. Suboptimal dietary intake of chromium is associated with increased risk factors associated with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Within the past five years, chromium has been shown to improve glucose and related variables in subjects with glucose intolerance and type 1, type 2, gestational and steroid-induced diabetes. Severe neuropathy and glucose intolerance of a patient on total parenteral nutrition, who was receiving currently recommended levels of chromium, were reversed by additional supplemental chromium. Chromium increases insulin binding to cells, insulin receptor number and activates insulin receptor kinase leading to increased insulin sensitivity. Additional studies are urgently needed to elucidate the mechanism of action of chromium and its role in the prevention and control of diabetes. C1 USDA, ARS, BHNRC, NRFL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), USDA, ARS, BHNRC, NRFL, Bldg 307,Rm 224,BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 59 TC 153 Z9 161 U1 3 U2 18 PU MASSON EDITEUR PI PARIS 06 PA 120 BLVD SAINT-GERMAIN, 75280 PARIS 06, FRANCE SN 0338-1684 J9 DIABETES METAB JI Diabetes Metab. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 26 IS 1 BP 22 EP 27 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 293ZR UT WOS:000085885900011 PM 10705100 ER PT J AU Miller, C Urban, DL AF Miller, C Urban, DL TI Modeling the effects of fire management alternatives on Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE fire exclusion; fire reintroduction; fire suppression; forest gap model; fuel treatment; mixed-conifer forest; prescribed fires and forest restoration; Sierra Nevada, California (USA); spatial autocorrelation; structure vs. process debate ID SEQUOIA-NATIONAL-PARK; CALIFORNIA; HISTORY AB Decades of fire exclusion have led to hazardous fuel accumulations and the deterioration of fire-dependent ecosystems, particularly in the American West. Managers are striving to return the ecological role of fire to many ecosystems and would benefit from a much better understanding of how forest structure and composition might change if fires were reintroduced. We used a forest gap model, developed for forests in the Sierra Nevada, California, USA, that integrates climate, fire, and forest dynamics to investigate forest response to changes in the fire regime. The model simulates a spatially heterogeneous fuel bed that is responsive to changes in forest condition, making it well suited for examining alternative management approaches for restoring Sierra Nevada forests after a century of fire exclusion. Presuppression forest basal area, species composition, and spatial autocorrelation structure were restored quickly, if simulated disturbances that caused substantial tree mortality were reintroduced. Simulations of harvest induced the highest levels of mortality and, thus, most effectively restored forest structure and composition. However, prescribed fires were just as effective in restoring forest structure and composition if they were sufficiently severe. C1 Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Miller, C (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Box 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM cmiller/rmrs_missoula@fs.fed.us NR 44 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 21 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 10 IS 1 BP 85 EP 94 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 280NG UT WOS:000085108400008 ER PT J AU Hall, GMJ Hollinger, DY AF Hall, GMJ Hollinger, DY TI Simulating New Zealand forest dynamics with a generalized temperate forest gap model SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biomass accumulation; forest dynamics; forest gap model; individual-based model; LINKAGES; LINKNZ; model evaluation; New Zealand; nitrogen cycle; simulation; temperate evergreen forest ID CO2-INDUCED CLIMATE CHANGE; NOTHOFAGUS FORESTS; SUCCESSION; ECOSYSTEM; CARBON; GROWTH; PATTERNS; HISTORY; BIOMASS; YIELD AB A generalized computer model of forest growth and nutrient dynamics (LINKAGES) was adapted for the temperate evergreen forests of New Zealand. Systematic differences in species characteristics between eastern North American species and their New Zealand counterparts prevented the initial version of the model from running acceptably with New Zealand species. Several equations were identified as responsible, and those modeling available light were extended to give more robust formulations. The resulting model (LINKNZ) was evaluated by comparing site simulations against independent field measurements of stand sequences and across temperature and moisture gradients. It successfully simulated gap dynamics and forest succession for a range of temperate forest ecosystems in New Zealand, while retaining its utility for the forests of eastern North America. These simulations provided insight into New Zealand conifer-hardwood and beech species forest succession. The adequacy of the ecological processes, such as soil moisture balance, decomposition rates, and nutrient cycling, embodied in a forest simulation model was tested by applying it to New Zealand forest ecosystems. This gave support to the model's underlying hypothesis, derived from LINKAGES, that interactions among demographic, microbial, and geological processes can explain much of the observed variation in ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage and cycling. The addition of a disturbance option to the model supported the hypothesis that large-scale disturbance significantly affects New Zealand forest dynamics. C1 Landcare Res, Lincoln, New Zealand. US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Hall, GMJ (reprint author), Landcare Res, POB 69, Lincoln, New Zealand. RI Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012 NR 73 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 11 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 10 IS 1 BP 115 EP 130 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0115:SNZFDW]2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 280NG UT WOS:000085108400010 ER PT J AU Palik, BJ Goebel, PC Kirkman, LK West, L AF Palik, BJ Goebel, PC Kirkman, LK West, L TI Using landscape hierarchies to guide restoration of disturbed ecosystems SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Coastal Plain (Georgia, USA); ecosystem classification; ecosystem development, geomorphology vs. vegetation; ecosystem identity; predicting; ecosystem restoration and resources allocation; geographic information systems (GIS); hierarchy theory; landscape hierarchies; restoration of ecosystems, prioritizing ID ECOLOGICAL SPECIES GROUPS; SYLVANIA RECREATION AREA; CONIFER ECOSYSTEMS; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; NORTHERN HARDWOOD; UPPER-PENINSULA; CLASSIFICATION; VEGETATION; MICHIGAN AB Reestablishing native plant communities is an important focus of ecosystem restoration. In complex landscapes containing a diversity of ecosystem types, restoration requires a set of reference vegetation conditions for the ecosystems of concern, and a predictive model to relate plant community composition to physical variables. Restoration also requires an approach for prioritizing efforts, to facilitate allocation of limited institutional resources. Hierarchy theory provides a conceptual approach for predicting plant communities of disturbed ecosystems and, ultimately, for prioritizing restoration efforts. We demonstrate this approach using a landscape in southwestern Georgia, USA. Specifically, we used an existing hierarchical ecosystem classification, based on geomorphology, soil, and vegetation, to identify reference plant communities for each type of ecosystem in the landscape. We demonstrate that ecosystem identity is highly predictable using only geomorphic and soil variables, because these upper hierarchical levels control the development of vegetation, a lower hierarchical level. We mapped the potential distribution of reference ecosystems in the landscape and used GIS (geographic information systems) to determine relative abundance of each ecosystem, as a measure of its historical rarity. We joined the reference ecosystem map with a current cover map to determine current abundance of each reference ecosystem, and percentage conversion to different disturbance classes. We show that over half of the landscape supports something other than reference plant communities, but degree of rarity varies widely among ecosystems. Finally, we present an index that integrates information on historical and current rarity of ecosystems, and disturbance levels of individual polygons, to prioritize restoration efforts. The premise of the index is that highest priority be given to restoring (1) currently rare ecosystems that were also historically rare and (2) the least disturbed examples of these ecosystems, as these will require the least effort to restore. We found that 80% of high-priority sites occur within just three (of 21) ecosystems, Moreover, the high-priority ecosystems all occur within stream valleys. Our approach provides managers with a straightforward methodology for determining potential distribution of reference ecosystems and for allocating efforts and resources for restoration in complex landscapes. Development of a priority index for a specific landscape requires an understanding of the hierarchical relationships among geomorphology, soil characteristics, and plant communities, in addition to well-defined restoration objectives. C1 Joseph W Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Palik, BJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, 1831 Highway 169E, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RI Goebel, Patrick/B-3657-2012 NR 34 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 32 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 10 IS 1 BP 189 EP 202 DI 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[0189:ULHTGR]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 280NG UT WOS:000085108400015 ER PT J AU Carey, AB AF Carey, AB TI Effects of new forest management strategies on squirrel populations SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; Douglas-fir; ecosystem management; forest ecology; forest management; Glaucomys sabrinus; managed forest; Pacific Northwest; silviculture; squirrels; Tamias townsendii; Tamiasciurus douglasii; thinning; old growth restoration ID OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; TOWNSENDS CHIPMUNK POPULATIONS; NORTHERN FLYING SQUIRRELS; BOREAL SPRUCE FOREST; COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; OREGON COAST RANGE; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; WESTERN OREGON; CONIFEROUS FORESTS AB Two strategies for managing forests fur multiple values have achieved prominence in debates in the Pacific Northwest: (1) legacy retention with passive management and long rotations, and (2) intensive management for timber with commercial thinnings and long rotations. Northern flying squirrels (Glaucomys sabrinus), Townsend's chipmunks (Tamias townsendii), and Douglas' squirrels (Tamiasciurus douglasii) were studied retrospectively in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests managed under the alternative strategies in the Puget Trough of Washington. Flying squirrels were twice as abundant under legacy retention as under intensive management fur timber, almost as abundant as in old-growth western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) forests on the Olympic Peninsula of Washington, but <50% as abundant as in old-growth Douglas-fir forests in western Oregon. Chipmunks were four times as abundant under intensive timber management. as under legacy retention, but less abundant than in old-growth forests. Abundance of Douglas' squirrels did not differ between strategies. Neither strategy produced the increased abundance of all three species that is an emergent property of late-seral forests. A third strategy holds promise: active, intentional ecosystem management that incorporates legacy retention, variable-density thinning, and management for decadence. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Carey, AB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. EM efb@olywa.net NR 83 TC 85 Z9 89 U1 2 U2 19 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 10 IS 1 BP 248 EP 257 DI 10.2307/2640999 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 280NG UT WOS:000085108400019 ER PT J AU Rodriguez-Saona, C Trumble, JT AF Rodriguez-Saona, C Trumble, JT TI Secretory avocado idioblast oil cells: evidence of their defensive role against a non-adapted insect herbivore SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Spodoptera exigua; Sabulodes aegrotata; Pseudoplusia includens; avocado; oil cells; idioblasts; adaptation; food preference ID LINEAR FURANOCOUMARINS; SPODOPTERA-EXIGUA; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; BEET ARMYWORM; GROWTH; FRUIT; TOXICITY; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; MESOCARP AB We tested the hypothesis that avocado idioblast oil cells play a defensive role against herbivorous insects. Toxicities of the intact avocado idioblast oil cells and the extracted idioblast oil were compared for three insect herbivores. Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) larvae are generalists that do not feed on avocados. By contrast, Sabulodes aegrotata (Guenee) and Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) larvae are generalist herbivores that readily feed on avocados. All bioassays were performed at a naturally occurring concentration of idioblast oil cells (2% w/w). Choice experiments showed that S. exigua larvae avoided diet treated with avocado idioblast oil cells and consume more control than treated diet. In contrast, idioblast oil cells had no significant antifeedant effects on the adapted S. aegrotata and P. includens larvae. Subsequent experiments designed to assess resistance mechanisms separated pre-ingestive (behavioral) and post-ingestive (physiological) effects of the avocado idioblast oil cells, and the extracted idioblast oil, on the two adapted herbivores. Post-ingestive adaptation was the mechanism that allows feeding. Because the impact of the avocado idioblast oil cells was greatest on the performance of non-adapted S. exigua, additional experiments determined that larvae fed diet containing the oil cells had higher mortality and reduced larval growth compared to controls. Developmental times were significantly prolonged for the survivors. Thus, increased mortality, reduced developmental rates, and antifeedant activity in the non-adapted insect indicate that defense against non-adapted herbivores may be an important function of idioblast cells in avocados. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Rodriguez-Saona, C (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 45 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 94 IS 2 BP 183 EP 194 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00618.x PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 286DR UT WOS:000085428800008 ER PT J AU Bosch, J Kemp, WP AF Bosch, J Kemp, WP TI Development and emergence of the orchard pollinator Osmia lignaria (Hymenoptera : Megachilidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blue orchard bee; development; wintering; emergence; mortality; orchard pollination ID PROPINQUA CRESSON; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; NESTING SUCCESS; APPLE ORCHARDS; ALMOND; BEE AB The solitary Lee Osmin lignaria Say has been developed as an orchard pollinator in the western United States. Immatures develop through die spring and summer. By late summer, bees become adults and remain in this stage inside their cocoons throughout the winter. In this study, we reared O. lignaria at various temperature regimes in the laboratory and outdoors. Developmental rates increased with temperature: Lees reared at 18 degrees C took >120 d to complete development, whereas bees reared at 29 degrees C took half that long. Bees reared outdoors under fluctuating ambient conditions took approximate to 95 d. At 18 degrees C, some bees were unable to complete prepupal dormancy. Different developmental stages responded differently to the various temperature regimes. Fluctuating temperatures averaging 22 degrees C significantly shortened the dormant prepupal stage, and, as a result, bees developed faster than at the equivalent constant temperatures. Bees that developed faster (29 degrees C and fluctuating temperatures) could be wintered as early as August and incubated for emergence in March, 1 mo ahead of bees exposed to natural conditions. These results can be applied to field populations for pollination of early-blooming crops such as almonds, Prunus amygdalus Batsch. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Bosch, J (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. OI Bosch , Jordi/0000-0002-8088-9457 NR 29 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 9 U2 22 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 29 IS 1 BP 8 EP 13 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-29.1.8 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QF UT WOS:000089623000002 ER PT J AU Cornelius, ML Nergel, L Duan, JJ Messing, RH AF Cornelius, ML Nergel, L Duan, JJ Messing, RH TI Responses of female oriental fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) to protein and host fruit odors in field cage and open field tests SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bactrocera dorsalis; attractants; odors; protein; host fruit; pest control ID ANASTREPHA-LUDENS DIPTERA; OLFACTORY-MEDIATED BEHAVIOR; CERATITIS-CAPITATA DIPTERA; SYNTHETIC ATTRACTANT; CITRUS ORCHARD; COFFEE FRUIT; STICKY SPHERES; FLY; LURES; TRAPS AB The attraction of female oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), to protein and host fruit odors was examined in field-cage and field experiments. In field-cage experiments, we examined how the physiological stale of laboratory-cultured female oriental fruit flies affected their responses to protein (Nu-Lure) and fruit (orange) odors. Both mated and unmated, protein-fed females (10-12 d old) were more attracted to fruit odors than to protein odors, whereas mated, protein-deprived females (10-12 d old) and unmated, protein-fed females (2-3 d old) were equally attracted to fruit and protein odors. The combination of fruit and protein odors was less attractive to protein-fed females than fruit odors alone. Field tests were conducted to compare capture rates of wild oriental fruit flies in traps baited with commercially available protein Lairs, Nu-Lure, Trece A.M. Supercharger, and BioLure, and in traps baited with either fruit (orange) or Nu-Lure in a commercial guava orchard. Spheres baited with either Supercharger or BioLure captured more female oriental fruit flies than unbaited spheres when the lures were hung above spheres. Traps baited with Nu-Lure were more effective for capturing females than traps baited with orange puree in field tests. C1 Univ Hawaii, Kauai Agr Res Ctr, Dept Entomol, Kapaa, HI 96746 USA. RP Cornelius, ML (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 29 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 16 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 29 IS 1 BP 14 EP 19 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-29.1.14 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QF UT WOS:000089623000003 ER PT J AU Negron, JF Wilson, JL Anhold, JA AF Negron, JF Wilson, JL Anhold, JA TI Stand conditions associated with roundheaded pine beetle (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) infestations in Arizona and Utah SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Dendroctonus adjunctus; roundheaded pine beetle; risk; hazard; bark beetles; disturbance ID KENAI PENINSULA; SPRUCE BEETLES; CLASSIFICATION; HAZARD; ATTACK; ALASKA; PROBABILITY; FOREST; EXTENT; LUTZ AB Stand conditions associated with outbreak populations of the roundheaded Dine beetle, Dendroctonus adjunctus Blandford, in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl, ex Laws., forests were studied in the Pinaleno Mountains, AZ, and the Pine Valley Mountains, UT. Classification tree models to estimate the probability of infestation based on stand attributes were built for both study areas using growth rate and ponderosa pine basal area information. Cross-validation estimates of correct classification were 0.60 for the Pinaleno Mountains and 0.58 and 0.78 for the Pine Valley Mountains. Regression tree and linear regression models to estimate amount of mortality caused by the beetles were also built for both sites using growth I ate, ponderosa pine basal area, and trees per hectare information. The occurrence and mortality levels caused by the roundheaded pine beetle are positively related at both the stand and tree scale with reduced growth rates caused by high stocking densities. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Ogden, UT 84403 USA. RP Negron, JF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, 240 W Prospect, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 28 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 29 IS 1 BP 20 EP 27 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-29.1.20 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QF UT WOS:000089623000004 ER PT J AU Vicens, N Bosch, J AF Vicens, N Bosch, J TI Nest site orientation and relocation of populations of the orchard pollinator Osmia cornuta (Hymenoptera : Megachilidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Osmia cornuta; orchard pollination; orientation; nest location; homing ability ID BEES; MANAGEMENT; ALMOND; CROPS; HYM AB Moving actively nesting populations of the orchard pollinator Osmia cornuta (Latreille) from a pollinated crop to one beginning to bloom could increase both the number of Bowers pollinated and the number of bee progeny produced. This study investigates the possibility of moving actively nesting O. cornuta populations, and evaluates the effects of moving distance and nest site artificial visual landmarks on orientation and establishment of moved females. Nesting shelters with known numbers of nesting females were nocturnally relocated for distances ranging from 0 to 240 km, and the numbers of nesting females were counted after each move. Nearly all females continued to nest at shelters that were moved short (0-3 m) distances. Moves of intermediate distances (135-235 m) resulted in considerable (30-76%) bee loss (dispersal), and many females new back to the original nesting site. At long distances (3-240 km), dispersal was higher (63-78%) and no bees were seen hovering at the original site. Moving distance was correlated positively with dispersal and with orientation (zigzagging) nights made by females when they first exited their nests after the moves. The addition or removal of supplementary visual landmarks (2 by 1.5-m banner with colored patterns) at the nesting shelter did not affect dispersal rates. Bees appeared to respond to supplementary landmarks but used other signals as primary orientation cues. An additional experiment showed that O. cornuta populations can be removed and stored at low temperature for up to 4 d (e.g., to avoid pesticide treatments) and then reinstalled at their nesting site, without affecting female orientation or nesting. C1 Univ Barcelona, Fac Biol, Dept Biol Anim, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Vicens, N (reprint author), Univ Barcelona, Fac Biol, Dept Biol Anim, Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. OI Bosch , Jordi/0000-0002-8088-9457 NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 14 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 29 IS 1 BP 69 EP 75 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-29.1.69 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QF UT WOS:000089623000011 ER PT J AU Eben, A Benrey, B Sivinski, J Aluja, M AF Eben, A Benrey, B Sivinski, J Aluja, M TI Host species and host plant effects on preference and performance of Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tephritidae; Anastrepha spp.; Braconidae; Diachasmimorpha longicaudata; chemical ecology; tritrophic effects ID CARIBBEAN FRUIT-FLY; RHAGOLETIS-POMONELLA FLIES; BIOSTERES-LONGICAUDATUS; VOLATILE INFOCHEMICALS; OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE; PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS; PUPAL PARASITOIDS; LARVAL-PUPAL; TEPHRITIDAE; ANASTREPHA AB Naive female Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), a solitary endoparasitoid of tephritid fruit flies, exhibited positive responses toward volatiles of host fruits in olfactometer and wind tunnel bioassays. Although no significant preference for one of the test fruits, mango, Mangifera indica L., or grapefruit, Citrus paradisi Macfaden, was observed, the number of nights in the wind tunnel was higher in the presence of mangos. In the olfactometer trials, parasitoids preferred ny infested over noninfested grapefruits, and infested over noninfested mangos. Reproductive performance bioassays were conducted using Anastrepha ludens (Loew) larvae (Diptera: Tephritidae) reared in grapefruit, orange, mango, or artificial diet, and Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) larvae reared in mango as parasitoid hosts. Parasitoid performance was compared for 2 Anastrepha species and 3 fruit species. Significant effects of fruit ny species and of the diet of fruit fly larvae on longevity, size, and progeny production of D. longicaudata were observed. Anastrepha ludens reared in grapefruit was the best host in terms of offspring longevity, size, and number of female progeny, but parasitoids that developed in A. ludens reared in mango had higher overall fecundity. Anastrepha ludens reared in mango was a better host than A. obliqua in the same fruit. No correlation between parasitoid size and demographic parameters was found. The results of this laboratory study showed that host preference and offspring performance are partially related. C1 ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Inst Ecol, AC, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico. RP Eben, A (reprint author), Inst Ecol, AC, Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa 91000, Veracruz, Mexico. NR 48 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 17 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 29 IS 1 BP 87 EP 94 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-29.1.87 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QF UT WOS:000089623000013 ER PT J AU Farrar, RR Ridgway, RL AF Farrar, RR Ridgway, RL TI Host plant effects on the activity of selected nuclear polyhedrosis viruses against the corn earworm and beet armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nuclear polyhedrosis virus; beet armyworm; corn earworm; tritrophic interactions ID HELICOVERPA-ZEA NOCTUIDAE; BACULOVIRUS; EFFICACY; SUSCEPTIBILITY; HELIOTHIS; TIME AB The activity of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) of the celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby) (AfMNPV), against the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), was greatest when the virus was fed to larvae on foliage of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., least on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), and intermediate on collard, Brassica oleracea L. Activity of AfMNPV against the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), was greatest on corn, Zen mays L., least on cotton, and intermediate on bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Survival time (days between the start of the test and death) of larvae that were killed by virus was usually lower on treatments on which rates of mortality were higher, but these differences were usually small (less than or equal to 1 d). Effects of host plants on viral activity were not related closely to their effects on larval feeding rates. Effects of host plants on viral activity were also not specific to AfMNPV; cotton and collard affected AfMNPV and the homologous NPV of the beet armyworm to similar degrees. Similar results were found for AfMNPV and the homologous NPV of the corn earworm on cotton and bean. Levels of control provided by these viruses may thus be higher on tomato or corn than on cotton, and. intel mediate on collard or bean. C1 ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Farrar, RR (reprint author), ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, Bldg 011A W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 29 IS 1 BP 108 EP 115 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-29.1.108 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 359QF UT WOS:000089623000016 ER PT J AU Mummey, DL Smith, JL Bluhm, G AF Mummey, DL Smith, JL Bluhm, G TI Estimation of nitrous oxide emissions from US grasslands SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE nitrous oxide; temperate grassland; denitrification; nitrification; greenhouse gases ID COLORADO SHORTGRASS STEPPE; TEMPERATE FOREST SOILS; N2O PRODUCTION; FLUXES; DENITRIFICATION; ECOSYSTEMS; CARBON; MODEL; VARIABILITY; LANDSCAPE AB Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) emissions from temperate grasslands are poorly quantified and may be an important part of the atmospheric N(2)O budget. In this study N(2)O emissions were simulated for 1052 grassland sites in the United States using the NGAS model of Parton and others (1996) coupled with an organic matter decomposition model. N(2)O flux was calculated for each site using soil and land use data obtained from the National Resource Inventory (NRI) database and weather data obtained from NASA. The estimates were regionalized based upon temperature and moisture isotherms. Annual N(2)O emissions for each region were based on the grassland area of each region and the mean estimated annual N(2)O flux from NRI grassland sites in the region. The regional fluxes ranged from 0.18 to 1.02 kg N(2)O N/ha/yr with the mean flux for all regions being 0.28 kg N(2)O N/ha/yr. Even though fluxes from the western regions were relatively low, these regions made the largest contribution to total emissions due to their large grassland area. Total US grassland N(2)O emissions were estimated to be about 67 Gg N(2)O N/yr. Emissions from the Great Plains states, which contain the largest expanse of natural grassland in the United States, were estimated to average 0.24 kg N(2)O N/ha/yr. Using the annual flux estimate for the temperate Great Plains, we estimate that temperate grasslands worldwide may potentially produce 0.27 Tg N(2)O N/yr. Even though our estimate for global temperate grassland N(2)O emissions is less than published estimates for other major temperate and tropical biomes, our results indicate that temperate grasslands are a significant part of both United States and global atmospheric N(2)O budgets. This study demonstrates the utility of models for regional N(2)O flux estimation although additional data from carefully designed field studies is needed to further validate model results. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Natl Resource Conservat Serv, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Smith, JL (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, 215 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 44 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 25 IS 2 BP 169 EP 175 DI 10.1007/s002679910013 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 270JP UT WOS:000084532400005 ER PT J AU Graczyk, TK Fayer, R Trout, JM Jenkins, MC Higgins, J Lewis, EJ Farley, CA AF Graczyk, TK Fayer, R Trout, JM Jenkins, MC Higgins, J Lewis, EJ Farley, CA TI Susceptibility of the Chesapeake Bay to environmental contamination with Cryptosporidium parvum SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID OYSTERS CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; INTESTINAL PASSAGE; BRANTA-CANADENSIS; EASTERN OYSTER; OOCYSTS; WATER; INFECTIVITY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; SURVIVAL; CYSTS C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD USA. RP Graczyk, TK (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 82 IS 2 BP 106 EP 112 DI 10.1006/enrs.1999.3981 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 290FT UT WOS:000085666200003 PM 10662525 ER PT J AU Sacco, RE Register, KB Nordholm, GE AF Sacco, RE Register, KB Nordholm, GE TI Restriction enzyme analysis and ribotyping distinguish Bordetella avium and Bordetella hinzii isolates SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACID ANALYSIS; SP-NOV; DIFFERENTIATION; CORYZA; ELECTROPHORESIS; BRONCHISEPTICA; TURKEYS; HUMANS; AGENT AB Fifty-seven bacterial isolates previously identified as Bordetella avium or B. hinzii were characterized by restriction enzyme analysis (REA) and/or ribotyping. Twenty restriction endonucleases were evaluated for REA. Digestion of chromosomal DNA from the 42 B. avium and 15 B. hinzii isolates with HinfI produced 8 and 7 distinct fingerprint profiles, respectively. Digestion with DdeI further discriminated these Bordetella species and produced 12 fingerprint profiles for B. avium and 4 profiles of B. hinzii. In addition, B. avium isolates were clearly distinguishable from B. hinzii isolates by ribotyping with the restriction endonuclease PvuII. The ribotype patterns of these two species of Bordetella were unique when compared to previously reported ribotype patterns for B. bronchiseptica isolates. Since it was possible to discern differences among isolates within each Bordetella species by REA analysis, we suggest that REA could be used in developing a typing system based on the fingerprint profiles generated. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Sacco, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 124 IS 1 BP 83 EP 90 DI 10.1017/S0950268899003337 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 294ZL UT WOS:000085940800012 PM 10722134 ER PT J AU Cho, YS Pakrasi, HB Whitmarsh, J AF Cho, YS Pakrasi, HB Whitmarsh, J TI Cytochrome c(M) from Synechocystis 6803 - Detection in cells, expression in Escherichia coli, purification and physical characterization SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE photosynthesis; cyanobacteria; cytochrome; redox potential; extinction coefficient ID PCC6803; MATURATION AB Based on DNA sequence data a novel c-type cytochrome, cytochrome c(M), has been predicted to exist in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803. The precursor protein consists of 105 amino acids with a characteristic heme-binding motif and a hydrophobic domain located at the N-terminal end that is proposed to act as either a signal peptide or a membrane anchor. For the first time we report the detection of cytochrome c(M) in Synechocystis 6803 using Western blot analysis. The soluble portion cytochrome c(M) has been overexpressed in Escherichia coli in two forms, one with a poly histidine tag to facilitate purification and one without such a tag. The overexpressed protein has been purified and shown to bind heme, exhibiting an absorption peak in the Sent band near 416 nm and a peak in the alpha band at 550 nm. The extinction coefficient of cytochrome c(M) is 23.2 +/- 0.5 mM(-1).cm(-1) for the reduced minus oxidized alpha band peak (550-535 nm). The isoelectric point of cytochrome c(M) is 5.6 (without the histidine tag), which is significantly lower than the pI of 7.2 predicted from the amino acid sequence. The redox midpoint potential of cytochrome c(M) expressed in E. coli is 151 +/- 5 mV (pH 7.1), which is quite low compared to other c-type cytochromes in which a histidine and a methionine residue serve as the axial ligands to the heme. This work opens the way for determining the three-dimensional structure of cytochrome c(M) and investigating its function in cyanobacteria. C1 Univ Illinois, ERML 197, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Biochem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Washington Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. RP Whitmarsh, J (reprint author), Univ Illinois, ERML 197, Dept Plant Biol, 1201 W Gregory Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 45797] NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0014-2956 J9 EUR J BIOCHEM JI Eur. J. Biochem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 267 IS 4 BP 1068 EP 1074 DI 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01092.x PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 291MG UT WOS:000085738300018 PM 10672015 ER PT J AU Tang, G Qin, J Dolnikowski, GG Russell, RM AF Tang, G Qin, J Dolnikowski, GG Russell, RM TI Vitamin A equivalence of beta-carotene in a Woman as determined by a stable isotope reference method SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE beta-carotene-d(8); retinol-d(4); humans; retinol equivalence; stable isotope; mass spectrometry ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CHEMICAL-IONIZATION; HUMANS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; RETINOL AB Background:Quantitative information on conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A in humans is limited. Aim of the study: Our laboratory has developed a stable isotope method for studying the conversion of beta-carotene (beta-C) to vitamin A. Methods: Two dosage levels (a pharmacological dose, 126.0 mg beta-C-d(8), and a physiological dose, 6.0 mg beta-C-d(8)) were used 2.5 y apart in an adult female volunteer to study dose effects on the conversion of beta-C to vitamin A. Blood samples were collected over 21 d. beta-C and retinol were extracted from serum and isolated by high performance liquid chromatography. The retinol fraction was derivatized to a trimethylsilyl ether which was analyzed by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry with electron capture negative chemical ionization. Results:The retinol-d(4) response in the circulation peaked at 24 hours after the beta-C-d(8) dose, with a higher percent enrichment after the pharmacological dose than after the physiological dose. By using retinyl acetate-d(8) as the vitamin A reference, the retinol-d(4) formed from 6 mg of beta-C-d(8) (11.2 mu mol) was calculated to be equivalent to 1.6 mg of retinol (i.e., 3.8 mg of beta-C was equivalent to 1 mg of retinol). However, the retinol-d(4) formed from 126 mg of beta-C-d(8) (235 mu mol) was equivalent to 2.3 mg of retinol (i.e., 55 mg beta-C was equivalent to 1 mg retinol). Conclusion: These results provide evidence that it is feasibile to use stable isotope reference method to study retinol equivalence of beta-C and that there may be a dose-dependence on bioconversion of beta-carotene to retinol. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tang, G (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 15 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 0 PU DR DIETRICH STEINKOPFF VERLAG PI DARMSTADT PA PLATZ DER DEUTSCHEN EINHEIT 25, D-64293 DARMSTADT, GERMANY SN 1436-6207 J9 EUR J NUTR JI Eur. J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 39 IS 1 BP 7 EP 11 DI 10.1007/s003940050070 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 324JL UT WOS:000087618500002 PM 10900552 ER PT J AU Peck, SL Ellner, SP Gould, F AF Peck, SL Ellner, SP Gould, F TI Varying migration and deme size and the feasibility of the shifting balance SO EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE pesticide resistance; shifting balance theory; stepping stone model; stochastic migration; varying deme size ID POPULATION; RESISTANCE; EVOLUTION C1 USDA ARS, Trop Fruit & Vegetable Res Lab, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Biomath Grad Program, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Entomol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Peck, SL (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Zool, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC STUDY EVOLUTION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0014-3820 J9 EVOLUTION JI Evolution PD FEB PY 2000 VL 54 IS 1 BP 324 EP 327 PG 4 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 301NF UT WOS:000086315700035 PM 10937211 ER PT J AU De Lucca, AJ AF De Lucca, AJ TI Antifungal peptides: potential candidates for the treatment of fungal infections SO EXPERT OPINION ON INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS LA English DT Review DE amphibian; antifungal; aquatic; insect; mammalian; peptides; plant ID AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; IN-VITRO ANTIFUNGAL; RICH ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES; EXPERIMENTAL DISSEMINATED CANDIDIASIS; PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII PNEUMONIA; RABBIT GRANULOCYTE PEPTIDES; HUMAN NEUTROPHIL DEFENSINS; AMPHOTERICIN-B-RESISTANT; HORSESHOE-CRAB HEMOCYTES; LIPID TRANSFER PROTEINS AB Many diversely produced natural peptides, as well as those produced semisynthetically and synthetically, have been found to inhibit the growth or even be lethal to a wide range of fungi. Some of these have the potential to aid mankind in combating mycoses caused by emerging pathogens or as a result of the increasing number of antibiotic-resistant fungi. Antifungal peptides may also assist in non-medical fields such as agriculture. For example, introduction by transgenic research of antifungal peptides could improve crop production yields by increasing host resistance to fungal invasion. The aim of this review is to provide information on research on these important peptides. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP De Lucca, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 286 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 4 PU ASHLEY PUBL LTD PI LONDON PA 1ST FL, THE LIBRARY, 1 SHEPHERDS HILL HIGHGATE, LONDON N6 5QJ, ENGLAND SN 1354-3784 J9 EXPERT OPIN INV DRUG JI Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs PD FEB PY 2000 VL 9 IS 2 BP 273 EP 299 DI 10.1517/13543784.9.2.273 PG 27 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 344VK UT WOS:000088780000008 PM 11060677 ER PT J AU Fields, MW Russell, JB AF Fields, MW Russell, JB TI Alternative pathways of glucose transport in Prevotella bryantii B(1)4 SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE glucose/mannose transport; rumen; Prevotella bryantii B(1)4 ID RUMINICOLA; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE; BACTERIA; SYSTEM; METABOLISM AB Prevotella bryantii B(1)4 grew faster on glucose than mannose (0.70 versus 0.45 h(-1)); but these sugars were used simultaneously rather than diauxically. 2-deoxy-glucose (2DG) decreased the growth rate of cells that were provided with either glucose or mannose, bur 2DG did not completely prevent growth. Cells grown on glucose or mannose transported both C-14-glucose and C-14-mannose, but cells grown on glucose had over three-fold higher rates of C-14-glucose transport than cells grown on mannose. The C-14-mannose transport rates of glucose- and mannose-grown cells were similar. Woolf-Augustinsson-Hofstee plots were not linear, and it appeared that the glucose/mannose/2DG carrier acted as a facilitated diffusion system at high substrate concentrations. When cultures were grown on nitrogen-deficient (excess sugar) medium, isolates had three-fold lower C-14-glucose transport, but the C-14-mannose transport did not change significantly. C-14-glucose and C-14-mannose transport rates could be inhibited by 2DG and either mannose or glucose, respectively. The C-14-glucose transport of mannose-grown cells was inhibited more strongly by mannose and 2DG than those grown on glucose. Cells grown on glucose or mannose had similar ATP-dependent glucokinase activity, and 2DG was a competitive inhibitor (K-i=0.75 mM). Thin layer chromatography indicated that cell extracts also had ATP-dependent mannose phosphorylation, bur only a small amount of phosphorylated 2DG was detected. Glucose, mannose or 2DG were not phosphorylated in the presence of PEP. Based on these results, it appeared that P. bryantii B(1)4 had: (1) two mechanisms of glucose transport, a constitutive glucose/mannose/2DG carrier and an alternative glucose carrier that was regulated by glucose availability, (2) an ATP-dependent glucokinase that was competitively inhibited by 2DG but was unable to phosphorylate 2DG at a rapid rate, and (3) virtually no PEP-dependent glucose, mannose or 2DG phosphorylation activities. (C) 2000 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 2000 VL 183 IS 1 BP 137 EP 142 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 280UE UT WOS:000085121500023 PM 10650216 ER PT J AU Harms, WR Whitesell, CD DeBell, DS AF Harms, WR Whitesell, CD DeBell, DS TI Growth and development of loblolly pine in a spacing trial planted in Hawaii SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Pinus taeda; stand dynamics; stockability; self-thinning; growth and yield ID TAEDA PLANTATIONS; STOCKABILITY; YIELD; STAND AB Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L) was planted at four square spacings (1.8, 2.4, 3.0, and 3.7 m) on the Island of Maul in 1961, and measured periodically for 34 years. Patterns of stand growth and development were examined and compared with yield model estimates of stand characteristics of plantations of the same initial spacings, ages, and site index in the southeastern United States. The Hawaiian plantings had much higher survival at all spacings and sustained high diameter growth in the face of intense competition, At Age 34, the 1.8 m spacing had 1585 stems/ha averaging 24.1 m tall and 28.8 cm DBH; the widest spacing (3.7 m) had 725 stems/ha, 26.1 m tall. and 38.2 cm DBH. The highest basal areas (similar to 100 m(2)/ha) were double maxima attained in the southeastern United States and were reflected in similar differences in volume yields. The Hawaiian plantings demonstrate that growth potential of loblolly pine is far greater than is apparent from observations on plantations in its native habitat. To capture this potential in other situations, research must identify the tree, stand, and environmental characteristics associated with low mortality rates and high diameter growth in Hawaii, and, conversely, the factors that limit loblolly's potential in the southeastern United States. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Olympia, WA 98502 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Ctr Forested Wetlands Res, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, SW Res Stn, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP DeBell, DS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, 93rd Ave Sw, Olympia, WA 98502 USA. NR 36 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD FEB 1 PY 2000 VL 126 IS 1 BP 13 EP 24 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00079-1 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 272LP UT WOS:000084651900002 ER PT J AU Clinton, BD Baker, CR AF Clinton, BD Baker, CR TI Catastrophic windthrow in the southern Appalachians: characteristics of pits and mounds and initial vegetation responses SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE microtopography; pits and mounds; windthrow; microclimate; forest disturbance; succession ID TREEFALL PITS; BURIED SEEDS; FOREST; DISTURBANCE; DYNAMICS; COLONIZATION; REGENERATION; MOUNTAINS; MICROSITE; PATTERNS AB We characterized pit and mound (PM) topography resulting from catastrophic wind in the Coweeta Basin, and located 48 PMs across a variety of forest types. Our measurements included pit length, width, and depth; and mound height, thickness, and width. Species of fallen trees were identified, and DBH (diameter at breast height, 1.37 m) was measured for biomass determination. We identified five distinct microsites at each PM: mound face, mound top, pit bottom, pit-wall, and intact forest floor. On each microsite, we measured photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), soil temperature, and soil moisture, and took soil samples from four microsites (intact forest floor, pit wall, pit bottom, mound top) to determine carbon and nitrogen concentrations. Treefall direction was marginally non-random. Three PM dimensions were significantly related to fallen tree biomass: mound width; mound height; and pit width. Other relationships failed because (1) rooting depth of the fallen tree was not necessarily proportional to tree size; and (2) trees that fell striking other trees often slid back into the pit, altering its dimensions. PAR was highest at mound top (250 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) and lowest in pit bottom (70 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)). Mean soil temperature varied approximate to 3 degrees C across microsites, and soil moisture ranged from 24% on the mound top and mound face to 34% in the pit bottom. Nitrogen and carbon concentrations were significantly higher on the forest floor ([N] = 0.23%; [C] = 4.73%) than on the other three microsites ([N] = 0.08-0.10%; [C] = 1.4-2.2%). Over time, soil nutrition and microsite instability, due to erosion and settling, may be the most influential factors determining rates of vegetative establishment in PMs. We characterized initial vegetative recovery in 27 blowdown sites. Trees were placed in one of two damage classes: direct wind damage (direct); and damage due to the fall of another tree (indirect). Basal and/or bole sprouting, and live or dead crowns were noted. Blowdown areas ranged from 181 to 4043 m(2) and averaged 1175 m(2). Mean diameter of indirectly damaged trees was 50% of the mean for trees directly damaged, but both had similar minimum diameters. Overall, the biomass of indirectly damaged trees accounted for <10% of total biomass but 33% of the total number of stems. Of the indirectly damaged trees, 38% were topped, 82% exhibited basal or bole sprouting, and 21% had live crowns. By contrast, of the directly damaged trees, only 5% were topped, <50% were sprouting, and only 11% had live crowns. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. RP Clinton, BD (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, 3160 Coweeta Lab Rd, Otto, NC 28763 USA. NR 37 TC 72 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD FEB 1 PY 2000 VL 126 IS 1 BP 51 EP 60 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00082-1 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 272LP UT WOS:000084651900005 ER PT J AU Wolfe, R AF Wolfe, R TI Research challenges for structural use of small-diameter round timbers SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN PINE; WOOD AB Forest managers have identified forest stands overstocked with small-diameter trees as a critical forest health issue. Overstocked stands are subject to attack by insects and disease and, as a result of the heavy fuel load, risk total destruction by fire. Prescribed burning is an economic tool for suppressing the growth of brush and tree seedlings, but its use is often restricted for environmental reasons. Forests that contain a heavy fuel load extending into the canopy must be thinned to reduce the fuel load before prescribed burning can be used to avoid future loss caused by fire, insects, and disease. One way to help recover the cost of mechanical thinning is to promote value-added structural uses of the small-diameter round timber to be removed. Although the cost of mechanical removal thinning can be partially justified on the basis of time and money saved by preventing future resource destruction, savings based on conjecture and probability of occurrence are difficult to quantify. Value-added uses of this material can provide immediate return in the form of increased revenue for thinnings and rural economic development. This paper is an overview of the options for round timber structural applications and contains recommendations for research needed to promote acceptance of engineered applications. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Wolfe, R (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 60 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 3 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 50 IS 2 BP 21 EP 29 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 287KZ UT WOS:000085506200007 ER PT J AU Cai, ZY Hunt, MO Ross, RJ Soltis, LA AF Cai, ZY Hunt, MO Ross, RJ Soltis, LA TI Static and vibration moduli of elasticity of salvaged and new joists SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Conservation ethics and material shortages are stimulating interest in reusing wood products from demolished buildings and reusing entire buildings. As one of an anticipated series of reports coming from our research project titled, "Nondestructive structural evaluation of wood floor systems in historic buildings," this paper reports the results of determining the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of wood joists via static and vibration methods in both edgewise and flatwise orientations. Fifteen new southern pine joists (2- by 16- in. by 30 ft.) and nine joists (2- by 16- in, by 20 ft.) salvaged from a 90-year old warehouse were examined. For the salvaged joists, a considerable difference was observed between the edgewise MOE and flatwise MOE for both vibration and static methods. Correlative relationships were found for both new and salvaged joists for vibration edgewise MOE versus stress wave MOE; static edgewise MOE versus stress wave MOE; static edgewise MOE versus vibration edgewise MOE; and for static edgewise MOE versus static flatwise MOE. These relationships may be useful in the ongoing research of structural evaluation of in-place floor systems. C1 Temple Inland Forest Prod Corp, Diboll, TX 75941 USA. Purdue Univ, Wood Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Cai, ZY (reprint author), Temple Inland Forest Prod Corp, 700 N Temple Dr, Diboll, TX 75941 USA. NR 9 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 50 IS 2 BP 35 EP 40 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 287KZ UT WOS:000085506200009 ER PT J AU De Groot, RC Crawford, DM Norton, J Keith, J AF De Groot, RC Crawford, DM Norton, J Keith, J TI Five-year field trials using preservative-treated, second-growth Douglas-fir exposed in ground contact in Australia SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The durability of preservative-treated stakes of second-growth Coastal Douglas-fir was evaluated in a field plot in northern Queensland, Australia. Results from this field trial indicate that second-growth Douglas-fir can be treated with preservatives to meet Australian standards and will provide long-term durability in adverse environments. Data presented indicate that within a 5-year time frame, the importance of minimum penetration parameters decreases as retention increases. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI USA. Timber Protect Program, Dept Primary Ind, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. John Keith & Assoc, Sydney, NSW, Australia. RP De Groot, RC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 50 IS 2 BP 46 EP 53 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 287KZ UT WOS:000085506200011 ER PT J AU Bratkovich, SM Gephart, JS Peterson, P Bartz, RH AF Bratkovich, SM Gephart, JS Peterson, P Bartz, RH TI Green dimensioning below-grade red oak logs: A Minnesota case study SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB A combination hardwood thinning and selection harvest in north central Minnesota generated a mix of veneer logs, high- and low-grade sawlogs, and below-grade red oak (Quercus spp.) logs representative of pallet and firewood quality material. A sample of 100 of the below-grade logs was selected for processing at a commercial pallet mill. The sample logs had an average small-end diameter-inside-bark and length of 9.5 and 101 inches, respectively. A circular saw (primary breakdown) and gang and horizontal resaws and chop saws (secondary breakdown) were utilized to process the below-grade logs into 4/4 dimension and pallet parts. Forty-eight percent of log scale volume (scaling yield) was converted into clear dimension parts. Total yield, expressed as cubic feet of dimension and pallet parts output per cubic feet of log input, was 31 percent. Sixty-one percent of the total product output from the sample logs was in clear, defect-free, green dimensioned parts in lengths of 12 to 43 inches and widths of 1-3/4, 2-3/4, and 3-1/2 inches. The longer 38- to 43-inch parts comprised nearly 30 percent of the total dimension part volume. Pallet parts, in 42- and 48-inch lengths and a width of 3-1/2 inches, accounted for the remaining 39 percent of product output. Total product yield, for dimension and pallet parts, was 197 and 125 board feet per cord, respectively. C1 US Forest Serv, State & Privat Forestry, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. N Shore Forest Prod Inc, Duluth, MN 55816 USA. Minnesota Dept Nat Resources, Brainerd, MN 56401 USA. Palisade Supply Inc, Palisade, MN 56469 USA. RP Bratkovich, SM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, State & Privat Forestry, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 50 IS 2 BP 65 EP 68 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 287KZ UT WOS:000085506200014 ER PT J AU Gatchell, CJ Thomas, RE Walker, ES AF Gatchell, CJ Thomas, RE Walker, ES TI Some implications of remanufacturing hardwood lumber SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Research on several hundred well-manufactured 1 and 2A Common red oak boards shows that better edging and/or trimming or division-based remanufacturing can produce boards of higher grade and value. Division-based remanufacturing divides a board into as many as four smaller boards. The UGRS computer program (3,4) grades digitized boards, examines their remanufacturing potential, remanufactures to the highest valued solutions greater than the original board values, and displays the size, defect location, and grade of new boards for UGRS analysis. An example analysis of the effects of such remanufacturing for a simple, gang-rip-first, rough-mill cutting bill is included. Whether boards can be remanufactured profitably depends on the relative prices among the lumber grades and the costs assigned to remanufacturing. All software used in this research is available free of charge. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Sta, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. RP Gatchell, CJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Sta, 241 Mercer Springs Rd, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 50 IS 2 BP 79 EP 89 PG 11 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 287KZ UT WOS:000085506200017 ER PT J AU Schmoldt, DL Peterson, DL AF Schmoldt, DL Peterson, DL TI Analytical group decision making in natural resources: Methodology and application SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE analytic hierarchy process; fire research; natural resources planning; priority setting; workshop process ID HIERARCHY PROCESS; INDIVIDUAL-PERFORMANCE; MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES; SUPPORT SYSTEMS; MODEL; COHESIVENESS; PRIORITIES; MATRICES; ISSUE; TASKS AB Group decision making is becoming increasingly important in natural resource management and associated scientific applications, because multiple values are treated coincidentally in time and space, multiple resource specialists are needed, and multiple stakeholders must be included in the decision process. Decades of social science research on decision making in groups have provided insights into the impediments to effective group processes and on techniques that can be applied in a group context. Nevertheless, little integration and few applications of these results have occurred in resource management decision processes, where formal groups are integral, either directly or indirectly. A group decision-making methodology is introduced as an effective approach for temporary, formal groups (e.g., workshops). It combines the following three components: (1) brainstorming to generate ideas; (2) the analytic hierarchy process to produce judgments, manage conflict, enable consensus, and plan for implementation; and (3) a discussion template (straw document). Resulting numerical assessments of alternative decision priorities can be analyzed statistically to indicate where group member agreement occurs and where priority values are significantly different. An application of this group process to fire research program development in a workshop setting indicates that the process helps focus group deliberations; mitigates groupthink, nondecision, and social loafing pitfalls; encourages individual interaction; identifies irrational judgments; and provides a large amount of useful quantitative information about group preferences. This approach can help facilitate scientific assessments and other decision-making processes in resource management. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Engn, USDA, Forest Serv,So Res Stn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Washington, USGS, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Field Stn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Schmoldt, DL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Engn, USDA, Forest Serv,So Res Stn, 460 Henry Mall, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 69 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 11 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 46 IS 1 BP 62 EP 75 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 281KJ UT WOS:000085158500008 ER PT J AU Gumpertz, ML Wu, C Pye, JM AF Gumpertz, ML Wu, C Pye, JM TI Logistic regression for southern pine beetle outbreaks with spatial and temporal autocorrelation SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE generalized estimating equations; spatial prediction; marginal models; correlated proportions; correlated binary data ID COLEOPTERA; SCOLYTIDAE; MODELS AB Regional outbreaks of southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) show marked spatial and temporal patterns. While these patterns are of interest in themselves, we focus on statistical methods for estimating the effects of underlying environmental factors in the presence of spatial and temporal autocorrelation, The most comprehensive available information on outbreaks consists of binary data, specifically, annual presence or absence of outbreak for individual counties within the southern United States. We demonstrate a method for modeling spatially correlated proportions, such as the proportion of years that a county experiences outbreak, based on annual outbreak presence or absence data for counties in three states (NC, SC, and GA) over 31 yr. In this method, the proportion of years in outbreak is predicted using a marginal logistic regression model with spatial autocorrelation among counties, with adjustment of variance terms to account for temporal autocorrelation. This type of model describes the probability of outbreak as a function of explanatory variables such as host availability, physiography, climate, hurricane incidence, and management type. Explicitly including spatial autocorrelation in the model improves estimates of the probability of outbreak for a particular county and of the importance of the various explanatory variables. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Feng Chia Univ, Dept Stat, Taichung 407, Taiwan. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Gumpertz, ML (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Box 8203, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Pye, John/B-2983-2008 OI Pye, John/0000-0001-8413-1216 NR 35 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 12 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 46 IS 1 BP 95 EP 107 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 281KJ UT WOS:000085158500011 ER PT J AU Bond, BJ Ryan, MG AF Bond, BJ Ryan, MG TI Comment on 'Hydraulic limitation of tree height: a critique' by Becker, Meinzer & Wullschleger SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID TROPICAL FOREST; WATER-USE C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Bond, BJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Peavy Hall 154, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008 OI Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738 NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-8463 J9 FUNCT ECOL JI Funct. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1 BP 137 EP 140 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2000.00398-2.x PG 4 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 300BG UT WOS:000086232500019 ER PT J AU Graham, MA Marek, LF Lohnes, D Cregan, P Shoemaker, RC AF Graham, MA Marek, LF Lohnes, D Cregan, P Shoemaker, RC TI Expression and genome organization of resistance gene analogs in soybean SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE expression; R-genes; contig; RGAs; soybean ID INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING; DISEASE; PROTEIN; FAMILY; TOLL; SUPERFAMILY; SIMILARITY; DATABASE AB Sequence analysis of cloned plant disease-resistance genes reveals a number of conserved domains. Researchers have used these domains to amplify analogous sequences, resistance gene analogs (RGAs), from soybean and other crops. Many of these RGAs map in close proximity to known resistance genes. While this technique is useful in identifying potential disease resistance loci, identifying the functional resistance gene from a cluster of homologs requires sequence information from outside of these conserved domains. To study RGA expression and to determine the extent of their similarity to other plant resistance genes, two soybean cDNA libraries (root and epicotyl) were screened by hybridization with RGA class-specific probes. cDNAs hybridizing to RGA probes were detected in each library. Two types of cDNAs were identified. One type was full-length and contained several disease-resistance gene (R-gene) signatures. The other type contained several deletions within these signatures. Sequence analyses of the cDNA clones placed them in the Toll-Interleukin-1 receptor, nucleotide binding domain, and leucine-rich repeat family of disease-resistance genes. Using clone-specific primers from within the 3prime end of the LRRs, we were able to map two cDNA clones (LM6 and MG13) to a BAC contig that is known to span a cluster of disease-resistance genes. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Shoemaker, RC (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 27 TC 39 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD FEB PY 2000 VL 43 IS 1 BP 86 EP 93 DI 10.1139/gen-43-1-86 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 280CA UT WOS:000085083600012 PM 10701117 ER PT J AU Jin, H Domier, LL Shen, XJ Kolb, FL AF Jin, H Domier, LL Shen, XJ Kolb, FL TI Combined AFLP and RFLP mapping in two hexaploid oat recombinant inbred populations SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE amplified fragment length polymorphism; Avena; comparative mapping ID LINKAGE MAP; COMPARATIVE GENETICS; CULTIVATED OAT; MARKERS; RESISTANCE; BARLEY; GENOME; IDENTIFICATION; LOCUS; POLYMORPHISMS AB A combined RFLP and AFLP map was constructed for hexaploid oat (Avena spp.). The segregation of AFLP markers was scored in two hexaploid oat recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations, the 'Kanota' x 'Ogle' RFLP population, and a population derived from 'Clintland64' and 'IL86-5698', barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV)-sensitive and BYDV-tolerant lines, respectively. More than 300 AFLP markers were scored in each population, of which 97 could be scored in both populations. AFLP markers were linked to RFLP markers in 32 of 36 'Kanota' x 'Ogle' RFLP linkage groups. The addition of the AFLP markers to the 'Kanota' x 'Ogle' RFLP data set combined markers from four pairs of linkage groups and increased the size of the map from 1402 cM to 2351 cM. Thirty linkage groups were observed in the 'Clintland64' + 'IL86-5698' population, two of which could be consolidated by comparing the maps from both populations. The AFLP and RFLP markers showed very similar distributions in the 'Kanota' x 'Ogle' population with a tendency of each type of marker to cluster with markers of the same type. The placement of a set of AFLP markers on the 'Kanota' x 'Ogle' linkage map will enrich the RFLP map and allow others to relate AFLP markers for agronomically important genes to the reference 'Kanota' x 'Ogle' linkage map. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Protect Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Domier, LL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Protect Res Unit, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 48 TC 22 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD FEB PY 2000 VL 43 IS 1 BP 94 EP 101 DI 10.1139/gen-43-1-94 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 280CA UT WOS:000085083600013 PM 10701118 ER PT J AU Blum, MD Guccione, MJ Wysocki, DA Robnett, PC Rutledge, EM AF Blum, MD Guccione, MJ Wysocki, DA Robnett, PC Rutledge, EM TI Late Pleistocene evolution of the lower Mississippi River valley, southern Missouri to Arkansas SO GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID LAURENTIDE ICE-SHEET; LATE-GLACIAL RUNOFF; GULF COASTAL-PLAIN; ALLUVIAL VALLEY; COLORADO RIVER; LAKE AGASSIZ; OF-MEXICO; LOESS; MELTWATER; STRATIGRAPHY AB The Mississippi River served as the principal conduit for meltwaters discharging from the southern margins of North American ice sheets, The northern half of the Mississippi River alluvial valley in Missouri and Arkansas can be subdivided into two distinct channel courses, the Western and Eastern Lowlands, which are separated by Crowleys Ridge, The Eastern Lowlands contain two entry points, the Bell City-Oran and Thebes Gaps; the latter is a narrow bedrock gorge that contains the modern river. This paper summarizes a model for evolution of channel courses in the Western and Eastern Lowlands during the Illinoian and Wisconsin glacial stages. For the Western Lowlands, stratigraphic relations between loess units and subjacent fluvial deposits show that major continuous terrace surfaces, or valley trains, are Illinoian or late Wisconsin in age. Investigations of tributary valley fills further show the Western Lowlands were deeply incised during the early to middle Wisconsin stage, then ag-graded during the late Wisconsin stage to such an extent that tributary valleys were backfilled with slackwater deposits. Moreover, analysis of loess thinning and lining trends shows that early to middle Wisconsin Roxana Silt and the late Wisconsin Peoria Loess covers on Western Lowlands valley trains were derived from deflation of valley trains in the Eastern Lowlands. We conclude that the Western Lowlands were the primary Mississippi River course during Illinoian deglaciation but were abandoned shortly thereafter, then episodically reoccupied during the late Wisconsin stage, For the Eastern Lowlands course, valley trains of early to middle Wisconsin age are not preserved, with the exception of a small remnant where the Mississippi River broke through a gap in the southern margins of Crowleys Ridge and reentered the Western Lowlands, All valley trains in the Eastern Lowlands are late Wisconsin age. A series of discontinuous terrace surfaces in the Bell City-Oran Gap represent dissected remnants of the primary Late Wisconsin full glacial and early late glacial course of the Mississippi River or combined Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, whereas younger continuous braided stream surfaces in the Bell City-Oran and Thebes Gap courses represent valley trains of latest Wisconsin and earliest Holocene age. Hence, the Bell City - Oran Gap was the primary course during the entire Wisconsin stage, and the Thebes Gap was permanently occupied in earliest Holocene time. As much as 5 m difference in elevation between successive late Wisconsin terrace surfaces of the Eastern Lowlands indicates that valley trains were rapidly constructed, incised, and abandoned in response to fluctuations in the delivery of meltwater and outwash from the former ice margin. Moreover, a variety of data indicates that deglacial meltwater floods were commonly of sufficient magnitude to overflow from the primary course in the Bell City-Oran Gap. Throughout the late Wisconsin substage, floodwaters overflowed into the Western Lowlands, constructed a series of secondary valley trains, and filled tributary valleys with slackwater deposits. During the latest Wisconsin stage, perhaps in association with the drainage of Glacial Lake Agassiz, floodwaters overflowed into the Western Lowlands and broke through the Thebes Gap. The Charleston fan represents the initial deposits of the Thebes Gap course. Following deposition of a large crevasse splay at the Western Lowlands entrance, that course was no longer active, but flow was routed through the Thebes Gap during periods of high-magnitude flooding until the Bell City-Oran Gap was abandoned and the Thebes Gap course was permanently occupied during earliest Holocene time. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Geol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68516 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Geol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Blum, MD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Geosci, 214 Bessey Hall, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NR 72 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 8 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0016-7606 J9 GEOL SOC AM BULL JI Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 112 IS 2 BP 221 EP 235 DI 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<0221:LPEOTL>2.3.CO;2 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 281EC UT WOS:000085144100004 ER PT J AU Sainju, UM Singh, BP Rahman, S Reddy, VR AF Sainju, UM Singh, BP Rahman, S Reddy, VR TI Tomato root growth is influenced by tillage, cover cropping, and nitrogen fertilization SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE minirhizotron; Lycopersicon esculentum; hairy vetch; soil management ID MINI-RHIZOTRONS; SOIL PROPERTIES; LENGTH DENSITY; WHEAT; SYSTEMS; MINIRHIZOTRONS; TRANSPLANT; MORPHOLOGY; SEEDLINGS; DROUGHT AB The influence of tillage [no-till (NT) vs. moldboard plowing (MP)], cover crop [hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) (HV) vs. no hairy vetch (NHV)], and N fertilization (0 and 180 kg.ha(-1) N) on root distribution and growth rate of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplants was examined in the field from May to August in 1996 and 1997. Experiments were conducted on a Norfolk sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic, Typic Kandiudults) in central Georgia. Root growth was estimated every 1 to 2 weeks with minirhizotron tubes installed in the plot. Roots were well distributed at soil depths between 1 and 58.5 cm and a maximum root count of 3.14 roots/cm(2) soil profile area was found at 19.5-cm depth with MP and no N fertilization in 1996. In general, NT with HV or with 0 kg ha(-1) N increased root proliferation at a depth of 6.5 to 19.5 cm, while MP with 180 kg.ha(-1) N increased root proliferation at greater depths. Total root count between 1 and 58.5 cm was not influenced by management practices, but increased linearly at rates of 0.35 roots/cm(2) per day from 20 June to 11 July 1996, and 0.03 roots/cm(2) per day from 16 May to 5 Aug. 1997. Root growth thereafter was minimal. Because of the higher temperature during early development, growth rate and number of roots were greater in 1996 than in 1997, Superior moisture conservation, accompanied by increased N availability, may have increased root proliferation in the surface soil in NT with HV or with 0 kg.ha(-1) N compared with NT with NHV or with 180 kg.ha(-1) N, and MP with or without HV or with or without N fertilization, Root growth, however, was not related with aboveground tomato yield. C1 Ft Valley State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Ft Valley, GA 31030 USA. USDA ARS, NRI Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sainju, UM (reprint author), Ft Valley State Univ, Agr Res Stn, 1005 State Univ Dr, Ft Valley, GA 31030 USA. NR 41 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2000 VL 35 IS 1 BP 78 EP 82 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 284QM UT WOS:000085343500019 ER PT J AU Terai, H Watada, AE Murphy, CA Wergin, WP AF Terai, H Watada, AE Murphy, CA Wergin, WP TI Scanning electron microscopic study of modified chloroplasts in senescing broccoli florets SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE broccoli; ultrastructure; chloroplast; SEM; TEM; freeze-fracture ID ULTRASTRUCTURAL-CHANGES; LEAVES; SENESCENCE AB Structural changes in chloroplasts of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., Italica group) florets during senescence were examined using light microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with freeze-fracture technique, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to better understand the process of chloroplast degradation, particularly at the advanced stage of senescence. Light microscopy revealed that chloroplasts, which initially were intact and green, became obscure in shape, and their color faded during senescence, Small, colored particles appeared in cells as the florets approached the final stage of senescence and became full- to dark-yellow in color, Scanning electron microscopy showed that stroma thylakoids in the chloroplast initially were parallel to each other and grana thylakoids were tightly stacked. As senescence advanced, the grana thylakoids degenerated and formed globules, The globules became larger by aggregation as senescence progressed, and the large globules, called "thylakoid plexus," formed numerous vesicles, The vesicles ultimately were expelled into the cytosol, and the light microscope revealed many colored particles in the senescent cells. These results indicate that the degradation of chloroplasts in broccoli florets progresses systematically, with the final product being colored particles, which are visible in yellow broccoli sepal cells. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Terai, H (reprint author), Kobe Univ, Fac Agr, Nada Ku, Rokkodai Cho, Kobe, Hyogo 6578501, Japan. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2000 VL 35 IS 1 BP 99 EP 103 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 284QM UT WOS:000085343500026 ER PT J AU Craddock, JH Reed, SM Schlarbaum, SE Sauve, RJ AF Craddock, JH Reed, SM Schlarbaum, SE Sauve, RJ TI Storage of flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) pollen SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE in vitro pollen germination; cryopreservation ID INVITRO GERMINATION; ANTHRACNOSE AB A series of experiments was conducted with flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) to evaluate in vitro pollen germination both prior to and following storage at various temperatures, For all experiments, pollen was germinated on an agar-solidified medium containing 20% sucrose, Collection method had a significant effect on germination of 'Cherokee Chief', 'Cherokee Princess', and 'Cloud 9' pollen. Pollen obtained from anthers that had been collected prior to dehiscence and allowed to air-dry for 24 hours had a higher germination rate than did pollen that had undergone a desiccation treatment. None of the treated pollen tested, however, had a germination rate >25% of that of freshly collected pollen. The deleterious effect of dehydration could not be reversed by rehydration. Pollen germination was tested after 1, 4, 7, and 108 days at 5, -20, and -196 degrees C, Pollen stored at -196 and at -20 degrees C had a better germination rate than that stored at 5 degrees C. Germination was not significantly affected by length of storage, nor was there any significant temperature x length of storage interaction. C1 Tennessee State Univ, Nursery Crop Res Stn, McMinnville, TN 37110 USA. USDA ARS, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, US Natl Arboretum, McMinnville, TN 37110 USA. RP Craddock, JH (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Biol & Environm Sci, 615 McCallie Ave, Chattanooga, TN 37403 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2000 VL 35 IS 1 BP 108 EP 109 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 284QM UT WOS:000085343500028 ER PT J AU Maas, JL Gouin-Behe, C Hartung, JS Hokanson, SC AF Maas, JL Gouin-Behe, C Hartung, JS Hokanson, SC TI Sources of resistance for two differentially pathogenic strains of Xanthomonas fragariae in Fragaria genotypes SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE strawberry; bacterial angular leafspot; disease resistance ID STRAWBERRY; PRIMERS AB Bacterial angular leafspot disease (BALD) of strawberry (Fragaria sp. and F. xananassa Duchesne cultivars) has become increasingly destructive to strawberry fruit and plant production in Canada and the United States, as well as in other countries. The disease, caused by Xanthomonas fragariae Kennedy and King, was first documented in Minnesota in 1960, and has become of worldwide concern because of the economic impact of BALD in strawberry fruit and nursery-plant production and the lack of adequate disease control strategies. We tested 81 Fragaria genotypes, including representatives of F, xananassa, F, chiloensis (L.) Duchesne, F. virginiana Duchesne, and F. vesca L., for resistance to two pathogenic strains of X. fragariae. Two genotypes, a native F, virginiana from Minnesota and an F, virginiana x F. xananassa hybrid, were found to resist infection by both bacterial strains and may be potential sources of resistance to other strains of X, fragariae. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Maas, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2000 VL 35 IS 1 BP 128 EP 131 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 284QM UT WOS:000085343500034 ER PT J AU Hammerschlag, FA AF Hammerschlag, FA TI Resistant responses of peach somaclone 122-1 to Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni and to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bacterial leaf spot; bacterial canker; disease resistance; Prunus persica; somaclonal variation ID PLANTS; CALLUS; REGENERATION; CULTURES; SPOT AB A detached-leaf bioassay was used to evaluate peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] Somaclone 122-1 (derived from callus produced on an immature embryo of peach cultivar Redhaven) for resistance to several virulent strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni [E.F. Sm.) Dows], causal agent of bacterial leaf spot, and to a virulent isolate of Pseudomonas syringae van Hall pv. syringae, causal agent of bacterial canker. The detached-leaf bioassay was also used to evaluate progeny of 122-1 for resistance to X. campestris pv.pruni virulent strain XP1. Somaclone 122-1 was significantly more resistant to most strains of X. campestris pv. pruni than was 'Redhaven', and all of its progeny exhibited high levels of resistance to X. campestris pv. pruni strain XP1, Somaclone 122-1 exhibited significantly higher levels of resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae than did 'Redhaven' and this! resistance was retained over time in the greenhouse and following a 2-year cycle of tissue culture propagation. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hammerschlag, FA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2000 VL 35 IS 1 BP 141 EP 143 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 284QM UT WOS:000085343500037 ER PT J AU Meerow, AW AF Meerow, AW TI 'Rio'(PPAF), 'Sampa'(PPAF), and 'Bahia'(PPAF) three new triploid amaryllis cultivars SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Hippeastrum hybrids; flower bulb; geophyte; ornamentals; floriculture; herbaceous perennial C1 Univ Florida, Ft Lauderdale Res & Educ Ctr, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Meerow, AW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 2000 VL 35 IS 1 BP 147 EP 149 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 284QM UT WOS:000085343500040 ER PT J AU Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO AF Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO TI Phase-shift ambiguity in microwave dielectric properties measurements SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE dielectric properties; microwave measurements; permittivity measurements; phase-shift ambiguity; transmission measurements ID DENSITY AB Phase measurements of the transmission coefficient are important when used for the dielectric characterization of materials. They are required for industrial material monitoring applications, where the phase is correlated with parameters such as moisture content and density, which need to be continuously determined. However, when the thickness of the material under test is greater than the wavelength in the material, a phase problem is encountered. Two methods are proposed to solve this problem. The first is based on the selection of the appropriate material thickness; the second requires the use of measurements at two frequencies. Advantages and limitations of both methods are discussed, and numerical validations are given for particulate materials. C1 ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Trabelsi, S (reprint author), ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 15 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 49 IS 1 BP 56 EP 60 DI 10.1109/19.836309 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 306WC UT WOS:000086619900012 ER PT J AU Huang, X Zhang, H Zen, KC Muthukrishnan, S Kramer, KJ AF Huang, X Zhang, H Zen, KC Muthukrishnan, S Kramer, KJ TI Homology modeling of the insect chitinase catalytic domain-oligosaccharide complex and the role of a putative active site tryptophan in catalysis SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chitin; chitinase; tobacco hornworm; biopesticide; insect; molting; cuticle; tryptophan; chitin binding; mutagenesis; phenylalanine; glycine ID EGG-WHITE LYSOZYME; MANDUCA-SEXTA; PLANT-LECTINS; BINDING MODE; PROTEINS; EXPRESSION; GENE; RESISTANCE; MECHANISM; FAMILIES AB Knowledge-based protein modeling and substrate docking experiments as well as structural and sequence comparisons were performed to identify potential active-site residues in chitinase, a molting enzyme from the tobacco hornworm, Munduca sexta. We report here the identification of an active-site amino acid residue, W145. Several mutated forms of the gene encoding this protein were generated by site-directed mutagenesis, expressed in a baculovirus-insect cell-line system, and the corresponding mutant proteins were purified and characterized for their catalytic and substrate-binding properties. W145, which is present in the presumptive catalytic site, was selected for mutation to phenylalanine (F) and glycine (G), and the resulting mutant enzymes were characterized to evaluate the mechanistic role of this residue. The wild-type and W145F mutant proteins exhibited similar hydrolytic activities towards a tri-GlcNAc oligosaccharide substrate, but the former was approximately twofold more active towards a polymeric chitin-modified substrate. The W145G mutant protein was inactive towards both substrates, although it still retained its ability to bind chitin. Therefore, W145 is required for optimal catalytic activity but is not essential for binding to chitin. Measurement of kinetic constants of the wild-type and mutant proteins suggests that W145 increases the affinity of the enzyme for the polymeric substrate and also extends the alkaline pH range in which the enzyme is active. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Biochem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Kramer, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 37 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 30 IS 2 BP 107 EP 117 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(99)00101-0 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 283HB UT WOS:000085269400002 PM 10696586 ER PT J AU Zhu, YC Oppert, B Kramer, KJ McGaughey, WH Dowdy, AK AF Zhu, YC Oppert, B Kramer, KJ McGaughey, WH Dowdy, AK TI cDNA sequence, mRNA expression and genomic DNA of trypsinogen from the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE trypsinogen; Plodia interpunctella; Bacillus thuringiensis; cDNA; gene; amino acid sequence; Indianmeal moth; gut; proteinase ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; CHORISTONEURA-FUMIFERANA; AEDES-AEGYPTI; MANDUCA-SEXTA; INSECT RESISTANCE; DELTA-ENDOTOXIN; SPRUCE BUDWORM; GENE FAMILY; BLOOD MEAL; MIDGUT AB Trypsin-like enzymes are major insect gut enzymes that digest dietary proteins and proteolytically activate insecticidal proteins produced by the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Resistance to Bt in a strain of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, was linked to the absence of a major trypsin-like proteinase (Oppert et al., 1997). In this study, trypsin-like proteinases, cDNA sequences, mRNA expression levels and genomic DNAs from Bt-susceptible and -resistant strains of the Indianmeal moth were compared. Proteinase activity blots of gut extracts indicated that the susceptible strain had two major trypsin-like proteinases, whereas the resistant strain had only one. Several trypsinogen-like cDNA clones were isolated and sequenced from cDNA libraries of both strains using a probe deduced from a conserved sequence for a serine proteinase active site. cDNAs of 852 nucleotides from the susceptible strain and 848 nucleotides from the resistant strain contained an open reading frame of 783 nucleotides which encoded a 261-amino acid trypsinogen-like protein. There was a single silent nucleotide difference between the two cDNAs in the open reading frame and the predicted amino acid sequence from the cDNA clones was most similar to sequences of trypsin-like proteinases from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, and the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. The encoded protein included amino acid sequence motifs of serine proteinase active sites, conserved cysteine residues, and both zymogen activation and signal peptides. Northern blotting analysis showed no major difference between the two strains in mRNA expression in fourth-instar larvae, indicating that transcription was similar in the strains. Southern blotting analysis revealed that the restriction sites for the trypsinogen genes from the susceptible and resistant strains were different. Based on an enzyme size comparison, the cDNA isolated in this study corresponded to the gene for the smaller of two trypsin-like proteinases, which is found in both the Bt-susceptible and -resistant strains of the Indianmeal moth. The sequences reported in this paper have been deposited in the GenBank database (accession numbers AF064525 for the RC688 strain and AF064526 for HD198). C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Reg, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Dowdy, AK (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Reg, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 9 IS 1 BP 19 EP 26 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00138.x PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 289MB UT WOS:000085624600003 PM 10672067 ER PT J AU Kapel, CMO Gamble, HR AF Kapel, CMO Gamble, HR TI Infectivity, persistence, and antibody response to domestic and sylvatic Trichinella spp. in experimentally infected pigs SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE antibody response; ELISA; excretory-secretory antigens; genotypes; infectivity; muscle larvae; persistence; pig; species; Sus scrofa; Trichinella britovi; Trichinella murrelli; Trichinella nativa; Trichinella nelsoni; Trichinella pseurdospiralis; Trichinella spiralis ID ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; SPIRALIS-NATIVA; TRICHINOSIS; SWINE; PSEUDOSPIRALIS; DIAGNOSIS; OUTBREAK AB Groups of pigs were inoculated with genotypes of Trichinella belonging to: Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella nativa. Trichinella britovi, Trichinella pseudospiralis (from Caucasus), T. pseudospiralis (from USA), Trichinella murrelli, Trichinella sp. (from North America), and Trichinella nelsoni. The pigs were sacrificed between 5 and 40 weeks p.i., and the number of muscle larvae per gram (l.p.g.) of tissue was determined as an average of 18 muscles. All Trichinella genotypes were infective for pigs, but both their infectivity and persistence varied: 5 weeks p.i., T. spiralis muscle larvae were present in high numbers (mean = 427 l.p.g.), while T. britovi, T, nelsoni, and T. pseudospiralis larvae were present in moderate numbers (means = 24-52 l.p.g.); larvae of the remaining genotypes were recovered only in low numbers (means = 0.05-5.00 l.p.g.). The total larval burden (live weight of pigxl.p.g.) was constant over time for T, spiralis, T. britovi. and T. nelsoni, but declined significantly (P < 0.05) for the other genotypes. Antibody responses could be detected 3-4 weeks p.i. by seven different Trichinella ES antigens, but the antibody levels and dynamics differed significantly among the experimental groups. In pigs inoculated with T, spiralis, T. britovi, or T. nelsoni, the antibody lever increased rapidly between weeks 3 and 5 p.i. and was stable or increased slightly throughout the experimental period. In pigs inoculated with T, nativa, T. murrelli, or Trichinella (T6) (from North America), a rapid increase was detected between weeks 3 and 5 p.i., but for these genotypes a reduction in the antibody levels was seen thereafter. In the pigs inoculated with T. pseudospiralis, the antibody level increased more gradually over a period from week 3 p.i. to weeks 15-20 p.i.. and decreased thereafter. In general, all species of Trichinella were detected by any of the seven ES antigens, which points to the potential use of one common antigen for surveillance and epidemiological studies on both domestic and sylvatic Trichinella in pigs. Homologous ES antigens were slightly more sensitive in detecting antibodies to the corresponding Trichinella species. (C) 2000 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Science. All rights reserved. C1 Danish Ctr Expt Parasitol, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kapel, CMO (reprint author), Danish Ctr Expt Parasitol, Ridebanevej 3, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. RI Kapel, Christian/G-9168-2014 OI Kapel, Christian/0000-0002-9539-457X NR 35 TC 139 Z9 150 U1 2 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 30 IS 2 BP 215 EP 221 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00202-7 PG 7 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 297FV UT WOS:000086072100013 PM 10704604 ER PT J AU Wang, SY Lin, HS AF Wang, SY Lin, HS TI Antioxidant activity in fruits and leaves of blackberry, raspberry, and strawberry varies with cultivar and developmental stage SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE antioxidant; anthocyanin; phenolics; free radical; blackberry; raspberry; strawberry ID RADICAL-ABSORBING CAPACITY; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; ANTHOCYANINS; FLAVONOIDS; PHENOLICS; POLYPHENOLS; VEGETABLES; MORTALITY; TEA AB Fruits and leaves from different cultivars of thornless blackberry (Rubus sp.), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.), black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis L.), and strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa D.) plants were analyzed for total antioxidant capacity (oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC) and total phenolic content. In addition, fruits were analyzed for total anthocyanin content. Blackberries and strawberries had the highest ORAC values during the green stages, whereas red raspberries had the highest ORAC activity at the ripe stage. Total anthocyanin content increased with maturity for all three species of fruits. Compared with fruits, leaves were found to have higher ORAC values. In fruits, ORAC values ranged from 7.8 to 33.7 mu mol of Trolox equivalents (TE)/g of fresh berries (35.0 - 162.1 mu mol of TE/g of dry matter), whereas in leaves, ORAC values ranged From 69.7 to 182.2 mu mol of TE/g of fresh leaves (205.0-728.8 mu mol of TE/g of dry matter). As the leaves become older, the ORAC values and total phenolic contents decreased. The results showed a linear correlation between total phenolic content and ORAC activity for fruits and leaves. For ripe berries, a linear relationship existed between ORAC values and anthocyanin content. Of the ripe fruits tested, on the basis of wet weight of fruit, cv. Jewel black raspberry and blackberries may be the richest source for antioxidants. On the basis of the dry weight of fruit, strawberries had the highest ORAC activity followed by black raspberries (cv. Jewel), blackberries; and red raspberries. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, SY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 643 Z9 694 U1 13 U2 117 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 BP 140 EP 146 DI 10.1021/jf9908345 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 287MP UT WOS:000085510000004 PM 10691606 ER PT J AU Zhou, A McFeeters, RF Fleming, HP AF Zhou, A McFeeters, RF Fleming, HP TI Development of oxidized odor and volatile aldehydes in fermented cucumber tissue exposed to oxygen SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Cucumis sativus; pickle; Lactobacillus plantarum; lipoxygenase; lipid oxidation ID DIFFERENT RIPENING STAGES; BELL PEPPERS; ACID; LIPOXYGENASE; SATIVUS; FLAVOR; MELO AB Changes in volatile compounds in fermented cucumber tissue during exposure to oxygen were investigated by purge and trap sampling, followed by GC-MS. Hexanal and a series of trans unsaturated aldehydes, (E)-2-pentenal, (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-heptenal, and (E)-2-octenal, increased in fermented cucumber slurries exposed to oxygen. Sensory evaluation of oxidized odor was correlated with the increase in aldehyde concentrations. Other identified volatile components present after fermentation did not show major changes during exposure to oxygen. There was no decrease in the formation of aldehydes in fermented cucumber samples that were heated to inactivate enzymes before exposure to oxygen. These results indicated that the formation of aldehydes in oxygen was due to nonenzymatic reactions. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, N Carolina Res Serv, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP McFeeters, RF (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, N Carolina Res Serv, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM rfm@unity.ncsu.edu NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 BP 193 EP 197 DI 10.1021/jf990287n PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 287MP UT WOS:000085510000013 PM 10691615 ER PT J AU Jones, BL Marinac, LA AF Jones, BL Marinac, LA TI Purification and partial characterization of a second cysteine proteinase inhibitor from ungerminated barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hordeum; LTP; cereal; protease; lipid transfer protein 2 ID LIPID TRANSFER PROTEIN; GREEN MALT ENDOPROTEINASES; ALEURONE; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION; PROMOTER; RICE AB It was previously shown that ungerminated barley contains inhibitors that suppress the activities of green malt cysteine proteinases. This paper reports the purification and partial characterization of a second barley cysteine endoproteinase inhibitor, a protein called lipid transfer protein 2 (LTP2). The chromatographically purified inhibitor had a molecular mass of 7112. The amino acid composition and sequence data of the purified inhibitor indicated that it was a protein whose gene, but not the protein itself, was isolated earlier from barley aleurone tissue. The purified protein inhibited the activities of electrophoretically separated green malt cysteine proteinases but not the activities of the serine- or metalloproteinases. The purified LTP2 inhibited the same proteases as the LTP1 that was characterized previously but was present in the mature seed in much smaller amounts. Neither LTP1 nor LTP2 has been proven to transport lipids in vivo, and it seems possible that both serve to keep cysteine endoproteinases that are synthesized during barley seed development inactive until the plant needs them. The small amount of LTP2 in the seed made it impossible to determine whether it, like LTP1, is involved in beer foam formation. Because of its proteinase-inhibiting ability and its resistance to heat inactivation, some of the LTP2 may persist in beer. C1 USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Jones, BL (reprint author), 501 N Walnut St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 25 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 BP 257 EP 264 DI 10.1021/jf9903556 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 287MP UT WOS:000085510000023 PM 10691625 ER PT J AU Bean, SR Lookhart, GL Bietz, JA AF Bean, SR Lookhart, GL Bietz, JA TI Acetonitrile as a buffer additive for free zone capillary electrophoresis separation and characterization of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) storage proteins SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE maize; sorghum; proteins; acetonitrile; capillary electrophoresis; hydrophobic ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; VARIETAL IDENTIFICATION; PROPOSED NOMENCLATURE; ZEINS; RESOLUTION; ENDOSPERM; KAFIRINS; GLIADIN AB An improved method for separating and characterizing maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) storage proteins by free zone capillary electrophoresis (FZCE) was developed. Previous electrophoretic methods for analyzing these proteins required high concentrations of urea to maintain protein solubility during separation. To overcome disadvantages of urea, we developed a FZCE method that mimicked reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) in that it used high levels of acetonitrile (ACN) at low pH. The optimized FZCE buffer system consisted of 80 mM phosphate-glycine buffer, nominal pH 2.5, containing 60% ACN and a cellulose derivative to dynamically coat capillary walls. Resolution was similar to or higher than that previously achieved by FZCE buffers utilizing 8 M urea as a buffer additive. ACN concentrations of at least 50% were necessary to achieve acceptable separations; this ACN concentration is approximately that necessary to extract these storage proteins. ACN was equally effective as traditional ethanol solvents and 8 M urea for solubilizing maize and sorghum proteins. The ACN-based FZCE buffer system gave high repeatability (<0.3% relative standard deviation, measured over 15 consecutive injections) for migration time. Subclasses of maize and sorghum storage proteins were identified, and genotypes of each cereal were successfully differentiated using ACN-containing buffers. This FZCE method may be applicable for the analysis of other hydrophobic proteins without the use of urea. C1 Kansas State Univ, Cooperat Invest, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Lookhart, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, GMPRC, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. OI Bean, Scott/0000-0001-8678-8094 NR 34 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 BP 318 EP 327 DI 10.1021/jf990786o PG 10 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 287MP UT WOS:000085510000033 PM 10691635 ER PT J AU Bean, SR Lookhart, GL AF Bean, SR Lookhart, GL TI Ultrafast capillary electrophoretic analysis of cereal storage proteins and its applications to protein characterization and cultivar differentiation SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; proteins; cereals; iminodiacetic acid; isoelectric buffers ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ZONE-ELECTROPHORESIS; DURUM-WHEAT; VARIETAL IDENTIFICATION; ISOELECTRIC BUFFERS; GLUTENIN SUBUNITS; SEPARATION; GLIADINS; PEPTIDES; STRENGTH AB Free zone capillary electrophoresis conditions have been improved to allow rapid (2-8 min) separations of grain proteins from several cereals (wheat, oats, rice, barley, and rye) with high resolution and reproducibility. This new method utilized the isoelectric compound iminodiacetic acid (IDA) in conjunction with 20% acetonitrile and 0.05% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Cultivars of all cereals tested could be differentiated in 3 min, including wheat, using either prolamin or glutelin protein patterns. Resolution was similar to or higher than that of separations in other acidic buffers. Migration time repeatability was excellent with run-to-run variability <1% RSD, day-to-day <1.4% RSD, and capillary-to-capillary <3.3% RSD. Because larger inner diameter capillaries (50 mu m) could be used with this buffer, sensitivity was improved and capillary rinse times could be reduced when compared to smaller capillaries (25 mu m i.d.). This also served to reduce total separation time so that the majority of cereal storage protein from several types of cereals could be analyzed with total analysis times of 2-8 min with extremely high resolution and repeatability. This method would allow unattended, high-throughput (similar to 180-400 samples/24 h) analysis of cereal proteins without the generation of much organic solvent waste as well as automated data analysis and storage. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Lookhart, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. OI Bean, Scott/0000-0001-8678-8094 NR 27 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 BP 344 EP 353 DI 10.1021/jf990962t PG 10 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 287MP UT WOS:000085510000037 PM 10691639 ER PT J AU Ramezanzadeh, FM Rao, RM Prinyawiwatkul, W Marshall, WE Windhauser, M AF Ramezanzadeh, FM Rao, RM Prinyawiwatkul, W Marshall, WE Windhauser, M TI Effects of microwave heat, packaging, and storage temperature on fatty acid and proximate compositions in rice bran SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE rice bran; microwave heat; proximate composition; fatty acid composition; storage; packaging ID GAMMA-IRRADIATION AB The effect of microwave heat, packaging methods, and storage temperatures on proximate and fatty acid compositions of rice bran during 16 weeks of storage was examined. Freshly milled raw rice bran was adjusted to 21% moisture content and microwave heated for 3 min. Raw and microwave-heated brans were packed in zipper-top bags and/or vacuum-sealed bags and stored at 4-5 and/or 25 degrees C for 16 weeks. The moisture content decreased significantly from an initial 8.4 to 6.4% in microwave-heated samples regardless of packaging methods and storage temperatures. Protein, fat, linoleic, and linolenic contents did not change significantly in all raw and microwave-heated samples during 16 weeks of storage. The microwave-heated rice bran packed in zipper-top bags can be stored at 4-5 degrees C for up to 16 weeks without adverse effect on proximate and fatty acid composition quality under the conditions employed in this study. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Dept Food Sci, Ctr Agr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Prinyawiwatkul, W (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Dept Food Sci, Ctr Agr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 22 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 BP 464 EP 467 DI 10.1021/jf9909609 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 287MP UT WOS:000085510000055 PM 10691657 ER PT J AU Schatzki, TF Ong, MS AF Schatzki, TF Ong, MS TI Distribution of aflatoxin in almonds. 2. Distribution in almonds with heavy insect damage SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE almonds; insect damage; aflatoxin; nut distribution functions ID PISTACHIO NUTS AB The aflatoxin distribution function in individual insect-damaged NePlus Ultra almonds was determined and found to be the sum of two distributions. Substantially all almonds exhibited a positive aflatoxin level between 0.02 ng/g (the detection level) and 0.3 ng/g, the precise form of this distribution depending on the lot studied. In addition, 1/1000 of the nuts showed contamination between 60 and 600 000 ng/g, independent of the lot. The latter distribution showed a smooth decrease with log concentration in this range, with no evidence of a minimum, as had been found previously for pistachios. No distribution data between 0.3 and 60 ng/g could be obtained. The distribution below 0.3 ng/g was assigned to contamination during post-harvest storage. The distribution above 60 ng/g was tentatively assigned to navel orange worm damage occurring when insects enter the kernel during split hulls late in the growing season. Considerable additional work will be required to verify these assignments. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Schatzki, TF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 BP 489 EP 492 DI 10.1021/jf990369b PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 287MP UT WOS:000085510000060 PM 10691662 ER PT J AU Moats, WA Anderson, KL Rushing, JE Buckley, S AF Moats, WA Anderson, KL Rushing, JE Buckley, S TI Conversion of cephapirin to deacetylcephapirin in milk and tissues of treated animals SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cephapirin; deacetylcephapirin; determination; liquid chromatography; beta-lactam screening tests; milk tissues ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES; CLINICAL MASTITIS; SCREENING-TESTS; CATTLE AB Cephapirin is one of six beta-lactam antibiotics approved for use in the treatment of food-producing animals in the United States. When used for treatment of mastitis by intramammary infusion, it is partially converted to a microbiologically active metabolite identified as deacetylcephapirin (DACEP). The degradation was followed in four cows with naturally acquired mastitis which were treated with cephapirin. DACEP persisted longer than the parent compound in the milk. When a calf was treated with cephapirin by intramuscular injection, the compound was almost completely converted to DACEP in tissues. The deacetyl form must be considered in the determination of residues in treated animals. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Moats, WA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 BP 498 EP 502 DI 10.1021/jf990638y PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 287MP UT WOS:000085510000062 PM 10691664 ER PT J AU Ji, C Norton, RA Wicklow, DT Dowd, PF AF Ji, C Norton, RA Wicklow, DT Dowd, PF TI Isoform patterns of chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase in maturing corn kernels (Zea mays L.) associated with Aspergillus flavus milk stage infection SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE isoform; beta-1,3-glucanase; chitinase; corn kernels; Aspergillus flavus; aflatoxin ID PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS; SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; MAIZE; ELECTROPHORESIS; INDUCTION; CUCUMBER; VIRUS AB Isoform patterns of chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase of maturing kernels of yellow dent corn (Pioneer 3394) infected with Aspergillus flavus at the milk stage were investigated through polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Proteins on the sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel with an apparent se molecular mass range of 23-46 kDa were differentially present in the kernels infected with both aflatoxin-producing and non-aflatoxin-producing strains of A. flavus. From in-gel (native PAGE) enzyme activity assays, three bands corresponding to chitinase isoforms and two bands corresponding to beta-1,3-glucanase isoforms were detected in the infected kernels. One chitinase isoform of 29 kDa was present only in the infected kernels, and another one of 28 kDa was present in both infected and noninfected kernels. They were judged to be acidic on the basis of their migration on an acrylamide isoelectric focusing (IEF) gel. For the beta-1,3-glucanase, one isoform of 35 kDa was present in both infected and noninfected kernels, but another one, a 33 kDa isoform, was present only in the infected kernels. Both acidic and basic beta-1,3-glucanase isoforms were detected in the IEF gel. The results of this study are the first to demonstrate patterns of enhanced or inducible proteins in maturing corn kernels in response to A. flavus infection at the milk stage. The results also indicate that only particular isoforms of the two hydrolytic enzymes are involved in the maturing corn kernels infected at the milk stage with A. flavus. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Ji, C (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 28 TC 23 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 BP 507 EP 511 DI 10.1021/jf9905119 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 287MP UT WOS:000085510000064 PM 10691666 ER PT J AU Gonzalez-Aguilar, GA Fortiz, J Cruz, R Baez, R Wang, CY AF Gonzalez-Aguilar, GA Fortiz, J Cruz, R Baez, R Wang, CY TI Methyl jasmonate reduces chilling injury and maintains postharvest quality of mango fruit SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Mangifera indica; methyl jasmonate; chilling injury; ion leakage; overall quality ID ETHYLENE; PEEL AB Exposure of mango (Mangifera indica cv. Tommy Atkins) fruit to methyl jasmonate (MJ) vapors (10(-4) M) for 24 h at 25 degrees C reduced chilling injury during subsequent storage for 21 days at 7 degrees C and after 5 days of shelf life at 20 degrees C. The chilling tolerance induced by MJ was positively correlated with the reduction in the percent ion leakage of mango tissue. The overall quality of MJ-treated fruit was also better than that of control fruit. MJ treatment increased the total soluble solids but did not affect titratable acidity or pH. MJ also did not change the normal climacteric rise in respiration, water loss, and softening rates. The efficacy of MJ to reduce chilling injury and decay of mango could be related to the tolerance induced at low temperature. It was concluded that MJ treatment may prevent chilling injury symptoms of mango without altering the ripening process. C1 Ctr Invest Alimentac & Desarrollo AC, Direcc Tecnol Alimentos Origen Vegetal, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gonzalez-Aguilar, GA (reprint author), Ctr Invest Alimentac & Desarrollo AC, Direcc Tecnol Alimentos Origen Vegetal, AP 1735, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. NR 27 TC 61 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 BP 515 EP 519 DI 10.1021/jf9902806 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 287MP UT WOS:000085510000066 PM 10691668 ER PT J AU Muldoon, MT Holtzapple, CK Deshpande, SS Beier, RC Stanker, LH AF Muldoon, MT Holtzapple, CK Deshpande, SS Beier, RC Stanker, LH TI Development of a monoclonal antibody-based cELISA for the analysis of sulfadimethoxine. 1. Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies and molecular modeling studies of antibody recognition SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sulfadimethoxine; sulfonamide; immunoassay; molecular modeling ID SULFAMETHAZINE RESIDUES; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; SULFONAMIDES AB Sulfonamide antibiotics are used to treat a variety of bacterial and protozoan infections in cattle, swine, and poultry. Current residue methods for the analysis of sulfonamides in animal-based food products include bioassays, chromatographic methods (HPLC, GLC), and immunoassays. Most immunoassays have employed highly specific polyclonal antibodies. In this paper, we describe the isolation of monoclonal antibodies against sulfadimethoxine (SDM) that vary in their sensitivities and cross-reactivities against a large number of sulfonamides. The most sensitive monoclonal antibody, designated SDM-18, exhibits an IC50 value for SDM of 1.53 ppb. Another monoclonal antibody, designated SDM-44, exhibits IC50 values for six sulfonamides well below the established threshold level of 100 ppb for animal tissues. Molecular modeling studies of the cross-reactive drugs suggest that, depending on the monoclonal antibody, both steric and electronic features govern antibody binding. Due to the diversity of these monoclonal antibodies, it should be possible to design both compound- and class-specific monoclonal antibody-based immunoassays. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. LJL Biosyst, Sunnyvale, CA 94089 USA. RP Holtzapple, CK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 15 TC 52 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 BP 537 EP 544 DI 10.1021/jf9903760 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 287MP UT WOS:000085510000070 PM 10691672 ER PT J AU Muldoon, MT Buckley, SA Deshpande, SS Holtzapple, CK Beier, RC Stanker, LH AF Muldoon, MT Buckley, SA Deshpande, SS Holtzapple, CK Beier, RC Stanker, LH TI Development of a monoclonal antibody-based cELISA for the analysis of sulfadimethoxine. 2. Evaluation of rapid extraction methods and implications for the analysis of incurred residues in chicken liver tissue SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sulfadimethoxine; immunoassay; extraction methods; food safety ID ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; N-4-ACETYL AB Several rapid extraction methods were evaluated for use with a monoclonal antibody-based competitive inhibition ELISA (cELISA) to detect sulfadimethoxine (SDM) in chicken liver tissue. These methods included extraction of the samples with (1) aqueous buffer with or without ultrafiltration, (2) acetonitrile/water, (3) methanol/water, or (4) acetone. The organic extraction methods were evaluated with or without solvent evaporation prior to dilution into assay buffer for the cELISA. The aqueous-based extraction methods were compatible with the cELISA. However, of the organic extraction methods, only the acetone liver extract with solvent evaporation prior to analysis was compatible with the cELISA. The cELISA method coupled to aqueous- or acetone-based sample extraction as well as an HPLC method was evaluated for the analysis of chicken liver tissues fortified with SDM at levels from 0.2 to 0.025 ppm. Mean SDM recoveries for the HPLC method and for the cELISA method using samples prepared by aqueous extraction, aqueous extraction and ultrafiltration, or acetone extraction, evaporation, and reconstitution were 68.9, 95.7, 60.1, and 52.5%, respectively. For the analysis of samples obtained from an SDM incurred residue study, HPLC and cELISA analysis of the same organic extract gave results that were highly correlated (R-2 = 0.976; p < 0.0001). However, results obtained from the analysis of aqueous extracts by cELISA did not correlate well with those obtained by HPLC (R-2 = 0.61,p > 0.0006). This was attributed to the coextraction:of cross-reactive SDM-related residues that were not quantified by the HPLC method. The presence of these residues should be considered during data interpretation when ELISA methods coupled with rapid aqueous extraction of samples are used in SDM residue monitoring programs. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. LJL Biosyst, Sunnyvale, CA 94089 USA. RP Holtzapple, CK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 12 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 48 IS 2 BP 545 EP 550 DI 10.1021/jf990377s PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 287MP UT WOS:000085510000071 PM 10691673 ER PT J AU Ammons, R Thistle, H Barry, J AF Ammons, R Thistle, H Barry, J TI Optimized pesticide application SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SPRAY DISPERSION MODEL; AIRCRAFT AB A deterministic Eulerian model of aerial pesticide application is introduced. Various assumptions allow the model to include transport of aerosol droplets with a continuous size distribution, vapour production, on-target deposition, off-target drift, and to consider interactions with plant canopies, The model allows optimization of mechanical parameters such as nozzle type, site constraints: such as canopy and pest densities, and application approaches such as aircraft type. Simplifying assumptions are introduced which significantly reduce computational complexity, yet allow important dynamical parameters to be included in the optimization or simulation. An optimization example is demonstrated; such optimization would not be possible with the larger pesticide application models currently being used. (C) 2000 Silsoe Research Institute. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Hlth Technol Enterprise Team, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Ammons, R (reprint author), 6265 Timothy Court, Missoula, MT 59803 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-8634 J9 J AGR ENG RES JI J. Agr. Eng. Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 75 IS 2 BP 155 EP 166 DI 10.1006/jaer.1999.0494 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 292CF UT WOS:000085776000005 ER PT J AU Ucar, T Ozkan, HE Fox, RD Brazee, RD Derksen, RC AF Ucar, T Ozkan, HE Fox, RD Brazee, RD Derksen, RC TI Experimental study of jet agitation effects on agrochemical mixing in sprayer tanks SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Effectiveness of hydraulic jet agitation systems of agrochemical sprayers was investigated by measuring the concentration of a kaolin clay/water mixture in the line to the boom. Experiments were conducted on several sprayer tanks of different capacities and agitator types. An initial series of tests identified the most important parameters affecting the efficiency of a particular agitation system. An experimental design was chosen to determine the effect of each parameter as well as interactions among them. An agitation index was used to evaluate the effectiveness of each agitation system separately, regardless of tank size and shape. Statistical analysis of agitation effectiveness (AGEF) values showed that the system pressure was the most important factor affecting agitation effectiveness through its direct influence on jet velocity. If the jet velocity was kept constant, then the volume of fluid delivered into the tank was the most important factor in enhancing mixture uniformity. (C) 2000 Silsoe Research Institute. C1 Yuzuncu Yil Univ, Fac Agr, TR-65080 Van, Turkey. Ohio State Univ, Dept Food Agr & Biol Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, USDA ARS, Applicat Technol Res Unit, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Ozkan, HE (reprint author), Yuzuncu Yil Univ, Fac Agr, TR-65080 Van, Turkey. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-8634 J9 J AGR ENG RES JI J. Agr. Eng. Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 75 IS 2 BP 195 EP 207 DI 10.1006/jaer.1999.0499 PG 13 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 292CF UT WOS:000085776000009 ER PT J AU Helm, RM Cockrell, G Connaughton, C West, CM Herman, E Sampson, HA Bannon, GA Burks, AW AF Helm, RM Cockrell, G Connaughton, C West, CM Herman, E Sampson, HA Bannon, GA Burks, AW TI Mutational analysis of the IgE-binding epitopes of P34/Gly m Bd 30K SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE soybean allergen; P34/Gly m Bd 30K; B-cell epitopes ID SOYBEAN-SENSITIVE PATIENTS; ATOPIC-DERMATITIS; FOOD HYPERSENSITIVITY; THIOL PROTEASES; SOY ALLERGY; PROTEIN; CHILDREN; IDENTIFICATION; SERA; ALLERGENICITY AB Background: Peanuts and soybeans are 2 foods that have been shown to be responsible for many atopic disorders. Because of their nutritional benefit, soybean proteins are now being used increasingly in a number of food products. Previous studies have documented multiple allergens in soybean extracts, including glycinin, beta-conglycinin, and the P34/Gly m Bd 30K protein. Objective: Our overall goal was to identify soybean-specific allergens to begin to understand molecular and immunochemical characteristics of legume proteins. The specific aim of the current investigation was to identify the essential amino acid residues necessary for IgE binding in the 5 distinct immunodominant epitopes of P34/Gly m Ed 30K, Methods: Serum IgE from 6 clinically sensitive soybean-allergic individuals was used to identify P34/Gly m Ed 30K in the native and single amino acid substituted peptides with use of the SPOTS peptide synthesis technique to determine critical amino acids required for IgE binding. Results: The intensity of IgE binding and epitope recognition by serum IgE from the individuals varied substantially. With use of serum from 6 clinically soybean-sensitive individuals, 2 of the 5 immunodominant epitopes could be mutagenized to non-IgE binding peptides, Conclusions: Single-site amino acid substitution of the 5 immunodominant epitopes of Gly m Ed 30K with alanine revealed that IgE binding could be reduced or eliminated in epitopes 6 and 16 in the serum obtained from 6 soybean-sensitive patients. C1 Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Arkansas Childrens Nutr Ctr, Dept Pediat, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. Agr Res Serv, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. Mt Sinai Sch Med, Div Pediat Allergy & Immunol, New York, NY USA. RP Helm, RM (reprint author), Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Arkansas Childrens Nutr Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1120 Marshall St, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-24439] NR 25 TC 56 Z9 65 U1 3 U2 7 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 105 IS 2 BP 378 EP 384 DI 10.1016/S0091-6749(00)90091-5 PN 1 PG 7 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 285RQ UT WOS:000085402200026 PM 10669862 ER PT J AU Liu, J Carroll, JA Matteri, RL Lucy, MC AF Liu, J Carroll, JA Matteri, RL Lucy, MC TI Expression of two variants of growth hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid in porcine liver SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; somatotropin; hormone receptors; development ID GH-BINDING PROTEIN; 5'-UNTRANSLATED REGIONS; FACTOR SYSTEM; IGF-II; RNA; ONTOGENY; SOMATOTROPIN; PIGS; RAT; PROMOTER AB Transcription of GH receptor (GHR) mRNA is initiated from multiple promoters. Most GHR mRNA arise from GHR Promoter 1 (GHR P1) and GHR P2, which transcribe GHR 1A and GHR 1B mRNA, respectively. Our objective was to characterize the expression of GHR 1A and GHR 1B mRNA in liver of neonatal intact (1 d of age) and castrated (14, 28, and 42 d of age) male pigs (Exp. 1; n = 6 per age group), intact male pigs treated with recombinant porcine ST (rpST) or control (Exp. 2; 21, 42, and 77 d of age; n = 4 pigs per treatment per age), and pregnant gilts treated with rpST (n = 6) or control (n = 7) (Exp. 3). Tissue samples were collected at slaughter for mRNA analyses. The porcine GHR 1A and GHR 1B cDNA were cloned and were homologous to GHR cDNA isolated from other species. Ribonuclease protection assays were used to measure GHR 1A and GHR 1B mRNA. Liver expressed GHR 1A and GHR 1B mRNA, whereas muscle, uterus, and ovary expressed GHR 1B mRNA. The GHR 1A mRNA in the liver of neonatal intact and castrated male pigs (Exp. 1) was expressed at very low levels on d 1, 14, and 28, and two of six pigs expressed a high level of GHR 1A on d 42. The GBR 1B mRNA, however, was detected at all ages (d 1 through 42), and the amount of GHR 1B increased (P <.05) on d 42. The liver of intact male pigs (Exp. 2) expressed GHR 1B mRNA by 21 d, whereas a high level of GHR 1A mRNA was not detected until d 42 (P <.10). Administration of rpST had no effect on expression of GHR 1A or GHR 1B mRNA in pigs younger than 77 d (Exp. 2), but it tended to decrease (P <.10) GHR 1A mRNA but not GHR 1B mRNA in pregnant gilts (Exp. 3). In conclusion, GHR mRNA in porcine liver was composed of at least two variants (GHR 1A and GBR 1B). The GHR 1B mRNA was the major GHR mRNA in pig liver before 77 d of age. The GHR 1A mRNA increased after 42 d of age and tended to undergo specific down-regulation in response to rpST in pregnant gilts. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Anim Physiol Res Unit, ARS, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Lucy, MC (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, 164 ASRC, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 38 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 78 IS 2 BP 306 EP 317 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZV UT WOS:000088217700006 PM 10709921 ER PT J AU Estienne, MJ Broughton, DS Barb, CR AF Estienne, MJ Broughton, DS Barb, CR TI Serum concentrations of luteinizing hormone, growth hormone, testosterone, estradiol, and leptin in boars treated with n-methyl-D,L-aspartate SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE LH; somatotropin; testosterone; estradiol; leptin; boars ID GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE; SECRETION; PIG; GILTS; MODULATION; SOWS; PROLACTIN; LACTATION; CORTISOL; BARROWS AB Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of n-methyl-D,L-aspartate (NMA), an agonist of the excitatory amino acid glutamate, on secretion of hormones in boars. In Exp. 1, boars (185.0 + .3 d of age; mean +/- SE) received i.v. injections of either 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg of NMA/kg BW. There were no effects of NMA (P >.1) on secretion of LH and testosterone. Treatment with NMA, however, increased (P <.01) circulating GH concentrations in a dose-dependent manner. In Exp. 2, boars (401 d of age) received an i.v. challenge of NMA at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW or .9% saline. Treatment with NMA, but not saline (P >.1), increased serum concentrations of LH (P <.01), GH (P <.01), and testosterone (P <.06). In Exp. 3, boars that were 152, 221, or 336 d of age were treated i.v. with NMA(10 mg/kg BW). Across ages, treatment with NMA increased circulating concentrations of LH (P <.07) and testosterone (P <.01). However, NMA increased (P <.01) mean GH concentrations in only the oldest boars. Treatment with NMA had no effect (P <.1) on circulating concentrations of estradiol or leptin; however, estradiol concentrations increased (P <.03) with age. In summary, NMA increased secretion of LH, GH, and testosterone in boars. However, endocrine responses to treatment with NMA may be influenced by age of the animal. Finally, NMA did not influence circulating concentrations of estradiol or leptin. C1 Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Dept Agr, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Physiol Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Estienne, MJ (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Tidewater Agr Res & Ext Ctr, 6321 Holland Rd, Suffolk, VA 23437 USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 78 IS 2 BP 365 EP 370 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 334ZV UT WOS:000088217700012 PM 10709927 ER PT J AU Powell, RL Norman, HD Banos, G AF Powell, RL Norman, HD Banos, G TI Improving prediction of national evaluations by use of data from other countries SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic evaluation; multinational data; international evaluation C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Interbull Ctr, Dept Anim Breeding & Genet, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Powell, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 83 IS 2 BP 368 EP 368 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 287NP UT WOS:000085512400019 ER PT J AU Gengler, N Tijani, A Wiggans, GR AF Gengler, N Tijani, A Wiggans, GR TI Use of sequential estimation of regressions and effects on regressions to solve large multitrait test-day models SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Natl Fund Sci Res, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. Gembloux Agr Univ, Anim Sci Unit, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wiggans, GR (reprint author), Natl Fund Sci Res, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 83 IS 2 BP 369 EP 369 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 287NP UT WOS:000085512400020 ER PT J AU Pregitzer, KS Reed, DD Bornhorst, TJ Foster, DR Mroz, GD Mclachlan, JS Laks, PE Stokke, DD Martin, PE Brown, SE AF Pregitzer, KS Reed, DD Bornhorst, TJ Foster, DR Mroz, GD Mclachlan, JS Laks, PE Stokke, DD Martin, PE Brown, SE TI A buried spruce forest provides evidence at the stand and landscape scale for the effects of environment on vegetation at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE buried forest; climate change; Holocene; Pleistocene; pollen; population processes; spruce; succession; Younger Dryas period ID TREE-LINE VEGETATION; WHITE SPRUCE; CLIMATIC-CHANGE; NORTH-AMERICA; RESPONSES; POPULATIONS; PATTERNS; MICHIGAN; CANADA AB 1 Due to a unique set of circumstances, we were able to excavate an entire spruce (Picea) forest in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, USA, which was buried in the early Holocene (9928 +/- 133 uncalibrated C-14 years bp). Trees ranged from < 5 cm to > 50 cm in diameter, and dominants were approximately 9 m tall. The stand was multi-aged, with a maximum tree age of 145 years. Well-preserved stem cross-sections (n = 140) were recovered and the entire stand was mapped. 2 Stand reconstruction combined with pollen and sediment analysis revealed a pure spruce forest in the sandy lowlands surrounded by hills dominated by pine, oak and birch. These results are consistent with the idea that topography and substrate played an important role in determining forest composition during Holocene plant migrations. 3 Very rapid climate fluctuations were occurring 10 000 bp. The extensive spruce forests that once dominated much of interior North America were being replaced by subboreal and temperate conifer and hardwood species migrating northward. During this dynamic period in the Earth's history, patterns of plant community change are usually inferred from the study of pollen assemblages, and lack of detailed stand level information has prevented the direct comparison of the composition, age, structure and growth rates of Holocene forests with those that exist today. 4 Our findings that the age-class distribution, size, spatial distribution of trees and radial growth rates of white spruce (Picea glauca) can be remarkably similar between the two time periods suggest that forest population and growth processes responsible for today's advancing tree-lines appear to have been at work 10 000 years ago. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Geol Engn & Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Social Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA 01366 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Bot, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Forestry, NE Forest Expt Stn, USDA Forest Serv, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Pregitzer, KS (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 28 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 88 IS 1 BP 45 EP 53 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00432.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 295BU UT WOS:000085946700004 ER PT J AU Andow, DA Olson, DM Hellmich, RL Alstad, DN Hutchison, WD AF Andow, DA Olson, DM Hellmich, RL Alstad, DN Hutchison, WD TI Frequency of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin Cry1Ab in an Iowa population of European corn borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ostrinia nubilalis; F-2 screen; transgenic corn; resistance management ID F-2 SCREEN; ALLELES; PYRALIDAE AB The refuge plus high-dose strategy for resistance management assumes that the frequency of resistance alleles is low. We used an F-2 screen to estimate the frequency of resistance to transgenic corn that produces Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner Cry1Ab toxin (Bt corn) in an Iowa population of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). We also proposed a modification to the statistical analysis of the F-2 screen that extends its application for nonuniform prior distributions and for repeated sampling of a single population. Based on a sample of 188 isofemale lines derived from females caught at light traps during the 2nd flight of 1997, we show with 95% confidence that the frequency of resistance to Bt corn was <3.9 x 10(-3) in this Iowa population. These results provide weak evidence that the refuge plus high-dose strategy may be effective for managing resistance in O. nubilalis to Bt corn. Partial resistance to Cry1Ab toxin was found commonly. The 95% CI for the frequency of partial resistance were [8.2 x 10(-4), 9.4 x 10(-3)] for the Iowa population. Variable costs of the method were $14.90 per isofemale line. which was a reduction of 25% compared with our initial estimate. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Entomol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Genet Lab Insectary, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Andow, DA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Entomol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 17 TC 74 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 93 IS 1 BP 26 EP 30 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 341PK UT WOS:000088598600005 PM 14658507 ER PT J AU Perez-Mendoza, J Fabrick, JA Zhu, KY Baker, JE AF Perez-Mendoza, J Fabrick, JA Zhu, KY Baker, JE TI Alterations in esterases are associated with malathion resistance in Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE parasitoid; resistance; insecticide; detoxification ID PARASITOID ANISOPTEROMALUS-CALANDRAE; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; LUCILIA-CUPRINA; PROBIT ANALYSIS; FIELD STRAINS; UNITED-STATES; CARBOXYLESTERASE; PTEROMALIDAE; LEPIDOPTERA; HOMOPTERA AB Biochemical mechanisms of malathion resistance were investigated in a malathion-resistant strain of the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor Say collected from a farm storage in Kansas. General esterase activities were significantly lower in the resistant strain compared with those in a susceptible strain. However, no significant differences were found in activities of malathion specific carboxylesterase (MCE),glutathione S-transferase and cytochrome P450 dependent O-demethylase activities, cytochrome P450 contents, and sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase to inhibition by malaoxon between the 2 strains. Because MCE was not elevated in the resistant strain, the weak malathion resistance in H, hebetor may result from a different mechanism compared with that hypothesized for some insect species in which reduced general esterase activity is accompanied by an elevated MCE. Decreased. esterase activity in the resistant strain suggested that null alleles of some esterases were associated, with the resistance. Indeed, E1 and E2, major esterases in the susceptible strain, were not present in the resistant strain on polyacrylamide gels that were stained for esterase activity using the model substrate 1-naphthyl acetate. In contrast, the activity of esterase E3 on the gels was much higher in the resistant strain as compared with that of the susceptible strain. These findings indicate that malathion resistance in H, hebetor is associated with both an increased activity of the esterase E3 and null alleles of the esterases E1 and E2. C1 ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Perez-Mendoza, J (reprint author), Agustin Lanuza 118,Zona de Oro 1, Guanajuato 38020, Mexico. NR 30 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 93 IS 1 BP 31 EP 37 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 341PK UT WOS:000088598600006 PM 14658508 ER PT J AU Vargas, RI Stark, JD Kido, MH Ketter, HM Whitehand, LC AF Vargas, RI Stark, JD Kido, MH Ketter, HM Whitehand, LC TI Methyl eugenol and cue-lure traps for suppression of male oriental fruit flies and melon flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) in Hawaii: Effects of lure mixtures and weathering SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bactrocera cucurbitae; Bactrocera dorsalis; methyl eugenol; cue-lure; areawide suppression ID FLY DIPTERA; PARASITOIDS HYMENOPTERA; MALE ANNIHILATION; ABUNDANCE; KAUAI; BRACONIDAE; ISLANDS; METHYLEUGENOL; HABITAT AB Methyl eugenol (4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene-carboxylate) and cue-lure [4-(p-acetoxyphenyl) -2-butanone] are highly attractive kairomone lures to oriental fruit ny, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), and melon fly, B. cucurbitae (Coquillett), respectively. Plastic bucket traps were evaluated as dispensers for methyl eugenol and cue-lure for suppression of the 2 fruit flies in Hawaii. Methyl eugenol and cue-lure mixtures were compared with pure methyl eugenol or cue-lure over 4 seasons. B, dorsalis captures differed significantly with treatment and season. B. dorsalis captures with 100% methyl-eugenol were significantly greater than all other treatments (25, 50, and 75%). B. cucurbitae captures also differed significantly with treatment but not with season. Captures with 100, 75, and 50% cue-lure were not significantly different. Bucket traps baited with cue-lure (+ malathion) and weathered. under Hawaiian climatic conditions were attractive to B. cucurbitae up to 8 wk. Two methyl eugenol dispensers (canec disks and Min-U-Gel) were compared with bucket traps. Dispensers (methyl eugenol + malathion) were weathered for 2-16 wk under Hawaiian climatic conditions and bioassayed during summer and winter. Initially, captures of B. dorsalis were not significantly different for the 3 dispensers. Bucket traps and canec disks were most resistant to weather, remaining attractive to B. dorsalis flies up to 16 wk. Min-U-Gel was least resistant, losing attractiveness to B, dorsalis flies within 2 wk. On the basis of performance, bucket traps and canec disks were equally long-lived up to 14 wk; thereafter, bucket traps were slightly more attractive during winter. Canec disks were cheapest, but on the basis of possible environmental concerns, bucket traps may be the best all-around choice for areawide suppression of fruit flies. C1 ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Vargas, RI (reprint author), ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, USDA, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 52 TC 53 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 14 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 93 IS 1 BP 81 EP 87 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 341PK UT WOS:000088598600013 PM 14658515 ER PT J AU Cornelius, ML Duan, JJ Messing, RH AF Cornelius, ML Duan, JJ Messing, RH TI Volatile host fruit odors as attractants for the oriental fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bactrocera dorsalis; attractants; olfactory stimuli; fruit; protein; foraging behavior ID COMMERCIAL APPLE ORCHARDS; DACUS-DORSALIS DIPTERA; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; FLIES DIPTERA; COFFEE FRUIT; ANASTREPHA-SUSPENSA; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; FIELD CONDITIONS; MAGGOT DIPTERA AB We examined the responses of oriental fruit flies, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, to the odors of different stages and types of fruit presented on potted trees in a field cage. Females were most attracted to odors of soft, ripe fruit. Odors of common guava were more attractive to females than papaya and starfruit, and equally as attractive as strawberry guava, orange, and mango. In field tests, McPhail traps baited with mango, common guava, and orange captured equal numbers of females. Traps baited with mango were compared with 2 commercially available fruit ny traps. McPhail traps baited with mango captured more females than visual fruit-mimicking sticky traps (Ladd traps) and equal numbers of females as McPhail traps baited with protein odors. Results from this study indicate that host fruit volatiles could be used as lures for capturing oriental fruit flies in orchards. C1 Univ Hawaii, Kauai Agr Res Ctr, Dept Entomol, Kapaa, HI 96746 USA. RP Cornelius, ML (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 46 TC 25 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 36 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 93 IS 1 BP 93 EP 100 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 341PK UT WOS:000088598600015 PM 14658517 ER PT J AU Landolt, PJ AF Landolt, PJ TI New chemical attractants for trapping Lacanobia subjuncta, Mamestra configurata, and Xestia c-nigrum (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lacanobia subjuncta; Mamestra configurata; Xestia c-nigrum; attractant; trapping ID BERTHA ARMYWORM; SEX-PHEROMONE; IDENTIFICATION; TRAPS AB Significant numbers of 3 pest species of noctuid moths were captured in traps baited with acetic acid, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 3-methyl-1-pentanol, These were Lacanobia subjuncta (Glote & Robinson); Mamestra configurata Walker, bertha armyworm; and Xestia c-nigrum. (L.), spotted cutworm. The combination of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol was superior to the individual chemicals in attracting all 3 species, whereas the combination of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-pentanol was superior to the individual chemicals in attracting X. c-nigrum. For the 3 species of moths, numbers captured were similar in traps bailed with the combination of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butanol or acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-pentanol. Traps baited with these attractants captured both males and, females at a ratio near 1:1. C1 ARS, USDA, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Landolt, PJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 21 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 93 IS 1 BP 101 EP 106 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 341PK UT WOS:000088598600016 PM 14658518 ER PT J AU Pochop, PA Cummings, JL Yoder, CA Gossweiler, WA AF Pochop, PA Cummings, JL Yoder, CA Gossweiler, WA TI Physical barrier to reduce WP mortalities of foraging waterfowl SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID WHITE PHOSPHORUS; RISK; PREDATORS; MARSH; DUCKS AB White phosphorus (WP) has been identified as the cause of mortality to certain species of waterfowl at Eagle River Flats, a tidal marsh in Alaska, used as an ordnance impact area by the U.S. Army. A blend of calcium bentonite/organo clays, gravel, and binding polymers was tested for effectiveness as a barrier to reduce duck foraging and mortality. Following the application of the barrier to one of two contaminated ponds, we observed greater duck foraging and higher mortality in the untreated pond and no mortality in the treated pond after a year of tidal inundations and ice effects. Emergent vegetation recovered within a year of treatment. Mrp levels in the barrier were less than the method limit of detection, indicating no migration of WP into the material. Barrier thickness remained relatively stable over a period of 4 years, and vegetation was found to be important in stabilizing the barrier material. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. USA, Infantry Div Light 6, Ctr Environm, Ft Richardson, AK 99505 USA. RP Pochop, PA (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD FEB PY 2000 VL 126 IS 2 BP 182 EP 187 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2000)126:2(182) PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 276DQ UT WOS:000084860700013 ER PT J AU Cakmak, I Welch, RM Hart, J Norvell, WA Ozturk, L Kochian, LV AF Cakmak, I Welch, RM Hart, J Norvell, WA Ozturk, L Kochian, LV TI Uptake and retranslocation of leaf-applied cadmium (Cd-109) in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheats SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE wheat; genotypic variation; radiolabelled Cd; uptake; translocation ID DURUM-WHEAT; PLANTS; ACCUMULATION; CULTIVARS; HEALTH; SOILS; CROPS AB Uptake and retranslocation of leaf-applied radiolabelled cadmium (Cd-109) was studied in three diploid (Triticum monococcum, AA), four tetraploid (Triticum turgidum, BBAA) and two hexaploid (Triticum aestivum, BBAADD) wheat genotypes grown for 9 d under controlled environmental conditions in nutrient solution. Among the tetraploid wheats, two genotypes were primitive (ssp. dicoccum) and two genotypes modern wheats (ssp. durum), Radiolabelled Cd was applied by immersing the tips (3 cm) of mature leaf into a Cd-109 radiolabelled solution. There was a substantial variation in the uptake and export of Cd-109 among and within wheat species. On average, diploid wheats (AA) absorbed and translocated more Cd-109 than other wheats. The largest variation in Cd-109 uptake was found within tetraploid wheats (BBAA), Primitive tetraploid wheats (ssp, dicoccum) had a greater uptake capacity for Cd-109 than modern tetraploid wheats (ssp, durum), In all wheats studied, the amount of the Cd-109 exported from the treated leaf into the roots and the remainder of the shoots was poorly related to the total absorption, For example, bread wheat cultivars were more or less similar in total absorption, but differed greatly in the amount of Cd-109 retranslocated. The diploid wheat genotype 'FAL-43' absorbed the lowest amount of Cd-109, but retranslocated the greatest amount of Cd-109 in roots and remainder of shoots, The results indicate the existence of substantial genotypic variation in the uptake and retranslocation of leaf-applied Cd-109. This variation is discussed in terms of potential genotypic differences in binding of Cd to cell walls and the composition of phloem sap ligands possibly affecting Cd transport into sink organs. C1 Cukurova Univ, Dept Soil Sci & Plant Nutr, TR-01330 Adana, Turkey. Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Cakmak, I (reprint author), Cukurova Univ, Dept Soil Sci & Plant Nutr, TR-01330 Adana, Turkey. RI Cakmak, Ismail/A-2257-2009; Ozturk, Levent/H-3092-2011; OI Ozturk, Levent/0000-0002-0189-8196; Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 23 TC 59 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 12 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 51 IS 343 BP 221 EP 226 DI 10.1093/jexbot/51.343.221 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 285FZ UT WOS:000085380200008 PM 10938828 ER PT J AU Wei, C Tyree, MT Bennink, JP AF Wei, C Tyree, MT Bennink, JP TI The transmission of gas pressure to xylem fluid pressure when plants are inside a pressure bomb SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE pressure bomb; embolism; Tsuga canadensis; Nicotiana rustica ID GRADIENTS; EMBOLISM AB In earlier work tobacco leaves were placed in a Scholander-Hammel pressure bomb and the end of the petiole sealed with a pressure transducer in order to measure pressure transmission from the compressed gas (P-g) in the bomb to the xylem fluid (P-x). Pressure bomb theory would predict a 1 : 1 relationship for P-g:P-x when tobacco leaves start at a balance pressure of zero. Failure to observe the expected 1 :1 relationship has cast doubt on the pressure-bomb technique in the measurement of the xylem pressure of plants. The experimental and theoretical relationship between P-x and P-g was investigated in Tsuga canadensis (L) branches and Nicotiana rustica (L) leaves in this paper. It is concluded that the non 1 : 1 outcome was due to the compression of air bubbles in embolized xylem vessels, evaporation of water from the tissue, and the expansion of the sealed stem segment (or petiole) protruding beyond the seal of the pressure bomb. The expected 1 : 1 relationship could be obtained when xylem embolism was eliminated and stem expansion prevented. It is argued that the non 1 : 1 relationship in the positive pressure range does not invalidate the Scholander pressure bomb method of measuring xylem pressure in plants because P-x never reaches positive values during the determination of the balance pressure. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Aiken Forestry Sci Lab, S Burlington, VT 05402 USA. Univ Vermont, Dept Bot, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Tyree, MT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Aiken Forestry Sci Lab, POB 968, S Burlington, VT 05402 USA. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 51 IS 343 BP 309 EP 316 DI 10.1093/jexbot/51.343.309 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 285FZ UT WOS:000085380200017 PM 10938837 ER PT J AU Rajashekara, G Haverly, E Halvorson, DA Ferris, KE Lauer, DC Nagaraja, KV AF Rajashekara, G Haverly, E Halvorson, DA Ferris, KE Lauer, DC Nagaraja, KV TI Multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 in poultry SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID REPETITIVE DNA-SEQUENCES; UNITED-STATES; STRAINS; ENTERITIDIS; DIVERSITY; GENOMES; ELEMENT AB Salmonella Typhimurium isolates from feed ingredients or poultry sources isolated during 1995 to 1997 from different geographical locations within Minnesota were examined for the presence of Salmonella Typhimurium definitive type 104 (DT104). Antibiotic susceptibility studies indicated that 15 of 50 isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium had an antibiotic resistance pattern (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline) that is usually observed with multi-drug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Of the 15 isolates showing the antibiotic resistance pattern, 8 isolates were phage type 104, 3 isolates were typed as phage type 104 complex, and the remaining 4 isolates belonged to phage types 193, 81, and 126, DT104 was recovered from both feed ingredients and poultry samples. Of the seven feed ingredient-associated Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, four were DT104, whereas only 7 of 43 poultry-associated Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were DT104. A repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) of 50 isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium representing 13 phage types identified seven distinct fingerprint profiles. No correlation between phage type and rep-PCR type was noticed. Eleven Salmonella Typhimurium isolates belonging to DT104 and its complex were grouped into two closely related rep-PCR types. C1 Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, APHIS, VS, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Board Anim Hlth, Minnesota Poultry Testing Lab, Willmar, MN USA. RP Nagaraja, KV (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Rajashekara, Gireesh/E-3913-2011 NR 44 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 63 IS 2 BP 155 EP 161 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 282GU UT WOS:000085210500001 PM 10678417 ER PT J AU Stevenson, TH Bauer, N Lucia, LM Acuff, GR AF Stevenson, TH Bauer, N Lucia, LM Acuff, GR TI Attempts to isolate Helicobacter from cattle and survival of Helicobacter pylori in beef products SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID GASTRIC-MUCOSA; INFECTION; MEDIA; TRANSMISSION; ACQUISITION; CULTURE; WATER AB This study focused on important factors related to the potential of cattle and beef products to transmit Helicobacter pylori to humans. Mucosal samples were collected from the rumen and abomasum of 105 cattle and were plated on a selective medium to isolate Helicobacter spp.; none of the samples examined contained these bacteria. Studies were also conducted to determine how long H. pylori survives in refrigerated or frozen ground beef; results indicated that the microorganism dies rapidly in ground beef, whether refrigerated or frozen. Packaging in vacuum or air had little effect on survival of the organism. The number of H. pylori decreased in refrigerated samples from 3.3 log(10) CFU/g on day 0 to 1.4 log(10) CFU/g on day 6. H. pylori died even more rapidly when frozen, decreasing from 3.3 log(10) CFU/g on day 0 to 1.4 log(10) CFU/g on day 6. Retail beef cuts (n = 20) were also examined for the presence of H. pylori by direct plating on a selective medium and by incubation in an enriched broth followed by plating on a selective medium. None of the retail samples contained H. pylori. This research suggests that transmission of H. pylori from beef and beef products is not a primary factor in the high prevalence of this bacterium in humans. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Donald L Houston Ctr Meat & Poultry Inspect Sci, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Acuff, GR (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, 310 Kleberg, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Acuff, Gary/C-3034-2008 NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 63 IS 2 BP 174 EP 178 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 282GU UT WOS:000085210500004 PM 10678420 ER PT J AU Juste, RA Ott, TL Kwang, J Bazer, FW de la Concha-Bermejillo, A AF Juste, RA Ott, TL Kwang, J Bazer, FW de la Concha-Bermejillo, A TI Effects of recombinant ovine interferon-tau on ovine lentivirus replication and progression of disease SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; MAEDI-VISNA VIRUS; PREGNANCY RECOGNITION HORMONE; ISOGENEIC TWIN LAMBS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HIV-INFECTION; TROPHOBLAST PROTEIN-1; ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; T-CELLS AB The antiviral effects of recombinant ovine interferon-tau (roIFN-tau) were studied in 26 lambs inoculated with ovine lentivirus (OvLV) or mock-infected. Six of the OvLV-infected lambs and three of the mock-infected lambs were treated with 10(6) antiviral units (AVU) per kg roIFN-tau daily for 30 days starting at day 0 post-inoculation (p.i.) and twice a week thereafter (early treatment). Six of the OvLV-infected lambs and three of the mock-infected lambs were treated with 10(6) AVU/kg roIFN-tau daily for 30 days starting at day 150 p.i. and twice a week thereafter (late treatment). Six OvLV-infected and two mock-infected lambs were treated either early or late with placebo. Cell-associated viraemia was quantified by an end-point dilution method. The weekly antibody response against OvLV proteins was studied by ELISA. All experimental animals were killed at 27 weeks p.i. and histological sections of lung were scored for the degree of lymphoid interstitial pneumonia (LIP). A 90% reduction in OvLV titres was detected at 4 weeks post-treatment in lambs that received early roIFN-tau treatment (P < 0.01). Differences in virus titres were also found at weeks 2 and 6 (P < 0.05). Scores for LIP degree were higher in infected lambs treated with placebo or late roIFN-tau than in the mock-infected lambs or in the infected lambs that received early roIFN-tau (P < 0.05). LIP scores were not different between mock-infected lambs and infected lambs that received early roIFN-tau. These results indicate that roIFN-tau curtails OvLV replication in vivo and reduces the likelihood of development of lentivirus-induced LIP when infected lambs are treated during the initial phases of OvLV infection. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Agr Expt Stn, Dept Pathobiol, San Angelo, TX USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Texas A&M Univ Syst, Hlth Sci Ctr, Inst Biosci & Technol, Houston, TX USA. RP de la Concha-Bermejillo, A (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Juste, Ramon/C-3570-2008 OI Juste, Ramon/0000-0001-6037-5873 NR 55 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 81 BP 525 EP 532 PN 2 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 279DF UT WOS:000085028300025 PM 10644852 ER PT J AU Wren, DG Barkdoll, BD Kuhnle, RA Derrow, RW AF Wren, DG Barkdoll, BD Kuhnle, RA Derrow, RW TI Field techniques for suspended-sediment measurement SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE-SIZE CHARACTERISTICS; LASER-DIFFRACTION; ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS; IN-SITU; BACKSCATTER SENSORS; SAND; REFLECTANCE; WATER; SUSPENSIONS; ENVIRONMENT AB The measurement of suspended sediment, particularly in field settings, is important in the documentation of sediment transport and deposition. Many measurement techniques have been used with varying degrees of success. The techniques, including their operating principles, advantages, and disadvantages are discussed. The techniques discussed include acoustic, bottle, pump, focused beam reflectance, laser diffraction, nuclear, optical backscatter, optical transmission, and spectral reflectance. Emphasis is placed on instrumentation techniques, as this is the area of suspended-sediment measurement that has the greatest potential for improving sediment data. Acoustic technology (if further developed) emerges as a promising technology because of its ability to measure the concentration profile without intruding into the flow. This technology-transfer information will be valuable to practitioners and researchers needing to choose a means of measuring suspended sediment. The choice of a measurement technique has implications for sampling efficacy and expense. C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Civil Engn, University, MS 38677 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Univ Mississippi, Natl Ctr Phys Acoust, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Wren, DG (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Civil Engn, 208 Carrier Hall, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 65 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 19 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD FEB PY 2000 VL 126 IS 2 BP 97 EP 104 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2000)126:2(97) PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 279CH UT WOS:000085025400001 ER PT J AU Bar-On, H Kidron, M Friedlander, Y Ben-Yehuda, A Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH Friedman, G AF Bar-On, H Kidron, M Friedlander, Y Ben-Yehuda, A Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH Friedman, G TI Plasma total homocysteine levels in subjects with hyperinsulinemia SO JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE coronary artery disease; folic acid; homocysteine; insulin resistance; oral glucose tolerance; risk factors ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; RISK FACTOR; FOLIC-ACID; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; SERUM HOMOCYSTEINE; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; VASCULAR-DISEASE; HOMOCYST(E)INE; FOLATE AB Objectives. Hyperhomocysteinemia as well as insulin resistance are considered to be risk factors for the development of coronary artery disease. This study was aimed at determining whether any relationship between plasma insulin and glucose levels and total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations exists in a population based survey performed 10 years apart. Design and Setting. A cross-sectional study was undertaken during the years 1986-87 to examine risk factors for diabetes and for coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Jewish population of Jerusalem. Ten years later two groups of individuals were invited for re-examination. Subjects. Two groups of individuals were examined: the first one consisted of nondiabetic subjects (n = 86), who had hyperinsulinemia 10 years previously (at the first visit), the second group consisted of normoinsulinemic nondiabetic individuals (n = 265) who had initially normal glucose and insulin levels. Main outcome measures. Metabolic, biochemical and anthropomorphic features were determined. Fasting and post load glucose, as well as insulin concentrations on fasting and 2 h post glucose load were measured at the first and second visits. Plasma tHcy and folic acid were determined only at the second visit. Results. The results demonstrated a significant negative correlation between plasma tHcy levels and insulin levels at the second visit. No difference was found in folic acid levels between these two groups. Conclusions. In general, hyperinsulinemia and hyperhomocysteinemia are both related to an increased incidence of CAD. In our population most of the subjects examined had tHcy levels within the normal range and only a few demonstrated very high levels. However, negative association between insulin levels and tHcy concentrations was found. Possible explanations for this finding are discussed. C1 Hadassah Hebrew Univ Med Ctr, Dept Med, Geriatr Unit, Jerusalem, Israel. Hadassah Hebrew Univ Med Ctr, Dept Med, Diabet Unit, Jerusalem, Israel. Hadassah Hebrew Univ Med Ctr, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Social Med, Jerusalem, Israel. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Bar-On, H (reprint author), Hadassah Hosp, Diabet Unit, POB 12000, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel. NR 47 TC 44 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0954-6820 J9 J INTERN MED JI J. Intern. Med. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 247 IS 2 BP 287 EP 294 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2796.2000.00592.x PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 289MQ UT WOS:000085625900016 PM 10692093 ER PT J AU Hackett, KJ Boore, A Deming, C Buckley, E Camp, M Shapiro, M AF Hackett, KJ Boore, A Deming, C Buckley, E Camp, M Shapiro, M TI Helicoverpa armigera granulovirus interference with progression of H. zea nucleopolyhedrovirus disease in H. zea larvae SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa tea; Noctuidae; nucleopolyhedrosis virus; granulosis virus; Helicoverpa armigera granulovirus; Heliothis armigera granulovirus; HaGV; Helicoverpa zea nucleopolyhedrovirus; HzSNPV; biological control ID NUCLEAR-POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; VIRAL ENHANCING FACTOR; GRANULOSIS-VIRUS; PSEUDALETIA-UNIPUNCTA; INTESTINAL MUCIN; BACULOVIRUS; ENHANCEMENT; INFECTIONS; ARMYWORM; CAPSULE AB Capsular proteins from Helicoverpa armigera granulovirus (HaGV) have previously been shown to enhance H. armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HaSNPV) infection in H. armigera larvae, Yet, HaGV and HaSNPV, as viable viruses, interfered with one another. In our study, we have examined the effects of co-infection of the slow-killing virus HaGV with the fast-killing virus Helicoverpa tea NPV (HzSNPV) on H, tea larvae. The mortality parameter measured was survival time. Virus stocks had 50% lethal concentrations of 3.2 x 10(-9) g HaGV-infected cadavers (GVC) (HaGV) and 32 occlusion bodies (HzSNPV) per cup. Average survival times were 16.8 and 5.5 days for larvae treated with HaGV and HzSNPV, respectively; death of HzSNPV-treated larvae was as early as 72 h posttreatment, In co-infection experiments in which larvae were treated concurrently with both viruses, the viruses competed in typical fashion for host resources, However, interference with disease progression in HzSNPV-fed larvae occurred even when HaGV was fed to larvae up to 36 h after the NPV, a time at which NPV infection should have been well established in host larvae. At death, co-infected larvae were observed microscopically to be filled with HaGV granules rather than HzSNPV polyhedra. The time study results imply that HaGV might be outcompeting HzSNPV by inhibiting its replication. We also observed that H. tea larvae treated with high dosages of HaGV (greater than or equal to 3 x 10(-5) g GVC) were initially stunted but had survival times similar to those of larvae treated with lower dosages. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Program Leader Biocontrol, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Biometr Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Microbiol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Hackett, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Program Leader Biocontrol, Insect Biocontrol Lab, 5601 Sunnyside Ave,Bldg 4,Room 2228, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 75 IS 2 BP 99 EP 106 DI 10.1006/jipa.1999.4914 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 299PG UT WOS:000086206600001 PM 10772322 ER PT J AU Adler, PH Becnel, JJ Moser, B AF Adler, PH Becnel, JJ Moser, B TI Molecular characterization and taxonomy of a new species of caudosporidae (Microsporidia) from black flies (Diptera : Simuliidae), with host-derived relationships of the North American caudosporids SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Caudospora palustris; Caudospora; Cnephia ornithophilia; Stegopterna mutata; microsporidia; black flies; new species; phylogeny; molecular sequence; ribosomal RNA; ultrastructure AB Anew species of microsporidium, Caudospora palustris (Microsporidia: Caudosporidae), is described from 3 species of black dies (Cnephia ornithophilia and diploid and triploid cytospecies of Stegopterna mutata), bringing to 7 the total species of caudosporids recorded from North America. This new species of caudosporid is recorded from swamp streams of the Coastal Plain from New Jersey to Georgia, with single records from the New Jersey mountains and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Densities of patently infected larvae (up to 10,600/m(2)) and spore production (nearly 8 x 10(11)/m(2)) are the greatest recorded for any microsporidium of black flies. The ultrastructure of this new species is presented, along with the first molecular characterization for a microsporidium of black flies. The phylogenetic position of black fly microsporidia within the phylum Microsporidia is presented; however, the analysis does not support the inclusion of C. palustris in any clade, Key features of all North American caudosporids are provided, and possible evolutionary trajectories are proposed based on optimization of caudosporid species on the phylogeny of their 22 known host species, including 16 that represent new host species records.;(C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Entomol, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Adler, PH (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Entomol, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 75 IS 2 BP 133 EP 143 DI 10.1006/jipa.1999.4902 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 299PG UT WOS:000086206600005 PM 10772326 ER PT J AU Siegel, JP Tebbets, JS Vail, PV AF Siegel, JP Tebbets, JS Vail, PV TI Prevalence and transovum transmission of Bacillus thuringiensis berliner in a navel orangeworm colony SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis; Amyelois transitella; transovum transmission; cellular fatty acid analysis; prevalence C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Siegel, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 75 IS 2 BP 171 EP 173 DI 10.1006/jipa.1999.4916 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 299PG UT WOS:000086206600009 PM 10772330 ER PT J AU Moser, BA Becnel, JJ Williams, DF AF Moser, BA Becnel, JJ Williams, DF TI Morphological and molecular characterization of the Thelohania solenopsae complex (Microsporidia : Thelohaniidae) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE microsporidia; Thelohania solenopsae; ribosomal genes; hymenoptera; Solenopsis invicta; Solenopsis richteri ID IMPORTED FIRE ANT; ENCEPHALITOZOON-CUNICULI; IDENTIFICATION; HYMENOPTERA; VAIRIMORPHA; FORMICIDAE; PARASITE; STRAINS; INVICTA C1 USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Moser, BA (reprint author), USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 75 IS 2 BP 174 EP 177 DI 10.1006/jipa.1999.4895 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 299PG UT WOS:000086206600010 PM 10772331 ER PT J AU Meola, SM Sittertz-Bhatkar, H Pendleton, MW Meola, RW Knight, WP Olson, J AF Meola, SM Sittertz-Bhatkar, H Pendleton, MW Meola, RW Knight, WP Olson, J TI Ultrastructural analysis of neurosecretory cells in the antennae of the mosquito, Culex salinarius (Diptera : Culicidae) SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sensory neurons; neurohormones; peptide; tachykinin; chemosensilla ID CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; ORGANIZATION; PEPTIDES AB An antiserum raised against the peptide, culetachykinin II, immunocytochemically detected a group of neurosecretory cells in the first flagellar segment of the antennae of both males and females of the mosquito, Culex salinarius. This is the first insect species in which neurosecretory cells have been found in the antennae. The ultrastructure of these antennal neurosecretory cells (ANC) is described, as well as their relationship to other neurons in the antennae and antennal lobe of the mosquito. These tachykinin-reactive cells contain relatively small (140-220 nm) elementary neurosecretory granules. Not only do the ANC have axons that terminate on specific glomeruli of the deutocerebrum, but these neurons also have collaterals that form neurohemal terminals in the receptor lymph channels of the dendrites of the sensory neurons. Thus, the ANC not only influence higher centers of the brain that interpret signals from the antennal sensillae, but also modulate the response of the sensory receptors. To our knowledge, this is the first report of neurosecretory cells directly affecting the signal reception of sensory neurons. C1 ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, Ctr Electron Microscopy, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Meola, SM (reprint author), ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM smeola@acs.tamu.edu NR 23 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0895-8696 EI 1559-1166 J9 J MOL NEUROSCI JI J. Mol. Neurosci. PD FEB-APR PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1-2 BP 17 EP 25 DI 10.1385/JMN:14:1-2:017 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 319EM UT WOS:000087328600003 PM 10854033 ER PT J AU Abbas, HK Smeda, RJ Gerwick, BC Shier, WT AF Abbas, HK Smeda, RJ Gerwick, BC Shier, WT TI Fumonisin B-1 from the fungus Fusarium moniliforme causes contact toxicity in plants: Evidence from studies with biosynthetically labeled toxin SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article ID MAMMALIAN-CELL CULTURES; AAL-TOXIN; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITIES; ALTERNARIA-ALTERNATA; PHLOEM MOBILITY; PHYTOTOXICITY; MYCOTOXINS; BIOSYNTHESIS; XENOBIOTICS; TISSUE AB Fumonisin B-1 (FB1) is the most abundant of a series of sphingosine analog mycotoxins produced by the fungus Fusarium moniliforme, a ubiquitous contaminant of stored corn (maize) worldwide. FB1 exhibits a variety of biological activities including phytotoxicity, which is of particular interest for its potential role as a virulence factor to facilitate invasion of plant tissues by the fungus. Droplets of FB1 solution applied to the leaf surface of jimsonweed, black nightshade, and susceptible tomatoes caused necrosis, growth inhibition, and death. With Arabidopsis thaliana grown on agar plates, an IC50 (concentration causing half maximal phytotoxicity) of less than 1 ppm was observed. [H-3]FB1 was prepared by biosynthetic incorporation of commercially-available radiolabeled presumptive precursors into the toxin in rice medium solid cultures of F. moniliforme JW#1. The labeled toxin produced by incorporation of [9,10-H-3]palmitate induced phytotoxic symptoms identical to unlabeled material, indicating it had full biological activity. The area of necrosis on treated leaves was similar in light and dark treated plants. Using liquid scintillation counting to quantify radioactivity in excised plant parts, over 95% of the [H-3]FB1 radioactivity applied to leaves of light or dark-treated plants was recovered from the treated leaf. When [H-3]FB1 was applied to a wound site on target plants, severe damage occurred at the site of FB1 application and in tissue above the site. These results indicate that FB1 applied to intact surfaces of target plants exhibits primarily contact activity. Translocation of FB1 is limited, occurring only when FB1 is applied to a wound site, and it results in damage to tissue above the point of application, indicating that FB1 is xylem mobile. C1 ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Dow AgroSci, Nat Prod Discovery, Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Med Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Abbas, HK (reprint author), ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, USDA, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU ALAKEN, INC PI FT COLLINS PA 305 W MAGNOLIA ST, STE 196, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 USA SN 1058-8108 J9 J NAT TOXINS JI J. Nat. Toxins PD FEB PY 2000 VL 9 IS 1 BP 85 EP 100 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology GA 285UJ UT WOS:000085406200009 PM 10701184 ER PT J AU Choi, SW Mason, JB AF Choi, SW Mason, JB TI Folate and carcinogenesis: An integrated scheme SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE folate; carcinogenesis; DNA methylation; DNA integrity; MTHFR gene ID HAMSTER OVARY CELLS; URACIL MISINCORPORATION; CERVICAL DYSPLASIA; COLONIC NEOPLASIA; DNA METHYLATION; DIETARY-FOLATE; P53 GENE; DEFICIENCY; RATS; CANCER AB Collectively, the evidence from epidemiologic, animal and human studies strongly suggests that folate status modulates the risk of developing cancers in selected tissues, the most notable of which is the colorectum. Folate depletion appears to enhance carcinogenesis whereas folate supplementation above what is presently considered to be the basal requirement appears to convey a protective effect. The means by which this modulation of cancer risk is mediated is not known with certainty, but there are several plausible mechanisms which have been described. Folate plays a major role in the formation of S-adenosylmethionine, the universal methyl donor, as well as in the formation of purine and thymidine synthesis for DNA and RNA. Therefore, most mechanistic studies performed to date have focused on alterations in DNA methylation, disruption of DNA integrity and disruption of DNA repair, all of which have been observed with folate depletion. These aberrations in DNA are believed to enhance carcinogenesis by altering the expression of critical tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes. Recently, the role of a common polymorphism of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene has been highlighted as well. This review presents those mechanisms which are the most likely candidates to explain folate's effects and it proposes an integrated scheme to explain how these mechanisms might interact. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Mason, JB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA59005-05S1] NR 36 TC 580 Z9 624 U1 3 U2 38 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 130 IS 2 BP 129 EP 132 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 281NP UT WOS:000085167600001 PM 10720158 ER PT J AU Roberts, SB Heyman, MB AF Roberts, SB Heyman, MB TI Dietary composition and obesity: Do we need to look beyond dietary fat? SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID NUTRITION C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pediat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG12829]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK46124]; PHS HHS [T32] NR 7 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 130 IS 2 SU S BP 267S EP 267S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 282MF UT WOS:000085221300001 PM 10721884 ER PT J AU McCrory, MA Fuss, PJ Saltzman, E Roberts, SB AF McCrory, MA Fuss, PJ Saltzman, E Roberts, SB TI Dietary determinants of energy intake and weight regulation in healthy adults SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Nutritional-Sciences CY APR 17-21, 1999 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE dietary composition; energy intake; energy density; palatability; dietary variety ID UNITED-STATES; HIGH-FAT; OBESITY; OVERWEIGHT; DENSITY; FOODS; MEN; VARIETY; MEAL AB Until recently, the percentage of energy from dietary fat has been considered a primary determinant of body fatness. This review covers recent studies from our laboratory that challenge this notion. High and low fat diets matched for energy density, palatability and fiber resulted in similar mean voluntary energy intakes over 9 d; analysis of the individual foods in these diets showed that energy density and palatability were significant determinants of energy intake, independent of fat content. Path analysis further revealed that the influence of energy density on energy intake was in part direct, and in part indirect and mediated by palatability. In another study, dietary variety within food groups was shown to be an important predictor of body fatness, and the direction of the association depended on which food groups provided the variety, i.e,, the variety of sweets, snacks, condiments, entrees and carbohydrates consumed was positively associated with body fatness, whereas the variety of vegetables was negatively associated. Last, a study of restaurant food and body fatness showed that the frequency of consumption of restaurant food was positively associated with body fatness, independent of education level, smoking status, alcohol intake and physical activity. Restaurant meals tend to be high in fat and low in fiber, and thus energy dense. Restaurants also typically serve a variety of palatable foods in large portions. The increasing variety of high energy foods available and the increasing proportion of household income spent on foods consumed away from home may help explain the U.S. national rising prevalence of obesity. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP McCrory, MA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG00209, AG12829]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK09747] NR 38 TC 76 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 130 IS 2 SU S BP 276S EP 279S PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 282MF UT WOS:000085221300004 PM 10721887 ER PT J AU Harrison, EH AF Harrison, EH TI Lipases and carboxylesterases: Possible roles in the hepatic utilization of vitamin A SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Nutritional-Sciences CY APR 17-21, 1999 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE retinoids; retinol; retinol esters; hydrolases; liver ID RETINYL ESTER HYDROLASE; RAT-LIVER MICROSOMES; MOLECULAR-CLONING; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; CHOLESTEROL ESTERASE; ACYL-COA; HYDROLYSIS; BINDING; CELLS; ACYLTRANSFERASE AB The formation and hydrolysis of retinyl esters are key processes in the metabolism of the fat-soluble micronutrient vitamin A. Long-chain acyl esters of retinol are the major chemical form of vitamin A (retinoid) stored in the body. Although retinyl esters are found in a variety of tissues and cell types, most of the total body retinoid is accounted for by the retinyl esters stored in the liver. Thus, these esters represent the major endogenous source of retinoid that can be delivered to peripheral tissues for conversion to biologically active forms. This paper summarizes the current state of our knowledge about the identity, function and regulation of the hepatic enzymes that are potentially involved in catalyzing the hydrolysis of retinyl esters. These enzymes include several known and characterized lipases and carboxylesterases. C1 Agr Res Serv, Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Harrison, EH (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 44498, R01 DK044498] NR 39 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 130 IS 2 SU S BP 340S EP 344S PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 282MF UT WOS:000085221300020 PM 10721902 ER PT J AU Penland, JG AF Penland, JG TI Behavioral data and methodology issues in studies of zinc nutrition in humans SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Nutritional-Sciences CY APR 17-21, 1999 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE zinc nutrition; humans; cognition; brain function; methods ID COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE; MENTAL-DEVELOPMENT; CHINESE CHILDREN; SUPPLEMENTATION; GROWTH; DEFICIENCY; INFANTS; MALNUTRITION; REPLETION AB Despite the widespread incidence of childhood zinc (Zn) deficiency and strong evidence that Zn deprivation during periods of rapid growth affect brain development and behavior in animals, there is little research on the behavioral effects of Zn deficiency in children or adults. A brief review of previous human studies is followed by more detailed discussion of recent studies of Chinese and Mexican-American children, which showed beneficial effects of Zn repletion on neuropsychologic function. Methodology issues are reviewed and recommendations are made to assess the following: 1) a broad range of cognitive, psychomotor, emotional and social factors; 2) performance in the presence of secondary stressors to approximate real-world conditions more accurately; 3) continuous activity and rest in older children by the use of electronic activity monitors; and 4) electrophysiologic measures of brain function. It is concluded that research on cognition, behavioral activity and brain electrophysiology as outcomes of Zn deficiency and response to improved Zn nutrition is critical, given that Zn deficiency is common in both developing and developed countries. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Penland, JG (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 38 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 130 IS 2 SU S BP 361S EP 364S PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 282MF UT WOS:000085221300026 PM 10721907 ER PT J AU Sandstead, HH Klevay, LM AF Sandstead, HH Klevay, LM TI History of nutrition symposium: Trace element nutrition and human health SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Prevent Med & Community Hlth, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. RP Sandstead, HH (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Prevent Med & Community Hlth, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 130 IS 2 SU S BP 483S EP 484S PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 282MF UT WOS:000085221300054 PM 10721934 ER PT J AU Levander, OA AF Levander, OA TI The selenium-coxsackievirus connection: Chronicle of a collaboration SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Nutritional-Sciences CY APR 17-21, 1999 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE Keshan disease; cardiomyopathy; myocarditis; oxidative stress; vitamin E; viral evolution ID RAPID GENOMIC EVOLUTION; DEFICIENT MICE; VITAMIN-E; INDUCED MYOCARDITIS; HUMAN ENTEROVIRUS; RAT-HEART; B3; TOXICITY; N,N'-DIPHENYL-P-PHENYLENEDIAMINE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS AB This review provides a historical account of a collaboration established between a nutritionist and a virologist to investigate the interrelationship of host nutritional status and viral virulence. The parties to this collaboration consider themselves specialists in the fields of antioxidant nutrition and viral immunology, respectively. The advantages of such talent pooling are discussed (rapid startup, well-focused experimentation, ability to visualize the "big picture"), as are some of the disadvantages (limited common scientific vocabulary, proper apportioning of credit, lack of institutional infrastructure to house such efforts). The common perception that some of the most exciting science occurs when the advancing edges of two disparate disciplines intersect is borne out by this project because host nutriture was shown for the first time to influence the genetic make-up of an invading viral pathogen. Encouragement of joint cooperative ventures should have a high priority as demanded by increasingly difficult scientific problems and as desired by scientists themselves who wish to see their research progress more quickly. C1 ARS, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Levander, OA (reprint author), ARS, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 34 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 130 IS 2 SU S BP 485S EP 488S PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 282MF UT WOS:000085221300055 PM 10721935 ER PT J AU Klevay, LM AF Klevay, LM TI Cardiovascular disease from copper deficiency - A history SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Nutritional-Sciences CY APR 17-21, 1999 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE copper deficiency; Falling Disease; ischemic heart disease ID ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN-CHOLESTEROL; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; ABNORMAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS; DIETARY COPPER; FREE-RADICALS; RATS; ZINC; PLASMA; HYPERTENSION AB Although the nutritional essentiality of copper was established in 1928, a preoccupation with hematology delayed the discovery of cardiovascular disease from copper deficiency for more than a decade, Anatomical studies of several species of deficient animals revealed, interalia, aortic fissures and rupture, arterial foam cells and smooth muscle migration, cardiac enlargement and rupture, coronary artery thrombosis and myocardial infarction, Abnormal biochemistry in deficiency probably contributes to these lesions, e.g., decreased activities of lysyl oxidase and superoxide dismutase which result in failure of collagen and elastin crosslinking and impaired defense against free radicals. Copper deficiency also decreases copper in hearts and other organs and cells and increases cholesterol in plasma. Abnormal physiology from deficiency includes abnormal electrocardiograms, glucose intolerance and hypertension, People with ischemic heart disease have decreased cardiac and leucocyte copper and decreased activities of some copper-dependent enzymes. Copper depletion experiments with men and women have revealed abnormalities of lipid metabolism, blood pressure control, and electrocardiograms plus impaired glucose tolerance. The Western diet often is as low in copper as that proved insufficient for these people. Knowledge of nutritional history can be useful in addressing contemporary nutritional problems. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Klevay, LM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 64 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 130 IS 2 SU S BP 489S EP 492S PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 282MF UT WOS:000085221300056 PM 10721936 ER PT J AU Sandstead, HH Frederickson, CJ Penland, JG AF Sandstead, HH Frederickson, CJ Penland, JG TI History of zinc as related to brain function SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Nutritional-Sciences CY APR 17-21, 1999 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE zinc; brain; hippocampus; neurotransmission; cognition ID HIPPOCAMPAL MOSSY FIBERS; DEVELOPING RAT-BRAIN; METHYL-D-ASPARTATE; CORTICAL-NEURONS; DIETARY ZINC; KAINIC ACID; FOOD-INTAKE; COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE; METALLOTHIONEIN-III; CONFERS RESISTANCE AB Zinc (Zn) is essential for synthesis of coenzymes that mediate biogenic-amine synthesis and metabolism. Zn from vesicles in presynaptic terminals of certain glutaminergic neurons modulates postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors for glutamate. Large amounts of Zn released from vesicles by seizures or ischemia can kill postsynaptic neurons. Acute Zn deficiency impairs brain function of experimental animals and humans. Zn deficiency in experimental animals during early brain development causes malformations, whereas deficiency later in brain development causes microscopic abnormalities and impairs subsequent function. A limited number of studies suggest that similar phenomena can occur in humans. C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Prevent Med & Community Hlth, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Ctr Bioengn, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Neurosci, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. NeuroBioTex Inc, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. RP Sandstead, HH (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Prevent Med & Community Hlth, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. NR 161 TC 62 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 130 IS 2 SU S BP 496S EP 502S PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 282MF UT WOS:000085221300058 PM 10721938 ER PT J AU Glahn, RP Rassier, M Goldman, MI Lee, OA Cha, J AF Glahn, RP Rassier, M Goldman, MI Lee, OA Cha, J TI A comparison of iron availability from commercial iron preparations using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE iron; availability; calcium acetate; calcium carbonate; Caco-2 ID FERROUS SULFATE; HEME-IRON; ABSORPTION; CALCIUM; SUPPLEMENTATION; BIOAVAILABILITY; FORTIFICATION; COMPLEX AB The objectives of this study were to compare iron availability from commercial preparations of FeSO4, ferrous gluconate, ferrous fumarate, and a polysaccharide-iron complex using an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model. In addition, we sought to determine if calcium carbonate and calcium acetate (common phosphate binding agents) inhibited iron availability from an oral iron supplement when digested simultaneously. Caco-2 cell ferritin formation following exposure to simulated gastric and intestinal digests of the iron supplements was used as a measure of iron uptake and availability. Plates without cell monolayers were included in each replication of the experiment to measure the total amount of soluble iron that resulted from the in vitro digestion. Significantly more iron was taken up from the FeSO4, ferrous gluconate, and ferrous fumarate than the polysaccharide-iron complex. Similar results comparing FeSO4 and the polysaccharide-iron complex have been observed in humans. In addition, less iron was taken up from digests with calcium carbonate relative to calcium acetate even though similar amounts of soluble iron were observed in these experiments. The results indicate that when iron supplements and phosphate binders are consumed simultaneously, calcium acetate may be the preferred phosphate binder to maximize iron availability. (J. Nutr. Biochem. 11:62-68, 2000) (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 2000. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Marshfield Clin, Minocqua, WI USA. RP Glahn, RP (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 20 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 11 IS 2 BP 62 EP 68 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(99)00078-9 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 293YD UT WOS:000085882100001 PM 10715589 ER PT J AU Hoberg, EP Jones, A Rausch, RL Eom, KS Gardner, SL AF Hoberg, EP Jones, A Rausch, RL Eom, KS Gardner, SL TI A phylogenetic hypothesis for species of the genus Taenia (Eucestoda : Taeniidae) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop for Tapeworm Systematics (IWTS) CY OCT 02-06, 1996 CL UNIV NEBRASKA LINCOLN, LINCOLN, NEBRASKA HO UNIV NEBRASKA LINCOLN ID CESTODES; BIOGEOGRAPHY; SPECIATION; HUMANS AB Cladistic analysis of a numerical data matrix describing 27 characters for species of Taenia resulted in 4 most parsimonious phylogenetic trees (174 steps; consistency index = 0.28; homoplasy index = 0.72; retention index = 0.48). Monophyly for Taenia is diagnosed by the metacestode that is either a cysticercus or a form derived from a bladder-like larva; no other unequivocal synapomorphies are evident. Tree structure provides no support for recognition of a diversity of tribes or genera within the Taeniinae: Fimbriotaeniini and Taeniini have no phylogenetic basis. Hydatigera, Fimbriotaenia, Fossor, Monordotaenia. Multiceps, Taeniarhynchus, Tetratirotaenia must be subsumed within Taenia as synonyms. Taenia saginata and Taenia asiatica are sister species and distantly related to Taenia solium. Cospeciation with respect to carnivorous definitive hosts and Taenia appears to be limited. Although felids are putative ancestral hosts, contemporary associations appear to have resulted from extensive host-switching among felids, canids, hyaenids, and others. In contrast, relationships with herbivorous intermediate hosts are indicative of more pervasive coevolution; rodents as intermediate hosts are postulated as ancestral for the Taeniidae, Taenia + Echinococcus. Patterns appear consistent with rapid shifts between phylogenetically unrelated carnivores but among those that historically exploited a common prey resource within communities in specific biogeographic regions. C1 USDA ARS, Biosystemat & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hoberg, EP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosystemat & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, BARC E 1180,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 49 TC 89 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 86 IS 1 BP 89 EP 98 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0089:APHFSO]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 283DD UT WOS:000085260100016 PM 10701570 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Venturini, L Venturini, MC Speer, CA AF Dubey, JP Venturini, L Venturini, MC Speer, CA TI Isolation of Sarcocystis speeri Dubey and Lindsay, 1999 parasite from the South American opossum (Didelphis albiventris) from Argentina SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; NEURONA; SPOROCYSTS; FALCATULA; BIRDS AB Sarcocystis sporocysts from the intestines of 2 opossums (Didelphis albiventris) from Argentina were fed to gamma-interferon knockout (KO) and nude mice. Protozoal schizonts were seen in brain, liver, spleen, and adrenal glands of mice examined 33-64 days after feeding sporocysts. Sarcocysts were seen in skeletal muscles of KO mice 34-71 days after feeding sporocysts. Schizonts and sarcocysts were structurally similar to Sarcocystis speeri Dubey and Lindsay, 1999 seen in mice fed sporocysts from the North American opossum Didelphis virginiana from the United States. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Vet Sci, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 86 IS 1 BP 160 EP 163 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0160:IOSSDA]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 283DD UT WOS:000085260100029 PM 10701583 ER PT J AU Lindsay, DS Dubey, JP AF Lindsay, DS Dubey, JP TI Determination of the activity of diclazuril against Sarcocystis neurona and Sarcocystis falcatula in cell cultures SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; ANTICOCCIDIAL EFFICACY; PSITTACINE BIRDS; HORSES; MICE; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; SEROPREVALENCE; ANTIBODIES; OPOSSUMS AB Diclazuril is a benzeneacetonitril anticoccidial that has excellent activity against the extraintestinal stages of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. It also is highly active against intestinal coccidia of poultry. The present study examined the efficacy of diclazuril in inhibiting merozoite production of Sarcocystis neurona and Sarcocystis falcatula in bovine turbinate cell cultures. Diclazuril inhibited merozoite production by more than 80% in cultures of S. neurona or S.falcatula treated with 0.1 ng/ml diclazuril and greater than 95% inhibition of merozoite production was observed when infected cultures were treated with 1.0 ng/ml diclazuril. Diclazuril may have promise as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of S. neurona-induced equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses and S. falcatula infections in birds. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lindsay, DS (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, 1410 Prices Fork Rd, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 26 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 86 IS 1 BP 164 EP 166 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0164:DOTAOD]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 283DD UT WOS:000085260100030 PM 10701584 ER PT J AU Lee, SL DuBois, JJ Rishi, M AF Lee, SL DuBois, JJ Rishi, M TI Testicular damage after surgical groin exploration for elective herniorrhaphy SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual Meeting of the American-Pediatric-Surgical-Association CY MAY 16-19, 1999 CL RANCHO MIRAGE, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Pediat Surg Assoc DE testicular development; groin exploration; inguinal hernia; fertility AB Background/Purpose: Controversy exists whether to explore the contralateral groin in boys during unilateral herniorrhaphy. Proponents claim there is minimal risk of injury to the cord structures and developing testicle with contralateral exploration. However, findings have shown testicular atrophy occurred in 1% to 2% of patients after herniorrhaphy, and vasal damage is possible after routine manipulation of the spermatic cord. This study investigated the effect of routine surgical exploration of the prepubertal groin on testicular development and future fertility. Methods: Twenty-four prepubertal Wistar rats were divided equally into 2 groups. Group 1 (sham) rats underwent unilateral inguinoscrotal incision only. Group 2 (experimental) rats underwent unilateral inguinoscrotal exploration with manipulation of the cord structures as in human inguinal exploration. At maturation, the fertility and fecundity of the males were assessed. After mating, testes were examined for mass, volume, mean seminiferous tubule diameter (MSTD), and mean testicular biopsy score (MTBS). The vasa were examined for histological injury and vasal diameter. Statistical comparisons were made by paired t test and Mann-Whitney rank sum test. Results: There was a difference between the volumes of the testes when comparing the operative and nonoperative side of the 2 groups (experimental, Delta vol = -0.063 +/- 0.123; sham, Delta vol = +0.067 +/- 0.137; P = .029). There also was a trend toward a smaller testicular mass when comparing the two sides (experimental, Delta mass = -0.045 +/- 0.101; sham, Delta mass = +0.048 +/- 0.123; P = .057) but did not reach significance. The MSTD and MTBS were similar between the ipsilateral and contralateral testes in both groups. Likewise, the MSTD and MTBS were similar when comparing the 2 groups. All male rats in both groups were fertile. The number of offspring produced and the number of female rats impregnated were similar between the 2 groups. There was no histological evidence of vasal injury in any of the experimental spermatic cords. The vasal diameters were similar between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Surgical manipulation of the prepubertal spermatic cord imparts a small, but statistically significant morphological change in testicular size without a deleterious effect on testicular development, fertility or fecundity. J Pediatr Surg 35:327-330. Copyright (C) 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Div Pediat Surg, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. USDA, Armed Inst Pathol, Dept Pathol, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP DuBois, JJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Div Pediat Surg, 5275 F St,Suite 3, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0022-3468 J9 J PEDIATR SURG JI J. Pediatr. Surg. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 35 IS 2 BP 327 EP 330 DI 10.1016/S0022-3468(00)90033-2 PG 4 WC Pediatrics; Surgery SC Pediatrics; Surgery GA 280XH UT WOS:000085128700061 PM 10693689 ER PT J AU Brown, EM Farrell, HM Wildermuth, RJ AF Brown, EM Farrell, HM Wildermuth, RJ TI Influence of neutral salts on the hydrothermal stability of acid-soluble collagen SO JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE soluble collagen; thermal stability; NaCl; KCl ID CALF SKIN COLLAGEN; THERMAL-STABILITY; I COLLAGEN; MICROFIBRIL; PROTEINS; MODEL AB The thermal stability of acid-soluble collagens was studied by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. Adult bovine dermal collagen (BDC), rat-tail tendon collagen (RTC), and calf skin collagen (CSC) were compared. Despite some variability in amino acid composition and apparent molecular weight, the CD spectra for helical and unordered collagen structures were essentially the same for all the sources. The melting of these collagens occurs as a two-stage process characterized by a pretransition (T-p) followed by complete denaturation (T-d) The characteristic temperatures vary with the source of the collagen; for mature collagens (BDC, RTC) T-p = 30 degrees C and T-d = 36 degrees C, and for CSC T-p = 34 degrees C and T-d = 40 degrees C. Neutral salts, NaCl or KCl, at low concentrations (0.02-0.2 M) appear to bind to the collagens and shift the thermal transitions of these collagens to lower temperatures. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19118 USA. RP Brown, EM (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19118 USA. NR 29 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0277-8033 J9 J PROTEIN CHEM JI J. Protein Chem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 19 IS 2 BP 85 EP 92 DI 10.1023/A:1007074314686 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 335ZQ UT WOS:000088277500002 PM 10945432 ER PT J AU Milne, DB Nielsen, FH AF Milne, DB Nielsen, FH TI The interaction between dietary fructose and magnesium adversely affects macromineral homeostasis in men SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE magnesium balance; calcium metabolism; calcium balance; phosphorous balance ID MINERAL BALANCES; CALCIUM; PHOSPHATE; GLUCOSE; RATS; ABSORPTION; STARCH; HUMANS; SERUM AB Objective: Studies with rats have found that an interaction between fructose and magnesium affects macromineral metabolism; high dietary fructose significantly increased kidney calcification in both male and female rats, particularly when dietary magnesium was low. This study tests the hypothesis that an interaction between dietary fructose and magnesium adversely affects macromineral homeostasis in men. Methods: Eleven men aged 22 to 40 yt:ars were fed a mixed, Western diet for four 42-day dietary periods in which dietary magnesium was either approximately 170 or 370 mg/day and dietary fructose was either 4% or 20% of energy. A decaffeinated beverage containing high fructose corn syrup replaced cornstarch, bread and rice in the low fructose diet to give the high fructose diet. Results: High dietary fructose significantly (p<0.01) increased magnesium balance during both low and high dietary magnesium intakes. Ultrafilterable and ionized serum magnesium also apparently were related to magnesium and fructose intakes; they were higher when fructose was fed and when Mg intakes were high. High fructose depressed calcium balance: the effect tended to be more marked when dietary Mg was low. High dietary fructose also significantly (p<0.005) decreased phosphorous balance. Urinary phosphorous losses were significantly (p<0.001) higher when high dietary fructose was fed. High dietary fructose also increased the concentration of serum alkaline phosphatase (p<0.005). Conclusion: These findings indicate that dietary fructose adversely affects macromineral homeostasis in humans and suggest further studies to see if a high fructose diet coupled with low dietary magnesium and marginal calcium leads to bone loss. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Milne, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 35 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 31 EP 37 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 421BB UT WOS:000168041300006 PM 10682873 ER PT J AU Bruce, B Spiller, GA Klevay, LM Gallagher, SK AF Bruce, B Spiller, GA Klevay, LM Gallagher, SK TI A diet high in whole and unrefined foods favorably alters lipids, antioxidant defenses, and colon function SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE phytochemicals; lipids; antioxidant defenses; plant foods ID SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; COPPER; FIBER; CHOLESTEROL; TISSUES; CANCER; PLASMA AB Objective: Diets rich in whole and unrefined foods, like whole;:rains, dark green and yellow/orange-fleshed vegetables and fruits, legumes, nuts and seeds, contain high concentrations of antioxidant phenolics, fibers and numerous other phytochemicals that may be protective against chronic diseases. This study compared the effects of a phytochemical-rich diet versus a refined-food diet on lipoproteins, antioxidant defenses and colon function. Methods: Twelve hyperlipidemic women followed two diets for four weeks starting with a refined-food diet. Subjects then directly crossed over to the phytochemical-rich diet. Duplicate, fasting serum lipids and single, fasting antioxidant enzymes were measured at the end of the four-week refined-food diet period (baseline) and again at the end of the phytochemical-rich diet period. Results: Total energy and total fat intake were similar during both diet periods, but there was a decrease in saturated fat (SFA) of 61% in the phytochemical-rich dirt group. Dietary fiber. vitamin E, vitamin C and carotene intakes were 160%, 145%. 160% and 500% more, respectively, than during the refined-food diet period. The phytochemical-rich diet induced a drop of 13% in total cholesterol (TC) (p < 0.05) and 16% (p < 0.001) in low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase decreased 69% (p < 0.01) and glutathione peroxidase dropped 35% (p < 0.01). Colon function was improved on the phytochemical-rich diet. Conclusions: A diet abundant in phytochemically-rich foods beneficially affected lipoproteins, decreased need for oxidative defense mechanisms and improved colon function. C1 SPHERA Fdn, Los Altos, CA 94023 USA. USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Bruce, B (reprint author), SPHERA Fdn, 340 2nd St,POB 338, Los Altos, CA 94023 USA. NR 26 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 61 EP 67 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 421BB UT WOS:000168041300010 PM 10682877 ER PT J AU Kolomaznik, K Mladek, M Langmaier, F Janacova, D Taylor, MM AF Kolomaznik, K Mladek, M Langmaier, F Janacova, D Taylor, MM TI Experience in industrial practice of enzymatic dechromation of chrome shavings SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB A modification of the ERRC process for enzymatically treating chrome shavings was put into practice with a daily capacity of 3 metric tons. This process uses low-molecular weight organic amines to replace the relatively expensive magnesia. This modification increases the yield of soluble protein with a relatively low ash content and of a filter cake containing more chromic oxide, both of which offer easier and cheaper processing. We devoted considerable attention to potential commercial applications of end products. Successful commercial applications for the hydrolyzate include use as an organic nitrogenous fertilizer or fertilizer component, and use in the manufacture of biodegradable polymers for agriculture sowing tapes. Potential applications include use in the production of inexpensive formaldehyde-free adhesives; as anti-skid agents in PVC and rubber compounds; as agents for increasing adhesion to textile backing in conveyor belt manufacture; as heat stabilizers in PVC paste; and as an additive to concrete and plaster to influence setting time, rheological properties, and the energy demands of raw material grinding. Recovered chromic salts were successfully used to tan hides on a pilot-plant scale. Because of unbalanced demands for chrome tanning salts in the Czech Republic, we investigated other uses of chrome sludges. Potential applications included chromic pigments for glassmaking, manufacture of heat-resistant bricks, and the liquid oxidation of chrome sludges to produce a high quality, commercially attractive alkaline chromate. With a view to further applications for chrome sludges, we studied methods of deproteination. Results from the industrial scale enzymatic dechroming process, protein hydrolyzate applications, and treatment and utilization of chrome sludges are presented. C1 Tech Univ Brno, Fac Technol, Zlin, Czech Republic. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA USA. RP Kolomaznik, K (reprint author), Tech Univ Brno, Fac Technol, Zlin, Czech Republic. NR 29 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD FEB-MAR PY 2000 VL 95 IS 2 BP 55 EP 63 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 288AA UT WOS:000085538600003 ER PT J AU Johnson, AC Swanston, DN McGee, KE AF Johnson, AC Swanston, DN McGee, KE TI Landslide initiation, runout, and deposition within clearcuts and old-growth forests of Alaska SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE landslides; debris flows; land use planning; erosion and deposition; woody debris; deglaciated valleys; Alaska; anadromous fish ID DECLINE AB More than 300 landslides and debris flows were triggered by an October 1993 storm on Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska. Initiation, runout, and deposition patterns of landslides that occurred within clearcuts, second-growth, and old-growth forests were examined. Blowdown and snags, associated with cedar decline and "normal" rates of mortality, were found adjacent to at least 75 percent of all failures regardless of land use, Nearly 50 percent of the landslides within clearcuts occurred within one year following timber harvest; more than 70 percent of these sites had hydrophytic vegetation directly above failures. In following the runout paths of failures, significantly more erosion per unit area occurred within clearcuts than in old-growth forests on slopes with gradients from 9 to 28 degrees (16 to 54 percent). Runout length, controlled by hillslope position within deglaciated valleys, was typically longer in old-growth forests than in second growth and clearcuts (median values were 334, 201, and 153 m, respectively). Most landslides and debris flows deposited in first- and second-order channels before reaching the main stem channels used by anadromous fish. Slide deposits in old-growth forests were composed of a higher proportion of woody debris than deposits derived from slides in second growth or clearcuts. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Oregon State Univ, Sch Forestry, Coll Forest Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Johnson, AC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 2770 Sherwood Lane,Suite 2A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 45 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 36 IS 1 BP 17 EP 30 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04245.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 297HW UT WOS:000086077700002 ER PT J AU Bacchus, ST Hamazaki, T Britton, KO Haines, BL AF Bacchus, ST Hamazaki, T Britton, KO Haines, BL TI Soluble sugar composition of pond-cypress: A potential hydroecological indicator of ground water perturbations SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE ASR and aquifer yield impacts; depressional wetlands; hydroecological indicators; predisposition; soluble sugars; Taxodium ascendens Brong.; water resources planning; water stress ID DROUGHT; STRESS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; GROWTH; APPLE; ROOTS; PINE AB Pond-cypress, a deciduous conifer, is a dominant canopy species in depressional wetlands of the southeastern Coastal Plain (SCP). Extensive premature decline and death of pond-cypress trees in central Florida have been attributed to hydroperiod alterations due to excessive withdrawals of ground water from the Floridan aquifer. One factor identified in the decline process is basal decay, which may be related to the presence of Botryosphaeria rhodina and Fusarium species (nonaggressive, facultative fungal pathogens). These fungi have been cultured from sapwood tissue of declining pond-cypress associated with ground water mining, but not from pond-cypress away from ground water mining areas. In this experiment, differences in soluble (nonstructural) carbohydrate composition of branch tips were evaluated for one- and two-year old, nursery-grown (unsheltered) pond-cypress, following a year of growth under treatment conditions (control, fungal inoculation, water stress, and fungal inoculation plus water stress) in a growth chamber. Results from two methods of wet chemical analysis were compared (trimethylsilyl methylglycoside Method A, and alditol acetate - Method B). Three pentoses (arabinose, rhamnose, and xylose) and three hexoses (galactose, glucose, and mannose) were identified in branch tips from both age classes. A fourth hexose (fucose) also was identified in samples from the younger trees. The acidic sugar, galacturonic acid, was identified in both age classes using Method A. Results suggest that prolonged water stress is correlated with greater relative concentrations of the neutral soluble sugars rhamnose (P = 0.02), xylose (P = 0.02), and galactose (P = 0.02), in addition to the acidic sugar galacturonic acid (P = 0.01), for Method A, and arabinose (P = 0.02) for Method B. These results also suggest that in the absence of water stress, the fungal pathogen B. rhodina does not penetrate to the sapwood of the trees, and that inoculation with this fungal pathogen is not correlated with differences in relative concentrations of nonstructural, soluble carbohydrates, based on Method A analysis. Empirical evidence suggests that pond-cypress trees in depressional wetlands respond similarly to anthropogenic perturbations of ground water, but not to natural periods of drought in the absence of such perturbations. Therefore, pond-cypress appear to be integrators of groundwater perturbations. Greater concentrations of the soluble sugars identified in this study in pond-cypress branch tips may be hydroecological indicators of such anthropogenic perturbations as unsustainable yield from the regional aquifer and adverse impacts from aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) activities in the SCP. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Fishery & Wildlife Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Bacchus, ST (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 53 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 36 IS 1 BP 55 EP 65 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04248.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 297HW UT WOS:000086077700005 ER PT J AU Simon, A Rinaldi, M AF Simon, A Rinaldi, M TI Channel instability in the loess area of the midwestern United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE unstable channels; loess channels; degradation; bank instability; shear strength ID ALLUVIAL CHANNELS; STREAMS; MODEL AB The loess area of the midwestern United States contains thousands of miles of unstable stream channels that are undergoing system-wide channel-adjustment processes as a result of (1) modifications to drainage basins dating back to the turn of the 20th century, including land clearing and poor soil-conservation practices, which caused the filling of stream channels, and consequently (2) direct, human modifications to stream channels such as dredging and straightening to improve drainage conditions and reduce the frequency of out-of-bank flows. Today, many of these channels are still highly unstable and threaten bridges, other structures, and land adjacent to the channels. The most severe, widespread instabilities are in western Iowa where a thick cap of loess and the lack of sand- and gravel-sized bed sediments in many channels hinders downstream aggradation, bed-level recovery and the consequent reduction of bank heights, and renewed bank stability. In contrast, streams draining west-central Illinois, east-central Iowa, and other areas, where the loess cap is relatively thin and there are ample supplies of sand- and gravel-sized material, are closer to recovery. Throughout the region, however, channel widening by mass-wasting processes is the dominant adjustment process. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Univ Florence, Florence, Italy. RP Simon, A (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Sedimentat Lab, 598 McElroy Dr,POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RI Rinaldi, Massimo/C-7923-2012 NR 53 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 36 IS 1 BP 133 EP 150 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04255.x PG 18 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 297HW UT WOS:000086077700012 ER PT J AU Daniel, JA Staricka, JA AF Daniel, JA Staricka, JA TI Frozen soil impact on ground water-surface water interaction SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE depressional focussed recharge; frozen soil; till hydrology ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; SNOWMELT INFILTRATION; WETLANDS; SLOUGH AB Ground water and surface water interaction in the prairie pothole region of the United States and Canada is seasonally dominated by the presence of thick, frozen soil layers that affect infiltration. During a spring thaw, the subsoil may remain frozen, preventing infiltration. The impact of the frozen soil layer on the timing of infiltration of depressional-focused recharge to the ground water is not clearly understood. The objective of this paper is to relate changes in the water table during spring to changes in frost depth and soil water content. A depression and adjacent upland study site were instrumented with CRREL-type frost tubes, neutron probe access tubes, and ground water monitoring wells. Increases in water table levels in a depression occurred before the frost layer decomposed and infiltrating water quickly formed a recharge mound. Water table responses at the upland site took place as two events. The first event was a gradual rise, probably caused by the lateral dissemination of the recharge mound. The second rise was a rapid rise coinciding with the decomposition of the soil frost layer. Because of the accumulation of surface water in depressions, agricultural practices that remove water from a field can affect water resources management by limiting the addition of water recharge to unconfined ground water. C1 ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, USDA, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Williston Res Ctr, Williston, ND 58802 USA. RP Daniel, JA (reprint author), ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, USDA, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RI Baulch, Helen/I-9529-2012 NR 29 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 36 IS 1 BP 151 EP 160 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04256.x PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 297HW UT WOS:000086077700013 ER PT J AU Jung, HJG Jorgensen, MA Linn, JG Engels, FM AF Jung, HJG Jorgensen, MA Linn, JG Engels, FM TI Impact of accessibility and chemical composition on cell wall polysaccharide degradability of maize and lucerne stems SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE accessibility; degradability; lignin; ferulate esters and ethers; cell wall polysaccharides; maize; lucerne ID FORAGE QUALITY VARIATION; FERULATE CROSS-LINKS; TOBACCO STEMS; KLASON LIGNIN; FIBER; DIGESTIBILITY; DEGRADATION; INTERNODES; DIGESTION; LIGNIFICATION AB Although Lignification of forages is generally accepted as limiting cell wall degradability, prediction of degradation from cell wall composition is often difficult when forages are of similar maturity. It has been proposed that rumen microbe accessibility to potentially degradable cell walls is limited by the presence of non-disrupted cells in forage particles with lignified middle lamella/primary walls acting as barriers to microbial access. We tested this accessibility hypothesis by evaluating the impact of reducing particle size of maize and lucerne stems to the level of individual cells by ball-milling, in order to eliminate accessibility as a Limiting factor, While cell wall concentration and composition were not influenced by ball-milling compared with grinding to pass a 1 mm screen in a cyclone-type mill, degradability of total cell wall polysaccharides was dramatically increased. However, only those polysaccharides (cellulose and xylan) which are most abundant in cell. types with Lignified middle lamella/primary and secondary walls increased in degradability owing to particle size reduction, Degradability of pectins, which are abundant in non-lignified tissues in lucerne, did not respond to ball-milling. Contrary to our expectations, ball-milled forages showed fewer correlations for cell wall composition with degradability than observed for the larger-particle-size grinding treatment. Many components of the cell wall were correlated with polysaccharide degradation for the cyclone-ground samples; however, the results were inconsistent as to which cell wall. components were correlated with degradation among and within forages. This observation does not clarify the role of cell wall chemical structure as a limiting agent to wall degradation in the absence of accessibility barriers, but this study does provide support for the hypothesis that lignified middle lamella/primary walls act as barriers to microbial access for degradation. (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Dairy Forage Res Ctr Cluster, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Anim Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Wageningen Univ Agr, Dept Crop Sci, Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Jung, HJG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Plant Sci Res Unit, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 40 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 80 IS 3 BP 419 EP 427 DI 10.1002/1097-0010(200002)80:3<419::AID-JSFA544>3.3.CO;2-9 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 285JC UT WOS:000085385100017 ER PT J AU Neill, JD Sosnovtsev, SV Green, KY AF Neill, JD Sosnovtsev, SV Green, KY TI Recovery and altered neutralization specificities of chimeric viruses containing capsid protein domain exchanges from antigenically distinct strains of feline calicivirus SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MIGUEL SEA-LION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; EXPRESSION; GENE; IDENTIFICATION; PRECURSOR; REGIONS; SITES AB Feline calicivirus (FCV) strains can show significant antigenic variation when tested for cross-reactivity,vith antisera produced against other FCV strains. Previous work has demonstrated the presence of hypervariable amino acid sequences in the capsid protein of FCV (designated regions C and E) that were postulated to constitute the major antigenic determinants of the virus. To examine the involvement of hypervariable sequences in determining the antigenic phenotype, the nucleotide sequences encoding the E regions from three antigenically distinct parental FCV strains (CFI, KCD, and NADC) were exchanged for the equivalent sequences in an FCV Urbana strain infectious cDNA clone. Two of the three constructs were recovered as viable, chimeric viruses. In six additional constructs, of which three were recovered as viable virus, the E region from the parental viruses was divided into left (N-terminal) and right (C-terminal) halves and engineered into the infectious clone. A final viable construct contained the C, D, and E regions of the NADC parental strain. Recovered chimeric viruses showed considerable antigenic variation from the parental viruses when tested against parental hyperimmune serum, No domain exchange was able to confer complete recognition by parental antiserum with the exception of the KCD E region exchange, which was neutralized at a near-homologous titer with KCD antiserum. These data demonstrate that it is possible to recover engineered chimeric FCV strains that possess altered antigenic characteristics. Furthermore, the E hypervariable region of the capsid protein appears to play a major role in the formation of the antigenic structure of the virion where conformational epitopes may be more important than linear in viral neutralization. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NIAID, Infect Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Neill, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 31 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 74 IS 3 BP 1079 EP 1084 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.3.1079-1084.2000 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA 273YZ UT WOS:000084738100003 PM 10627517 ER PT J AU Lewis, T Zsak, L Burrage, TG Lu, Z Kutish, GF Neilan, JG Rock, DL AF Lewis, T Zsak, L Burrage, TG Lu, Z Kutish, GF Neilan, JG Rock, DL TI An African swine fever virus ERV1-ALR homologue, 9GL, affects virion maturation and viral growth in macrophages and viral virulence in swine SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID REGENERATION ALR GENE; LIVER-REGENERATION; INFECTED-CELLS; DOMESTIC SWINE; IN-VITRO; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; DNA; PROTEINS; REGION AB The African swine fever virus (ASFV) genome contains a gene, 9GL, with similarity to yeast ERV1 and ALR genes. ERV1 has been shown to function in oxidative phosphorylation and in cell growth, while ALR has hepatotrophic activity. 9GL encodes a protein of 119 amino acids and was highly conserved at both nucleotide and amino acid levels among all ASFV field isolates examined. Monospecific rabbit polyclonal antibody produced to a glutathione S-transferase-9GL fusion protein specifically immunoprecipitated a 14-kDa protein from macrophage cell cultures infected with the ASFV isolate Malawi Lil-20/1 (MAL). Time course analysis and viral DNA synthesis inhibitor experiments indicated that p14 was a late viral protein. A 9GL gene deletion mutant of MAL (Delta 9GL), exhibited a growth defect in macrophages of approximately 2 log(10) units and had a small-plaque phenotype compared to either a revertant (9GL-R) or the parental virus. 9GL affected normal virion maturation; virions containing acentric nucleoid structures comprised 90 to 99% of all virions observed in Delta 9GL-infected macrophages. The Delta 9GL virus was markedly attenuated in swine. In contrast to 9GL-R infection, where mortality was 100%, all Delta 9GL-infected animals survived infection. With the exception of a transient fever response in some animals, Delta 9GL-infected animals remained clinically normal and exhibited significant 100- to 10,000-fold reductions in viremia titers. All pigs previously infected with Delta 9GL survived infection when subsequently challenged with a lethal dose of virulent parental MAL. Thus, ASFV 9GL gene deletion mutants may prove useful as live-attenuated ASF vaccines. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Rock, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 67 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 74 IS 3 BP 1275 EP 1285 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.3.1275-1285.2000 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 273YZ UT WOS:000084738100024 PM 10627538 ER PT J AU Dybing, JK Schultz-Cherry, S Swayne, DE Suarez, DL Perdue, ML AF Dybing, JK Schultz-Cherry, S Swayne, DE Suarez, DL Perdue, ML TI Distinct pathogenesis of hong kong-origin H5N1 viruses in mice compared to that of other highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA; A VIRUSES; CHICKENS; INFECTION; DISEASE; HEMAGGLUTININ; REPLICATION; EVOLUTION; EMERGENCE; DIAGNOSIS AB In 1997, an outbreak of virulent H5N1 avian influenza virus occurred in poultry in Hong Kong (HK) and was linked to a direct transmission to humans. The factors associated with transmission of avian influenza virus to mammals are not fully understood, and the potential risk of other highly virulent avian influenza A viruses infecting and causing disease in mammals is not known, In this study, two avian and one human HK-origin H5N1 virus along with four additional highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses were analyzed for their pathogenicity in 6- to 8-week-old BALB/c mice. Both the avian and human HK H5 influenza virus isolates caused severe disease in mice, characterized by induced hypothermia, clinical signs, rapid weight loss, and 75 to 100% mortality by 6 to 8 days postinfection, Three of the non-HK-origin isolates caused no detectable clinical signs. One isolate, A/tk/England/91 (H5N1), induced measurable disease, and all but one of the animals recovered. Infections resulted in mild to severe lesions in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts, Most consistently, the viruses caused necrosis in respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles with accompanying inflammation. The most severe and widespread lesions were observed in the lungs of HK avian influenza virus-infected mice, while no lesions or only mild lesions were evident with A/ck/Scotland/59 (H5N1) and A/ck/Queretaro/95 (H5N2), The A/ck/Italy/97 (H5N2) and the A/tk/England/91 (H5N1) viruses exhibited intermediate pathogenicity, producing mild to moderate respiratory tract lesions. In addition, infection by the different isolates could be further distinguished by the mouse immune response. The non-HK-origin isolates all induced production of increased levels of active transforming growth factor beta following infection, while the HK-origin isolates did not. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Perdue, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 51 TC 95 Z9 113 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 74 IS 3 BP 1443 EP 1450 DI 10.1128/JVI.74.3.1443-1450.2000 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 273YZ UT WOS:000084738100041 PM 10627555 ER PT J AU Tucker, KL Falcon, LM Bianchi, LA Cacho, E Bermudez, OI AF Tucker, KL Falcon, LM Bianchi, LA Cacho, E Bermudez, OI TI Self-reported prevalence and health correlates of functional limitation among Massachusetts elderly Puerto Ricans, dominicans, and a non-Hispanic white neighborhood comparison group SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ESTIMATING STATURE; ETHNIC-DIFFERENCES; DISABILITY; CARE AB Background. Limited data suggest that Puerto Ricans experience greater disability than other ethnic groups, but few studies have examined the factors associated with this apparent difference. Methods. We describe the prevalence of functional limitation and disability in a representative sample of Puerto Rican and Dominican elders in Massachusetts, and in a neighborhood comparison group of non-Hispanic whites (NHWs). we then relate disability scores, based on both prevalence and severity of ADL or IADL limitation, with self-reported history of diagnosed health conditions-adjusting for age, sex, body mass index (BMI; weight kg/height m(2)), income, education, living alone, smoking, and alcohol use. Results, Seventy-five percent of Dominican women and 73% of Puerto Rican women reported difficulty with at least one ADL, compared with 64% of NHW women. Puerto Rican men reported significantly more limitation than did NHW or Dominican men. Conditions significantly associated with at least two disability measures among the NHV included smoking, former heavy alcohol use, arthritis, cataract, respiratory disease, and high BMI, but not stroke, diabetes, history of heart attack, or depression. The patterns for Puerto Ricans differed, with the strongest associations between disability and stroke, arthritis, diabetes, and depression, followed by history of heart attack, high BMI, cataract, poverty status, and respiratory disease. Only arthritis and depression were consistently significantly associated with disability among this smaller sample of Dominican elders. Conclusions. Functional limitation and disability are more prevalent among Puerto Ricans and among Dominican women than among neighborhood NHWs in Massachusetts. Greater disability is associated with the presence of chronic health conditions, which differ by ethnic group. Additional research is needed to further define the social and health factors that contribute to these ethnic differences. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Northeastern Univ, Dept Sociol & Anthropol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Tucker, KL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; Falcon, Luis/C-1237-2009 FU NIA NIH HHS [R01 AG10425] NR 27 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 7 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 55 IS 2 BP M90 EP M97 PG 8 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 331XP UT WOS:000088044200016 PM 10737691 ER PT J AU Miller, C Urban, DL AF Miller, C Urban, DL TI Connectivity of forest fuels and surface fire regimes SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE connectivity; correlation length; elevation gradient; fire spread; forest gap model; fuel characteristics; mixed conifer forest; Sierra Nevada; surface fire regime ID SEQUOIA-NATIONAL-PARK; MIXED-CONIFER FOREST; SIERRA-NEVADA; MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN; CALIFORNIA; HISTORY; MODELS AB The connectivity of a landscape can influence the dynamics of disturbances such as fire. In fire-adapted ecosystems, fire suppression may increase the connectivity of fuels and could result in qualitatively different fire patterns and behavior. We used a spatially explicit forest simulation model developed for the Sierra Nevada to investigate how the frequency of surface fires influences the connectivity of burnable area within a forest stand, and how this connectivity varies along an elevation gradient. Connectivity of burnable area was a function of fuel loads, fuel moisture, and fuel bed bulk density. Our analysis isolated the effects of fuel moisture and fuel bed bulk density to emphasize the influence of fuel loads on connectivity. Connectivity was inversely related to fire frequency and generally increased with elevation. However, certain conditions of fuel moisture and fuel bed bulk density obscured these relationships. Nonlinear patterns in connectivity across the elevation gradient occurred as a result of gradients in fuel loads and fuel bed bulk density that are simulated by the model. Changes in connectivity with elevation could affect how readily fires can spread from low elevation sites to higher elevations. C1 Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Miller, C (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM cmiller/rmrs_missoula@fs.fed.us NR 44 TC 86 Z9 92 U1 3 U2 20 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 EI 1572-9761 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 15 IS 2 BP 145 EP 154 DI 10.1023/A:1008181313360 PG 10 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 270EP UT WOS:000084522700006 ER PT J AU Adlof, RO Duval, S Emken, EA AF Adlof, RO Duval, S Emken, EA TI Biosynthesis of conjugated linoleic acid in humans SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID TRANS-FATTY-ACIDS; HUMAN-PLASMA; LIPIDS; DESATURATION; ISOMERS; INVIVO; BLOOD; MILK AB This paper deals with the reanalysis of serum lipids from previous studies in which deuterated fatty acids were administered to a single person. Samples were reanalyzed to determine if the deuterated fatty acids were converted to deuterium-labeled conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, 9c,11t-18:2)or other CLA isomers. We found 11-trans-octadecenoate (fed as the triglyceride) was converted (Delta 9 desaturase) to CLA, at a CLA enrichment of ca. 30%. The 11-cis-octadecenoate isomer was also converted to 9c,11c-18:2, but at <10% the concentration of the 11t-18:1 isomer. No evidence (within our limits of detection) for conversion of 10-cis- or 10-trans-octadecenoate to the 10,12-CLA isomers (Delta 12 desaturase) was found. No evidence for the conversion of 9-cis,12-cis-octadecadienoate to CLA (via isomerase enzyme) was found. Although these data come from four single human subject studies, data from some 30 similar human studies have convinced us that the existence of a metabolic pathway in one subject may be extrapolated to the normal adult population. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Adlof, RO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 30 TC 92 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD FEB PY 2000 VL 35 IS 2 BP 131 EP 135 DI 10.1007/BF02664761 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 297TV UT WOS:000086099500002 PM 10757542 ER PT J AU Kirkpatrick, BW Byla, BM Gregory, KE AF Kirkpatrick, BW Byla, BM Gregory, KE TI Mapping quantitative trait loci for bovine ovulation rate SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID TWINNING RATE; LINKAGE MAP; CATTLE; SOMATOTROPIN; HEIFERS; POPULATIONS; GENOME AB An elite, three-generation Family from the USDA Meat Animal Research Center twinning population was examined for evidence of ovulation rate quantitative trait loci (QTL). This work was both a continuation of previously reported results suggesting evidence for ovulation rate QTL on bovine Chromosome (Chr) 7 and an extension of a genome-wide search for QTL. Additional markers were typed on Chr 7 to facilitate interval mapping and testing of the hypothesis of one versus two QTL on that chromosome. In addition, 14 other informative markers were added to a selective genotyping genome screening of this family, and markers exhibiting nominal significance were used to identify chromosomal regions that were then subjected to more exhaustive analysis. For Chr 7, a total of 12 markers were typed over a region spanning the proximal two-thirds of the chromosome. Results from interval mapping analyses indicated evidence suggestive of the presence of QTL (nominal P < 0.00077) within this region. Subsequent analysis with a model postulating two QTL provided evidence (P < 0.05) for two rather than one QTL on this chromosome. Preliminary analysis with additional markers indicated nominal significance (P < 0.05) for regions of Chrs 5, 10, and 19. Each of these regions was then typed with additional markers for the entire three-generation pedigree. Significant evidence (P < 0.000026) of ovulation rate QTL was found for Chrs 5 and 19, while support on Chr 10 failed to exceed a suggestive linkage threshold (P > 0.00077). C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Kirkpatrick, BW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anim Sci, 646 Anim Sci Bldg,1675 Observ Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 15 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD FEB PY 2000 VL 11 IS 2 BP 136 EP 139 DI 10.1007/s003350010026 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 276BV UT WOS:000084856500009 PM 10656928 ER PT J AU Zhao, SH Mitchell, SE Meng, JH Kresovich, S Doyle, MP Dean, RE Casa, AM Weller, JW AF Zhao, SH Mitchell, SE Meng, JH Kresovich, S Doyle, MP Dean, RE Casa, AM Weller, JW TI Genomic typing of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 by semi-automated fluorescent AFLP analysis SO MICROBES AND INFECTION LA English DT Article DE Escherichia coli O157 : H7; AFLP; DNA fingerprinting ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES; DNA; POLYMORPHISM; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFECTIONS; OUTBREAK; MARKERS; STRAINS AB Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 isolates were analyzed using a relatively new DNA fingerprinting method, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Total genomic DNA was digested with two restriction endonucleases (EcoRI and MseI), and compatible oligonucleotide adapters were ligated to the ends of the resulting DNA fragments. Subsets of fragments from the total pool of cleaved DNA were then amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using selective primers that extended beyond the adapter and restriction site sequences. One of the primers from each set was labeled with a fluorescent dye, which enabled amplified fragments to be detected and sized automatically on an automated DNA sequencer. Three AI;LP primer sets generated a total of thirty-seven unique genotypes among the 48 E. coli O157:H7 isolates tested. Prior fingerprinting analysis of large restriction fragments from these same isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) resulted in only 21 unique DNA profiles. Also, AFLP fingerprinting was successful for one DNA sample that was not typable by PFGE, presumably because of template degradation. AFLP analysis, therefore, provided greater genetic resolution and was less sensitive to DNA quality than PFGE. Consequently, this DNA typing technology should be very useful for genetic subtyping of bacterial pathogens in epidemiologic studies. (C) 2000 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Georgia, Ctr Food Safety & Qual Enhancement, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Cornell Univ, Inst Genom Divers, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Perkin Elmer Corp, Appl Biosyst Div, Foster City, CA 94404 USA. RP Zhao, SH (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 30 TC 35 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 1286-4579 J9 MICROBES INFECT JI Microbes Infect. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 2 IS 2 BP 107 EP 113 DI 10.1016/S1286-4579(00)00278-1 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 299VE UT WOS:000086217900001 PM 10742682 ER PT J AU Pritsch, C Muehlbauer, GJ Bushnell, WR Somers, DA Vance, CP AF Pritsch, C Muehlbauer, GJ Bushnell, WR Somers, DA Vance, CP TI Fungal development and induction of defense response genes during early infection of wheat spikes by Fusarium graminearum SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article ID PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS; GERMINATING MAIZE SEEDS; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; HEAD BLIGHT; TRANSCRIPT ACCUMULATION; VENTURIA-INAEQUALIS; INDUCED RESISTANCE; CULTIVAR FRONTANA; WINTER-WHEAT; BARLEY AB Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat is a crippling disease that causes severe economic losses in many of the wheat-growing regions of the world, Temporal patterns of fungus development and transcript accumulation of defense response genes mere studied in Fusarium graminearum-inoculated wheat spikes within the first 48 to 76 h after inoculation (hai), Microscopy of inoculated glumes revealed that the fungus appeared to penetrate through stomata, exhibited subcuticular growth along stomatal rows, colonized glume parenchyma cells, and sporulated within 48 to 76 hai. No major differences in the timing of these events were found between Sumai 3 (resistant) and Wheaten (susceptible) genotypes, In complementary experiments, RNA was extracted from spikes at several time intervals up to 48 hai and temporal expression patterns were determined for defense response genes encoding peroxidase, PR-1, PR-2 (beta-1,3-glucanase), PR-3 (chitinase), PR-4, and PR-5 (thaumatin-like protein), In both genotypes, transcripts for the six defense response genes accumulated as early as 6 to 12 hai during F, graminearum infection and peaked at 36 to 48 hai, Greater and earlier PR-4 and PR-5 transcript accumulation was observed in Sumai 3, compared with Wheaten. Our results show that the timing of defense response gene induction is correlated with F, graminearum infection. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Vance, CP (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 69 TC 178 Z9 187 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 13 IS 2 BP 159 EP 169 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.2.159 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 276PR UT WOS:000084887000002 PM 10659706 ER PT J AU Roberts, RG Reymond, ST Andersen, B AF Roberts, RG Reymond, ST Andersen, B TI RAPD fragment pattern analysis and morphological segregation of small-spored Alternaria species and species groups SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL DNA; HOST-SPECIFIC TOXINS; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; THEMES; FUNGI; PCR; PATHOTYPE AB Accurate identification of small-spored Alternaria spp. is challenging because of morphological plasticity under non-standard conditions and the common misapplication of the name A. alternata to a variety of morphologically distinct taxa. A system used by some authors of naming phytotoxigenic alternarias as pathotypes of A. alternata has further clouded the meaning and usefulness of this specific epithet. Two hundred and sixty isolates of small-spored Alternaria, primarily from fruit substrates, were segregated into morphological groups and then subjected to RAPD-PCR analysis using total genomic DNA and three different primers. When cultured under defined conditions, the pattern of sporulation observed at 50 x magnification was predictive of genetic relatedness as determined by cluster analysis of RAPD fragment patterns. In RAPD analyses, morphological groups or species were resolved as distinct branches of the dendrogram: Alternaria gaisen (= A. kikuchiana, A. alternata Japanese pear pathotype, group 2), A. longipes (= A. alternata tobacco pathotype, group 5), the 'tenuissima' group (group 5), the arboresceuns group (group 3) and the 'infectoria group (group 6). Isolates in groups for which there were only a few representatives clustered as a branch. Analysis of RAPD fragment patterns confirmed that when Alternaria isolates are cultured and observed under defined conditions, their phenotypic plasticity is minimized and valid taxonomic separations can be made upon morphological characteristics. We conclude that A. alternata, A. gaisen, A. longipes and other small-spored saprotrophic or perthotrophic taxa are recognizable as morphologically distinct taxa. We suggest that the 'pathotype' system of naming small-spored Alternaria taxa confers no predictive value relative to observable morphological and genetic characters, and should be abandoned. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Biotechnol, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. RP Roberts, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RI Andersen, Birgitte/F-3922-2012 OI Andersen, Birgitte/0000-0002-4544-9886 NR 32 TC 61 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 19 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 104 BP 151 EP 160 DI 10.1017/S0953756299001690 PN 2 PG 10 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 297GQ UT WOS:000086074500006 ER PT J AU Urtz, BE Rice, WC AF Urtz, BE Rice, WC TI Purification and characterization of a novel extracellular protease from Beauveria bassiana SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CUTICLE-DEGRADING-PROTEASE; FUNGUS METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS; MANDUCA-SEXTA; VIRULENCE; CLONING; ENZYMES; PCR AB An extracellular protease designated BBP (Beauveria bassiana protease) was purified from a B, bassiana isolate and subsequently characterized. It was produced in the late stages of growth in a gelatin medium, and was purified using a combination of ion-exchange chromatography and preparative gel electrophoresis. Inhibition by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride and chymostatin indicates that BBP is a serine type with chymotrypsin activity. Substrate specificity indicates that the protease has elastase activity as well. The protease was stable at 25 degrees C and had an alkaline pH optimum (7.5-9.5). Another protease was purified from the same isolate that produced BBP, and tvas identified as Pd based on its isoelectric point, amino terminal sequence, substrate specificity and cuticle degrading ability. A comparison between the two showed that BBP had a lower isoelectric point (pI 7.5) than Pr1 (pI greater than or equal to 10) and was 0.5 kDa smaller. The proteases also exhibited differences in substrate specificity with Prl being most active against Suc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA, and BBP being most active against MeOSuc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Met-pNA. The two proteases had equal cuticle-degrading activity and both were expressed in cuticle media, although the timing of their expression differed. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Rice Res Stn, USDA ARS, Crowley, LA 70527 USA. RP Rice, WC (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Rice Res Stn, USDA ARS, POB 1429, Crowley, LA 70527 USA. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 104 BP 180 EP 186 DI 10.1017/S0953756299001215 PN 2 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 297GQ UT WOS:000086074500010 ER PT J AU Crous, PW Palm, ME AF Crous, PW Palm, ME TI Systematics of selected foliicolous fungi associated with leaf spots of Proteaceae (vol 103, pg 1299, 1999) SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Plant Pathol, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Crous, PW (reprint author), Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Plant Pathol, P Bag X1, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. RI Crous, Pedro/H-1489-2012 OI Crous, Pedro/0000-0001-9085-8825 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 104 BP 256 EP 256 DI 10.1017/S0953756299009594 PN 2 PG 1 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 297GQ UT WOS:000086074500022 ER PT J AU Dahlstrom, JL Smith, JE Weber, NS AF Dahlstrom, JL Smith, JE Weber, NS TI Mycorrhiza-like interaction by Morchella with species of the Pinaceae in pure culture synthesis SO MYCORRHIZA LA English DT Article DE Morchella; Pinus contorta; Pinus ponderosa; Pseudotsuga menziesii; Larix occidentalis ID ECTOMYCORRHIZAL HOSTS INVITRO; ARCTOSTAPHYLOS-UVA-URSI; INCOMPATIBLE INTERACTIONS; EXOGENOUS CARBOHYDRATE; PISOLITHUS-TINCTORIUS; ARBUTUS-MENZIESII; SPECIFICITY; ROTUNDA; ROOTS; FUNGI AB Isolates from two species of Morchella were tested for ability to form mycorrhizae in pure culture synthesis with Arbutus menziesii, Larix occidentalis, Pinus contorta, Pinus ponderosa, and Pseudotsuga menziesii. Ectomycorrhizal structures (mantle and Hartig net) formed with the four species of the Pinaceae but not with A. menziesii. Results are compared to previous studies on morel mycorrhizae and discussed in an ecological context. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Marlboro Coll, Marlboro, VT 05344 USA. RP Smith, JE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 59 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0940-6360 J9 MYCORRHIZA JI Mycorrhiza PD FEB PY 2000 VL 9 IS 5 BP 279 EP 285 DI 10.1007/PL00009992 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 286UV UT WOS:000085468000004 ER PT J AU Kelley, DS Rudolph, IL AF Kelley, DS Rudolph, IL TI Effect of individual fatty acids of omega-6 and omega-3 type on human immune status and role of eicosanoids SO NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID YOUNG HEALTHY-MEN; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION; FISH-OIL; IN-VITRO; CELLS; N-3; EXPRESSION; PLASMA C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Kelley, DS (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Nutr, Meyer Hall,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 24 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD FEB PY 2000 VL 16 IS 2 BP 143 EP 145 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(99)00256-7 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 282HZ UT WOS:000085213500013 PM 10696641 ER PT J AU Burri, BJ AF Burri, BJ TI Antioxidant status in vegetarians versus omnivores: A mechanism for longer life? SO NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID SEVENTH-DAY-ADVENTISTS; HEART-DISEASE; RISK-FACTORS; MORTALITY; HEALTH; CANCER; STYLE C1 USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Burri, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD FEB PY 2000 VL 16 IS 2 BP 149 EP 150 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(99)00270-1 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 282HZ UT WOS:000085213500016 PM 10755825 ER PT J AU Carmena-Ramon, R Real, JT Ascaso, JF Ordovas, JM Carmena, R AF Carmena-Ramon, R Real, JT Ascaso, JF Ordovas, JM Carmena, R TI Effect of apolipoprotein E genotype on lipid levels and response to diet in familial hypercholesterolemia SO NUTRITION METABOLISM AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES LA English DT Article DE ApoE genotype; familial hypercholesterolemia; dietary response; lipid levels ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; E POLYMORPHISM; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; E PHENOTYPE; RECEPTOR GENE; PLASMA; POPULATION; FAT; METHODOLOGY; ABSORPTION AB The response of plasma lipids to dietary fat and cholesterol is partly genetically controlled. Apolipoprotein (Apo) E polymorphism has been shown to influence basal plasma lipid levels and the response to dietary changes in normolipidemic individuals. In general, subjects carrying the E4 allele have higher basal total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) plasma levels and show an increased LDL-C response to dietary manipulation The response to diet in subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is also variable, but the influence of apo E genotypes on their dietary response has received little attention. We studied such influence on the lipid response to the National Cholesterol Education Program type I (NCEP-I) diet in 69 FH heterozygotes (44 women and 25 men). Subjects were studied at baseline (after consuming for I month a diet with 35% fat [10% saturated] and 300 mg cholesterol) and after 3 months of consuming a low-fat diet, No sex-related differences were found and results were combined for men and women. The frequency distribution of apo E alleles was similar to that described in the general Spanish population: 0.0724 for the E2 allele, 0.0724 for E4 and 0.8551 for E3. Baseline plasma lipid and lipoprotein values were not influenced by apo E genotype, The response to the NCEP-I diet was similar in all subjects and no apoE allele-related differences were identified As in non-FH subjects, there was a nonsignificant trend towards greater LDL-C lowering in E4 (-19.3%) than in E3 (-18.2%), and E2 (-16.6%) carriers. This finding supports the hypothesis that the impact of genetic defects at the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) locus in FH subjects prevails over any influence on the part of ApoE polymorphism. (C) 2000, Medikal Press. C1 Univ Valencia, Hosp Clin, Dept Med, Valencia, Spain. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Carmena-Ramon, R (reprint author), Univ Valencia, Dept Med, Blasco Ibanez 15, E-46010 Valencia, Spain. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 45 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU MEDIKAL PRESS S R L PI MILAN PA VIA LUIGI ZOJA, 30, 20153 MILAN, ITALY SN 0939-4753 J9 NUTR METAB CARDIOVAS JI Nutr. Metab. Carbiovasc. Dis. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 10 IS 1 BP 7 EP 13 PG 7 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 301TH UT WOS:000086326000002 PM 10812582 ER PT J AU Beharka, AA Han, SN Adolfsson, O Wu, D Smith, D Lipman, R Cao, G Meydani, M Meydani, SN AF Beharka, AA Han, SN Adolfsson, O Wu, D Smith, D Lipman, R Cao, G Meydani, M Meydani, SN TI Long-term dietary antioxidant supplementation reduces production of selected inflammatory mediators by murine macrophages SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE macrophages; melatonin; inflammatory mediators; antioxidants ID VITAMIN-E SUPPLEMENTATION; HEALTHY ELDERLY SUBJECTS; AGE-ASSOCIATED DECLINE; NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; ALTERED REGULATION; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; MICE; MELATONIN; CELLS AB Although macrophage (M phi)-derived compounds, including proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins (PG), and nitric oxide (NO), play important roles in host defense, excessive or inappropriate production of them has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory diseases. Aging is also associated with increased production of M phi compounds involved in inflammation. Short term dietary supplementation with selected antioxidants, such as glutathione (GSH) and vitamin E (E), has been shown to reduce age-related changes in M phi production of inflammatory compounds, but information is limited regarding the effects of long-term supplementation. Nor is information available on other less studied compounds with antioxidant properties, such as melatonin, strawberry extract, or combinations of compounds such as E + GSH. Therefore, we sought to determine if long term, from middle to old age, dietary supplementation of C57BL/6NCrlBR mice with E, GSH, E + GSH, melatonin or strawberry extract could modify age related changes in M phi production of pro- and antiinflammatory compounds. Eighteen-month-old C57BL/6NCrlBR mice were fed one of the following six semi-synthetic diets for 6 months: 1) control (30 ppm vitamin E), 2) vitamin E supplemented (control + 470 ppm vitamin E), 3) glutathione (GSH) supplemented (control + 0.5% glutathione), 4) vitamin E and glutathione supplemented (control + 470 ppm vitamin E + 0.5% glutathione), 5) melatonin supplemented (control + 11 ppm melatonin), or 6) strawberry extract supplemented (control + 1% strawberry extract). Supplementation with vitamin E or melatonin, but not GSH, E + GSH, or strawberry extract, reduced (p<0.05) unstimulated IL-6 and PGE(2) production by peritoneal M phi. Because PGE(2) has been shown to modulate IL-6 production, the reduction in PGE, production by vitamin E and melatonin may be partially responsible for the reduction in unstimulated IL-6 production. LPS stimulation resulted in production of IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, NO, PGE(2), and TNF-alpha by peritoneal or bone marrow (BM)-derived M phi. Of these, only NO production was modulated by antioxidant supplementation and then significantly by vitamin E only. Vitamin E supplementation reduced the age-related increase in inducible NO production by peritoneal M phi (p<0.05), but not by BM M phi. In conclusion, vitamin E modulated production of at least three, and melatonin modulated production of at least two, molecules produced by M phi, which are involved in a variety of age-associated chronic and acute inflammatory diseases. Further research is needed to determine the mechanisms and clinical benefits of E and melatonin-induced reduction in M phi, inflammatory mediator production. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Immunol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sackler Sch Grad Biomed Sci, Dept Pathol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, SN (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Immunol Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 50 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 20 IS 2 BP 281 EP 296 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(99)00160-8 PG 16 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 282KB UT WOS:000085216300012 ER PT J AU Meydani, M AF Meydani, M TI Omega-3 fatty acids alter soluble markers of endothelial function in coronary heart disease patients SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; FISH-OIL; CELL-ADHESION; IN-VITRO; SUPPLEMENTATION; LDL; OMEGA-3-FATTY-ACIDS; PEROXIDATION; ANTIOXIDANTS; MOLECULES AB Several studies have indicated that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oil have protective effects on cardiovascular disease by reducing vascular endothelial inflammation in atherosclerosis. In a recent study supplementation of patients with fish oil following coronary angioplasty elevated levels of lipid peroxides and two adhesion molecules in plasma suggesting a proinflammatory action of fish oil. However, decreases in several plasma markers of endothelial hemostatic activity indicated a healthier and better vasculature associated with fish oil supplementation. C1 Tufts Univ, Vasc Biol Program, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, M (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Vasc Biol Program, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 31 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 58 IS 2 BP 56 EP 59 PN 1 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 295HP UT WOS:000085960900004 PM 10748610 ER PT J AU Provenza, FD Kimball, BA Villalba, JJ AF Provenza, FD Kimball, BA Villalba, JJ TI Roles of odor, taste, and toxicity in the food preferences of lambs: implications for mimicry in plants SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID FLAVORED WHEAT-STRAW; INTRARUMINAL INFUSIONS; VARIABLE ENVIRONMENTS; ASTRAGALUS-BISULCATUS; MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES; SODIUM SELENATE; CONSEQUENCES; DISTINGUISH; PROPIONATE; RUMINANTS AB In the traditional sense, food ingestion consists of prehending, masticating, swallowing, and digesting plant matter. It is also possible to ingest plants without eating them. Volatile compounds are inhaled directly into the lungs and transported from the lungs into the bloodstream. Volatiles in high concentrations could presumably produce toxicosis, without an herbivore ever ingesting a plant in the customary sense. Volatile compounds may be aposematic, serving to warn potential predators of toxins in plants. We conducted three experiments to explore the roles of odor, taste, and toxicity in the food preferences of lambs. The first experiment determined if brief exposure to a novel odor followed by lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced toxicosis caused lambs to avoid a familiar fond that contained the odor. Lambs that sniffed coconut-flavored barley and then received LiCl subsequently ate less coconut-flavored barley than lambs that did not receive LiCl. The second experiment determined if lambs were deterred from eating a familiar food by the odor of Astragalus bisulcatus. A. bisulcatus is a malodorous (to humans) sulwfur-containing herb considered unpalatable and toxic. Neither odor nor intraruminal infusions of A. bisulcatus deterred lambs from feeding. The third experiment also determined how the degree of Familiarity with the odor of A. bisculatus, along with toxicosis, influenced preference of lambs for food with or without the odor of A. bisulcatus. Lambs with 8 d exposure to the odor but not given LiCl ate similar amounts of food, with and without the odor of A. bisulcatus whereas lambs given LiCl showed a mild aversion to food with the odor during testing. Lambs with I d exposure to the odor but no LiCl ate similar amounts of food, with and without the odor, whereas lambs given LiCl showed a strong but transient aversion to food with the odor. Collectively, these findings show that lambs responded strongly to novel odors, but their response was transient and depended on the postingestive consequences of toxins and nutrients associated with odor inhalation. Thus, we submit that odor alone, in the absence of toxicosis or nociception, is nor a deterrent to herbivores that continually sample foods and adjust intake based on the postingestive effects of toxins and nutrients. It also is unlikely that non-toxic plants can mimic the odors of toxic plants to avoid herbivory (Batesian mimicry), unless the odors are indistinguishable by herbivores, again because herbivores constantly sample foods. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Provenza, FD (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RI Villalba, Juan/A-5836-2010 OI Villalba, Juan/0000-0001-8868-8468 NR 41 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 19 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD FEB PY 2000 VL 88 IS 2 BP 424 EP 432 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2000.880220.x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 287QV UT WOS:000085518000020 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS AF Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS TI Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) are highly susceptible to oral infection with Neospora caninum oocysts SO PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TISSUE-SECTIONS; DIAGNOSIS; MICE; APICOMPLEXA; PROTOZOA; DOGS C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 19 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0044-3255 J9 PARASITOL RES JI Parasitol. Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 86 IS 2 BP 165 EP 168 DI 10.1007/s004360050027 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 277KU UT WOS:000084933400012 PM 10685849 ER PT J AU Avard, MM Schiebe, FR Everitt, JH AF Avard, MM Schiebe, FR Everitt, JH TI Quantification of chlorophyll in reservoirs of the Little Washita River Watershed using airborne video SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; ALGAL CHLOROPHYLL; QUALITY; NM AB Airborne video cameras equipped with narrow-band filters were used to assess chlorophyll-a concentration in flood control reservoirs of the Little Washita River Watershed in central Oklahoma. This study utilizes airborne video cameras equipped with narrow IO-nm band filters centered at the critical wavelengths to assess chlorophyll-a concentration. The video cameras were calibrated using a series of panels and a hand-held spectroradiometer to convert digital numbers into radiance values (mu W/cm(2)/sr). This was then processed into reflectance values by the incorporation of solar irradiance data. Results indicate that the relationship between emergent radiance and chlorophyll concentration is best described by the model y = a(0)(1 - e(-x/c)), and that the ability to estimate chlorophyll-a concentration in reservoirs using airborne video imagery has a great deal of potential. C1 SE Oklahoma State Univ, Durant, OK 74701 USA. SST Dev Grp Inc, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. USDA ARS, Remote Sensing Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Avard, MM (reprint author), SE Oklahoma State Univ, Stn A,Box 4200, Durant, OK 74701 USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 66 IS 2 BP 213 EP 218 PG 6 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 280WD UT WOS:000085126000009 ER PT J AU Mazzola, M Gu, YH AF Mazzola, M Gu, YH TI Impact of wheat cultivation on microbial communities from replant soils and apple growth in greenhouse trials SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; ORCHARD SOILS; ROOT-ROT; DISEASE; PATHOGENICITY; POPULATIONS; RHIZOCTONIA; NEMATODES; IDENTIFICATION AB Studies were conducted to assess the impact of short-term rotations of wheat on microbial community composition and growth of apple in soils from replant orchard sites. Soils from two orchards were cultivated with three successive 28-day growth cycles of 'Eltan','Penewawa', or 'Rely' wheat in the greenhouse and subsequently planted to 'Gala' apple seedlings. Cultivation of orchard replant soils with any of the three wheat cultivars enhanced growth of apple relative to that achieved in untreated soils. Improved growth was associated with a marked reduction in apple root infection by species of Rhizoctonia and Pythium. Populations of plant-parasitic nematodes were below damage threshold levels in these orchard soils; however, apple seedlings grown in wheat-cultivated soils had significantly lower root populations of Pratylenchus spp, than did seedlings grown in untreated soils. Growth of apple in 'Penewawa'-cultivated soils often was superior to that observed in soils planted with 'Eltan' or 'Rely'. In untreated orchard soils, fluorescent pseudomonad populations isolated from soil and the apple rhizosphere were dominated by Pseudomonas fluorescens biotype C and Pseudomonas syringae. Cultivation of replant soils with wheat induced a characteristic transformation of the fluorescent pseudomonad population, and Pseudomonas putida dominated the population of this bacterial group recovered from wheat-cultivated replant orchard soils. Results from this study suggest that use of short-term wheat cropping sequences during orchard renovation could be useful in management of replant disease and that this disease-control option may operate, in part, through modification of the fluorescent pseudomonad community. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Mazzola, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 33 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD FEB PY 2000 VL 90 IS 2 BP 114 EP 119 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2000.90.2.114 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 277AP UT WOS:000084910800002 PM 18944598 ER PT J AU Yuan, YL Chen, YH Tang, CM Jing, SR Liu, SL Pan, JJ Kohel, RJ Zhang, TZ AF Yuan, YL Chen, YH Tang, CM Jing, SR Liu, SL Pan, JJ Kohel, RJ Zhang, TZ TI Effects of the dominant glandless gene Gl(2)(e) on agronomic and fibre characters of Upland cotton SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Gossypium hirsutum; dominant glandless trait; fibre quality; near-isogenic lines; seed quality; Upland cotton; yield AB Seven pairs of near-isogenic lines (glandless vs. glanded) and the recurrent parents were used to determine the effects of the dominant glandless gene from 'Hai 1' (Gossypium barbadense) on agronomic, fibre, and seed characters in Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, backgrounds. The results showed that there were no apparent linkage associations of the glandless gene on most agronomic, fibre and seed characters of Upland cotton, except for seed quality. The glandless line derived from 'Liaomian 7' had significantly more protein (489.6 g/kg), and that from H237 had significantly more oil (362.4 g/kg) and had the largest oil index (2.70 g) and protein index (3.03 g). The gossypol content of seed in dominant glandless lines in Upland cotton was very low (<0.04 g/kg). Therefore, it is suggested that the glandless gene can play an important role in breeding glandless or low seed-gossypol Upland cotton cultivars. C1 Nanjing Agr Univ, Key Lab Crop Germplasm & Breeding, Minist Agr, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. Nanjing Agr Univ, Dept Agron, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Agr Sci, Cotton Res Inst, Anyang 455112, Henan, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, So Crops Res Lab, Crop Germplasm Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Zhang, TZ (reprint author), Nanjing Agr Univ, Key Lab Crop Germplasm & Breeding, Minist Agr, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 119 IS 1 BP 59 EP 64 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.2000.00446.x PG 6 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 296KP UT WOS:000086023800010 ER PT J AU Holbrook, CC Wilson, DM Matheron, ME Hunter, JE Knauft, DA Gorbet, DW AF Holbrook, CC Wilson, DM Matheron, ME Hunter, JE Knauft, DA Gorbet, DW TI Aspergillus colonization and aflatoxin contamination in peanut genotypes with reduced linoleic acid composition SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID LIPOPEROXIDATION; FLAVUS; SEED AB Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus can contaminate several agricultural crops with the toxic fungal, metabolite aflatoxin;Previous research has indicated that resistance may be conferred by altering the fatty acid composition of these craps. Recently, peanut breeding lines with reduced linoleic acid content have been developed. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of reduced linoleic acid composition on preharvest aflatoxin contamination of peanut. Seven breeding lines with relatively low linoleic acid and two check genotypes were grown in a randomized complete block design with 10 replicates for 4 years in Georgia and for 3 years in Arizona. The plots were inoculated with a mixture of A. flavus and A. parasiticus about 60 days after planting and subjected to drought and heat stress for the 40 days immediately preceding harvest. Differences were observed in only one environment. Low linoleic acid composition had no measurable effect on preharvest aflatoxin contamination in peanut when data were combined across years and locations. Products of the lipoxygenase pathway that have been shown to affect aflatoxin biosynthesis in vitro may not be present in sufficient quantities in peanut. C1 USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Pathol, Yuma, AZ 85364 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH 45239 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Marianna, FL 32446 USA. RP Holbrook, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 84 IS 2 BP 148 EP 150 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.2.148 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 276LK UT WOS:000084879100006 ER PT J AU Timmer, LW Zitko, SE Gottwald, TR Graham, JH AF Timmer, LW Zitko, SE Gottwald, TR Graham, JH TI Phytophthora brown rot of citrus: Temperature and moisture effects on infection, sporangium production, and dispersal SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE splash dispersal ID STRAWBERRY FRUIT; WETNESS DURATION; SPLASH DISPERSAL; CACTORUM; FLORIDA AB Sporadic epidemics of Phytophthora brown rot occur in citrus orchards in Florida and are caused primarily by Phytophthora palmivora and secondarily by P. nicotianae. With Il palmivora, fruit wetness durations of 3 h or more resulted in maximum infection at favorable temperatures. The optimum temperature range for fruit infection and brown rot development was 27 to 30 degrees C. No brown rot developed at 22 degrees C or less. The optimum temperature for sporulation in culture and on the fruit surface was 24 degrees C, with sporangium production decreasing rapidly at higher or lower temperatures. A few sporangia were produced with 18 h of fruit wetness, and numbers increased as duration of wetness increased up to 72 h. Propagules were splash-dispersed by single droplets of water from infested peel disks horizontally about 350 to 450 mm and vertically about 30 to 45 mm with most isolates. Sporangia were not dispersed by air currents alone. Few sporangia of P. nicotianae were produced on fruit surfaces, and they were not readily dispersed by falling water droplets. Brown rot caused by P. palmivora can become epidemic in Florida from July to October during the rainy season because of its high temperature optimum and prolific sporulation on the fruit surface. C1 Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. USDA ARS, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Timmer, LW (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. RI Graham, James/B-7049-2008 NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 84 IS 2 BP 157 EP 163 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.2.157 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 276LK UT WOS:000084879100008 ER PT J AU Conway, WS Leverentz, B Saftner, RA Janisiewicz, WJ Sams, CE Leblanc, E AF Conway, WS Leverentz, B Saftner, RA Janisiewicz, WJ Sams, CE Leblanc, E TI Survival and growth of Listeria monocytogenes on fresh-cut apple slices and its interaction with Glomerella cingulata and Penicillium expansum SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE bacterial human pathogen; CA; fruit acidity; fungal pathogen ID VEGETABLES; ATMOSPHERE; PRODUCE; FRUITS AB The food-borne human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes survived and its populations increased on cv. Delicious apple slices at 10 or 20 degrees C in air or controlled atmosphere of 0.5% O-2 and 15% CO2, but did not grow at 5 degrees C. Controlled atmosphere had no significant effect on the survival or growth of L. monocytogenes. The pathogen populations declined over time when grown in various concentrations of apple juice and the decline was greater as the concentration of the juice decreased. Populations of L. monocytogenes inoculated into decayed apple tissue continually increased on fruit decayed by Glomerella cingulata but did not survive after 5 days on fruit decayed by Penicillium expansum. The pH of the decayed area declined from pH 4.7 to 3.7 in the case of P. expansum, but in the case of G. cingulata the pH increased from pH 4.7 to 7.0. This pH modification may be responsible for affecting the growth of the food-borne pathogen. Storage temperature, as well as the absence of postharvest pathogens such as G. cingulata, is important for maintaining the safety of fresh-cut apples. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. USDA ARS BA OD, Biometr Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Conway, WS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 84 IS 2 BP 177 EP 181 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2000.84.2.177 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 276LK UT WOS:000084879100012 ER PT J AU Wang, L Shogren, RL Carriere, C AF Wang, L Shogren, RL Carriere, C TI Preparation and properties of thermoplastic starch-polyester laminate sheets by coextrusion SO POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INTERFACIAL INSTABILITY; MULTILAYER COEXTRUSION; FLOW; EXTRUSION; POLYMERS; VISCOELASTICITY; SIMULATION; GRANULES; MELTS; WATER AB The effects of extrusion and formulation variables on the structure and properties of starch-polyester laminates were examined. Three-layer polyester/starch/polyester sheets were prepared using a twin-screw extruder for the starch/water center layer, a single screw extruder for the outer polyester layers and a feedblock and coathanger type sheet die. Overall sheet and coating thicknesses were more uniform as coating polymer (poly(epsilon-caprolactone), PCL) viscosity decreased (lower molecular weight), starch melt viscosity increased (lower moisture) and feedblock/die temperature increased. Peel strengths were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude larger for high than low molecular weight PCL. High peel strengths were associated with rough, wavy interfaces (interfacial instability). Addition of plasticizer such as glycerol and sorbitol to the starch decreased peel strengths. Peel strengths varied little with type of polyester coating, except, perhaps, for polylactic acid and polyesteramide, which were more difficult to peel. Some possible applications of laminated starch sheets include food packaging and controlled release of drugs, pesticides, insect diets, etc. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Shogren, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 42 TC 72 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 13 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804-0403 USA SN 0032-3888 J9 POLYM ENG SCI JI Polym. Eng. Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 40 IS 2 BP 499 EP 506 DI 10.1002/pen.11182 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 290FJ UT WOS:000085665400022 ER PT J AU Hinton, A Buhr, RJ Ingram, KD AF Hinton, A Buhr, RJ Ingram, KD TI Physical, chemical, and microbiological changes in the crop of broiler chickens subjected to incremental feed withdrawal SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE crop; feed withdrawal; Salmonella; lactic acid bacteria; enterobacteriaceae ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI 0157-H7; LOWER GUT CONTENTS; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; INHIBITION AB Trials were conducted to determine the effect of feed withdrawal on the weight, pH, native bacterial flora, and Salmonella typhimurium persistence in crops of broilers. Six-week-old broilers were provided medicated or unmedicated feed and were subjected to feed withdrawal for 0 to 24 h in transportation crates or on litter. After feed withdrawal, broilers were stunned, bled, scalded, and picked. Crops were aseptically removed and weighed. Crops were then blended in 20 mL distilled water, and pH values of the suspensions were measured. Aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, S. typhimurium, and lactic acid bacteria in the suspension were enumerated on appropriate bacteriological. media. Feed withdrawal produced significant decreases in the crop weights. Crop pH increased by 1.0 unit within 6 h of feed withdrawal. Enterobacteriaceae and S. typhimurium populations generally decreased during the first 12 h of feed withdrawal and remained unchanged or increased during the final 12 h of the 24-h feed withdrawal period. The number of lactic acid bacteria recovered from the crop usually decreased as the duration of feed withdrawal increased. Changes in crop weights, pH, native microflora, or the recovery of S. typhimurium from the crop were similar in broilers subjected to feed withdrawal on litter or in crates and in broilers provided medicated or unmedicated feed before initiating feed withdrawal. Findings indicate that a decrease in the number of lactic acid producing bacteria in the crop and an Increase in crop pH may be related to the reduction of anti-Enterobacteriaceae activity in the crop during extended feed withdrawal. C1 ARS, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Unit, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Hinton, A (reprint author), ARS, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Unit, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM shinton@usda.ars.gov NR 24 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 79 IS 2 BP 212 EP 218 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 283FJ UT WOS:000085265200010 PM 10735749 ER PT J AU Watkins, B Lu, YC Chen, YR AF Watkins, B Lu, YC Chen, YR TI Economic feasibility analysis for an automated on-line poultry inspection technology SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE automated inspection system; broiler; profitability; slaughter plant; visual inspection ID CARCASS INSPECTION; NEURAL-NETWORK; SPECTROSCOPY AB On-line carcass inspection of chickens in the United States is currently done using visual (organoleptic) methods. Inspectors from the USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) inspect the viscera and carcass and, for older birds, the heads using a sequence of observations and palpations at a postmortem inspection station. The streamlined inspection system (SIS) and:the new line speed inspection system (NELS) are the most prevalent visual inspection methods. The former has a line speed of 70 birds/min with two inspectors per line, and the latter has a line speed of 91 birds/min requiring three inspectors per line. Both inspection methods are labor intensive and prone to human error. In addition, the speed of the slaughter line is dictated by the number of birds per minute that can be inspected by FSIS inspectors. Ninety-one birds/min is currently the maximum visual inspection Line speed allowed under current Federal regulations. This study evaluates the economic benefits of using automated inspection in place of visual inspection from the perspective of both the slaughter plant and FSIS. The results indicate that FSIS and slaughter plants would gain economic benefits by using automated inspection in place of visual inspection. The economic benefits to FSIS would accrue from labor savings, whereas the economic benefits to slaughter plants would accrue primarily from increased throughput from faster inspection line speeds. C1 ARS, USDA, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Watkins, B (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Bldg 007,Room 008,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 79 IS 2 BP 265 EP 274 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 283FJ UT WOS:000085265200017 PM 10735756 ER PT J AU Berrang, ME Buhr, RJ Cason, JA AF Berrang, ME Buhr, RJ Cason, JA TI Campylobacter recovery from external and internal organs of commercial broiler carcass prior to scalding SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Campylobacter; ceca; colon; crop; feathers ID AFRICAN POULTRY ABATTOIR; BACTERIAL-POPULATIONS; DIRTY AREA; JEJUNI; CHICKENS; CONTAMINATION; SALMONELLA AB Campylobacter is a human pathogen commonly found on live broilers and processed carcasses. To plan effective intervention strategies, it would be helpful to know which Campylobacter populations are associated with the external and internal organs of broilers. Six carcasses were collected after exiting the bleed tunnel at a commercial broiler plant on each of three visits (n = 18). Carcasses were placed individually into sterile plastic bags, sealed, and covered with ice for transport to the laboratory. Five locations were sampled aseptically from each carcass: breast feathers (hand picked from the sternal tracts); breast skin, including the sternal tracts; crop; ceca; and colon. Samples included adhering contamination or lumen contents and were covered with phosphate-buffered saline and blended. Serial dilutions were made for examination of Campylobacter, coliform, Escherichia coli, and total aerobic bacterial populations. Average sample weights (grams) were as follows: feathers, 1.5; skin, 6.5; crop, 5.1; ceca, 7.8; and colon, 3.1. Campylobacter populations (mean log(10) colony-forming units per gram of sample) found were feathers, 5.4; skin, 3.8; crop, 4.7; ceca, 7.3; and colon, 7.2. Coliform/E. coli populations observed were feathers, 6.4/6.0; skin, 5.3/4.9; crop, 4.3/3.7; ceca, 6.6/6.2; and colon, 5.8/5.3. Total aerobic bacterial populations found were feathers, 7.9; skin, 7.1; crop, 5.8; ceca, 6.8; and colon, 6.4. On a per gram basis, ceca and colon are the internal organs that if ruptured could cause the highest number of Campylobacter to be leaked onto the carcass. The crop also contained more Campylobacter per gram than did the skin, and if compromised may increase the numbers on the surface of the carcass. However, even with no contamination from an internal organ, a substantial population of Campylobacter is already resident on broiler skin as the carcass enters the early stages of processing. C1 ARS, USDA, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Berrang, ME (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 15 TC 78 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 7 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 79 IS 2 BP 286 EP 290 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 283FJ UT WOS:000085265200020 PM 10735759 ER PT J AU Kabagambe, EK Wells, SJ Garber, LP Salman, MD Wagner, B Fedorka-Cray, PJ AF Kabagambe, EK Wells, SJ Garber, LP Salman, MD Wagner, B Fedorka-Cray, PJ TI Risk factors for fecal shedding of Salmonella in 91 US dairy herds in 1996 SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; shedding; herd level; cattle; risk factors ID UNITED-STATES; RAW-MILK; CATTLE; INFECTION; PREVALENCE; DISEASE AB In 1996, data on management practices used on US dairy operations were collected and analyzed for association with fecal shedding of Salmonella by dairy cows. A total of 4299 fecal samples from 91 herds was cultured for Salmonella isolation. Herd-size (adjusted odds ratios (OR) = 5.8, 95% CI 1.1, 31.3), region (OR = 5.7, CI 1.4, 23.5), use of flush water systems (OR = 3.5, CI 0.9, 14.7), and feeding brewers' products to lactating cows (OR = 3.4, CI 0.9, 12.9) were identified as the most important predictive risk factors. The population attributable risks (PARs) for herd-size, region, flush water system, and feeding brewers' products to lactating cows were 0.76, 0.46, 0.37, and 0.42, respectively. The estimated PAR for all four risk factors combined was 0.95. The effects of these factors need to be more-closely evaluated in more-controlled studies, in order to develop intervention programs that reduce Salmonella shedding. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Ctr Vet Epidemiol & Anim Dis Surveillance Syst, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA ARS, Richard Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Res Unit, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Kabagambe, EK (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Epidemiol & Community Hlth, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RI Kabagambe, Edmond/A-3147-2008 NR 35 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD FEB 1 PY 2000 VL 43 IS 3 BP 177 EP 194 DI 10.1016/S0167-5877(99)00094-X PG 18 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 281WD UT WOS:000085183700003 PM 10782596 ER PT J AU Reeds, PJ Burrin, DG Davis, TA Fiorotto, ML Stoll, B van Goudoever, JB AF Reeds, PJ Burrin, DG Davis, TA Fiorotto, ML Stoll, B van Goudoever, JB TI Protein nutrition of the neonate SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUTRITION SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Summer Meeting of the Nutrition-Society CY JUN 29-JUL 02, 1999 CL UNIV GLASGOW, GLASGOW, SCOTLAND SP Nutr Soc HO UNIV GLASGOW DE neonate; milk composition; amino acid; protein synthesis; insulin ID AMINO-ACID-COMPOSITION; BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; GROWTH-FACTOR-I; WHOLE-BODY; LEUCINE KINETICS; HUMAN-MILK; SUCKLING RATS; GROWING-PIGS; FOOD-INTAKE; NITROGEN-METABOLISM AB The period of growth and development between birth and weaning is crucial for the long-term well-being of the organism. Protein deposition is very rapid, is achieved with a high nutritional efficiency, and is accompanied by marked differences in the growth rates of individual tissues and a series of maturational processes. These important aspects of development occur while the neonate is consuming a single and highly-specific food source, milk. Surprisingly, although there is a clear relationship between the nutrient density of milk and the growth rate of its recipient, this relationship does not apply to the overall amino acid composition of mixed milk proteins. Some amino acids, notably glycine and arginine, are supplied in milk in quantities that are much less than the needs of the neonate. The milk-fed neonate is therefore capable of carrying out a tightly-regulated transfer of N from amino acids in excess to those that are deficient. The rapid growth of the neonate is supported by a high rate of tissue protein synthesis. This process appears to be activated by the consumption of the first meals of colostrum. Recent research has identified that skeletal muscle and the brain are specifically responsive to an unidentified factor in colostrum. Following the initial anabolic response the rate of protein synthesis in some tissues, notably muscle, falls from birth to weaning. This decrease reflects a progressively smaller anabolic response to nutrient intake, which not only involves an overall fall in the capacity for protein synthesis, but also in responses to insulin and amino acids. The study of growth and protein metabolism, and their regulation in the neonate is not only important for pediatrics, but may provide important pointers to more general aspects of regulation that could be applied to the nutrition of the mature animal. C1 Baylor Univ, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Reeds, PJ (reprint author), Baylor Univ, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR046308, R01 AR044474]; NICHD NIH HHS [R01-HD35679, R01 HD33920] NR 68 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0029-6651 J9 P NUTR SOC JI Proc. Nutr. Soc. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 59 IS 1 BP 87 EP 97 DI 10.1017/S0029665100000112 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 315HQ UT WOS:000087107700011 PM 10828178 ER PT J AU Muslin, EH Kanikula, AM Clark, SE Henson, CA AF Muslin, EH Kanikula, AM Clark, SE Henson, CA TI Overexpression, purification, and characterization of a barley alpha-glucosidase secreted by Pichia pastoris SO PROTEIN EXPRESSION AND PURIFICATION LA English DT Article ID SUGAR-BEET SEED; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; STARCH GRANULES; DEGRADATION AB alpha-Glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.20) are recognized as important in starch degradation during cereal seed germination. A barley (Hordeum vulgare) alpha-glucosidase expressed in Pichia pastoris was cultured in flasks; however, the yield was low necessitating the use of multiple batches. Problems arose because of significant variation between batches. We solved these problems by switching to a fermentation system producing a sufficient quantity of a uniform sample. Here we present the expression and purification of a recombinant alpha-glucosidase grown under fermentation conditions. We also present the results of experiments to characterize the thermostability, pH optimum, and substrate specificity of the recombinant enzyme. The optimal pH for the hydrolysis of maltose by recombinant alpha-glucosidase is between 3.5 and 4.5. The thermostability of recombinant alpha-glucosidase was determined at pH 4, where activity is optimal, and at pH 5 and 6, which better mimic the conditions used to convert barley starch to fermentable sugars during industrial processing. The results indicate the enzyme is most thermolabile at pH 4, However, the enzyme is protected from heat inactivation at pH 4 by high concentrations of sucrose, The purified enzyme hydrolyzed maltose three times more rapidly than nigerose and 20 times more rapidly than trehalose and isomaltose, Concentrations of maltose greater than 20 mM inhibited maltose hydrolysis. This is the first report of substrate inhibition for any alpha-glucosidase. The results indicate that the only significant difference between the recombinant enzyme and the previously characterized barley isoforms was the V-max for maltose hydrolysis, (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Agr Res Serv, USDA, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Henson, CA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1046-5928 J9 PROTEIN EXPRES PURIF JI Protein Expr. Purif. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 BP 20 EP 26 DI 10.1006/prep.1999.1160 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 281WP UT WOS:000085184700003 PM 10648165 ER PT J AU Nagler, PL Daughtry, CST Goward, SN AF Nagler, PL Daughtry, CST Goward, SN TI Plant litter and soil reflectance SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID BACKGROUNDS; CANOPIES; RESIDUE AB The presence of plant litter on the soil surface influences the flow of nutrients, carbon, water, and energy in terrestrial ecosystems. Quantifying plant litter cover is important for interpreting vegetated landscapes and for evaluating the effectiveness of conservation tillage practices. Current methods of measuring litter cover are subjective, requiring considerable visual judgment. Reliable and objective methods are needed. The spectral reflectance (0.4-2.5 mu m) of wet and dry soils (six types) and plant litters (2 crops, 14 forest, and 2 grasses) of different ages were measured. Discrimination of plant litters from the soils was ambiguous in the visible and near-infrared (0.4-1.1 mu m) wavelength region. An absorption feature associated with cellulose and lignin was observed at 2.1 mu m in the spectra of dry plant litter, which was not present in the spectra of soils. A new spectral variable, cellulose absorption index (CAI), was defined using the relative depth of the reflectance spectra at 2.1 mu m. CAI of dry litter was significantly greater than CAI of soils. CAI generally decreased with age of the litter. Water absorption dominated the spectral properties of both soils and plant litter and significantly reduced the CAI of the plant litters. Nevertheless, the CAI of wet litter was significantly greater than CAI of wet soil. This study provides a new methodology to discriminate plant litter from soils by differences in spectral reflectance produced by their physical and chemical attributes. This remote sensing method should improve quantification of plant litter cover and thus improve estimates of phytomass production, surface energy balance, and the effectiveness of soil conservation practices. Plant litter reflectance is a verifiable component in vegetative landscapes and should be labeled and modeled separately from soils in landscape studies. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 2000. C1 USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modelling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Daughtry, CST (reprint author), USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modelling Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 143 Z9 149 U1 2 U2 34 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 71 IS 2 BP 207 EP 215 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(99)00082-6 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 281BU UT WOS:000085138900007 ER PT J AU Young, CR Harvey, R Anderson, R Nisbet, D Stanker, LH AF Young, CR Harvey, R Anderson, R Nisbet, D Stanker, LH TI Enteric colonisation following natural exposure to Campylobacter in pigs SO RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PREVALENCE; JEJUNI; COLI; SALMONELLA; TRANSMISSION; SWINE; FOOD AB A survey was conducted to establish the prevalence of Campylobacter in pigs from an integrated commercial hog farm. This study was carried out in four different groups of pigs: 1) adult gilts (50); 2) pregnant sows (9); 3) piglets at day-of-birth (73); 4) weaned piglets (20). Rectal and/or caecal samples were collected from each pig. Campylobacter was cultured and enumerated from such samples using Bolton enrichment broth and Campy-Cephex agar plates. Both biochemical and serological tests were used to determine Campylobacter species. Gilts had a 76 per cent incidence of Campylobacter with a mean of 76.3 per cent for C. jejuni, 21 per cent for C. coli and 76 per cent for C. lari. Pregnant sows had a 100 per cent incidence of Campylobacter with a mean of 87 per cent for C. jejuni and 13 per cent for C. coli. Newborn piglets had a 57.8 per cent incidence of Campylobacter, rising to 100 per cent by the time of weaning. Thus it appears that pigs, from the day of birth, are highly susceptible to colonisation by Campylobacter. (C) 2000 Harcourt Publishers Limited. C1 USDA ARS, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Young, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 25 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0034-5288 J9 RES VET SCI JI Res. Vet. Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 68 IS 1 BP 75 EP 78 DI 10.1053/rvsc.1999.0335 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 287TP UT WOS:000085522800012 PM 10684762 ER PT J AU Palmer, MV Whipple, DL Olsen, SC Jacobson, RH AF Palmer, MV Whipple, DL Olsen, SC Jacobson, RH TI Cell mediated and humoral immune responses of white-tailed deer experimentally infected with Mycobacterium bovis SO RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DELTA-T-CELLS; RED DEER; HUMAN TUBERCULOSIS; CERVUS-ELAPHUS; FARMED DEER; DIAGNOSIS; LYMPHOCYTES; ACTIVATION; SPECTRUM; ANTIGEN AB The objective of this study was to improve the understanding of immune responses of whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Ten mature, female, white-tailed deer were inoculated by intratonsilar instillation of 2 x 10(3) or 2 x 10(5) colony-forming units of M. bovis. Lymphocyte proliferation and humoral response to M. bovis PPD and the M. bovis protein, MPB70 were measured. Deer were tested for exposure to M. bovis by the comparative cervical skin test. Biopsy specimens of skin test sites were examined microscopically and immunohistochemically. The comparative cervical skin test correctly identified all M. bovis-inoculated deer as exposed to M. bovis. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to MPB70 were more consistent than responses to M. bovis PPD in M. bovis inoculated deer. Antibody responses were more prominent in deer with disseminated disease than in deer with localised disease. The cellular components of delayed type hypersensitivity reactions at skin test sites were similar to tuberculin reactions in other species. T lymphocytes of the gamma/delta phenotype were seen in increased numbers in M. bovis PPD injection sites. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, New York State Diagnost Lab, Ithaca, NY 14852 USA. RP Palmer, MV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0034-5288 J9 RES VET SCI JI Res. Vet. Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 68 IS 1 BP 95 EP 98 DI 10.1053/rvsc.1999.0324 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 287TP UT WOS:000085522800015 PM 10684765 ER PT J AU Collins, HP Elliott, ET Paustian, K Bundy, LC Dick, WA Huggins, DR Smucker, AJM Paul, EA AF Collins, HP Elliott, ET Paustian, K Bundy, LC Dick, WA Huggins, DR Smucker, AJM Paul, EA TI Soil carbon pools and fluxes in long-term corn belt agroecosystems SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE soil organic matter; carbon dynamics; (13)C; acid hydrolysis; global carbon change ID NATURAL C-13 ABUNDANCE; ORGANIC-MATTER DYNAMICS; ISOTOPE RATIOS; TEMPERATURE; FRACTIONS; TURNOVER; SIMULATION; NITROGEN; FOREST AB The dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) play an important role in long-term ecosystem productivity and the global C cycle. We used extended laboratory incubation and acid hydrolysis to analytically determine SOC pool sizes and fluxes in US Corn Belt soils derived from both forest and prairie vegetation. Measurement of the natural abundance of (13)C made it possible to follow the influence of continuous corn on SOC accumulation. The active pools (C(a)) comprised 3 to 8% of the SOC with an average field mean residence time (MRT) of 100 d. The slow pools (C(s)) comprised 50% of SOC in the surface and up to 65% in subsoils. They had field MRTs from 12-28 y for C(4)-C and 40-80 y for C(3)-derived C depending on soil type and location. No-till management increased the MRT of the C(3)-C by 10-15 y above conventional tillage. The resistant pool (C(r)) decreased from an average of 50% at the surface to 30% at depth. The isotopic composition of SOC mineralized during the early stages of incubation reflected accumulations of labile C from the incorporation of corn residues. The CO(2) released later reflected (13)C characteristic of the C(s) pool. The (13)C Of the CO(2) did not equal that of the whole soil until after 1000 d of incubation. The SOC dynamics determined by acid hydrolysis, incubation and (13)C content were dependent on soil heritage (prairie vs. forest), texture, cultivation and parent material, depositional characteristics. Two independent methods of determining C(3) pool sizes derived from C(3) vegetation gave highly correlated values. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan State Univ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Paul, EA (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, 512 Plant & Soil Sci Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM paulea@pilot.msu.edu RI Paustian, Keith/L-7593-2016 NR 39 TC 170 Z9 202 U1 5 U2 63 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 32 IS 2 BP 157 EP 168 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(99)00136-4 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 285ZR UT WOS:000085418700004 ER PT J AU Ogg, CM Edmonds, WJ Baker, JC AF Ogg, CM Edmonds, WJ Baker, JC TI Statistical verification of soil discontinuities in Virginia SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Virginia; soil discontinuities; principal component analysis; discriminant analysis ID QUARTZ AB Soil discontinuities, defined by significant texture and mineralogical, and/or age differences, are usually verified from a small number of pedons without producing information about the local distribution of properties that define the discontinuity. A discontinuity has geomorphic significance as well as important implications for interpretations. Along the western footslopes of the Virginia Blue Ridge, Typic Paleudults and Typic Fragiudults seem to have two depositional sequences in the sole: soil texture differences and abrupt color changes are present. Our objective was to show the discontinuity occurring in the soils using data analysis and multivariate statistics. Stratified systematic unaligned sampling within a 50-m(2) area, the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test, principal component analysis, and discriminant analysis were used to verify the discontinuities at four locations. Twenty-five soil properties were evaluated by the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. Nineteen significantly different properties (P = 0.10) were detected at Site 1, 17 at Site 2, 13 at Site 3, and 15 at Site 1. The first principal component (PC) loadings showed most properties contributed about equally to the first PC, with the exception of clay-free properties at Site 2 and Site 4. The second component loadings also identified clay-free properties as the best indices for defining the discontinuities. Discriminant analysis of scores from the first five principal components showed the components contributed from 91 to 96% to the discriminant functions. Discriminant functions clearly separated Unit A from Unit B at each site. Hotelling's T-2 test showed the distances were significant (P less than or equal to 0.001) between Unit A and Unit B multivariate means. We conclude discontinuities are present at the four locations, and they can be differentiated spatially by textural differences and clay-free indices. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA, Natl Resources Conservat Serv, Bishopville, SC 29010 USA. RP Baker, JC (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 165 IS 2 BP 170 EP 183 DI 10.1097/00010694-200002000-00008 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 288DM UT WOS:000085546600008 ER PT J AU Shipitalo, MJ Dick, WA Edwards, WM AF Shipitalo, MJ Dick, WA Edwards, WM TI Conservation tillage and macropore factors that affect water movement and the fate of chemicals SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chemical transport; groundwater; leaching; preferential flow; solute transport ID SURFACE-APPLIED CHEMICALS; TERM NO-TILL; PREFERENTIAL FLOW; EARTHWORM BURROWS; RAINFALL INTENSITY; HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE; SOIL COLUMNS; CLAY SOIL; TRANSPORT; INFILTRATION AB A thorough understanding of how conservation tillage influences water quality is predicated on knowledge of how tillage affects water movement. This paper summarizes the effects of conservation tillage on water movement and quality mainly based on long-term experiments on Luvisols at the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed near Coshocton, OH, USA. Conservation tillage can have a much larger effect on how water moves through the soil than it does on the total amount percolating to groundwater. Soil macroporosity and the proportion of rainfall moving through preferential flow paths often increase with the adoption of conservation tillage and can contribute to a reduction in surface runoff. In some medium- and fine-textured soils most of the water that moves to the subsoil during the growing season (May-October) is probably transmitted by macropores. If a heavy, intense storm occurs shortly after surface application of an agricultural chemical to soils with well-developed macroporosity, the water transmitted to the subsoil by the macropores may contain significant amounts of applied chemical, up to a few per cent, regardless of the affinity of the chemical for the soil. This amount can be reduced by an order of magnitude or more with the passage of time or if light rainstorms precede the first major leaching event. Because of movement into the soil matrix and sorption, solutes normally strongly adsorbed by the soil should only be subject to leaching in macropores in the first few storms after application. Even under extreme conditions, it is unlikely that the amount of additional adsorbed solute transported to groundwater will exceed a few per cent of the application when conservation tillage is used instead of conventional tillage. In the case of non-adsorbed solutes, such as nitrate, movement into the soil matrix will not preclude further leaching. Therefore, when recharge occurs during the dormant season thorough Bushing of the soil, whether macropores are present or not, can move the remaining solutes to groundwater. Thus, the net effect of tillage treatment on leaching of non-adsorbed solutes should be minimal. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Shipitalo, MJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, N Appalachian Expt Watershed, POB 488, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. OI Shipitalo, Martin/0000-0003-4775-7345 NR 74 TC 134 Z9 148 U1 2 U2 36 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 53 IS 3-4 BP 167 EP 183 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00104-X PG 17 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 293GM UT WOS:000085843700002 ER PT J AU Wood, M Roubenoff, R AF Wood, M Roubenoff, R TI Off-season strength and conditioning program for high school athletes SO STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Sports Performance Grp, N Attleboro, MA USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Wood, M (reprint author), Sports Performance Grp, Harvard Sq, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALLEN PRESS INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1073-6840 J9 STRENGTH COND J JI Strength Cond. J. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 22 IS 1 BP 15 EP 17 DI 10.1519/1533-4295(2000)022<0015:OSSACP>2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 307ZA UT WOS:000086683000004 ER PT J AU Furnival, GM Wilson, RW AF Furnival, GM Wilson, RW TI Regressions by leaps and bounds SO TECHNOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE linear regression; regression computation; subset selection AB This paper describes several algorithms for computing the residual sums of squares for all possible regressions with what appears to be a minimum of arithmetic (less than six floating-point operations per regression) and shows how two of these algorithms can be combined to form a simple leap and bound technique for finding the best subsets without examining all possible subsets. The result is a reduction of several orders of magnitude in the number of operations required to find the best subsets. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Forestry, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Furnival, GM (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Forestry, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0040-1706 J9 TECHNOMETRICS JI Technometrics PD FEB PY 2000 VL 42 IS 1 BP 69 EP 79 DI 10.2307/1271435 PG 11 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 274XR UT WOS:000084790800012 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Stommel, JR AF Zhang, Y Stommel, JR TI RAPD and AFLP tagging and mapping of Beta (B) and Beta modifier (Mo-B), two genes which influence beta-carotene accumulation in fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE molecular marker; bulk segregant analysis; near-isogenic lines; Lycopersicon cheesmanii; Lycopersicon hirsutum ID BULKED SEGREGANT ANALYSIS; DISEASE-RESISTANCE GENES; NEAR-ISOGENIC LINES; MOLECULAR MARKERS; RFLP MARKERS; IDENTIFICATION; LETTUCE; MAPS; POLYMORPHISM; PENNELLII AB The Beta (B) locus in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) increases fruit beta-carotene content at the expense of lycopene, resulting in orange-pigmented fruit. Expression of B is influenced by the beta-modifier (Mo-B) gene which segregates independently of B. RAPD and AFLP analyses were performed using near isogenic lines : for B and bulked segregant analysis (NILs) unique (BSA) of a L. esculentumXL. cheesmanii-derived F-2 population segregating for B. Using 1018 random primers for RAPD analysis and 64 primer pairs for AFLP analysis, we identified polymorphic products which distinguished the NILs and the two bulked DNA samples constructed for BSA. A single 100 bp AFLP amplification product (E-ACA/M-CTG(100)) which distinguished the NILs cosegregated with MOB and was demonstrated to be tightly linked to the locus. E-ACA/M-CTC100 exhibited a recombination frequency of 1.7% in the F-2 progeny derived from an initial cross between the isolines. The Mo-B locus was mapped to the long arm of chromosome 6. Two RAPD products (OPAR18(1100) and UBC792(830)) of 1100 bp and 830 bp, respectively, were polymorphic between orange- and red-fruited bulks constructed from F-2 individuals in the L. esculentum and L. cheesmanii mating series. OPAR18(1100) and LrBC792(830) displayed recombination frequencies of 4.2% and 7.6%, respectively, in F-2 progeny. The B-linked OPAR18(1100) marker was also mapped to the long arm of chromosome 6, proximal to Mo-B, and revealed linkage between B and Mo-B. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Vegetable Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Stommel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Vegetable Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 15 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 100 IS 3-4 BP 368 EP 375 DI 10.1007/s001220050048 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 298NJ UT WOS:000086145800005 ER PT J AU Masci, S D'Ovidio, R Lafiandra, D Kasarda, DD AF Masci, S D'Ovidio, R Lafiandra, D Kasarda, DD TI A 1B-coded low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit associated with quality in durum wheats shows strong similarity to a subunit present in some bread wheat cultivars SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE durum wheat; bread wheat; low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits; low-molecular-weight glutenin genes; wheat quality ID POLYACRYLAMIDE-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; ALLELIC VARIATION; DOUGH PROPERTIES; PROTEINS; LMW; PROGENY; PCR AB Good quality durum wheats usually present the LMW-2 type of SDS-PAGE pattern, whereas the LMW-1 type of pattern is usually associated with poor duality durum wheats. The two patterns are distinguished mainly by the presence of a strongly expressed protein band with molecular weight around 42,000 (42 K subunit) in the LMW-2-type pattern; this subunit is absent in the LMW-1-type pattern. Here we show that this particular low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit has strong similarity to a subunit present in some bread wheat cultivars. This correspondence has been demonstrated through SDS-PAGE, PCR analysis of the corresponding genes, a comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences. and RP-HPLC. This last approach showed a slight difference in retention time between the 42 K protein of bread and durum wheats that might be attributed to the eight amino acid differences found between the deduced amino acid sequences of the two corresponding genes. C1 Univ Tuscia, Dipartimento Agrobiol & Agrochim, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Masci, S (reprint author), Univ Tuscia, Dipartimento Agrobiol & Agrochim, Via S Camillo Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. RI D'Ovidio, Renato/A-4379-2014; Masci, Stefania/B-6690-2013 OI D'Ovidio, Renato/0000-0001-8530-5898; Masci, Stefania/0000-0003-2857-4498 NR 20 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 100 IS 3-4 BP 396 EP 400 DI 10.1007/s001220050052 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 298NJ UT WOS:000086145800009 ER PT J AU Boiteux, LS Belter, JG Roberts, PA Simon, PW AF Boiteux, LS Belter, JG Roberts, PA Simon, PW TI RAPD linkage map of the genomic region encompassing the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) resistance locus in carrot SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE bulked segregant analysis; carrot; Daucus carota; disease resistance; Meloidogyne javanica; root-knot nematode ID DAUCUS-CAROTA L; PLANT GENES; MARKERS; CLONING; POLYMORPHISMS; SATIVUS AB Inheritance studies have indicated that resistance to the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) in carrot inbred line 'Brasilia-1252' is controlled by the action of one or two (duplicated) dominant gene(s) located at a single genomic region (designated the Mj-1 locus). A systematic search for randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to Mj-l was carried out using bullied segregant analysis (BSA). Altogether 1000 ten-mer primers were screened with 69.1% displaying scorable amplicons. A total of approximately 2400 RAPD bands were examined. Four reproducible markers (OP-C2(1700), OP-Q6(500), OP-U12(700), and OP-AL15(500)) were identified, in coupling-phase linkage, flanking the Mj-I region. The genetic distances between RAPD markers and the Mj-I locus, estimated using an F-2 progeny of 412 individuals from 'Brasilia 1252' x 'B6274', ranged from 0.8 to 5.7 cM. The two closest flanking markers (OP-Q6(500) and OP-AL15(500)) encompassed a region of 2.7 cM. The frequency of these RAPD loci was evaluated in 121 accessions of a broad-based carrot germplasm collection. Only five entries (all resistant to M. javanica and genetically related to 'Brasilia 1252') exhibited the simultaneous presence of all four markers. An advanced line derived from the same cross, susceptible to M. javanica but relatively resistant to another root-knot nematode species (M. incognita), did not share three of the closest markers. These results suggest that at least some genes controlling resistance to M. incognita and M. javanica in 'Brasilia 1252' reside at distinct loci. The low number of markers suggests a reduced amount of genetic divergence between the parental lines at the region surrounding the target locus. Nevertheless, the low rate of recombination indicated these markers could be useful landmarks for positional cloning of the resistance gene(s). These RAPD markers could also be used to increase the Mj-l frequency during recurrent selection cycles and in backcrossing programs to minimize 'linkage drag' in elite lines employed for the development of resistant Fl hybrids. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Plant Breeding & Plant Genet Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Empresa Brasileira Pesquisa Agropecuaria, CNPH, BR-70359970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biochem, Undergrad Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Nematol, Riverside, CA 95521 USA. RP Simon, PW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Boiteux, Leonardo/F-9675-2012 NR 30 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 100 IS 3-4 BP 439 EP 446 DI 10.1007/s001220050057 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 298NJ UT WOS:000086145800014 ER PT J AU Gustafson, JP Yano, M AF Gustafson, JP Yano, M TI Genetic mapping of hypervariable minisatellite sequences in rice (Oryza sativa L.) SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE linkage maps; minisatellites; DNA fingerprinting; rice ID VARIABLE NUMBER; SOMATIC CHANGES; LINKAGE MAPS; DNA; LOCI; POLYMORPHISM; MUTATION; PROBES; LINES AB Minisatellites, or DNA finger-printing sequences, have been utilized in animal linkage studies for several years but have not been used as markers for plant genome mapping. In animal genome mapping they have resulted in limited success because they are evenly dispersed in some species but are often clustered near telomeric regions, as observed on human chromosomes. The purpose of the present study was to generate DNA fingerprints utilizing several rice-derived minisatellites containing different core sequences and numbers of repeat units, followed by assessing their potential for use as genetic markers when I-napped to a lice recombinant inbred line (RIL) population. Sites of segregating minisatellite loci were mapped onto 11 of the 12 rice Rn linkage maps. The implications for the use of rice minisatellite core sequences as genetic markers on linkage maps in lice are discussed. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Natl Inst Agrobiol Resources, RGP, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. RP Gustafson, JP (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 100 IS 3-4 BP 447 EP 453 DI 10.1007/s001220050058 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 298NJ UT WOS:000086145800015 ER PT J AU Bellows, RA Lammoglia, MA AF Bellows, RA Lammoglia, MA TI Effects of severity of dystocia on cold tolerance and serum concentrations of glucose and cortisol in neonatal beef calves SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE calves; dystocia; cold response; cesarean delivery ID POSTNATAL MORTALITY; BIRTH-WEIGHT; NEWBORN CALF; THERMOREGULATION; METABOLISM; RESPONSES; EXPOSURE; CATTLE AB Effects of dystocia on rectal temperature and serum cortisol and glucose concentrations, were studied in neonatal calves exposed to 0 degrees C. Primiparous dams were observed continuously during parturition and if Stage II (labor) was not completed within 2 h after appearance of the allantochorion, delivery was completed with obstetrical assistance. Parturitions were scored (CDS) for difficulty and obstetric assistance required: CDS 1, no assistance (n=8); CDS 2, minor manual assistance (n=7); CDS 3, use of a mechanical calf puller (n=5); CDS 4, cesarean section (n=6). A blood sample, rectal temperature, and body weight were obtained within 30 min after birth. Calves were then fed 38 degrees C pooled colostrum, muzzled to prevent suckling, and placed back with their dam in a heated (22 degrees C) barn. At 4 h of age an indwelling jugular catheter was inserted. At 5 h of age calves were placed in a 0 degrees C room for 140 min and blood samples and rectal temperatures were obtained every 10 or 20 min. A shivering score (1 = no shivering; 2 = moderate shivering; 3 = intense shivering) was assigned at each sampling time. Rectal temperatures were higher (P<0.01) in CDS 1, and 4 calves (39.0, 39.3, and 39.0 +/- .02 degrees C, respectively) than in calves with CDS 3 (38.3 +/- 0.02 degrees C) and were affected by duration of cold exposure (time; P<0.01). Shivering was not affected by CDS but was affected by time (P<0.01). Glucose concentrations were higher (P<0.01) in CDS 3 calves (110.1 +/- 1.6 mg/dL) than in CDS 1, 2, or 4 calves (77.2, 86.4, and 89.0 +/- 1.3 mg/dL, respectively) and changed over time (P<0.01). Cortisol concentrations were higher in CDS 1 calves (80.0 +/- 1.7 ng/mL) than in CDS 2, 3 or 4 calves (62.7, 58.2, and 57.7 +/- 2.0 ng/mL,, respectively) and were affected by time (P<0.01). We conclude that severe dystocia (CDS 3) resulted in lower calf rectal temperature, reduced serum cortisol, and increased serum glucose which could affect the ability of the calf to withstand cold stress. Minor dystocia did not cause and timely cesarean delivery prevented, the physiological aberrations encountered in severe dystocia. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. BovaGen, San Antonio, TX USA. RP Bellows, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. NR 34 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD FEB PY 2000 VL 53 IS 3 BP 803 EP 813 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00275-7 PG 11 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 287UM UT WOS:000085524900012 PM 10735045 ER PT J AU Talbot, NC Powell, A Garrett, W Edwards, JL Rexroad, C AF Talbot, NC Powell, A Garrett, W Edwards, JL Rexroad, C TI Ultrastructural and karyotypic examination of in vitro produced bovine embryos developed in the sheep uterus SO TISSUE & CELL LA English DT Article DE blastocyst; bovine; karyotype; preimplantation; development; ultrastructure ID NUCLEAR TRANSFER EMBRYOS; IN-VITRO; CHROMOSOMAL-ABNORMALITIES; BLASTOCYST STAGE; CELL LINE; OOCYTES; CULTURE; CALVES; MOUSE; FERTILIZATION AB This study examined whether development of bovine in vitro produced (IVP) blastocysts in the sheep uterus resulted in morphologically and karyotypically normal elongation stage bovine blastocysts. Seven day IVP bovine blastocysts, resulting from either in vitro maturation and fertilization, nuclear transfer (NT), or parthenogenic activation, were surgically transferred at the blastocyst stage into sheep uteri, Sheep were sacrificed after 7-9 days, and blastocysts were flushed from their uteri. One of each kind of IVP bovine blastocyst was recovered from sheep uteri for analysis by transmission electron microscopy, and nine NT blastocysts were used to establish cell cultures that were analysed for chromosome complement. TEM analysis of in vivo-derived elongation stage bovine and ovine blastocysts was done for comparative purposes. Most ultrastructural features of the 13-19 day blastocysts were similar to earlier stage blastocysts except that distinct alternative mitochondrial morphologies were found between epiblast and trophectoderm cells, Monociliated cells, presumably nodal cells, were observed in the bovine epiblast and hypoblast, and retrovirus-like particles were elaborated by cells in these same areas. Development in the sheep uterus of IVP bovine blastocysts resulted in the presence of crystalloid bodies in the trophectoderm cells, and apoptotic and necrotic cells were observed in the epiblast tissue, Thus, in vivo incubation in the sheep uterus allowed nearly normal development to the elongated blastocyst stage and may be useful for assessment of NT bovine blastocyst developmental competence. Cell cultures derived from the NT blastocysts had normal chromosome complements suggesting that activation by ionomycin and 6-dimethyl-aminopurine did not cause detrimental changes in ploidy in those blastocysts that developed. (C) 2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, LPSI, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Anim Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RP Talbot, NC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, LPSI, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 200,Room 13,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 69 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE PI EDINBURGH PA JOURNAL PRODUCTION DEPT, ROBERT STEVENSON HOUSE, 1-3 BAXTERS PLACE, LEITH WALK, EDINBURGH EH1 3AF, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0040-8166 J9 TISSUE CELL JI Tissue Cell PD FEB PY 2000 VL 32 IS 1 BP 9 EP 27 DI 10.1054/tice.1999.0083 PG 19 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Cell Biology SC Anatomy & Morphology; Cell Biology GA 294BM UT WOS:000085890100002 PM 10798314 ER PT J AU Uysal, M Chen, JS Williams, DR AF Uysal, M Chen, JS Williams, DR TI Increasing state market share through a regional positioning SO TOURISM MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE tourist image; destination competitiveness; perceptual mapping; regional positioning AB State tourism officials need to know more about the nature of in-state and out-of-state visitor characteristics and how actual and potential visitors perceive local destinations. The main objective of this study was to understand Virginia's image as a travel destination versus competitive states in the Mid-Atlantic region of the USA. The regional competitiveness of Virginia as a tourism destination was evaluated by creating a "perceptual map" which reveals the similarities and differences in how 10 states were rated on the 48 destination attributes included in the survey. Results showed that Virginia stands out in the quality of its natural and historical landscape; features shared by many of the surrounding competitive states. Virginia competes with Pennsylvania, North Carolina, West Virginia on natural features and competes with Pennsylvania, Maryland, South Carolina, and Georgia on historic and cultural heritage. Virginia's amenities are well known, but lack emotional impact. Possible marketing strategies would be to give Virginia a stronger emotional image, while building on its strong reputation for quality natural and cultural attractions. It is also important that destination promotional activities focus on differentiating features of places in a regional context so that complementary tourism products within the region can also be developed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Hospitality & Tourism Management, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Uysal, M (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Hospitality & Tourism Management, 362 Wallace Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Williams, Daniel/D-8114-2011 OI Williams, Daniel/0000-0003-2428-0345 NR 27 TC 49 Z9 54 U1 3 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-5177 J9 TOURISM MANAGE JI Tourism Manage. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 89 EP 96 DI 10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00082-5 PG 8 WC Environmental Studies; Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Management SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Business & Economics GA 268JQ UT WOS:000084410900009 ER PT J AU Walsh, R AF Walsh, R TI Brain-friendly communication SO TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Grad Sch, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Walsh, R (reprint author), USDA, Grad Sch, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TRAINING DEVELOPMENT PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1640 KING ST, BOX 1443, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22313-2043 USA SN 1055-9760 J9 TRAINING DEV JI Train. Dev. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 54 IS 2 BP 17 EP 19 PG 3 WC Business SC Business & Economics GA 283GE UT WOS:000085267400008 ER PT J AU Retzlaff, WA Arthur, MA Grulke, NE Weinstein, DA Gollands, B AF Retzlaff, WA Arthur, MA Grulke, NE Weinstein, DA Gollands, B TI Use of a single-tree simulation model to predict effects of ozone and drought on growth of a white fir tree SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Abies concolor; carbon acquisition; carbon allocation; field survey; open-top chamber; total nonstructural carbohydrate; TNC; TREGRO ID SEASONAL PATTERNS; PINUS-PONDEROSA; WATER-STRESS; RED; PHOTOSYNTHATE; ALLOCATION; SEEDLINGS; BIOMASS; INJURY AB A physiologically based, single-tree simulation model, TREGRO, was parameterized with existing phenological, allometric, and growth data and used to predict effects of ozone and drought on growth of a 53-year-old white fir (Abies concolor (Gord. & Gland.) Lindl. ex Hildebr) tree following a 3-year model simulation. Multiple experimental simulations were conducted to assess the individual and interactive effects of ozone (O-3) exposure and drought on growth of white fir. The effects of O-3-were imposed as reductions in carbon (C) assimilation of 0, 2.5; 5, 10, and 20%. Drought was imposed as 0, 10, 25, and 50% reductions in total annual precipitation. The results of the simulations were compared with the effects of O-3 on white fir seedlings grown in the presence and absence of ozone in open-top chambers and with a field survey of white fir trees subjected to a gradient of O-3 In the O-3 simulations, an O-3-induced reduction in C assimilation of 2.5% reduced total tree biomass and branch total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content by < 7%. Although quantifiable in simulation experiments, such small reductions would probably not be detectable in the field. Results from both an open-top chamber experiment and a field survey indicated that reductions in C assimilation of white fir growing in elevated O-3 were much greater than 2.5%, but were not statistically different from control values. A simulated O-3 reduction in 0 assimilation of, 10% reduced total tree biomass by 7% and branch TNC by 55%. Results from the field survey indicated that branch elongation was reduced in response to increased O-3 concentration, corroborating the simulated response of reduced % allocation to the branches of white fir Although simulated reductions in total annual precipitation of greater than or equal to 25% reduced final tree biomass, the simulated reductions also reduced O-3 uptake and therefore reduced the O-3 response of white fir. However, a combination of low amounts of O-3 (2.5% reduction in C assimilation) and drought (25% reduction in annual precipitation) synergistically reduced C gain of white fir more than either stress individually. Our simulations predict that moderate drought (no more than a 25% reduction in total annual precipitation) may not ameliorate the response of white fir to O-3 and that moderate amounts of atmospheric O-3 and drought could be more detrimental to white fir than either stress singly. C1 Cornell Univ, Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Forestry, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Retzlaff, WA (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Environm Sci Program, Box 1099, Edwardsville, IL 62026 USA. NR 28 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 5 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 20 IS 3 BP 195 EP 202 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 290FD UT WOS:000085664900006 ER PT J AU Alig, RJ Zheng, D Spies, TA Butler, BJ AF Alig, RJ Zheng, D Spies, TA Butler, BJ TI Forest cover dynamics in the Pacific Northwest west side: regional trends and projections SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE forest type transitions; forest land management; temporal analyses; periodic surveys ID OLYMPIC PENINSULA; WASHINGTON; LAND AB The objectives of this paper were to (1) analyze recent rates of transitions among forest cover types on private timberland, (2) identify differences by ownership class, and (3) project future changes under different scenarios related to current policy issues in the Pacific Northwest. Timber harvests are the dominant class of disturbance on private timberland in western Oregon and Washington. Net changes in forest type areas depend on the relative mix of natural and human-related forces. Transitions among forest types after harvest may be planned, as in conversion of red alder (Alnus rubra Song.) to the commercially preferred Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) franco.), or stochastic successional changes, such as reversion of disturbed areas to red alder in the absence of intervention. Projected areas of Douglas-fir and red alder were notably different under a scenario without harvests versus a scenario in which the rate of partial harvesting is increased. Areas of Douglas-fir were projected to increase under selected scenarios for both industrial and nonindustrial private ownerships. Conversely, areas of red alder are projected to decrease under selected scenarios and for both ownerships. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Alig, RJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU USDA FOR SERV PNW RES STN PI PORTLAND PA 333 SW FIRST AVE, PO BOX 3890, PUBLICATIONS DEPT, PORTLAND, OR 97208 USA SN 0882-5165 J9 USDA FOR SERV PNW RE JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Northwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD FEB PY 2000 IS 522 BP 1 EP + PG 23 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 303NN UT WOS:000086428100001 ER PT J AU Mills, TR Rumble, MA Flake, LD AF Mills, TR Rumble, MA Flake, LD TI Optimum timeframes for detecting songbird vocalizations in the Black Hills SO USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER RMRS LA English DT Article DE forest birds; detection; hourly variation; methods ID COUNTS AB Birds are indicators of vegetation structure and ecological conditions. The singing activity of birds declines during late-morning periods, which can affect estimates of abundance and conclusions regarding vegetative conditions indexed by birds. Therefore, it is important to quantify periods of bird activity so biologists can plan studies. We determined hourly detections from singing males of 22 nongame bird species in ponderosa pine, quaking aspen, and grassland vegetation types in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Detections of 12 of 22 species differed among 1-hr intervals after sunrise. Detections of yellow-rumped warblers, Townsend's solitaires, red-breasted nuthatches, western tanagers, and American robins decreased on count-episodes more than 4 hrs after sunrise. Detections of dusky flycatchers declined on count-episodes more than 3 hrs after sunrise and detections of black-capped chickadees were greatest during the first hour after sunrise and declined afterward. Detections of many other species from songs or calls decreased on count-episodes more than 5 hrs after sunrise. We recommend that bird counts in the Black Hills be completed within 4 hrs after sunrise so estimates of bird abundance are not affected by reduced singing among males. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Ctr Great Plains Ecosyst Res, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. RP Mills, TR (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU ROCKY MT RESEARCH STATION PI OGDEN PA 324 25TH ST, OGDEN, UT 84401 USA J9 USDA FOR SERV RM R S JI USDA For. Serv. RM. RS. Res. Paper RMRS PD FEB PY 2000 IS RP-21 BP 1 EP + PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 350JB UT WOS:000089096500001 ER PT J AU Wills, RW Gray, JT Fedorka-Cray, PJ Yoon, KJ Ladely, S Zimmerman, JJ AF Wills, RW Gray, JT Fedorka-Cray, PJ Yoon, KJ Ladely, S Zimmerman, JJ TI Synergism between porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Salmonella choleraesuis in swine SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS); Salmonella choleraesuis; interaction; pig-bacteria; pig-viruses ID PULMONARY INTRAVASCULAR MACROPHAGES; INFECTION; DISEASE; PIGS; TYPHIMURIUM AB Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Salmonella choleraesuis are two leading causes of economic loss in the swine industry. While respiratory disease is common in both S. choleraesuis and PRRSV infections, the factors that contribute to its development remain largely undefined. We investigated the interaction of PRRSV, S. choleraesuis, and stress in 5-week-old swine. All combinations of three factors (inoculation with S. choleraesuis on Day 0, PRRSV on Day 3, and treatment with dexamethasone on Days 3-7) were used to produce eight treatment groups in two independent trials. Fecal samples, tonsil and nasal swabs, serum samples and postmortem tissues were collected for bacteriologic and virologic examinations. No clinical signs were observed in pigs inoculated with only PRRSV or only S, choleraesuis. In contrast, pigs which were dually infected with S, choleraesuis and PRRSV exhibited unthriftiness, rough hair coats, dyspnea, and diarrhea, The pigs which received all three treatment factors were the most severely affected and 43% (three of seven) of the animals in this group died. Individuals in this group shed significantly higher quantities of S. choleraesuis in feces and had significantly higher serum PRRSV titers compared to other treatments (p less than or equal to 0.05). In addition, S. choleraesuis and PRRSV were shed longer and by more pigs in this group than other groups and S. choleraesuis was recovered from more tissues in this group on Day 21 post inoculation. These results suggested that PRRSV, S. choleraesuis, and dexamethasone acted synergistically to produce a syndrome similar to that observed in the field. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Diagnost & Prod Anim Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Wills, RW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 33 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 71 IS 3-4 BP 177 EP 192 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(99)00175-3 PG 16 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 284YN UT WOS:000085360600001 PM 10703702 ER PT J AU Seal, BS Sellers, HS Meinersmann, RJ AF Seal, BS Sellers, HS Meinersmann, RJ TI Fusion protein predicted amino acid sequence of the first US avian pneumovirus isolate and lack of heterogeneity among other US isolates SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE turkey rhinotracheitis virus; fusion protein; mononegavirales; paramyxovirus; viral evolution; avian pathogen; emerging diseases; veterinary virology ID TURKEY RHINOTRACHEITIS VIRUS; RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS; DICISTRONIC MESSENGER-RNA; GENE ORDER DIFFERENT; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SUBGROUP-A; ANTIGENIC DIFFERENTIATION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; INFECTION AB Avian pneumovirus (APV) was first isolated from turkeys in the west-central US following emergence of turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) during 1996. Subsequently, several APV isolates were obtained from the north-central US. Matrix (M) and fusion (F) protein genes of these isolates were examined for sequence heterogeneity and compared with European APV subtypes A and B. Among US isolates the M gene shared greater than 98% nucleotide sequence identity with only one nonsynonymous change occurring in a single US isolate. Although the F gene among US APV isolates shared 98% nucleotide sequence identity, nine conserved substitutions were detected in the predicted amino acid sequence. The predicted amino acid sequence of the US APV isolate's F protein had 72% sequence identity to the F protein of APV subtype A and 71% sequence identity to the F protein of APV subtype B. This compares with 83% sequence identity between the APV subtype A and B predicted amino acid sequences of the F protein. The US isolates were phylogenetically distinguishable from their European counterparts based on F gene nucleotide or predicted amino acid sequences. Lack of sequence heterogeneity among US APV subtypes indicates these viruses have maintained a relatively stable population since the first outbreak of TRT. Phylogenetic analysis of the F protein among APV isolates supports classification of US isolates as a new APV subtype C. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. USDA ARS, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Seal, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 63 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 66 IS 2 BP 139 EP 147 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(99)00133-1 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 299ER UT WOS:000086183800004 PM 10725547 ER PT J AU Braudrick, CA Grant, GE AF Braudrick, CA Grant, GE TI When do logs move in rivers? SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LARGE WOODY DEBRIS; OLD-GROWTH; STREAMS; WASHINGTON; DYNAMICS; FORESTS AB Large woody debris is an integral component of forested, fluvial systems throughout the world, yet we know little about hydraulic thresholds for movement and transport of logs, We developed theoretical models of entrainment and performed flume experiments to examine thresholds for wood movement in streams. Both the model and the experiments indicate that log entrainment is primarily a function of the piece angle relative to flow direction, whether or not the log had a rootwad, the density of the log, and the piece diameter. Stability increased if the pieces had rootwads or were rotated parallel to flow. Although previously reported as the most important factor in piece stability, piece length did not significantly affect the threshold of movement in our experiments or our physically based model, for logs shorter than channel width. These physically based models offer a first-order approach to evaluating the stability of either naturally derived woody debris or material deliberately introduced to streams for various management objectives. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Braudrick, CA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 22 TC 145 Z9 146 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 36 IS 2 BP 571 EP 583 DI 10.1029/1999WR900290 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 276QZ UT WOS:000084890000015 ER PT J AU Duke, SO Dayan, FE Romagni, JG Rimando, AM AF Duke, SO Dayan, FE Romagni, JG Rimando, AM TI Natural products as sources of herbicides: current status and future trends SO WEED RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Symposium of the European-Weed-Research-Society on Towards 25 Years CY JUL, 1999 CL BASEL, SWITZERLAND SP European Weed Res Soc DE herbicide discovery; natural product; phytotoxin ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ADENYLOSUCCINATE SYNTHETASE; POTENTIAL HERBICIDES; LEMNA-PAUSICOSTATA; DRUG-METABOLISM; AAL-TOXIN; HPLC-NMR; PHYTOTOXICITY; HYDANTOCIDIN AB Although natural product-based discovery strategies have not been as successful for herbicides as for other pesticides or pharmaceuticals, there have been some notable successes. Phosphinothricin, the biosynthetic version of glufosinate, and bialaphos are phytotoxic microbial products that have yielded commercial herbicides. Cinmethylin, a herbicidal analogue of cineole, has been sold in Europe and Asia. The triketone herbicides are derivatives of the plant-produced phytotoxin leptospermone. These products represent only a small fraction of commercialized herbicides, but they have each introduced a novel molecular target site for herbicides. Analysis of the literature reveals that phytotoxic natural products act on a large number of unexploited herbicide target sites. The pesticide industry's natural product discovery efforts have so far concentrated on microbially derived phytotoxins, primarily from non-pathogenic soil microbes, involving the screening of large numbers of exotic isolates. Plant pathogens usually produce potent phytotoxins, yet they have received relatively little attention. Even less effort has been made to discover plant-derived phytotoxins. Bioassay-directed isolation has been the preferred method of discovery after a producing organism is selected. This laborious approach often leads to rediscovery of known compounds. Modern tandem separation/chemical characterization instrumentation can eliminate much of this problem by identification of compounds before they are bioassayed. C1 USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilisat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Duke, SO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilisat Res Unit, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 58 TC 231 Z9 264 U1 5 U2 48 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0043-1737 J9 WEED RES JI Weed Res. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 40 IS 1 BP 99 EP 111 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 286TD UT WOS:000085461000009 ER PT J AU Leij, FJ Priesack, E Schaap, MG AF Leij, FJ Priesack, E Schaap, MG TI Solute transport modeled with Green's functions with application to persistent solute sources SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Green's functions; advection-dispersion equation; solute transport; persistent contamination; analytical modeling ID SATURATED POROUS-MEDIA; PHASE LIQUID POOL; CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT; DISSOLUTION; DISPERSION; COLUMNS; AQUIFER AB Analytical models can be valuable tools to investigate solute transport in porous media. The application of analytical solutions is limited by the perception that they are too cumbersome to derive while their implementation rests on assumptions that are too restrictive. The Green's function method (GFM) was applied to facilitate analytical solution of the advection-dispersion equation (ADE) for solute transport in uniform porous media with steady one- or two-dimensional flow. The GFM conveniently handles different boundary and initial conditions as well as multi-dimensional problems. Concise expressions are possible for the solute concentration with the GFM. This paper provides a general framework to efficiently formulate analytical solutions for many transport problems. Expressions for the longitudinal and transversal Green's function are presented that can be inserted in the general expression to solve a wide variety of transport problems in infinite, semi-infinite, and finite media. These solutions can be used to elucidate transport phenomena, estimate transport parameters, evaluate numerical solution procedures and simulate the movement and fate of solutes. An illustration of the GFM is provided by the analytical modeling of transport from a planar source of persistent, long-lasting contamination. Such a source may be used to represent dissolution from a pool of a non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL). Analytical solutions are obtained for a first-, second-, and third-type condition in case of a planar source; the third-type condition is due to downward flow or rate-limited dissolution. Several examples are presented to show the effect of source conditions, the sensitivity of NAPL dissolution to transport parameters included in the Damkohler and Peclet numbers, and upstream dispersion. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. GSF, Natl Res Ctr Environm & Hlth, Inst Soil Ecol, D-85758 Oberschleissheim, Germany. RP Leij, FJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Priesack, Eckart/M-7341-2014; OI Priesack, Eckart/0000-0002-5088-9528 NR 28 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD JAN 31 PY 2000 VL 41 IS 1-2 BP 155 EP 173 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(99)00062-5 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA 275GM UT WOS:000084812500006 ER PT J AU Arnold, JG Muttiah, RS Srinivasan, R Allen, PM AF Arnold, JG Muttiah, RS Srinivasan, R Allen, PM TI Regional estimation of base flow and groundwater recharge in the Upper Mississippi river basin SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE base flow and groundwater recharge; soil and water assessment tool; filter and recession methods ID WATER-BALANCE; MODEL; CLIMATE; QUALITY AB Groundwater recharge and discharge (base flow) estimates from two methods were compared in the Upper Mississippi River basin (USGS hydrologic cataloging unit 07). The Upper Mississippi basin drains 491,700 km(2) in Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Minnesota, and Wisconsin and outlets in the Mississippi River north of Cairo, Illinois. The first method uses the water balance components from the soil and water assessment tool model (SWAT). The model was used to simulate the daily water balance of approximately 16 soil/land use hydrologic response units (HRU) within each of the 131 USGS 8-digit watersheds. The water balance of each HRU is simulated with four storages: snow, soil (up to ten layers), shallow aquifer, and deep aquifer, Groundwater recharge is defined as water that percolates past the bottom soil layer into the shallow aquifer. Recharge is lagged to become base flow and can also be lost to ET. The second method consists of two procedures to estimate base flow and recharge from daily stream flow: (1) a digital recursive filter to separate base flow from daily flow and (2) a modified hydrograph recession curve displacement technique to estimate groundwater recharge. These procedures were applied to 283 USGS stations ranging in area from 50 to 1200 km(2). A smoothed surface was obtained using a thin plate spline technique and estimates were averaged for each 8-digit basin, Simulated flow was calibrated against average annual flow for each 8-digit. Without further calibration, simulated monthly stream flow was compared against measured flow at Alton, Illinois (445,000 km(2)) from 1961-1980. To validate the model, measured and simulated monthly stream flow at Alton from 1981-1985 were compared with an R-2 of 0.65. No attempt was made to calibrate base flow and recharge independent of total stream flow. Base flow and recharge from both methods were shown to be in general agreement. The filter and recession methods have the potential to provide realistic estimates of base how and recharge for input into regional groundwater models and as a check for surface hydrologic models. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Blackland Res Ctr, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Baylor Univ, Dept Geol, Waco, TX 76798 USA. RP Arnold, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RI Srinivasan, R/D-3937-2009 NR 56 TC 167 Z9 184 U1 7 U2 57 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JAN 31 PY 2000 VL 227 IS 1-4 BP 21 EP 40 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00139-0 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 285FA UT WOS:000085378000002 ER PT J AU Kennedy, E Offutt, S AF Kennedy, E Offutt, S TI Commentary: Alternative nutrition outcomes using a fiscal food policy SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Off Res Educ & Econ, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Serv Econ Res, Off Res Educ & Econ, Washington, DC 20350 USA. RP Kennedy, E (reprint author), USDA, Off Res Educ & Econ, 1400 Independence Ave NW,Whitten Bldg,Room 217W, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0959-8138 J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD JAN 29 PY 2000 VL 320 IS 7230 BP 304 EP 305 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 280ZB UT WOS:000085132700033 ER PT J AU Schenck, FJ Lehotay, SJ AF Schenck, FJ Lehotay, SJ TI Does further clean-up reduce the matrix enhancement effect in gas chromatographic analysis of pesticide residues in food? SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE food analysis; matrix enhancement effect; clean-up methods; solid-phase extraction; pesticides ID MASS-SELECTIVE DETECTION; ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RESPONSE ENHANCEMENT; EXTRACTION; VEGETABLES; FRUITS; SPLITLESS; INJECTION AB Sample extracts of apples, peas, green beans, oranges, raspberries, clementines, carrots, and wheat obtained using the Food and Drug Administration (acetone extraction) and Canadian Pest Management Regulatory Agency (acetonitrile extraction) multiresidue methods for pesticides were subjected to clean-up using different solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges in an attempt to reduce or eliminate the matrix enhancement effect. The matrix enhancement effect is related to the blocking of active sites on the injector liner by matrix components, thereby increasing signal in the presence of matrix versus standards in solvent in which the pesticides themselves interact with the active sites. Graphitized carbon black (GCB) was often used in combination with various anion-exchange SPE cartridges. The extracts were then spiked with organophosphorus insecticides. These process standards were then compared to standards in acetone of the same concentration using gas chromatography with flame photometric detection or ion trap mass spectrometric detection. Sample matrix enhancement varied from little to no effect for some pesticides (e.g. chlorpyrifos, malathion) to >200% in the case of certain susceptible pesticides. The GCB removed color components but showed little effect in reducing matrix enhancement by itself. The anion-exchange cartridges in combination with GCB or not, substantially reduced the matrix enhancement effect but did not eliminate it. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US FDA, Baltimore Dist Lab, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lehotay, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 21 TC 160 Z9 185 U1 2 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JAN 28 PY 2000 VL 868 IS 1 BP 51 EP 61 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(99)01137-1 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 277YJ UT WOS:000084960900005 PM 10677079 ER PT J AU Joseph, G Kelsey, RG AF Joseph, G Kelsey, RG TI Physiology and growth of Douglas-fir seedlings treated with ethanol solutions SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Pseudotsuga menziesii; gas exchange; tolerance; water potential; toxicity ID CYTOPLASMIC PH REGULATION; MENZIESII MIRB. FRANCO; MAIZE ROOT-TIPS; METABOLISM; TOLERANCE; TOXICITY; TISSUES; ANOXIA; PLANTS; CELLS AB Applying 1, 5, 10, and 20% solutions of ethanol to the roots of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] France) seedlings three times a week was deleterious to their physiology and growth. Ethanol concentrations of 10% or higher were lethal within a week of treatment initiation, while the 5% solution was lethal to seedlings at similar to 8 weeks. Seedlings treated with the 1% solution were alive at 8 weeks, but showed signs of physiological decline. If Douglas-fir seedlings have a tolerance threshold for ethanol solutions applied to their roots, it appears to be at a concentration below 1%. Ethanol moved up the stems and into needles, yielding concentrations in the stems 9 times higher than in needles. Ethanol vapors in the atmosphere surrounding seedlings readily diffused into needles, but not into stems. After 1 week of:treatments, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration declined as ethanol concentrations increased. However, seedlings treated with the control (0%) and 1% ethanol solutions had the same xylem water potentials, which were higher than for seedlings treated with the 5% solutions. High ethanol concentrations (greater than or equal to 1%) may have damaged membranes involved in photosynthesis and stomatal function thereby causing the observed decline in net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. At:concentrations greater than or equal to 5%, water uptake was impaired, suggesting that root membranes may have been damaged. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kelsey, RG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD JAN 28 PY 2000 VL 150 IS 2 BP 191 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00189-2 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 269QW UT WOS:000084489900009 ER PT J AU Chanton, JP Rutkowski, CM Schwartz, CC Ward, DE Boring, L AF Chanton, JP Rutkowski, CM Schwartz, CC Ward, DE Boring, L TI Factors influencing the stable carbon isotopic signature of methane from combustion and biomass burning SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; SEASONAL-VARIATIONS; GROWTH-RATE; OXIDIZING BACTERIA; SAVANNA ECOSYSTEMS; MICROBIAL METHANE; BIOGENIC METHANE; EMISSIONS; FRACTIONATION; VALUES AB Factors controlling the delta(13)C of methane released by combustion include the combustion efficiency of the fire and the delta(13)C of the fuel. Smoldering fires produced C-13-depleted methane relative to hot, flaming fires in controlled forest and grassland burns and within a wood stove. Pine forest burns in the southeastern United States produced methane which ranged from -21 to -30 parts per thousand, while African grassland burns varied from -17 to -26 parts per thousand, depending upon combustion phase. African woodland burns produced methane at -30 parts per thousand. In forest burns in the southeastern United States, the delta(13)C Of methane released with smoldering was significantly C-13 depleted relative to methane released under hot flaming conditions. Methane released with smoldering was depleted by 2-3 parts per thousand relative to the fuel delta(13)C, but this difference was not significant. The delta(13)C Of methane produced in a variety of wood stove conditions varied from -9 to -25 parts per thousand and also depended upon combustion efficiency. Similar results were found for methane produced by gasoline automobile engines, where the delta(13)C Of methane varied from -9 to -22 parts per thousand. For combustion occurring within the confining chamber of a wood stove or engine the delta(13)C of methane was clearly C-13 enriched relative to the delta(13)C of the fuel, possibly because of preferential combustion of (CH4)-C-12 in the gas phase. Significant quantities of ethylene (up to 25 to 50% of methane concentrations) were produced in southeastern U.S. forest fires, which may have consequences for physiological and reproductive responses of plants in the ecosystem. Methane production in these fires varied from 0.2 to 8.5% of the carbon dioxide production. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Joseph W Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Chanton, JP (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. EM jchanton@mailer.fsu.edu NR 63 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 27 PY 2000 VL 105 IS D2 BP 1867 EP 1877 DI 10.1029/1999JD900909 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 280DF UT WOS:000085086400001 ER PT J AU Mooney, BP David, NR Thelen, JJ Miernyk, JA Randall, DD AF Mooney, BP David, NR Thelen, JJ Miernyk, JA Randall, DD TI Histidine modifying agents abolish pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activity SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID ATP-DEPENDENT INACTIVATION; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; PROTEIN-KINASES; COMPLEX; PHOSPHORYLATION; FAMILY; MAIZE AB Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) specifically phosphorylates the E1 alpha subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). Sequence analysis of cloned PDKs led to the proposal that they are mechanistically related to prokaryotic 2-component His-kinases. The reaction mechanism of protein His-kinases involves autophosphorylation of a specific His residue followed by phosphotransfer to an Asp residue. Treatment of recombinant Arabidopsis thaliana PDR with the His-directed reagents diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) and dichloro-(2,2':6',2''-terpyridine)platinum(II) dihydrate led to a marked inhibition of autophosphorylation. In addition, DEPC treatment abolished the ability of PDK to trans-phosphorylate and inactivate PDC. These results validate the prediction that PDKs require His residues for activity. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Randall, DD (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, 117 Schweitzer Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD JAN 19 PY 2000 VL 267 IS 2 BP 500 EP 503 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1994 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 278XE UT WOS:000085013600005 PM 10631090 ER PT J AU Park, JB Levine, M AF Park, JB Levine, M TI Characterization of the promoter of the human ribonucleotide reductase R2 gene SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID GLUTAREDOXIN; EXPRESSION; IDENTIFICATION; CLONING AB We describe here cloning and characterization of the promoter region of the human ribonucleotide reductase R2 gene. Primer extension and sequence data indicated that two different transcripts were produced via using two different promoter regions, Promoter activity of the 5' flanking region of the first transcript was approximately 100-fold higher than controls, and that of the second transcript was approximately 30-fold higher than controls, Particularly, the proximal region of the first transcript, -125 to +1 bp, was responsible for approximately a 50-fold increase in promoter activity, compared to controls. This region had three CCAAT sequences, each of which contributed similarly to promoter activity. When all three CCAAT sequences were mutated, promoter activity declined 80%. In addition, the promoter region -125 to fl bp was responsible for cell-cycle-specific expression. These data provided essential information concerning regulatory mechanisms of cell-cycle-specific expression of human ribonucleotide reductase R2. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 ARS, USDA, BHNRC, Phytonutrients Lab,Bldg 307,Room 313, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NIH, Mol & Clin Nutr Sect, Digest Dis Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Park, JB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, BHNRC, Phytonutrients Lab,Bldg 307,Room 313, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD JAN 19 PY 2000 VL 267 IS 2 BP 651 EP 657 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1980 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 278XE UT WOS:000085013600032 PM 10631117 ER PT J AU Kemp, RK Knowles, DP Perry, LL McGuire, TC Besser, TE Cheevers, WP AF Kemp, RK Knowles, DP Perry, LL McGuire, TC Besser, TE Cheevers, WP TI Crossreactive neutralizing antibodies induced by immunization with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus surface glycoprotein SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus surface glycoprotein; neutralizing antibody responses ID ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEINS; HIV-INFECTION; PROGRESSIVE ARTHRITIS; ANTIGENIC VARIANTS; TYPE-1; LENTIVIRUS; GP120; GOATS; VACCINE; CAEV AB Four Saanen goats were immunized with affinity purified gp135 surface glycoprotein (SU) of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus isolate 79-63 (CAEV-63) and evaluated for homologous and crossreactive serum neutralizing antibodies. CAEV-63 neutralizing antibodies were detected in all goats after seven immunizations with SU in Quil A adjuvant. Sera from three goats neutralized an independent CAEV isolate (CAEV-Co), However, serum from one goat did not detectably neutralize heterologous CAEV-Co and inhibited CAEV-Co neutralization by another serum. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Cheevers, WP (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Besser, Thomas/A-4655-2011 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R21 AI42690]; NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR43718] NR 37 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JAN 18 PY 2000 VL 18 IS 13 BP 1282 EP 1287 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00181-4 PG 6 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 271NT UT WOS:000084600900016 PM 10649630 ER PT J AU Freeman, VL Meydani, M Yong, SR Pyle, J Wan, YP Arvizu-Durazo, R Liao, YL AF Freeman, VL Meydani, M Yong, SR Pyle, J Wan, YP Arvizu-Durazo, R Liao, YL TI Prostatic levers of tocopherols, carotenoids, and retinol in relation to plasma levels and self-reported usual dietary intake SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE antioxidants; diet; plasma; prostatic neoplasms ID FOOD-FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; NHANES-II SURVEY; BETA-CAROTENE; VITAMIN-E; QUANTITATIVE DATA; NUTRIENT SOURCES; NATIONAL-HEALTH; AMERICAN DIET; CANCER; RISK AB This study evaluated how prostatic levels of antioxidants relate to plasma levels and self-reported usual dietary intake. Definition of these relations may aid in interpreting studies of antioxidant exposure and prostate cancer risk. Between July 1996 and April 1997, plasma and prostatic tissue levels of tocopherols, carotenoids, and retinol were measured in 47 men undergoing radical prostatectomy or transurethral prostatectomy at Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois, and an affiliate hospital. Dietary intake was measured by using a 122-item version of the Block Health Habits and History Questionnaire, and correlations were assessed with Pearson's coefficients. Prostatic levels of tocopherols and carotenoids (but not retinol) were significantly correlated with plasma levels (r = 0.31-0.56, p < 0.05-0.0001); the strongest correlations were associated with lycopene, beta-carotene, and gamma-tocopherol (0.56, 0.54, and 0.52, respectively; p < 0.0001). Relative concentrations of tocopherols and carotenoids in prostate tissue were proportionate to those in plasma. No correlation between prostatic levels and reported dietary intake was observed (r = -0.09 to 0.16, p < not significant). Adjustment for energy intake, body mass index, and serum lipids did not impact these relations. These results suggest that plasma levels of tocopherols and carotenoids better reflect prostatic exposure than self-reported usual dietary intake. C1 Loyola Univ, Stritch Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med & Epidemiol, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. Vet Affairs Edward Hines Jr Hosp, Midw Ctr Hlth Serv & Policy Res, Dept Vet Affairs, Hines, IL USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vasc Biol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Loyola Univ, Stritch Sch Med, Dept Surg Pathol, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. RP Freeman, VL (reprint author), Loyola Univ, Stritch Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med & Epidemiol, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. NR 47 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 2 BP 109 EP 118 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 275LE UT WOS:000084821000001 PM 10645812 ER PT J AU Freeman, VL Meydani, M AF Freeman, VL Meydani, M TI Freeman and Meydani respond to Drs. Kristal and Cohen SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Loyola Univ, Stritch Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med & Epidemiol, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vasc Biol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Freeman, VL (reprint author), Loyola Univ, Stritch Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med & Epidemiol, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 151 IS 2 BP 128 EP 128 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 275LE UT WOS:000084821000004 ER PT J AU Teal, PEA Proveaux, AT Heath, RR AF Teal, PEA Proveaux, AT Heath, RR TI Analysis and quantitation of insect juvenile hormones using chemical ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE juvenile hormones; corpora allata; Caribbean fruit fly; Manduca sexta; mass spectroscopy ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CORPORA ALLATA; MANDUCA-SEXTA; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; BIOSYNTHESIS; INVITRO; DIPTERA; LARVAL AB A method for identification and quantitation of insect juvenile hormones (JH) has been developed using capillary gas chromatography-chemical ionization (isobutane)-ion-trap mass spectroscopy. The method does not require derivatization of samples or use of selected ion monitoring. Analysis over a mass range of 60-350 u allowed for identification of as little as 0.01 pmol of individual JH homologs. Quantitative analysis was based on the ion intensities of six diagnostic ions and the summed intensities of these ions for each homolog, The ratio of diagnostic ions did not vary significantly over a range of concentrations from 2.7 to 200 pg. The technique was used to identify and quantify the amounts of JH homologs secreted by individual retrocerebral complexes from the moth Manduca sexta maintained in tissue culture and to identify JH III from hexane extracts of hemolymph of the Caribbean fruit fly. No discrimination due to disparate abundance ratios of the individual homologs was found when analyzing natural product samples differing in concentration by at least fivefold. The technique allows for facile, concrete identification and quantitation of biologically relevant amounts of JH. The ability to analyze samples without derivatization or fractionation by chromatographic methods, coupled with data acquisition over a broad mass range, provides levels of accuracy and confidence greater than those of other methods. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Teal, PEA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1700 SW 23 Dr, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 21 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 277 IS 2 BP 206 EP 213 DI 10.1006/abio.1999.4377 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 282QX UT WOS:000085230700005 PM 10625507 ER PT J AU Preston, NP Baule, VJ Leopold, R Henderling, J Atkinson, PW Whyard, S AF Preston, NP Baule, VJ Leopold, R Henderling, J Atkinson, PW Whyard, S TI Delivery of DNA to early embryos of the Kuruma prawn, Penaeus japonicus SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE penaeid prawns; prawn embryos; DNA delivery ID FERTILIZED FISH EGGS; TRANSIENT EXPRESSION; ELECTROPORATION; DROSOPHILA; GENE; TRANSFORMATION; ELEMENTS AB We examined the relative efficiency of microinjection, electroporation and particle bombardment for introducing DNA into the embryos of the Kuruma prawn, Penaeus japonicus. The amount of DNA that could be delivered into one- to four-celled embryos and subsequently recovered was examined using plasmids with selectable antibiotic resistance, Microinjection proved to be the most reliable technique, The mean value for plasmid recovery from injected embryos ranged from 225 to 243 plasmids per embryo. Electroporation was effective in delivering small, but measurable amounts of DNA into embryos with values ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 plasmids per embryo. Bombardment failed to introduce any significant amount of DNA into viable embryos. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CSIRO, Div Marine Res, Cleveland, Qld 4116, Australia. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. CSIRO, Div Entomol, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP Preston, NP (reprint author), CSIRO, Div Marine Res, POB 120, Cleveland, Qld 4116, Australia. OI Whyard, Steve/0000-0002-9874-7780 NR 25 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 181 IS 3-4 BP 225 EP 234 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00236-7 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 274HU UT WOS:000084761000002 ER PT J AU Singh, UB Gupta, SC Flerchinger, GN Moncrief, JF Lehmann, RG Fendinger, NJ Traina, SJ Logan, TJ AF Singh, UB Gupta, SC Flerchinger, GN Moncrief, JF Lehmann, RG Fendinger, NJ Traina, SJ Logan, TJ TI Modeling polydimethylsiloxane degradation based on soil water content SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIMULTANEOUS HEAT; DIMETHYLSILANEDIOL; SILICONES; SYSTEM; SLUDGE AB Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is a widely used silicone polymer that is introduced into wastewater treatment systems where it is removed with sludge. PDMS subsequently enters the terrestial environment as a result of sludge amendment to soil. Laboratory studies have shown that PDMS extensively breaks down into monomeric units when in contact with dry soils. The byproducts of hydrolysis eventually biodegrade or evaporate. The objective of this study was to develop a computer model that can predict the degree of PDMS breakdown based on level and duration of soil drying under different climatic conditions. The framework of the model was the SHAW (Simultaneous Heat and Water) model that predicts daily water content distribution in soil over the course of a year. The soil water contents predicted from the SHAW model were then linked to PDMS degradation rate data for Various soils to predict soil and climate impacts on PDMS losses. Field testing of the model at Columbus, OH showed that the model was able to predict the general trends in PDMS degradation over 2 years. Predicted PDMS concentrations remaining in the 0-10 cm depth 2 years after sludge addition were 19.8 mg/kg of soil compared to the measured values of 23.0 mg/ kg of soil. The sensitivity analysis of the model showed that >95% of PDMS degraded at the soil surface in Bayamon sandy clay loam (San Juan, PR), Miamian loam (Columbus, OH), and Wedowee sandy clay loam (Athens, Ga) soils within 365 days after application. However in some years, >50% of applied PDMS was still remaining at 2.5-cm depth 365 days after its application. at any given day, there was less PDMS remaining in soil at San Juan, PR, and at Athens, GA, than at Columbus, OH. This is because of (1) higher rates of PDMS degradation in Bayamon and Wedowee soils than in Miamian soil and (2) better soil drying conditions in Puerto Rico and Georgia than in Ohio. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH USA. USDA ARS, Boise, ID 83712 USA. Dow Corning Corp, Midland, MI USA. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Gupta, SC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 22 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 2 BP 266 EP 273 DI 10.1021/es981257o PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 274PP UT WOS:000084774500007 ER PT J AU Sauve, S Norvell, WA McBride, M Hendershot, W AF Sauve, S Norvell, WA McBride, M Hendershot, W TI Speciation and complexation of cadmium in extracted soil solutions SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTAMINATED SOILS; PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; CHEMICAL SPECIATION; QUALITY CRITERIA; ORGANIC-MATTER; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; HEAVY-METALS; TRACE-METALS; SWISS-CHARD; SORPTION AB We report the soil solution speciation of Cd in 64 field-collected contaminated soils containing between 0.1 and 38 mg Cd kg(-1). The soils were analyzed for pH (3.5-8.1), soil organic matter (8.0-108 g C kg(-1)), total dissolved Cd (0.03-182 mu g Cd L-1), dissolved organic carbon (1.5-12 mg C L-1), and free Cd2+ (10(-1)0-2 x 10(-7) M). Free Cd2+ activity in solution was determined using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), assuming DPASV is sensitive to easily dissociated inorganic ion-pairs and free Cd2+ while excluding organic complexes. The solid/liquid partition coefficient(K-d) varied over a range from 10 to 100 000, and the fraction of the dissolved Cd present in solution as the estimated free Cd2+ species varied between 0 and 60% but averaged about 20%. The dissolved concentrations of Cd and the free Cd2+ activity in the soil solutions of contaminated soils of different origins can be predicted with reasonable accuracy using a simple competitive adsorption model dependent on pH and total metal loading. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Soil Crop & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Inst Natl Rech Sci Sante, Inst Armand Frappier, Pointe Claire, PQ H9R 1G6, Canada. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. McGill Univ, Dept Nat Resources Sci, St Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. RP Sauve, S (reprint author), QSAR Risk Assessment Serv, 360 St Jacques,Suite 800, Montreal, PQ H2Y 1P5, Canada. RI Sauve, Sebastien/K-5671-2012 NR 59 TC 192 Z9 203 U1 6 U2 57 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 2 BP 291 EP 296 DI 10.1021/es990202z PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 274PP UT WOS:000084774500010 ER PT J AU Whitehead, TR Cotta, MA AF Whitehead, TR Cotta, MA TI Development of molecular methods for identification of Streptococcus bovis from human and ruminal origins SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE diagnostic probe; 16S rDNA probe; PCR test ID STRAINS; BACTEREMIA; CARCINOMA; GENE AB Streptococcus bovis has been identified as a causative agent in humans for a variety of diseases, including endocarditis, meningitis, and septicemia. Identification of S. bovis strains of human origin in clinical settings has been problematic due to variations in biochemical tests as compared to ruminal strains of S, bovis, and other streptococcal species. DNA-DNA hybridization with chromosomal DNA from various S. bovis strains indicates that strains of human origin are different from those of ruminal origin. Specific probes have been designed from S. bovis 16S rDNA gene sequences that differentiate strains of human and ruminal origin by direct hybridization and PCR analyses. These techniques now allow for rapid identification of S. bovis strains for clinical and other scientific investigations. (C) 2000 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Whitehead, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009; OI Cotta, Michael/0000-0003-4565-7754 NR 20 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 182 IS 2 BP 237 EP 240 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08901.x PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 274LB UT WOS:000084766400007 PM 10620672 ER PT J AU Zuerner, RL Hartskeerl, RA van de Kamp, H Bal, AE AF Zuerner, RL Hartskeerl, RA van de Kamp, H Bal, AE TI Characterization of the Leptospira interrogans S10-spc-alpha operon SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE ribosomal protein gene; leptospirosis; transcription ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; SEROVAR COPENHAGENI; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; PROMOTERS; GENES; S10; SEQUENCE; SPC AB A ribosomal protein gene cluster from the spirochaete Leptospira interrogans was characterized. This locus is homologous to the Escherichia coli S10, spc, and alpha operons. Analysis of L. interrogans RNA showed that the ribosomal protein genes within this cluster are cotranscribed, thus forming an operon. Two transcription initiation sites were mapped by primer extension, upstream of fus, the first gene in this cluster, and sequences from this region provided promoter activity in E. coli. Transcription terminates near a predicted stem-loop structure following rplQ, the last gene in the cluster. These data suggest that two promoters upstream of fus direct transcription of this 17.5-kb ribosomal protein gene cluster. Comparison of the L. interrogans S10-spc-alpha cluster to homologous loci from Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum provided evidence that this region of the genome underwent several rearrangements during spirochaete evolution. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Royal Trop Inst, NH Swellengrebel Lab Trop Hyg, Dept Biomed Res, WHO,FAO,Collaborating Ctr Reference & Res Leptosp, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Zuerner, RL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, POB 70,2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 182 IS 2 BP 303 EP 308 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2000.tb08912.x PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 274LB UT WOS:000084766400018 PM 10620683 ER PT J AU Anjum, FM Lookhart, GL Walker, CE AF Anjum, FM Lookhart, GL Walker, CE TI High-molecular-weight glutenin subunit composition of Pakistani hard white spring wheats grown at three locations for 2 years and its relationship with end-use quality characteristics SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE wheat cultivars; quality characteristics; high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits; correlation coefficients ID GRAIN-PROTEIN COMPOSITION; BREAD-MAKING QUALITY; RAPID VISCO-ANALYZER; STATISTICAL CORRELATIONS; ATTRIBUTES; VARIETIES AB Eleven Pakistani hard white spring wheat cultivars, along with one durum wheat and two hard white American-grown wheat cultivars, were evaluated for their high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunit composition via sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The relationships among different quality characteristics and between these characteristics and HMW glutenin subunits were computed. Three to six HMW glutenin subunits were observed in Pakistani bread wheat cultivars. The presence of HMW glutenin subunits was not affected by growth locations or crop years. However, variations in intensities were observed. Correlations were noticed between certain HMW glutenin subunits and some quality attributes, such as protein, farinograph dough development time, farinograph water absorption, loaf volume and mixograph peak height. The presence of HMW glutenin subunit 20 in the older wheat cultivars C591 and C273, known for excellent chapati quality, indicated a possible relationship between this band and chapati quality. This observation will need to be confirmed by testing a larger number of wheat samples known to have characteristics for both good and poor chapati quality. (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 Univ Agr, Dept Food Technol, Faisalabad, Pakistan. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt Res Lab, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Anjum, FM (reprint author), Univ Reading, Dept Food Sci & Technol, POB 226, Reading, Berks, England. RI anjum, Faqir/F-5883-2015 NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 80 IS 2 BP 219 EP 225 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(20000115)80:2<219::AID-JSFA520>3.0.CO;2-M PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 284WY UT WOS:000085356900006 ER PT J AU Falkner, LK Coors, JG Ostrander, BM Kaeppler, SM Hatfield, RD AF Falkner, LK Coors, JG Ostrander, BM Kaeppler, SM Hatfield, RD TI Lax leaf maize: cell wall composition and nutritional value SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE lax leaf maize; corn; silage; cell wall; nutritive value; lignin; SSR; AFLP ID EXTREME FIBER CONCENTRATIONS; FORAGE QUALITY VARIATION; CORN-BORER RESISTANCE; DIGESTIBILITY; GENOTYPES; LIGNIN; DEGRADABILITY; POPULATIONS; COMPONENTS; INTERNODES AB Forage nutritive value, which comprises traits such as digestibility, fibre, lignin and protein content, is an important criterion for maize (Zea mays L) harvested as silage. Lines with a characteristic phenotype ('lax leaf') could be useful sources of genes for improved nutritive value in maize. A study was conducted to characterise the cell wall composition of the lax leaf line. Lax leaf inbreds and inbreds representing 'normal' maize were evaluated for cell wall neutral sugars, uronic acids, Klason lignin and phenolic acids in five tissues from the ear node and the internode above it. Acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and 48 h in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) were predicted using near-infrared reflectance spectrophotometry (NIRS) calibrated with a subset of the scanned samples. Lax leaf inbred tissues had lower levels of ADF, NDF, lignin and xylose and were more digestible than tissues from the inbreds representing 'normal' maize. It was not known whether the lax leaf phenotype resulted from alterations in nutritive value traits or whether laxness and nutritive value traits are independent from one another. A second study was conducted to determine the nature of genetic control of the lax leaf character and to determine the genotypic relation between the lax leaf character and nutritive value. A recombinant inbred mapping population was developed from a cross between the lax leaf line and an inbred line with stiff upright leaves. Whole-plant samples from each recombinant inbred line were evaluated for ADF, NDF, acid detergent lignin (ADL) and IVTD of dry matter using NIRS. Laxness, measured by number of broken leaves, was associated with lower nutritive value in this population (genetic correlations 0.16-0.34), which was contrary to expectation. Amplified restriction fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to identify linkage groups associated with the lax leaf character, digestibility and fibre content. Several linkage groups were associated with both the lax leaf character and nutritive value. Where these characters were associated with the same linkage group, the lax leaf parent allele was associated with greater laxness but reduced nutritive value. The lax leaf parent allele was associated with increased nutritive value in linkage groups unassociated with the lax leaf character. While the lax leaf line may be a good source for alleles for improved nutritive value, selection for laxness will not likely be accompanied by improvement in forage quality. (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Anat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Falkner, LK (reprint author), 721 23rd Ave, Sheldon, IA 51201 USA. OI Kaeppler, Shawn/0000-0002-5964-1668 NR 40 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 80 IS 2 BP 255 EP 262 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(20000115)80:2<255::AID-JSFA527>3.0.CO;2-U PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 284WY UT WOS:000085356900012 ER PT J AU McLaren, CE Kambour, EL McLachlan, GJ Lukaski, HC Li, X Brittenham, GM McLaren, GD AF McLaren, CE Kambour, EL McLachlan, GJ Lukaski, HC Li, X Brittenham, GM McLaren, GD TI Patient-specific analysis of sequential haematological data by multiple linear regression and mixture distribution modelling SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CELL VOLUME DISTRIBUTIONS; LIKELIHOOD RATIO TEST; TRUNCATED DATA; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; LONG-TERM; COMPONENTS; ALGORITHM; PARAMETERS; SERUM; SHIFT AB Automated storage and analysis of the results of serial haematologic studies are now technically feasible with present-day laboratory instruments and devices for data storage and processing. In current practice, physicians mentally compare a laboratory result with previous values and use their clinical judgement to determine the significance of any change. To provide a statistical basis for this process, we describe a new approach for the detection of changes in patient-specific sequential measurements of standard haematologic laboratory tests. These methods include hierarchical multiple regression modelling, with a weighted minimum risk criteria for model selection, to choose models indicating changes in mean values over time. This study is the first to analyse sequential patient-specific distributions of laboratory measurements, utilizing mixture distribution modelling with systematic selection of starting values for the EM algorithm. To evaluate these statistical methods under controlled conditions, we studied 11 healthy human volunteers who were depleted of iron by serial phlebotomy to iron-deficiency anaemia, then treated with oral iron supplements to replete iron stores and correct the anaemia. Application of sequential patient-specific analyses of haemoglobin, haematocrit, and mean cell volume showed that significant departures from past values could be identified, in many cases, even when values were still within the population reference ranges. Additionally, for all subjects sequential alterations in red blood cell volume distributions during development of iron-deficiency anaemia could be characterized and quantified. These methods promise to provide more sensitive techniques for improved diagnostic evaluation of developing anaemia and serial monitoring of response to therapy. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Sch Med, Div Epidemiol, Dept Med, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Chao Family Comprehens Canc Ctr, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Stat, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Queensland, Dept Math, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Univ N Dakota, Sch Med, Fargo, ND USA. Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Fargo, ND USA. Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, New York, NY 10032 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Div Hematol Oncol, Dept Med, Irvine, CA USA. Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Long Beach, CA 90822 USA. RP McLaren, GD (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Sch Med, Div Epidemiol, Dept Med, 224 Irvine Hall, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RI McLachlan, Geoffrey/A-1491-2008 OI McLachlan, Geoffrey/0000-0002-5921-3145 FU FIC NIH HHS [FO6TWO2117]; NHLBI NIH HHS [R15HL48349] NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD JAN 15 PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 83 EP 98 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(20000115)19:1<83::AID-SIM246>3.0.CO;2-A PG 16 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 276EH UT WOS:000084862300007 PM 10623915 ER PT J AU Fishman, ML Chau, HK Hoagland, P Ayyad, K AF Fishman, ML Chau, HK Hoagland, P Ayyad, K TI Characterization of pectin, flash-extracted from orange albedo by microwave heating, under pressure SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE pectin; microwave extraction; orange albedo; HPSEC; molar mass; radius of gyration; intrinsic viscosity; light scattering ID SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIGHT-SCATTERING; VISCOSITY DETECTION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; FRUIT PECTIN; COMPONENTS AB Pectin was acid extracted from orange albedo by microwave heating under pressure. Extraction times ranged from 2.5 to 8 min. Solubilized pectin was characterized for molar mass (M), rms radius of gyration (R-g) and intrinsic viscosity [eta] by HPSEC with online light scattering and viscosity detection. M, R-g and [eta] all decreased with increasing extraction time. Nevertheless, at heating times of 2.5 and 3,0 min, M, R-g and [eta] were significantly higher than a commercial citrus pectin when the albedo:solvent ratio was 1:25 (w/v). At the heating time of 2.5 min M, was 3.6 x 10(5), R-gz was 38 nm and [eta](w) was 10.8 dL/g. Chromatography revealed that solubilized pectin distributions were bimodal in nature and that the low-molar-mass fraction increased at the expense of the high-molar-mass fraction with increasing extraction time. Scaling law exponents revealed that the high-molar-mass fraction was extremely compact in shape, whereas the low-molar-mass fraction was more asymmetric in shape. Possibly these results indicated that at short extraction times, pectin was solubilized as compact aggregated network structures that were broken down to their more asymmetric components with increased heating times. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fishman, ML (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 33 TC 71 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0008-6215 J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD JAN 12 PY 2000 VL 323 IS 1-4 BP 126 EP 138 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 281XU UT WOS:000085187400016 PM 10782294 ER PT J AU Garozzo, D Spina, E Cozzolino, R Cescutti, P Fett, WF AF Garozzo, D Spina, E Cozzolino, R Cescutti, P Fett, WF TI Studies on the primary structure of short polysaccharides using SEC MALDI mass spectroscopy SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE exopolysaccharide; MALDI MS; post-source decay ID LASER-DESORPTION IONIZATION; POST-SOURCE DECAY; DELAYED EXTRACTION; POSTSOURCE DECAY; SPECTROMETRY; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; IDENTIFICATION; PEPTIDES AB The introduction of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis of polysaccharides prior to MALDI mass spectroscopy accounts for the determination of the molecular mass of the repeating unit when neutral homopolymers are investigated. In the case of natural polysaccharides characterised by more complicated structural features (presence of non-carbohydrate substituents, charged groups, etc.), this mass value usually is in agreement with more than one sugar composition. Therefore, it is not sufficient to give the correct monosaccharidic composition of the polysaccharide investigated. To solve this problem, MALDI spectra were recorded on the permethylated sample and post-source decay experiments were performed on precursor ions. In this way, the composition (in terms of Hex, HexNAc, etc.), size and sequence of the repeating unit were determined. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CNR, Ist Chim & Tecnol Mat Polimerici, I-95125 Catania, Italy. Univ Catania, Dipartimento Sci Chim, I-95125 Catania, Italy. Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Biochim Biofis & Chim Macromol, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Garozzo, D (reprint author), CNR, Ist Chim & Tecnol Mat Polimerici, Viale A Doria 6, I-95125 Catania, Italy. EM dgarozzo@dipchi.unict.it RI Garozzo, Domenico/I-8839-2014 OI Garozzo, Domenico/0000-0002-9087-9818 NR 25 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0008-6215 J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD JAN 12 PY 2000 VL 323 IS 1-4 BP 139 EP 146 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 281XU UT WOS:000085187400017 PM 10782295 ER PT J AU Weaver, SA Schaefer, AL Dixon, WT AF Weaver, SA Schaefer, AL Dixon, WT TI The effects of mutated skeletal ryanodine receptors on calreticulin and calsequestrin expression in the brain and pituitary gland of boars SO MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE calreticulin; calsequestrin; skeletal ryanodine receptor; porcine stress syndrome; malignant hyperthermia; brain ID CA2+ RELEASE CHANNELS; MALIGNANT HYPERTHERMIA; SARCOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; COMPLEX-FORMATION; BINDING-PROTEIN; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; CALCIUM REGULATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; HELA-CELLS; MUSCLE AB Mutations in skeletal ryanodine receptors (sRyR) result in malignant hyperthermia in humans and Porcine Stress Syndrome (PSS) in pigs. Whether the sRyR is expressed in neuronal tissue and what impact it has on neuronal function is relatively unexplored. We have hypothesized that the presence of mutated sRyR may be accompanied by compensatory changes in Ca2+-binding protein expression. We were interested in whether pigs heterozygous for mutated sRyR would show changes in the expression of Ca2+-binding proteins, in specific regions of the brain, and whether changes in this expression would be accompanied by the presence of sRyR within that region. The objectives of the current experiments were to determine (1) whether calreticulin (CR) and calsequestrin (CS) are expressed in the pituitary gland and brain of the pig, (2) if boars heterozygous for mutated sRyR differed from wild-type dears in the expression of CR or CS, and (3) if altered Ca2+-binding protein expression would be accompanied by the presence of sRyR mRNA. Boars either heterozygous or wild-type (n = 6) for the mutation in sRyR known to cause PSS, were euthanized and the pituitary gland and brains were collected for western blotting for CR and CS. An additional four wild-type boars were sacrificed and brains were collected for in situ hybridization for sRyR mRNA. Immunoreactive CR was expressed in porcine tissues with highest (p < 0.0001) expression in the pituitary gland and lower but equivalent expression in the hypothalamus, frontal cortex, and hippocampus. Immunoreactive CS was not detectable in the pituitary gland while low levels were observed in the hypothalamus and frontal cortex. Dramatically higher (p < 0.0001) levels of CS were found in the hippocampus. Genotype did not affect CR expression in the pituitary gland or any brain region examined. Immunoreactive CS levels were lower (p < 0.002) in the hippocampus of heterrozygous compared to wild-type boars. In Situ hybridization experiments revealed the presence of sRyR mRNA in the hippocampus equally distributed across all cell subfields. In conclusion, both CR and CS were expressed in the porcine brain with specific patterns of expression across the brain regions examined. Boars heterozygous for mutated sRyR had lower CS in the hippocampus, which was accompanied by the expression of mRNA for sRyR. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Agr Food & Nutr Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Lacombe Res Ctr, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada. RP Weaver, SA (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Poultry Sci Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 43 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-328X J9 MOL BRAIN RES JI Mol. Brain Res. PD JAN 10 PY 2000 VL 75 IS 1 BP 46 EP 53 DI 10.1016/S0169-328X(99)00289-2 PG 8 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 276HH UT WOS:000084871600005 ER PT J AU Huang, FN Buschman, L Higgins, R McGaughey, W AF Huang, FN Buschman, L Higgins, R McGaughey, W TI Resistance to Bt toxins - Response SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Huang, FN (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 7 PY 2000 VL 287 IS 5450 BP 42 EP 42 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 271DG UT WOS:000084578400018 ER PT J AU Swayne, DE Garcia, M Beck, JR Kinney, N Suarez, DL AF Swayne, DE Garcia, M Beck, JR Kinney, N Suarez, DL TI Protection against diverse highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses in chickens immunized with a recombinant fowlpox vaccine containing an H5 avian influenza hemagglutinin gene insert SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE influenza vaccines; recombinant vaccines; avian influenza ID OIL-EMULSION VACCINES; EFFICACY; DUCKS AB A recombinant fowlpox vaccine with an H5 hemagglutinin gene insert protected chickens against clinical signs and death following challenge by nine different highly pathogenic Hi avian influenza viruses. The challenge viruses had 87.3 to 100% deduced hemagglutinin amino acid sequence similarity with the recombinant vaccine, and represented diversely geographic and spatial backgrounds; i.e. isolated from four different continents over a 38 year period. The recombinant vaccine reduced detectable infection rates and shedding liters by some challenge viruses. There was a significant positive correlation in hemagglutinin sequence similarity between challenge viruses and vaccine, and the ability to reduce titers of challenge virus isolated from the oropharynx (r(s) = 0.783, P = 0.009), but there was no similar correlation for reducing cloacal virus titers (r(s) = -0.100, P = 0.78). This recombinant fowlpox-H5 avian influenza hemagglutinin vaccine can provide protection against a variety of different highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses and frequent optimizing of the hemagglutinin insert to overcome genetic drift in the vaccine may not be necessary to provide adequate field protection. published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Merial Select Inc, Gainesville, GA 30503 USA. RP Swayne, DE (reprint author), ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 30 TC 117 Z9 143 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JAN 6 PY 2000 VL 18 IS 11-12 BP 1088 EP 1095 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00369-2 PG 8 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 271NH UT WOS:000084600000009 PM 10590330 ER PT J AU Konishi, E Yamaoka, M Kurane, I Mason, PW AF Konishi, E Yamaoka, M Kurane, I Mason, PW TI A DNA vaccine expressing dengue type 2 virus premembrane and envelope genes induces neutralizing antibody and memory B cells in mice SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE dengue; DNA vaccine; anamnestic response ID JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS; GLYCOPROTEIN PROTECT MICE; TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS; CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTES; LETHAL JEV INFECTION; NEW-GUINEA-C; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; RECOMBINANT; IMMUNIZATION; CHALLENGE AB A dengue DNA vaccine candidate was developed and evaluated for immunogenicity in mice. The vaccine, designated pcD2ME. is a pcDNA3-based plasmid encoding the signal sequence of premembrane (prM), prM and envelope (E) genes of the New Guinea C strain of dengue type 2 virus. CHO-K1 cells transfected with pcD2ME expressed prM and E as determined by immunochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies. BALB/c mice inoculated intramuscularly with 100 mu g of pcD2ME two or three times at an interval of 2 weeks developed a low level of neutralizing antibody (1:10 at a 90% plaque reduction). Immunization twice with 10 mu g or 1 mu g of pcD2ME or three times with 100 mu g of pcDNA3 did not induce detectable levels of neutralizing antibody. Mice immunized two or three times with 100 mu g of pcD2ME raised neutralizing antibody titers to 1:40 or greater on days 4 and 8 after challenge with 3 x 10(5) plaque forming units (PFU) of the New Guinea C strain of dengue type 2 virus, showing strong anamnestic responses to the challenge. In contrast, mice immunized two or three times with 100 mu g of pcDNA3 developed no detectable neutralizing antibody on days 4 and 8 after challenge. These results indicate that immunization with pcD2ME induces neutralizing antibody and dengue type 2 virus-responsive memory B cells in mice. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Sci, Suma Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6540142, Japan. Natl Inst Infect Dis, Dept Virol 1, Tokyo 1628640, Japan. ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Konishi, E (reprint author), Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Sci, Suma Ku, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe, Hyogo 6540142, Japan. NR 47 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JAN 6 PY 2000 VL 18 IS 11-12 BP 1133 EP 1139 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00376-X PG 7 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 271NH UT WOS:000084600000014 PM 10590335 ER PT J AU Pillai, SD Widmer, KW Ivey, LJ Coker, KC Newman, E Lingsweiler, S Baca, D Kelley, M Davis, DS Silvy, NJ Adams, LG AF Pillai, SD Widmer, KW Ivey, LJ Coker, KC Newman, E Lingsweiler, S Baca, D Kelley, M Davis, DS Silvy, NJ Adams, LG TI Failure to identify non-bovine reservoirs of Mycobacterium bovis in a region with a history of infected dairy-cattle herds SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Mycobacterium bovis; tuberculosis; reservoirs; cattle-microbiological diseases; zoonoses AB The State of Texas had the most (cumulative) tuberculous cattle herds of any state in the United States during the decade ending in 1997. Of the cumulative 18 infected herds in Texas, 12 herds were concentrated in El Paso County (designated the 'El Paso milkshed'). To identify whether non-bovine reservoirs were a source of Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle in this region, an investigation was conducted on the premises of 14 dairy herds (12 tuberculous and 2 non-affected herds) between May 1995 and June 1997. None of the 670 mammalian, avian and environmental (soil,:water and air) samples collected and cultured from the premises of these herds was positive for the presence of M. bovis. None of the 119 human urine samples obtained from employees of these dairies was culture positive for M, bovis. Of 124 dairy-farm workers with tuberculin skin-test results, 48 showed positive test results, There was, however, no difference in percentages of positive skin-test results between farms without, and farms having, bovine tuberculosis within the last two years or longer. The percentage of positive reactions did not increase with length of time employed at a dairy with a history of confirmed tuberculosis. These findings suggest that non-bovine reservoirs appear not to be a factor responsible for tuberculosis of cattle in the Fl Paso milkshed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Res Ctr, Environm Sci Program, El Paso, TX 79927 USA. Wildlife Serv, Texas Anim Damage Control Serv, USDA, APHIS, San Antonio, TX 78201 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, El Paso, TX 79984 USA. Texas Vet Med Diagnost Lab, College Stn, TX USA. Texas Anim Hlth Commiss, San Antonio, TX 78207 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Pillai, SD (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Res Ctr, Environm Sci Program, 1380 A&M Circle, El Paso, TX 79927 USA. OI Widmer, Kenneth/0000-0002-8154-5373 NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD JAN 5 PY 2000 VL 43 IS 1 BP 53 EP 62 DI 10.1016/S0167-5877(99)00070-7 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 276EL UT WOS:000084862600005 PM 10665951 ER PT J AU Surzycki, SA Belknap, WR AF Surzycki, SA Belknap, WR TI Repetitive-DNA elements are similarly distributed on Caenorhabditis elegans autosomes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NONAUTONOMOUS TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS; DOSAGE COMPENSATION; RETROTRANSPOSON; IDENTIFICATION; RECOMBINATION AB The positions of approximate to 4,800 individual miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE)-like repeats from four families were mapped on the Caenorhabditis elegans chromosomes. These families represent 1-2% of the total sequence of the organism. The four MITE families (Cele1, Cele2, Cele14, and Cele42) displayed distinct chromosomal distribution profiles. For example, the Cele14 MITEs were observed clustering near the ends of the autosomes. In contrast, the Cele2 MITEs displayed an even distribution through the central autosome domains, with no evidence for clustering at the ends, Both the number of elements and the distribution patterns of each family were conserved on all five C. elegans autosomes, The distribution profiles indicate chromosomal polarity and suggest that the current genetic and physical maps of chromosomes II, III, and X are inverted with respect to the other chromosomes. The degree of conservation of both the number and distribution of these elements on the five autosomes suggests a role in defining specific chromosomal domains. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM wrb@pw.usda.gov RI Belknap, William/B-4500-2009 NR 26 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JAN 4 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 1 BP 245 EP 249 DI 10.1073/pnas.97.1.245 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 271ZA UT WOS:000084624500046 PM 10618403 ER PT B AU Rippey, BR Peterlin, A Deprey, DA AF Rippey, BR Peterlin, A Deprey, DA GP AMS AMS TI The US Department of Agriculture's AWIPS link to NOAAPORT SO 16TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTERACTIVE INFORMATION AND PROCESSING SYSTEMS (IIPS) FOR METEOROLOGY, OCEANOGRAPHY AND HYDROLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Interactive Information and Processing Systems (IIPS) for Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 USDA, OCE, WAOB, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Rippey, BR (reprint author), USDA, OCE, WAOB, 1400 Independence Ave SW,USDA S Bldg,Room 5143, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 348 EP 350 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS03Y UT WOS:000168410800105 ER PT B AU Meisinger, JJ Jokela, WE AF Meisinger, JJ Jokela, WE GP CORNELL UNIVERSITY CORNELL UNIVERSITY TI Ammonia losses from manure SO 2000 CORNELL NUTRITION CONFERENCE FOR FEED MANUFACTURERS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 62nd Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers CY OCT 24-26, 2000 CL Rochester, NY SP New York State Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Anim Sci, New York State Coll Agr & Life Sci, Div Nutr Sci ID CATTLE SLURRY; DAIRY-CATTLE; VOLATILIZATION; NITROGEN; EMISSION; SURFACE; GRASSLAND; AGRICULTURE; NUTRITION; SYSTEMS C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Meisinger, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 43 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CORNELL UNIV DEPT ANIMAL SCIENCE PI ITHACA PA 272 MORRISON HALL, ITHACA, NY 14853-4801 USA PY 2000 BP 109 EP 116 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BR22U UT WOS:000165905200013 ER PT S AU Riggan, PJ Hoffman, JW Brass, JA AF Riggan, PJ Hoffman, JW Brass, JA GP IEEE IEEE TI Estimating fire properties by remote sensing SO 2000 IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOL 3 SE IEEE AEROSPACE CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2000 IEEE Aerospace Conference CY MAR 18-25, 2000 CL BIG SKY, MT SP IEEE, Aerosp & Electr Syst Soc AB Contemporary knowledge of the role of fin in the global environment is limited by inadequate measurements of the extent and impact of individual fires. Observations by operational polar-orbiting and geostationary satellites provide an indication of fire occurrence but are ill-suited for estimating the temperature, area, or radiant emissions of active wildland and agricultural fires. Simulations here of synthetic remote sensing pixels comprised of observed high-resolution fire data together with ash or vegetation background demonstrate that fire properties including name temperature, fractional area, and radiant-energy flux can best be estimated from concurrent radiance measurements at wavelengths near 1.6, 3.9, and 12 mum. Successful observations at night may be made at scales to at least 1 km for the cluster of fire data simulated here. During the daytime, uncertainty in the composition of the background and its reflection of solar radiation would limit successful observations to a scale of approximately 100 m or less. Measurements at three wavelengths in the long-wave infrared would be unaffected by reflected solar radiation and could be applied to separate flame properties in a binary system of flame and background. However, likely variation in the composition of the background and its temperature limit the approach to measurements that are of high resolution in relation to the scale of the flaming front. Alternative approaches using radiances at wavelengths near 4 and 22 mum alone must fail absent. a correction for the background, yet the correction is made imprecise by uncertainty in composition of the background where it comprises more than one-third of a pixel. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Riggan, PJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1095-323X BN 0-7803-5846-5 J9 AEROSP CONF PROC PY 2000 BP 173 EP 179 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA BQ98G UT WOS:000165245500020 ER PT S AU Jones, BL Marinac, LA AF Jones, BL Marinac, LA BE Simoinen, T Tenkanen, M TI Endogenous inhibitors of the endoproteinases and other enzymes of barley SO 2ND EUROPEAN SYMPOSIUM ON ENZYMES IN GRAIN PROCESSING, ESEGP-2 SE VTT SYMPOSIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd European Symposium on Enzymes in Gain Processing (ESEGP-2) CY DEC 08-10, 1999 CL HELSINKI, FINLAND SP VTT Biotechnol, TNO Nutr & Food Res Inst ID GREEN MALT ENDOPROTEINASES; ALPHA-AMYLASE INHIBITOR; LIMIT DEXTRINASE; PROTEIN; KERNELS C1 USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Jones, BL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, 501 N Walnut St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RI Tenkanen, Maija/F-9080-2016 NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE FINLAND PI ESPOO PA INFORMATION SERVICE, PO BOX 2000, FIN-02044 VT ESPOO, FINLAND SN 0357-9387 BN 951-38-5706-9 J9 VTT SYMP PY 2000 VL 207 BP 39 EP 46 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA BT12N UT WOS:000172027900004 ER PT S AU Nuutila, AM Skadsen, RW Jones, BL Kaeppler, HF AF Nuutila, AM Skadsen, RW Jones, BL Kaeppler, HF BE Simoinen, T Tenkanen, M TI Transformation of barley with antifungal protein genes SO 2ND EUROPEAN SYMPOSIUM ON ENZYMES IN GRAIN PROCESSING, ESEGP-2 SE VTT SYMPOSIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd European Symposium on Enzymes in Gain Processing (ESEGP-2) CY DEC 08-10, 1999 CL HELSINKI, FINLAND SP VTT Biotechnol, TNO Nutr & Food Res Inst C1 USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53703 USA. RP Nuutila, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53703 USA. RI Tenkanen, Maija/F-9080-2016 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECHNICAL RESEARCH CENTRE FINLAND PI ESPOO PA INFORMATION SERVICE, PO BOX 2000, FIN-02044 VT ESPOO, FINLAND SN 0357-9387 BN 951-38-5706-9 J9 VTT SYMP PY 2000 VL 207 BP 261 EP 263 PG 3 WC Agricultural Engineering; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA BT12N UT WOS:000172027900035 ER PT B AU McRoberts, RE Franco-Lopez, H Ek, AR Bauer, ME AF McRoberts, RE Franco-Lopez, H Ek, AR Bauer, ME BE Heuvelink, GBM Lemmens, MJP TI Using remotely sensed imagery to extend forest inventory field plot data to large areas SO ACCURACY 2000, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences CY JUL 12-14, 2000 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS DE k-nearest neighbour; regression; maps AB The United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service has traditionally produced forest inventory estimates for large areas using forest attribute data obtained from a combination of plots on aerial photographs and measurements of permanent forest inventory field plots. Human interpretation of the aerial photoplots has been used to estimate the area in each of several of forest land strata, while field measurements have been used to obtain tree volume per unit area. The area and volume per unit area estimates have been combined to estimate totals for large forested areas. However, the process of obtaining and interpreting photography is expensive, labour intensive, time consuming, and subjective, and finally only produces sample estimates. This paper reports an investigation of using satellite imagery in conjunction with techniques for relating plot and satellite data to create pixel-based, large area volume maps that are used to obtain large area estimates for mean tree volume per unit area. The effects of bias and imprecision in the estimated plot-satellite data relationships on the bias and imprecision of the large area volume estimates is analysed. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP McRoberts, RE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU DELFT UNIV PRESS DUP SCI PI 2628 CZ DELFT PA P.O. BOX 98 PROMETHEUSPLEIN 1, 2628 CZ DELFT, NETHERLANDS BN 90-407-2085-1 PY 2000 BP 465 EP 472 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing GA BU92Z UT WOS:000177422100072 ER PT B AU Mowrer, HT Hunner, G Elder, K Porth, L AF Mowrer, HT Hunner, G Elder, K Porth, L BE Heuvelink, GBM Lemmens, MJP TI Comparative spatial estimation of snow water equivalent on Lexen Creek watershed, Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado, USA SO ACCURACY 2000, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences CY JUL 12-14, 2000 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS DE environmental modelling; kriging; hydrology; remote sensing AB Much of the water in the western United States of America (USA) comes from mountain snow melting in the spring, which is captured for municipal and agricultural purposes. Improved methods to estimate this spring runoff are valuable for planning processes. On approximately April 1, snow water equivalent (SWE) is measured at many watershed locations across the North America to estimate the amount of water that will be released during the warmer months. On the Lexen Creek Watershed at Fraser Experimental Forest, Fraser, Colorado, USA, 72 established points are measured for SWE across the 121-hectare watershed. The amount of water leaving the watershed from Lexen Creek is also measured at a gauging station. The hydrograph of these measurements provides a comparison of the cumulative result of spatial estimates of total SWE and other sources and sinks for water throughout the runoff season. We compared universal cokriging to stand polygon averages and a simple watershed mean for estimating the amount of water available from snowmelt during the spring runoff period. All three methods gave approximately the same result. Precipitation inputs after the snow measurement date of April 1 were found to be more important than the spatial interpolation technique in obtaining good estimates of total snowmelt runoff from the watershed. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Mowrer, HT (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU DELFT UNIV PRESS DUP SCI PI 2628 CZ DELFT PA P.O. BOX 98 PROMETHEUSPLEIN 1, 2628 CZ DELFT, NETHERLANDS BN 90-407-2085-1 PY 2000 BP 501 EP 508 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing GA BU92Z UT WOS:000177422100076 ER PT B AU Riemann, R Hoppus, M Lister, A AF Riemann, R Hoppus, M Lister, A BE Heuvelink, GBM Lemmens, MJP TI Using arrays of small ground sample plots to assess the accuracy of Landsat TM-derived forest-cover maps SO ACCURACY 2000, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Spatial Accuracy Assessment in Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences CY JUL 12-14, 2000 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS DE forestry; remote sensing; accuracy assessment of source data; positional uncertainty; spatial variability AB A continuous map of forest cover is a basic and widely sought after source of information by research foresters and land managers. This information can be generated from a variety of remotely sensed sources and processing methods, each with different characteristics and levels of accuracy. Assessing the accuracy and relative accuracies of these maps over large areas often has been difficult because of a lack of appropriate ground data with which to assess them. We investigated the use of the USDA Forest Service's Forest Inventory (FIA) plots as the source of ground truth. The plots represent an ongoing dataset that is designed to be objective, unbiased, consistent, and extensive. However, the use of ground plots to assess the accuracy of forest cover maps derived from Landsat TM imagery has produced mixed results. Plot and pixel location error, straddled plots, image resolution, inherent differences in point of view between ground and remotely sensed measurements, and the complexity of ground cover all affect one's confidence in the accuracy assessments. We illustrate the strong relationship between FIA plots and TM imagery and address the difficulties cited through area-to-area comparisons and use of the continuous data available on the FIA plots. This extensive plot dataset is then used to more specifically assess the accuracy of TM-derived maps. The study area, Connecticut, is used because of the spatial complexity of its forested areas. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. RP Riemann, R (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 11 Campus Blvd, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU DELFT UNIV PRESS DUP SCI PI 2628 CZ DELFT PA P.O. BOX 98 PROMETHEUSPLEIN 1, 2628 CZ DELFT, NETHERLANDS BN 90-407-2085-1 PY 2000 BP 541 EP 548 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Remote Sensing SC Computer Science; Remote Sensing GA BU92Z UT WOS:000177422100082 ER PT J AU Smigocki, A Heu, S Buta, G AF Smigocki, A Heu, S Buta, G TI Analysis of insecticidal activity in transgenic plants carrying the ipt plant growth hormone gene SO ACTA PHYSIOLOGIAE PLANTARUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Meeting of the EUCARPIA-Tomato-Working-Group CY AUG 20-24, 2000 CL WARSAW, POLAND SP EUCARPIA Tomato Working Grp DE cytokinin; insect resistance; isopentenyl transferase; Lycopersicon esculentum; Manduca sexta; Nicotiana ID TOBACCO; EXPRESSION; INDUCTION; CULTURES AB The expression of a bacterial cytokinin biosynthesis gene (PI-II-ipt) in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viviani plants has been correlated with enhanced resistance to Manduca sexta and Myzus persicae. We expressed the PI-II-ipt gene in N. tabacum and Lycopersicon esculentum and observed similar antifeedent effects with the transgenic tobacco but not tomato. A 30 to 50 % reduction in larval weight gain was observed with some of the tomato plants but these results could not be repeated consistently. Leaf surface extracts from transgenic N. plumbaginifolia leaves killed 100 % of M. sexta second instars at concentrations of 0.05 % (w/v) whereas the N. tabacum extracts were at least 20 times less active. Extract suspensions were stable for up to 2 days at ambient temperatures below 42 degrees C and for at least 3 months at 4 degrees C when stored in the dark. HPLC analysis of the N. plumbaginifolia extracts yielded an active fraction that reduced hatching of M. sexta eggs by 30 % and killed first. second and third instars within 24, 45 and 72 hours of exposure, respectively. The activity appears to be associated with oxygen-containing aliphatic compounds, possibly diterpenes, as analyzed by TLC, UV absorption and fragmentation with EIMS. Based on the partial characterization of this activity, the production, secretion or accumulation of secondary metabolites in leaves of cytokinin producing PI-II-ipt N. plumbaginifolia plants appears to be responsible for the observed insect resistance. C1 USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU POLISH ACAD SCIENCES DEPT PLANT PHYSIOLOGY PI KRAKOW PA SLAWKOWSKA STREET NO 17, PL31-016 KRAKOW, POLAND SN 0137-5881 J9 ACTA PHYSIOL PLANT JI Acta Physiol. Plant. PY 2000 VL 22 IS 3 BP 295 EP 299 DI 10.1007/s11738-000-0038-x PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 344CB UT WOS:000088739100025 ER PT J AU Buol, SW Eswaran, H AF Buol, SW Eswaran, H TI Oxisols SO ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY, VOL 68 SE ADVANCES IN AGRONOMY LA English DT Review ID SAPROLITE-SOIL SEQUENCE; NORTH-CAROLINA PIEDMONT; DEEP WEATHERING PROFILE; MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS; CHARGE CHARACTERISTICS; PENINSULAR MALAYSIA; CERRADO VEGETATION; BRAZILIAN AMAZON; PUERTO-RICO; SAO-PAULO C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Buol, SW (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 172 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2113 J9 ADV AGRON PY 2000 VL 68 BP 151 EP 195 PG 45 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BQ31C UT WOS:000087895000004 ER PT J AU Mullaney, EJ Daly, CB Ullah, AHJ AF Mullaney, EJ Daly, CB Ullah, AHJ TI Advances in phytase research SO ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, VOL 47 SE ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID ASPERGILLUS-FICUUM PHYTASE; OPTIMUM ACID-PHOSPHATASE; MYOINOSITOL HEXAKISPHOSPHATE PHOSPHOHYDROLASES; BACILLUS SP. DS11; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; NIGER PHYTASE; SOYBEAN-MEAL; ACTIVE-SITE; BIOCHEMICAL-CHARACTERIZATION; SCHWANNIOMYCES-CASTELLII C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Mullaney, EJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 128 TC 138 Z9 156 U1 5 U2 51 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2164 J9 ADV APPL MICROBIOL JI Adv.Appl.Microbiol. PY 2000 VL 47 BP 157 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0065-2164(00)47004-8 PG 43 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA BR04S UT WOS:000165501400005 PM 12876797 ER PT J AU Hou, CT AF Hou, CT TI Biotransformation of unsaturated fatty acids to industrial products SO ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, VOL 47 SE ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID RICE BLAST DISEASE; FLAVOBACTERIUM SP DS5; OLEIC-ACID; LINOLEIC-ACID; 7,10-DIHYDROXY-8(E)-OCTADECENOIC ACID; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; 10-KETOSTEARIC ACID; MICROBIAL CONVERSION; NRRL B-14859; BIOCONVERSION C1 USDA, Oil Chem Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hou, CT (reprint author), USDA, Oil Chem Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 62 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2164 J9 ADV APPL MICROBIOL JI Adv.Appl.Microbiol. PY 2000 VL 47 BP 201 EP 220 DI 10.1016/S0065-2164(00)47005-X PG 20 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA BR04S UT WOS:000165501400006 PM 12876798 ER PT J AU Jeffries, TW Jin, YS AF Jeffries, TW Jin, YS TI Ethanol and thermotolerance in the bioconversion of xylose by yeasts SO ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, VOL 47 SE ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID MEMBRANE H+-ATPASE; RECOMBINANT SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; KLUYVEROMYCES-MARXIANUS IMB3; DIFFERENT CARBON-SOURCES; HEAT-SHOCK-PROTEIN; PHOSPHATE PATHWAY ENZYMES; FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; IN-VIVO ACTIVATION; PICHIA-STIPITIS; PLASMA-MEMBRANE C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, US Forest Serv, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Food Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Jeffries, TW (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, US Forest Serv, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012; Jin, Yong-Su/L-4530-2013 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065; NR 241 TC 95 Z9 105 U1 2 U2 21 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2164 J9 ADV APPL MICROBIOL JI Adv.Appl.Microbiol. PY 2000 VL 47 BP 221 EP 268 DI 10.1016/S0065-2164(00)47006-1 PG 48 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA BR04S UT WOS:000165501400007 PM 12876799 ER PT J AU Duke, SO Canel, C Rimando, AM Tellez, MR Duke, MV Paul, RN AF Duke, SO Canel, C Rimando, AM Tellez, MR Duke, MV Paul, RN TI Current and potential exploitation of plant glandular trichome productivity SO ADVANCES IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH INCORPORATING ADVANCES IN PLANT PATHOLOGY, VOL 31 2000 SE ADVANCES IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH INCORPORATING ADVANCES IN PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Review ID ARTEMISIA-ANNUA L; TUMEFACIENS-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION; X PIPERITA LEAVES; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; LEONOTIS-LEONURUS; NEPETA-RACEMOSA; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; SOLANUM-BERTHAULTII; POLYPHENOL OXIDASE; TRANSGENIC PLANTS C1 USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Duke, SO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 291 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 24 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA J9 ADV BOT RES JI Adv.Bot.Res. PY 2000 VL 31 BP 121 EP 151 DI 10.1016/S0065-2296(00)31008-4 PG 31 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA BQ31G UT WOS:000087898800004 ER PT S AU Toroser, D Huber, SC AF Toroser, D Huber, SC BE Kreis, M Walker, JC TI Carbon and nitrogen metabolism and reversible protein phosphorylation SO ADVANCES IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH INCORPORATING ADVANCES IN PLANT PATHOLOGY, VOL 32: PLANT PROTEIN KINASES SE Advances in Botanical Research LA English DT Review ID SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; LEAF NITRATE REDUCTASE; SPINACEA-OLERACEA LEAVES; PLANT PLASMA-MEMBRANE; 3-HYDROXY-3-METHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE; REGULATORY PHOSPHORYLATION; IN-VITRO; POSTTRANSLATIONAL REGULATION; INORGANIC-PHOSPHATE; INHIBITOR PROTEIN C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA, ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Bot, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Toroser, D (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA, ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 91 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0065-2296 BN 0-12-005932-0 J9 ADV BOT RES JI Adv. Bot. Res. PY 2000 VL 32 BP 435 EP 458 DI 10.1016/S0065-2296(00)32032-8 PG 24 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA BQ58V UT WOS:000088875100013 ER PT B AU Satter, LD Wu, ZG AF Satter, LD Wu, ZG BE Kennelly, J TI Balancing the animal's nutritional needs with environmental stewardship SO ADVANCES IN DAIRY TECHNOLOGY, VOL 12 SE ADVANCES IN DAIRY TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th Annual Western Canadian Dairy Seminar (WCDS) CY MAR 07-10, 2000 CL RED DEER, CANADA SP Cooperators Insurance, Financial Serv, Dairy Extens Advisory Grp, Alberta Agr Food & Rural Dev, Alberta Treasury Branches, Alfa Laval Agri, Canbra Foods Ltd, Chinook Dairy Serv Ltd, Church & Dwight Co Inc, Co op Feeds, Div Federated Co op Ltd, Elanco Anim Hlth, Provel, Farm Credit Corp, Hoffman La Roche Ltd, Masterfeeds, Nutrena Feeds, Cargill Ltd, Pharmacia & Upjohn Anim Hlth, Quality Feeds, Unifeed, Univ Alberta, Westfalia Surge Canada Ltd, ADM Anim Hlth & Nutrit, Alta Genet Inc, Alberta Milk Producers, Aventis Anim Nutrit Canada Inc, Bank Montreal, Biovance(R) Technologies Inc, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd, Chr Hansen Ltd, IMC Agrico, Meyers Norris Penny, Roche Anim Hlth, Royal Bank, Schering Plough Anim Hlth, Triple M Great W Feeds Ltd, Westgen, Westlock Vet Clin, Camrose Vet Grp, Leduc Vet Hosp, Wetaskiwin Co operative Assoc, Alltech Inc, Bricon Safety Grooving Ltd, Calmar Feed Mill Ltd, Canadian Bio Syst Inc, CJ Concrete Grooving, Diamond V Mills, Furst McNess Co Canada Ltd, Great NO Livestock Consulting Ltd, Intervet Canada Ltd, Norwest Labs, Pioneer Hi Bred Ltd, Star Quality Samplers, Vernon Siemens Construct Inc, V S Feed & Agri Supplies Ltd, Western Canadian DHI Serv, Dairyworld Foods, John Deere Ltd, Lucerne Foods, Manitoba Mild Producers, Nestle Canada Inc, Parmalat, Beatrice Foods, Prolivestock ID STEAM-ROLLED CORN; DAIRY-COWS; EARLY LACTATION; ALFALFA SILAGE; PERFORMANCE; PHOSPHORUS; DIETS; NUTRIENT; PROTEIN AB Take Home Messages Livestock operations will need to meet increasingly stringent regulations regarding nitrogen and phosphorus release into the environment. While livestock operations contribute to nitrate contamination of groundwater as well as ammonia and nitrous oxide contamination of the atmosphere, it will be the volatile releases to the atmosphere that will prove most difficult to control. Nitrogen losses to the environment can be reduced somewhat through diet manipulation, but the potential is limited (10-15%). Dietary phosphorus supplementation of dairy cows is usually excessive and can be reduced by approximately 20%, saving $15-20 per cow per year. Depending upon crop yields, approximately one hectare of land will be required per lactating cow (including her replacement heifer) to utilize the manure without phosphorus accumulation in the soil. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Satter, LD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIVERSITY ALBERTA DEPT AGR, FOOD & NUTR SCI PI EDMONTON PA 310 AGRICULTURE FORESTRYCTR, EDMONTON, AB T6G 2P5, CANADA BN 1-896110-13-4 J9 ADV DAIRY TECHNOL PY 2000 VL 12 BP 43 EP 57 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BQ50W UT WOS:000088545100005 ER PT B AU Satter, LD AF Satter, LD BE Kennelly, J TI Corn silage as a companion forage: Pros and cons SO ADVANCES IN DAIRY TECHNOLOGY, VOL 12 SE ADVANCES IN DAIRY TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th Annual Western Canadian Dairy Seminar (WCDS) CY MAR 07-10, 2000 CL RED DEER, CANADA SP Cooperators Insurance, Financial Serv, Dairy Extens Advisory Grp, Alberta Agr Food & Rural Dev, Alberta Treasury Branches, Alfa Laval Agri, Canbra Foods Ltd, Chinook Dairy Serv Ltd, Church & Dwight Co Inc, Co op Feeds, Div Federated Co op Ltd, Elanco Anim Hlth, Provel, Farm Credit Corp, Hoffman La Roche Ltd, Masterfeeds, Nutrena Feeds, Cargill Ltd, Pharmacia & Upjohn Anim Hlth, Quality Feeds, Unifeed, Univ Alberta, Westfalia Surge Canada Ltd, ADM Anim Hlth & Nutrit, Alta Genet Inc, Alberta Milk Producers, Aventis Anim Nutrit Canada Inc, Bank Montreal, Biovance(R) Technologies Inc, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd, Chr Hansen Ltd, IMC Agrico, Meyers Norris Penny, Roche Anim Hlth, Royal Bank, Schering Plough Anim Hlth, Triple M Great W Feeds Ltd, Westgen, Westlock Vet Clin, Camrose Vet Grp, Leduc Vet Hosp, Wetaskiwin Co operative Assoc, Alltech Inc, Bricon Safety Grooving Ltd, Calmar Feed Mill Ltd, Canadian Bio Syst Inc, CJ Concrete Grooving, Diamond V Mills, Furst McNess Co Canada Ltd, Great NO Livestock Consulting Ltd, Intervet Canada Ltd, Norwest Labs, Pioneer Hi Bred Ltd, Star Quality Samplers, Vernon Siemens Construct Inc, V S Feed & Agri Supplies Ltd, Western Canadian DHI Serv, Dairyworld Foods, John Deere Ltd, Lucerne Foods, Manitoba Mild Producers, Nestle Canada Inc, Parmalat, Beatrice Foods, Prolivestock ID DAIRY-COWS; ALFALFA SILAGE AB There appear to be small advantages in terms of milk production with high producing cows when a blend of alfalfa and corn silage is fed. Better whole-farm nutrient management is possible with a blend of alfalfa and corn silage. There appear to be varietal differences between hybrids and their nutritional value, but this area is poorly understood. Brown midrib 3, a mutant variety that contains less lignin, is of high nutritive value but has lower yield and has potential for stalk breakage. Processing or roller milling of corn silage has a small benefit in terms of milk production, but has potential for significant economic impact. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Satter, LD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIVERSITY ALBERTA DEPT AGR, FOOD & NUTR SCI PI EDMONTON PA 310 AGRICULTURE FORESTRYCTR, EDMONTON, AB T6G 2P5, CANADA BN 1-896110-13-4 J9 ADV DAIRY TECHNOL PY 2000 VL 12 BP 369 EP 380 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BQ50W UT WOS:000088545100031 ER PT S AU Mason, JB Choi, SW AF Mason, JB Choi, SW BE Weber, G TI Folate and carcinogenesis: Developing a unifying hypothesis SO ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION, VOL 40 SE ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 40th International Symposium on Regulation of Enzyme Activity and Synthesis in Normal and Neoplastic Tissue CY OCT 04-05, 1999 CL INDIANA UNIV SCH MED, INDIANAPOLIS, INDIANA SP Eli Lilly & Co, Glaxo Wellcome Inc, GenVec, Indiana Univ Sch Med, Merck Res Labs Japan, Roche Diagnost Corp HO INDIANA UNIV SCH MED ID GLOBAL DNA HYPOMETHYLATION; METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE POLYMORPHISM; PHA-STIMULATED LYMPHOCYTES; HAMSTER OVARY CELLS; FOLIC-ACID; CERVICAL DYSPLASIA; COLORECTAL-CANCER; P53 GENE; URACIL MISINCORPORATION; METHYLATION PATTERNS C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin & Carcinogenesis Program, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Med,Div Gastroenterol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Sch Med, Dept Med,Div Clin Nutr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Mason, JB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin & Carcinogenesis Program, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA59005-05S1] NR 79 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0065-2571 BN 0-08-043863-6 J9 ADV ENZYME REGUL PY 2000 VL 40 BP 127 EP 141 DI 10.1016/S0065-2571(99)00037-0 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA BR69C UT WOS:000167171600008 PM 10828349 ER PT S AU Leong, SA Farman, ML Chauhan, RS Punekar, N Mayama, S Nakayashi, H Eto, Y Tosa, Y Ronald, P Zhang, HB AF Leong, SA Farman, ML Chauhan, RS Punekar, N Mayama, S Nakayashi, H Eto, Y Tosa, Y Ronald, P Zhang, HB BE Tharreau, D Lebrun, MH Talbot, NJ Notteghem, JL TI Progress on understanding the molecular basis of cultivar specificity in the interaction of the Magnaporthe grisea AVRI-CO39 with rice variety CO39 SO ADVANCES IN RICE BLAST RESEARCH SE DEVELOPMENTS IN PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Rice Blast Conference CY AUG 04-08, 1998 CL MONTPELLIER, FRANCE SP AGRO Montpellier, CIRAD ID RESISTANCE GENE; GENOME; IDENTIFICATION; VIRULENCE; MAPS C1 USDA ARS, Plant Dis Resistance Res Unit, Madison, WI 53506 USA. RP Leong, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Dis Resistance Res Unit, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53506 USA. RI Talbot, Nicholas/I-9584-2014 OI Talbot, Nicholas/0000-0001-6434-7757 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1318 BN 0-7923-6257-8 J9 DEV PLANT PATHOL PY 2000 VL 15 BP 308 EP 315 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA BR11T UT WOS:000165694800037 ER PT B AU Fravel, DR Larkin, RP AF Fravel, DR Larkin, RP BE Tjamos, EC Rowe, RC Heale, JB Fravel, DR TI Effect of sublethal stresses on microsclerotia of Verticillium dahliae SO ADVANCES IN VERTICILLIUM: RESEARCH AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Verticillium Symposium CY OCT 06-10, 1997 CL CAPE SOUNION, GREECE ID TALAROMYCES-FLAVUS; GLUCOSE-OXIDASE; BIOCONTROL; WILT C1 USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fravel, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA BN 0-89054-247-3 PY 2000 BP 301 EP 306 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA BQ28J UT WOS:000087808000059 ER PT J AU Pan, X Hesketh, JD Huck, MG AF Pan, X Hesketh, JD Huck, MG TI OWSimu: an object-oriented and Web-based simulator for plant growth SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Java class; WWW; interface; crop simulation ID COTTON; MODEL AB OWSimu is a Java-based generic plant growth simulator. According to the principles of object-oriented design, Java classes were programmed for plant growth simulation as well as relevant input, output and user interfaces, The program was developed as a Java applet with a user-friendly graphical interface running on the Web. With a Java (JDK1.1)-embedded Web browser, users can link the run-time model and perform-plant growth simulations at our website. OWSimu is a convenient tool for researchers, teachers and students to use in the general study of plant growth. It describes the growth of a typical plant that is free of pests and diseases. The program is currently able to simulate plant growth for more than a dozen crops and weeds under Illinois weather and three typical soil conditions. Additional data is needed to modify OWSimu so that it can have a better carbon balance model for different plant species and accommodate different varieties within a selected plant species for use in a specific crop production management system. The program source code is highly reusable for further development and for other crop modeling work. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Ctr Biotechnol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Huck, MG (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-521X J9 AGR SYST JI Agric. Syst. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 63 IS 1 BP 33 EP 47 DI 10.1016/S0308-521X(99)00071-2 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 294DY UT WOS:000085897100003 ER PT B AU Gburek, WJ Sharpley, AN Folmar, GJ AF Gburek, WJ Sharpley, AN Folmar, GJ BE Sharpley, AN TI Critical areas of phosphorus export from agricultural watersheds SO AGRICULTURE AND PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT: THE CHESAPEAKE BAY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Agriculture and Phosphorus Management - The Chesapeake Bay CY APR, 1998 CL PENN STATE UNIV, UNIVERSITY PK, PA SP Sci & Techn Advisory Comm, Chesapeake Bay Program HO PENN STATE UNIV ID SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; RUNOFF; EROSION AB Phosphorus-focused management of all fields having high soil phosphorus levels or high rates of phosphorus input via fertilizer or manure is not necessary to reduce phosphorus export from a watershed. Rather, management should focus on the areas representing the intersections of high phosphorus source - areas of actual or potential transport mechanisms, primarily surface runoff and erosion, These intersections define the critical source areas (CSAs) controlling phosphorus export. In this chapter, we extend the generalities of phosphorus soil chemistry and pathways of transport addressed in previous chapters to the watershed scale. Based on the watershed-scale findings, we suggest modifications to the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Phosphorus Index, a user-oriented tool for identification of CSAs controlling phosphorus export from agricultural watersheds and evaluation of management options available. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA USA. RP Gburek, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA USA. NR 32 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-494-4 PY 2000 BP 83 EP 104 PG 22 WC Agronomy; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BP67W UT WOS:000085842300007 ER PT B AU Sharpley, AN AF Sharpley, AN BE Sharpley, AN TI Concluding remarks: Future strategies to meet the agricultural and environmental challenges of the 21st century SO AGRICULTURE AND PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT: THE CHESAPEAKE BAY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Agriculture and Phosphorus Management - The Chesapeake Bay CY APR, 1998 CL PENN STATE UNIV, UNIVERSITY PK, PA SP Sci & Techn Advisory Comm, Chesapeake Bay Program HO PENN STATE UNIV C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA USA. RP Sharpley, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-494-4 PY 2000 BP 199 EP 202 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BP67W UT WOS:000085842300015 ER PT B AU Sharpley, AN AF Sharpley, AN BE Sharpley, AN TI Agriculture and phosphorus management - The Chesapeake Bay - Introduction SO AGRICULTURE AND PHOSPHORUS MANAGEMENT: THE CHESAPEAKE BAY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Agriculture and Phosphorus Management - The Chesapeake Bay CY APR, 1998 CL PENN STATE UNIV, UNIVERSITY PK, PA SP Sci & Techn Advisory Comm, Chesapeake Bay Program HO PENN STATE UNIV ID TOXINS; FARM C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA USA. RP Sharpley, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LEWIS PUBLISHERS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA BN 1-56670-494-4 PY 2000 BP U3 EP U12 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BP67W UT WOS:000085842300001 ER PT J AU Schepers, JS Sadler, EJ Raun, WR AF Schepers, JS Sadler, EJ Raun, WR TI Grantsmanship hints SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Successful gantsmanship, although a critical skill for researchers, Is rarely taught in graduate schools. This handicaps inexperienced researchers, who often must simultaneously develop courses, extension programs, and a research program. As a result, they frequently suffer a lower success rate in obtaining research funding than more experienced researchers. Our objective is to provide the research community with a summary of observations we made while serving in the grant proposal review process. A preliminary list of our observations has apparently enjoyed widespread distribution, suggesting that there is in fact a need for this information, We disclaim any status as experts, offering these observations to those who wish to understand the review process as we observed it while participating in the USDA National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program. C1 USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Florence, SC 29501 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Schepers, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, 119 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Raun, William/A-3075-2017 OI Raun, William/0000-0002-1206-1105 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 92 IS 1 BP 1 EP 5 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355UW UT WOS:000089407800001 ER PT J AU Sheaffer, CC Martin, NP Jewett, JG Halgerson, J Moon, RD Cuomo, GR AF Sheaffer, CC Martin, NP Jewett, JG Halgerson, J Moon, RD Cuomo, GR TI Sampling requirements for forage quality characterization of rectangular hay bales SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Commercial lots of alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) hay are often bought and sold on the basis of forage quality. Proper sampling is essential to obtain accurate forage quality results for pricing of alfalfa hay, but information about sampling is limited to small, 20- to 40-kg rectangular bales. Our objectives were to determine the within-bale variation in 400-kg rectangular bales and to determine the number and distribution of core samples required to represent the crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and dry matter (DM) concentration in commercial lots of alfalfa hay. Four bales were selected from each of three hay lots and core sampled nine times per side for a total of 54 cores per bale. There was no consistent pattern of forage quality variation within bales. Averaged across lots, any portion of a bale was highly correlated with bale grand means for CP, ADF, NDF, and DM. Three lots of hay were probed six times per bale, one core per bale side from 55, 14, and 14 bales per lot. For determination of CP, ADF, NDF, and DM concentration, total core numbers required to achieve an acceptable standard error (SE) were minimized by sampling once per bale. Bootstrap analysis of data from the most variable hay lot suggested that forage quality of any lot of 400-kg alfalfa hay bales should be adequately represented by 12 bales sampled once per bale. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. W Cent Res & Outreach Ctr, Morris, MN USA. RP Sheaffer, CC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 1991 U Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 92 IS 1 BP 64 EP 68 DI 10.1007/s100870050008 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355UW UT WOS:000089407800011 ER PT J AU Sanderson, MA Elwinger, GF AF Sanderson, MA Elwinger, GF TI Seedling development of chicory and plantain SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GRASSLANDS PUNA CHICORY; FORAGE CHICORY; MANAGEMENT; PRODUCTIVITY; SWARDS AB Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) are perennial herbs for pastures. Knowledge of growth and development of these species is needed to develop appropriate management practices. We compared growth and development of chicory and plantain during establishment in growth chamber, greenhouse, and field studies. 'Grasslands Puna', 'La Certa', and 'Forage Feast' chicory and 'Ceres Tonic' and 'Grasslands Lancelot' plantain seedlings were destructively sampled weekly for 7 wk in the growth chamber and greenhouse beginning 8 to 10 days after planting (DAP). The number and mass of leaves and roots (primary, lateral, basal, and adventitious; growth chamber only) were recorded. In the field, leaf development was measured during spring and fall of 1997, whereas leaf and root development were measured during spring of 1999. Puna chicory developed a larger root mass than plantains, whereas plantains had greater root length than chicory. Plantains developed 8 to 10 adventitious roots on the hypocotyl, but the chicory cultivars developed only one or two. Plantain and chicory developed only one or two basal roots per plant. Primary and lateral roots dominated the root systems of both species. Leaf development in fall 1997 was slower than in spring with only two leaves forming on each species by 49 DAP in fall compared with six to seven leaves during spring in the field. Across environments (except fall), seedlings developed three to four leaves by 40 to 50 DAP. Our data suggest that development of three to four leaves is required for successful establishment of chicory and plantain seedlings. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sanderson, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Bldg 3702 Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 5 U2 15 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 92 IS 1 BP 69 EP 74 DI 10.1007/s100870050009 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355UW UT WOS:000089407800012 ER PT J AU Halvorson, AD Black, AL Krupinsky, JM Merrill, SD Wienhold, BJ Tanaka, DL AF Halvorson, AD Black, AL Krupinsky, JM Merrill, SD Wienhold, BJ Tanaka, DL TI Spring wheat response to tillage and nitrogen fertilization in rotation with sunflower and winter wheat SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; DRYLAND CROPPING SYSTEMS; STORAGE EFFICIENCY; WATER STORAGE; ECONOMICS; YIELD AB Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major crop in the northern Great Plains that is generally grown following a 21-mo fallow period. A 12-yr study was conducted to determine the effects of tillage system [conventional-till (CT), minimum-till (MT), and no-till (NT)], N fertilizer rate (34, 67, and 101 kg N ha(-1)), and cultivar (Butte86 and Stoa) on spring wheat yields within a dryland spring wheat (SW)-winter wheat (WW)-sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (SF) rotation. Grain yield responses varied with tillage system, N fertilizer rate, cultivar, and year as indicated by significant tillage x N rate x year and N rate x cultivar x year interactions. In years with >260 mm total plant available water (TPAW) but <400 mm TPAW, NT grain yields were greater than those with CT at the highest N rate, with similar trends at the medium and low N rates. When TPAW exceeded 400 mm, grain yields for CT were generally greater than for NT at the medium N rates. The greatest 12-yr average grain yield (1727 kg ha(-1)) was obtained with NT and application of 101 kg N ha(-1). Grain yields were lowest during years when TPAW was <300 mm, with only small responses to tillage and N treatments. Cultivars responded similarly to N fertilization in years with >300 mm TPAW, with Butte86 yielding more than Stoa in 6 out of the 12 yr, Soil NO3-N levels increased in the root zone following three consecutive drought years, but had declined to initial year levels by the end of the study. These results indicate that farmers in the northern Great Plains can produce SW following SF in annual cropping systems that do not include a fallow period, particularly if NT or MT systems are used with adequate N fertilization. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. USDA ARS, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Halvorson, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 35 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 92 IS 1 BP 136 EP 144 DI 10.1007/s100870050016 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355UW UT WOS:000089407800021 ER PT J AU Schillinger, WF Young, FL AF Schillinger, WF Young, FL TI Soil water use and growth of Russian thistle after wheat harvest SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SALSOLA-IBERICA AB Russian thistle (Salsola iberica Sennen and Paul is a major broadleaf weed in dryland crops (<300 mm annual precipitation) in the Pacific Northwest of the USA. Russian thistle frequently infests wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and other spring-sown crops, especially during drought. Quantitative information on water use, biomass accumulation, and seed production of Russian thistle after wheat harvest is lacking. In a 2-yr field study at Lind, Washington, Russian thistle plants were allowed to grow yearly in spring wheat in a grid pattern without competition from other weeds. Individual Russian thistle plants used 70 L of soil water while growing with the crop. From wheat harvest in early August until killing frost in late October, each Russian thistle used an additional 100 L of soil water. Water use occurred within a 1.5-m radius of the Russian thistle. Spring wheat competed with Russian thistle for water at shallow soil depths; most water use by Russian thistle was from deeper than 1.0 m. Russian thistle dry weight increased from 170 to 1280 g per plant between grain harvest and killing frost. Russian thistle seeds were either not produced or germinable until mid-September. By late October, individual plants had produced 67 000 and 25 000 seeds in 1996 and 1997, respectively. In low crop residue situations, rapid post-harvest growth by Russian thistle (before seed production) provides valuable surface cover for erosion control, but with the prospect that soil water may be reduced for the subsequent crop. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Schillinger, WF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, 201 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. OI Schillinger, William/0000-0001-9285-8159 NR 17 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 5 U2 16 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 92 IS 1 BP 167 EP 172 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355UW UT WOS:000089407800025 ER PT J AU Wilhelm, WW Arnold, SL Schepers, JS AF Wilhelm, WW Arnold, SL Schepers, JS TI Using a nitrate specific ion electrode to determine stalk nitrate-nitrogen concentration SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The end-of-season stalk NO3 test has been used to determine N sufficiency in corn (Zea mays L.). Nitrate concentration is commonly determined with flow-injection analysis (FIA), which is accurate but uses hazardous chemicals and is time-consuming. Use of a simpler method of NO3 determination, such as the NO3 specific ion electrode (SIE), may save time and rests, and reduce hazards. The objective of this study was to compare estimates of stalk NO3 concentration by FIA and NO3 SIE. For FIA, NO3 was extracted with 2 M KCl, and the extract was filtered before analysis. For SIE, NO3 was extracted with 0.04 M (NH4)(2)SO4, and the extract was analyzed without filtration. The slope of the linear regression between concentrations estimated by SIE and FIA did not differ from 1.0. Use of the NO3 SIE, compared with FIA, reduces costs, sample processing, and use of hazardous chemicals. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Wilhelm, WW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 119 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 6 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 92 IS 1 BP 186 EP 189 DI 10.1007/s100870050019 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 355UW UT WOS:000089407800028 ER PT B AU Hatfield, JL Prueger, JH Cionco, RM Sauer, TJ Pfeiffer, RL Hipps, LE Zahn, JK AF Hatfield, JL Prueger, JH Cionco, RM Sauer, TJ Pfeiffer, RL Hipps, LE Zahn, JK GP ASAE ASAE TI Air flow and microclimate around earthen manure storage units SO AIR POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations CY OCT 09-11, 2000 CL DES MOINES, IA SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers, Amer Acad Environm Engineers, Amer Agr Econ Assoc, Amer Dairy Sci Assoc, Amer Soc Anim Sci, Amer Soc Swine Practitioners, Amer Vet Med Assoc, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Council Agr Sci & Technol, Inst Food Technol, Int Assoc Milk, Food & Environm Sanitarians Inc, Feedstuffs, MidW Plan Service, Natl Broiler Council, Natl Cotton Council Amer, Natl Cotton Ginners Assoc, Natl Hog Farmer, Natl Pork Prod Council, Rural Builder, Soil & Water Conservat Soc, Soil Sci Soc Amer, Univ Guelph, USDA ARS, UDSA CSREES, PAS, USDA NRCS, Amer Soc Agron DE air flow patterns; microclimate; water vapor; temperature; windspeed; dispersion modeling; atmospheric pollutants ID TERRAIN AB Earthen manure storage units serve as sources of volatile organic compounds, ammonia, methane, and nitrous oxide gases to the atmosphere. The generation of these gases and the exchange between the manure surface and the atmosphere are controlled by the microclimate surrounding the manure storage unit. There have been no direct measurements of the microclimate around and within earthen manure storage units, so we developed a study to quantify these changes for units located in Iowa and Oklahoma These measurements were made from the spring of 1996 through 1998 using automated data acquisition systems equipped with air temperature, water vapor, and windspeed sensors. One system was placed in the center of the manure unit to measure the conditions directly over the liquid surface and the temperature profile of the liquid. Temperature profiles within the liquid revealed that the upper 25 cm were often isothermal throughout the year due to a large amount of biological activity. Air temperature surrounding manure storage units were affected by the wind direction and evaporative conditions on a given day. Water vapor concentrations were a function of windspeed and the surrounding vegetative surface. Transport of gases away from production units was predicted using an atmospheric transport model that allowed the terrain and placement of buildings as input into the model. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hatfield, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-12-3 PY 2000 BP 124 EP 131 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Environmental SC Agriculture; Engineering GA BR57K UT WOS:000166835800016 ER PT B AU Trent, A Fisher, R Thistle, H Babbitt, R AF Trent, A Fisher, R Thistle, H Babbitt, R GP ASAE ASAE TI Evaluation of real-time particulate: Monitors for smoke environments SO AIR POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations CY OCT 09-11, 2000 CL DES MOINES, IA SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers, Amer Acad Environm Engineers, Amer Agr Econ Assoc, Amer Dairy Sci Assoc, Amer Soc Anim Sci, Amer Soc Swine Practitioners, Amer Vet Med Assoc, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Council Agr Sci & Technol, Inst Food Technol, Int Assoc Milk, Food & Environm Sanitarians Inc, Feedstuffs, MidW Plan Service, Natl Broiler Council, Natl Cotton Council Amer, Natl Cotton Ginners Assoc, Natl Hog Farmer, Natl Pork Prod Council, Rural Builder, Soil & Water Conservat Soc, Soil Sci Soc Amer, Univ Guelph, USDA ARS, UDSA CSREES, PAS, USDA NRCS, Amer Soc Agron DE nephelometer; real-time particulate monitoring; particulate monitoring; smoke monitoring AB The USDA Forest Service, Missoula Technology and Development Center is evaluating several real-time particulate monitors for use in smoke related environments. These nephelometer-based instruments are being compared to gravimetric techniques in both a laboratory and field environment to measure particulate levels generated from burning biomass. The results from the tests indicate the real-time instruments typically overestimate mass concentrations, sometimes by a factor of 2, when measuring smoke particulate. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Missoula Technol & Dev Ctr, Missoula, MT USA. RP Trent, A (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Missoula Technol & Dev Ctr, Missoula, MT USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-12-3 PY 2000 BP 228 EP 235 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Environmental SC Agriculture; Engineering GA BR57K UT WOS:000166835800029 ER PT B AU Brabec, DL Steele, JL Spillman, CK AF Brabec, DL Steele, JL Spillman, CK GP ASAE ASAE TI Modeling of grain dust emissions and depositions during water mist applications. SO AIR POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations CY OCT 09-11, 2000 CL DES MOINES, IA SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers, Amer Acad Environm Engineers, Amer Agr Econ Assoc, Amer Dairy Sci Assoc, Amer Soc Anim Sci, Amer Soc Swine Practitioners, Amer Vet Med Assoc, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Council Agr Sci & Technol, Inst Food Technol, Int Assoc Milk, Food & Environm Sanitarians Inc, Feedstuffs, MidW Plan Service, Natl Broiler Council, Natl Cotton Council Amer, Natl Cotton Ginners Assoc, Natl Hog Farmer, Natl Pork Prod Council, Rural Builder, Soil & Water Conservat Soc, Soil Sci Soc Amer, Univ Guelph, USDA ARS, UDSA CSREES, PAS, USDA NRCS, Amer Soc Agron DE grain dust; air flow patterns; misting systems AB Whenever bulk grain is dropped, mixed or tumbled, dust particles enter the air streams and produce clouds of dust. Grain dust clouds are a nuisance and health risk to workers and a potential fuel source for fires and explosions. Direct applications of oil and water to grain are effective in reducing grain dust emissions. Water misting can be used to confine and suppress dust clouds and emissions, however, its effectiveness and optimum application requirements are unknown. The purpose of this paper is to model airflow and dust-mist particle movements using a computational fluid dynamics software. Modeling was used to simulate ambient air conditions and induced airflow from a water-mist system at steady-state conditions. Four models were presented which estimate air-flow patterns and dust movement from a grain receiving hopper. The air velocity from the dust source was tried at 1.1 and 2.0 m/s. Once the air velocity profiles were determined, the model used particle tracking to estimate emissions and depositions of particles. The 10-50 microns particles were the source of airborne emissions for this example. The larger particles settled to the floor. The induced air fi-om the fine spray reduced the path height of the escaping particles, but the particles still escaped. Near the tip of the spray nozzles, the drop velocities and concentration are greater than the dust velocities and concentration. The potential for collisions between drops and particles was investigated and appeared to be low. Several potential scenarios were considered and were based on the drop flux density and sphere of influence. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Brabec, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-12-3 PY 2000 BP 259 EP 270 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Environmental SC Agriculture; Engineering GA BR57K UT WOS:000166835800033 ER PT B AU Funk, PA Holt, GA AF Funk, PA Holt, GA GP ASAE ASAE TI Summary of cyclone research at two USDA-ARS ginning laboratories SO AIR POLLUTION FROM AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Air Pollution from Agricultural Operations CY OCT 09-11, 2000 CL DES MOINES, IA SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers, Amer Acad Environm Engineers, Amer Agr Econ Assoc, Amer Dairy Sci Assoc, Amer Soc Anim Sci, Amer Soc Swine Practitioners, Amer Vet Med Assoc, Amer Water Resources Assoc, Council Agr Sci & Technol, Inst Food Technol, Int Assoc Milk, Food & Environm Sanitarians Inc, Feedstuffs, MidW Plan Service, Natl Broiler Council, Natl Cotton Council Amer, Natl Cotton Ginners Assoc, Natl Hog Farmer, Natl Pork Prod Council, Rural Builder, Soil & Water Conservat Soc, Soil Sci Soc Amer, Univ Guelph, USDA ARS, UDSA CSREES, PAS, USDA NRCS, Amer Soc Agron AB Cyclones have been used for decades as a cost-effective means of controlling particulate matter emissions from cotton gins. More stringent regulation and heightened public awareness of environmental concerns has increased the need for improving the control of emissions from cotton gins. Within the past few years, a significant amount of research has been conducted to improve cyclone performance in an effort to help the ginning industry meet more restrictive emission standards. These studies included evaluation of operational parameters and minor design modifications to the conventional cyclone collector. This paper summarizes cyclone research performed in the past two years at the USDA - ARS ginning laboratories in Lubbock, TX and Mesilla Park, NM. Future work plans are also discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Southwestern Cotton Ginning Res Lab, Mesilla Pk, NM 88046 USA. RP Funk, PA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Southwestern Cotton Ginning Res Lab, Mesilla Pk, NM 88046 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-12-3 PY 2000 BP 271 EP 277 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Environmental SC Agriculture; Engineering GA BR57K UT WOS:000166835800034 ER PT B AU Hoagland, RE Cutler, SJ AF Hoagland, RE Cutler, SJ BE Narwal, SS Hoagland, RE Dilday, RH Reigosa, MJ TI Plant and microbial compounds as herbicides SO ALLELOPATHY IN ECOLOGICAL AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Congress on Allelopathy in Ecological Agriculture and Forestry CY AUG 18-21, 1998 CL UNIV AGR SCI, DHARWAD, INDIA HO UNIV AGR SCI DE allelochemicals; herbicides; microbial compounds; microrganisms; plants; weeds ID NATURAL PRODUCT SORGOLEONE; N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE GENE; TABTOXININE-BETA-LACTAM; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE; PHOSPHINOTHRICIN GLUFOSINATE; ADENYLOSUCCINATE SYNTHETASE; STREPTOMYCES-HYGROSCOPICUS; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; SUBSTITUTED PHOSPHINOTHRICINS AB There are numerous reports of secondary compounds derived from plants and microorganisms that are phytotoxic. The most commercially successful of these allelochemic natural products are bialaphos and its active ingredient phosphinothricin, which led to the development of the herbicide glufosinate. There are many other natural products with herbicidal potential. Pyridazocidin, a phytotoxin produced by a soil Streptomyces species, causes rapid chlorosis and necrosis of several weeds. This is the first natural product that appears to act via reversible oxidation/reduction linked to photosynthetic electron transport, analogous to synthetic compounds (e.g., bipyridiniums). The natural product 3-nitropropionate (NPA) and its glycosides are found in several plants and in several fungi (phytopathogens and nonphytopathogens). NPA has been shown to be phytotoxic. Sorgoleone, isolated from grain sorghum root exudates, is phytotoxic to grass and broadleaf species and acts via inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (PS II). Monensin, from Streptomyces cinnamonensis, is a carboxylic polyether antibiotic compound used in agriculture that also exerts herbicidal activity on a variety of plants, as does a related antibiotic, nigericin. Hydantocidin and cornexistin are new herbicidal compounds isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus and Pacilomyces variotii, respectively. Artemisinin, a plant (Artemesia annua L.) sesquiterpene with antimalarial properties, is also a potent phytotoxin. Some allelochemicals have sufficient potential to be herbicides, while others with lower herbicidal efficacy may serve as chemical templates for new synthetic herbicides. The continued search for allelochemicals from plants and microbes is important in the developement of improved herbicides with novel molecular modes of action. Selected allelochemicals with phytotoxic properties that have been isolated from plants and microbes are presented and discussed in this review. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Hoagland, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 187 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-6348-5 PY 2000 BP 73 EP 99 PG 27 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BR17J UT WOS:000165804800005 ER PT S AU Smith, MA Joseph, JA Perry, G AF Smith, MA Joseph, JA Perry, G BE Khachaturian, ZS Mesulam, MM TI Arson - Tracking the culprit in Alzheimer's disease SO ALZEHEIMER'S DISEASE: A COMPENDIUM OF CURRENT THEORIES SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Towards a Comprehensive Theory for Alzheimers Diaease CY APR 30-MAY 02, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Bayer, EISAI, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Pfizer, Roche DE Alzheimer's disease; amyloid; antioxidant; homeostasis ID OXIDATIVE STRESS; GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE-DEHYDROGENASE AB By focusing on the lesions in Alzheimer's disease, and regarding them as either critical or irrelevant, researchers may have missed much regarding the origin and pathogenesis of this disease. In this article we consider that the lesions are so obvious not only because they are pathognomonic for Alzheimer's disease, but also because they represent a major departure from normal physiology. We suggest that these myriad pathological changes are homeostatic compensatory mechanisms to aging. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Inst Pathol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Perry, G (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Inst Pathol, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RI Smith, Mark/A-9053-2009; Perry, George/A-8611-2009 OI Perry, George/0000-0002-6547-0172 NR 12 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-297-5 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 924 BP 35 EP 38 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Clinical Neurology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology GA BT10Q UT WOS:000171966500006 PM 11193799 ER PT B AU Swenson, SL Schmellik-Sandage, C AF Swenson, SL Schmellik-Sandage, C GP AASP AASP TI Review of vaccines: USDA licensed and autogenous SO AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SWINE PRACTITIONERS 2000, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Swine-Practitioners CY MAR 11-14, 2000 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Assoc Swine Practitioners C1 USDA APHIS VS, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA USA. RP Swenson, SL (reprint author), USDA APHIS VS, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC SWINE VETERINARIANS PI PERRY PA 902 1ST AVE, PERRY, IA 50220 USA PY 2000 BP 309 EP 310 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Veterinary Sciences GA BV95V UT WOS:000180521700076 ER PT B AU Fedorka-Cray, PJ Ladely, SR Reeves, D AF Fedorka-Cray, PJ Ladely, SR Reeves, D GP AASP AASP TI Salmonella isolates collected from swine farms with different antimicrobial use programs SO AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SWINE PRACTITIONERS 2000, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Swine-Practitioners CY MAR 11-14, 2000 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Assoc Swine Practitioners C1 USDA ARS, RRC, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Fedorka-Cray, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, RRC, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC SWINE VETERINARIANS PI PERRY PA 902 1ST AVE, PERRY, IA 50220 USA PY 2000 BP 335 EP 336 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Veterinary Sciences GA BV95V UT WOS:000180521700083 ER PT B AU Lager, KM Mengeling, WL AF Lager, KM Mengeling, WL GP AASP AASP TI Experimental aerosol transmission of pseudorabies virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus SO AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SWINE PRACTITIONERS 2000, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Swine-Practitioners CY MAR 11-14, 2000 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Assoc Swine Practitioners C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Lager, KM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC SWINE VETERINARIANS PI PERRY PA 902 1ST AVE, PERRY, IA 50220 USA PY 2000 BP 409 EP 410 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Veterinary Sciences GA BV95V UT WOS:000180521700105 ER PT B AU Hurd, HS Mckean, JD Wesley, IV Karriker, LA AF Hurd, HS Mckean, JD Wesley, IV Karriker, LA GP AASP AASP TI The effect of transport and lairage on Salmonella isolation from market pigs SO AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF SWINE PRACTITIONERS 2000, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Association-of-Swine-Practitioners CY MAR 11-14, 2000 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Assoc Swine Practitioners ID TYPHIMURIUM; SWINE; TIME; INFECTION C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Hurd, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC SWINE VETERINARIANS PI PERRY PA 902 1ST AVE, PERRY, IA 50220 USA PY 2000 BP 429 EP 434 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Veterinary Sciences GA BV95V UT WOS:000180521700111 ER PT S AU Rotz, CA Martin, NP Grabber, JH AF Rotz, CA Martin, NP Grabber, JH BE Phillips, M TI Crop options for an expanding dairy farm in Wisconsin SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 9, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference CY JUL 16-19, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Wisconsin Forage & Grassland Council, N Amer Alfalfa Improvement Conf C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Rotz, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2000 VL 9 BP 15 EP 15 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80W UT WOS:000183251800015 ER PT S AU Sanderson, MA Rotz, CA Rayburn, EB Fultz, SF Vough, LR AF Sanderson, MA Rotz, CA Rayburn, EB Fultz, SF Vough, LR BE Phillips, M TI Whole farm analysis of forage budgeting on pasture. SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 9, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference CY JUL 16-19, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Wisconsin Forage & Grassland Council, N Amer Alfalfa Improvement Conf C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sanderson, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2000 VL 9 BP 16 EP 16 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80W UT WOS:000183251800016 ER PT S AU Cropper, JB Cosgrove, D AF Cropper, JB Cosgrove, D BE Phillips, M TI Pasture condition scoring SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 9, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference CY JUL 16-19, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Wisconsin Forage & Grassland Council, N Amer Alfalfa Improvement Conf C1 USDA, NRCS, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Cropper, JB (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2000 VL 9 BP 37 EP 37 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80W UT WOS:000183251800037 ER PT S AU Aiken, GE Rouquette, FM AF Aiken, GE Rouquette, FM BE Phillips, M TI Potential of real-time ultrasound technology as a research tool in grazing experiments SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 9, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference CY JUL 16-19, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Wisconsin Forage & Grassland Council, N Amer Alfalfa Improvement Conf C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. RP Aiken, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2000 VL 9 BP 44 EP 44 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80W UT WOS:000183251800044 ER PT S AU Turner, KE Foster, JG AF Turner, KE Foster, JG BE Phillips, M TI Nutritive value of some common browse species SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 9, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference CY JUL 16-19, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Wisconsin Forage & Grassland Council, N Amer Alfalfa Improvement Conf C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Turner, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2000 VL 9 BP 49 EP 49 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80W UT WOS:000183251800049 ER PT S AU Pederson, GA Brink, GE AF Pederson, GA Brink, GE BE Phillips, M TI Maximizing nutrient uptake by forages SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 9, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference CY JUL 16-19, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Wisconsin Forage & Grassland Council, N Amer Alfalfa Improvement Conf C1 USDA ARS, Waste Management & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Pederson, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Waste Management & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2000 VL 9 BP 54 EP 54 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80W UT WOS:000183251800054 ER PT S AU Rotz, CA Martin, NP Grabber, JH AF Rotz, CA Martin, NP Grabber, JH BE Phillips, M TI Crop options for an expanding dairy farm in Wisconsin SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 9, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference CY JUL 16-19, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Wisconsin Forage & Grassland Council, N Amer Alfalfa Improvement Conf AB The Dairy Forage System Model (DAFOSYM) was used to evaluate the economic and environmental impacts of adding 50 acres of corn, barley, soybeans, or pasture to a 150 acre, 100-cow dairy farm in Wisconsin. The greatest benefit came from adding rotationally grazed pasture where annual farm profit increased about $20,000. Volatile nitrogen (N) loss from the farm increased 10%, but N leaching loss per land unit decreased 50%. Adding a bunker silo for more corn silage and 50 acres of corn, barley for feed grain and straw bedding, or soybeans for roasting and feeding all had similar impacts. Volatile N loss and N leaching loss per land unit were reduced about 15% and 20%, respectively. Annual farm profit was increased about $10,000 with more corn or soybeans and $14,000 with barley. All crop options reduced soil phosphorus (P) accumulation by 9 lb/acre/year. Therefore, adding pasture to an expanding dairy farm may provide equal or better environmental benefit and greater profitability than other crop options. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Rotz, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2000 VL 9 BP 100 EP 104 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80W UT WOS:000183251800071 ER PT S AU Sandersonl, MA Rotz, CA Rayburn, EB Fultz, SF Vough, LR AF Sandersonl, MA Rotz, CA Rayburn, EB Fultz, SF Vough, LR BE Phillips, M TI Whole farm analysis of forage budgeting on pasture. SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 9, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference CY JUL 16-19, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Wisconsin Forage & Grassland Council, N Amer Alfalfa Improvement Conf ID DAIRY AB The computer model DAFOSYM was used to simulate farm performance and the resulting economic effects of inaccuracies in estimating forage production on pasture. A representative grazing dairy farm was developed and the costs and returns from "optimum" management were calculated. Different scenarios were then simulated including under or over estimating forage yield on pastures by 10 or 20%, under estimating yield by 10% in spring and overestimating by 10% in summer, and vice versa. All scenarios simulated resulted in lower returns compared to the optimum farm; decreases in net return ranged from $3 to $80/acre/year. Underestimating pasture production resulted in less hay and silage being produced, more pasture being consumed, and more forage purchased compared to the optimum scenario. The opposite occurred for overestimation of pasture. Our results indicate that achieving greater accuracy (to within 10% of actual pasture yield) in estimating pasture yields will improve forage budgeting and increase net returns. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sandersonl, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2000 VL 9 BP 105 EP 109 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80W UT WOS:000183251800072 ER PT S AU Winsten, JR Rotz, CA Ford, SA AF Winsten, JR Rotz, CA Ford, SA BE Phillips, M TI Herd size and milk production level effects on profitability and phosphorus loading with management-intensive grazing SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 9, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference CY JUL 16-19, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Wisconsin Forage & Grassland Council, N Amer Alfalfa Improvement Conf ID DAIRY AB Declining profitability and accumulating excess soil phosphorus (P) are simultaneous concerns for the Northeast's dairy industry. Management-intensive grazing (MIG) with spring calving is a strategy that can address both concerns. A representative 200-acre Pennsylvania dairy farm of this type was simulated over 25 years of weather to determine the effects of herd size and milk production level on profitability and P loading. The results indicate that a 100-cow herd producing 17,000 lb milk per cow can achieve a net return of $64,000 while maintaining a long-term P balance on the farm. C1 USDA ARS, Dept Agr Econ & Rural Sociol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Winsten, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dept Agr Econ & Rural Sociol, Bldg 3702 Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2000 VL 9 BP 110 EP 114 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80W UT WOS:000183251800073 ER PT S AU Cropper, JB Cosgrove, D AF Cropper, JB Cosgrove, D BE Phillips, M TI Pasture condition scoring SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 9, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference CY JUL 16-19, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Wisconsin Forage & Grassland Council, N Amer Alfalfa Improvement Conf AB Pasture condition scoring is an assessment tool designed to point out where management shortfalls exist in the current pasture management program. It is a score sheet and rating system that looks at ten general indicators of pasture condition to decide how each is faring. Each indicator has five levels of condition described for it. The user selects the one that best fits the pasture situation for that indicator. This score is recorded on a score sheet. Indicators scoring low can be earmarked for improvement. When pasture plant vigor is very poor to fair, the score sheet has a second scoring layer where six causative factors are rated. By rating these causative factors, it becomes clearer which corrective actions need to take place. A low scoring factor needs fixing. C1 USDA, NRCS, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Cropper, JB (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2000 VL 9 BP 141 EP 145 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80W UT WOS:000183251800079 ER PT S AU Aiken, GE Rouquette, FM AF Aiken, GE Rouquette, FM BE Phillips, M TI Potential of real-time ultrasound technology as a research tool in grazing experiments SO AMERICAN FORAGE AND GRASSLAND COUNCIL, VOL 9, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE FORAGE AND GRASSLAND CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 37th North American Alfalfa Improvement Conference CY JUL 16-19, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP Amer Forage & Grassland Council, Wisconsin Forage & Grassland Council, N Amer Alfalfa Improvement Conf ID BEEF-CATTLE; CARCASS AB Real-time ultrasound technology has potential for measuring body condition and tissue composition of cattle in grazing trials. Ultrasound scans were collected for yearling steers at the start and finish of two separate grazing experiments to determine if measures of backfat and ribeye can be taken with adequate precision to detect treatment effects on these traits. One grazing trial was conducted with bermudagrass that evaluated effects of corn supplementation on steer performance, and the other trial was conducted with rye-ryegrass that examined stocking rate effects on steer performance. Linear increases of backfat and ribeye area were observed as level of corn supplementation increased for bermudagrass and as stocking rate decreased for ryegrass. Backfat percentage, on a relative area basis with ribeye area, ranged from 0.1 to 8.1% for the bermudagrass study, but did not increase with higher corn supplementation rates. These percentages for steers on the rye-ryegrass study decreased with increases of stocking rate. Results of the study showed that real-time ultrasound technology can be used to determine responses of compositional traits to treatments in grazing trials. C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. RP Aiken, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FORAGE & GRASSLAND COUNCIL PI GEORGETOWN PA PO BOX 94, GEORGETOWN, TX 78627 USA SN 0886-6899 J9 P FORAG GR PY 2000 VL 9 BP 155 EP 159 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BW80W UT WOS:000183251800082 ER EF