FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT S AU Neven, LG Drake, SR Shellie, KC AF Neven, LG Drake, SR Shellie, KC BE BenArie, R PhilosophHadas, S TI Development of a high temperature controlled atmosphere quarantine treatment for pome and stone fruits SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POSTHARVEST SCIENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Postharvest Science CY MAR 26-31, 2000 CL JERUSALEM, ISRAEL SP European Commiss Res Directorate Gen, ISHS Commiss Postharvest DE controlled atmosphere temperature treatment system; apple; pear; sweet cherries; codling moth; western cherry fruit fly ID CODLING MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; GRANNY SMITH APPLES; HEAT-TREATMENTS; TORTRICIDAE; MORTALITY; QUALITY; CALCIUM; SCALD; TIME AB The research presented describes how a technology called Controlled Atmosphere Temperature Treatment System (CATTS), can be used as a quarantine treatment against insect pests of apples, pears and sweet cherries. High temperature forced air has not been useful for these temperate fruit because the heat dose required to kill the target insect pests (codling moth and western cherry fruit fly) caused unacceptable damage to fruit market quality. Heating a commodity in a controlled atmosphere was shown to reduce the heat dose required for controlling the insect pest without damaging fruit quality. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA USA. RP Neven, LG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-844-7 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 553 BP 457 EP 460 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BS96Q UT WOS:000171523700107 ER PT S AU Mattoo, AK Handa, AK AF Mattoo, AK Handa, AK BE BenArie, R PhilosophHadas, S TI Postharvest science toward the third millennium SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POSTHARVEST SCIENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Postharvest Science CY MAR 26-31, 2000 CL JERUSALEM, ISRAEL SP European Commiss Res Directorate Gen, ISHS Commiss Postharvest DE biotechnology; ethylene; plant hormone; polyamines; ripening; senescence ID TRANSGENIC TOMATO PLANTS; DISEASE-RESISTANCE GENES; 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID; ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS; ANTISENSE RNA; INHIBITION; ENZYME; INTERMEDIATE; ARABIDOPSIS; EXPRESSION AB The last century witnessed remarkable progress in several postharvest related science and technology areas, including elucidation of the ethylene biosynthesis pathway, identification of ethylene receptors, cloning of ripening/senescence-related genes, and application of biotechnology to enhance postharvest life of fruits. Already classical genetics is merging with direct gene manipulation and pyramiding of genes in producing transgenic plants with better quality (phytonutrients), longer shelf-life, and inbredtraits conferring resistance to postharvest pathogens. The new era will ensure clearer understanding of fundamental processes of structure-function, gene organization and gene regulation that govern plant growth, development and senescence. Acceptance of edible transgenic crops will depend on properly conducted and-well-defined risk assessment studies, addressing the concerns of the consumer and educating him about value added attributes, for instance, enhanced levels of anti-aging compounds in vegetables and fruits made possible by genetic engineering. Another challenge is to devise ways of producing new crops in a cost-effective, profitable manner for marketing. In the 21(st) century, biotechnology, sniffers, computers and sensors will merge to help development of new methods to measure postharvest characteristics, store the produce, and re-design fruits and vegetables such that the quality attributes are maintained for a long time after harvest. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mattoo, AK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Vegetable Lab, Bldg 010A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 47 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-844-7 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 553 BP 761 EP 767 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BS96Q UT WOS:000171523700193 ER PT S AU Rajasekaran, K Cary, JW Jacks, TJ Cleveland, TE AF Rajasekaran, K Cary, JW Jacks, TJ Cleveland, TE BE Sorvari, S Karhu, S Kanervo, E Pihakaski, S TI Genetic engineering for disease resistance: Antifungal proteins/peptides to the rescue SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON IN VITRO CULTURE AND HORTICULTURAL BREEDING SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on In Vitro Culture and Horticultural Breeding CY JUL 02-07, 2000 CL TAMPERE, FINLAND SP Biofellows Oy Duchefa Biochem BV, Biohit Oy, CABI Publishing, Tampere City, Finnair, Fdn Forest Tree Breeding, Immuno Diagnost Oy, BIOREBA AG, Kebo Lab Oy, Kemira Agro Oy, Kvalitek Finland Oy, Labsyst Oy, Maiju & Yrjo Rikala Hort Fdn, Millipore Oy, Minist Agr & Forestry Finland, MTT Agrifood Res Finland, Mycelia, SacO2, Combines, Nokian Footwear Ltd, Tampereen Seudum Osuuspankki DE antifungal; antimicrobial; disease resistance; food and feed safety; peptides ID CECROPIN-B; GLUCOSE-OXIDASE; FUNGAL GROWTH; IN-VITRO; EXPRESSION; TOBACCO; PLANTS; PEPTIDES; ANTIBIOTICS; INHIBITION AB Plants do not possess a complex immunoglobulin-based protection system that is found in higher vertebrates to defend against attacking microbial pathogens; however, they do have a wide variety of innate host defense mechanisms at their disposal. These include the production of antimicrobial reactive oxygen species (ROS), secondary metabolites, hydrolytic enzymes, and a wide array of antimicrobial proteins and peptides. However, these defense mechanisms are not adequate and often compromised by the invading microbial pathogens. We have utilized several gene constructs coding for antimicrobial proteins/peptides from diverse sources to boost the existing disease resistance mechanisms or introduce novel traits. For example, we have demonstrated increased fungal and bacterial resistance in transgenic tobacco and cotton plants transformed with a haloperoxidase gene from Pseudomonas pyrrocinia. Haloperoxidases generate deadly antimicrobial compounds in planta such as hypohalite and peracetic acid and in addition, protect the plants through hypersensitive response upon microbial invasion. Recently we have utilized a synthetic gene coding for a lytic, antimicrobial peptide to introduce disease resistance trait into tobacco and cotton. These antifungal proteins and peptides are excellent candidates to augment disease resistance mechanisms in plants due to their nontoxic nature with respect to mammalian cells, ability to kill target microbes rapidly and their activity against a wide spectrum of phytopathogens. Discussion on other potential antifungal proteins and their possible modes of action are presented in this report. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Rajasekaran, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-984-2 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 560 BP 45 EP 49 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences; Agriculture GA BT77R UT WOS:000174009500003 ER PT S AU Liu, Q Ingersoll, J Owens, L Salih, S Meng, R Hammerschlag, F AF Liu, Q Ingersoll, J Owens, L Salih, S Meng, R Hammerschlag, F BE Sorvari, S Karhu, S Kanervo, E Pihakaski, S TI Increased resistance to Erwinia amylovora exhibited by transgenic 'Royal Gala' apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) shoots, carrying a modified cecropin MB39 gene SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON IN VITRO CULTURE AND HORTICULTURAL BREEDING SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on In Vitro Culture and Horticultural Breeding CY JUL 02-07, 2000 CL TAMPERE, FINLAND SP Biofellows Oy Duchefa Biochem BV, Biohit Oy, CABI Publishing, Tampere City, Finnair, Fdn Forest Tree Breeding, Immuno Diagnost Oy, BIOREBA AG, Kebo Lab Oy, Kemira Agro Oy, Kvalitek Finland Oy, Labsyst Oy, Maiju & Yrjo Rikala Hort Fdn, Millipore Oy, Minist Agr & Forestry Finland, MTT Agrifood Res Finland, Mycelia, SacO2, Combines, Nokian Footwear Ltd, Tampereen Seudum Osuuspankki DE Agrobacterium tumefaciens; fire blight; gene transfer ID LEAF EXPLANTS; PLANTS; EXPRESSION; ACTIVATION AB Transgenic 'Royal Gala' apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) shoots were obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer using a vector with T-DNA encoding a modified cecropin gene MB39 joined to a secretory coding sequence from barley a-amylase, and placed under the control of a wound-inducible tobacco osmotin promoter. The integration of the cecropin MB39 gene into apple was confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Three of the seven transgenics exhibited 2.5- to 3.3-fold more resistant to Erwinia amylovora than the non-transformed 'Royal Gala' control, demonstrating the potential of introducing the cecropin gene to increased levels of disease resistance. C1 USDA ARS, PSI, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Liu, Q (reprint author), USDA ARS, PSI, BARC W, Bldg 010A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM fhammers@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-984-2 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 560 BP 95 EP 99 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences; Agriculture GA BT77R UT WOS:000174009500011 ER PT S AU Kamo, K AF Kamo, K BE Sorvari, S Karhu, S Kanervo, E Pihakaski, S TI Expression of the bar and uidA genes by gladiolus following three seasons of dormancy SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON IN VITRO CULTURE AND HORTICULTURAL BREEDING SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on In Vitro Culture and Horticultural Breeding CY JUL 02-07, 2000 CL TAMPERE, FINLAND SP Biofellows Oy Duchefa Biochem BV, Biohit Oy, CABI Publishing, Tampere City, Finnair, Fdn Forest Tree Breeding, Immuno Diagnost Oy, BIOREBA AG, Kebo Lab Oy, Kemira Agro Oy, Kvalitek Finland Oy, Labsyst Oy, Maiju & Yrjo Rikala Hort Fdn, Millipore Oy, Minist Agr & Forestry Finland, MTT Agrifood Res Finland, Mycelia, SacO2, Combines, Nokian Footwear Ltd, Tampereen Seudum Osuuspankki DE floral crops; corms; transgenic; monocots ID T-DNA; PLANTS; PROMOTERS AB Gladiolus is propagated by corms that undergo dormancy each year, and at least three seasons of growth are required before the plants from tissue culture produce flowers. Successful genetic engineering of the flowering bulb crops will require long-term expression of transgenes. Transgenic Gladiolus plants containing the bar-uidA fusion gene under control by either the CaMV 35S, rolD, mannopine synthase (mas2), or ubiquitin (UBQ3) promoters were characterized for levels of GUS expression following three seasons of dormancy. The highest levels of GUS expression were found in callus, shoots, and roots of plants containing the CaMV 35S promoter as compared to shoots and roots from plants containing the rolD, UBQ3, and mas2 promoters.-Gene silencing of the bar and uidA genes did not occur in the 28 independently transformed plants analyzed following dormancy when both genes were expressed under the CaMV 35S, rolD, mas2 and UBQ3 promoters. C1 USDA, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Natl Arboretum, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kamo, K (reprint author), USDA, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Natl Arboretum, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Kamo, Kathryn/0000-0001-6862-2410 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-984-2 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 560 BP 165 EP 167 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences; Agriculture GA BT77R UT WOS:000174009500028 ER PT S AU Martin, RR Mathews, H AF Martin, RR Mathews, H BE Martin, RR TI Engineering resistance to Raspberry bushy dwarf virus SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SMALL FRUIT VIRUS DISEASES SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Small Fruit Virus Diseases CY JUL 09-15, 2000 CL CANTERBURY, ENGLAND SP ISHS Fruit Sect & Plant Protect Commiss, Working Grp Virus Dis Small Fruit Crops DE Raspberry bushy dwarf virus; RBDV; ELISA; transgenic raspberry; RT-PCR; southerns ID HOST RANGE AB Widespread crumbly-fruited red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) was first reported by growers in northern Washington in 1995. Crumbly fruit was associated with Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) infection in the Fraser Valley, though the plants did not show any foliar symptoms. Three fields in the Fraser Valley and three fields in southern Washington that had been tested in 1996 were retested in 1998. In the Fraser Valley, the incidence of RBDV went from 0%, 0%, and 2.3% in 1996 to 55%, 17% and 83%, respectively, in 1998. In southern Washington, the incidence of RBDV in the three fields tested in 1996 and 1998 was near 4% and did not change significantly over the two year period. There is a need to develop a RBDV resistant raspberry cultivar. The coat protein and movement protein open reading frames of a local isolate of RBDV was sequenced. Using site directed mutagenesis, four mutations were created in the movement protein. These movement protein mutants as well as wild type movement protein and coat protein genes were cloned into a plant expression vector and inserted into Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Transformation of the six constructs into 'Meeker' raspberry has been carried out and the plants established in field plots, as well as being maintained in tissue culture and in a screenhouse. Grafting the transformants with RBDV infected material has been started and 53 of 141 transgenic lines have remained free of RBDV after two rounds of grafting. Reverse Transcriptase - Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) tests and Southern analysis have been done on a subset of plants to ensure that the genes are present and that the DNA is being transcribed. C1 USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Martin, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-824-2 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 551 BP 33 EP 37 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BS56R UT WOS:000170385700004 ER PT S AU Martin, RR Hokanson, SC Maas, JL Heflebower, RF Rouse, R AF Martin, RR Hokanson, SC Maas, JL Heflebower, RF Rouse, R BE Martin, RR TI Survey of strawberry viruses occurring in commercial plantings in the state of Maryland, USA SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 9TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SMALL FRUIT VIRUS DISEASES SE Acta Horticulturae LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Small Fruit Virus Diseases CY JUL 09-15, 2000 CL CANTERBURY, ENGLAND SP ISHS Fruit Sect & Plant Protect Commiss, Working Grp Virus Dis Small Fruit Crops C1 USDA ARS, NWCSFR, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP USDA ARS, NWCSFR, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. EM martinrr@bcc.orst.edu NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-824-2 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 551 BP 71 EP 74 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BS56R UT WOS:000170385700011 ER PT J AU Oswald, JD Schiff, NM AF Oswald, JD Schiff, NM TI A new species of the genus Dilar rambur (Neuroptera : Dilaridae) from Borneo SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Insecta; Dilaridae; pleasing lacewings; Borneo; Sarawak; taxonomy AB Dilar macleodi is described as a new species from lowland rainforest habitat in the Malaysian state of Sarawak on the island of Borneo. Diagnoses are provided to distinguish D. macleodi from the four other dilarid species that have been reported from the peninsula of Indochina or the Malay Archipelago. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Ctr Bottomland Hardwood Res, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Oswald, JD (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 103 IS 1 BP 74 EP 80 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 395KA UT WOS:000166578500004 ER PT J AU Gagne, RJ Oda, RAM Monteiro, RF AF Gagne, RJ Oda, RAM Monteiro, RF TI The gall midges (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) of Mikania glomerata (Asteraceae) in southeastern Brazil SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE neotropical; gall midges; gall makers; Asteraceae AB A survey of Mikania glomerata Sprengel (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae) in southeastern Brazil resulted in the discovery of eight kinds of galls made by eight species of gall midges. All of the galls and their gall makers are described. Seven of the gall makers are new to science and two new genera, Liodiplosis Gagne and Mikaniadiplosis Gagne, are described to contain four of the seven new species. The eight gall-making species are: Alycaulus globulus Gagne, Asphondylia glomeratae Gagne, Asphondylia moehni Skuhrava, Liodiplosis cylindrica Gagne, Liodiplosis conica Gagne, Liodiplosis spherica Gagne, Mikaniadiplosis annulipes Gagne, and Perasphondylia mikaniae Gagne. In addition, another gall midge new to science, Contarinia ubiquita Gagne, is described that lives gregariously in the galls of five of the eight kinds of galls described. C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Natl Museum Nat Hist,Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. UFRJ, Lab Ecol Insetos, Dept Ecol, IB, BR-21941590 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. RP Gagne, RJ (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Natl Museum Nat Hist,Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RI Monteiro, Ricardo/J-3974-2012 NR 15 TC 2 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 103 IS 1 BP 110 EP 134 PG 25 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 395KA UT WOS:000166578500009 ER PT J AU Staines, CL Weisman, DM AF Staines, CL Weisman, DM TI The species of Xanthonia Baly 1863 (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae : Eumolpinae) in North America east of the Mississippi river SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae; Eumolpinae; Xanthonia; new species AB The genus Xanthonia Baly is revised for eastern North America, with nine species. The species X decemnotata (Say) and X. villosula (Melsheimer) are redescribed; X. stevensi Baly is removed from synonymy with X. villosula. Neotypes are designated for X. decemnotata, X. stevensi, and X. villosula. The new species X. angulata from Maryland to Kansas, X, furcata from Illinois and Missouri, X. intermedia from Alabama and Iowa, X. monticola from the mountains of New York and North Carolina, X, serrata from Massachusetts tcs Louisiana, and X. striata from Massachusetts to Texas are described and a key to the species is presented. C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Staines, CL (reprint author), 3302 Decker Pl, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. NR 90 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 103 IS 1 BP 157 EP 183 PG 27 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 395KA UT WOS:000166578500013 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Diaz, EAB AF Smith, DR Diaz, EAB TI A new species of Sericoceros konow (Hymenoptera : Argidae) damaging villetana trees, Triplaris caracasana Cham. (Polygonaceae) in Paraguay SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Hymenoptera; Argidae; Sericoceros; new species; Triplaris; Polygonaceae AB A sawfly was discovered severely damaging leaves of villetana trees, Triplaris caracasana Cham. (Polygonaceae) in Paraguay. The sawfly, Sericoceros vitellanae Smith, n, sp,, is described and separated from other Sericoceros species. Triplaris is a new host record for a species of Sericoceros. Motes on the maternal care, larval feeding habits, and pupation of the sawfly are presented. C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Nat Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Univ Nacl Asuncion, Fac Ciencias Agrarias, Divion Entomol, San Lorenzo, Portugal. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Nat Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 103 IS 1 BP 217 EP 221 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 395KA UT WOS:000166578500017 ER PT S AU Hummer, KE AF Hummer, KE BE Mehlenbacher, SA TI Hazelnut genetic resources at the Corvallis Repository SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON HAZELNUT SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress on Hazelnut CY AUG 27-31, 2000 CL CORVALLIS, OR SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Oregon State Univ, Coll Agr Sci, Assoc Oregon Hazelnut Ind DE Corylus; filbert; germplasm ID CORYLUS AB The United States national collection of hazelnut (Corylus L.) genetic resources is preserved at the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service National Clonal Germplasm Repository at Corvallis, Oregon. The hazelnut, also commonly known as filbert, is native throughout temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and includes four tree and five shrub species. The Corvallis Repository preserves genotypes of each of these species plus about 320 named cultivars, selections, arid rootstocks from more than 27 countries. These clones undergo pathogen testing and elimination procedures upon receipt of the germplasm. They are preserved as trees in an orchard, with on-site backup of about 10 % as tissue cultures stored at 4 C. Excised seed axes of several species are cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. A remote back-up orchard is being established in Parlier, California, to safeguard the collection. Hazelnut accessions at the Corvallis Repository are available to international collaborators for evaluation, research or breeding. During the past nine years, the Repository distributed more than 600 Corylus accessions to requestors in 11 countries. This germplasm was distributed as pollen, seed, scionwood, layers, plants, and tissue cultures. Germplasm can be requested from the Corvallis Repository Curator. C1 ARS, USDA, NCGR, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hummer, KE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NCGR, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-874-9 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 556 BP 21 EP 24 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BT63P UT WOS:000173565900001 ER PT S AU Hummer, KE AF Hummer, KE BE Mehlenbacher, SA TI Historical notes on hazelnuts in Oregon SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON HAZELNUT SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress on Hazelnut CY AUG 27-31, 2000 CL CORVALLIS, OR SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Oregon State Univ, Coll Agr Sci, Assoc Oregon Hazelnut Ind DE Corylus; filbert AB Since the glacial age, Corylus L., the hazelnut (filbert), has provided food for indigenous peoples throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. D.C.) W.M. Sharp, native throughout Oregon and California, was eaten by Indian tribes and was bartered to explorers such as Lewis and Clark, in 1805, and botanist David Douglas, in 1825, during their journeys in this territory. Shortly after 1847, Henderson Lewelling, an early Oregon nurseryman, first imported C. avellana 'Cob' filbert nuts from England and 'Red Aveline' nuts from Hapsburg, Austria. In the mid-1850's hazelnuts were brought to Scottsburg, OR. Three 150 year-old C. avellana trees can now be seen in this town. These are probably the oldest hazelnut trees in Oregon. In 1885, nurseryman Felix Gillet, a Frenchman who moved to Nevada City, CA, sold specific varieties of hazelnut trees throughout the Northwest. He distributed 'Barcelona' which is widely planted in Oregon today. In 1886, George Steel bought 86 seedlings from Gillet for planting in Portland. In 1900, George A. Dorris of Springfield, Oregon, developed the first significant hazelnut acreage with the varieties 'Barcelona,' 'DuChilly ' 'White Aveline,' 'Red Aveline,' and 'Daviana.' In 1905, he bought more than 200 trees from J. B. Pilkington, a Portland nurseryman. During the next two years, hazelnut orchards were started in Wilsonville, Gresham, Newberg, Dundee, and Dilley. By 1950, Oregon produced 5,350 tons of hazelnuts. This production has increased almost nine-fold in recent years. The Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station has been studying hazelnuts since 1908, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture has been involved in hazelnut research in Oregon since 1929. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Hummer, KE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-874-9 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 556 BP 25 EP 28 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BT63P UT WOS:000173565900002 ER PT S AU Reed, BM Hummer, KE AF Reed, BM Hummer, KE BE Mehlenbacher, SA TI Long-term storage of hazelnut embryonic axes in liquid nitrogen SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON HAZELNUT SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress on Hazelnut CY AUG 27-31, 2000 CL CORVALLIS, OR SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Oregon State Univ, Coll Agr Sci, Assoc Oregon Hazelnut Ind DE Corylus; filbert; cryopreservation; seed storage; germplasm; cryogenic storage ID CORYLUS-AVELLANA L; CRYOPRESERVATION; SEED AB Whole hazelnut (Corylus L.) seeds do not survive freezing in liquid nitrogen (LN2) because of large size and high oil content. However, excised embryonic axes can survive with appropriate treatment. Although freshly harvested axes are easily cryopreserved, secondary dormancy inhibits growth soon after harvest. A short stratification treatment of stored nuts followed by dehydration and LN2 storage was successful for long-term storage of hazelnut germplasm. Whole seeds dried to very low moisture contents were frozen and the embryonic axes survived LN2 exposure although cotyledons were badly damaged. Dried whole hazelnuts can be stored in LN2 if the axes are excised and cultured after thawing. This technique avoids the problems of cotyledon damage and subsequent contamination and death of whole seeds during germination. A two-week stratification of stored seed before excision of axes greatly improved shoot growth and decreased callusing. Drying isolated embryonic axes to 8-10% moisture, either by laminar flow or over silica gel prior to freezing, produced high survival and shoot growth from stratified-stored Corylus seed. C. americana Marshall, C. colurna L., C. heterophylla Fisch. Ex Trautv., and C. sieboldiana Blume axes were prepared, cryopreserved, shipped to the National Seed Storage Laboratory in Fort Collins, Colorado, and stored in liquid nitrogen. This is the first base (long-term) conservation of hazelnuts in world germplasm collections. Seed of additional species will be added as they become available. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Reed, BM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. OI Reed, Barbara/0000-0003-0079-8473 NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-874-9 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 556 BP 177 EP 180 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BT63P UT WOS:000173565900024 ER PT S AU Postman, JD Johnson, KB Jomantiene, R Maas, JL Davis, RE AF Postman, JD Johnson, KB Jomantiene, R Maas, JL Davis, RE BE Mehlenbacher, SA TI The 'Oregon hazelnut stunt syndrome' and phytoplasma associations SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON HAZELNUT SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress on Hazelnut CY AUG 27-31, 2000 CL CORVALLIS, OR SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Oregon State Univ, Coll Agr Sci, Assoc Oregon Hazelnut Ind DE disease; Corylus avellana; symptoms; DNA; RFLP AB A stunt syndrome was first observed in several commercial hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) orchards in northwest Oregon during the late 1950's. The disease is of minor importance, since the affected areas have been small and isolated and the spread has been very slow. Severely affected trees become slightly chlorotic with reduced leaf size, reduced internode length, insignificant nut production and dieback of small branches. The disease agent has been transmitted to healthy hazelnut rootstocks by grafting. Removal of diseased trees and adjacent trees can eliminate the disease from an orchard. Failure to remove trees adjacent to infected trees resulted in the eventual spread throughout about 4 ha of a 20 ha orchard, apparently by root grafting. Leaf samples from infected trees were assessed for phytoplasma infection by nested polymerase chain reactions for amplification of 165 ribosomal DNA sequences. Restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns indicated the presence of clover yellow edge phytoplasma (16SrIII-B) and another phytoplasma, putatively a member of a new subgroup in the X-disease group (16SrIII). Phytoplasmas were detected in stunted as well as in nearby symptomless field trees, but not in greenhouse grown trees. All phytoplasmas detected in Oregon were different from those reported to be associated with decline and yellows disorders of hazelnut in Germany and Italy. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Postman, JD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-874-9 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 556 BP 407 EP 409 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BT63P UT WOS:000173565900061 ER PT B AU Torrans, EL Bates, TD Wolters, WR AF Torrans, EL Bates, TD Wolters, WR BE Eversole, AG TI Effect of calcium hardness on channel, blue, and channel x blue catfish hybrids SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE AGENCIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 55th Annual Conference of the Southeastern-Association-of-Fish-and-Wildlife-Agencies CY OCT 13-17, 2001 CL LOUISVILLE, KY SP SE Assoc Fish & Wildlife Agcy ID GROWTH; STRAINS AB The aquifer that supplies water to most channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) hatcheries in the Yazoo Basin of the Mississippi River flood plain in west-central Mississippi has a hardness of <10 mg/liter as CaCO3. Calcium hardness <10 mg/liter is known to reduce survival and growth of catfish sac and swim-up fry, but effects of low hardness on fingerling growth and survival have not been determined. We examined the effects of hardness (5 mg/liter and 67 mg/liter as CaCO3) on survival and growth of fingerling (2.0-3.2 g initial weight) channel catfish (USDA-103 line), blue catfish (I. furcatus, D&B line), and channel X blue catfish hybrids (USDA-103 channel X Rio Grande blue catfish) in 80-liter aquaria. Survival was :99% in all treatments over the 33-day experimental period. Low calcium resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) reduced net weight gain in both channel (4.4+/-0.07 g vs. 3.6+/-0.08 g in high and low calcium treatments, respectively) and. blue catfish (2.5+/-0.11 g vs. 1.9+/-0.11 g), but there was a significant treatment X species interaction, with hybrids growing faster (2.4+/-0.14 g vs. 2.8+/-0.09 g) in the low calcium water. C1 USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Torrans, EL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, 141 Expt Stn Rd, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION FISH & WILDLIFE AGENCIES (SEAFWA) PI TALLAHASSEE PA 8005 FRESHWATER FARMS RD, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32308 USA PY 2001 BP 218 EP 222 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Forestry SC Fisheries; Forestry GA BX04Q UT WOS:000184053000020 ER PT B AU Barras, SC Kaminski, RM Brennan, LA AF Barras, SC Kaminski, RM Brennan, LA BE Eversole, AG TI Effect of winter-diet restriction on prebasic molt in female wood ducks SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE AGENCIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 55th Annual Conference of the Southeastern-Association-of-Fish-and-Wildlife-Agencies CY OCT 13-17, 2001 CL LOUISVILLE, KY SP SE Assoc Fish & Wildlife Agcy ID NUTRITIONAL STRESS; NORTHERN PINTAILS; MALLARDS; CONSEQUENCES; CHRONOLOGY AB During winters 1990-1992, we manipulated food availability 5%-20% less than that of ad libitum feeding for captive groups of wild-strain North American wood ducks (Aix sponsa) to test effects of increasing levels of food restriction on prebasic molt of females. Birds fed ad libitum and 5%-15% restricted diets exhibited a protracted molt (>90 days) of low intensity. Most females fed a 20%-restricted diet did not initiate molt until resumption of ad libitum food availability. We hypothesize that a 20% restriction exceeds a threshold in food availability and possibly body condition needed by captive female wood ducks to meet nutritional demands of maintenance and prebasic molt. A lower threshold may exist for free-living wood ducks, implying the importance of adequate food availability and quality during winter to minimize negative effects on within- and cross-seasonal life-cycle functions. We encourage continued conservation of bottomland hardwood forests in southeastern United States because of their intrinsic values to sustaining populations of wood ducks in North America. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Barras, SC (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Po Drawer 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 36 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION FISH & WILDLIFE AGENCIES (SEAFWA) PI TALLAHASSEE PA 8005 FRESHWATER FARMS RD, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32308 USA PY 2001 BP 506 EP 516 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Forestry SC Fisheries; Forestry GA BX04Q UT WOS:000184053000049 ER PT S AU Spiers, JM AF Spiers, JM BE Neilsen, D Fallahi, B Neilsen, G Peryea, F TI Influence of lime, S and P soil amendments on growth, yield and leaf nutrient content of rabbiteye blueberries SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MINERAL NUTRITION OF DECIDUOUS FRUIT CROPS SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Mineral Nutrition of Deciduous Fruit Crops CY AUG 13-18, 2000 CL PENTICTON, CANADA SP Albion Lab Inc, Agr & Agri-Food Canada, Pacific Agri-Food Res Ctr, British Columbia Fruit Growers Assoc, Ocean Agr S Africa, Okanagan Fieldmen Assoc, Washington Tree Fruit Res Commiss, Washington State Univ, Tree Fruit Res Ctr, Univ Idaho, Parma Res Ctr DE Vaccinium; plant nutrition AB A long-term field study indicated the influence of lime, S, and P soil amendments on growth, yield, and leaf nutrient concentration of >Tifblue= rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade). The addition of P to the soil did not affect soil concentration of any mineral except P which was increased but resulted in higher leaf K and lower leaf Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn concentrations. Potassium, Ca, and Mg were higher in soils which were limed. Leaf elemental concentration of Ca and Mg was highest in control plants and was reduced by the addition of either lime or S to the soil. No other elements were influenced by these treatments. Fruit yields in 1998 and 1999 were highest in control plants or plants growing with applied soil S. These plants yielded approximately 4 to 6 times more fruit than plants receiving applied lime. C1 ARS, USDA, Small Fruit Res Sta, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. RP Spiers, JM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Small Fruit Res Sta, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-944-3 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 564 BP 429 EP 434 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BT57Y UT WOS:000173413200053 ER PT S AU Joung, YH Roh, MS Bentz, SE AF Joung, YH Roh, MS Bentz, SE BE Dore, C Dosba, F Baril, C TI Characterization of Acer griseum and its putative interspecific hybrids SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR CHARACTERIZING GENOTYPES AND IDENTIFYING CULTIVARS IN HORTICULTURE SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Molecular Markers for Characterizing Genotypes and Identifying Cultivars in Horticulture CY MAR 06-08, 2000 CL MONTPELLIER, FRANCE SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Commiss Biotechnol, Agro Montpellier, Agropolis Montpellier, CEP, FNPSP, GEVES, INRA, Soc Ozyme, Mole Ecol, Grp Limagrain, Grp SICASOV, Reg Languedoc Roussillon, Air France, Soc Natl Chemins Francais DE paparbark maple; randomly amplified polymorphic DNA; RAPD AB Acer griseum (Franchet) Pax, A. maximowiczianum Miquel, A. triflorum Komarov and putative interspecific hybrids between A. griseum and A. maximowiczianum were characterized using RAPD markers. Variations in randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) banding patterns were observed among A. griseum seedlings. According to neighbor-joining analysis, several A. griseum trees growing in the US National Arboretum were very distinct from A. griseum accessions gI owing at the Amold Arboretum acid at the Morris Arboretum. Hybrids between A. griseum and A. maximowiczianum had morphological characteristics that were intermediate between both parents. However, these hybrids were grouped closer to A. maximowiczianum than to A. griseum according to phylogenetic distance analysis generated by polymorphic RAPD markers. Variations among A. griseum accessions could be the result of natural segregation within species or introgression between A. griseum and other species belonging to Section Trifoliata. C1 USDA ARS, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Joung, YH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-764-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 546 BP 217 EP 220 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Plant Sciences; Agriculture GA BS14K UT WOS:000168822500025 ER PT S AU Joung, YH Roh, MS Kim, TI Song, JS AF Joung, YH Roh, MS Kim, TI Song, JS BE Dore, C Dosba, F Baril, C TI Forcing and molecular characterization of Campanula SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR CHARACTERIZING GENOTYPES AND IDENTIFYING CULTIVARS IN HORTICULTURE SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Molecular Markers for Characterizing Genotypes and Identifying Cultivars in Horticulture CY MAR 06-08, 2000 CL MONTPELLIER, FRANCE SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Commiss Biotechnol, Agro Montpellier, Agropolis Montpellier, CEP, FNPSP, GEVES, INRA, Soc Ozyme, Mole Ecol, Grp Limagrain, Grp SICASOV, Reg Languedoc Roussillon, Air France, Soc Natl Chemins Francais DE perennial; growth and flowering; pot plant; bedding plant; PCR-RAPD AB Campanula portenschlagiana Roem and Schult germplasm was evaluated horticulturally and using a molecular marker. Flowering of C. portenschlagiana collected in the United States (CPC) was accelerated by 16-hour long day (LD) photoperiod at 7.5 degreesC. However, flowering of C, portenschlagiana collected from Japan (CPJ) was not affected by LD at 7.5 degreesC). CPC and CPJ were grouped closely when polymorphic RAPD bands were analyzed. Seedlings of C. portenschlagiana from Germany (CPG) were grouped distantly from CPJ and CPC and were significantly different in growth habit. The results of greenhouse forcing and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, species and cultivars should be characterized and identified morphologically and using molecular markers. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Units, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Joung, YH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Units, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-764-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 546 BP 421 EP 425 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Plant Sciences; Agriculture GA BS14K UT WOS:000168822500055 ER PT S AU Ryan, FJ Ledbetter, CA Ramming, DW Palmquist, DE Bell, DE Peterson, SJ AF Ryan, FJ Ledbetter, CA Ramming, DW Palmquist, DE Bell, DE Peterson, SJ BE Dore, C Dosba, F Baril, C TI Challenges in developing molecular markers for almond (Prunus amygdalus) and grape (Vitis species) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MOLECULAR MARKERS FOR CHARACTERIZING GENOTYPES AND IDENTIFYING CULTIVARS IN HORTICULTURE SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Molecular Markers for Characterizing Genotypes and Identifying Cultivars in Horticulture CY MAR 06-08, 2000 CL MONTPELLIER, FRANCE SP Int Soc Hort Sci, Commiss Biotechnol, Agro Montpellier, Agropolis Montpellier, CEP, FNPSP, GEVES, INRA, Soc Ozyme, Mole Ecol, Grp Limagrain, Grp SICASOV, Reg Languedoc Roussillon, Air France, Soc Natl Chemins Francais DE AFLP; linkage maps; phenetic characters; RAPD ID PSEUDO-TESTCROSS; LINKAGE MAP; DNA AB Molecular markers based on DNA have utility in breeding programs for perennial crops. These markers can be used to measure variability, to provide markers for horticultural characteristics, and for linkage mapping. however, problems can be encountered in the application of this methodology. The results of two separate investigations will be presented to illustrate some of these challenges. We used RAPD analysis to investigate genetic variability among 26 heritage almond (Prunus amygdalus) accessions. Thirty polymorphic bands were utilized and phenetic analysis was conducted by UPGMA clustering after construction of a similarity matrix using simple matching coefficients. Clustering reflected the known pedigrees of the various accessions; however, comparison of these similarities with those estimated from other phenetic data, such as kernel or nut weights, revealed large differences in the clustering, probably due to the polygenic nature of the characters of interest and the limited amount of the genome surveyed in the RAPD analysis. A second investigation involved the development of molecular markers for characters in a cross of a parent of Vitis vinifera and a parent with V. labrusca heritage in a pseudo-testcross. Fluorescent-labeled amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were used to characterize the parents and a Fl progeny line. Segregation of many of the AFLP markers was observed in the progeny but a number of horticultural characters, such as muscat or labrusca flavors, were difficult to assign since their expression was influenced by ripeness and weather. Determination of molecular markers closely linked to these characters may require quantitative measures of associated flavor components. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Ryan, FJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-764-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 546 BP 629 EP 639 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Plant Sciences; Agriculture GA BS14K UT WOS:000168822500088 ER PT S AU Havey, MJ King, JJ Bradeen, JM Bark, O Sato, Y Gokce, AF AF Havey, MJ King, JJ Bradeen, JM Bark, O Sato, Y Gokce, AF BE Armstrong, J TI A low-density genetic map of onion (Allium cepa L.) and its use for marker-facilitated selection of maintainer lines SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON EDIBLE ALLIACEAE SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Edible Alliaceae CY NOV 10-13, 1997 CL ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA SP Edp Packing & Handling Syst, Field Fresh Tasmania, Hort Res & Dev Corp, Bejo, Magnus Kahl Seeds, de Groot & Slot, Moratis Grp, Yates, Asgrow, Australian Onion Ind Assoc Inc, Australian Garlic Ind Assoc, Int Soc Hort Sci DE genetic linkage; cytoplasmic-genic male sterility; hybrid development ID OPEN-POLLINATED POPULATIONS; DNA POLYMORPHISM; CYTOPLASMS AB Genetic markers are useful indirect selection tools when close linkages are detected with economically important traits. We have developed a low-density genetic map of onion (Allium cepa L.) comprised primarily of restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). We and others have identified polymorphisms distinguishing normal fertile (N) and sterile (S) cytoplasms of onion. Presently, we are identifying RFLPs and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) flanking the nuclear locus (Ms) conditioning restoration of male fertility in plants possessing S cytoplasm. Testcross progenies were generated and scored over at least two environments for male fertility to establish genotypes at the Ms locus. We observed good agreement between expected and observed numbers of plants maintaining cytoplasmic-genic male sterility (CMS). Linkage analyses revealed RFLPs flanking the Ms locus. AFLPs were also evaluated and linkage of one to Ms was detected. We are presently determining the prevalence of these molecular markers among onion populations and assessing their efficacy to quickly and confidently establish genotypes at the Ms locus without laborious testcrosses. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-904-4 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 555 BP 87 EP 89 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BS96S UT WOS:000171524700009 ER PT S AU Johnson, WC Aldwinckle, HS Cummins, JN Forsline, PL Holleran, HT Norelli, JL Robinson, TL AF Johnson, WC Aldwinckle, HS Cummins, JN Forsline, PL Holleran, HT Norelli, JL Robinson, TL BE Palmer, JW Wunsche, JN TI The new USDA-ARS/Cornell university apple rootstock breeding and evaluation program SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ORCHARD AND PLANTATION SYSTEMS SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Orchard and Plantation Systems CY JAN 30-FEB 05, 2000 CL NELSON, NEW ZEALAND SP HortRes, New Zealand Soc Hort Sci, Pipfruit Growers New Zealand Inc, Natl Res Comm, BASF, Nursery & Garden Ind Assoc, Fruit Tree Growers Grp, PP Syst DE malus x domestica Borkh.; fire blight; Erwinia amylovora; crown rot; Phytophthora spp.; woolly apple aphid; Eriosoma lanigerum AB Apple rootstock breeding at Geneva began in 1968, and with the adoption of high-density orchard systems in North America the program changed the primary emphasis to developing dwarfing rootstocks with resistance to the pathogens of the northeastern United States. In 1997 the program was reorganized through a cooperative agreement with the United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) with a mandate to breed and evaluate new apple rootstocks for all US production regions. The Geneva rootstock program has developed several promising new genotypes, and the current focus of the conventional portion of the breeding program is to produce new rootstock genotypes that retain the disease resistance of the first generation of Geneva rootstocks but with improved horticultural properties. Genetic transformation of popular Malling series apple rootstocks to improve disease resistance is a new major component, and evaluations of Malling 26 with transgenes for improved resistance to the fire blight bacteria (Erwinia amylovora) are ongoing. The conventional breeding of new rootstocks occurs in stages, beginning with strong selection for disease resistance at the seedling stage. Genotypes with tolerance to fire blight, Phytophthora spp. induced root rots, and acceptable horticultural characteristics are evaluated in orchard trials. Selections from the initial orchard trials are further evaluated in orchard trials replicated in New York, Michigan, and Washington. These selections, and rootstocks from other breeding programs, are simultaneously evaluated in controlled experiments to determine their reactions to biotic and abiotic stresses. The best selections are distributed to cooperating nurseries for stoolbed evaluations, where trees are produced for replicated trials that are planted throughout North America. Commercialization of the best new rootstock genotypes from the Geneva program may occur as soon as 30 years from initial hybridizations. A summary of information on apple rootstocks now commercially available in the USA is available at: http://www.nysacs.comell.edu/hortibreeders/appleroots/applerootstocks.html. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. RP Johnson, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-884-6 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 557 BP 35 EP 40 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BT74X UT WOS:000173940000002 ER PT S AU Johnson, WC Cummins, JN Holleran, HT Hoying, SA Robinson, TL AF Johnson, WC Cummins, JN Holleran, HT Hoying, SA Robinson, TL BE Palmer, JW Wunsche, JN TI Orchard trial performance of elite Geneva series rootstocks SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ORCHARD AND PLANTATION SYSTEMS SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Orchard and Plantation Systems CY JAN 30-FEB 05, 2000 CL NELSON, NEW ZEALAND SP HortRes, New Zealand Soc Hort Sci, Pipfruit Growers New Zealand Inc, Natl Res Comm, BASF, Nursery & Garden Ind Assoc, Fruit Tree Growers Grp, PP Syst DE malus X. domestica Borkh.; fire blight; Erwinia amylovora; woolly apple aphid; Eriosoma lanigerum AB The Geneva New York based Apple Rootstock Breeding and Evaluation Program has released five new rootstock genotypes in recent years, and eleven additional genotypes are under consideration for possible release. Orchard performance of these rootstocks has been evaluated through numerous trials in New York, and through recently initiated trials in Michigan and Washington State. Some of these elite genotypes have also been evaluated at sites across North America as a part of the NC-140 regional project. The genotypes Novole, G.65, G.16, G.11, and G.30 have been patented and released for commercial production. Geneva 16 and G. I I are fire blight tolerant competitors for M.9 and M.26, respectively. The earlier expectations of G.65 and G.30, possible competitors for M.27 and M.7, respectively, have been muted by horticultural problems in the nursery and by poor anchorage. Ten additional Comell-Geneva series genotypes are presently under evaluation in commercial nursery stoolbeds, and these represent the next possible releases from the program. CG.4202 and CG.6210 (formerly known as CG.202 and CG.210) merit particular attention for Southern Hemisphere growers because they appear to have resistance to the woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerans). C1 USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. RP Johnson, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-884-6 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 557 BP 63 EP 67 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BT74X UT WOS:000173940000006 ER PT S AU Ishida, BK Ma, JC Chan, BG Bartley, GE Grossman, JN AF Ishida, BK Ma, JC Chan, BG Bartley, GE Grossman, JN BE Hartz, TK TI A modified method for simple, rapid HPLC analysis of lycopene isomers SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE PROCESSING TOMATO SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on the Processing Tomato CY JUN 10-13, 2000 CL SACRAMENTO, CA SP Int Soc Hort Sci, CA League Food Processors, CA Tomato Res Inst, CA Tomato Growers Assoc DE lycopene; prolycopene; cis-lycopene; HPLC; tomato; tangerine tomato; Lycopersicon esculentum ID PHASE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; TRANS-CAROTENOID ISOMERS; BETA-CAROTENE; STATIONARY-PHASE; HUMAN PLASMA; SEPARATION; CIS; PROSTATE; EXTRACTS; TOMATOES AB We describe a rapid method to separate and quantify P-carotene and geometric isomers of lycopene from tomato fruit. Carotenoids from extracts of tomato fruit are separated and eluted, using a reversed-phase HPLC with a C-30 column and a mobile phase of 40% MTBE, 50% MeOH, and 10% EtOAc. With this system, we can achieve sharp resolution of cis and trans isomers of lycopene within approximately 25 min instead of the longer, more complex gradient procedures required by previously described methods. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Ishida, BK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-924-9 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 542 BP 235 EP 242 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BT48R UT WOS:000173130700030 ER PT S AU Stommel, JR Zhang, Y AF Stommel, JR Zhang, Y BE Hartz, TK TI Inheritance and QTL analysis of anthracnose resistance in the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE PROCESSING TOMATO SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on the Processing Tomato CY JUN 10-13, 2000 CL SACRAMENTO, CA SP Int Soc Hort Sci, CA League Food Processors, CA Tomato Res Inst, CA Tomato Growers Assoc DE Colletotrichum; disease resistance; molecular markers; vegetable breeding ID COLLETOTRICHUM-COCCODES AB Genetic characterization of anthracnose resistance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was accomplished using populations developed from crosses between an anthracnose susceptible cultivar, 'US28,' and three resistant breeding lines. These lines varied in their degree of anthracnose resistance and relative stage of adaptation for commercial use. Anthracnose lesion diameters were scored in inoculated fruit of parental, F1, F2, and backcross generations within each cross. A RAPD analysis of an F2 population derived from the cross of 'US28' and a highly resistant line, 115-4, was utilized to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for anthracnose resistance. Heritabilities for resistance were moderate and declined as relative anthracnose susceptibility of the resistant parent increased coincident with increasing horticultural adaptation. Genetic variance for anthracnose resistance was primarily additive. The minimum number of effective factors conditioning anthracnose resistance declined during attempts to transfer high levels of resistance exhibited by unadapted small-fruited germplasm into adapted breeding lines. Putative RAPD markers linked to loci that influence resistance were identified. The phenotypic variation for anthracnose resistance explained by any individual QTL was small. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Vegetable Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Stommel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Vegetable Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-924-9 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 542 BP 303 EP 310 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BT48R UT WOS:000173130700040 ER PT B AU Hornbeck, JW Kochenderfer, JN AF Hornbeck, JW Kochenderfer, JN GP SAF SAF TI A century of lessons about water resources in northeastern forests SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE forested watersheds; water yield; flood flows; water quality; sediment ID ECOSYSTEM; HAMPSHIRE; CALCIUM; YIELD AB Water resources in forests of the northeastern United States have been a contentious issue throughout the 20th century. The Weeks Law of 1911 recognized the needs to protect water yield and quality, and stimulated long-term interest in the relationships between forests and water. Research has provided a clear understanding of the roles of forests in hydrologic and nutrient cycling, water quality, and sedimentation, and how these roles are affected by human and natural disturbances. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Hornbeck, JW (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 31 EP 37 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300001 ER PT B AU Verry, ES AF Verry, ES GP SAF SAF TI Land fragmentation and impacts to streams and fish in the central and upper Midwest SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc ID VARIABILITY AB Fragmentation of the land means changes in the vegetative cover. This alone has caused significant and wide spread physical and water quality changes to the streams and rivers in the central and upper Midwest. Removal of the forest canopy that changes land use to "open" conditions: agricultural, urban, or rights of way, is sufficient to initiate and prolong in-channel stream erosion and sedimentation for more than a century. The comparison between cropland and forestland, shows the loss of forest cover will cause nearly annual, bankfull, peak flows to double or triple. The processes causing higher bankfull flows are synchronized snowmelt in open land and young-aged forestland and rapid delivery of rainwater from compacted soils. In contemporary forestlands, very high rates of harvesting can also increase bankfull flows. Where forestland is not fragmented, undersized road culverts, eroding road surfaces, and road washouts, are a significant source of sediment to streams. Both high velocities in culverts, high dams, and high bankfull stream velocities have fragmented the fish, invertebrate, and mussel communities of the Midwest. This paper considers how and where these impacts occur, and suggests riparian restoration measures to bring Midwest streams to their productive best. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn,Forestry Sci Lab, Ecol & Management Riparian Areas Res Work Unit, Grand Rapids, MI USA. RP Verry, ES (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn,Forestry Sci Lab, Ecol & Management Riparian Areas Res Work Unit, 1831 Highway 169 E, Grand Rapids, MI USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 38 EP 44 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300002 ER PT B AU Rice, RM Ziemer, RR Lewis, J AF Rice, RM Ziemer, RR Lewis, J GP SAF SAF TI Forest management effects on erosion, sediment, and runoff: Lessons from Caspar Creek and northwestern California SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE streamflow; runoff; sediment; erosion; logging; roads; monitoring; Caspar Creek ID ROADS; LOADS AB The effects of multiple logging disturbances on peak flows and suspended sediment loads from second-growth redwood watersheds were approximately additive. Downstream increases were no greater than would be expected from the proportion of the area disturbed. Annual sediment load increases of from 123 to 269% were measured in tributary watersheds but were not detected at the main channel gages, implying that sediment was being temporarily stored in the intervening channels. The failure of previous studies to detect increases in large peak flows following timber harvests may be due to variability in measurements rather than absence of an effect. A few sites are responsible for a large proportion of the erosion resulting from management-related disturbances. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacif SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA USA. RP Rice, RM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacif SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 69 EP 75 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300006 ER PT B AU Tkacz, BM AF Tkacz, BM GP SAF SAF TI Risks of invasive forest pests: A national perspective SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE invasive forest pests; exotic tree insects and pathogens AB Increasing world travel and trade have amplified the risks of inadvertent introduction of invasive organisms into new environments. Previous introductions of invasive forest pests into the United States have resulted in severe outbreaks in forests and urban areas with significant economic and environmental losses. Prevention of entry and spread of new invasive forest pests is best achieved by assessing risks associated with likely pathways for movement of potentially invasive forest pests and application of mitigation measures to interdict those pathways. Emerging new pathways include growing trade in non-traditional wood commodities. Enhanced early detection and rapid response to new introductions of invasive forest pests allow for more effective eradication programs. Once invasive forest pests are established, recovery of affected ecosystems can be a long, costly and difficult process. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Tkacz, BM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 83 EP 96 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300008 ER PT B AU Klopfenstein, NB McDonald, GI Kim, MS Brunsfeld, SJ Richardson, BA Lundquist, JE AF Klopfenstein, NB McDonald, GI Kim, MS Brunsfeld, SJ Richardson, BA Lundquist, JE GP SAF SAF TI Molecular genetic approaches to risk assessment in forest ecosystems SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE molecular diagnostics; topoclimatic modeling; Armillaria; Pinus; Cronartium ribicola ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; NORTH-AMERICA; SPECIES DELIMITATION; INTRODUCED PATHOGEN; MITOCHONDRIAL DNAS; ARMILLARIA-MELLEA; RIBOSOMAL DNA; RFLP ANALYSIS; IDENTIFICATION; FUNGI AB As the power and utility of molecular genetic tools continues to increase, ecological application of molecular genetics offers more opportunities to understand dynamic biological processes that contribute to instability or risk of undesirable change in forest ecosystems. Molecular diagnostic techniques may distinguish virulent pathogens from nonpathogenic or beneficial microorganisms, while helping to assess overall biological diversity. Genetic studies are underway to characterize pathogenic and beneficial soil fungi, such as Armillaria spp., and to help assess root disease risk. Population genetics studies can help monitor genetic variation, gene flow, and potential evolutionary changes in microbial and tree species. Ongoing studies are investigating genetic structure of western white pine (Pifuus monticola) and whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) to help characterize past and future ecological impacts of white pine blister rust, an introduced disease caused by Cronartium ribicola. Molecular tools can also help assess genetic changes in C. ribicola and other pathogens, as these organisms will likely evolve in response to changing environmental and host conditions. Risk assessments at the landscape level can be achieved through the integration of molecular genetic information from hosts, pathogens, and beneficial organisms into geographic information systems (GIS) that are based on remote sensing and landscape modeling. C1 USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Klopfenstein, NB (reprint author), USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, 1221 S Main St, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 108 EP 121 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300013 ER PT B AU Nowak, DJ Twardus, D Scott, CT AF Nowak, DJ Twardus, D Scott, CT GP SAF SAF TI Proposal for urban forest health monitoring in the United States SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE urban forestry; forest health AB Urban areas cover approximately 3.5% of the total land area of the coterminous United States, contain more than 75% of the U.S. population, and support about 3.8 billion trees. Yet little is known about the status of the forest resource in these areas or how it is changing. This paper details a proposal to create a national urban forest health monitoring program within the USDA Forest Service's Forest Health Monitoring Program that would establish an estimated 11,735 permanent urban plots nationwide. These plots would be resampled on an annualized 5- or 7-year cycle in the East and on a 10-year cycle in the West. Annual reports would provide current information on urban forest health, structure, and functions, and associated monetary values for each state/region and the nation. The information gathered on urban forest characteristics, particularly rates of change, would provide essential information for managing the urban forest resource and improving forest health in urban areas. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. RP Nowak, DJ (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 5 Moon Lib, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 178 EP 183 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300023 ER PT B AU Rummer, B AF Rummer, B GP SAF SAF TI The origins of forest operations: The role of prescription and practice SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE economics; harvesting; impacts; prescription AB The Darwinian concept of evolution provides a useful theoretical construct to consider the ongoing development of forest management and forest operations. For example, changing environments, "survival of the fittest", and random mutation are processes, which have analogs within the forestry arena. The success and survival of any forest operations technology is determined by how well it meets the demands of its operating environment. Examples of evolutionary processes in forest operations are presented. Selection pressures on forestry operations are not entirely derived from silvicultural needs. This presents the possibility of divergent development. In order to influence the evolution of forest operations, silviculture must define future operational constraints and support the survival of technology, which exhibits value for forest management practices of the future. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Operat Res Unit, Auburn, AL USA. RP Rummer, B (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Operat Res Unit, Auburn, AL USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 264 EP 268 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300034 ER PT B AU Kerns, BK Liegel, L Pilz, D Alexander, SJ AF Kerns, BK Liegel, L Pilz, D Alexander, SJ GP SAF SAF TI An overview of inventory and monitoring for nontimber forest products SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE inventory; nontimber forest products; forest management; monitoring ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; COVER AB Inventory and monitoring of nontimber forest product species are critical issues in the formulation of sustainable land management policies and plans. Strategies used to assess resource conditions and trends cover three key areas: 1) descriptive and nonstatistical, 2) statistical, scientific and research, and 3) holistic. The type, relevance and cost of information provided by each of these approaches differ. We provide an overview of methods and factors to consider when designing and implementing an inventory and monitoring program, examining or analyzing existing data, or formulating policies based on a resource assessment. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kerns, BK (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 38 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 269 EP 275 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300035 ER PT B AU Collins, EC AF Collins, EC GP SAF SAF TI Estimating a non-timber forest product - Maple syrup - Using Forest Inventory and Analysis Data SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE maple syrup; Forest Inventory and Analysis; estimating production; Acer saccharum; Acer nigrum AB Maple syrup is produced in the north central and northeastern regions of the USA. Trees must be greater than 10 inches in diameter to be tappable. Using Forest Inventory and Analysis data, the number of suitable trees in a 12-state region was selected based on ownership, diameter, timber class, and forest type group. Using this information, the potential number of taps was estimated for each state. Additional information on current maple syrup production was gathered from crop reports by the National Agricultural Statistic Service. The difference between current production and potential production indicates areas in which of the maple syrup industry could possibly expand. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Forest Inventory & Anal Program, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Collins, EC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Forest Inventory & Anal Program, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 276 EP 287 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300036 ER PT B AU Snyder, GW AF Snyder, GW GP SAF SAF TI Strategic holistic integrated planning: "Ship" for fire protection in the urban/rural/wildland interface SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE fire planning; fire protection; wildland-urban interface AB Wildland fire protection in the United States has evolved from predominantly protecting natural resources values to protecting values of the urban-wildland interface. Providing fire protection in this "unnatural" ecosystem has become more complex. Wildland fire suppression costs have escalated dramatically in recent years, yet the area of wildlands is decreasing. A strategic evaluation is made of the correlation of population growth, rising wildland fire protection costs, and roles and responsibilities of fire protection providers. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Cooperat Fire Protect Proram Planning State & Pri, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Snyder, GW (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Cooperat Fire Protect Proram Planning State & Pri, Rocky Mt Reg,740 Simms St, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 296 EP 309 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300039 ER PT B AU Steinman, JR Melchior, HJ AF Steinman, JR Melchior, HJ GP SAF SAF TI Using USDA forest service methods to monitor forest health in training areas at Fort AP Hill, Virginia SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE forest health; forest sustainability; military training areas; Fort AP Hill AB A partnership between the USDA Forest Service and the US Army Environmental Center (USAEC) has successfully demonstrated the use of Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) methods to assess forest conditions at Fort A.P. Hill, Virginia. Goals of the FHM Program and the Land Condition Trend Analysis (LCTA) Program at Fort A.P. Hill are compatible in many respects. The primary goal of the FHM Program is to detect and evaluate the health of the forests at regional and national scales. An objective of LCTA monitoring at Fort A.P. Hill is to determine the suitability for training and sustainability of forested areas. This paper shows how the installation is applying FHM procedures to quantify various criteria and indicators of forest sustainability. Field data are summarized to compare conditions among training areas within Fort A.P. Hill. Information will be used to assess the current status of each training area and identify those at risk to degradation. The utility of this forest health monitoring system at Fort A.P. Hill indicates that it can be applied to other forested military installations. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC USA. RP Steinman, JR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Asheville, NC USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 383 EP 392 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300049 ER PT B AU Williams, GW Tolle, T AF Williams, GW Tolle, T GP SAF SAF TI USDA Forest Service - Long-time leader in federal forest planning SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE Forest Service; planning; laws; policy; history AB The USDA Forest Service has been a leader in federal forest planning since the late 1800s. With the new Forest Service in 1905, plans were devised for managing the 150 million acres of national forest system lands. At the national forest level, grazing plans were written and enacted in the 1910s and 1920s. After the end of the war, a great expansion of the Forest Service timber program necessitated the need for better timber/working circle plans. The Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act of 1960 set into motion plans for timber, recreation, grazing, mining, and many other resources. Passage of the Wilderness Act of 1964 set up another planning process (called RARE). In 1974, the Resources Planning Act (RPA) established a long-term analysis and evaluation process to collect and interpret data from across the U.S.. The National Forest Management Act of 1976 instituted a process for devising regional plans (guides) and national forest plans. This leads us to the present emphasis on the large-scale planning projects like the FEMAT, Sierra, ICBEMP, Southern Appalachian, and others. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Williams, GW (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 403 EP 412 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300052 ER PT B AU Haynes, R Adams, D Alig, R Brooks, D Durbak, I Howard, J Ince, P McKeever, D Mills, J Skog, K Zhou, XP AF Haynes, R Adams, D Alig, R Brooks, D Durbak, I Howard, J Ince, P McKeever, D Mills, J Skog, K Zhou, XP GP SAF SAF TI Projections of the US timber supply and demand situation to 2050 - Draft findings from the USDA Forest Service 2000 RPA timber assessment SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE timber supply; timber demand; projections AB The Draft RPA Timber Assessment projects, over the next 50 years, the likelihood of increasing abundance of softwoods in the South and decreasing abundance of hardwoods in the South. These trends in supply, along with projected contributions from the North and West, imply U.S. consumption needs could be met without increasing net product imports and would not increase softwood timber prices over the next 50 years. However, under this scenario, the adequacy of timber supplies depends on 1) continued expansion of softwood plantations with increased management intensity in the South, 2) moderation of hardwood use in the South, and 3) continued improvement in technology both to grow trees and to obtain more wood and paper product output per unit of timber input. The outlook has many forest management implications. For example, with relatively abundant supplies of wood fiber in the East, there would be little likelihood of expansion of pulp or OSB capacity in the West to use large volumes of small-diameter timber. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Pacific NW Stn, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Haynes, R (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Pacific NW Stn, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 451 EP 453 PG 3 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300062 ER PT B AU Gottfried, GJ Neary, DG AF Gottfried, GJ Neary, DG GP SAF SAF TI History of the Workman Creek watersheds, Sierra Ancha Experimental Forest, Arizona SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE watershed management research; water yield improvement; mixed conifer forests; fire effects; Arizona AB Research on the Workman Creek watersheds has provided researchers and managers with information about the basic hydrology of southwestern mixed conifer forests and how forest management affects streamflow and sedimentation. The three watersheds in central Arizona were instrumented in 1938. Experimental treatments on North Fork evaluated streamflow responses to clearing the forest cover in stages and treatments on South Fork studied the responses to silvicultural prescriptions. Middle Fork is the control watershed. The Coon Creek Fire crossed the watersheds in April 2000 creating an opportunity to study the effects of wildfire on the hydrology and sediment dynamics of mixed conifer forests. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ USA. RP Gottfried, GJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 454 EP 458 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300063 ER PT B AU Neary, DG Gottfried, GJ AF Neary, DG Gottfried, GJ GP SAF SAF TI Post-wildfire peak flood flows: Causes and effects SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE watersheds; wildfire; floods; peak flows AB Next to the destruction of forest vegetation during a wildfire, the most destructive pos-wildfire impact comes from flood peak flows. These flows can severely affect stream physical conditions, aquatic habitat, aquatic biota, cultural resources, and human health and safety. Flood flows in forest, woodland, and rangeland watersheds after wildfires can increase dramatically due to vegetation and forest floor combustion, high fire severity, development of water repellant layers in the soil, and accelerated development of post-fire thunderstorms. Increases in flood peak flows of 11 to 44,670%, well beyond observed ranges of variability in managed watersheds, have been measured after wildfires. These flows need to be understood in order to safely manage watershed resources and recreational uses of riparian areas in a post-fire environment. C1 US Forest Serv, Sustainabil Riparian Ecol Syst SW Forests Woodlan, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Flagstaff, AZ USA. RP Neary, DG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Sustainabil Riparian Ecol Syst SW Forests Woodlan, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Flagstaff, AZ USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 459 EP 463 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300064 ER PT B AU Hummel, SS AF Hummel, SS GP SAF SAF TI Maintaining Late Successional habitat in the eastern Washington cascades SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE landscape dynamics; reserve management C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Hummel, SS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 490 EP 490 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300075 ER PT B AU Anderson, PJ Gilmore, DW Yount, LS Zasada, JC AF Anderson, PJ Gilmore, DW Yount, LS Zasada, JC GP SAF SAF TI Effects of blow-down and fuel reduction activity on forest succession pathways in northern Minnesota SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc C1 US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Grand Rapids, MD USA. RP Anderson, PJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Grand Rapids, MD USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 496 EP 500 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300078 ER PT B AU Wargo, PM Minocha, R Wong, BL Long, RP Horsley, SB Hall, TJ AF Wargo, PM Minocha, R Wong, BL Long, RP Horsley, SB Hall, TJ GP SAF SAF TI Measuring stress and recovery in limed sugar maple on the Allegheny Plateau of northwestern Pennsylvania SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE foliar polyamines; root starch and sugars; cambial electrical resistance C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Ctr Forest Hlth Res, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. RP Wargo, PM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Ctr Forest Hlth Res, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 503 EP 503 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300080 ER PT B AU Durbak, I Skog, K AF Durbak, I Skog, K GP SAF SAF TI Impact of US forest products consumption, imports, and exports on foreign timber harvests SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc DE international trade; trade impacts; roundwood equivalent volume; timber harvests AB The U.S. has historically been a net importer of wood and paper products. During the 1990's, the U.S. trade deficit widened, implying an increasing U.S. impact on timber harvests in foreign supply regions. An analysis was made of historical and projected trends in U.S. consumption and trade in terms of the roundwood volume required to make products consumed and traded. Results show that historically, the U.S. has increased its net imports and that the estimated harvest of roundwood overseas to make imports to the U.S. has increased faster than the estimated reductions in overseas harvest due to exports of U.S. products overseas. However, Draft projections from the USDA Forest Service RPA Timber Assessment indicate net imports may slowly decrease and level off after 2010 and remain level through 2050. Likewise, the net roundwood harvest overseas associated with our net imports may decrease and remain stable through 2050. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Durbak, I (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 513 EP 514 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300085 ER PT B AU Sniezko, R Elliott, L Linn, J Goheen, D Hansen, E Casavan, K Kitzmiller, J Rose, D AF Sniezko, R Elliott, L Linn, J Goheen, D Hansen, E Casavan, K Kitzmiller, J Rose, D GP SAF SAF TI Operational breeding program for resistance to an exotic root disease in Port-Orford-cedar SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2000 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-American-Foresters CY NOV 16-20, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Natl Capital State Soc C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Dorena Tree Improvement Ctr, Cottage Grove, OR 97424 USA. RP Sniezko, R (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Dorena Tree Improvement Ctr, Cottage Grove, OR 97424 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-82-1 PY 2001 BP 529 EP 530 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BU79B UT WOS:000177016300091 ER PT B AU Mask, R AF Mask, R GP SAF SAF TI Forest insects and diseases of the Rocky Mountain region SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2001 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 13-17, 2001 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Amer Foresters DE forest insects and diseases; mountain pine beetle; western spruce budworm; Douglas-fir beetle; dwarf mistletoes; National Fire Plan AB The convention field trip provided a brief glimpse at some of the significant forest insect and disease activity evident along Colorado's Front Range. Participants were able to observe the influence of organisms including mountain pine beetle, Douglas-fir beetle, western spruce budworm and dwarf mistletoes of lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir. Discussions included disturbance ecology, pest management, and forest management opportunities such as those in cooperation with National Fire Plan efforts. C1 USDA, Forest Serv Forest Hlth Management Serv Ctr, Gunnison, CO USA. RP Mask, R (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv Forest Hlth Management Serv Ctr, Gunnison, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-83-X PY 2001 BP 87 EP 89 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BU77T UT WOS:000176993900001 ER PT B AU Alig, RJ Butler, BJ AF Alig, RJ Butler, BJ GP SAF SAF TI Land use and forest cover projections for the United States: 1997-2050 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2001 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 13-17, 2001 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Amer Foresters DE land-use changes; forest-cover changes ID INVESTMENT; POLICIES; IMPACTS AB Findings from the 2000 RPA Assessment indicate that approximately 20-25 million acres of U.S. forestland could be converted to urban and other developed uses over the next 50 years if historical trends continue. Such land use conversions would further fragment forests, reduce opportunities for storage of carbon in forest, and also impact provision of other goods and services. The U.S. population is projected to grow by more than another 120 million people by 2050, with relatively fast growth rates in the key timber supply regions of the South and Pacific Northwest. In addition to a reduction of four percent in U.S. private timberland, forest cover dynamics are projected to significantly change the composition of forests, especially in the eastern U.S. The largest forest cover changes result from intensification of forestry practices in the southern U.S., where the area of pine plantations is projected to increase by more than 50% over the next fifty years. Although areas of softwoods are projected to increase across many regions of the country, especially on forest industry lands, hardwoods will remain the dominant forest type on private lands. Projected area changes for forest cover types differ notably by region. Land use and land cover dynamics will directly or indirectly contribute to sustainability of forest resources. In addition to changes in the biologic composition of forests, changing landowner demographics including increasing numbers of owners and changing management objectives will also impact the forests. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Alig, RJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 43 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-83-X PY 2001 BP 93 EP 115 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BU77T UT WOS:000176993900002 ER PT B AU Alig, RJ Haynes, RW AF Alig, RJ Haynes, RW GP SAF SAF TI Findings from the 2000 resources planning act assessment: Land use, forest cover changes, and sustainability analyses SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2001 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 13-17, 2001 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Amer Foresters DE broad-scale assessment; sustainability; land-use changes AB The 2000 RPA Assessment provides a broad array of information about the nation's forests and rangelands, including the current situation and prospective changes over the next 50 years. International concerns have prompted the pursuit of universal "criteria" by the forestry community that establish a standard framework for the definition and evaluation of sustainable forest management. Data summarized from the Timber Assessments prepared by the U. S. Forest Service for selected indicators help shape perceptions about whether we can sustain both increasing consumption of forest products and forest resource conditions. These data illustrate the dynamics of our nation's land base, and how adjustments are likely to continue in the future. The projections of land use and forest cover changes provide inputs into a larger system of models that project a higher level of timber harvests and improving resource conditions. This could be interpreted as a success story for forest management in the United States. This suggests that the current debate about sustainability is less about the physical notions of sustainability but rather a debate among competing goals for public and private land management. The land base changes also indicate the importance of viewing "sustainability" across the entire land base and across sectors, in contrast to the current typical sector approach as in examining "sustainable forest management." C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Alig, RJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-83-X PY 2001 BP 116 EP 126 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BU77T UT WOS:000176993900003 ER PT B AU Nowak, DJ Dwyer, JF Crane, DE AF Nowak, DJ Dwyer, JF Crane, DE GP SAF SAF TI Assessing the value of urban forests in the United States SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2001 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 13-17, 2001 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Amer Foresters DE urban forestry; global climate change; carbon dioxide; urban forest value ID TREES AB Urban forests have value to society based upon the structure of the physical resource (e.g., compensation required due to the loss of trees) and tree functions (e.g., air pollution removal by trees). Structural and functional values were estimated for urban forests in the contiguous United States. The estimated structural value of U.S. urban forests is $2.4 trillion. The estimated national value for carbon storage is $14.3 billion, with an annual carbon sequestration value of $460 million. C1 US Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Syracuse, NY USA. RP Nowak, DJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Syracuse, NY USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 9 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-83-X PY 2001 BP 237 EP 241 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BU77T UT WOS:000176993900021 ER PT B AU Skog, KE Haynes, RW AF Skog, KE Haynes, RW GP SAF SAF TI Projections of shifts in us forest products produced, imported, and exported and sources of roundwood and other fiber used to make them SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2001 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 13-17, 2001 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Amer Foresters DE projections; United States; forest products; roundwood requirements; trade AB The RPA Timber Assessment projects, over the next 50 years, the likelihood of increasing relative use of imported forest products versus U.S. roundwood harvest to meet U.S. consumption needs, although. our projected consumption needs are now estimated to be lower than we projected in 1993. The projected higher imports relative to U.S. roundwood harvest is due in part to slower projected increase in available hardwood inventory and harvest in the South. Softwood harvest is projected to increase notably with increasing area and management intensity for plantations in the South, and we project higher softwood harvest than we did in 1993. U.S. roundwood harvest to meet domestic and export demands is projected to increase from 18.0 to 22.4 billion cubic feet (24%) over the next 50 years (less than one-third the annual rate of the past 44 years). All the projected increase in roundwood harvest comes from nonsawtimber, most from nonindustrial land, and most from the South. To offset current net imports of forest products would require 14% more than current harvest be provided for domestic use by redirecting harvest used for exports or by increasing harvest. By 2050, this requirement increases to 36% of roundwood harvest. C1 USDA, Forest Serv Forest Prod Lab, Timber Demand & Technol Res Unit, Madison, WI USA. RP Skog, KE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv Forest Prod Lab, Timber Demand & Technol Res Unit, Madison, WI USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-83-X PY 2001 BP 270 EP 283 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BU77T UT WOS:000176993900025 ER PT B AU Snyder, GW AF Snyder, GW GP SAF SAF TI "Ship" - Strategic holistic integrated planning for fire protection in the urban/rural/wildland interface SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2001 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 13-17, 2001 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Amer Foresters DE fire planning; fire protection; wildland-urban interface AB Wildland fire protection in the United States has evolved from predominantly protecting natural resources values to protecting values of the urban-wildland interface. Providing fire protection in this "unnatural" ecosystem has become more complex. Wildland fire suppression costs have escalated dramatically, yet the area of wildlands is decreasing. A strategic evaluation is made of the correlation of population growth, rising wildland fire protection costs, and roles and responsibilities of fire protection providers. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Cooperat Fire Protect Program Planning, Golden, CO USA. RP Snyder, GW (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Cooperat Fire Protect Program Planning, 740 Simms St, Golden, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-83-X PY 2001 BP 284 EP 297 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BU77T UT WOS:000176993900026 ER PT B AU Bumgardner, MS Hansen, BG AF Bumgardner, MS Hansen, BG GP SAF SAF TI The changing Asian market for us hardwood lumber SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2001 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 13-17, 2001 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Amer Foresters AB In the late 1990's, Asia endured one of its worst economic recessions in modem times. Most major Asian economics realized substantially negative economic growth in 1998. As a consequence, U.S. exporters of major hardwood commodities (i.e., lumber, veneer, and logs) saw shipments plummet. From 1997 to 1998, the value of hardwood lumber exported to Asia declined by 34 percent, compared to declines of 30 percent and 23 percent for hardwood veneer and hardwood logs, respectively. Fortunately, the slowdown appears to have been short-lived. Between 1998 and 2000, the value of U.S. hardwood lumber exports to Asia increased by 35 percent and approached pre-crisis levels. Using secondary data from the Bureau of the Census, this presentation describes the reactions to the crisis by the major Asian markets for U.S. hardwood lumber. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Princeton, WV USA. RP Bumgardner, MS (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Princeton, WV USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-83-X PY 2001 BP 334 EP 336 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BU77T UT WOS:000176993900034 ER PT B AU Gottfried, GJ Ffolliott, PF Baker, MB AF Gottfried, GJ Ffolliott, PF Baker, MB GP SAF SAF TI Assessing long-term stand changes in Arizona using historical inventory data SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2001 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 13-17, 2001 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Amer Foresters DE long-term stand changes; historical inventories; ponderosa pine forests; pinyonjuniper; woodlands; Arizona AB Forest managers need to know long-term stand changes in the forests and woodlands of Arizona. These data can reveal the basic ecologic dynamics of these ecosystems. They also can serve as a basis for projecting future changes and for forest simulation modeling. Inventory designs and experimental plots were established throughout central and northern Arizona since the middle of the 20(th) century and much of the collected data have been archived. Some examples of the usefulness of re-measuring these plots and points in ponderosa pine forests and pinyon-juniper woodlands are presented. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ USA. RP Gottfried, GJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-83-X PY 2001 BP 380 EP 385 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BU77T UT WOS:000176993900041 ER PT B AU Hiremath, S Podila, G AF Hiremath, S Podila, G GP SAF SAF TI Utilization of genetically engineered fungi for remedying adverse soil conditions SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2001 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 13-17, 2001 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Amer Foresters DE mycorrhizal fungi; genetic engineering; bioremediation C1 USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Hiremath, S (reprint author), USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-83-X PY 2001 BP 397 EP 397 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BU77T UT WOS:000176993900045 ER PT B AU Kenefic, LS Brissette, JC AF Kenefic, LS Brissette, JC GP SAF SAF TI Long-term dynamics of structure and composition in uneven-aged northern conifer stands SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2001 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 13-17, 2001 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Amer Foresters DE uneven-aged silviculture; selection cutting; northern conifers AB The replicated selection treatments on the Penobscot Experimental Forest in Maine provide 45 years of data for assessment of selection cutting in mixed-species, conifer-dominated stands. Though diameter distributions were initially close to the goals, poletimber deficits and excesses of sawtimber have developed. Basal area and species composition goals have been met with varying success. Current stand age structures suggest that stand dynamics have been strongly influenced by trees present when the research began, and have affected our ability to retain the stated goals. Stand structure, quality, and composition are such that a range of management options could be applied, including continuing the selection system. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Bradley, ME 04411 USA. RP Kenefic, LS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 686 Government Rd, Bradley, ME 04411 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-83-X PY 2001 BP 405 EP 407 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BU77T UT WOS:000176993900048 ER PT B AU Kenefic, LS Sendak, PE Brissette, JC AF Kenefic, LS Sendak, PE Brissette, JC GP SAF SAF TI Fixed diameter-limit versus selection cutting: A long-term assessment in northern conifers SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2001 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 13-17, 2001 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Amer Foresters DE diameter-limit cutting; selection cutting; silviculture; northern conifers AB Effects of fixed diameter-limit and selection cutting were compared using data from a long-term silviculture experiment in northern conifers. Following 40 years of treatment, stands subjected to fixed diameter-limit removals compared unfavourably to stands in which selection cuttings were made. Differences in stand composition, structure, quality, and value were identified. Short-term economic benefits from fixed diameter-limit cutting were offset by long-term concerns regarding structural and compositional sustainability and productivity. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Bradley, ME 04411 USA. RP Kenefic, LS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 686 Government Rd, Bradley, ME 04411 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-83-X PY 2001 BP 408 EP 409 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BU77T UT WOS:000176993900049 ER PT B AU Kenefic, LS Seymour, RS AF Kenefic, LS Seymour, RS GP SAF SAF TI Leaf area - Stemwood volume growth relationships for eastern hemlock, balsam fir, and red spruce in multi-aged stands SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2001 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 13-17, 2001 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Amer Foresters DE leaf area; volume growth; growth efficiency; multi-aged stands AB This study explores relationships between tree-level stemwood volume increment and projected leaf area for eastern hemlock, balsam fir, and red spruce in mixed-species, multiaged stands. Stemwood volume increment was effectively modeled for each species using leaf area alone. Age did not contribute significantly to model performance. Volume increment models were used to determine implied growth efficiencies. Growth efficiencies of trees in the lower strata were less than those of trees higher in the canopy. Contrary to other studies in multi-aged stands, the largest diameter, highest leaf area trees were not found to be either more or less efficient that other upper- and middle-stratum trees. RP Kenefic, LS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 686 Government Rd, Bradley, ME 04411 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-83-X PY 2001 BP 410 EP 411 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BU77T UT WOS:000176993900050 ER PT B AU Kilborn, K AF Kilborn, K GP SAF SAF TI Evaluating opportunities for viable forest products industries in Alaska SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2001 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 13-17, 2001 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Amer Foresters C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacif NW Res Stn, Alaska Wood Utilizat R&D Ctr, Stika, AK USA. RP Kilborn, K (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacif NW Res Stn, Alaska Wood Utilizat R&D Ctr, Stika, AK USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-83-X PY 2001 BP 412 EP 414 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BU77T UT WOS:000176993900051 ER PT B AU Spetich, MA AF Spetich, MA GP SAF SAF TI Competitive capacity of shelterwood planted Quercus rubra L. SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2001 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 13-17, 2001 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Amer Foresters C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Hot Springs, AR USA. RP Spetich, MA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Hot Springs, AR USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-83-X PY 2001 BP 444 EP 444 PG 1 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BU77T UT WOS:000176993900058 ER PT B AU Wormstead, S Carpenter, C AF Wormstead, S Carpenter, C GP SAF SAF TI An analysis of sustainability and environmental indicator projects and their relationship to the Montreal process criteria and indicators of sustainability SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2001 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 13-17, 2001 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Amer Foresters DE sustainability; criteria and indicators C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Area State & Private Forestry, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Wormstead, S (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Area State & Private Forestry, 271 Mast Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-83-X PY 2001 BP 464 EP 465 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BU77T UT WOS:000176993900063 ER PT B AU Zhou, XP Mills, J AF Zhou, XP Mills, J GP SAF SAF TI A spatial look. of us timber inventory, growth, and removals on private timberland SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF AMERICAN FORESTERS, 2001 NATIONAL CONVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 13-17, 2001 CL DENVER, CO SP Soc Amer Foresters DE timber supply; ATLAS; inventory projection; growth; removals; county level mapping C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Portland Forest Sci Lab, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Zhou, XP (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Portland Forest Sci Lab, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-83-X PY 2001 BP 468 EP 469 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BU77T UT WOS:000176993900065 ER PT S AU McCaughey, WW Farnes, PE AF McCaughey, WW Farnes, PE BE Elder, K TI Snowpack comparison between an opening and a lodgepole pine stand SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE, 69TH ANNUAL MEETING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 69th Annual Meeting of Western-Snow-Conference CY APR 16-19, 2001 CL SUN VALLEY, ID AB In the fall of 1993, two snow pillows were installed at a permanent data site located at Onion Park Research Natural Area on the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest in central Montana. One pillow is located in a small open meadow, and the second pillow is located 25 m away under a dense forest canopy of lodgepole pine. The two pillows were installed to standard specifications for a Natural Resources Conservation Service snow telemetry data site, Measurements of snow water equivalent (SWE) were monitored on both pillows with a continuous water level recorder from 1993 through 1995 and electronic data recorder from 1995 to present. Manual manometer levels were read during each site visit to verify data recorder values. The annual maximum SWE on the canopy pillow has averaged 77 percent of the open pillow over the winters from 1993 to 2000. Melt rates under the canopy have averaged 46 percent of that in the open. On average, final melt-out of the canopy pillow is 9 days after the open pillow, Results from this research will be used to model changes in streamflow volume and timing of peak streamflow after forest modifications in 2001. This information should also be useful for hydrologic modeling or for modeling hydrologic changes after a forest has been harvested, burned or changed in structure due to age, disease, insect infestations or blowdown. C1 Montana State Univ, USDA Forest Serv, Tenderfoot Creek Expt Forest, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP McCaughey, WW (reprint author), Montana State Univ, USDA Forest Serv, Tenderfoot Creek Expt Forest, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE PI PORTLAND PA PO BOX 2646, PORTLAND, OR 97208 USA SN 0161-0589 J9 P WEST SNOW CONF PY 2001 BP 59 EP 64 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BT86M UT WOS:000174272100008 ER PT S AU Julander, RP Cleary, S AF Julander, RP Cleary, S BE Elder, K TI Soil moisture data collection and water supply forecasting SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE, 69TH ANNUAL MEETING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 69th Annual Meeting of Western-Snow-Conference CY APR 16-19, 2001 CL SUN VALLEY, ID AB Extreme deviations in hydroclimatic conditions are a source of considerable error in statistical water supply forecast models, Much attention has been given over the past years to the relationship between snowpack, precipitation and streamflow (Martinec, 1975, Hawley, et al. 1980, McCuen, 1993). These relationships tend to vary in strength, but in large part are satisfactory for water supply forecasting purposes. Many other hydroclimatic variables such as soil moisture are implicit in these statistical relationships. As long as these variables (soil moisture) remain proportional to the independent variables (snowpack, precipitation) in the forecasting relationship, then the model will be stable. If there is some amount of disproportion, then the model will most likely produce significant error. Such a case in northern Utah is presented along with an explanation of a small-scale implementation of soil moisture monitoring of two small watersheds in the Wasatch Mountains near Salt Lake City. C1 USDA, NRCS, Salt Lake City, UT USA. RP Julander, RP (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, Salt Lake City, UT USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE PI PORTLAND PA PO BOX 2646, PORTLAND, OR 97208 USA SN 0161-0589 J9 P WEST SNOW CONF PY 2001 BP 77 EP 84 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BT86M UT WOS:000174272100010 ER PT S AU Marks, D Winstral, A AF Marks, D Winstral, A BE Elder, K TI The effect of variable patterns of snow deposition and drifting on snowmelt, runoff, and stream discharge in a semi-arid mountain basin SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE, 69TH ANNUAL MEETING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 69th Annual Meeting of Western-Snow-Conference CY APR 16-19, 2001 CL SUN VALLEY, ID ID ENERGY-BALANCE; BOREAL FOREST; SIMULATION; COVER AB In semi-arid mountainous regions, local topography and canopy cover strongly affect wind patterns during storms which alters snow distribution and causes the development of hydrologically significant drifts. While large drifts may cover only 5-15% of the basin area, they can hold 50% or more of the basin SWE at peak accumulation and 75-100% of the basin SWE in late spring. Snowmelt from the drifts provides essentially the only source of water to the basin in late spring and early summer, and therefore directly affects basin ecology, runoff response, and the basin hydrograph. To understand how snow distribution and drifting affect the timing and magnitude of snowmelt and the delivery of melt-water to the stream, we simulate both the patterns of snow deposition and melt over a small headwater basin in the Owyhee Mts. (the Reynolds Mountain East basin (0.36 km(2)) using the energy balance snowmelt model ISNOBAL. Simulations were run for several snow seasons in the 1980's for which time-series aerial photos monitoring of the location and depletion of snow drifts during melt-out were available. Precipitation input was modeled as a function of topographic exposure relative to storm-event winds and the difference in storm-event catch between a sheltered site and an exposed site. Snowcover in the modeled drift zones lasted well into the spring and showed good agreement with drift assessments made from time-series late-season aerial photography. This experiment shows that disparate patterns of snow deposition and melt, including the effect of drifting, which is typical of semi-arid mountain basins, can be modeled as a function of terrain and vegetation. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Marks, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU WESTERN SNOW CONFERENCE PI PORTLAND PA PO BOX 2646, PORTLAND, OR 97208 USA SN 0161-0589 J9 P WEST SNOW CONF PY 2001 BP 127 EP 130 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BT86M UT WOS:000174272100019 ER PT B AU Wan, PJ AF Wan, PJ BE Wilson, RF TI Research in alternative extraction solvents for oilseeds SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD CONFERENCE ON OILSEED PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT World Conference on Oilseed Processing and Utilization CY NOV 12-17, 2000 CL CANCUN, MEXICO SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc ID COTTONSEED EXTRACTION; HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS; OIL AB Research in alternative solvents for oil extraction has always been a focus for scientists at the Southern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US. Department of Agriculture. Among the major solvent systems that have been investigated are aqueous acetone, an acetone-hexane-water azeotrope, ethanol, and various hydrocarbons. Each solvent system possesses its own unique set of benefits and weaknesses. So far, only isohexane appears to be able to gain some approval from the oilseed industry, probably because it is not a hazardous air pollutant (HAP): It could save energy and increase the throughput of an oil mill; it could even offer some product quality improvement benefits. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Wan, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 60 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 508 S 6TH ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 USA BN 1-893997-20-0 PY 2001 BP 11 EP 16 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA BU19U UT WOS:000175296800004 ER PT B AU Sanders, TH AF Sanders, TH BE Wilson, RF TI Individual oils: Peanut oil SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD CONFERENCE ON OILSEED PROCESSING AND UTILIZATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT World Conference on Oilseed Processing and Utilization CY NOV 12-17, 2000 CL CANCUN, MEXICO SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; NUT CONSUMPTION; DIETS; RISK AB Peanut production on a worldwide basis is almost 30 million tons per year, and more than 50% of this production is crushed for oil use. In some countries, more than 85% of the peanuts produced are crushed. Extraction efficiency and oil quality vary with use of equipment, from simple hand presses to hydraulics and heated solvent extractors. State-of-the-art extraction is generally accomplished with screw presses followed by solvent extraction. Extracted peanut oil is saponified, washed, bleached, and deodorized into an excellent cooking oil with a smoke point of 229.4degreesC. Peanut oil is used mainly for edible purposes in the preparation of shortenings, margarines, and mayonnaises as a cooking and frying oil, and as a salad oil. A new commercial invention incorporating a supercritical, low-pressure, liquefied gas extraction process using food-grade butane as the extraction gas is currently being used to extract chocolate liquor and peanuts, and the oil and residue solids are both edible products. New peanut lines incorporating high oleic-acid traits produce oil with greatly increased shelf-life qualities. Use of high-oleic oils in frying peanuts resulted in some increase in the shelf life of the various peanut varieties used, and the increases were highly correlated with the oleic/linoleic (OIL) ratio of individual varieties. The benefits of peanuts, peanut butter, and peanut oil alone in decreased cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol risk factors for cardiovascular disease have recently been explored. Peanut oil resulted in significant reduction of cholesterol and LDL cholesterol while producing no decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and no increase in triglycerides. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Market Qual & Handling Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Sanders, TH (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Market Qual & Handling Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 508 S 6TH ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 USA BN 1-893997-20-0 PY 2001 BP 141 EP 144 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA BU19U UT WOS:000175296800020 ER PT B AU Chen, YR Chao, K Hruschka, WR AF Chen, YR Chao, K Hruschka, WR BE Zazueta, F Xin, J TI On-line automated inspection of poultry carcasses by machine vision SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORLD CONGRESS OF COMPUTERS IN AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT World Congress on Computers in Agriculture and Natural Resources CY SEP 19-21, 2001 CL IGUACU FALL, BRAZIL SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers, Soc Brasileira Informat Aplicada Agr Agrind, Asian Federat Informat Technol Agr, European Federat Informat Technol Agr, World Federat Engn Org, Amer Assoc Engn Soc, Univ Florida DE mulitspectral; dual-camera; slaughterhouse; carcasses; high-speed-processing ID SYSTEM AB Development of an automated poultry inspection system that is low-cost, operates with minimum human intervention, and is able to maintain its accuracy is important to the U.S. Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) and the poultry industry. Such a system, placed strategically in the processing plants, would help improve the inspection speed, minimize problems of human error and variability, improve the effectiveness of the federal inspection program, and increase the slaughter plants' productivity. This paper describes an automated poultry inspection system that utilizes machine vision technology. The system was tested on-line at a poultry plant. The results showed that the classification accuracy for wholesome and unwholesome carcasses were 94 and 87%, respectively. C1 USDA, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Chen, YR (reprint author), USDA, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-22-0 PY 2001 BP 78 EP 85 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA BX47B UT WOS:000185357400012 ER PT B AU Reeder, JD Schuman, GE Morgan, JA Lecain, DR Hart, RH AF Reeder, JD Schuman, GE Morgan, JA Lecain, DR Hart, RH BE Gomide, JA Mattos, WRS DaSilva, SC TI Impact of grazing management strategies on carbon sequestration in a semi-arid Rangeland, USA SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE XIX INTERNATIONAL GRASSLAND CONGRESS: GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS: AN OUTLOOK INTO THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Grassland Congress CY FEB 11-21, 2001 CL SAO PEDRO, BRAZIL SP Brazilian Soc Anim Husbandry, Soc Brasileira Zootecnia DE carbon balance; mixed-grass prairie ID GRASS AB The effects of 12 years of grazing management strategies on carbon (C) distribution and sequestration were assessed on a semi-arid mixed-grass prairie in Wyoming, USA. Five grazing treatments were evaluated: non-grazed exclosures; continuous, season-long grazing at a light (22 steer-days ha(-1)) stocking rate; and, totationally-deferred, short-duration rotation, and continuous, season-long grazing, all three at a heavy stocking rate (59 steer-days ha(-1)). Non-grazed exclosures exhibited a large buildup of dead plant material (72% of total aboveground plant matter) and forb biomass represented a large component (35%) of the plant community. Stocking rate, but not grazing strategy, changed plant community composition and decreased surface fitter. Light grazing decreased forbs and increased cool-season mid-grasses, resulting in a highly diversified plant community and the highest total production of grasses. Heavy grazing increased warm-season grasses at the expense of the cool-season grasses, which decreased total forage production and opportunity for early season grazing. Compared to the exclosures, all grazing treatments resulted in significantly higher levels of C (6000-9000 kg ha(-1)) in the surface 15 cm of the soil. Higher levels of soil C with grazing are likely the result of faster fitter decomposition and recycling, and redistribution of C within the 0-60 cm plant-soil system. Grazing at an appropriate stocking rate had beneficial effects on plant composition, forage production, and. soil C sequestration. Without grazing, deterioration of the plant-soil system is indicated. C1 USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Reeder, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU FUNDACAO ESTUDOS AGRARIOS LUIZ QUEIROZ (FEALQ) PI PIRACICABA PA AV CARLOS BOTELHO, 1025, 13416-145 PIRACICABA, SP, BRAZIL BN 85-7133-010-7 PY 2001 BP 211 EP 213 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BX19A UT WOS:000184566200104 ER PT B AU Coleman, SW Hart, SP Sahlu, T AF Coleman, SW Hart, SP Sahlu, T BE Gomide, JA Mattos, WRS DaSilva, SC TI Prediction of intake of hay differing in species and maturity by goats SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE XIX INTERNATIONAL GRASSLAND CONGRESS: GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS: AN OUTLOOK INTO THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Grassland Congress CY FEB 11-21, 2001 CL SAO PEDRO, BRAZIL SP Brazilian Soc Anim Husbandry, Soc Brasileira Zootecnia DE intake; digestibility; rate of passage; eating behavior; forage chemistry ID RUMINANTS AB Eight species of forage, a cool-season perennial(Festuca arundinacea) and annual grass (Triticum aestivum), four warm-season perennial grasses (Bothriochloa caucasica, B. ischaemum, Cynodon dactylon, and Tripsacum dactyloides), a warm season annual (Digitaria sanguinalis) and a perennial legume (Medicago sativa), were cut at two or three maturities to provide a wide array of quality difference (n=20). Twenty wether goats (Capra hicus) were fed the hays in four different trials using an incomplete block so that each hay was fed to four different goats. Alfalfa produced the highest DM, but lowest neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake. Intake was best predicted with eating time, passage rate. and lag time, and hay CP and ADF (R-2 = 0.57). Digestibility was best predicted with percentage acid detergent fiber (ADF), permanganate lignin (PML) and CP, and ruminating time (R-2 = 0.35). Weight gain (g/d) could be predicted with digestible dry matter intake (r(2) = 0.42; P < 0.001). Regression curves were different (P < 0.05) among forage types. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34461 USA. RP Coleman, SW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, 22271 Chinsegut Hill Rd, Brooksville, FL 34461 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FUNDACAO ESTUDOS AGRARIOS LUIZ QUEIROZ (FEALQ) PI PIRACICABA PA AV CARLOS BOTELHO, 1025, 13416-145 PIRACICABA, SP, BRAZIL BN 85-7133-010-7 PY 2001 BP 366 EP 367 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BX19A UT WOS:000184566200162 ER PT B AU Mayland, HF Burns, JC Fisher, DS Shewmaker, GE AF Mayland, HF Burns, JC Fisher, DS Shewmaker, GE BE Gomide, JA Mattos, WRS DaSilva, SC TI Near infra-red measurement of nonstructural carbohydrates in alfalfa hay SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE XIX INTERNATIONAL GRASSLAND CONGRESS: GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS: AN OUTLOOK INTO THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Grassland Congress CY FEB 11-21, 2001 CL SAO PEDRO, BRAZIL SP Brazilian Soc Anim Husbandry, Soc Brasileira Zootecnia DE NIRS; alfalfa; forage quality; diurnal quality changes; total nonstructural carbohydrates AB Recently documented benefits from afternoon versus morning cut forage have encouraged laboratory reporting of total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) values as part of forage quality testing. Our objective was to determine if infra-red spectroscopy (NIRS), which is being used in many forage testing labs, could be reliably used to quantify forage sugars in hay samples. We used two alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) sample populations that were analyzed by wet chemistry for sugars and scanned by NIRS. The first set consisted of field-dried hay samples that were oven dried at 70degreesC and the second consisted of fresh, freeze-dried samples. TNC values were determined more precisely with NIRS than by wet chemistry. C1 USDA ARS, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Mayland, HF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU FUNDACAO ESTUDOS AGRARIOS LUIZ QUEIROZ (FEALQ) PI PIRACICABA PA AV CARLOS BOTELHO, 1025, 13416-145 PIRACICABA, SP, BRAZIL BN 85-7133-010-7 PY 2001 BP 404 EP 405 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BX19A UT WOS:000184566200193 ER PT B AU Mayland, HF Burns, JC Fisher, DS Shewmaker, GE Carlstrom, R Cash, DS AF Mayland, HF Burns, JC Fisher, DS Shewmaker, GE Carlstrom, R Cash, DS BE Gomide, JA Mattos, WRS DaSilva, SC TI Herbivore preference for afternoon- and morning-cut forages and adoption of cutting management strategies SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE XIX INTERNATIONAL GRASSLAND CONGRESS: GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS: AN OUTLOOK INTO THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Grassland Congress CY FEB 11-21, 2001 CL SAO PEDRO, BRAZIL SP Brazilian Soc Anim Husbandry, Soc Brasileira Zootecnia DE cattle; sheep; goats; horses; alfalfa; diurnal quality changes; animal eating preference AB Photosynthesizing forage plants accumulate total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) during daylight, but then TNC concentrations are reduced during the night. Afternoon-cut forage (PM) has greater TNC value and thus economic value, than morning-cut (AM). Livestock prefer PM-cut hay and this can be readily demonstrated by offering animals a choice of hays cut in PM and AM. Alfalfa growers in the western United States are readily adopting PM-cutting technology to increase profits. C1 USDA ARS, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Mayland, HF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU FUNDACAO ESTUDOS AGRARIOS LUIZ QUEIROZ (FEALQ) PI PIRACICABA PA AV CARLOS BOTELHO, 1025, 13416-145 PIRACICABA, SP, BRAZIL BN 85-7133-010-7 PY 2001 BP 405 EP 406 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BX19A UT WOS:000184566200194 ER PT B AU Gustine, DL Sanderson, MA Getzie, J Donner, S Gueldner, R Jennings, N AF Gustine, DL Sanderson, MA Getzie, J Donner, S Gueldner, R Jennings, N BE Gomide, JA Mattos, WRS DaSilva, SC TI A strategy for detecting natural anthelmintic constituents of the grassland species plantago, lanceolata SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE XIX INTERNATIONAL GRASSLAND CONGRESS: GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS: AN OUTLOOK INTO THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Grassland Congress CY FEB 11-21, 2001 CL SAO PEDRO, BRAZIL SP Brazilian Soc Anim Husbandry, Soc Brasileira Zootecnia DE Ostertagia ostertagi; brown stomach worm; bioassay; aucubin AB A strategy to detect anthelmintic constituents in plantain (Plantago lanceolata) using a bioassay-driven purification approach was tested. Plantain consumed by cattle may control or reduce internal parasite titers, possibly due to the iridoid glucoside aucubin. Lyophilized, ground leaves of wild R lanceolata were extracted with 95% ethanol or boiling water containing calcium carbonate. Partially purified extracts (0 to 250 mg ml(-1)), 5 mug ml(-1) of the anthelmintic levamisole, or 5 mg ml(-1) of aucubin were tested with sheathed bovine parasites (Ostertagia ostertagi). The percent moving worms was unchanged for water controls and reduced to 0% for anthelmintic levamisole. Aucubin significantly reduced the number of swimming worms at day 2, but they returned to starting values at day 3. Extracts from tall fescue and white clover foliage did not show anthelmintic effects. Treatment of extract or aucubin with B-glucosidase did not alter their activity. Beneficial anthelmintic action of ingested plantain is not due to aucubin. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Gustine, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU FUNDACAO ESTUDOS AGRARIOS LUIZ QUEIROZ (FEALQ) PI PIRACICABA PA AV CARLOS BOTELHO, 1025, 13416-145 PIRACICABA, SP, BRAZIL BN 85-7133-010-7 PY 2001 BP 464 EP 465 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BX19A UT WOS:000184566200219 ER PT B AU Muck, RE Shinners, KJ AF Muck, RE Shinners, KJ BE Gomide, JA Mattos, WRS DaSilva, SC TI Conserved forage (silage and hay): progress and priorities SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE XIX INTERNATIONAL GRASSLAND CONGRESS: GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS: AN OUTLOOK INTO THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Grassland Congress CY FEB 11-21, 2001 CL SAO PEDRO, BRAZIL SP Brazilian Soc Anim Husbandry, Soc Brasileira Zootecnia ID CROP PROCESSING ROLLS; AEROBIC DETERIORATION; ALFALFA SILAGE; ACID BACTERIA; MAIZE SILAGE; GRASS FORAGE; LOSSES; MODEL; FERMENTATION; SILOS AB Forage conservation permits a better supply of quality feed when forage production is low. While haymaking and ensiling have been practiced for generations, research is still needed to 1) understand the processes affecting quality during harvesting and storage and 2) develop practical means to minimize losses and enhance quality. Several trends in harvesting forages for silage are notable. Kernel processing of maize, once confined to Europe, has become popular in North America. Self-propelled forage harvesters have a larger share of the market due to more contract harvesting and larger farms. Larger harvesters, rakes and mergers help improve productivity and forage quality. Finally, farmers are increasing cutting length to meet the fiber needs of high-producing dairy cattle. These latter two trends make good silo management more critical. The number of silo types has continued to increase. Pressed bag and wrapped bale silages are important recent developments. These newer types have made it easier to segregate silages by quality and allow small farms to make high quality silage. However, disposal of the larger quantities of plastic is a growing issue. Alternatives such as edible or biodegradable films would be welcome for all silo types, reducing labor and environmental concerns. With wrapped bales, spoilage and listeria contamination are more common because of the large surface to volume ratio. Enhanced methods to control spoilage and pathogen development are needed. With most crops considerable breakdown of true protein occurs during ensiling, subsequently decreasing nitrogen utilization efficiency in ruminants. The polyphenol oxidases in red clover and the tannins in some legumes reduce protein loss during ensiling. These mechanisms may be useful in developing new silage additives or plant varieties. Additives can enhance silage quality. Inoculants are the most common. Improved inoculants aimed at increasing aerobic stability are beginning to be marketed, but their overall success is uncertain. Enzymes to degrade plant cell walls, providing sugar for fermentation and making the silage more digestible, have not fulfilled their promise but do have potential. Acids and sugars have been declining in use but still are important in certain ensiling situations. Three types of balers are used to package dry hay: small square (SSB), large round (LRB) and large square balers (LSB). The SSB is declining importance in developed countries because of labor constraints but remains viable in developing countries where farm labor is still plentiful. The LRB is the dominant baler worldwide because of its productivity and low ownership and operating costs. High productivity and a package ideally suited for shipping has promoted the continuing growth of the LSB. Hay producers struggle with getting crops dry enough ( <20% moisture) to prevent excess storage losses due to biological activity. This is especially important as bale density increases. Typical bale densities are about 130, 190 and 240 kg/m(3) for SSB, LRB and LSB, respectively. In humid climates, forage researchers and producers are investigating intensive conditioning systems to improve field drying rates, utilizing preservatives like propionic acid, and developing bale ventilation and drying systems all in the attempt to improve dry hay quality. In and regions, producers only bale after dew accumulation has softened brittle plant tissue to reduce leaf loss. Systems are under development that will soften plant tissue at the baler by applying a fine water mist. Larger livestock farms and increased development of markets for commercial hay will push demand for greater productivity and better bale quality. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Muck, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 99 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 11 PU FUNDACAO ESTUDOS AGRARIOS LUIZ QUEIROZ (FEALQ) PI PIRACICABA PA AV CARLOS BOTELHO, 1025, 13416-145 PIRACICABA, SP, BRAZIL BN 85-7133-010-7 PY 2001 BP 753 EP 762 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BX19A UT WOS:000184566200344 ER PT B AU Bradley, VL Johnson, RC AF Bradley, VL Johnson, RC BE Gomide, JA Mattos, WRS DaSilva, SC TI An assessment of grass regeneration nurseries at the western regional plant introduction station, 1994-1997 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE XIX INTERNATIONAL GRASSLAND CONGRESS: GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS: AN OUTLOOK INTO THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Grassland Congress CY FEB 11-21, 2001 CL SAO PEDRO, BRAZIL SP Brazilian Soc Anim Husbandry, Soc Brasileira Zootecnia DE regeneration; grass; diversity AB The Western Regional Plant Introduction Station (WRPIS), Pullman, WA, USA, maintains over 17,000 accessions of forage and turf grasses that are mostly wind cross-pollinated and highly heterogenic. Regeneration procedures have been refined over the past nine years to include improved isolation distance and increased plant populations for regeneration. The grass regeneration nurseries planted from 1994 through 1997 were evaluated using data recorded in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) and it was found that approximately 78% of the regenerations were successful. Reasons for failures were contributed to inadequate plant number, presence of disease, seed shattering, and unsuitable growing environment. Several solutions have been identified and implemented. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Bradley, VL (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Reg Plant Introduct Stn, POB 646402, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FUNDACAO ESTUDOS AGRARIOS LUIZ QUEIROZ (FEALQ) PI PIRACICABA PA AV CARLOS BOTELHO, 1025, 13416-145 PIRACICABA, SP, BRAZIL BN 85-7133-010-7 PY 2001 BP 883 EP 884 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BX19A UT WOS:000184566200421 ER PT B AU Morgan, JA Newton, PCD Nosberger, J Owensby, CE AF Morgan, JA Newton, PCD Nosberger, J Owensby, CE BE Gomide, JA Mattos, WRS DaSilva, SC TI The influence of rising atmospheric CO2 on grassland ecosystems SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE XIX INTERNATIONAL GRASSLAND CONGRESS: GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS: AN OUTLOOK INTO THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Grassland Congress CY FEB 11-21, 2001 CL SAO PEDRO, BRAZIL SP Brazilian Soc Anim Husbandry, Soc Brasileira Zootecnia DE carbon dioxide; climate change; clover; global change; perennial ryegrass; shortgrass steppe; tallgrass prairie ID TALLGRASS PRAIRIE ECOSYSTEM; PASCOPYRUM-SMITHII C-3; BOUTELOUA-GRACILIS C-4; CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS; SYMBIOTIC N-2 FIXATION; ELEVATED CO2; GROWTH-RESPONSE; GAS-EXCHANGE; BIOMASS PRODUCTION; WATER RELATIONS AB Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climatic change will have significant effects on the ecology of grasslands. This paper evaluates results from four CO2 enrichment studies in contrasting grasslands. A Swiss study investigates the effects of elevated CO2 (600 muL L-1 CO2) on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L),,a New Zealand study examines how elevated CO2 (475 muL L-1 CO2) affects a botanically diverse pasture, and studies in the Kansas tallgrass prairie and the Colorado shortgrass steppe investigate the effects of an approximate doubling of CO2 in native grasslands. Productivity in all four grasslands was enhanced at elevated CO2, with the largest relative increases occurring in dry years on the shortgrass steppe (71%) and on the tallgrass prairie (36%). Nitrogen additions, whether from fertilizer or legumes, enhanced the capability of these grasslands to respond to CO2, and legumes were among the most competitive plant types in the Swiss and New Zealand grasslands under elevated CO2. No evidence was found to support the notion that C-3 grasses were more competitive under elevated CO2 compared to C-4 grasses. The results suggest that CO2 enrichment and global warming will have important impacts on grasslands. C1 USDA ARS, Rangeland Resources Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Morgan, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rangeland Resources Res Unit, 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 57 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU FUNDACAO ESTUDOS AGRARIOS LUIZ QUEIROZ (FEALQ) PI PIRACICABA PA AV CARLOS BOTELHO, 1025, 13416-145 PIRACICABA, SP, BRAZIL BN 85-7133-010-7 PY 2001 BP 973 EP 980 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BX19A UT WOS:000184566200460 ER PT B AU Morgan, JA Mosier, AR Lecain, DR Parton, WJ Milchunas, DG AF Morgan, JA Mosier, AR Lecain, DR Parton, WJ Milchunas, DG BE Gomide, JA Mattos, WRS DaSilva, SC TI Elevated CO2 enhances productivity and the ON ratio of grasses in the Colorado shortgrass steppe SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE XIX INTERNATIONAL GRASSLAND CONGRESS: GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS: AN OUTLOOK INTO THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Grassland Congress CY FEB 11-21, 2001 CL SAO PEDRO, BRAZIL SP Brazilian Soc Anim Husbandry, Soc Brasileira Zootecnia DE global change; C-3; C-4; grassland ID TALLGRASS PRAIRIE ECOSYSTEM; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; GAS-EXCHANGE; GROWTH; C-4; RESPONSES; NITROGEN AB Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have been increasing since the industrial revolution, and are projected to double within this century over today's concentration of 360 mumol mol(-1). This study used six open-top chambers in the Colorado, USA shortgrass steppe to investigate how increasing CO2 will affect productivity and C and N status of indigenous perennial grasses and forbs. From March until October, chambers were placed on two plots in each of the three blocks. In each block, one chamber was assigned an ambient CO2 treatment (similar to360 mumol mol(-1)), the other an elevated CO2 treatment (similar to720 mumol mol(-1)). Each block also had an unchambered control plot. Growth under elevated CO2 increased above-ground phytomass an average 31% in 1997 and 47% in 1998, with no differences in relative growth responses of C-3 and C-4 grasses and forbs. Growth in chambers was greater than non-chambered control plots, presumably due to warmer temperatures in chambers and a longer growing season. Shoot N concentrations were reduced 21% and C/N ratios increased 23% in elevated compared to ambient chambers. Variation in aboveground phytomass due to year, CO2 and chamber effects correlated well to % shoot N and C/N ratios, although for both traits different regression lines were required for green plant material (harvested in July) and senescent plant material (harvested in October). Results suggest increased growth and reduced N concentrations in this mixed C-3/C-4 grassland in an elevated CO2 environment. C1 USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Morgan, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 5 PU FUNDACAO ESTUDOS AGRARIOS LUIZ QUEIROZ (FEALQ) PI PIRACICABA PA AV CARLOS BOTELHO, 1025, 13416-145 PIRACICABA, SP, BRAZIL BN 85-7133-010-7 PY 2001 BP 981 EP 982 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BX19A UT WOS:000184566200461 ER PT B AU Aiken, GE Rouquette, FM Brown, AH AF Aiken, GE Rouquette, FM Brown, AH BE Gomide, JA Mattos, WRS DaSilva, SC TI Sources of error for ultrasonic measurements of steer, compositional traits in grazing studies SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE XIX INTERNATIONAL GRASSLAND CONGRESS: GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS: AN OUTLOOK INTO THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Grassland Congress CY FEB 11-21, 2001 CL SAO PEDRO, BRAZIL SP Brazilian Soc Anim Husbandry, Soc Brasileira Zootecnia DE grazing; beef cattle; carcass traits; real-time ultrasound ID FAT THICKNESS; BEEF-CATTLE; AREA AB Real-time ultrasound technology has potential use for measuring compositional traits in grazing studies. Sources of error with this application must be identified for designing experiments with adequate precision to determine treatment effects. A study was conducted to evaluate breed type (Angus x Brahman, AB; Simmental x [Angus x Brahman], SAB; Simmental x [Brahman x Hereford], SBH), initial body weight, and initial ultrasonic measures as sources of experimental error in the analyses of external fat (EF) depths and longissimus dorsi (ribeye) areas (LDA). Steers were ultrasonically scanned at the initiation and conclusion of a grazing study that examined stocking rate effects on average daily gain (ADG) and body condition of steers grazing a mixture final or increases in EF, and curvilinear trends of increased EF with increasing ADG (P > 0.10) among the breed types over the range of ADG (0.03 kg d(-1) to 1.62 kg d(-1)). The three breed types showed curvilinear increases in LDA as ADG increased, but the trends were different (P < 0.05) for SBH than for the other two types. Final LDA and magnitude of increases in EF and LDA over the experimental period were influenced (P < 0.05) by initial body weight. Results indicated that allotting cattle to pastures based on a combination of breed type and body weight should improve precision in detecting treatment effects. C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. RP Aiken, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, 6883 Highway 23 South, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FUNDACAO ESTUDOS AGRARIOS LUIZ QUEIROZ (FEALQ) PI PIRACICABA PA AV CARLOS BOTELHO, 1025, 13416-145 PIRACICABA, SP, BRAZIL BN 85-7133-010-7 PY 2001 BP 1043 EP 1044 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agronomy; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BX19A UT WOS:000184566200475 ER PT J AU Vaughn, KC Turley, RB AF Vaughn, KC Turley, RB TI Ultrastructural effects of cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor herbicides on developing cotton fibers SO PROTOPLASMA LA English DT Article DE cellulose; cotton fiber; herbicide; pectin; callose; ultrastructure ID CELL PLATE FORMATION; WALLS; POLYSACCHARIDES; CYTOKINESIS; ANTIBODIES; DIVISION; GROWTH; OVULES; BY-2 AB Cotton fibers are often utilized as a model system to investigate cellulose biosynthesis and cell wall elongation. In this study we grew cotton fibers in vitro, with ovules dissected at day zero post anthesis as the explant source, in the presence of three herbicides that inhibit cellulose biosynthesis. Cultures were sampled for electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry 1-2 days after beginning the treatments. After dichlobenil treatment, the fibers were much shorter than the controls and assumed a variety of abnormal shapes, from shortened versions of the control fiber to nearly spherical. The inner layers of the fiber wall. often contained juxtaposed electron-translucent and -transparent areas: this layer reacted strongly with antibodies to callose. Cellulase-gold labeling in these newly developed fibers grown in the presence of dichlobenil was present at only about 3% of the control labeling. After treatment with either isoxaben or flupoxam, the fibers assumed spherical shapes and frequently (more than 60% of fibers) exhibited a new cell plate within the fiber, indicating that cell division had occurred, a process that rarely occurred in the controls. Unlike the dichlobenil-treated fibers, fibers grown in the presence of isoxaben or flupoxam contained an extensive accumulation of chiefly deesterified pectins, replacing the entire wall with an elaborated version of the pectin sheath found in control cotton fibers These data indicate that all three herbicides are effective disrupters of cellulose biosynthesis and cause radical changes in cell wall structure and composition. Moreover, these data indicate that the composition of the walls may influence indirectly cell cycle kinetics, keeping these fiber cells in a more meristematic mode. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Vaughn, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0033-183X J9 PROTOPLASMA JI Protoplasma PY 2001 VL 216 IS 1-2 BP 80 EP 93 DI 10.1007/BF02680135 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 424FQ UT WOS:000168222000009 PM 11732201 ER PT J AU Granger, CL Cyr, RJ AF Granger, CL Cyr, RJ TI Spatiotemporal relationships between growth and microtubule orientation as revealed in living root cells of Arabidopsis thaliana transformed with green-fluorescent-protein gene construct GFP-MBD SO PROTOPLASMA LA English DT Article DE Arabidopsis thaliana; cell growth; confocal microscopy; green-fluorescent protein; microtubule orientation; root ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM ROOTS; AZUKI-BEAN EPICOTYLS; CORTICAL MICROTUBULES; EPIDERMAL-CELLS; MAIZE ROOTS; PLANT-CELLS; TRANSGENE EXPRESSION; CYCLIC REORIENTATION; TRANSVERSE; ALUMINUM AB Arabidopsis thaliana plants were transformed with GFP-MBD (J. Marc et al.. Plant Cell 10: 1927-1939, 1998) under the control of a constitutive (35S) or copper-inducible promoter. GFP-specific fluorescence distributions, levels, and persistence were determined and found to vary with age, tissue type, transgenic line, and individual plant. With the exception of an increased frequency of abnormal roots of 35S GFP-MBD plants grown on kanamycin-containing media, expression of GFP-MBD does not appear to affect plant phenotype. The number of leaves, branches. bolts, and siliques as well as overall height, leaf size, and seed set are similar between wild-type and transgenic plants as is the rate of root growth. Thus, we conclude that the transgenic plants can serve as a living model system in which the dynamic behavior of microtubules can be visualized. Confocal microscopy was used to simultaneously monitor growth and microtubule behavior within individual cells as they passed through the elongation zone of the Arabidopsis root. Generally microtubules reoriented from transverse to oblique or longitudinal orientations as growth declined. Microtubule reorientation initiated at the ends of the cell did not necessarily occur simultaneously in adjacent neighboring cells: and did not involve complete disintegration and repolymerization of microtubule arrays. Although growth rates correlated with microtubule reorientation, the two processes were not tightly coupled in terms of their temporal relationships, suggesting that other factor(s) may be involved in regulating both events. Additionally, microtubule orientation was more defined in cells whose growth was accelerating and less stringent in cells whose growth was decelerating, indicating that microtubule-orienting factor(s) may he sensitive to growth acceleration, rather than growth per se. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Iowa State Univ, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, USDA, ARS,Dept Agron, Ames, IA USA. RP Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, Mueller Lab 208, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM rjc8@psu.edu NR 49 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0033-183X EI 1615-6102 J9 PROTOPLASMA JI Protoplasma PY 2001 VL 216 IS 3-4 BP 201 EP 214 DI 10.1007/BF02673872 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 447AJ UT WOS:000169546100008 PM 11732188 ER PT S AU Scheffler, BE Duke, SO Dayan, FE Ota, E AF Scheffler, BE Duke, SO Dayan, FE Ota, E BE Romeo, JT Saunders, JA Matthews, BF TI Crop allelopathy: Enhancement through biotechnology SO REGULATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS BY MOLECULAR TECHNIQUES SE RECENT ADVANCES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the Phytochemical-Society-of-North-America/Mid-Atlantic-Plant-Molecular-Biol ogy-Society CY AUG 06-10, 2000 CL USDA, WALLACE BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, BELTSVILLE, MD SP Pytochem Soc N Amer, Mid Atlantic Plant Molec Bio Soc HO USDA, WALLACE BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR ID NATURAL PRODUCT SORGOLEONE; RNA DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY; HAIRY ROOT CULTURES; SORGHUM-BICOLOR; LITHOSPERMUM-ERYTHRORHIZON; HERBICIDE RESISTANCE; REGULATORY GENE; STRIGA-ASIATICA; MAIZE; MECHANISM C1 Univ Mississippi, USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Scheffler, BE (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 49 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND SN 0079-9920 BN 0-08-043977-2 J9 RECENT ADV PHYTOCHEM PY 2001 VL 35 BP 257 EP 274 DI 10.1016/S0079-9920(01)80013-7 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA BT83E UT WOS:000174169600012 ER PT S AU Gomez-Landesa, E Rango, A Hall, DK AF Gomez-Landesa, E Rango, A Hall, DK BE Owe, M Braubaker, K Ritchie, J Rango, A TI Improved snow cover remote sensing for snowmelt runoff forecasting SO REMOTE SENSING AND HYDROLOGY 2000 SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000 CY APR 02-07, 2000 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Int Commiss Remote Sensing, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE AVHRR; Spanish Pyrenees; remote sensing; snow mapping; snowmelt runoff; streamflow forecasting; sub-pixel analysis; water resources AB A system based on satellite remote sensing has been developed for snow cover monitoring of a number of basins in the Spanish Pyrenees. The snow covered area is used as an input for snowmelt runoff forecasts on 42 basins using the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM). The forecast snowmelt volume accumulated from May to September is sent to the hydropower companies for water resources management. A sub-pixel analysis is carried out to map the snow cover with Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) satellites. Two mapping methods are compared: a linear combination of visible and near infrared channels, and a snow classification based on the normalized difference snow index (NDSI) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gomez-Landesa, E (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Hall, Dorothy/D-5562-2012 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-46-5 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2001 IS 267 BP 61 EP 65 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BT42U UT WOS:000172971600014 ER PT S AU Marks, D Winstral, A Van Vactor, SS Robertson, D Davis, RE AF Marks, D Winstral, A Van Vactor, SS Robertson, D Davis, RE BE Owe, M Braubaker, K Ritchie, J Rango, A TI Topographic and canopy controls on snow deposition, snow-cover energy balance and snowmelt SO REMOTE SENSING AND HYDROLOGY 2000 SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000 CY APR 02-07, 2000 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Int Commiss Remote Sensing, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE snow; snow cover modelling; terrain and canopy effects ID FOREST AB Significant differences in snow deposition, development of the seasonal snow cover, and the timing of melt, occur between two experimental sites located in a headwater sub-drainage of the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed (RCEW) in the Owyhee Mountains of southwestern Idaho, USA. Snow, climate and stream discharge data were used to drive and verify a point snow-cover energy and mass balance model, SNOBAL, to evaluate these differences for three water years: 1984, the largest discharge year on record (204% of average), 1992, the smallest discharge year on record (36% of average), and 1999 (140% of average). The simulations showed that wind differences between sites are the most important cause of the snow cover differences between the sites. Though differences do occur in the snow-cover energy balance, these are primarily caused by the fact that reduced precipitation causes melt-out to occur earlier at site 176. This analysis shows the importance of understanding and accounting for variable patterns of snow deposition and redistribution of snow in semiarid regions. C1 ARS, USDA, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Marks, D (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-46-5 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2001 IS 267 BP 129 EP 135 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BT42U UT WOS:000172971600028 ER PT S AU Chopping, M Schmugge, T Rango, A Ritchie, J Kustas, W Castle, JRV AF Chopping, M Schmugge, T Rango, A Ritchie, J Kustas, W Castle, JRV BE Owe, M Braubaker, K Ritchie, J Rango, A TI The impact of the structure and composition of shrub-coppice dune landscapes on MASTER reflectance anisotropy SO REMOTE SENSING AND HYDROLOGY 2000 SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000 CY APR 02-07, 2000 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Int Commiss Remote Sensing, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE anisotropy; dunes; landscape; mesquite; multiple view angle; New Mexico; structure ID NEW-MEXICO; DESERT AB This study assesses the effects of physical structure and composition of shrub-coppice dune landscapes on anisotropy in the NASA MODIS-ASTER Airborne Simulator (MASTER) solar channels, and investigates the viability of simulating multi-angular data sets using off-nadir airborne imaging radiometry from a single overpass by means of data segmentation. Segmentation data are plant density and cover and spectral measures derived from high-resolution aerial photography and classified Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper imagery. The directional signal contributes a variation of 5-10% in reflectance. necessitating angular corrections. For most areas the signal appears to differ only slightly with changes in landscape structure and composition because the view/illumination geometry is poor and reflectance is dominated by bright soils. Further work is required to determine whether simple models would be adequate for angular corrections. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, BARCW, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chopping, M (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, BARCW, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-46-5 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2001 IS 267 BP 162 EP 167 PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BT42U UT WOS:000172971600034 ER PT S AU Schmugge, T French, A Ritchie, J Rango, A AF Schmugge, T French, A Ritchie, J Rango, A BE Owe, M Braubaker, K Ritchie, J Rango, A TI Estimation of surface emissivity for arid lands SO REMOTE SENSING AND HYDROLOGY 2000 SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000 CY APR 02-07, 2000 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Int Commiss Remote Sensing, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE arid lands; ASTER; Chihuahuan Desert; emissivity; Jornada; multispectral; surface temperature; thermal infrared; TIMS ID SPACEBORNE THERMAL EMISSION; REFLECTION RADIOMETER ASTER AB Knowledge of surface emissivity is important for determining the radiation balance at the land surface. For heavily vegetated surfaces there is little problem since the emissivity is relatively uniform and close to one. For and lands with sparse vegetation the problem is more difficult because the emissivity of the exposed soils and rocks is highly variable. With multispectral thermal infrared (TIR) observations it is possible to estimate the spectral emissivity variation for these surfaces. The data presented is from the TIMS (Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner) instrument which has six channels in the 8 to 12 mum region. TIMS is a prototype of the TIR portion of the ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer) instrument on NASA's EOS-TERRA satellite. The approach is to use the Temperature Emissivity Separation (TES) algorithm developed for use with ASTER data to extract the temperature and six emissivities from the six channels of TIMS data. The algorithm makes use of the empirical relation between the range of observed emissivities and their minimum value. This approach was applied to the TIMS data acquired over the USDA/ARS Jornada Experimental Range in New Mexico. The Jornada site is typical of a desert grassland where the main vegetation components are grass (black grama) and shrubs (primarily mesquite) in the degraded grassland. The data are from an altitude of 800 m yielding a pixel resolution of approximately 2 m. The resulting spectral emissivities are in qualitative agreement with laboratory measurements of the emissivity (epsilon) for the quartz rich soils of the site with epsilon < 0.8 for the 8-9.5 mu m channels. For the longest wavelength channel little spatial variation of epsilon was observed with values of 0.96 +/- 0.005 over large areas. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, BARCW, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Schmugge, T (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, BARCW, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-46-5 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2001 IS 267 BP 168 EP 174 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BT42U UT WOS:000172971600035 ER PT S AU French, AN Schmugge, TJ Kustas, WP AF French, AN Schmugge, TJ Kustas, WP BE Owe, M Braubaker, K Ritchie, J Rango, A TI Heat flux distributions over SGP97 sites SO REMOTE SENSING AND HYDROLOGY 2000 SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000 CY APR 02-07, 2000 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Int Commiss Remote Sensing, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE El Reno; heat flux; Oklahoma; SGP97; Southern Great Plains 1997 Experiment; spatial distribution of flux; two source; TIMS ID TEMPERATURE AB The ability to reliably estimate the spatial distribution of surface energy fluxes using remotely sensed data is investigated using information collected during the Southern Great Plains 1997 Experiment (SGP97) campaign in Oklahoma, USA. The SGP97 data set is especially valuable because it contains four consecutive cloud-free days of simultaneous remote sensing and ground observations. The remote sensing data primarily consist of aircraft based multi-band thermal and visible-near infrared sensors combined with ground observations to predict surface sensible and latent heat fluxes, These energy fluxes were computed using a two-source model, which is a method requiring relatively few input parameters. The most important of these are surface temperatures and vegetation cover derived from remote sensing data, and near surface meteorological data, which include surface wind speed, air temperature and humidity. Energy fluxes were computed from SGP97 sites at El Reno, Oklahoma at mid-morning times on 29 June to 2 July 1997. These days correspond to a dry-down period immediately following a 61 mm rainfall on 28 June. When compared with surface based measurements, modelled evaporative fractions were generally in good agreement. Evaporative fractions over vegetated fields showed small changes over the period, while the evaporative fraction markedly decreased over bare soil. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, BARCW, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP French, AN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, BARCW, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-46-5 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2001 IS 267 BP 187 EP 191 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BT42U UT WOS:000172971600038 ER PT S AU Meek, DW Hatfield, JL AF Meek, DW Hatfield, JL BE Owe, M Braubaker, K Ritchie, J Rango, A TI Iowa's surface albedo variability in space and time throughout the 1990 growing season SO REMOTE SENSING AND HYDROLOGY 2000 SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000 CY APR 02-07, 2000 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Int Commiss Remote Sensing, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE correlated data; EROS dataset (1 km(2) areas); geostatistics; scale of fluctuation ID AVHRR DATA; MAXIMUM AB Variability of albedo has important implications for the regional energy balance. Assessments of albedo changes throughout a year over large areas are scarce. Surface albedo data for Iowa were constructed from AVHRR data for 16 biweekly 1990 datasets. Data were examined with spatial and time series statistics. The study assessed the temporal changes in spatial trends and correlation scales. Each dataset generally exhibited large scale trend especially in the north-south direction until full crop cover occurred. Areal correlation scales for non-harvest periods varied greatly over the growing season and showed a correlation with the previous period's estimate. They ranged from 340 to 2010 km(2), suggesting averaging areas for reliable, independent areal albedo estimates that are double those of the correlation scales. The utility of conducting large scale spatial and temporal analysis is shown, demonstrating that albedo values used in regional energy balance models are improved. C1 ARS, USDA, MWA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Meek, DW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, MWA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-46-5 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2001 IS 267 BP 225 EP 227 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BT42U UT WOS:000172971600047 ER PT S AU Ritchie, JC Schmugge, TJ Rango, A Schiebe, FR AF Ritchie, JC Schmugge, TJ Rango, A Schiebe, FR BE Owe, M Braubaker, K Ritchie, J Rango, A TI Monitoring physical and biological properties at the Sevilleta LTER using remote sensing SO REMOTE SENSING AND HYDROLOGY 2000 SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000 CY APR 02-07, 2000 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Int Commiss Remote Sensing, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE arid land; Chihuahuan Desert; desert grassland; grass; Landsat; leaf area index; radiance; shrubs; surface temperature AB In 1997 the USDA Agriculture Research Service (ARS), Hydrology Laboratory began collecting remotely sensed ground, aircraft, and satellite data on the physical and biological states of two semiarid ecosystems (grass and shrub) typical of the Sevilleta Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site (New Mexico. USA). Remote sensing measurements were made at Sevilleta in May/June and September/October of 1997, 1998, and 1999. Radiance measured at ground and aircraft platforms was 12 to 40% higher for a 30 x 30 m area at the shrub site when compared with the grass site. Landscape surface temperatures that were similar in the morning were 3 to 5degreesC higher under the shrub when compared with the grass site by 1300 h local time. The shrub site had a lower LAI indicating less surface cover and giving a greater soil contribution to the total radiance measured. These differences could have significant effects on the energy and water balances of the Sevilleta if shrubs continue to expand at the expense of the grassland. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, BARCW, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ritchie, JC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, BARCW, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-46-5 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2001 IS 267 BP 234 EP 236 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BT42U UT WOS:000172971600050 ER PT S AU Kustas, WP Albertson, JD Scanlon, TM Cahill, AT AF Kustas, WP Albertson, JD Scanlon, TM Cahill, AT BE Owe, M Braubaker, K Ritchie, J Rango, A TI Issues in monitoring evapotranspiration with radiometric temperature observations SO REMOTE SENSING AND HYDROLOGY 2000 SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000 CY APR 02-07, 2000 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Int Commiss Remote Sensing, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE aerodynamic and excess resistance; aerodynamic temperature; evapotranspiration; radiometric surface temperature; sensible heat flux; SGP99; single- and two-source models; Southern Great Plains ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE AB Use of radiometric surface temperature in standard bulk transport equations for computing heat fluxes has not been successful in general. This has been attributed to the significant differences existing between the radiative and the so-called "aerodynamic" temperature of the surface. Numerous studies have explored ways of accounting for the discrepancies between radiometric and aerodynamic temperatures. Radiometric temperature and surface flux observations collected during the 1999 Southern Great Plains Experiment (SGP99) over four field sites comprising the major land cover types for this region are used to evaluate these approaches. The results suggest correction schemes require site-specific calibration and therefore are not useful for regional applications. A more general approach, which accounts for the main factors affecting radiometric and aerodynamic temperatures and reduces the impact of errors in radiometric temperature observations, is presented. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, BARCW, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kustas, WP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, BARCW, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-46-5 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2001 IS 267 BP 239 EP 245 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BT42U UT WOS:000172971600051 ER PT S AU Prueger, JH Hipps, LE Kustas, WP Neale, CMU Hatfield, JL Bawazir, S Eichinger, WE Cooper, DI AF Prueger, JH Hipps, LE Kustas, WP Neale, CMU Hatfield, JL Bawazir, S Eichinger, WE Cooper, DI BE Owe, M Braubaker, K Ritchie, J Rango, A TI Feasibility of evapotranspiration monitoring of riparian vegetation with remote sensing SO REMOTE SENSING AND HYDROLOGY 2000 SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000 CY APR 02-07, 2000 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Int Commiss Remote Sensing, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE eddy covariance; evapotranspiration; radiometric temperature; remote sensing; riparian; salt cedar; Tamarisk AB Quantification of evapotranspiration (ET) continues to be challenging especially when attempting to evaluate ET at basin scales. Extending approaches to whole basins or larger regions is difficult due to issues related to landscape heterogeneity and scale. Reliable areal estimates of ET are essential for accurate modelling of the hydrological cycle and for assessing water-use of different ecosystems. A riparian corridor along the Rio Grande (USA) dominated by Tamarisk (salt cedar) is being studied to determine daily and total seasonal water-use. Local estimates of ET in the Tamarisk were made using eddy covariance instrumentation mounted on two towers. Radiometric temperature at the top of the canopy was also measured using a fixed-head infrared thermometer. The combination of these data will be used to evaluate evapotranspiration estimates along the corridor using data remotely sensed from an aircraft platform. that have been acquired periodically for a large extent of the riparian zone. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Prueger, JH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Neale, Christopher/G-3860-2012 OI Neale, Christopher/0000-0002-7199-6410 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-46-5 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2001 IS 267 BP 246 EP 251 PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BT42U UT WOS:000172971600052 ER PT S AU Doraiswamy, PC Hatfield, JL Prueger, JH AF Doraiswamy, PC Hatfield, JL Prueger, JH BE Owe, M Braubaker, K Ritchie, J Rango, A TI Evapotranspiration estimates obtained from remote sensing data SO REMOTE SENSING AND HYDROLOGY 2000 SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000 CY APR 02-07, 2000 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Int Commiss Remote Sensing, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE AVHRR; energy balance; evapotranspiration; Iowa USA; NDVI ID NOAA-AVHRR DATA; TEMPERATURE; EVAPORATION; RADIATION; MODEL AB The ability to reliably assess effects of global climate change on water resources for agricultural production on regional scales requires appropriate integration of remotely sensed data and ground observations. A semi-empirical model coupling AVHRR data with surface climate data is evaluated to assess regional estimates of evapotranspiration (ET) in central Iowa. USA. Results show ET estimates from the model to be consistent with the magnitudes of measurements at local scales. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Doraiswamy, PC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-46-5 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2001 IS 267 BP 306 EP 310 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BT42U UT WOS:000172971600063 ER PT S AU Bindlish, R Barros, AP AF Bindlish, R Barros, AP BE Owe, M Braubaker, K Ritchie, J Rango, A TI Including vegetation scattering effects in a radar based soil moisture estimation model SO REMOTE SENSING AND HYDROLOGY 2000 SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000 CY APR 02-07, 2000 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Int Commiss Remote Sensing, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE inverse modelling; microwave remote sensing; SAR; soil moisture; vegetation ID MICROWAVE BACKSCATTERING; LAYER; SAR; MICHIGAN; CANOPIES AB Previously, the IEM (Integral Equation Model) was successfully used in conjunction with an inversion model to retrieve soil moisture using multi-frequency and multi-polarization data from Spaceborne Imaging Radar C-band (SIR-C) and X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (X-SAR), without the need to prescribe time-varying land surface attributes as constraining parameters. The retrieved values were compared against in situ observations from the Washita '94 field experiment. The RMS error in the estimated soil moisture was of the order of 0.05 cm(-3) cm(-3), which is comparable to the effect of noise in the SAR data. The IEM was originally developed for scattering from a bare soil surface. and therefore the vegetation scattering effects are not explicitly incorporated in the model. In this study, we couple a semi-empirical vegetation scattering model, modified after the water-cloud model, to the existing radar based soil moisture inversion model. This approach allows for the explicit representation of vegetation backscattering effects without the need to specify a large number of parameters. Although the use of this parameterization resulted in modest improvements (roughly 4% overall), it does provide a general framework that can be used for other applications. C1 ARS, SSAI, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bindlish, R (reprint author), ARS, SSAI, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-46-5 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2001 IS 267 BP 354 EP 361 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BT42U UT WOS:000172971600072 ER PT S AU Oldak, A Jackson, TJ Pachepsky, Y AF Oldak, A Jackson, TJ Pachepsky, Y BE Owe, M Braubaker, K Ritchie, J Rango, A TI Soil moisture mapping with passive microwave imagery and geostatistical analysis SO REMOTE SENSING AND HYDROLOGY 2000 SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000 CY APR 02-07, 2000 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Int Commiss Remote Sensing, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE geostatistical analysis; GIS; Oklahoma, USA; passive microwave; semivariograms; SGP97; soil moisture; spatial scale C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Oldak, A (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-46-5 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2001 IS 267 BP 379 EP 383 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BT42U UT WOS:000172971600078 ER PT S AU Starks, PJ Jackson, TJ AF Starks, PJ Jackson, TJ BE Owe, M Braubaker, K Ritchie, J Rango, A TI Remote sensing and estimation of root zone water content SO REMOTE SENSING AND HYDROLOGY 2000 SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Remote Sensing and Hydrology 2000 CY APR 02-07, 2000 CL SANTA FE, NM SP Int Commiss Remote Sensing, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE Oklahoma, USA; passive microwave sensor; remote sensing; soil water budget; soil water content; two-layer model AB A two-layer soil water budget model was evaluated for use in remote sensing studies of volumetric soil water content (theta(v)) in rangeland settings of central and south-central Oklahoma, USA. Field measurements and remotely sensed estimates of surface theta(v) were used separately to initialize the model. Model output of root zone theta(v) compared well to measured values for both model initialization scenarios. Modelled surface theta(v) diverged more from measured theta(v) when remotely sensed values were used to initialize the model than when field measurements were used. Overall, the model performed well, and its simplicity makes it suitable for implementation in remote sensing studies of spatial and temporal dynamics of soil water content over large regions. C1 ARS, USDA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Starks, PJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-46-5 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2001 IS 267 BP 409 EP 411 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BT42U UT WOS:000172971600084 ER PT B AU Eswaran, H Lal, R Reich, PF AF Eswaran, H Lal, R Reich, PF BE Bridges, EM Hannam, ID Oldeman, LR DeVries, WTP Scherr, SJ Sombatpanit, S TI Land degradation: An overview SO RESPONSE TO LAND DEGRADATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Land Degradation (ICLD) CY JAN, 1999 CL KHON KAEN, THAILAND SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc Thailand, Int Union Soil Sci ID SOIL PRODUCTIVITY; AFRICA; EROSION; ALFISOLS; QUALITY; NIGERIA AB Land degradation will remain an important global issue for the 21st century because of its adverse impact on agronomic productivity, the environment, and its effect on food security and the quality of life. Productivity impacts of land degradation are due to a decline in land quality on site where degradation occurs (e.g. erosion) and off site where sediments are deposited. However, the onsite impacts of land degradation on productivity are easily masked due to use of additional inputs and adoption of improved technology and have led some to question the negative effects of desertification. The relative magnitude of economic losses due to productivity decline versus environmental deterioration also has created a debate. Some economists argue that the on-site impact of soil erosion and other degradative processes are not severe enough to warrant implementing any action plan at a national or an international level. Land managers (farmers), they argue, should take care of the restorative inputs needed to enhance productivity. Agronomists and soil scientists, on the other hand, argue that land is a non-renewable resource at a human time-scale and some adverse effects of degradative processes on land quality are irreversible, e.g. reduction in effective rooting depth. The masking effect of improved technology provides a false sense of security. The productivity of some lands has declined by 50% due to soil erosion and desertification. Yield reduction in Africa due to past soil erosion may range from 2 to 40%, with a mean loss of 8.2% for the continent. In South Asia, annual loss in productivity is estimated at 36 million tons of cereal equivalent valued at US$5,400 million by water erosion, and US$1,800 million due to wind erosion. It is estimated that the total annual cost of erosion from agriculture in the USA is about US$44 billion per year, i.e. about VS$247 per ha of cropland and pasture. On a global scale the annual loss of 75 billion tons of soil costs the world about US$400 billion per year, or approximately US$70 per person per year. Only about 3% of the global land surface can be considered as prime or Class I land and this is not found in the tropics. Another 8% of land is in Classes II and III This 11% of land must feed the six billion people today and the 7.6 billion expected in 2020. Desertification is experienced on 33% of the global land surface and affects more than one billion people, half of whom live in Africa. C1 USDA, NRCS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Eswaran, H (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, POB 2890, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RI Lal, Rattan/D-2505-2013 NR 52 TC 58 Z9 67 U1 3 U2 30 PU SCIENCE PUBLISHERS INC PI ENFIELD PA MAY ST, PO BOX 699, ENFIELD, NH 03748 USA BN 1-57808-153-X PY 2001 BP 20 EP 35 PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Soil Science SC Physical Geography; Agriculture GA BT30K UT WOS:000172551100005 ER PT B AU Reich, PF Numbem, ST Almaraz, RA Eswaran, H AF Reich, PF Numbem, ST Almaraz, RA Eswaran, H BE Bridges, EM Hannam, ID Oldeman, LR DeVries, WTP Scherr, SJ Sombatpanit, S TI Land resource stresses and desertification in Africa SO RESPONSE TO LAND DEGRADATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Land Degradation (ICLD) CY JAN, 1999 CL KHON KAEN, THAILAND SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc Thailand, Int Union Soil Sci AB Vulnerability to desertification in Africa is assessed using the information on soils, climate, and the previously evaluated land resource stresses, Desertification is, "land degradation in arid, semiarid, and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities". Excluded in the definition are areas that have a hyper-arid or a humid climate. The GIS Desertification Vulnerability map was coupled to an interpolated population density map to obtain estimates of the number of persons affected by desertification. Desertification processes affect about 46% of Africa. The significance of this large area becomes evident when one considers that about 43% of the continent is characterized as extreme deserts (the desert margins represent the areas with very high vulnerability). Only about 11% of the land mass is humid and by definition is excluded from desertification processes. There are about 2.5 million km(2) of land under low risk, 3.6 million km2 under moderate risk, 4.6 million km(2) under high risk, and 2.9 million km2 under very high risk. The region that has the highest propensity is located along the desert margins and occupies about 5% of the land mass. It is estimated that about 22 million people (2.9% of the total population) live in this area. The low, moderate, and high vulnerability classes occupy 14, 16, and 11% respectively and together impact about 485 million people. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Reich, PF (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, POB 2890, Washington, DC 20013 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU SCIENCE PUBLISHERS INC PI ENFIELD PA MAY ST, PO BOX 699, ENFIELD, NH 03748 USA BN 1-57808-153-X PY 2001 BP 101 EP 114 PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Soil Science SC Physical Geography; Agriculture GA BT30K UT WOS:000172551100019 ER PT B AU Chuang, LH AF Chuang, LH BE Bridges, EM Hannam, ID Oldeman, LR DeVries, WTP Scherr, SJ Sombatpanit, S TI Box 9.5 - Waste minimization strategies in the USA SO RESPONSE TO LAND DEGRADATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Land Degradation (ICLD) CY JAN, 1999 CL KHON KAEN, THAILAND SP Soil & Water Conservat Soc Thailand, Int Union Soil Sci C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Resources Econ & Social Sci Div, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Chuang, LH (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Resources Econ & Social Sci Div, POB 2890, Washington, DC 20013 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SCIENCE PUBLISHERS INC PI ENFIELD PA MAY ST, PO BOX 699, ENFIELD, NH 03748 USA BN 1-57808-153-X PY 2001 BP 426 EP 426 PG 1 WC Geography, Physical; Soil Science SC Physical Geography; Agriculture GA BT30K UT WOS:000172551100077 ER PT J AU Nislow, KH AF Nislow, KH TI International symposium on the implications of salmonid growth variation SO REVIEWS IN FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES LA English DT Review DE growth variation; life history; salmonids AB In Aberdeen, Scotland, in July 2000, an international symposium was held to present research concerning the consequences of growth variation for the ecology, evolution, and management of salmonid fish. Presentations covered important topics including links between growth and mortality, interactions between growth and life history, tradeoffs between growth and other fitness aspects, and evolutionary implications of growth variation. In addition, the symposium served as a showcase of new approaches and technologies in salmonid research. In this review, I provide an overview of the presentations, and summarize some of the major emergent themes of the symposium. C1 Univ Massachusetts, USDA, US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Nislow, KH (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, USDA, US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 201 Holdsworth NRC, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 7 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0960-3166 J9 REV FISH BIOL FISHER JI Rev. Fish. Biol. Fish. PY 2001 VL 10 IS 4 BP 521 EP 527 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 486HP UT WOS:000171812600008 ER PT B AU Duff, DA AF Duff, DA BE Cailteux, RL DeMong, L Finlayson, BJ Horton, W McClay, W Schnick, RA Thompson, C TI The use of rotenone on National Forests SO ROTENONE IN FISHERIES: ARE THE REWARDS WORTH THE RISKS?: TRENDS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Rotenone in Fisheries: Are the Rewards Worth the Risk CY AUG 21, 2000 CL ST LOUIS, MO AB The use of rotenone is allowed on National Forests for stream and lake renovation projects, particularly to eradicate non-native species for native fish restoration. The State Fish and Wildlife Agency usually administer rotenone. Strict environmental controls set its limits of use, and care must be observed to assure minimal impact on other stream or lake dwelling organisms. Rotenone can be applied in wilderness areas. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Salt Lake City, UT 84138 USA. RP Duff, DA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 125 S State St,Rm 8236, Salt Lake City, UT 84138 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA BN 1-888569-33-6 PY 2001 BP 119 EP 122 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Fisheries SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries GA BU26V UT WOS:000175526600012 ER PT J AU Sorensen, FC AF Sorensen, FC TI Effect of population outcrossing rate on inbreeding depression in Pinus contorta var. murrayana seedlings SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE deleterious alleles; family variances; loagepole pine; purging; selling ID COASTAL DOUGLAS-FIR; LODGEPOLE PINE; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; GENETIC LOAD; SELF-FERTILIZATION; MIMULUS-GUTTATUS; DELETERIOUS MUTATION; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; GROWTH COMPONENTS; VIABILITY GENES AB Self and cross families from three populations (A, low-density, ecologically marginal site for lodgepole pine, and B + C, normal sites) were cultured in a common outdoor nursery for 2 yrs. Previous results had shown higher natural selfing rates and lower inbreeding depression in embryo survival in A than in B + C. In the nursery test, selfing decreased means of size traits, retarded phenological development. increased variance among families within populations, increased the coefficient of within-family variance, and increased within-family skewness, The selfing depression of mean values was moderately less and the selfing inflation of within-plot variation was much less in A than in B + C. Results were compatible with the idea that the higher selfing rate in A had purged both severely deleterious alleles affecting embryo survival and severely deleterious alleles affecting later life-cycle traits related to plant size. Purging partially mitigated the genetic consequences associated with increased inbreeding in small populations. but even with purging, population A retained a large inbreeding depression in both embryonic and seedling traits. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Sorensen, FC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 110 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS AS PI OSLO PA KARL JOHANS GATE 5, NO-0154 OSLO, NORWAY SN 0282-7581 J9 SCAND J FOREST RES JI Scand. J. Forest Res. PY 2001 VL 16 IS 5 BP 391 EP 403 DI 10.1080/02827580152632784 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 492PV UT WOS:000172177500013 ER PT B AU Wadzinski, L AF Wadzinski, L BE Watson, A Sproull, J TI Management experiences actions to protect wilderness and the resource SO SCIENCE AND STEWARDSHIP TO PROTECT AND SUSTAIN WILDERNESS VALUES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th World Wilderness Congress Symposium CY NOV 02-08, 2001 CL Port Elizabeth, SOUTH AFRICA SP Aldo Leopoid Wilderness Res Inst, USDA, Forest Serv Rocky Mt Res Stn AB Wildlands continue to be challenged with the pressures of modem society as more people use and impact these special areas. Complicated issues create situations where managers must strike a balance between offering a wilderness experience and protecting wilderness resources. Nine years ago, the Charles C. Deam Wilderness in the Midwestern United States provided just such a challenge to wilderness managers at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Hoosier National Forest. This small wilderness had a very long list of problems that made this area bear little resemblance to the wild area for which it was intended. Several management actions were implemented to move this area to a wilderness condition. These actions resulted in improved trail conditions, better opportunity for solitude, fewer impacts from horses, less depreciative behavior, reduced user conflict, and a stronger appreciation of wilderness by users. Managers found a surprising degree of success in implementing some controversial changes, and attributed that success to two factors: extensive involvement by the public in the development phase of these changes, and the implementation of several concurrent management actions. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Hoosier Natl Forest, Bedford, IN 47421 USA. EM lwadzinski@fs.fed.us NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P JI USDA For. Ser. Rocky Mt. Res. Stat. Proc. PY 2001 IS 27 BP 199 EP 203 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Studies SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BAD45 UT WOS:000221665300032 ER PT J AU Thomas, DB AF Thomas, DB TI Echo correlation analysis and the acoustic evidence in the Kennedy assassination revisited SO SCIENCE & JUSTICE LA English DT Article DE forensic science; ballistic acoustics; statistics; shock wave precedence; echo-delay patterns; assassination; JF Kennedy AB A Dallas Police Department recording contemporaneous with the Kennedy assassination contains five impulsive sounds that have the acoustic waveform of Dealey Plaza gunfire. One of the sounds matches the echo pattern of a test shot fired from the Grassy Knell. The shock wave precedence associated with this pattern is consistent with the muzzle velocity of a .30 calibre rifle. Criticism of the acoustic identifications on statistical grounds is based on erroneous assumptions concerning the assignment of values to the parameters that determine the probability that random noises could resemble gunshot patterns. A conservative estimate of the true value of the probability that the putative Grassy Knell shot is attributable to random radio noise is no greater than 0.037. Alleged asynchroneity of the sounds with the time of the assassination stemmed from several incorrect assumptions. Whatever their origin, the gunshot-like sounds occur exactly synchronous with the time of the shooting. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Lab, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Thomas, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Lab, 2301 S Int Blvd, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU FORENSIC SCIENCE SOC PI HARROGATE PA CLARK HOUSE, 18A MOUNT PARADE, HARROGATE HG1 1BX, N YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1355-0306 J9 SCI JUSTICE JI Sci. Justice PD JAN-MAR PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 21 EP 32 DI 10.1016/S1355-0306(01)71845-X PG 12 WC Medicine, Legal; Pathology SC Legal Medicine; Pathology GA 398TF UT WOS:000166771900004 PM 11215295 ER PT J AU Yaklich, RW Wergin, WP Murphy, CA Erbe, EF AF Yaklich, RW Wergin, WP Murphy, CA Erbe, EF TI Anatomy of the phloem and xylem in the vascular sutures of the soybean pod SO SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENDOSPERM; PROTEIN; SEEDS AB Low temperature scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe the anatomy of vascular tissue of the placental and nonplacental sutures of the carpel (pod) of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Pods were harvested when they reached their greatest length and then weekly until physiological maturity. The vascular tissue lies internal to a layer of thick-walled sclerenchyma tissue that is not connected to the sclerenchyma tissue of the pod pericarp. The walls of the sclerenchyma tissue become thicker with maturation. The vascular tissue is arranged with phloem external to the xylem. Phloem and xylem cells differentiate continuously throughout the period of seed development. The mature xylem consists of tracheary elements with helical secondary wall thickenings. The mature phloem consists of sieve elements and adjoining companion cells. The sieve elements did not form P-protein crystals. The companion cells were replete with mitochondria and the number of companion cells per sieve element varied from one to three or four. An unusual feature of the placental vasculature was the presence of an inner layer of phloem cells consisting of sieve elements and companion cells. These cells were similar to and joined with the outer phloem when they entered the funiculus (seed stalk). The presence of the inner phloem suggests that it may have a special function in the nourishment of the developing seed. C1 USDA ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Yaklich, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, BARC W, Bldg 006,, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU ISTA PI ZURICH PA RECKENHOLZ PO BOX 412, CH-8046 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0251-0952 J9 SEED SCI TECHNOL JI Seed Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 29 IS 1 BP 109 EP 120 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 419RR UT WOS:000167962900013 ER PT J AU Chachalis, D Smith, ML AF Chachalis, D Smith, ML TI Seed coat regulation of water uptake during imbibition in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) SO SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Seed coat characteristics of accessions with contrasting imbibition behavior were studied. Seed coat structure was studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. The effects of different methanol and chloroform pre-treatments on seed coat permeability to water were also assessed. Deposits were possibly hydrophilic material. Deep-circular, deep-elongated and shallow pores on the surface of seeds were observed. In seeds of line VLS-1, that possessed a delayed-permeability seed coat characteristic, there was a lack of pores in the abaxial region of the seed coat. In seeds of lines GC 88037-38-2-2 and SS 87040-2-1, that possessed a rapid-permeability seed coat characteristic, a high density of deep and wide open pores were observed. The water-impermeability barrier was most likely in the subcuticular layer. No callose or suberin was detected in the impermeable soybean seed coat. There were no detected differences in the presence of phenolic material between impermeable and permeable seeds. Prolonged methanol pre-treatments were highly effective in increasing the permeability to water by a reversible way that could not be attributed to either the removal of cuticular waxes or extraction of phenolic material from the seed coat. C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Chachalis, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 28 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 10 PU ISTA PI ZURICH PA RECKENHOLZ PO BOX 412, CH-8046 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0251-0952 J9 SEED SCI TECHNOL JI Seed Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 29 IS 2 BP 401 EP 412 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 456PF UT WOS:000170090800011 ER PT J AU Barker, RE Kilgore, JA Cook, RL Garay, AE Warnke, SE AF Barker, RE Kilgore, JA Cook, RL Garay, AE Warnke, SE TI Use of flow cytometry to determine ploidy level of ryegrass SO SEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-DNA CONTENT; RYE ADDITION LINES; CELL-CYCLE AB A more rapid determination of ploidy level in tetraploid ryegrass (Lolium spp.) cultivars than cytological chromosome counting would be beneficial to the grass seed industry. Our objectives were to develop protocols for using flow cytometry in seed testing and to validate ploidy level by using flow cytometry and root tip chromosome counts. DNA content was determined by flow cytometry using leaf tissue of up to 200 seedlings from seed lots of three tetraploid cultivars each of perennial ryegrass (L. perenne), annual or Italian ryegrass (L. multiflorum) and intermediate ryegrass (L. X hybridum). Chromosome numbers were counted using root tip cells from up to 40 plants in each seed lot. Ploidy determined by flow cytometric comparison of G1 peaks from diploid and tetraploid plants was compared with chromosome counts on the same plants. Flow cytometry easily determined ploidy level and was sensitive enough to detect aneuploid plants. Determining chromosome number from root tip cells was slow and laborious; we were unable to detect minor variation of chromosome numbers and counts could not be accomplished on a sufficient number of plants to accurately detect mixtures in ploidy levels. We recommend the acceptance of flow cytometry as a means for determining ploidy level in commercial ryegrass seed testing because of its accuracy, ease of use and greater throughput than classical cytological approaches. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Barker, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 33 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU ISTA PI ZURICH PA RECKENHOLZ PO BOX 412, CH-8046 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 0251-0952 J9 SEED SCI TECHNOL JI Seed Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 29 IS 2 BP 493 EP 502 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 456PF UT WOS:000170090800020 ER PT B AU Haugen, L AF Haugen, L BE Ash, CL TI How to identify and manage Dutch elm disease SO SHADE TREE: WILT DISEASES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Conference on Wilt Diseases of Shade Trees CY AUG 25-28, 1999 CL ST PAUL, MN C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Area State & Private Forestry, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Haugen, L (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Area State & Private Forestry, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA BN 0-89054-277-5 PY 2001 BP 37 EP 52 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Forestry GA BT43E UT WOS:000172972600004 ER PT B AU Juzwik, J AF Juzwik, J BE Ash, CL TI Overland transmission of Ceratocystis fagacearum: Extending our understanding SO SHADE TREE: WILT DISEASES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Conference on Wilt Diseases of Shade Trees CY AUG 25-28, 1999 CL ST PAUL, MN ID SYNTHETIC AGGREGATION PHEROMONES; COATTRACTANT; NITIDULIDAE; COLEOPTERA; MATS C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Juzwik, J (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 33 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA BN 0-89054-277-5 PY 2001 BP 83 EP 92 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Forestry GA BT43E UT WOS:000172972600008 ER PT B AU Pokorny, J AF Pokorny, J BE Ash, CL TI How to collect field samples and identify the oak wilt fungus in the laboratory SO SHADE TREE: WILT DISEASES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Conference on Wilt Diseases of Shade Trees CY AUG 25-28, 1999 CL ST PAUL, MN C1 USDA, Forest Serv, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Pokorny, J (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA BN 0-89054-277-5 PY 2001 BP 139 EP 148 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Forestry GA BT43E UT WOS:000172972600014 ER PT B AU Bentz, J Sherald, J AF Bentz, J Sherald, J BE Ash, CL TI Transmission of the xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidiosa to shade trees by insect vectors SO SHADE TREE: WILT DISEASES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Conference on Wilt Diseases of Shade Trees CY AUG 25-28, 1999 CL ST PAUL, MN C1 USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bentz, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA BN 0-89054-277-5 PY 2001 BP 203 EP 208 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Forestry GA BT43E UT WOS:000172972600020 ER PT B AU Leininger, TD Britton, KO Chang, CJ AF Leininger, TD Britton, KO Chang, CJ BE Ash, CL TI Determining the role of bacterial leaf scorch, canker stain, and botryosphaeria canker in the dieback of plantation sycamores in the southeastern United States SO SHADE TREE: WILT DISEASES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Conference on Wilt Diseases of Shade Trees CY AUG 25-28, 1999 CL ST PAUL, MN ID XYLELLA-FASTIDIOSA; AXENIC CULTURE; PATHOGENICITY; TREES C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Leininger, TD (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA BN 0-89054-277-5 PY 2001 BP 209 EP 216 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Forestry GA BT43E UT WOS:000172972600021 ER PT J AU Alig, R Adams, D Mills, J Haynes, R Ince, P Moulton, R AF Alig, R Adams, D Mills, J Haynes, R Ince, P Moulton, R TI Alternative projections of the impacts of private investment on southern forests: A comparison of two large-scale forest sector models of the United States. SO SILVA FENNICA LA English DT Article DE timber supply; forest sector; forest resource assessment; plantation area ID LAND; PULP AB The TAMM/NAPAP/ATLAS/AREACHANGE (TNAA) system and the Forest and Agriculture Sector Optimization Model (FASOM) are two large-scale forestry sector modeling systems that have been employed to analyze the U.S. forest resource situation. The TNAA system of static, spatial equilibrium models has been applied to make 50-year projections of the U.S. forest sector for more than 20 years. Much of its input on forest management behavior and decisions about use of forestland derives from expert-based systems external to the TNAA system. FASOM, a spatial intertemporal optimization model, directly incorporates decisions on management investment and land use options relative to agricultural alternatives as endogenous model elements. The paper contrasts projections of private forest investment from the TNAA and FASOM models, focusing on the southern United States. Comparison of the TNAA base case and an investment-restricted scenario from FASOM, both of which reflect a continuation of recent behavioral tendencies by nonindustrial private owners, suggests that Southern private timberlands have considerable biological and economic potential for intensified forest management. Unrestricted FASOM projections confirm that added investment could lead to substantially larger timber harvest volumes and lower prices than those projected in the base/restricted cases. But even under the more intensive investment scenarios, naturally regenerated forests would cover three-quarters of the future private timberland base and hardwoods would continue to dominate the inventory structure. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Portland, OR 97205 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Alig, R (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM ralig@fs.fed.us NR 27 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU FINNISH SOC FOREST SCIENCE-NATURAL RESOURCES INST FINLAND PI VANTAA PA PO BOX 18, FI-01301 VANTAA, FINLAND SN 0037-5330 EI 2242-4075 J9 SILVA FENN JI Silva. Fenn. PY 2001 VL 35 IS 3 BP 265 EP 276 DI 10.14214/sf.584 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 482NH UT WOS:000171581900002 ER PT J AU Gwaze, DP Wolliams, JA Kanowski, PJ Bridgwater, FE AF Gwaze, DP Wolliams, JA Kanowski, PJ Bridgwater, FE TI Interactions of genotype with site for height and stem straightness in Pinus taeda in Zimbabwe SO SILVAE GENETICA LA English DT Article DE genotype x environment interactions; genetic correlation; height; stem straightness; Pinus taeda ID ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; RADIATA AB The magnitude and importance of genotype x environment interactions (GXE) for stem height and straightness at 2, 10, 14 and 23 years of age were estimated for Pinus taeda L, planted at four sites in Zimbabwe. Genetic correlations between heights at different sites varied from low to high (0.18 to 0.95). They were not consistent across the different ages, but were generally high between all sites at younger ages and progressively diminished with age. These results suggest that early growth assessments may not be reliable for predicting GXE at maturity. Genetic correlations between stem straightness scores at different sites also varied from low to high (-0.13 to 0.95); those between sites A and C, and between sites B and D, were consistently high (>0.84) at ages greater than 2 years. On the basis of the magnitude of genetic correlations, site B was generally the best selection site for height. At 23 years, there was no single best selection site for height. There did not appear to be any single environmental factor that influenced GXE for height, making it difficult to classify environments. Since GXE interactions were unpredictable for height, the value of the multiple population breeding strategy adopted for P. taeda in Zimbabwe may not be high. Genetic correlations for straightness were high between sites A and C and between sites B and D, suggesting similarity within these two pairs of sites. On the basis of correlations between breeding values and weighted aggregate genetic merit, site A was the best single site for selection to improve the average performance across all four sites. Consequently, a single breeding population could be established at site A. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Texas Forest Serv, Forest Sci Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Roslin Inst, Roslin EH25 9PS, Midlothian, Scotland. Australian Natl Univ, Dept Forestry, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Texas A&M Univ, USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Sci Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Gwaze, DP (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Forest Serv, Forest Sci Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU J D SAUERLANDERS VERLAG PI FRANKFURT PA FINKENHOFSTRASSE 21, D-60322 FRANKFURT, GERMANY SN 0037-5349 J9 SILVAE GENET JI Silvae Genet. PY 2001 VL 50 IS 3-4 BP 135 EP 140 PG 6 WC Forestry; Genetics & Heredity SC Forestry; Genetics & Heredity GA 515RU UT WOS:000173510800008 ER PT B AU Kremer, RJ Ervin, EH Wood, MT Abuchar, D AF Kremer, RJ Ervin, EH Wood, MT Abuchar, D BE Senanayake, YDA Sangakkara, UR TI Control of Sclerotinia homoeocarpa in turfgrass using effective microorganisms SO SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON KYUSEI NATURE FARMING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Kyusei Nature Farming CY OCT 28-31, 1999 CL UNIV PRETORIA, PRETORIA, SOUTH AFRICA SP Sekai Kyusei Kyo, Int Nat Farming Res Crt, Univ of the North, Organ Agr Assoc, Ubuntu Ctr Comm Network, Asia Pacific Nat Agr Network, EM Res Org HO UNIV PRETORIA AB Different species of turfgrass are widely used worldwide for golf courses, athletic fields, and landscaping. Sclerotinia homoeocarpa [(Lib) Korf & Dumonf], causal agent of "dollar spot, " is considered the most prevalent turfgrass pathogen in North America. Fungicides are a major input for controlling this disease. To evaluate effective alternative control approaches, research was conducted to (i) determine effects of Effective Microorganisms (EM) on growth and development of S. homoeocarpa in bioassays and (H) effects of EM on disease development by S. homoeocarpa in turfgrass and turf quality. A laboratory bioassay (in vitro) was conducted on S. homoeocarpa isolated from various turfgrass species using EM on potato dextrose agar (PDA). For the greenhouse study (in vivo), standard golf course soil substrate was amended with various rates of EM Bokashi made with local organic wastes. The fungus, cultures on autoclaved millet seeds, was inoculated into golf course substrates in pots four weeks after seeding with Penncross creeping bentgrass. Developing turfgrass was evaluated for disease infection and turf quality (disease rating). Laboratory results showed that EM amended in PDA at 1.0 and 4.0% significantly inhibited hyphal growth of S. homoeocarpa. In the greenhouse study, the EM Bokashi treatments had significantly less disease during the 3 week period than the standard golf green substrate. Increased turf quality was observed with increasing EM Bokashi concentration. Results suggest that EM cultures can potentially inhibit in vivo S. homoeocarpa growth. Further investigations into potential beneficial uses may lead to adaptation of biologically based technology such as EM to develop more sustainable environmental systems. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Kremer, RJ (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASIAN-PACIFIC NAT AGR NETWORK APNAN PI BANGKOK PA PHAHONYOTHIN RD, BANGKOK 10400, THAILAND PY 2001 BP 275 EP 280 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU54M UT WOS:000176287900034 ER PT J AU Peloquin, JJ Miller, SG Klotz, SA Stouthammer, R Davis, LR Klotz, JH AF Peloquin, JJ Miller, SG Klotz, SA Stouthammer, R Davis, LR Klotz, JH TI Bacterial endosymbionts from the genus Camponotus (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) SO SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WEEVIL SITOPHILUS-ORYZAE; RHAGOLETIS-POMONELLA DIPTERA; SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS; ANASTREPHA-SUSPENSA; PCR DETECTION; IDENTIFICATION; TEPHRITIDAE; AMPLIFICATION; ATTRACTION; PROTEIN AB Gram-negative prokaryotic endosymbionts from follicle cells of eight species of North American Camponotus were isolated and their 16S rRNA-encoding DNA was amplified, cloned and sequenced. A BLASTn similarity search showed that the endosymbiont of Camponotus floridanus is most similar to Candidatus camponotii. Other than this ant endosymbiont, the most similar sequences were from various enterobacteria commonly found in the gut of insects and other animals. The most parsimonious phylogenetic tree generated by PAUP analysis on manually aligned sequences supports a monophyletic relationship of the ant endosymbionts when the 16S RNA sequences of two other insect-associated enterobacteria (Yersinia pestis, and Buchnera aphidicola) are included. The most parsimonious tree does not support, however, a monophyletic grouping of endosymbionts of the North American species when Old World isolates of Camponotus-associated eubacterial sequences are added to the analysis. These results suggest that the association and divergence of the endosymbiont with their ant host is ancient. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Dept Med, Infect Dis Sect, Tucson, AZ 85724 USA. USDA ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Peloquin, JJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Entomol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 42 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU CALIF STATE UNIV PI CHICO PA DEPT BIOL SCI, CHICO, CA 95929 USA SN 0361-6525 J9 SOCIOBIOLOGY JI Sociobiology PY 2001 VL 38 IS 3B BP 695 EP 708 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 480NA UT WOS:000171466600009 ER PT J AU Cornelius, ML Osbrink, WLA AF Cornelius, ML Osbrink, WLA TI Tunneling behavior, foraging tenacity, and wood consumption rates of formosan and eastern subterranean termites (Isoptera : rhinotermitidae) in laboratory bioassays SO SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Coptotermes formosanus; Reticulitermes flavipes; foraging behavior; food detection; wood consumption ID RETICULITERMES-FLAVIPES; COLONIES; PROPORTION; SOLDIER; SEARCH AB This study examined the tunneling behavior, foraging tenacity, food detection, and wood consumption rates of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, and the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). When mortality and wood consumption rates of 6 colonies of each termite species were compared, overall wood consumption rates of C. formosanus were greater than rates of R flavipes, and overall mortality rates of R. flavipes were greater than rates of C. formosanus. When the effects of block size on wood consumption rates were examined, wood consumption rates of R. flavipes were much greater on the large blocks than on the small blocks; however, wood consumption rates of C. formosanus were not affected by block size. When the effects of test duration on wood consumption rates were examined, wood consumption rates of both termite species were greater in 10 day tests than in 28 day tests. C.,formosanus tended to build wider tunnels than R. flavipes and showed a greater foraging tenacity than R. flavipes when termites were allowed to become established on a food source before being given access to a second food source. Differences in total tunneling areas constructed by C,formosanus colonies were positively correlated with average worker biomass. There were no significant differences between species or colonies in length of time taken to find food; however, there was a great deal of variability between replicates, with time taken to find food ranging from < 24 h to 7 d. Neither species demonstrated any ability to detect the presence of a sound block of wood when tunneling through sand. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Cornelius, ML (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 22 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU CALIF STATE UNIV PI CHICO PA DEPT BIOL SCI, CHICO, CA 95929 USA SN 0361-6525 J9 SOCIOBIOLOGY JI Sociobiology PY 2001 VL 37 IS 1 BP 79 EP 94 PG 16 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 399TC UT WOS:000166827600006 ER PT J AU Lewis, VR Haverty, MI AF Lewis, VR Haverty, MI TI Lethal effects of electrical shock treatments to the western drywood termite (Isoptera : Kalotermitidae) and resulting damage to wooden test boards SO SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE drywood termites; Incisitermes minor; non-chemical control; electrical shock; thermal control; wood damage AB Lethal effects of electrical shock treatments on the western drywood termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen), were evaluated in artificially and naturally infested boards. Dimensional size of artificially infested boards used included 1 x 4, 2 x 4, and 4 x 6. Each artificially infested board contained 75 drywood termite workers, 25 each in three separate routed galleries. Sixty-six artificially infested boards were prepared and treated with electrical shock. Treatment of boards included waving the electrically emitting end over wooden surfaces or drilling small holes for placement of conductive wires. All artificially infested boards were opened and counts of live and dead termites made 3 days and 4 weeks after treatment. Untreated artificially infested boards were also included. Eighteen naturally infested boards were also treated during the study. Naturally infested boards were dissected 4 weeks after treatment and live and dead termites counted. Two separate tests using different treatment conditions were evaluated. The difference in the conditions between the two tests was the proximity of test boards to wire mesh contained in exterior stucco walls of the test structure. Study results revealed no statistically significant difference in termite mortality for galleries closest to or farthest from walls containing wire mesh. However, among artificially infested boards statistically significant differences did exist in treatment time and the number of holes to accommodate conductive wires, Excessive treatments with electrical shock and drilling for conductive wire placement resulted in scorched wood or holes in 70% of boards. Scorched boards and galleries suggest the mode-of-action of electrical shock to be the build up of excessive heat within termites and wood. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Div Insect Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Forest Prod Lab, Struct Pest Res & Extens Ctr, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. RP Lewis, VR (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Div Insect Biol, 201 Wellman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU CALIF STATE UNIV PI CHICO PA DEPT BIOL SCI, CHICO, CA 95929 USA SN 0361-6525 J9 SOCIOBIOLOGY JI Sociobiology PY 2001 VL 37 IS 1 BP 163 EP 183 PG 21 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 399TC UT WOS:000166827600012 ER PT J AU Haverty, MI AF Haverty, MI TI The role of toilet paper in studies of desert subterranean termites (Isoptera) in Arizona, USA: A substrate for nondestructive observations of foraging activity SO SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 31st Annual Meeting of the International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG) CY MAY 19, 2000 CL KAILUA KONA, HAWAII DE Isoptera; Rhinotermitidae; foraging behavior; foraging territories; foraging populations; alate production; soil movement; soil chemistry; Heterotermes aureus (Snyder); Gnathamitermes perplexus (Banks) ID HETEROTERMES-AUREUS ISOPTERA; RHINOTERMITIDAE; GRASSLAND; SIZE AB Toilet paper rolls were used as a substrate for nondestructive observation of the foraging activity of two termite species - Heterotermes aureus (Snyder) and Gnathamitermes perplexus (Banks) - in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona. Foraging was minimal during winter, increased in spring, was high but erratic in summer, and then was moderate in fall. H. aureus foraged within a temperature range of 7.6 degrees to 47 degrees C; G. perplexus foraged within a range of 9 degrees to 49 degrees C. Temperature had the greatest influence on the number of foragers appearing at the soil surface. Rainfall (and resulting soil moisture) greatly affected foraging in summer. The density of H. aureus foragers was estimated to be 4.31X10(6)/hectare, while the density of C. perplexus was estimated to be about twice that of H. aureus. The density of H. aureus colonies was estimated to be 190.4 colonies/hectare with an estimated 22,632 foragers/colony and an average foraging territory of 12.5m(2). Together, these two species transported soil to the soil surface at a combined rate of 744.2kg/hectare/year. Both species brought up soil richer in clay and added significant quantities of organic carbon, nitrogen, PO4, Na, Mg, and soluble salts, while H. aureus alone increased soil K. C1 US Forest Serv, Chem Ecol Forest Insects Res Unit, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Haverty, MI (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Chem Ecol Forest Insects Res Unit, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, POB 245, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU CALIF STATE UNIV PI CHICO PA DEPT BIOL SCI, CHICO, CA 95929 USA SN 0361-6525 J9 SOCIOBIOLOGY JI Sociobiology PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 245 EP 252 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 403JK UT WOS:000167038600002 ER PT J AU Ring, DR Morgan, AL Woodson, WD Lax, AR Hu, XP Freytag, ED Mao, L AF Ring, DR Morgan, AL Woodson, WD Lax, AR Hu, XP Freytag, ED Mao, L TI The first two years of an area wide management program for the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) in the French Quarter, New Orleans, Louisiana SO SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 31st Annual Meeting of the International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG) CY MAY 19, 2000 CL KAILUA KONA, HAWAII DE Coptotermes formosanus; area wide management; glue boards; in ground monitoring stations; non repellent termiticides; baits AB The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, is a serious pest in several parts of the world and is one of the most destructive insects in Louisiana. The density of the Formosan subterranean termites in the French Quarter, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA is very high. A large area pilot test for area wide management of this insect was begun in 1998 in the French Quarter to reduce densities of termites and demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach of treating all properties in a large area using area wide management. The pilot test is a cooperative effort between the LSU Agricultural Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service and New Orleans Mosquito and Termite Control Board. All but three of 323 properties in a contiguous 15 block area in the French Quarter were treated using commercially available baits or non repellent termiticides selected by property owners and applied by professional pest control operators. Properties were inspected for conducive conditions and proper treatment after treatments were made. Data on termite activity were collected using glue boards for alates and in ground monitors for foraging activity. Alates were sampled two to three times weekly during the flight season (May through July 15) in both 1998 and 1999 using glue boards hung near lamps on street lights. Monthly monitoring of foraging activity began in January, 1999 to determine the number of stations with termites. Reductions in densities of alates between years were not found; probably as a result of the limited time treatments had been in place. The percentage of in ground monitoring stations with termites was lower in the treated zone than outside the treated zone after September 1999, Continued treatment and monitoring are required to determine the extent of and the long term effects of the area wide management program. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Baton Rouge, LA 70894 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. New Orleans Mosquito & Termite Control Board, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Ring, DR (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, POB 25100, Baton Rouge, LA 70894 USA. RI Hu, Xing Ping/A-4481-2008 NR 3 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU CALIF STATE UNIV PI CHICO PA DEPT BIOL SCI, CHICO, CA 95929 USA SN 0361-6525 J9 SOCIOBIOLOGY JI Sociobiology PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 293 EP 300 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 403JK UT WOS:000167038600007 ER PT J AU Lenz, M Kard, B Mauldin, JK Evans, TA Etheridge, JL Abbey, HM AF Lenz, M Kard, B Mauldin, JK Evans, TA Etheridge, JL Abbey, HM TI Size of food resource determines brood placement in Reticulitermes flavipes (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) SO SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract DE Subterranean termites; reproductive biology; castes; larvae; workers; soldiers C1 CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. US Forest Serv, USDA, Starkville, MS 39760 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Saucier, MS 39574 USA. RP Lenz, M (reprint author), CSIRO, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RI Evans, Theodore/A-6020-2008 OI Evans, Theodore/0000-0002-0558-3036 NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU CALIF STATE UNIV PI CHICO PA DEPT BIOL SCI, CHICO, CA 95929 USA SN 0361-6525 J9 SOCIOBIOLOGY JI Sociobiology PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 361 EP 362 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 403JK UT WOS:000167038600013 ER PT J AU Kard, BM AF Kard, BM TI Detrimental effects of boric-acid-treated soil against foraging subterranean termites (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) SO SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 31st Annual Meeting of the International Research Group on Wood Preservation (IRG) CY MAY 19, 2000 CL KAILUA KONA, HI DE boric acid; Coptotermes formosanus; Reticulitermes flavipes; protozoa; termites ID DISODIUM OCTABORATE TETRAHYDRATE; ISOPTERA-RHINOTERMITIDAE; COPTOTERMES-FORMOSANUS; PROTOZOAN POPULATIONS; EASTERN; BORON; PROTECTION; RESISTANCE; TOXICITY; COLONIES AB In laboratory bioassays, boric acid (BA) mixed with soil caused significant subterranean termite mortality. In choice tests, eastern subterranean and Formosan subterranean termites were exposed to boric acid mixed with soil at concentrations of 0.05, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, and 4.00 percent Al (wt:wt). Termites could choose to remain in their main nests with non-treated substrate and adequate food, or to tunnel through BA-treated soil in an attached foraging tube to reach a satellite nest containing non-treated substrate and additional food. Termite survival, feeding, and tunneling, and gut protozoa populations were determined after 12 weeks. Exposure to BA-treated soil caused significant, steadily increasing mortality in both species, concomitant with a decrease in feeding as BA concentration increased. Boric acid was non-repellent, and termites removed BA-treated soil from foraging tubes and deposited it in main and satellite nests. Generally, at BA concentrations of 1.00-2.00% or less in soil, termite gut protozoa populations were not dose dependent and did not significantly decrease for either termite species as BA concentrations increased, except at the 4.00% concentration where termites appeared weakest. Overall, BA mixed in soil caused significant detrimental effects to both termite species. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Starkville, MS 39759 USA. RP Kard, BM (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Noble Res Ctr 127, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 61 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU CALIFORNIA STATE UNIV PI CHICO PA DEPT BIOL SCI, CHICO, CA 95929 USA SN 0361-6525 J9 SOCIOBIOLOGY JI Sociobiology PY 2001 VL 37 IS 2 BP 363 EP 378 PG 16 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 403JK UT WOS:000167038600014 ER PT J AU Torres, JA Zottig, VE Co, JE Jones, TH Snelling, RR AF Torres, JA Zottig, VE Co, JE Jones, TH Snelling, RR TI Caste specific alkaloid chemistry of Solenopsis maboya and S-torresi (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) SO SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VENOM ALKALOIDS; ANTS; DECAHYDROQUINOLINES; PHEROMONE; ISOMERS; FROGS AB Examination of the alkaloids of Solenopsis maboya Snelling and comparison with those previously found in S. torresi Snelling, reveals a clear example of caste-specific alkaloid production in the queens and workers of each species,The queens of Solenopsis maboya contain a single piperidine while the workers produce a different piperidine along with two indolizidine isomers, In contrast, the queens of S. torresi contain a single indolizidine while the workers produce an unsaturated piperidine, In both species there is structural analogy between the bicyclic indolizidines and the monocyclic piperidines, and in S. maboya both classes of compounds even share six-membered ring stereochemistry. C1 Bayamon Univ Coll, Dept Biol, Bayamon, PR 00959 USA. US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Virginia Mil Inst, Dept Chem, Lexington, VA 24450 USA. Nat Hist Museum Los Angeles Cty, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA. RP Torres, JA (reprint author), Bayamon Univ Coll, Dept Biol, 170,Carr 174 Parque Ind Minillas, Bayamon, PR 00959 USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU CALIF STATE UNIV PI CHICO PA DEPT BIOL SCI, CHICO, CA 95929 USA SN 0361-6525 J9 SOCIOBIOLOGY JI Sociobiology PY 2001 VL 37 IS 3B BP 579 EP 583 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 436FL UT WOS:000168925800008 ER PT J AU Torres, JA Snelling, RR Canals, M AF Torres, JA Snelling, RR Canals, M TI Seasonal and nocturnal periodicities in ant nuptial flights in the tropics (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) SO SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ants; dry forest; nuptial flights; Puerto Rico; sex ratio; seasonality; tropics ID PUERTO-RICO; COEXISTENCE; PATTERNS; BEHAVIOR AB Nocturnal nuptial flights of ants were studied at Guaynabo and Guanica in the tropical island of Puerto Rico. A great proportion of the species had a high frequency of flights during the year with little seasonality in the frequency of flights. Flights were less frequent during the dry season. Nuptial flights at Guaynabo occurred mostly during the post-sunset (18:30-22:30) and pre-dawn (04:00-06:00) hours. Few flights occurred between these two periods. The number of flights was fewer and flights on the average smaller in size in the Guanica dry forest than at Guaynabo. There was little differentiation in the flight patterns of species belonging to the same genus. All-male flights were more common than all-female flights, but in some species the pattern was reversed. One-sex flights were commoner than flights in which both sexes were present. Usually more males were captured on a nuptial flight than females, but in some months or in some species the pattern was reversed. The lack of flight synchronization between the sexes results in a great loss of reproductive effort in most species. This lack of synchronization implies that mating success cannot be estimated by the relative abundance of queens and males in nests. C1 Bayamon Univ Coll, Dept Biol, Bayamon, PR 00959 USA. US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Los Angeles Cty Museum Nat Hist, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA. Dept Nat Resources & Environm Studies, Guanica, PR 00653 USA. RP Torres, JA (reprint author), Bayamon Univ Coll, Dept Biol, 170 Carr 174 Parque Ind Minillas, Bayamon, PR 00959 USA. NR 45 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 8 PU CALIF STATE UNIV PI CHICO PA DEPT BIOL SCI, CHICO, CA 95929 USA SN 0361-6525 J9 SOCIOBIOLOGY JI Sociobiology PY 2001 VL 37 IS 3B BP 601 EP 626 PG 26 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 436FL UT WOS:000168925800011 ER PT J AU Woodson, WD Wiltz, BA Lax, AR AF Woodson, WD Wiltz, BA Lax, AR TI Current distribution of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) in the United States SO SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Coptotermes formosanus; distribution ID SHIRAKI AB The distribution of the Formosan subterranean termite in the United States was determined from the literature and personal communications with state officials, state extension service personnel, university entomologists and others. Based on this information we determined that there are 95 counties/parishes in eleven states that have been or currently are infested with Formosan subterranean termites. Movement of infested wood is the main culprit in the spread of this pest. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Woodson, WD (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 45 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 1 PU CALIF STATE UNIV PI CHICO PA DEPT BIOL SCI, CHICO, CA 95929 USA SN 0361-6525 J9 SOCIOBIOLOGY JI Sociobiology PY 2001 VL 37 IS 3B BP 661 EP 671 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 436FL UT WOS:000168925800015 ER PT J AU Shinde, D Mansell, RS Hornsby, AG Savabi, MR AF Shinde, D Mansell, RS Hornsby, AG Savabi, MR TI The hydro-thermal environment in plastic-mulched soil beds: Modeling analysis SO SOIL AND CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF FLORIDA PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual Meeting on Soil and Crop Science CY SEP 20-22, 2000 CL TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; HEAT; TEMPERATURE; SIMULATION; FUMIGATION; TRANSPORT; BALANCE; WATER AB A mechanistic model for coupled water-heat and chemical transport for non-isothermal conditions was used to simulate the diurnal dynamics of the hydro-thermal environment within raised soil beds. Investigations included soil beds covered with thin sheets of low density polyethylene plastic commonly used in intensive management of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) and vegetable production in Florida agriculture. Black, clear, and white films, as well as, bare soil boundary conditions were simulated for two-dimensional cross sections of a single bed with adjoining furrows for February and June. Early season (no transpiration) simulations were performed where plastic films were assumed to contain no planting holes. The geometry of bedded soil systems imposes multidimensional aspects to coupled flows of heat, water and vapor. For mulched beds, a thermal layering effect by the plastic film and associated air-gap provide nonuniform boundary conditions along the ground surface, further contributing to multidimensional flows of water, vapor, and heat. Optical properties of the plastic films and the average width of the air-gap between the film and the underlying soil were demonstrated as critical to modification of the hydro-thermal regime within mulched soil beds. An assumed air-gap of 0.65-mm black film provided greater soil heating than clear film. For larger air-gaps this order of heating was reversed. Simulations for February provide improved understanding of the dynamic nature for the multidimensional soil hydro-thermal regime that develops in mulched soil beds during early season production of strawberries and vegetables. Simulations for June provide information on soil hydro-thermal regime that develops under clear plastic films during solarization. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Miami, FL 33158 USA. RP Shinde, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOIL CROP SCIENCE FLORIDA PI IMMOKALEE PA 2686 S R 29 N, IMMOKALEE, FL 34142 USA SN 0096-4522 J9 SOIL CROP SCI SOC FL JI Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. PY 2001 VL 60 BP 64 EP 71 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 635HQ UT WOS:000180393800015 ER PT J AU Serraj, R Bona, S Purcell, LC Sinclair, TR AF Serraj, R Bona, S Purcell, LC Sinclair, TR TI Role of soil-oxygen enrichment in the response of nitrogen fixation to drought stress in field-grown soybean SO SOIL AND CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF FLORIDA PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual Meeting on Soil and Crop Science CY SEP 20-22, 2000 CL TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA ID ACETYLENE-REDUCTION; WATER DEFICITS; PERMEABILITY; ACCUMULATION; SENSITIVITY; NODULES; JACKSON AB Nitrogen fixation in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) is especially sensitive to soil drying even at relatively high water contents. One possible physiological explanation for this sensitivity is that nodule O-2 permeability, which is dependent on the turgor of nodule cortical cells, may be the basis of N-2-fixation response to soil water deficit. Two cultivars of soybean with different sensitivity in N-2 fixation to drought were grown in the field and subjected to water-deficit treatment for a short period during vegetative growth. In order to test the interaction of O-2 limitation and water deficit on N-2 fixation, the rhizo- sphere around nodules of well-watered and drought-stressed plants was enriched with O-2, and the effects were measured on the response of plant biomass accumulation. The results of this experiment indicated that the elevated O-2 helped to sustain N-2 fixation with drying soils, and that drought tolerance of N-2 fixation may be partly associated with decreased nodule permeability to O-2. However, after 8 d of drought-stress treatment, increasing O-2 failed to result in any recovery of nodule N-2 fixation activity from drought stress, in either soybean cultivar. The overall conclusion of this work is that O-2 limitation seems to be less important in the more severe stages of water-deficit stress in limiting nodule activity. C1 Fac Sci Semlalia, Dept Biol, Marrakech, Morocco. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), Univ Florida, Agron Physiol Lab, USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOIL CROP SCIENCE FLORIDA PI IMMOKALEE PA 2686 S R 29 N, IMMOKALEE, FL 34142 USA SN 0096-4522 J9 SOIL CROP SCI SOC FL JI Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. PY 2001 VL 60 BP 88 EP 93 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 635HQ UT WOS:000180393800019 ER PT J AU Vadez, V Sinclair, TR AF Vadez, V Sinclair, TR TI Alteration in leaf ureide metabolism by soil Mn availability to increase soybean N-2 fixation tolerance to water deficit SO SOIL AND CROP SCIENCE SOCIETY OF FLORIDA PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual Meeting on Soil and Crop Science CY SEP 20-22, 2000 CL TALLAHASSEE, FLORIDA ID NITROGEN-FIXATION; MANGANESE; DEGRADATION; INHIBITION; DROUGHT; JACKSON; LEAVES AB The sensitivity of N-2 fixation to water deficit is related to an increase in leaf ureide concentration, which may be linked to the availability of Mn in the leaves since Mn is a co-factor for one of the enzymes involved in ureide degradation in leaves. The rate of ureide degradation was measured in leaves from soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) grown in pots on limed and non-limed soil. At 75 d after liming (DAL), the rate of ureide degradation in leaves from limed plants was nil but recovered to half of that in non-limed plants when Mn was added to the degradation-assay solution. However, at 105 DAL, the rate of ureide degradation in limed plants was also nil and Mn supply only resulted in a small fraction of the degradation rate of non-limed plants. Two field experiments were carried out under low-Mn conditions to investigate the response of leaf ureide and Mn concentration to the application of various Mn treatments. In the first experiment, cultivars PI 374163 and PI 423886, which have N-2 fixation tolerant of water deficit, had rates of leaf ureide degradation insensitive to Mn treatment while the sensitive cultivar 'Biloxi' had greatly increased ureide degradation rate in response to Mn application. Under water deficit, leaf ureide concentration did not increase in the tolerant lines but it increased in Biloxi, especially under the 0 kg Mn ha(-1) treatment. However, leaf Mn concentration was not significantly different among cultivars and treatments. A similar experiment was carried out with the tolerant cultivar 'Jackson' and sensitive cultivar 'Lee' in a test with six levels of Mn application to the soil. Results showed slight differences in leaf ureide between Jackson and Lee, although Jackson had higher leaf Mn concentration than Lee. Overall, these experiments showed, while bulk leaf-Mn concentrations were not influenced by soil Mn fertility, leaf ureide degradation rates and leaf ureide concentration were responsive to soil Mn treatments. C1 Univ Florida, Agron Physiol Lab, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Agron Physiol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Vadez, Vincent/C-5310-2014 OI Vadez, Vincent/0000-0003-2014-0281 NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL CROP SCIENCE FLORIDA PI IMMOKALEE PA 2686 S R 29 N, IMMOKALEE, FL 34142 USA SN 0096-4522 J9 SOIL CROP SCI SOC FL JI Soil Crop Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc. PY 2001 VL 60 BP 93 EP 98 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 635HQ UT WOS:000180393800020 ER PT J AU Gagliardi, JV Buyer, JS Angle, JS Russek-Cohen, E AF Gagliardi, JV Buyer, JS Angle, JS Russek-Cohen, E TI Structural and functional analysis of whole-soil microbial communities for risk and efficacy testing following microbial inoculation of wheat roots in diverse soils SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE BIOLOG; FAME; genetically engineered microorganisms; Pseudomonas; rhizosphere ID MODIFIED PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; METHYL-ESTER PROFILES; C-SOURCE UTILIZATION; FATTY-ACID ANALYSIS; MANAGED SOILS; RHIZOSPHERE; PATTERNS; PEA; BACTERIA; BIOMASS AB The increasing use of genetically engineered or modified microorganisms (GEMs) has led to regulations regarding the safety of their use. Intended (target) effects and unintended (non-target) effects of GEMs must currently be evaluated prior to field testing or commercial use. We present soil and rhizosphere microbial community effects testing of two GEMs, Pseudomonas chlororaphis 3732RN-L11 and Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79RN-L3, parental strains of these organisms and an uninoculated treatment using five diverse soils planted to wheat. An assay using BIOLOG(R) GN plates measured microbial community functional responses on wheat roots with adhering soil. Overall differences using multivariate statistical methods were highest at inoculation, and these effects persisted while the inoculated organisms were detectible on selective media. Differentiation based on lacZY genes engineered to the chromosome of both GEMs was significant for the 3732 GEM in all five soils tested, but not for the 2-79 GEM in a single soil. Lactose utilization in uninoculated microbial communities varied around a low baseline value. Direct fatty acid extraction and analysis of soil from around wheat roots was also performed using a novel method. Fatty acid analysis differentiated the 3732 GEM from all other treatments, but did not distinguish the 3732 parent inoculated from uninoculated treatments. As with the BIOLOG assay, multivariate statistical differences from fatty acid analysis decreased between GEM inoculated and uninoculated populations as viable counts of the GEM declined. Neither assay showed measurable community-level effects when inoculated organisms declined below detection, though three of six soils with surviving GEM populations still had significant effects after 105 days. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resources Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Gagliardi, JV (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resources Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 52 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 1 BP 25 EP 40 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00110-3 PG 16 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 392DH UT WOS:000166395000004 ER PT J AU Molina, JAE Clapp, CE Linden, D Allmaras, RR Layese, MF Dowdy, RH Cheng, HH AF Molina, JAE Clapp, CE Linden, D Allmaras, RR Layese, MF Dowdy, RH Cheng, HH TI Modeling the incorporation of corn (Zea mays L.) carbon from roots and rhizodeposition into soil organic matter SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE root exudate; rhizosphere; natural C enrichment; tracer C; lignin; NCSOIL; NCSWAP ID NITROGEN; CALIBRATION; SIMULATION; DYNAMICS; RELEASE; ISOTOPE; NCSOIL; WHEAT; C-13 AB Experimental data reported in the literature over the last decennium indicate that roots and rhizodeposition are important sources of carbon for the synthesis of soil organic carbon. Our objective was to verify the capability of the simulation model NCSWAP to reproduce the general conclusions from the experimental literature, and to gain some insight about the processes that control the incorporation of corn belowground production into the soil organic matter. The model was calibrated against the experimental data gathered from a long-term field experiment located near St. Paul, Minnesota. The simulation model updated daily the soil conditions to reproduce over a 13 year period the measured kinetics of seven variables: above-ground corn production, and the total soil organic matter, soil delta value, and the soil organic matter derived from corn in the 0-15 and 15-30 cm depth. The simulation gave a root-plus-rhizodeposition 1.8 times larger than stalks plus leaves. The translocation efficiency of corn-C into soil organic C at the 0-15 cm depth gradually decreased to 0.19 of the below-ground deposition. The sensitivity of below-ground photosynthate incorporation into the soil organic matter was analyzed relative to variations in the parameters that control the formation and decay of roots and rhizodeposition. Roots had a greater effect than rhizodeposition on the soil organic matter, though mon photosynthates were translocated to rhizodeposition than to roots. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Molina, JAE (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. OI molina, jean-alex/0000-0002-5510-3109 NR 26 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 1 BP 83 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00117-6 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 392DH UT WOS:000166395000009 ER PT S AU Follett, RF Pruessner, EG Samson-Liebig, SE Kimble, JM Waltman, SW AF Follett, RF Pruessner, EG Samson-Liebig, SE Kimble, JM Waltman, SW BE Lal, R TI Carbon sequestration under the conservation reserve program in the historic grassland soils of the United States of America SO SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT SE SSSA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect held at the 90th Annual Meeting of the Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY OCT 18-22, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Soil Sci Soc Amer, Divs S3, S5, S7 ID SYSTEMS; IMPACT; CRP AB Future emissions of CO2 to the atmosphere are expected to continue to increase and, along with other "greenhouse gases", contribute to the potential for global climate warming. Capture of atmospheric CO2-C by photosynthesis and its subsequent sequestration in soil is likely the best long-term option for C storage in terrestrial ecosystems. Adverse impacts of ongoing soil erosion in the USA resulted in legislative authority to implement the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). The CRP returns cultivated land to permanent plant cover and that potentially increases the atmospheric CO2-C captured through photosynthesis and its storage as soil organic C (SOC). This study evaluates that potential. Sampling sites were selected across three soil temperature and three soil moisture regimes found in the "historic grasslands" region of the USA. The sites had been in the CRP for a minimum of 5 yr and were paired with cropped sites that were as similar as possible. Weights of SOC and identifiable plant material (IPM) by soil layer to a depth of about 2 m were calculated using thicknesses, bulk densities, and C analyses data. Estimates of annual rates of SOC sequestration by the CRP and differences in total amounts of IPM were made by subtracting the amount measured in cropland sites from that measured under their paired CRP sites. Our estimates across the 13-state region in this study are that the CRP sequesters about 570, 740, and 910 kg SOC ha(-1) yr(-1) in the 0- to 5-, 0- to 10-, and 0- to 20-cm depth increments, respectively. A significant difference of the SOC and IPM under the CRP and cropped sites was observed at only these depth increments. The IPM likely precedes the introduction of and provides the C for SOC sequestration. Average amount of IPM-C under the CRP was 2990, 3470, and 3930 kg C hat greater than under the cropped sites. Total amounts of SOC sequestered by the CRP for the entire 5.6 million ha of land under the CRP within the soil temperature (T) x soil moisture (M) regimes included in this 13-state region are estimated as 3.19, 4.15, and 5.14 million metric tons of C (MMTC) yr(-1) within the 0- to 5-, 0- to 10-, and 0- to 20-cm depth increments, respectively. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Follett, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 6 PU SOIL SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0081-1904 BN 0-89118-836-3 J9 SSSA SPEC PUBL PY 2001 IS 57 BP 27 EP 40 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA BV01F UT WOS:000177597400003 ER PT S AU Eve, MD Paustian, K Follett, RF Elliott, ET AF Eve, MD Paustian, K Follett, RF Elliott, ET BE Lal, R TI An inventory of carbon emissions and sequestration in united states cropland soils SO SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT SE SSSA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect held at the 90th Annual Meeting of the Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY OCT 18-22, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Soil Sci Soc Amer, Divs S3, S5, S7 ID NATIONAL RESOURCES INVENTORY; CONSERVATION TILLAGE AB Means of estimating, monitoring and modeling changes in terrestrial C storage at a national level are just beginning to be developed, although much has been accomplished through localized field studies, state and regional analyses. In the USA, an accurate and defensible estimate of C storage in cropland soils is critical for the development of effective agricultural and environmental policies and strategies. Furthermore, such estimates are needed to fulfill U.S. obligations under the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC). Our research focuses on using a balance sheet approach to estimate net changes in soil C storage in U.S. croplands for the FCCC baseline year (1990). Using input data from a number of sources to obtain information on land use, soils, crops, tillage practices, and climate, we developed a series of spreadsheet models that estimate changes in C storage in cropland soils. Preliminary estimates indicate that changes in land use and management have resulted in mineral soils being a net sink of 11.31 million metric tons (MMT) of C yr(-1). Organic soils remain a source of atmospheric C, with emissions estimated at 6.03 MMT of C yr(-1). Mineral soils in the Warm Temperate, Moist climatic region of the eastern USA are sequestering the most C, while organic soils in the Sub-Tropical, Moist region have the largest total emissions. Additional modeling is being conducted to obtain estimates of the year-to-year changes in C storage, as well as the potential for increased C sequestration. Strengths and limitations of the approach are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Eve, MD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RI Paustian, Keith/L-7593-2016 NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0081-1904 BN 0-89118-836-3 J9 SSSA SPEC PUBL PY 2001 IS 57 BP 51 EP 65 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA BV01F UT WOS:000177597400005 ER PT S AU Unger, PW AF Unger, PW BE Lal, R TI Total carbon, aggregation, bulk density, and penetration resistance of cropland and nearby grassland soils SO SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT SE SSSA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect held at the 90th Annual Meeting of the Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY OCT 18-22, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Soil Sci Soc Amer, Divs S3, S5, S7 ID ORGANIC-MATTER; CULTIVATION AB Converting native grassland (NGL) to cropland (CL) decreases soil organic matter contents (components of soil total C contents, STCC, which often leads to soil degradation. Re-establishing grass on CL generally increases soil organic matter, which improves soil conditions. This study was conducted to determine effects of land uses [CL, NGL, and Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) land (CRPL)] on STCC (mainly organic C), aggregation, bulk density, and penetration resistance. Cropland, NGL, and CRPL sites were sampled at 11, locations in the southern Great Plains. Penetration resistance was measured at the sites. Mean STCC at 0- to 2-cm depths were lowest on CL, intermediate on CRPL, and highest on NGL (2.7, 5.4, and 7.6 Mg ha(-1), respectively). Trends were the same at greater depths. Re-establishing grass on CL resulted in increased STCC, but achieving contents comparable to those on NGL will require more than 10 yr. Water-stable aggregate mean weight diameter and water-stability of 1- to 2-mm aggregates were positively related and percentage of <0.25-mm water-stable aggregates was negatively related to STCC. The aggregate results indicate the importance of high STCC for maintaining conditions conducive to using precipitation and irrigation water efficiently. Land use affected bulk density and penetration resistance slightly, but relationships between them were not significant. Few relationships between soil water content and penetration resistance were significant, probably because of widely diverse conditions involved. Establishing grass on CL reverses soil degradation, but crop production is lost. Hence, practices that minimize STCC losses should be used to minimize CL degradation. C1 USDA ARS, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Unger, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOIL SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0081-1904 BN 0-89118-836-3 J9 SSSA SPEC PUBL PY 2001 IS 57 BP 77 EP 92 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA BV01F UT WOS:000177597400007 ER PT S AU Birdsey, RA Heath, LS AF Birdsey, RA Heath, LS BE Lal, R TI Forest inventory data, models, and assumptions for monitoring carbon flux SO SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT SE SSSA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Soil Carbon Sequestration and the Greenhouse Effect held at the 90th Annual Meeting of the Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY OCT 18-22, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Soil Sci Soc Amer, Divs S3, S5, S7 ID UNITED-STATES; BUDGET; SOILS; MANAGEMENT; STORAGE; CLIMATE; BIOMASS; POOLS AB Estimates from forest inventories indicate that U.S. forest ecosystems are a net sink for C, currently removing 0.2 to 0.3 Pg C yr(-1) from the atmosphere. Estimates of C storage in forest biomass are based on comprehensive forest inventory data collected periodically by the USDA, Forest Service. Estimates of C storage in forest soils (including mineral soil, litter and coarse woody debris) are based on intensive ecosystem studies and models relating soil C to climate variables, forest type, and land use history. Estimates of C storage in wood products are based on comprehensive models of biomass utilization, recycling, and disposal. Opportunities to improve the estimation process include better estimates of soil C responses to land use and environmental changes, and the need for more comprehensive data to estimate C flux on remote forest lands that are not significantly influenced by human activities. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Newtown Sq, PA USA. RP Birdsey, RA (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Newtown Sq, PA USA. NR 33 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0081-1904 BN 0-89118-836-3 J9 SSSA SPEC PUBL PY 2001 IS 57 BP 125 EP 135 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA BV01F UT WOS:000177597400010 ER PT B AU Foltz, RB Elliot, WJ AF Foltz, RB Elliot, WJ BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Infiltration characteristics of forest road filter windrows SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE filter windrows; hydrophobic conditions; hydraulic conductivity; WEPP AB A study to determine the infiltration parameters for filter windrows was undertaken. The study used a flow rate representing the runoff from a forest road of 100 in length during, a storm of 50 mm/hr. Observations during the flow event suggested a hydrophobic-like condition existed for up to 10 minutes. The hydraulic conductivity required by the WEPP model to reproduce the field results ranged from 80 to 200 mm/hr in the filter windrow and from 60 to 1400 mm/hr in the forest floor. While the 1400 mm/hr value appeared to be due to macropores, hydraulic conductivity values of 400 mm/hr for the forest floor were required for proper WEPP simulation. These values will be incorporated in the U.S. Forest Service WEPP Road interface. C1 USDA FS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Foltz, RB (reprint author), USDA FS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 1221 S Main St, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 13 EP 15 PG 3 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700004 ER PT B AU Gilley, JE Eghball, B Blumenthal, JM Baltensperger, DD AF Gilley, JE Eghball, B Blumenthal, JM Baltensperger, DD BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Manure impacts on interrill erosion SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE interrill erodibility; manure application; runoff; soil loss ID MANAGEMENT; RUNOFF; SOIL AB This study was conducted to measure runoff and erosion from interrill areas as affected by the long-term application of manure and fertilizer to a Tripp sandy loam soil located near Mitchell, Nebraska. Soil that had been removed from the top 0.1 m of the soil profile was placed in a 1 m(2) soil pan, Rainfall was then applied to the soil pan during initial and wet simulation events. Total runoff was similar on the manure and no-manure treatments. The long-term application of manure (55 years) at a rate of 27 Mg ha(-1) (wet basis) per year did not significantly influence interrill erosion on this sandy loam soil. Interrill erosion was also unaffected by the addition of manure immediately before rainfall simulation tests to soils on which manure had been applied in previous years. No significant differences in runoff and erosion were found among plots receiving varying amounts of fertilizer. Selected soil properties were generally unaffected by the varying manure and fertilizer treatments. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS NPA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Gilley, JE (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS NPA, 251 Chase Hall,POB 830934, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 16 EP 19 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700005 ER PT B AU Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC Leavesley, GH Ahuja, LR David, O AF Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC Leavesley, GH Ahuja, LR David, O BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Natural resource and erosion modeling using a modular systems approach SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE agricultural systems; modular modeling; models; object-oriented; modeling framework AB The interdisciplinary nature and complexity of natural resource and water erosion management problems requires the use of modeling approaches that can incorporate knowledge from a broad range of scientific disciplines. Selection of natural resource and erosion models to address these problems is difficult given the large number of models available and the wide range of study objectives, data constraints, and spatial and temporal scales of application. Coupled with this are the problems of characterizing and parameterizing the study area once the model is selected. Guidelines for estimating model parameters are few and the user commonly has to make decisions based on an incomplete understanding of model details. To address the problems of model selection, application, and analysis, a set of modular modeling tools, termed the Modular Modeling Framework (MMF) is being developed by the USDA-ARS, in cooperation with die USGS and the Department of Geoinformatics, University of Jena, Germany. The MMF uses a library of compatible modules for simulating a variety of hydrologic and erosion processes. A model is created by selectively coupling the most appropriate process algorithms from the library to create an "optimal" model for the desired application. This extended abstract briefly describes the history of modular modeling development, presents an example of linking erosion prediction modules to a previously developed modular modeling system, and describes the current research status of the MMF. C1 USDA ARS, NPA, GPSRU, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Ascough, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, NPA, GPSRU, 301 Howes St,POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 83 EP 86 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700022 ER PT B AU Collison, A Simon, A AF Collison, A Simon, A BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Modeling gully head-cut recession processes in loess deposits SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE gully head retreat; stability modeling; finite element modeling AB Head-cut migration is a common phenomenon in many gullies and channels in loess areas, and occurs by a mixture of particle erosion and mass failure. The mechanics of head-cut mass failure are complicated by the fact that, below a relatively shallow wetting front, many gully heads maintain unsaturated pore conditions throughout rainfall and flow events, considerably increasing soil strength. This additional strength is enough to maintain head-cut stability in many cases. Finite element hydrology modeling has shown that pore suction can be destroyed by macropores and tension cracks in the head, and that in many cases strength can only be overcome through the presence of such preferential flow paths. Computer simulations show that negative pore water pressures of -4 KPa can be maintained in a 1 meter high uncracked gully head despite several hours of overland flow, but that positive pressures of 4KPa develop in head-cuts with cracks behind the head-cut. Combining the hydrologic modeling with slope stability analysis shows that the difference in pore pressure is sufficient to account for head-cut instability in many instances, and that the effect of the crack is primarily hydrological rather than mechanical. Additional analysis with a finite element stress-strain model has shown the presence of tension cracks and basal hollows to be related to unloading of the slope downstream of a head-cut. The results suggest that incorporation of macroporous, as well as matric, hydrologic processes is an essential pre-requisite for successful simulation of head-cut retreat by mass failure. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Collison, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 87 EP 90 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700023 ER PT B AU Flanagan, DC Meyer, CR Yu, B Scheele, DL AF Flanagan, DC Meyer, CR Yu, B Scheele, DL BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Evaluation and enhancement of the CLIGEN weather generator SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE Climate generation; Stochastic weather generator; Erosion models; CLIGEN; WEPP AB Stochastic weather generators are often employed with process-based soil erosion prediction models. Longterm observed weather station statistics (precipitation, temperature, etc.) can be used to provide a daily series of temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, and wind parameters needed by an erosion model in its calculations for evapotranspiration, plant growth, soil frost and thaw development, snow melt, infiltration,; runoff, and soil erosion. The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) erosion model typically uses the CLIGEN weather generator to provide the daily climatic inputs that drive its hydrologic and erosion processes. This presentation describes recently identified problems with CLIGEN and its weather station database, as well as enhancements to improve the generator program and supporting database. C1 USDA ARS, MWA, NSERL, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Flanagan, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, MWA, NSERL, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, 1196 Bldg SOIL, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RI Yu, Bofu/G-5184-2010 OI Yu, Bofu/0000-0001-7266-4197 NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 107 EP 110 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700028 ER PT B AU Kincaid, DC Lehrsch, GA AF Kincaid, DC Lehrsch, GA BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI The WEPP model for runoff and erosion prediction under center pivot irrigation SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers ID TECHNOLOGY AB The USDA Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Hillslope model was tested with data taken under traveling lateral irrigation in Southern Idaho. The main parameter affecting infiltration and runoff was the effective hydraulic conductivity. The model was found to predict average runoff and soil loss reasonably well for small slope areas (<40m) and can be used to analyze for potential runoff problems on steep critical areas within a larger field. Keywords. Sprinkler irrigation, Center pivots, Runoff, Erosion models, WFPP. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, PWA, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Kincaid, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, PWA, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 115 EP 118 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700030 ER PT B AU Vining, RC Flanagan, DC Grigar, J AF Vining, RC Flanagan, DC Grigar, J BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Watershed application of WEPP to a Michigan water quality problem SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE soil erosion; WEPP; watersheds; water quality; phosphorous ID EROSION; MODEL AB The USDA Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model allows simulation of overland flow and soil erosion processes at the small watershed scale. Capabilities within WEPP allow evaluation of various parameters influencing water quality. The WEPP model was applied to a small agricultural watershed in southern Michigan to test the feasibility of using its hydrologic and sedimentation outputs to estimate phosphorous loadings at the mouth of the watershed. WEPP provides detailed daily estimates of runoff, soil loss, sediment delivery and sediment particle size distributions. Simple techniques are available to correlate phosphorous loadings to sediment yield and discharge volumes from a watershed and its individual components. Using procedures provided by the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality and outputs from WEPP, we can predict phosphorous loading at the mouth of the watershed, and identify areas within the basin making the highest contributions to the total phosphorous load. With the new user-friendly WEPP Windows interface, users can test the effectiveness of different management systems to reduce runoff and sediment delivery, thereby reducing sediment-bound and soluble phosphorous delivered to the mouth of a watershed. C1 USDA, NRCS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Vining, RC (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, 1196 SOIL Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 123 EP 126 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700032 ER PT B AU Sharratt, BS Lindstrom, MJ AF Sharratt, BS Lindstrom, MJ BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Laboratory simulation of erosion from a partially frozen soil SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE runoff; snowmelt; infiltration; soil loss ID FREEZE THAW AB Frozen soil can be a contributing factor to erosion in cold regions. Erosion caused by restrictive frozen layers is poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated the impact of depth of frozen soil on erosion. Simulated rainfall was applied to soil contained in an erosion box (20 x 40 cm) placed at the base of a 10-m raindrop tower. The wooden box was equipped with splash guards and drainage ports. Barriers were placed at two depths around the inside perimeter of the box to minimize preferential flow of water along the sidewall. Soil was packed into the box to a known density, saturated, and then allowed to drain until the water potential at 5 cm was 33 kPa. The box was insulated on all sides and placed in a freezer until isothermal temperatures of -5degreesC were achieved throughout the profile. The box was then positioned at a 6% slope at the base of the raindrop tower. Simulated rain was applied when the soil thawed to 2, 5, 10, or 20 cm. All drainage and runoff was collected during the simulation, Soil loss did not vary with thaw depth in this study, apparently due to little change in soil strength with adequate subsurface drainage. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Sharratt, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 159 EP 162 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700041 ER PT B AU Alberts, EE Kramer, LA Ghidey, F AF Alberts, EE Kramer, LA Ghidey, F BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Sediment deposition within a watershed with stiff-stemmed grass hedges SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE soil erosion; watersheds; grass hedges; erosion control AB Stiff-stemmed grass hedges planted in narrow rows within a field offer an opportunity for effective erosion control at a reasonable cost. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the erosion control effectiveness of grass hedges in atypical field setting and to determine the amount of soil redistributed within a grass-hedged field. The research was conducted on a 6-ha watershed located in the deep loess hills region of western Iowa. The watershed was cropped primarily to continuous corn using conventional tillage practices. Collection of runoff and sediment yield data was initiated in 1975. In 1992, narrow rows of grass hedges were planted at 15.4-m intervals to accommodate 16 rows of corn. A linear regression was developed between annual sediment yield and annual surface runoff for the 1975 through 1991 period and used to estimate annual sediment yields for the 1992 through 1999 period. Total estimated sediment yield for the 1992-1999 period was 209 Mg/ha, compared to 75 Mg/ha that was actually measured, a reduction of 64%. Analyses of soil elevation data collected with a GPS RTK system revealed that 455 Mg/ha of soil was redistributed to cause soil elevation increases near the hedges and soil elevation decreases further upslope. In areas of the watershed where rill and interrill erosion occurred. most of the soil redistributed was caused by tillage equipment moving soil downslope. The watershed has a well defined ephemeral gully network. There was considerable sediment deposition in areas where the hedges crossed the ephemeral gullies. Our results show the usefulness of narrow rows of stiff-stemmed grass hedges in reducing erosion and redistributing soil between hedges in a natural landscape benching process. C1 USDA ARS, MWA, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO USA. RP Alberts, EE (reprint author), Univ Missouri, 246 Agr Engn Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 167 EP 170 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700043 ER PT B AU Lentz, RD Bjorneberg, DL AF Lentz, RD Bjorneberg, DL BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI PAM and straw residue effects on irrigation furrow erosion and infiltration SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE furrow irrigation; erosion; straw residue; sediment discharge; infiltration ID POLYACRYLAMIDE AB Water soluble anionic polyacrylamide (PAM) is a highly effective erosion deterrent in furrow irrigation,but little is known about the effect of plant residue on PAM efficacy. We hypothesized that increasing plant residue in irrigation furrows may decrease PAM's ability to control erosion. Treatments included furrows with 3.2 g m(-1) and 10 g m(-1) straw applications irrigated with PAM or untreated water, and conventionally irrigated farrows (no PAM and no straw). Five irrigations were monitored on a field with 1.5% slope and silt loam soil (Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcids). PAM was applied as a granular patch at the furrow inflow end (33 g or 1 kg active ingredient ha(-1)). Irrigation inflows of 23 L min(-1) were cutback to 15 after runoff began. Adding more straw, or adding PAM to straw-treated furrows decreased furrow sediment loss and increased net infiltration, but only for the first two irrigations after treatment. For fresh furrows, straw treatments reduced sediment loss an average of 86% and straw + PAM reduced sediment loss nearly 100%, compared to conventionally irrigated furrows. High-straw + PAM and lowstraw + PAM treatments produced the same furrow sediment losses and net infiltration amounts, i.e. increasing plant residues in furrows did not decrease PAM's efficacy on these soils. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Lentz, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 175 EP 178 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700045 ER PT B AU Fox, FA Wagner, LE AF Fox, FA Wagner, LE BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI A laser distance-based method for measuring standing residue SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE wind erosion; standing residue; air quality; laser scanning ID WIND EROSION; SALTATION AB Crop residue standing above the soil surface is 5 to 10 times more effective in preventing wind erosion than the same mass of residue lying flat on the soil surface. Managing tillage operations and designing tillage tools to preserve standing residue require accurate and objective measurement before and after field operations. Manual methods of counting and measuring standing residue provide accurate but slow measurements, making it costly to obtain representative samples for field-size areas. A device was developed using a laser distance sensor to obtain estimates of stem counts, width, and height. These estimates were compared to values obtained using manual counting and measurement. At a scan speed of 2 meters per minute in wheat straw with a stem population of 800 per square meter, counts were estimated accurately but width and height were underestimated consistently. C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Fox, FA (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, 1007 Throckmorton, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 207 EP 210 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700053 ER PT B AU Kramer, LA AF Kramer, LA BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Seasonal soil loss from a small HEL watershed SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE soil erosion; runoff; watersheds; frequency AB Runoff and soil loss under natural rainfall conditions from a small field-size watershed in the highly erosive deep loess soil region of southwest Iowa were summarized from observed events during the 1975-1991 period with the same corn cropping method. Observations were aggregated into cultural periods defined by crop production events of tillage, planting, cultivation, and harvest to evaluate seasonal responses. Descriptive statistics and frequency analysis of annual series of runoff and soil loss by cultural period were used to evaluate runoff and sediment loss characteristics and risks. The seasonal period from planting to first cultivation had the highest risk for soil loss and could benefit the most from soil conservation practices. Additional soil conservation practices are needed for this cropping method to reduce the 2-yr return frequency of annual sod loss from 10 Mg/ha to the level of tolerable soil loss of 6 Mg/ha for these loess soils. C1 USDA ARS, MWA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Deep Loess Res Stn, Council Bluffs, IA 51503 USA. RP Kramer, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, MWA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Deep Loess Res Stn, 28498 Beechnut Rd, Council Bluffs, IA 51503 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 215 EP 218 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700055 ER PT B AU Ritchie, JC AF Ritchie, JC BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Cesium-137 - An under-used tool for estimating soil erosion rates and patterns SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE radioactive fallout; soil erosion; Cesium-137; tracer; redeposition AB Fallout (137)Cesium from nuclear weapons tests was deposited worldwide during the 1950s and 1960s, Once Cs-137 reaches the soil surface, it is strongly and quickly adsorbed by the fine soil particles and is essentially nonexchangeable. Any movement of Cs-137 across the landscape is, therefore, associated with the movement of soil particles making Cs-137 an effective tracer of soil erosion, Over the past 30 years, research has shown that Cs-137 can be used effectively to study the redistribution of soil particles on the landscape. By comparing Cs-137 inventory in a soil profile with the inventory of a reference soil profile (a nearby soil profile with no soil erosion), it is possible to estimate soil erosion rates (Cs-137 inventory less than that in the reference profile) or within field redeposition (Cs-137 inventory greater than in the reference profile), Theoretical models have been developed to calculate soil erosion rates and soil redistribution patterns based on Cs-137 inventory in soil profiles collected in the field. Cs-137 methodology gives information on soil loss or gain at specific sites in the field. Examples of soil loss and redeposition patterns are given to illustrate the use of the technique. Over a quarter of a century of research, development, and applications has clearly demonstrated that radioactive fallout Cs-137 can be used efficiently and effectively as a tracer for the redistribution of soil particles on the landscape. The unique capabilities Cs-137 methodology for estimating soil movement patterns within fields has much to offer to those studying erosion. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ritchie, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 219 EP 222 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700056 ER PT B AU Zhang, XC Nearing, MA Norton, LD AF Zhang, XC Nearing, MA Norton, LD BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Tracing soil erosion and soil aggregation with rare earth oxides SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE tracer techniques; soil erosion; soil aggregation AB Spatially distributed soil erosion data are needed to thoroughly validate physically based erosion prediction models and to fully understand soil erosion dynamics. Most of the existing soil loss data are spatially lumped The objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of direct use of rare earth element (REE) oxides as tracers for soil erosion studies by examining their binding ability with soil materials. Five REE oxide powders were directly mixed with the Miami soil and were leached with deionized water in a soil box. Following leaching soil was sectioned in 25-mm interval. The REE-tagged soil was wet sieved to obtain REE concentrations in each size group. A proposed acid-leaching method was used to extract REEs and all extracts were analyzed by an ICP-MS. The proposed extraction procedure was simple and consistent, with the maximum CV being around 11% for all REEs. REE oxides were uniformly incorporated into soil aggregates of different sizes (> 53 mum) and were bound with silt-size particles, This finding shows the direct use of REE oxides is superior to other REE-tagged particulate tracers, because it eliminates the needs of tagging exotic particles with REEs. More importantly, the direct mixing of a trace amount of REEs doesn't alter physicochemical properties of soil particles and aggregates. This work has shown that REE oxides are ideal tracers for studying soil translocation at various scales including soil aggregation, bioturbation, and upland soil erosion by water. C1 USDA ARS, SPA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Zhang, XC (reprint author), USDA ARS, SPA, Grazinglands Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 230 EP 233 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700059 ER PT B AU Truman, CC Shaw, JN Reeves, DW AF Truman, CC Shaw, JN Reeves, DW BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Tillage effects on rainfall partitioning, sediment yield, and facilitated agrichemical transport potential SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE soil properties; runoff; simulated rainfall; conservation tillage; soil quality ID CONSERVATION-TILLAGE; INFILTRATION; RUNOFF; SIZE AB Coastal Plain soils located in the southeastern U.S. have been intensively cropped and traditionally managed under conventional tillage practices. They are susceptible to erosion, resulting in transport of pollutants to off-site water supplies through colloidal facilitated transport of agrichemicals. The objective of this study was to quantify rainfall partitioning, sediment delivery and characterization, and enrichment of clays between sediments and in situ soils from a Typic Hapludult loamy sand managed under conventional-till (CT), no-till (NT), and para-till systems. Plots (1 m(2)) established on each tillage system treatment were exposed to simulated rainfall for 2 h with an intensity of 50 nun h(-1). Runoff and sediment delivery were continuously measured from flat, level-sloping field plots (slope-1%). More runoff (45% vs. 72%) and sediment losses Q fold) occurred from CT plots compared to NT plots, Removing residue from NT and CT plots increased runoff (38-48%) and sediment (2-5 fold) losses compared to corresponding plots with residue. Para-tilling decreased runoff (by up to 50%) and sediment (2 fold) losses compared to non-para-tilled plots. Amount of water dispersible clay (WDC) was correlated with %OC (W=0.76), which was a function of tillage treatment. Sediments were enriched in quartz and depleted with respect to kaolinite as compared to in situ soils. C1 USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. RP Truman, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, POB 946,2385 Rainwater Rd, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 237 EP 240 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700061 ER PT B AU Williams, JD Douglas, CL AF Williams, JD Douglas, CL BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Soil erodibility in long term crop systems: Preliminary results following two years of monitoring SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE soil erosion; water quality; long-term research AB We have completed a second year of soil erosion evaluation of an ongoing crop management study begun in 1931. The long-term study was originally initiated to examine the influence of fertilizer and cereal residue management in a winter wheat/surnmer fallow system. To measure runoff and erosion, we instrumented the plots to evaluate five treatments that were combinations of fertilizer and cereal residue management (no burn, springburn, or fall-burn of residue). These treatments represent current and past farming practices common to the Columbia Plateau of Oregon and Washington. The treatments were replicated on two slopes. Primary tillage of all crop year treatments was with a moldboard plow and winter wheat sown in October. Twenty rainfall events resulting in erosion occurred during the October to March erosion season in 1997-1998 and 1998-1999 were analyzed for treatment differences. These results demonstrate the importance of maintaining high soil fertility for creating good soil structure to limit runoff and erosion. C1 USDA ARS, PWA, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. RP Williams, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, PWA, POB 370, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 245 EP 248 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700063 ER PT B AU Nearing, MA AF Nearing, MA BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Impacts of climate change on erosivity in the United States: 2000-2050 SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE climate change; erosion; erosivity; rainfall; soil erosion ID MODEL AB Based on climate records, average global temperatures at the earth's surface are rising, Based on a range of several current climate models, the mean annual global surface temperature is projected to increase by 1degrees to 3.5degreesC by the year 2100 and there will be changes in the spatial and temporal patterns of precipitation, This study looks at the potential effects of precipitation changes in the United States, including parts of southern Canada and Northern Mexico, on rainfall erosivity during the 21(st) century. The Hadley Center Global Circulation Models was used. Changes in erosivity were estimated based on relationships between erosivity and both the modified Fournier coefficient and total annual rainfall, as developed by Renard et al. for the RUSLE model for weather station data in the United States. Results show the potential for significant and in some cases very large, changes in erosivity over the next century. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Nearing, MA (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 268 EP 270 PG 3 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700069 ER PT B AU Gomez, JA Nearing, MA Alberts, EE AF Gomez, JA Nearing, MA Alberts, EE BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Analysis of sources of variability in runoff plots studies using a numerical model: A case study from a 40 fallow plots experiment SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE runoff; infiltration; variability; numerical models; hydraulic conductivity ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; SOIL-EROSION; INFILTRATION AB Runoff volumes from plots can be quite variable. These variations can be important for understanding the hydrologic system, and also to evaluating the effectiveness of infiltration and runoff prediction models. We investigated the sources of variability among 40 replications in a previously reported experiment on fallow plots. A numerical model was calibrated using data from the experiment and from other published data. Approximately 70% of the observed variation among the replicated plots could be explained by the spatial variabilities of hydraulic conductivity, surface storage, and the depth to claypan, Changes in the relative differences in runoff among plots may be explainable by the modification of the spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity and surface storage during tillage. The introduction of these sources of variability in the model formulation produced a realistic description of the variance of the observed values of runoff, as well as a relatively clear delineation between the explained and unexplained variability. These results can serve as an index of model performance in predicting observed data. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Nearing, MA (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 318 EP 321 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700082 ER PT B AU Meyer, CR Wagner, LE Yoder, DC Flanagan, DC AF Meyer, CR Wagner, LE Yoder, DC Flanagan, DC BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI The Modular Soil Erosion System (MOSES) SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE soil erosion; water quality; erosion models; RUSLE; WEPS AB The USDA MOdular Soil Erosion System (MOSES) phase 1, is a tool to provide wind and water soil erosion estimates to the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) field personnel. Release is scheduled for October 2000. MOSES utilizes an enhanced Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE2) and the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) model, a graphical user interface, and a data storage mechanism, in the Windows(TM) 95/98/NT environment. The purpose of Us paper is to present a brief overview of this product. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, NSERL, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Meyer, CR (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, NSERL, 1196 Bldg SOIL, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 358 EP 361 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700092 ER PT B AU Flanagan, DC Frankenberger, JR Renschler, CS Laflen, JM Engel, BA AF Flanagan, DC Frankenberger, JR Renschler, CS Laflen, JM Engel, BA BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Simulating small watersheds with Water Erosion Prediction Project technology SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE soil erosion; sediment yield; watershed; erosion models; graphical user interface; WEPP AB The USDA Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model is a continuous simulation, process-based soil erosion model that allows simulation of small watersheds and hillslope profiles within those watersheds. A major problem that has impeded full implementation and use of WEPP since its public release in 1995 has been the lack of a modem, easy-to-use, Windows interface, particularly for watershed applications. Concentrated effort on watershed interfaces for WEPP has been underway at die National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory (NSERL) since 1997. The most basic watershed interface requires that the user enter information on the screen to delineate the channels, hillslope profiles, and impoundments that comprise the watershed. Background photographs (for example scanned from soil surveys), can be imported and used to assist in defining the watershed. Drawing tools allow orientations scaling, and placement of polygons to match field areas. The visual representation is then converted to a group of hillslope, channel, impoundment and watershed structure files by the interface. After creating the appropriate input files, the interface executes the WEPP model and provides model simulation results in text format and graphically displays outputs on the user-delineated screen image. Additional work is also in progress to allow WEPP watershed model simulations through linkage with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) utilizing digital elevation data. C1 USDA ARS, MWA, NSERL, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Flanagan, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, MWA, NSERL, 1196 Bldg SOIL, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 363 EP 366 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700094 ER PT B AU Wagner, LE Tatarko, J AF Wagner, LE Tatarko, J BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Demonstration of the WEPS 1.0 wind erosion model SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE erosion modeling; erosion models; erosion prediction; modeling; wind erosion AB The Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) is a process-based, daily time-step, computer model that predicts soil erosion via simulation of the physical processes controlling wind erosion. WEPS is intended primarily for soil conservation and environmental planning. WEPS 1.0 is the first implementation of WEPS intended for use by the United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS). It includes a graphical user interface allowing the user to easily select climate stations, specify field-site dimensions, pick a predominant soil type, and describe wind barriers and management practices applied to an agricultural field. The interface allows a user to quickly assess a site's susceptibility to wind erosion and evaluate the impacts that alternate practices and conditions might have on reducing that susceptibility. The demonstration will allow Symposium attendees to see the WEPS 1.0 model in action and to interact with the developers to discuss the science, architecture, and interface. C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, NPA, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Wagner, LE (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, NPA, Wind Eros Res Unit, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 371 EP 371 PG 1 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700096 ER PT B AU Wagner, LE Tatarko, J AF Wagner, LE Tatarko, J BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI WEPS 1.0 - What it is and what it isn't SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE soil erosion; wind erosion; air quality; erosion models; WEPS; graphical interface; GUI AB The Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) is a process-based, daily time-step, computer model that predicts soil erosion via simulation of the physical processes controlling wind erosion, WEPS is intended primarily for soil conservation and environmental planning. WEPS 1.0 is the first implementation of WEPS intended for use by the United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS). It includes a graphical user interface to allow the user to easily select climate stations, specify field site dimensions, pick a predominant soil type, and describe any field wind barriers and management practices applied to an agricultural field. This interface allows the user to quickly assess a site's susceptibility to wind erosion and evaluate the impacts that alternate practices and conditions might have on reducing that susceptibility. Features and capabilities of WEPS 1.0 user interface include 1) the ability to define wind barrier characteristics and their location on the boundaries of the simulation region, 2) selection of soils obtained from the NRCS National Soil Information System (NASIS) soil database, and 3) detailed specification of actual management practices employed by land managers. Display of output information regarding soil loss by transport mode, direction, and size (saltation/creep, suspension, PM10) is also available. C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, NPA, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Wagner, LE (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, NPA, Wind Eros Res Unit, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 372 EP 373 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700097 ER PT B AU Fox, FA Flanagan, DC Wagner, LE Deer-Ascough, L AF Fox, FA Flanagan, DC Wagner, LE Deer-Ascough, L BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI WEPS and WEPP science commonality project SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE WEPS; WEPP; Wind erosion; water erosion; models AB The United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) has No independently developed, daily time step, process-based erosion models, one targeted for wind erosion (WEPS - Wind Erosion Prediction System) and one targeted for water erosion (WEPP - Water Erosion Prediction Project). The models currently share little source code or soil, plant, management and climate databases but do simulate many processes internally in a similar manner. The USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) has requested commonality between the two models with respect to model inputs, output formats and the underlying physical science where applicable. Common science and code between WEPS and WEPP will benefit NRCS with consistent wind and water erosion simulation run results and result in lower maintenance, training and support costs. A single erosion model will also encourage continued inter-disciplinary research between wind and water erosion scientists, and allow future scientific enhancements to simultaneously benefit both wind and water erosion simulations. Two approaches facilitating a natural progression toward a unified erosion model are discussed, In a staged approach, each stage will consist of specified commonality elements (control structure, soil hydrologic processes, plant growth, etc.) being completed in a modular manner. The final stage would encompass the complete merging of the two models common components and erosion code under the common control structure in the same program, In a top down approach, a new modeling structure would be designed and populated with complete science modules supporting simulation of both erosion processes. C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Fox, FA (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, 1007 Throckmorton, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 375 EP 379 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700098 ER PT B AU Weesies, G Tibke, GL Schertz, DL AF Weesies, G Tibke, GL Schertz, DL BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Application of erosion prediction models by a user agency on private lands in the United States SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE conservation planning; erosion prediction; RUSLE2; WEPS 1.0 AB The NRCS provides assistance to land users in the use of practices to control erosion. Erosion prediction models are tools used by the NRCS conservationist to develop alternative management systems to control erosion from both wind and water. NRCS has used erosion prediction models for conservation planning for over 30 years, beginning with the USLE and the WEQ. In 1995, the NRCS implemented the RUSLE model to replace the USLE. With the increase of computer access in field offices, NRCS recognized a need to place models in the hands of field conservationists. These models must be simple to use, address today's land use problems, and be scientifically sound. In 1998, NRCS decided to implement two new models, and place them in its nearly 3000 field offices by 2002. The Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) and the RUSLE2 models are being developed with a common interface called MOSES. This paper presents lessons learned, challenges surfaced, and future plans for these models. C1 Purdue Univ, Natl Soil Res Lab, USDA, NRCS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Weesies, G (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Natl Soil Res Lab, USDA, NRCS, 1196 Soil Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 384 EP 387 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700100 ER PT B AU Elliot, WJ AF Elliot, WJ BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Comparing RUSLE to WEPP cropland and rangeland formats SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE erosion models; modeling; rangeland; RUSLE; WEPP AB Rangeland runoff and erosion rates are highly dependent on the type and amount of vegetative cover as well as climate and topography, Three rangeland erosion prediction models, RUSLE, WEPP for rangelands, and FS WEPP for rangelands were compared to observed sedimentation rates on five small southeastern Colorado watersheds. RUSLE and the FS WEPP interface gave predictions similar to the observed values for sedimentation. The WEPP rangeland templates underpredicted erosion and overpredicted runoff. Both versions of WEPP were able to predict runoff as a function of upland topography and vegetation, making future development of more complex rangeland watershed sedimentation prediction feasible. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID USA. RP Elliot, WJ (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 1221 S Main, Moscow, ID USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 388 EP 391 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700101 ER PT B AU Canfield, HE AF Canfield, HE BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Rill slope: A pedotransfer function for soil erodibility for semiarid rangeland watersheds SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE rill processes; sediment sources; semiarid watersheds; high-resolution DEM AB Rill slope may be used to characterize differences in soil erodibility on semiarid rangeland watersheds at a detail not possible using soil mapping units. This study shows that high-resolution digital elevation models (DEMs) can be used to extract data on rill slope that can be used to characterize differences in soil erodibility. Stream power theory shows that rill slope is related to soil credibility. The less than I nun portion of the sediment was used as a proxy for soil erodibility on the 4.4. Ha Lucky Hills 104 watershed near Tombstone, Arizona. Rill slope was found to be significantly shallower in the finer-grained of three geologic units on a small semiarid rangeland watershed, which indicates that rill slope may be used as a pedotransfer function for soil erodibility. C1 USDA, NRCS, St Michaels, AZ 86511 USA. RP Canfield, HE (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, St Michaels, AZ 86511 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 412 EP 415 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700107 ER PT B AU Savabi, MR Shinde, D Flanagan, DC AF Savabi, MR Shinde, D Flanagan, DC BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Everglades Agro-Hydrology computer Model - Interaction of surface and subsurface water flow SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE hydrology; everglades restoration AB A farm scale, deterministic model called the Everglades Agro-Hydrology Model (EAHM) is currently under development for south Florida. This model is process-based and deterministic, and will simulate processes such as evapotranspiration (ET), percolation, plant growth, infiltration, soil erosion, and the movement of agricultural chemicals within the soil profile. The EAHM will enable land users and regulatory agencies to evaluate and predict the possible hydrologic impacts on agricultural production that could result from the proposed Everglades Restoration Plan, The model was tested for a south Dade-Miami county tomato field. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Everglades Agrohydrol Res Project, Miami, FL 33158 USA. RP Savabi, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Everglades Agrohydrol Res Project, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 435 EP 438 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700113 ER PT B AU Simon, A Collison, A AF Simon, A Collison, A BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI The role of pore-water pressures and upward-directed seepage forces in the erosion of cohesive streambeds SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE entrainment; seepage forces; detachment; pore-water pressures; finite element simulation AB The entrainment and erosion of cohesive bed material, is partly controlled by the magnitude and distribution of positive and negative pore-water pressures. Upward-directed seepage forces within cohesive streambeds provide a mechanism of entrainment for flocculated aggregates, In contrast, suction caused by negative pore-water pressures is found to increase the shear strength of unsaturated cohesive bed and bank materials. A hypothesis for detachment and erosion of chips or blocks of cohesive bed material is proposed: (1) Large (5 m), rapid rises in stage increase pore pressures and decrease matric suction dramatic-ally in the region just below the bed surface; (2) A relatively rapid decrease in stage causing a loss of downward water pressure combined with low-rates of pore-pressure dissipation result in steepened hydraulic gradients just below the bed surface; and (3) A resulting net upward seepage force is great enough to contribute to detachment and entrainment of cohesive bed material. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Simon, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 443 EP 446 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700115 ER PT B AU Zobeck, TM Van Pelt, S Stout, JE Popham, TW AF Zobeck, TM Van Pelt, S Stout, JE Popham, TW BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Validation of the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) for single events and discrete periods SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE wind erosion; soil loss; transport capacity; saltation AB The Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) makes annual or period estimates of wind erosion based on a single event wind erosion model that includes factors for wind and rainfall, soil roughness, the erodible fraction of soil, crusting, and surface residues, In this study we measured wind erosion and the factors used in RWEQ for 41 storm events at six locations. The maximum sediment transport (Qmax), critical field length (S) and field soil loss (SL) were calculated from the field measured data and estimated using the equations provided by RWEQ, RWEQ under-estimated Qmax and SL and over-estimated S. Simple linear regressions between observed and estimated Qmax, S and SL revealed significant (P<0.05) correlations for Qmax and SL. The correlation coefficients for Qmax and SL were 0.70 and 0.62, respectively. The calculated S was not significantly related to the estimated S. C1 USDA ARS, Cropping Syst Res Lab, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RP Zobeck, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cropping Syst Res Lab, 3810 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RI Zobeck, Ted/A-6126-2012 NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 471 EP 474 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700122 ER PT B AU Stout, JE AF Stout, JE BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Dust trends in the Southern High Plains SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE wind erosion; dust; particulate matter; air quality ID BLOWING DUST; WIND EROSION; TEXAS; FREQUENCY; STORMS; USA AB In the semiarid Southern High Plains of North America, elevated dust levels are almost always associated with regional wind erosion events. Thus, measurements of atmospheric dust concentration provide an indirect measure of wind erosion activity within the Southern High Plains, In the Lubbock, Texas area, various government programs have provided funding for the measurement of total suspended particulates (TSP) from 1961 to the end of 1982. Changes in environmental law brought an end to the measurement of TSP due to a shift in the regulatory focus toward particulate matter with a median diameter less than 10 microns (PM10). This sudden change disrupted a potentially valuable long-term TSP dust record. Recent TSP measurements obtained over a two-year period by the USDA-Agricultural Research Service provide data necessary to compare present dust levels with those taken from 1961 to 1982. The results indicate a continuing reduction of TSP over the past four decades which suggests a substantial decrease in wind erosion activity within the Southern High Plains. C1 USDA ARS, Wind Eros & Water Conservat Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RP Stout, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Wind Eros & Water Conservat Res Unit, 3810 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 475 EP 478 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700123 ER PT B AU Hagen, LJ AF Hagen, LJ BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Validation of the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) erosion submodel on small cropland fields SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE wind erosion; model; dust AB The Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems Soil Erosion Network has conducted a model validation exercise for water erosion models. This paper reports on part of a project to conduct a similar exercise for wind erosion models. Soil loss measurements for selected storm events obtained over several years from an eroding field are compared to predictions from the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) erosion submodel for the same events. The field data were collected from a small (2.5 hectare), circular, cropland field at Big Spring, TX. with samplers arranged in vertical clusters to sample horizontal soil discharge passing a point, Weather data including wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation, relative humidity, air temperature, and rainfall also were collected on-site. Temporal field site characteristics that were measured periodically included surface roughness, plant/residue cover, and dry aggregate size distribution. A power-law curve was fitted to the measured point-discharge data in each erosion event to estimate soil leaving the field at a downwind distance of 180 m. The WEPS erosion submodel was used to calculate the threshold erosion friction velocity based on surface conditions and then simulate soil loss during periods when the speed exceeded that threshold. Measured and simulated erosion values were in reasonable agreement (R-2 = 0.65). Uncertainties in the input data as well as additional techniques to improve the predictions arc discussed. C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, NPA, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Hagen, LJ (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, NPA, Wind Eros Res Unit, Throckmorton Hall 2004, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 479 EP 482 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700124 ER PT B AU Renschler, CS Flanagan, DC Engel, BA AF Renschler, CS Flanagan, DC Engel, BA BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Data accuracy issues in spatially distributed soil erosion modeling: What does decision-making gain? SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP); Geographical Information Systems (GIS); Global Positioning Systems (GPS); topography; decision-making AB Soil erosion modeling requires substantial and accurate data to obtain meaningful results for decision-making in soil and water conservation practices. Public agencies in the United States provide nationwide coverage of Digital Elevation Models (DEM) that are considered not sufficiently accurate in their topographical representation to be able to meaningfully apply detailed process-based soil erosion assessment tools at the field scale. Today's precision farming equipment based on Global Positioning Systems (GPS) enable landowners to gather spatially distributed data that has the potential to be used in addition to common sources of topographical information. Difficulties, possibilities and requirements of a spatially distributed assessment approach with the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model supported by Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are discussed from a decision-maker's perspective. This paper analyzes the impact of the accuracy of different topographical data sources on prediction of soil erosion rates using WEPP, with the aim to develop a user-friendly easily accessible assessment tool as practical support for decision-makers. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA, NSERL, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Renschler, CS (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA, NSERL, 1196 Bldg SOIL, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 509 EP 512 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700132 ER PT B AU Raper, RL AF Raper, RL BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI The influence of implement type and tillage depth on residue burial SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE tillage; implement; residue; chisel; disc AB The ability of tillage implements to maintain surface residue coverage are largely dependent upon the implement's main active component, Two categories of tillage implements were compared to determine their ability to maintain surface residue coverage when operating at different tillage depths. Chisel-type implements were found to bury substantially less crop residue than disc-type implements. Disc-type implements were also found to be highly dependent upon tillage depth. A more thorough understanding of the ability of tillage implements to maintain adequate amounts of surface residue coverage should enable producers to select appropriate Implements to maximize production while minimizing erosion. C1 USDA ARS, MSA, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. RP Raper, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, MSA, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 517 EP 520 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700134 ER PT B AU Starr, GC Simanton, JR Lowery, B Moran, MS AF Starr, GC Simanton, JR Lowery, B Moran, MS BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI A dielectric method of sediment concentration measurement in runoff waters SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE soil erosion; sediment; time domain reflectometry (TDR) AB Methods are being evaluated with the goal of constructing, calibrating, and characterizing a sediment measurement system appropriate for the flow conditions at the USDA-ARS Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed. Data were obtained by testing a 55 cm, three-prong, embedded time domain reflectometry probe that is designed for installation in the base or side of a flume. Using a model and the empirical function describing pure water, the sensor's temperature dependence was accounted for. The instrumentation had sufficient resolution to discriminate concentration differences of 3.5 g/L on a single measurement, This sensitivity is adequate for depth integrated concentrations in monsoon flows (ranging from 4,63 to 127 g/L in a small watershed in 1999) and bed load concentrations, but will be marginal for suspended load concentrations (ranging from 0.43 to 7.8 g/L) where signal averaging will be required. Air entry is a potential pitfall, particularly in highly turbulent or near surface situations. C1 USDA ARS, Walnut Gulch Expt Watershed, Tombstone, AZ 85638 USA. RP Starr, GC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Walnut Gulch Expt Watershed, POB 213, Tombstone, AZ 85638 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 533 EP 536 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700138 ER PT B AU Robichaud, PR McCool, DK Pannkuk, CD Brown, RE Mutch, PW AF Robichaud, PR McCool, DK Pannkuk, CD Brown, RE Mutch, PW BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Trap efficiency of silt fences used in hillslope erosion studies SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE soil erosion; geotextiles; sediment control; filter fabric AB Renewed interest in land management practices, 'like conservation tillage techniques on agricultural lands and timber harvesting, prescribed fires and wildfires on forested lands has made it desirable to measure hillslope soil erosion. Measuring soil erosion is generally costly and time consuming requiring expensive equipment, many site visits and laboratory analyses. The objective of the study was to determine the suitability of silt fences for measuring onsite hillslope erosion. Silt fences are low-cost and easy to install. They commonly are used as an erosion control device for construction projects and therefore generally available. For this study a silt fence was installed at the base of an existing long-term hillslope erosion plot at the Agricultural Research Service-Palouse Conservation Field Station, Pullman, WA. Two seasons of erosion data were collected. The silt fence was installed by making a concave cavity facing upslope such that runoff could not go around the silt fence. Also, the silt fence was folded to form a pocket to collect the sediment and eliminate the possibility of undermining the silt fence, Silt fences were installed across the width of the plot. The trap efficiency was determined by measuring the collected runoff and sediment that flowed through the silt fence compared to the sediment trapped by the silt fence. Results indicate that the mean trap efficiency was 93 percent the first year when measured on a storm-by-storm basis and 92 percent efficient the second year when only measured at the end of the runoff season. Thus various time intervals can be used depending of the detail of the erosion rates that are of interest, for example after every storm or seasonally without compromising its trap efficiency. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Robichaud, PR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 1221 S Main St, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 541 EP 543 PG 3 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700140 ER PT B AU Daniel, JA AF Daniel, JA BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Erosion studies from experimental watersheds impacted by livestock grazing SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE runoff; sediment yield; livestock grazing; watershed; CLIGEN ID FOOTHILLS FESCUE GRASSLANDS; INFILTRATION RATES; NEW-MEXICO; SEDIMENT PRODUCTION; SOIL; ALBERTA; TEXAS; YIELD AB Three 1.6ha experimental watersheds equipped with stream gage recorders, water samplers, and rain gages were used to determine the potential erosion by livestock grazing during simulated drought and wet periods, Surface runoff and sediment yield data was collated for each watershed for storm events between 1980 to 1991 during summer grazing. Grazing treatments included three stocking densities of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 head/ha by stocker calves. Since no grazing occurred during 1981,1982, 1985, and 1986, these years were not included in the calculations, but were instead used as controls. Regression equations for each grazed treatment were calculated to determine the relation between precipitation, surface runoff and sediment yield per storm event. Precipitation of dry and wet years was estimated from a 40-year CLIGEN weather simulation utilizing local weather trend data. Results show that increasing stocking density on the watershed increased the erosion potential of the watersheds. Also the erosion potential increased in the wet years compared to the dry years. A 12% increase from light to heavy stocking density occurred for the dry years and a 25% increase occurred for the wet years. However, sediment movement off the watershed during rest periods was greater than when livestock was present. This suggests that for grazing under conservative managment practices, the impact of livestock grazing on sediment movement is minimal. C1 USDA ARS, SPA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Daniel, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, SPA, Grazinglands Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 599 EP 602 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700155 ER PT B AU Bingner, RL Theurer, FD AF Bingner, RL Theurer, FD BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Topographic factors for RUSLE in the continuous-simulation watershed model for predicting agricultural, non-point source pollutants (AnnAGNPS) SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE soil erosion; watersheds; water quality; erosion models; RUSLE; AnnAGNPS; AGNPS 98 ID DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS; PARAMETERS AB dRUSLE ((R) under bar evised (U) under bar niversal (S) under bar oil (L) under bar oss (E) under bar quation) is the basis within AnnAGNPS (Annualized AGricultural (N) under bar on-Point Source Pollution watershed model) for estimating sheet and rill erosion (clay, silt, sand, small and large aggregates) of a watershed's landscape. This sheet and rill erosion is used to predict fine sediment yield (clay and silt) from the watershed landscape by AnnAGNPS, which is a continuous-simulation, agricultural-related, non-point source, pollutant loading, watershed model. The fine sediment yield from sheet and rill erosion of agricultural lands generally is a major concern for pollutant loadings within water bodies. Other sources of sediment (gullies and bed and bank erosion) are also predicted by AnnAGNPS, but only RUSLE is used to estimate the sheet and rill erosion. The basic parameters used in RUSLE are the: (1) rainfall factor (P); (2) soil erodibility factor (K); (3) topographic factor (LS); (4) cover-management factor (C); and (5) support practice factor (P). The LS-factor is time invariant and can be determined directly from digital elevation models (DEMs). The purpose of AnnAGNPS is to predict expected pollutant loading for each storm event-not a conservative estimate along a critical profile in the field, Therefore, it is important to determine the LS-factor for each homogenous land area within the watershed (a cell in AnnAGNPS) to reproduce the expected erosion for a homogenous land area if the other RUSLE parameters are known. The topographic factor routine for AnnAGNPS follows each DEM raster along its respective flow path and recognizes where and when sheet and rill can occur, By using the slope length and steepness factor algorithms for irregular and segmented slopes (Renard et al., 1997), a raster-weighted LS-factor for each homogenous land area can be determined. The accuracy of the resulting LS-factors are a function of the horizontal and, in particular, the vertical raster resolution of the DEM. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Theurer, FD (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, NWCC, 7413 Cinnabar Terrace, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 619 EP 622 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700160 ER PT B AU Wagner, LE Fox, FA AF Wagner, LE Fox, FA BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Simulation of tillage and other management operations in WEPS SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE soil erosion; wind erosion; air quality; erosion models; WEPS ID AGGREGATE AB The Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) is a process-based, daily time-step, computer model that predicts soil erosion via simulation of the physical processes controlling wind erosion. To do so, WEPS must also adequately describe changes to the soil state and surface conditions on a daily basis. The WEPS Management submodel component attempts to simulate the major effects related to the most prevalent cultural practices used by producers and land managers that influence a site's susceptibility to wind erosion. The range of practices includes primary and secondary tilling, cultivating, planting/seeding, harvesting, and fertilizing operations, as well as irrigating, burning, and grazing. The Management submodel simulates the variety of land management operations by identifying the primary physical processes involved and representing each individual operation as a sequenced set of those processes. They include: 1) mass manipulation (changes in aggregate size distribution and soil porosity, mixing of soil and residue among soil layers, and soil layer inversion); 2) surface modification (creation or destruction of ridges and/or furrow dikes that form oriented surface roughness, changes in surface random roughness, and destruction of soil crust); 3) biomass manipulation (burying and resurfacing residue, clipping standing residue, flattening standing residue, killing live crop biomass, and removing biomass); and 4) soil amendment (fertilizing, planting, and irrigating). C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, NPA, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Wagner, LE (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, NPA, Wind Eros Res Unit, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 625 EP 628 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700162 ER PT B AU Bjorneberg, DL AF Bjorneberg, DL BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Evaluating WEPP-predicted furrow irrigation erosion SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE furrow irrigation erosion; WEPP; erosion simulation ID SEDIMENT; RUNOFF AB The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model allows users to predict furrow irrigation erosion. However, an initial model evaluation showed that 1) WEPP default erodibility values had to be reduced for simulating furrow irrigation erosion and 2) the WEPP model overpredicted sediment transport capacity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the applicability of the governing equations used in the WEPT model to calculate sediment detachment and transport. Sediment detachment data were collected from 53 irrigation furrows, 9 m long, on a Portneuf silt loam with flow rates varying from 2 to 50 L min(-1) among furrows. Hydraulic shear measured in irrigation furrows varied from 0.4 to 1.7 Pa, which is less than the 2.6 to 8.8 Pa shear measured during WEPP rainfall simulation on the same soil. The linear relationship between shear and detachment rate used by the WEPP model may be appropriate for predicting both rainfall and furrow irrigation erosion as long as separate erodibility values are identified for furrow irrigation. A power function relating shear and detachment rate may allow one relationship to be used for both the low shear conditions in irrigation furrows and the high shear conditions in rills during intense rain storms. Although transport capacity could not be thoroughly evaluated with this data set, sediment detachment seemed to be limited by factors other than transport capacity. Additional model evaluation is needed with data from other soils before changes to the model can be recommended or the model can be implemented for predicting furrow irrigation erosion. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Bjorneberg, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 673 EP 676 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700174 ER PT B AU Van Pelt, RS Zobeck, TM Potter, KN AF Van Pelt, RS Zobeck, TM Potter, KN BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Validation of the Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ) for discrete periods and of the Wind Erosion Stochastic Simulator (WESS) for single events SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE wind erosion; soil loss; predictive models ID FIELD AB The Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ) is currently used by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) to ensure compliance with government guidelines for soil loss from agricultural land. The Wind Erosion Stochastic Simulator (WESS) is a single event wind erosion model that is the core of the wind erosion submodel of the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) erosion model. In this study we compared estimates of wind erosion derived from the sums of field measurements at seven locations, two of which had multiple years of observations (a total of 14 periods of comparison), with the predictions of WEQ. We also compared estimates of wind erosion at multiple points in a field for 24 events at Big Spring, Texas with the predictions of WESS. Overall, WEQ predicted only 53% of the total observed erosion for the fourteen periods. WEQ underestimated 11f the 14 periods investigated. by as much as a factor of nine and of the three periods WEQ over-estimated, the maximum factor was less than 1.5. WESS under-predicted 9 events, accurately predicted 8 events, and over-predicted 7 events. WESS tends to under-estimate large magnitude storms and over-estimate very small magnitude storms, therefore, WESS would tend to under-estimate annual erosion. C1 USDA ARS, Cropping Syst Res Lab, Big Spring, TX 79720 USA. RP Van Pelt, RS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cropping Syst Res Lab, 302 W I-20, Big Spring, TX 79720 USA. RI Zobeck, Ted/A-6126-2012 NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 683 EP 686 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700177 ER PT B AU Dabney, SM Flanagan, DC Yoder, DC Zhu, J Douglas, J AF Dabney, SM Flanagan, DC Yoder, DC Zhu, J Douglas, J BE Ascough, JC Flanagan, DC TI Modeling temporal changes in erosion rates due to benching between vegetative barriers SO SOIL EROSION RESEARCH FOR THE 21ST CENTURY, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Erosion Research for the 21st Century CY JAN 03-05, 2001 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Amer Soc Agr Engineers DE sediment deposition; terraces; RUSLE; WEPP AB When tilled hillslopes are divided into segments by non-tilled strips, such as buffer strips or vegetative barriers, soil translocation by tillage and water erosion/deposition processes result in changes in slope steepness, Removal of soil from the upslope edge of tilled areas and deposition of sediment at their downslope margins and in the non-tilled sod areas result in the tilled areas becoming less steep and non-tilled sod areas becoming steeper over time. Such changes are not automatically accounted for in current versions of RUSLE and WEPP. In this paper we use erosion and sediment deposition predictions of these models and modify, outside of the programs, an approximately 80-m long hillslope containing grass strips using simple assumptions about die location and shape of sediment deposits. We compare the effects of these slope modifications on predicted future erosion and compare the predicted hillslopes profile topography to field observations of slope alteration over time at one field site. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Dabney, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA BN 1-892769-16-6 PY 2001 BP 710 EP 713 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BT83J UT WOS:000174171700184 ER PT J AU Zheng, XQ Van Liew, MW Flerchinger, GN AF Zheng, XQ Van Liew, MW Flerchinger, GN TI Experimental study of infiltration into a bean stubble field during seasonal freeze-thaw period SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE frozen soil; soil freezing; soil thaw; cumulative infiltration; irrigation ID FROZEN SOIL AB Infiltration characteristics of frozen soils are of prime interest for a variety of concerns, including water conservation, runoff, flooding, and erosion. Although frozen soil infiltration is typically not associated with irrigation practices, winter and spring irrigation in northern and northwestern China is conducted mostly during the freeze-thaw period when water is available. The shortage of water resources is an important factor affecting and restricting development of crop and livestock in northern and northwestern parts of China. Therefore, improving irrigation efficiency and determining irrigation parameters have become key problems for agricultural management. This paper examines the infiltration characteristics during different freeze-thaw stages through the winter based on water infiltration in a green bean standing stubble field. The variation in 90-minute cumulative infiltration capacity and final infiltration rate were examined for the transient freeze-thaw stage, the steady freezing stage, and the thawing stage. Results showed that during the transient freezing stage, the effect of the frozen layer on infiltration characteristics was limited only at the beginning of infiltration, During the steady freezing stage, cumulative infiltration and final infiltration rates decreased as soil frost depth increased. During the thawing stage, cumulative infiltration and final infiltration rates increased with the increase in thaw depth. The exchanges of water and heat between surface soil and atmosphere and the phase change of soil water were the main reasons for the variation in infiltration characteristics. Results from this study have practical significance for directing the winter and spring irrigation in seasonally frozen soil areas and also have hydrologic implications for predicting runoff and flooding associated with rainfall and snowmelt on frozen soil. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. Taiyuan Univ Technol, Dept Hydraul Engn, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Flerchinger, GN (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Park Blvd,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 13 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 166 IS 1 BP 3 EP 10 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 398RQ UT WOS:000166770500002 ER PT J AU Seyfried, MS Murdock, MD AF Seyfried, MS Murdock, MD TI Response of a new soil water sensor to variable soil, water content, and temperature SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY; DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; FIELD CALIBRATION; MOISTURE; PROBES AB The success of time domain reflectometry (TDR) has led to the development of other instruments that use the soil dielectric constant as the basis for determining volumetric soil water content. An example is the Water Content Reflectometer (WCR; Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT), which is much less expensive than TDR and is used widely, although little has been published concerning its applicability to soil water Content monitoring.(I) The primary objectives of this study were to determine the WCR soil water calibration for different soils and to investigate how it is affected by changing temperature. We found the individual sensors to be very precise (alpha less than or equal to 0.05) under the controlled laboratory conditions of this study, Variability among sensors, determined in air and ethanol, indicated significant (alpha = 0.05) sensor differences that were largely accounted for with a simple additive Correction. Sensor soil water calibration was investigated in four soils under varying water contents across a 40 degreesC temperature range. We found that (i) soil water calibration was significantly (alpha = 0.05) different for each soil tested, (ii) there was a significant (alpha = 0.05) temperature response for all soils, and (iii) the effect of temperature varied with soil water content and soil type. Both the soil type and temperature sensitivities rye observed were probably due to the relatively high electrical conductivity (EC) of the soils tested. C1 USDA ARS, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Seyfried, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, 800 Pk Blvd, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 32 TC 72 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 12 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 65 IS 1 BP 28 EP 34 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 445NN UT WOS:000169464100005 ER PT J AU Wildenschild, D Hopmans, JW Simunek, J AF Wildenschild, D Hopmans, JW Simunek, J TI Flow rate dependence of soil hydraulic characteristics SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CAPILLARY PRESSURE-SATURATION; MULTISTEP OUTFLOW EXPERIMENTS; UNSATURATED POROUS-MEDIA; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; CONDUCTIVITY AB The rate dependence of unsaturated hydraulic characteristics was analyzed using both steady state and transient flow analysis. One-step and multistep outflow experiments, as well as quasi-static experiments were performed on identical, disturbed samples of a sandy and a loamy soil to evaluate the influence of flow rate on the calculated retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curves. For the sandy soil, a significant influence of the flow rate on both the retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity characteristic was observed. At a given matric potential, more water was retained with greater applied pneumatic pressures. Matric potential differences of 10 to 15 cm (for given saturation) and water content differences of up to 7% (for given potential) could be observed between the slowest and the fastest outflow experiments, predominantly at the beginning of drainage. The hydraulic conductivity also increased with increasing flow rate for higher saturations, while a lower hydraulic conductivity was observed near residual saturation for the higher flow rates, We observed a continuously increasing total water potential gradient in the sandy soil as it drained, especially for high pressure transient one-step experiments. This indicates a significant deviation from static equilibrium, as obtained under static or steady-state conditions, For the finer textured soil, these flow-rate dependent regimes were not apparent. A number of physical processes can explain the observed phenomena. Water entrapment and pore blockage play a significant role for the high flow rates, as well as lack of air continuity in the sample during the wettest stages of the experiment. C1 Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Wildenschild, D (reprint author), Tech Univ Denmark, Dept Hydrodynam & Water Resources, Lyngby, Denmark. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; OI Wildenschild, Dorthe/0000-0002-6504-7817 NR 30 TC 93 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 13 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 65 IS 1 BP 35 EP 48 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 445NN UT WOS:000169464100006 ER PT J AU Goldberg, S Lebron, I Suarez, DL Hinedi, ZR AF Goldberg, S Lebron, I Suarez, DL Hinedi, ZR TI Surface characterization of amorphous aluminum oxides SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GEL SYSTEM; ADSORPTION; GOETHITE; MINERALS; AREA AB Surface area is a physical property of solids that has been used as an indicator of reactivity and as an input parameter in chemical surface complexation models of ion adsorption. This study was conducted to identify the factors that affect the surface area of synthetic AL oxides and to evaluate whether surface area is a stable physical property of amorphous Al oxides. Four Al oxides were synthesized using four different methodologies. The surface area and porosity, especially mesoporosity, were characterized using gas adsorption, mercury intrusion porosimetry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Reactivity toward adsorption of berate, arsenite, arsenate, and molybdate as a function of solution pH, and ion activity products after aqueous reaction were also investigated. Surface areas were found to be affected by various factors, including aging, drying, heating, reaction in aqueous solution, and concentration of the starting reagents during synthesis. Aluminum oxide minerals of widely differing initial surface areas measured in the dry state had surface areas of comparable magnitude upon reaction in aqueous solution; the initially high surface areas decreased and the initially low surface areas increased to a surface area of 32.4 +/- 2.8 m(2) g(-1). Initial surface area is not a good indicator of chemical reactivity for synthetic amorphous Al oxides. Accurate surface characterization is needed at the time of reaction if thermodynamically unstable materials are used in adsorption studies. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Goldberg, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI lebron, Inma/A-4762-2013 OI lebron, Inma/0000-0001-8610-9717 NR 24 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 14 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 65 IS 1 BP 78 EP 86 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 445NN UT WOS:000169464100010 ER PT J AU Nyakatawa, EZ Reddy, KC Lemunyon, JL AF Nyakatawa, EZ Reddy, KC Lemunyon, JL TI Predicting soil erosion in conservation tillage cotton production systems using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cotton; cover crop; mulch-till; no-till; poultry litter; RUSLE; soil erosion ID NUTRIENT LOSSES; COVER CROPS; CORN; NITROGEN; RUNOFF; YIELD AB Despite being one of the most profitable crops for the southeastern USA, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is considered to create a greater soil erosion hazard than other annual crops such as corn (Zen mays L.) and soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Reduced tillage systems and cover cropping can reduce soil erosion and leaching of nutrients into ground water. The objectives of this study, which was conducted in north Alabama from 1996 to 1998, were to assess the impact of no-till and mulch-till systems with a winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop and poultry litter on soil erosion estimates in cotton plots using the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE). Soil erosion estimates in conventional till plots with or without a winter rye cover crop and ammonium nitrate fertilizer were double the 11 t ha(-1) yr(-1) tolerance level for the Decatur series soils. However, using poultry litter as the N source (100 kg N ha(-1)) gave soil erosion estimates about 50% below the tolerance level under conventional till. Doubling the N rate through poultry litter to 200 kg N ha(-1) under no-till system gave the lowest soil erosion estimate level. No-till and mulch-till gave erosion estimates which were about 50% of the tolerance level with or without cover cropping or N fertilization This study shows that no-till and mulch-till systems with cover cropping and poultry litter can reduce soil erosion in addition to increasing cotton growth and lint yields, and thus improve sustainability of cotton soils in the southeastern USA. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Normal, AL 35762 USA. NRCS, USDA, Ft Worth, TX 76115 USA. RP Reddy, KC (reprint author), Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, POB 1208, Normal, AL 35762 USA. NR 25 TC 43 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 57 IS 4 BP 213 EP 224 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(00)00178-1 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 396HX UT WOS:000166631200004 ER PT S AU Garen, DC Geyer, J Schumann, AH Marks, D AF Garen, DC Geyer, J Schumann, AH Marks, D BE Dolman, AJ Hall, AJ Kavvas, ML Oki, T Pomeroy, JW TI Spatially-distributed snowmelt, water balance and streamflow modelling for a large mountainous catchment: Boise River, Idaho, USA SO SOIL-VEGETATION-ATMOSPHERE TRANSFER SCHEMES AND LARGE-SCALE HYDROLOGICAL MODELS SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer Schemes and Large-Scale Hydrological Models CY JUL 18-27, 2001 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE spatially-distributed hydrological modelling; snowmelt; energy balance; water balance; streamflow; geographic information systems; Boise River; Idaho; USA ID ENERGY-BALANCE AB As a demonstration of the potential of spatially-distributed hydrological modelling for large catchments in mountainous areas, a snow simulation model and a water balance/streamflow model have been linked together and applied to a 2150 km(2) portion of the Boise River catchment in Idaho, USA. The snow model simulates all of the energy fluxes into and out of the snowpack and requires spatial field time series of all of the major meteorological inputs. It is being run at 250 in grid resolution with a 3-h time step. The output spatial fields of this model are aggregated in space and time and are used as input to the water balance model. The water balance model simulates all of the major land surface processes using algorithms that are physically based but are constructed so as to be appropriate for this large spatial scale. It makes extensive use of geographic information systems for parameterization. The model operates on a daily time step and can have a variable cell size; for the Boise River, a I km(2) grid cell size is being used. These models are intended to address water and natural resource management issues, but the concepts of finding appropriate mathematical formulations and of matching the modelling scale with the process scale have broader significance. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Natl Water & Climate Ctr, Portland, OR 97204 USA. RP Garen, DC (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Natl Water & Climate Ctr, 101 SW Main St,Suite 1600, Portland, OR 97204 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-61-9 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2001 IS 270 BP 199 EP 207 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BT42X UT WOS:000172971900027 ER PT S AU Garen, DC Marks, D AF Garen, DC Marks, D BE Dolman, AJ Hall, AJ Kavvas, ML Oki, T Pomeroy, JW TI Spatial fields of meteorological input data including forest canopy corrections for an energy budget snow simulation model SO SOIL-VEGETATION-ATMOSPHERE TRANSFER SCHEMES AND LARGE-SCALE HYDROLOGICAL MODELS SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer Schemes and Large-Scale Hydrological Models CY JUL 18-27, 2001 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP Int Assoc Hydrol Sci DE snow modelling; energy budget; spatial fields; meteorological data; solar radiation; forest canopy ID BALANCE AB Methods of computing spatial fields of meteorological inputs for a spatially distributed energy budget snow simulation model have been developed and applied to the Boise River catchment in Idaho, USA. Fields at a 250 m resolution and a 3-h time step have been computed for precipitation, air temperature, dew point temperature, wind speed and solar and thermal radiation using observations at up to eight meteorological stations in and near the catchment. Various methods of interpolating or distributing the values are used depending on the variable and the data available. In addition, corrections to solar and thermal radiation fields are made to account for the effects of the forest canopy. C1 Natl Water & Climate Ctr, USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Portland, OR 97204 USA. RP Garen, DC (reprint author), Natl Water & Climate Ctr, USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, 101 SW Main St,Suite 1600, Portland, OR 97204 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-61-9 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 2001 IS 270 BP 349 EP 353 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BT42X UT WOS:000172971900045 ER PT S AU Graybosch, RA AF Graybosch, RA BE Barsby, TL Donald, AM Frazier, PJ TI Null alleles at the waxy loci in wheat and oats: Origin, distribution and exploitation SO STARCH: ADVANCES IN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION SE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Starch - Structure and Function CY MAR 27-29, 2000 CL CHURCHILL COLL, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SP Royal Soc Chem, Food Chem Grp HO CHURCHILL COLL ID COMMON WHEAT; IDENTIFICATION; CULTIVARS; PROTEIN C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Graybosch, RA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0260-6291 BN 0-85404-860-X J9 ROY SOC CH PY 2001 IS 271 BP 164 EP 169 DI 10.1039/9781847551917-00164 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA BT96C UT WOS:000174595100019 ER PT B AU Rao, SC Mayeux, HS AF Rao, SC Mayeux, HS BE Payne, WA Keeney, DR Rao, SC TI Indian agriculture in retrospect and prospect SO SUSTAINABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN TRANSITION, PROCEEDINGS SE ASA SPECIAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Sustainability if Agricultural Systems CY OCT 20-22, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Amer Soc Agron, Crop Sci Soc Amer, Soil Sci Soc Amer, World Bank, Int Federat Agr Producers C1 ARS, USDA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Rao, SC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA BN 0-89118-149-0 J9 ASA SPEC P PY 2001 IS 64 BP 205 EP 209 PG 5 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Agronomy; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA BV02N UT WOS:000177646600018 ER PT B AU Horn, FP AF Horn, FP BE Payne, WA Keeney, DR Rao, SC TI USDA research contributions to the advancement of world food production SO SUSTAINABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN TRANSITION, PROCEEDINGS SE ASA SPECIAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Sustainability if Agricultural Systems CY OCT 20-22, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Amer Soc Agron, Crop Sci Soc Amer, Soil Sci Soc Amer, World Bank, Int Federat Agr Producers C1 USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Horn, FP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA BN 0-89118-149-0 J9 ASA SPEC P PY 2001 IS 64 BP 211 EP 217 PG 7 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Agronomy; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA BV02N UT WOS:000177646600019 ER PT B AU Bartos, DL AF Bartos, DL GP USDA USDA TI Landscape dynamics of aspen and conifer forests SO SUSTAINING ASPEN IN WESTERN LANDSCAPES: SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT ROCKY MOUNTAIN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL GRAND JUNCTION, CO SP USDA, Forest Serv, USGS, Biol Resources Div, USDI, Natl Pk Serv, Colorado Div Wildlife, Colorado State Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Colorado State Univ, Univ Wyoming, Utah State Univ, Northern Arizona Univ, Univ Alberta ID SIZE AB Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) is widely dispersed across the landscape of North America. Seventy-five percent of the aspen in the western United States occurs in the states of Colorado (50%) and Utah (25%). Reproduction in aspen is primarily by asexual means, e.g., rootsprouts that are generally referred to as suckers. An aspen clone consists of numerous stems that are genetically alike that began from a single seed that germinated sometime in the past. Generally, these clones have been perpetuated on site by disturbance that allowed the clones to survive and expand in the area. The importance of aspen in the Interior West is well described and documented in the literature. Besides adding diversity to the landscape, aspen also provides water, forage, wood products, and so on for use by the public. Since European settlement, the natural disturbance regime (usually fire) has been interrupted. This has caused much of the aspen-dominated lands to succeed to conifers. The decline in aspen ranges from 49% in Colorado to 95% in Arizona. Numerous techniques are available to aid the manager in restoring aspen to a level approaching its historical occurrence. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Logan, UT 84321 USA. RP Bartos, DL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Logan, UT 84321 USA. NR 33 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 3 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 USDA ROCKY PY 2001 IS 18 BP 5 EP 14 PG 10 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BS93B UT WOS:000171432000002 ER PT B AU Stone, DM AF Stone, DM GP USDA USDA TI Sustaining aspen productivity in the lake states SO SUSTAINING ASPEN IN WESTERN LANDSCAPES: SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT ROCKY MOUNTAIN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL GRAND JUNCTION, CO SP USDA, Forest Serv, USGS, Biol Resources Div, USDI, Natl Pk Serv, Colorado Div Wildlife, Colorado State Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Colorado State Univ, Univ Wyoming, Utah State Univ, Northern Arizona Univ, Univ Alberta ID COMPACTION AB Sustaining forest productivity requires maintaining soil productivity. Management activities that decrease soil porosity and remove organic matter can reduce productivity. We determined effects of three levels of organic matter removal (OMR) and soil compaction on aspen regeneration and growth following winter harvest of aspen-dominated stands in northern Minnesota, western Upper Michigan, and northern lower Michigan. The OMR treatments were merchantable bole harvest (MBH), total tree harvest (TTH), and total woody vegetation harvest plus forest floor removal (FFR). Compaction treatments were applied to increase surface soil bulk density by either 0, 15, or 30%. Sucker density increased with level of OMR on all three sites. On the sand site, mean diameter, height, and biomass were greatest with MBH and decreased with increasing OMR, indicating a potential decline in productivity with repeated total tree harvesting on sand soils. Soil compaction tended to increase mean sucker diameter and height on the sand, and decrease them on the fine-textured soils. Compaction greatly reduced sucker density and growth on the most productive silt-loam site, partially due to late spring treatment. These results apply to planning of operational harvest of aspen-dominated stands on similar soils throughout the northern Great Lakes region. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Stone, DM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. NR 25 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 USDA ROCKY PY 2001 IS 18 BP 47 EP 59 PG 13 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BS93B UT WOS:000171432000006 ER PT B AU Cleland, DT Leefers, LA Dickmann, DI AF Cleland, DT Leefers, LA Dickmann, DI GP USDA USDA TI Ecology and management of aspen: A lake states perspective SO SUSTAINING ASPEN IN WESTERN LANDSCAPES: SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT ROCKY MOUNTAIN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL GRAND JUNCTION, CO SP USDA, Forest Serv, USGS, Biol Resources Div, USDI, Natl Pk Serv, Colorado Div Wildlife, Colorado State Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Colorado State Univ, Univ Wyoming, Utah State Univ, Northern Arizona Univ, Univ Alberta ID FOREST; MICHIGAN; DISTURBANCE; ECOSYSTEMS; PATTERNS; AMERICA; HISTORY AB Aspen has been an ecologically important, though relatively minor, component of the Lake States (Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota) forests for millennia. Ceneral Land Office records from the 1800s indicate that aspen comprised a small fraction of the region's eastern forests, but was more extensive on the western edge. Then Euro-American settlement in the 1800s brought land clearing, timber harvesting, and subsequent widespread wildfires that increased aspen-birch acreages considerably. Although aspen-birch acreage has declined since the 1930s, it remains the region's second most prevalent forest type. Aspen management is probably the most contentious issue confronting forest managers in the Lake States. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Rhinelander, WI 54529 USA. RP Cleland, DT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Rhinelander, WI 54529 USA. NR 60 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 USDA ROCKY PY 2001 IS 18 BP 81 EP 99 PG 19 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BS93B UT WOS:000171432000008 ER PT B AU Stone, DM Elioff, JD Potter, DV Peterson, DB Wagner, R AF Stone, DM Elioff, JD Potter, DV Peterson, DB Wagner, R GP USDA USDA TI Restoration of aspen-dominated ecosystems in the lake states SO SUSTAINING ASPEN IN WESTERN LANDSCAPES: SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT ROCKY MOUNTAIN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL GRAND JUNCTION, CO SP USDA, Forest Serv, USGS, Biol Resources Div, USDI, Natl Pk Serv, Colorado Div Wildlife, Colorado State Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Colorado State Univ, Univ Wyoming, Utah State Univ, Northern Arizona Univ, Univ Alberta AB A reserve tree method (RTM) of harvesting was installed in six 70- to 75-year-old aspen-dominated stands to determine if retaining 10 to 15 dominant aspen per acre would decrease sucker density to facilitate restoration of a conifer component. A reserve shelterwood cut was applied to three additional stands to evaluate performance of white pine planted under 50% crown cover. After the first full growing season following harvest, 96% of the RTM harvested areas were stocked; sucker density averaged 27,000 (27 k) per acre versus 38.2 k per acre on a clearcut control, 47 % greater. Basal diameter of dominant suckers averaged 0.45 inch, 28% greater than the control, and mean height was 60 inches, 33% greater. The control site had 3.1 k stems per acre of associated commercial species versus 5.8 k on the RTM sites, an 87% difference. Four of the nine stands have been planted; first-year survival ranged from 75% to near 100%. The RTM shows promise for reducing sucker density, increasing their early growth, maintaining species diversity, and providing abundant regeneration of commercial species on a high proportion of the areas harvested. Early results indicate that both the RTM and shelterwood methods can facilitate restoring a component of native conifer species in these ecosystems. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Stone, DM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 USDA ROCKY PY 2001 IS 18 BP 137 EP 143 PG 7 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BS93B UT WOS:000171432000013 ER PT B AU Rumble, MA Flake, LD Mills, TR Dykstra, BL AF Rumble, MA Flake, LD Mills, TR Dykstra, BL GP USDA USDA TI Do pine trees in aspen stands increase bird diversity? SO SUSTAINING ASPEN IN WESTERN LANDSCAPES: SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT ROCKY MOUNTAIN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL GRAND JUNCTION, CO SP USDA, Forest Serv, USGS, Biol Resources Div, USDI, Natl Pk Serv, Colorado Div Wildlife, Colorado State Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Colorado State Univ, Univ Wyoming, Utah State Univ, Northern Arizona Univ, Univ Alberta ID SOUTH-DAKOTA; BLACK-HILLS; COMMUNITIES AB In the Black Hills of South Dakota, quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) is being replaced by conifers through fire suppression and successional processes. Although the Black Hills National Forest is removing conifers (primarily ponderosa pine [Pinus ponderosa]) to increase the aspen communities in some mixed stands, Forest Plan guidelines allow four conifers per hectare to remain to increase diversity in the remaining aspen stand. We compared bird species richness in pure ponderosa pine, mixed stands dominated by ponderosa pine with quaking aspen, mixed stands dominated by aspen with ponderosa pine, and pure aspen stands. Stands dominated by ponderosa pine had lower (P < 0.01) bird species richness than stands dominated by aspen. Aspen in ponderosa pine stands or pine in aspen stands did not increase bird species richness (P greater than or equal to 0.68) over the respective pure stands. Thus, leaving ponderosa pine in aspen stands will not have the desired effect of increasing bird diversity but may h a ve the negative effect of speeding successional processes that replace aspen with conifers. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. RP Rumble, MA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 USDA ROCKY PY 2001 IS 18 BP 185 EP 191 PG 7 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BS93B UT WOS:000171432000018 ER PT B AU Rolf, JM AF Rolf, JM GP USDA USDA TI Aspen fencing in northern Arizona: A 15-year perspective SO SUSTAINING ASPEN IN WESTERN LANDSCAPES: SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT ROCKY MOUNTAIN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL GRAND JUNCTION, CO SP USDA, Forest Serv, USGS, Biol Resources Div, USDI, Natl Pk Serv, Colorado Div Wildlife, Colorado State Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Colorado State Univ, Univ Wyoming, Utah State Univ, Northern Arizona Univ, Univ Alberta AB Aspen clearcuts in the 1960s and 1970s on the Peaks Ranger District of the Coconino National Forest in northern Arizona failed to regenerate successfully because of browsing primarily by elk. Since 1985, over 400 acres have been successfully regenerated using fencing of various designs to exclude elk. The expense and visual impact of establishing and maintaining over 20 miles of fence along with continued damage to aspen greater than 3.0 inches d.b.h. outside the fenced areas have resulted in the Arizona Came and Fish Department increasing the elk hunting permits by 400% in an effort to reduce the elk herd in the area of the San Francisco Peaks. C1 US Forest Serv, Peaks Ranger Dist, USDA, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. RP Rolf, JM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Peaks Ranger Dist, USDA, Flagstaff, AZ 86004 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 2 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 USDA ROCKY PY 2001 IS 18 BP 193 EP 196 PG 4 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BS93B UT WOS:000171432000019 ER PT B AU Campbell, RB Bartos, DL AF Campbell, RB Bartos, DL GP USDA USDA TI Aspen ecosystems: Objectives for sustaining biodiversity SO SUSTAINING ASPEN IN WESTERN LANDSCAPES: SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT ROCKY MOUNTAIN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL GRAND JUNCTION, CO SP USDA, Forest Serv, USGS, Biol Resources Div, USDI, Natl Pk Serv, Colorado Div Wildlife, Colorado State Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Colorado State Univ, Univ Wyoming, Utah State Univ, Northern Arizona Univ, Univ Alberta AB Recognizing the historical abundance of major vegetation cover types is the foundation for estimating the magnitude and significance of conversion from one cover type to another and the proportion of existing cover types that are in properly functioning condition. Techniques to determine desired conditions are discussed. Existing situations for the need to treat ecosystems where aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) occur are prioritized: highest-mixed-conifer with aspen but where conifers comprise greater than 50% of the canopy; high-aspen/sagebrush transition; and moderate-aspen dominated landscapes. Though aspen stands are evaluated, aspen landscapes are discussed in the context of aggregations of many stands. Within aspen dominated landscapes, five risk factors help determine the need for action: (1) conifer understory and overstory cover is greater than 25%; (2) aspen regeneration (5-15 feet tall) is less than 500 stems/acre; (3) aspen canopy cover is less than 40%; (4) dominant aspen trees are greater than 100 years old; and (5) sagebrush cover is greater than 10 %. Management recommendations for treatments, as well as examples of successes and failures of efforts to restore aspen ecosystems, are summarized. Actions to restore aspen ecosystems must not be taken before excessive browsing by livestock and wildlife is addressed. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Fishlake Natl Forest, Richfield, UT USA. RP Campbell, RB (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Fishlake Natl Forest, Richfield, UT USA. NR 25 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 USDA ROCKY PY 2001 IS 18 BP 299 EP 307 PG 9 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BS93B UT WOS:000171432000028 ER PT B AU Asherin, LA Mata, SA AF Asherin, LA Mata, SA GP USDA USDA TI Basic tree-ring sample preparation techniques for aging aspen SO SUSTAINING ASPEN IN WESTERN LANDSCAPES: SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT ROCKY MOUNTAIN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL GRAND JUNCTION, CO SP USDA, Forest Serv, USGS, Biol Resources Div, USDI, Natl Pk Serv, Colorado Div Wildlife, Colorado State Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Colorado State Univ, Univ Wyoming, Utah State Univ, Northern Arizona Univ, Univ Alberta AB Aspen is notoriously difficult to age because of its light-colored wood and faint annual growth rings. Careful preparation and processing of aspen ring samples can overcome these problems, yield accurate age and growth estimates, and concisely date disturbance events present in the tree-ring record. Proper collection of aspen wood is essential in obtaining usable ring data. Mounting of increment cores and sawn disk samples to wood backings holds samples rigid for easy surfacing. Sequential use of planers, belt sanders, and an assortment of sanding material on the surface of aspen core and disk samples can enhance visibility of tree rings. Application of stain on samples will color the late wood a dark brown and enhance the rings' visibility. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Asherin, LA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 USDA ROCKY PY 2001 IS 18 BP 347 EP 351 PG 5 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BS93B UT WOS:000171432000033 ER PT B AU Shepperd, WD AF Shepperd, WD GP USDA USDA TI Manipulations to regenerate aspen ecosystems SO SUSTAINING ASPEN IN WESTERN LANDSCAPES: SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT ROCKY MOUNTAIN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL GRAND JUNCTION, CO SP USDA, Forest Serv, USGS, Biol Resources Div, USDI, Natl Pk Serv, Colorado Div Wildlife, Colorado State Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Colorado State Univ, Univ Wyoming, Utah State Univ, Northern Arizona Univ, Univ Alberta AB Vegetative regeneration of aspen can be initiated through manipulations that provide hormonal stimulation, proper growth environment, and sucker protection-the three elements of the aspen regeneration triangle. The correct course of action depends upon a careful evaluation of the size, vigor, age, and successional status of the existing clone. Soils and site productivity, competition from other plants, and the potential impact of browsing animals upon new regeneration should also be considered. Treatments may include doing nothing, commercial harvest, prescribed fire, mechanical root stimulation, removal of competing vegetation, protection of regeneration from herbivory, and in limited circumstances, regenerating aspen from seed. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Shepperd, WD (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA. EM wshepperd@fs.fed.us NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 USDA ROCKY PY 2001 IS 18 BP 355 EP 365 PG 11 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BS93B UT WOS:000171432000034 ER PT B AU Benedict, T AF Benedict, T GP USDA USDA TI Aspen regeneration in south-central Colorado, San Isabel National Forest SO SUSTAINING ASPEN IN WESTERN LANDSCAPES: SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT ROCKY MOUNTAIN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL GRAND JUNCTION, CO SP USDA, Forest Serv, USGS, Biol Resources Div, USDI, Natl Pk Serv, Colorado Div Wildlife, Colorado State Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Colorado State Univ, Univ Wyoming, Utah State Univ, Northern Arizona Univ, Univ Alberta AB The potential for aspen regeneration in conifer stands has been underestimated on the Salida Ranger District. Harvest of mature aspen stands on the Salida and San Carlos Districts encouraged regeneration. Following harvest, the Douglas-fir and some Engelmann spruce stands in the Arkansas Hills area regenerated primarily to aspen. Disturbance through aspen harvest, prescribed fire, wildfire, and other approaches is critical to aspen sustainability and health for the San Isabel National Forest. Disturbance must take place to regenerate the aspen component and reduce the conifer invasion. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pike & San Isabel Natl Forests, Pueblo, CO USA. RP Benedict, T (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pike & San Isabel Natl Forests, Pueblo, CO USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 USDA ROCKY PY 2001 IS 18 BP 377 EP 386 PG 10 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BS93B UT WOS:000171432000037 ER PT B AU Johnston, BC AF Johnston, BC GP USDA USDA TI Multiple factors affect aspen regeneration on the Uncompahgre Plateau, west-central Colorado SO SUSTAINING ASPEN IN WESTERN LANDSCAPES: SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT ROCKY MOUNTAIN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL GRAND JUNCTION, CO SP USDA, Forest Serv, USGS, Biol Resources Div, USDI, Natl Pk Serv, Colorado Div Wildlife, Colorado State Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Colorado State Univ, Univ Wyoming, Utah State Univ, Northern Arizona Univ, Univ Alberta ID FIRE; ELK AB In 1996, I inventoried over 90 aspen stands in 12 timber sales that had been clearcut >3 years previously. Units that regenerated adequately were larger, had higher slope angles, and had soils with a thick Mollic surface layer. Units that regenerated inadequately often had plant species that indicated high water tables. The factors associated with inadequate regeneration were high water tables, heavy browsing, soils with a thin Mollic surface layer, and logging practices that compact large portions of the unit. One of these factors alone often does. not lead to inadequate aspen sprouting. Most often, inadequately regenerated aspen stands have two or more negative factors, so the factors act as cumulative stressors on aspen. It is important for managers to know soils, landforms, history, and behavior of animal populations in the area. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Grand Mesa Uncompahgre Gunnison, Gunnison, CO USA. RP Johnston, BC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Grand Mesa Uncompahgre Gunnison, Gunnison, CO USA. NR 54 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 USDA ROCKY PY 2001 IS 18 BP 395 EP 414 PG 20 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BS93B UT WOS:000171432000039 ER PT B AU Amacher, MC Bartos, DL Christopherson, T Johnson, AD Kutterer, DE AF Amacher, MC Bartos, DL Christopherson, T Johnson, AD Kutterer, DE GP USDA USDA TI Nitrogen mineralization in aspen/conifer soils after a natural fire SO SUSTAINING ASPEN IN WESTERN LANDSCAPES: SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT ROCKY MOUNTAIN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes CY JUN 13-15, 2000 CL GRAND JUNCTION, CO SP USDA, Forest Serv, USGS, Biol Resources Div, USDI, Natl Pk Serv, Colorado Div Wildlife, Colorado State Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, Colorado State Univ, Univ Wyoming, Utah State Univ, Northern Arizona Univ, Univ Alberta ID EXCHANGE AB We measured the effects of the 1996 Pole Creek fire, Fishlake National Forest, Utah, on available soil N and net N mineralization for three summers after the fire using an ion exchange membrane (IEM) soil core incubation method. Fire in mixed aspen/conifer increased the amount of available NH4, and a subsequent net increase in soil nitrification was observed. Release of NH4 from the ash and a net increase in soil nitrification were still observed 3 years after the fire. The fire-caused increase in available soil N provides a source of N for aspen regrowth. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Logan, UT USA. RP Amacher, MC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Logan, UT USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 USDA ROCKY PY 2001 IS 18 BP 415 EP 426 PG 12 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BS93B UT WOS:000171432000040 ER PT J AU Rolin, D Pfeffer, PE Douds, DD Farrell, HM Shachar-Hill, Y AF Rolin, D Pfeffer, PE Douds, DD Farrell, HM Shachar-Hill, Y TI Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and phosphorus nutrition: Effects on amino acid production and turnover in leek SO SYMBIOSIS LA English DT Article DE leeks; Glomus etunicatum; mass spectrometry; (15)N; amino acids; labeling ID FUNGUS GLOMUS INTRARADICES; EXTERNAL HYPHAE; NITROGEN; ACQUISITION; TRANSPORT; METABOLISM; MYCELIUM; DROUGHT; NITRATE; CLOVER AB This study examines leek (Allium porrum L.) plants colonized by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum Becker Sr Gerdemann under conditions where the symbiosis is actively affecting host plant growth and carbon metabolism. Isotopic labeling with (15)N nitrate together with amino acid analysis and mass spectrometry was used to assess the free amino acid pools of root and shoot tissues in colonized plants (M) compared to uncolonized plants grown either with (NM+P) or without (NM-P) supplemental phosphate. Total amino acid levels in roots were lower in M than in NM-P plants and this effect also was induced partially in NM+P plants by supplemental phosphate. The relative proportions of different amino acids were not affected by the AM symbiosis nor were amino acid levels in leaves affected by either colonization or increased phosphate supply. Fractional labeling was substantial in all free amino acids after a six-week labeling period and enrichments were higher on average in M than in NM-P. There were no indications of effects of mycorrhizas upon relative enrichments in different amino acids. However, a higher incorporation of label was found in Asp, Glu, and Gin in short term (15)N labeling experiments (72 h) with M than NM-P plants. The average labeling in all amino acids was higher in the roots of M plants. h lore rapid turnover ef amino acids was noted in the M plant rests, however this was probably due to the lower concentration of amino acids found in the plant. These results suggest that there are indeed effects of AM symbioses on overall nitrogen handling by the host hut that these are secondary effects of the improved phosphate supply to the host and do not cause significant shifts in levels or fluxes through different amino acids. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Bordeaux 2, Lab Metab & Dev Plantes, F-33883 Villenave Dornon, France. RP Pfeffer, PE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E MErmaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Shachar-Hill, Yair/B-6165-2013 OI Shachar-Hill, Yair/0000-0001-8793-5084 NR 26 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0334-5114 J9 SYMBIOSIS JI Symbiosis PY 2001 VL 30 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 PG 14 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 431LH UT WOS:000168632300001 ER PT J AU Klepzig, KD Moser, JC Lombardero, FJ Hofstetter, RW Ayres, MP AF Klepzig, KD Moser, JC Lombardero, FJ Hofstetter, RW Ayres, MP TI Symbiosis and competition: Complex interactions among beetles, fungi and mites SO SYMBIOSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Congress on Symbiosis CY AUG 13-19, 2000 CL MARBURG, GERMANY DE Insect; fungus; mite; competition; bark beetle; Ophiostoma; symbiosis ID SOUTHERN PINE-BEETLE; DENDROCTONUS-FRONTALIS; CERATOCYSTIS-MINOR; BLUESTAIN FUNGUS; BARK BEETLES; COLEOPTERA-SCOLYTIDAE; ASCOSPORES AB Symbioses among bark beetles and their fungal and mite associates involve complex, multi-level interactions. Dendroctonus frontalis attacks and kills southern pines, introducing fungi into the tree. Ophiostoma minus, may initially aid beetles in killing trees, but later this "bluestain" fungus becomes an antagonist, competing with larvae for host phloem. Two additional fungi, Entomocorticium sp. A and Ceratocystiopsis ranaculosus are carried within a specialized mycangium and inoculated into phloem where they are fed upon by beetle larvae. The beetle also vectors several species of phoretic mites which transport spores of O. minus and C. ranaculosus and can complete their life cycle upon these two fungi. A similar interaction occurs between Ips avulsus and its fungal (Entomocorticium spp.) and mite (Elattoma bennetti) symbionts. Larval beetles feed on fungus as do the mites. Female mites feed on fungus growing within beetle galleries, swelling to many times their normal size. Larval mites develop and mate within the females who burst open, giving birth to reproductively mature females. These relationships may be best understood by considering the manner in which symbioses vary with time and resources, and the degree to which other species may affect interactions among symbionts. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Univ Santiago, Escuela Politecn Super, Dept Prod Vegetal, Santiago 27200, Spain. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Biol Sci, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Klepzig, KD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 2500 Shreveport Hwy, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RI Lombardero, Maria/H-1629-2015 OI Lombardero, Maria/0000-0002-3245-896X NR 50 TC 80 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 21 PU INT SCIENCE SERVICES/BALABAN PUBLISHERS PI REHOVOT PA PO BOX 2039, REHOVOT 76120, ISRAEL SN 0334-5114 J9 SYMBIOSIS JI Symbiosis PY 2001 VL 30 IS 2-3 BP 83 EP 96 PG 14 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 438PX UT WOS:000169063200002 ER PT J AU Petroski, RJ Weisleder, D AF Petroski, RJ Weisleder, D TI Improved Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons preparation of alpha-methyl- or alpha-ethyl-alpha,beta-unsaturated esters from aldehydes SO SYNTHETIC COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID BARIUM HYDROXIDE; CATALYST AB The E-isomer selectivity of the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons olefination of aldehydes to form alpha -methyl- or alpha -ethyl-alpha,beta -unsaturated esters has been improved by using lithium tert-butoxide as the base, triethyl-2-phosphonopropionate or triethyl-2-phosphonobutyrate as the phosphonate, an aldehyde, and hexane as the reaction solvent. Greater E-isomer selectivity was observed in the formation of alpha -methyl-alpha,beta -unsaturated esters than alpha -ethyl-alpha,beta -unsaturated esters. These compounds are useful intermediates for the synthesis of insect pheromones and natural products. C1 ARS, USDA, REE, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res,Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Analyt Support Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Petroski, RJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, REE, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res,Bioact Agents Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 7 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 7 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0039-7911 J9 SYNTHETIC COMMUN JI Synth. Commun. PY 2001 VL 31 IS 1 BP 89 EP 95 DI 10.1081/SCC-100000184 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 409LC UT WOS:000167384300013 ER PT J AU Carlquist, S Miller, RB AF Carlquist, S Miller, RB TI Wood anatomy of corynocarpaceae is consistent with cucurbitalean placement SO SYSTEMATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article ID DNA AB Corynocarpaceae group closely with Coriariaceae and Cucurbitaceae by axial parenchyma types (vasicentric scanty plus apotracheal banded plus ray-adjacent, all in strands of 1-2 cells) and Homogeneous Type II rays. Begoniaceae, Datiscaceae s. s., and Tetramelaceae group on the basis of absence of banded axial parenchyma and subdivision of the vasicentric parenchyma into strands of 3-5 cells. All of the families of Cucurbitales (except Anisophylleaceae) have two unusual features: minimal borders on perforation plates and unusually wide multiseriate rays (not accompanied by uniseriate rays). All of the families except Anisophylleaceae have another unusual feature, storied fusiform cambial initials. Anisophylleaceae have several wood features more primitive than those of other Cucurbitales (tracheids, aliform axial parenchyma, nonstoried cambial initials), but the family is not necessarily excluded from Cucurbitales. Data on wood of Colynocarpaceae are derived from samples of three species of Corynocarpus; possible specific characters are offered. C1 Santa Barbara Bot Garden, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 USA. Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Carlquist, S (reprint author), Santa Barbara Bot Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon Rd, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT TAXONOMISTS PI BRONX PA NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN, BRONX, NY 10458-5126 USA SN 0363-6445 J9 SYST BOT JI Syst. Bot. PD JAN-MAR PY 2001 VL 26 IS 1 BP 54 EP 65 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology SC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology GA 412CY UT WOS:000167537500004 ER PT J AU Lilly, JW Havey, MJ AF Lilly, JW Havey, MJ TI Sequence analysis of a chloroplast intergenic spacer for phylogenetic estimates in Allium section Cepa and a PCR-based polymorphism detecting mixtures of male-fertile and male-sterile cytoplasmic onion SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE cytoplasmic male sterility; polymerase chain reaction; Allium cepa ID RESTRICTION ENZYME ANALYSIS; OPEN-POLLINATED POPULATIONS; NONCODING REGIONS; DNA; FISTULOSUM; IDENTIFICATION; ALLIACEAE; ORIGIN; GENE AB Restriction-enzyme analysis of the chloroplast (cp DNA yielded maternal phylogenies supporting a close phylogenetic relationship among normal (N) male-fertile and male-sterile (S) cytoplasmic bulb onion (Allium cepa), Allium altaicum, Allium fistulosum, Allium galanthum, Allium roylei, and Allium vanilovii. The S cytoplasm of onion is most likely an alien cytoplasm introduced in antiquity into onion populations. We previously showed that size differences in an intergenic spacer in the cp DNA distinguish N and S cytoplasms of onion) We cloned and sequenced this intergenic spacer from the N and S cytoplasms of onion, A. altaicum, A. fistulosum, A. galanthum, Allium pskemense, Allium oschaninii , A. r-oylei, and Allium ampeloprasm (outgroup) to identify the nature of previously described RFLPs and to develop a PCR-based marker revealing N-cytoplasmic contamination of S-cytoplasmic hybrid seed lots. Phylogenies based on restriction-enzyme analysis of the entire cp DNA were similar, but not identical, to those based on sequence divergence in this intergenic region. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 33 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 102 IS 1 BP 78 EP 82 DI 10.1007/s001220051620 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 399TU UT WOS:000166829100009 ER PT J AU Hansen, PJ Drost, M Rivera, RM Paula-Lopes, FF Al-Katanani, YM Krininger, CE Chase, CC AF Hansen, PJ Drost, M Rivera, RM Paula-Lopes, FF Al-Katanani, YM Krininger, CE Chase, CC TI Adverse impact of heat stress on embryo production: Causes and strategies for mitigation SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 27th Annual Conference of the International-Embryo-Transfer-Society CY JAN 13-16, 2001 CL OMAHA, NEBRASKA SP Int Embryo Transfer Soc DE heat stress; superovulation; in vitro fertilization; oocyte; embryo; cattle ID LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; ELEVATED AMBIENT-TEMPERATURES; BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN; ESTROUS-CYCLE; VITAMIN-E; ENVIRONMENTAL-TEMPERATURE; ARTIFICIAL-INSEMINATION; TIMED INSEMINATION; PREGNANCY RATES; BETA-CAROTENE AB The production of embryos by superovulation is often reduced in periods of heat stress. The associated reduction in the number of transferable embryos is due to reduced superovulatory response, lower fertilization rate, and reduced embryo quality. There are also reports that success of in vitro fertilization procedures is reduced during warm periods of the year. Heat stress can compromise the reproductive events required for embryo production by decreasing expression of estrus behavior, altering follicular development, compromising oocyte competence, and inhibiting embryonic development. While preventing effects of heat stress can be difficult, several strategies exist to improve embryo production during heat stress. Among these strategies are changing animal housing to reduce the magnitude of heat stress, utilization of cows with increased resistance to heat stress (i.e., cows with lower milk yield or from thermally-adapted breeds), and manipulation of physiological and cellular function to overcome deleterious consequences of heat stress. Effects of heat stress on estrus behavior can be mitigated by use of estrus detection aids or utilization of ovulation synchronization treatments to allow timed embryo transfer. There is some evidence that embryonic survival can be improved by antioxidant administration and that pharmacological treatments can be developed that reduce the degree of hyperthermia experienced by cows exposed to heat stress. (C) 2000 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. RP Hansen, PJ (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI PAULA-LOPES, FABIOLA/F-2488-2012 NR 65 TC 83 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD JAN 1 PY 2001 VL 55 IS 1 SI SI BP 91 EP 103 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(00)00448-9 PG 13 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 392BX UT WOS:000166391700010 PM 11198091 ER PT J AU Deming, B AF Deming, B TI Ten steps to being positively engaging SO TRAINING & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Grad Sch, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Deming, B (reprint author), USDA, Grad Sch, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TRAINING DEVELOPMENT PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1640 KING ST, BOX 1443, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22313-2043 USA SN 1055-9760 J9 TRAINING DEV JI Train. Dev. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 55 IS 1 BP 18 EP 19 PG 2 WC Business SC Business & Economics GA 392CL UT WOS:000166393000012 ER PT J AU Kruzic, LM Scarnecchia, DL Roper, BB AF Kruzic, LM Scarnecchia, DL Roper, BB TI Comparison of midsummer survival and growth of age-0 hatchery coho salmon held in pools and riffles SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEAST ALASKA STREAM; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; HABITAT USE; STEELHEAD; COVER; RESPONSES; PREDATORS; DENSITY; CHINOOK; OREGON AB Habitat use studies have shown that juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch select pools over riffles. However, stream alterations have caused pool habitat to be lost or degraded throughout the Pacific Northwest. This study compared the growth and survival of age-0 coho salmon in riffles and pools in four streams in the South Umpqua River basin, Oregon. Hatchery coho salmon were stocked in block-netted riffles and pools. At the end of the study, the fish were recovered in order to measure their growth and survival in each habitat type. The survival of coho salmon was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in pools (67%) than in riffles (27%). This variation in survival was related primarily to water depth. The growth of coho salmon did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) between pools and riffles. The condition factor of the coho salmon was significantly (P < 0.05) lower at the end of the experiment but did not differ between fish in pools and riffles (P > 0.05). The results of this study suggest that land management activities that reduce pool habitat may also reduce juvenile coho salmon survival or rearing capacity in small streams. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Fish & Wildlife Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Forest Serv, Tiller Ranger Dist, Tiller, OR USA. RP Kruzic, LM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 525 NE Oregon St,Suite 510, Portland, OR 97232 USA. RI Roper, Brett/F-2891-2010 NR 37 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 130 IS 1 BP 147 EP 154 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2001)130<0147:COMSAG>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 430BM UT WOS:000168553700013 ER PT J AU Elliot, WJ Arnold, CD AF Elliot, WJ Arnold, CD TI Validation of the weather generator CLIGEN with precipitation data from Uganda SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE Africa; stochastic; climate; WEPP ID SOIL LOSS AB Precipitation records from highland and central plains sites in Uganda were used to validate the CLIGEN (CLImate GENerator) weather sequence generator Daily records from twenty years and recent records of recording rain gauge data were used to evaluate the generator Results show that the generator was successful in modeling the annual and monthly precipitation totals, the monthly probabilities of wet and dry days, and average storm duration. There were some differences in some of the standard deviations between observed values and generated values. C1 USDA, Forestry Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Elliot, WJ (reprint author), USDA, Forestry Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 1221 South Main, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 10 TC 15 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 44 IS 1 BP 53 EP 58 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 449LD UT WOS:000169685300008 ER PT J AU Savabi, MR AF Savabi, MR TI Determining soil water characteristics for application of WEPP model in south Florida SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE saturated hydraulic conductivity; interrill erodibility; soil water retention; hydrologic modeling ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; RETENTION AB Knowledge of soil wafer characteristics, such as soil hydraulic conductivity, soil erodibility, and soil water retention, are required for the application of a surface hydrology model in south Florida. However these data are limited for the soils of south Florida. Also, there are no standard methods for determining soil hydraulic properties such as saturated hydraulic conductivity, erodibility, and water retention values. The objectives of this study were: 1) to calculate soil erodibility using results from rainfall simulation; 2) to compare different methods for calculating soil hydraulic conductivity, soil erodibility, and soil water retention values; and 3) to evaluate how the results from these different methods would affect evapotranspiration, storm water runoff, crop growth, and soil erosion in the model. Three typical soils from the region were used for this study: Krome (sandy loam, moderately well drained), Chekika (silty clay loam, poorly drained), and Perrine Marl (sandy loam, very poorly drained). field research (including model calibration and rainfall simulation) was used to determine soil water parameters. While using various methods to determine soil parameters (calibrated, measured, and estimated) in a hydrologic model, significant discrepancies of simulated hydrologic variables were observed. Therefore, caution should be exercised when predicting critical parameters for hydrologic models. If a model, such as the Everglades Aaro-Hydrology Model (EAHM), is used for comparison of different management practices, slight errors in estimated parameters are acceptable. However if the model is used to assess possible changes in the hydrologic regime of south Florida, the accuracy of simulated values is important and in need of further investigation. C1 USDA ARS, Everglades Agrohydrol Res Project, Miami, FL 33158 USA. RP Savabi, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Everglades Agrohydrol Res Project, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 44 IS 1 BP 59 EP 70 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 449LD UT WOS:000169685300009 ER PT J AU Throop, JA Aneshansley, DJ Upchurch, BL Anger, B AF Throop, JA Aneshansley, DJ Upchurch, BL Anger, B TI Apple orientation on two conveyors: Performance and predictability based on fruit shape characteristics SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE apple; apple orientation; stem position; calyx position; apple conveying ID FIRMNESS; VISION AB Two sizes of II apple cultivars were placed on a bicone conveyor used in commercial sorting machines and on an experimental conveyor In less than 18 seconds, apples were oriented into one of two modes, either parallel (desired) or nonparallel (undesired) to the stem/calyx axis. The commercial conveyor gave desired orientation to 94% of 88 Washington State Red Delicious apples bur to only 4% of 772 apples from eastern cultivars. The experimental conveyor gave desired orientation to 83.4% of the apples from cultivars normally produced in the eastern United States bur to only <1% of Washington Stare Red Delicious apples. Cortland, Empire, small Fuji, Jonagold, McIntosh, and Rome apples, when placed so that they rotated perpendicular to the stem/calyx axis, moved to the desired orientation 95% to 100% of the rime. Only 82% of large Fuji apples moved to the desired orientation. In addition, 47% to 80% ofrhe Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Crispin, Eastern Red Delicious, and Gala apples, when placed to rotate on the undesired axis, moved to the desired orientation. Washington State Red Delicious apples, when placed on the experimental conveyor to rotate on the desired axis. changed to the undesired orientation for 87 of 88 apples. Linear discriminate analysis was performed using up to 19 of the shape factors measured from silhouette images of the side and top views of each apple. The height-width ratio of the side view of the apples predicted both desired and undesired orientation on both conveyors almost as well as any combination of shape factors. Cortland Empire, small Fuji, Jonagold, McIntosh, and Rome apples have height-width ratios of approximately 0.8, and all oriented to the desired axis on the experimental conveyor and to the undesired axis on the commercial conveyor Washington State Red Delicious apples had height-width ratios of 1.03 and oriented to the undesired axis on the experimental conveyor and to the desired axis on the commercial conveyor Apples with average height-width ratios between 0.8 and 1.0 were inconsistent, but more than half of these apples oriented correctly on the experimental conveyor The commercial conveyor oriented elliptically shaped objects to rotation about an axis passing through the center of gravity and where the center of gravity is lowest. This axis typically corresponded to the stem/calyx axis of the Washington Stare Red Delicious apples. The experimental conveyor oriented elliptically shaped objects to rotation about the shortest axis where the contact point on the powered roller was the highest. For both devices, the height-width ratio from the side views of each apple was a measure of this ellipticity. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Throop, JA (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, 425-5 Riley Robb Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 44 IS 1 BP 99 EP 109 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 449LD UT WOS:000169685300014 ER PT J AU Fraisse, CW Sudduth, KA Kitchen, NR AF Fraisse, CW Sudduth, KA Kitchen, NR TI Delineation of site-specific management zones by unsupervised classification of topographic attributes and soil electrical conductivity SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE ARC/INFO; DEM; GIS; precision farming; site-specific management AB The objective of this research was to determine if unsupervised classification of topographic attributes and soil electrical conductivity could identify management zones for use in precision agriculture, Data collected in two fields located in central Missouri were used to rest the proposed methodology. Principal component analysis was used to determine which layers of data were most important for representing within-field variability Unsupervised clustering algorithms implemented in geographic information system (GIS) software were then used to divide the fields into potential management zones. Grain yield data obtained using a full-size combine equipped with a commercial yield sensing system and global positioning system (GPS) receiver were used to analyze the "goodness" of the potential management zones defined for each field. Principal component analysis of input variables for Field I indicated that elevation and bulk soil electrical conductivity (EC) were more important attributes than slope and Compound Topographic Index (CTI)for defining claypan soil management zones. The optimum number of zones to use when dividing afield ma?; vary from year to year and was mainly a function of weather and the crop planted The number of zones decreased if adequate moisture conditions were present throughout the cropping season (unpredictable) or if crops tolerant to wafer stress were planted (predictable). This classification procedure is fast, can be easily automated in commercially available GIS software, and has considerable advantages when compared to other methods for delineating within-field management zones. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, CSWQRU, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Sudduth, KA (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, CSWQRU, 269 Agr Engn Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 18 TC 104 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 44 IS 1 BP 155 EP 166 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 449LD UT WOS:000169685300021 ER PT S AU Hefferan, C Jones, M AF Hefferan, C Jones, M BE Rahm, J McCabe, R TI National 4-H Wildlife and Fisheries Adult Volunteer Leader Recognition Awards SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-SIXTH NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 66th North-American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference CY MAR 16-20, 2001 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Boone & Crockett Club, Conservat Fund, Defenders Wildlife, Fed Cartridge Co, Izaak Walton League Amer, Natl Rifle Assoc Amer, Natl Shooting Sports Fdn, Natl Wild Turkey Federat, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, US Bur Land Management, USDA Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Natl Resources Conservat Serv, USDI Bur Reclamat, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Wilderness Soc, Wildlife Soc C1 USDA, CSREES, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Hefferan, C (reprint author), USDA, CSREES, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 2001 BP 26 EP 32 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Zoology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BT71X UT WOS:000173844500003 ER PT S AU Heard, LP Allen, AW Best, LB Brady, SJ Burger, W Esser, AJ Hackett, E Helinski, RR Hohman, WL Johnson, DH Pederson, RL Reynolds, RE Rewa, C Ryan, MR AF Heard, LP Allen, AW Best, LB Brady, SJ Burger, W Esser, AJ Hackett, E Helinski, RR Hohman, WL Johnson, DH Pederson, RL Reynolds, RE Rewa, C Ryan, MR BE Rahm, J McCabe, R TI The history, status and future needs of fish and wildlife management on private lands as related to USDA agricultural programs SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-SIXTH NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 66th North-American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference CY MAR 16-20, 2001 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Boone & Crockett Club, Conservat Fund, Defenders Wildlife, Fed Cartridge Co, Izaak Walton League Amer, Natl Rifle Assoc Amer, Natl Shooting Sports Fdn, Natl Wild Turkey Federat, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, US Bur Land Management, USDA Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Natl Resources Conservat Serv, USDI Bur Reclamat, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Wilderness Soc, Wildlife Soc C1 USDA, NRCS Wildlife Habitat Management Inst, Madison, MS USA. RP Heard, LP (reprint author), USDA, NRCS Wildlife Habitat Management Inst, Madison, MS USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 2001 BP 54 EP 67 PG 14 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Zoology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BT71X UT WOS:000173844500006 ER PT S AU Capp, J Todd, AH Hoffinan, R Koehn, S Foreman, JM Sedell, J AF Capp, J Todd, AH Hoffinan, R Koehn, S Foreman, JM Sedell, J BE Rahm, J McCabe, R TI The Potomac River Partnership: A large-scale restoration and stewardship project for the Chesapeake Bay SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE SIXTY-SIXTH NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE SE TRANSACTIONS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL RESOURCES CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 66th North-American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference CY MAR 16-20, 2001 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Boone & Crockett Club, Conservat Fund, Defenders Wildlife, Fed Cartridge Co, Izaak Walton League Amer, Natl Rifle Assoc Amer, Natl Shooting Sports Fdn, Natl Wild Turkey Federat, Rocky Mt Elk Fdn, US Bur Land Management, USDA Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Natl Resources Conservat Serv, USDI Bur Reclamat, US Fish & Wildlife Serv, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Wilderness Soc, Wildlife Soc C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Capp, J (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1146 19TH ST, NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0078-1355 J9 T N AM WILDL NAT RES PY 2001 BP 575 EP 587 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Zoology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA BT71X UT WOS:000173844500041 ER PT J AU Meinzer, FC Goldstein, G Andrade, JL AF Meinzer, FC Goldstein, G Andrade, JL TI Regulation of water flux through tropical forest canopy trees: Do universal rules apply? SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE allometric relationships; sap flow; sapwood; stem water storage ID MARITIME PINE STAND; XYLEM SAP FLOW; LEAF-AREA; TRANSPIRATION; CONDUCTANCE; PORTUGAL; PATTERNS AB Tropical moist forests are notable for their richness in tree species. The presence of such a diverse tree flora presents potential problems for scaling up estimates of water use from individual trees Co entire stands and for drawing generalizations about physiological regulation of water use in tropical trees. We measured sapwood area or sap flow, or both, in 27 co-occurring canopy species in a Panamanian forest to determine the extent to which relationships between tree size, sapwood area and sap flow were species-specific, or whether they were constrained by universal Functional relationships between tree size, conducting xylem area, and water use. For the 24 species in which active xylem area was estimated over a range of size classes, diameter at breast height (DBH) accounted for 98% of the variation in sapwood area and 67% of the variation in sapwood depth when data for all species were combined. The DBH alone also accounted for greater than or equal to 90% of the variation in both maximum and total daily sap flux density in the outermost 2 cm of sapwood for all species taken together Maximum sap flux density measured near the base of the tree occurred at, about 1400 h in the largest trees and 1130 h in the smallest trees studied, and DBI-I accounted fur 93% of the variation in the time of day at which maximum sap flow occurred. The shared relationship between tree size and time of maximum sap flow at the base of the tree suggests that a common relationship between diurnal stem water storage capacity and tree size existed. These results are consistent with a recent hypothesis that allometric scaling of plant vascular systems, and therefore water use, is universal. C1 Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Meinzer, FC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Meinzer, Frederick/C-3496-2012 NR 27 TC 103 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 19 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 21 IS 1 BP 19 EP 26 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 398TA UT WOS:000166771400003 PM 11260820 ER PT J AU Cordell, S Goldstein, G Meinzer, FC Vitousek, PM AF Cordell, S Goldstein, G Meinzer, FC Vitousek, PM TI Morphological and physiological adjustment to N and P fertilization in nutrient-limited Metrosideros polymorpha canopy trees in Hawaii SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chlorophyll content; leaf level traits; nutrient limitation; photosynthesis ID MAUNA-LOA; FOLIAR; SOIL; LIMITATION; EVOLUTION; MYRTACEAE; NUTRITION; PLANTS; MATRIX; GROWTH AB Leaf-level studies of Metrosideros polymorpha Gaud. (Myrtaceae) canopy trees at both ends of a substrate age gradient in the Hawaiian Islands pointed to differential patterns of adjustment to both nutrient limitation and removal of this limitation by long-term (8-14 years) nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and N + P fertilizations. The two study sites were located at the same elevation, had similar annual precipitation, and supported forests dominated by M. polymorpha, but differed in the age of the underlying volcanic substrate, and in soil nutrient availability, with relatively low N at the young site (300 years, Thurston, Hawaii) and relatively low P at the oldest site (4, 100,000 years, Kokee, Kauai). Within each site, responses to N and P fertilization were similar, regardless of the difference in soil N and P availability between sites. At the young substrate site, nutrient addition led to a larger mean leaf size (about 7.4 versus 4.8 cm(2)), resulting in a larger canopy leaf surface area. Differences in foliar N and P content, chlorophyll concentrations and carboxylation capacity between the fertilized and control plots were small. At the old substrate site, nutrient addition led to an increase in photosynthetic rate per unit lear surface area from 4.5 to 7.6 mu mol m(-2) s(-1), without a concomitant change in leaf size. At this site, leaves had substantially greater nutrient concentrations, chlorophyll content and carboxylation capacity in the fertilized plots than in the control plots. These contrasting acclimation responses to fertilization at the young and old sites led to significant increases in total carbon gain of M. polymorpha canopy trees at both sites. At the young substrate site, acclimation to fertilization was morphological, resulting in larger leaves, whereas at the old substrate site, physiological acclimation resulted in higher leaf carboxylation capacity and chlorophyll content. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Cordell, S (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 23 E Kawili St, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RI Meinzer, Frederick/C-3496-2012 NR 28 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 17 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 21 IS 1 BP 43 EP 50 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 398TA UT WOS:000166771400006 PM 11260823 ER PT J AU Phillips, N Bond, BJ Ryan, MG AF Phillips, N Bond, BJ Ryan, MG TI Gas exchange and hydraulic properties in the crowns of two tree species in a Panamanian moist forest SO TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION LA English DT Article DE cavitation; hydraulics; stomata; tropical forest; xylem ID STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; XYLEM CAVITATION; TROPICAL FOREST; WATER STORAGE; FOLIAGE AREA; LEAF; TRANSPIRATION; FLUX; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; OCCIDENTALIS AB Hydraulic properties and gas exchange were measured in branches of two tropical tree species (Simarouba amara Aubl. and Tapirira guianensis Aubl.) in a moist lowland forest in Panama. Branch-level sap-flow, leaf-level stomatal conductance, and water potential measurements, along with measurements of specific hydraulic conductivity of stems in crown tops, were used to relate hydraulic parameters to leaf conductance in two individuals of each species. Branches of the taller trees for each species (28 m, 31 m) showed much higher leaf-specific hydraulic conductance and leaf vapor-phase conductance than those of the smaller trees (18m, 23m). This was probably related to the leaf-to-sapwood area ratio in branches of taller trees, which was less than half that in branches of smaller trees. Dye staining showed evidence of massive cavitation in all trees, indicating that stomata do not control leaf water potential to prevent xylem cavitation in these species. Stomatal conductance of intact leaves also appeared to be insensitive to leaf area removal treatment of nearby foliage. Nevertheless, a simple mass-balance model of water flux combining hydraulic and vapor transport was in close agreement with observed maximal vapor-phase conductance in the four trees (r(2)=0.98, P=0.006). Our results suggest that the major organismal control over water flux in these species is by structural (leaf area) rather than physiological (stomatal) means. C1 Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Phillips, N (reprint author), Boston Univ, Dept Geog, 675 Commonwealth Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008 OI Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738 NR 27 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0931-1890 J9 TREES-STRUCT FUNCT JI Trees-Struct. Funct. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 15 IS 2 BP 123 EP 130 DI 10.1007/s004680000077 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 403JP UT WOS:000167039000007 ER PT J AU Hake, S AF Hake, S TI Transcription factors on the move SO TRENDS IN GENETICS LA English DT Article ID CELL-LAYERS; FLORICAULA AB We think of transcription factors as being confined to the cell where they are transcribed, but recent work shows they are able to move from cell to cell in plants. plant cells are thought to communicate through membrane-lined channels called plasmodesmata. Although the size exclusion limit for these pores is small, microinjection experiments indicate that macromolecular trafficking through plasmodesmata occurs and can be regulated. But can functional plant proteins in their normal expression domain also move between cells?A recent paper by Sessions et al. elegantly addresses this question using meristem chimeras. Intriguingly, only one of the two proteins studied moved, thereby setting the stage for analysis of the mechanism and selectivity of protein trafficking between cells. C1 ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Hake, S (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0168-9525 J9 TRENDS GENET JI Trends Genet. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 17 IS 1 BP 2 EP 3 DI 10.1016/S0168-9525(00)02163-6 PG 2 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 432WC UT WOS:000168717900002 PM 11163903 ER PT J AU Allen, DJ Ort, DR AF Allen, DJ Ort, DR TI Impacts of chilling temperatures on photosynthesis in warm-climate plants SO TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID CYCLIC ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; ZEA-MAYS; REDUCTIVE ACTIVATION; CARBON ASSIMILATION; GROWTH TEMPERATURE; CUCUMIS-SATIVUS; PROTEIN DAMAGE; WATER-STRESS; MAIZE LEAVES AB Photosynthesis in warm-climate plants is substantially reduced after chilling. Tropical and subtropical species offer the opportunity to study the effects of low temperature on photosynthetic processes undisguised by the myriad of protective responses observed in temperate species. In this article, we highlight the primary components of photosynthesis that are affected by a short chill, in both the dark and the light, and discuss what is known of the mechanisms involved. Recent work implicates impaired redox and circadian regulation among other processes. C1 USDA ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Allen, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. OI Allen, Damian/0000-0002-9338-9531 NR 47 TC 361 Z9 450 U1 24 U2 110 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1360-1385 J9 TRENDS PLANT SCI JI Trends Plant Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 6 IS 1 BP 36 EP 42 DI 10.1016/S1360-1385(00)01808-2 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 398ZV UT WOS:000166787100025 PM 11164376 ER PT B AU Eicher, SD AF Eicher, SD BE Eastridge, ML TI Nutritional intervention during transportation of heifers SO TRI-STATE DAIRY NUTRITION CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference CY APR 17-18, 2001 CL FT WAYNE, IN SP Ohio State Univ, Michigan State Univ, Purdue Univ ID FEEDER CALVES; VITAMIN-E; ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE; SUPPLEMENTAL CHROMIUM; PERFORMANCE; TRANSIT; STEERS; CATTLE; STRESS; MANAGEMENT AB Transporting neonatal and adult cattle can interrupt the homeostatic state, leading to depressed immunity and altered nutritional status. Neonates are sensitive because of enhanced metabolic needs. Surprisingly, the stress of unloading and feeding is greater than is an uninterrupted long journey. All animals are susceptible to altered plasma mineral concentrations, which is mostly a function of dehydration. Most animals return to eating by 3 days post-transport, but morbid animals can take greater than 7 days, and neonates still experience secondary infection up to 4 weeks post-transport. Energy and potassium supplementation have improved hydration and decreased nitrogen loss. Additionally, vitamin B-6, pantothenic acid. folic acid, and ascorbic acid are important in stress responses and their requirements are increased by stress. Vitamin E has not had a pronounced effect on transport stress, but zinc and chromium have both been beneficial following transport. Alternate therapies to return animals to normal eating patterns include the use of oral or subcutaneous electrolytes. Subcutaneously administered beta-glucan improved early morbidity following transport in heifers. Behavioral measures, such as the use of "trainer" cows (more so than trainer steers), have facilitated return to eating and reduced mortality. Interventions for improved nutritional status involve nutrient supplementation as well as changes in other management practices. C1 USDA ARS, Livestock Behav Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN USA. RP Eicher, SD (reprint author), Purdue Univ, 219 Poultry Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY DEPT ANIMAL SCIENCE PI COLUMBUS PA 2029 FYFFE ROAD, COLUMBUS, OH 43210-1095 USA PY 2001 BP 133 EP 141 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA BS23F UT WOS:000169131900011 ER PT J AU McDonald, PM Fiddler, GO AF McDonald, PM Fiddler, GO TI Timing and duration of release affect vegetation development in a young ponderosa pine plantation SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE competing vegetation; northern California; plant succession; ponderosa pine seedlings; poor site; timing of release AB The density and development of greenleaf manzanita, other shrubs, and graminoids were evaluated in a young ponderosa pine plantation on a poor site in northern California from 1988 through 1997. Manual grubbing to a 5-foot radius created treatment regimes that lasted for 3 to 6 years and vegetation recovery times of 4 to 10 years. The duration and timing of the grubbing constituted the treatments. Greenleaf manzanita was the dominant shrub in the former brushfield and again dominated after site preparation and release. In 1988 its density in the control averaged 123,500 plants per acre; in 1997 density had declined to 44,450 plants per acre, but its foliar cover had increased to 34,600 ft(2) per acre and its height to 3.2 feet-values that were significantly larger than counterparts in any other treatment. Early release provided pine seedlings with a significant advantage in average height and diameter if continued each year for the first 3 years and first 6 years. However, manually grubbing the last 3 of the first 6 years gave no biological advantage and was more expensive. Delaying grubbing for the first 3 years and then grubbing each year for the next 3 years (years 4 through 6) also provided pine seedlings with a significant growth advantage over counterparts in the control, but was expensive. Delayed grubbing usually is biologically ineffective, but on poor sites such as this, any release is beneficial. C1 Stn Western Forest Management Res Unit, Redding, CA 96001 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Vallejo, CA USA. RP McDonald, PM (reprint author), Stn Western Forest Management Res Unit, 2400 Washington Ave, Redding, CA 96001 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU USDA FOREST SERVICE PI BERKELEY PA PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STN PO BOX 245, BERKELEY, CA 94701-0245 USA SN 0363-5988 J9 USDA FOR SERV PSW R JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Southwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD JAN PY 2001 IS 245 BP 1 EP + PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 424TH UT WOS:000168247900001 ER PT J AU Cardona, CJ Nazerian, K Reed, WM Silva, RF AF Cardona, CJ Nazerian, K Reed, WM Silva, RF TI Characterization of a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing the native hexon of hemorrhagic enteritis virus SO VIRUS GENES LA English DT Article DE fowlpox; avian; adenovirus; hemorrhagic enteritis; vector; vaccine ID MAREKS-DISEASE VIRUS; L4 100-KILODALTON PROTEIN; II AVIAN ADENOVIRUSES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; GLYCOPROTEIN-B; MESSENGER-RNA; PROTECTION; TURKEYS; MUTANTS; CELLS AB The structure of the icosahedral adenovirus capsid is highly conserved among Adenoviridae. In its native form, the hexon is the major capsid protein. The nascent hexon requires the 100 kDa folding protein to fold into its native, trimeric form. The hexon and 100 kDa folding protein were co-expressed in a fowlpox virus (FPV) vector and in the recombinant FPVs (rFPVs) in which the hexon and 100 kDa folding protein genes are cloned head to tail, the native hexon could be detected with indirect immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation using a native hexon monoclonal antibody. The FPV-@X100 construct, in which the 100 kDa folding protein gene follows the hexon gene in a head to tail fashion, elicited the best humoral response in chickens. An attenuated HEV commercial vaccine elicited higher and longer lasting anti-HEV titers than FPV-@X100. Humoral immunity was also compared in turkeys inoculated with rFPVs expressing the hexon alone, the 100 kDa folding protein alone, or expressing both genes in different configurations. No anti-HEV humoral immune response was detected in turkeys inoculated with the rFPVs expressing the hexon alone or the 100 kDa folding protein alone. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Pathol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Silva, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 40 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-8569 J9 VIRUS GENES JI Virus Genes PY 2001 VL 22 IS 3 BP 353 EP 361 DI 10.1023/A:1011134811271 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity; Virology SC Genetics & Heredity; Virology GA 437WF UT WOS:000169016100013 PM 11450954 ER PT J AU Mitchell, MJ Mayer, B Bailey, SW Hornbeck, JW Alewell, C Driscoll, CT Likens, GE AF Mitchell, MJ Mayer, B Bailey, SW Hornbeck, JW Alewell, C Driscoll, CT Likens, GE TI Use of stable isotope ratios for evaluating sulfur sources and losses at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Acidic Deposition CY DEC 10-16, 2000 CL TSUKUBA, JAPAN DE atmospheric deposition; organic S; S budgets; stable isotopes; watersheds; weathering ID EASTERN-UNITED-STATES; SULFATE DEPOSITION; NUTRIENT BUDGETS; ECOSYSTEM; SOIL; PRECIPITATION; ACIDIFICATION; CATCHMENT; CHEMISTRY; DYNAMICS AB Anthropogenic S emissions have been declining in eastern North America since the early 1970s. Declines in atmospheric S deposition have resulted in decreases in concentrations and fluxes of SO(4)(2-) in precipitation and drainage waters. Recent S mass balance studies have shown that the Outflow Of SO(4)(2-) in drainage waters greatly exceeds current S inputs from atmospheric deposition. Identifying the S source(s) which contribute(s) to the discrepancy in watershed S budgets is a major concern to scientists and policy makers because of the need to better understand the rate and spatial extent of recovery from acidic deposition. Results from S mass balances combined with model calculations and isotopic analyses of SO(4)(2-) in precipitation and drainage waters at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF) suggest that this discrepancy cannot be explained by either underestimates of dry deposited S or desorption of previously stored SO(4)(2-). Isotopic results suggest that the excess S may be at least partially derived from net mineralization of organic S as well as the weathering of S-bearing minerals. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Univ Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Bayreuth, BITOK, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RP Mitchell, MJ (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. EM mitchell@mailbox.syr.edu RI Mayer, Bernhard/G-6444-2012; Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014 NR 58 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PY 2001 VL 130 IS 1-4 BP 75 EP 86 DI 10.1023/A:1012295301541 PN 1 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 481UH UT WOS:000171538500010 ER PT J AU Jones, JA Grant, GE AF Jones, JA Grant, GE TI Comment on "Peak flow responses to clear-cutting and roads in small and large basins, western Cascades, Oregon: A second opinion" by R. B. Thomas and W. F. Megahan SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Jones, JA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 5 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 1 BP 175 EP 178 DI 10.1029/2000WR900276 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 390UM UT WOS:000166315300019 ER PT J AU Jones, JA Grant, GE AF Jones, JA Grant, GE TI Comment on "Peak flow responses to clear-cutting and roads in small and large basins, western Cascades, Oregon" by J. A. Jones and G. E. Grant SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Jones, JA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 1 BP 179 EP 180 DI 10.1029/2000WR900115 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 390UM UT WOS:000166315300020 ER PT J AU Hunt, PG Poach, ME AF Hunt, PG Poach, ME TI State of the art for animal wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 2000 CY NOV 11-16, 2000 CL LAKE BUENA VISTA, FLORIDA SP Univ Florida Inst Food & Agr Sci, Int Water Assoc, Fl Ctr Environm Studies, Fl Dept Environm Protect, SO Fl Water Management Dist, St Johns River Water Management Dist, USDA, US EPA, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, CH2M Hill, Ecol & Environm Inc DE dairy; denitrification; nitrification; phosphorus; redox; swine ID FRESH-WATER WETLANDS; PHOSPHORUS RETENTION; SOILS AB Although confined animal production generates enormous per-Unit-area quantities of waste, wastewater from dairy and swine operations has been successfully treated in constructed wetlands. However, solids removal prior to wetland treatment is essential for long-term functionality. Plants are an integral part of wetlands; cattails and bulrushes are commonly used in constructed wetlands for nutrient uptake, surface area, and oxygen transport to sediment. Improved oxidation and nitrification may also be obtained by the use of the open water of marsh-pond-marsh designed wetlands. Wetlands normally have sufficient denitrifying population to produce enzymes, carbon to provide microbial energy, and anaerobic conditions to promote denitrification. However, the anaerobic conditions of wetland sediments limit the rate of nitrification. Thus, denitrification of animal wastewaters in wetlands is generally nitrate-limited. Wetlands are also helpful in reducing pathogen microorganisms. On the other hand, phosphorus removal is somewhat limited by the anaerobic conditions of wetlands. Therefore, when very high mass removals of nitrogen and phosphorus are required, pre- or in-wetland procedures that promote oxidation are needed to increase treatment efficiency. Such procedures offer potential for enhanced constructed wetland treatment of animal wastewater. C1 USDA ARS, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Hunt, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RI Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011 NR 35 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 5 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 44 IS 11-12 BP 19 EP 25 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 504EN UT WOS:000172844500003 PM 11804093 ER PT J AU Varel, VH Miller, DN AF Varel, VH Miller, DN TI Effect of carvacrol and thymol on odor emissions from livestock wastes SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st IWA International Conference on Odour and Volatile Organic Compounds: Measurement, Reguation and Control Techniques CY MAR 25-29, 2001 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP Int Water Assoc, Australian Water and Wastewater Assoc, Water Environment Federation, Clean Air Soc Australia & New Zealand DE cattle; essential oils; manure; odor; swine; volatile fatty acids ID ESSENTIAL OIL COMPONENTS; ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS; BACTERIA; OREGANO; CATTLE AB A majority of the beef cattle and swine in the United States is produced in confined facilities. This generates significant environmental pollutants from the waste produced, including global warming gases, odor, and pathogens. The objectives of this study were to control the fermentation activity and pathogens in cattle and swine wastes with antimicrobial plant essential oils. Anaerobic one litre flasks with a working volume of 0.5 l were used to evaluate the effect of carvacrol and thymol on production of fermentation gas, short-chain volatile fatty acids, lactate, and bacterial populations. In cattle waste, 1 gl(-1) each of carvacrol and thymol completely inhibited the production of volatile fatty acids and lactate over 23 days. In swine waste, 2.5 gl(-1) carvacrol inhibited the production of all volatile fatty acids. We conclude that these essential oils are effective in controlling livestock waste odor emissions and field studies are warranted. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Varel, VH (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. OI Miller, Daniel/0000-0003-3476-487X NR 17 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 44 IS 9 BP 143 EP 148 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 497PA UT WOS:000172463600019 PM 11762454 ER PT J AU Szogi, AA Hunt, PG AF Szogi, AA Hunt, PG TI Distribution of ammonium-N in the water-soil interface of a surface-flow constructed wetland for swine wastewater treatment SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 2000 CY NOV 11-16, 2000 CL LAKE BUENA VISTA, FLORIDA SP Univ Florida Inst Food & Agr Sci, Int Water Assoc, Fl Ctr Environm Studies, Fl Dept Environm Protect, SO Fl Water Management Dist, St Johns River Water Management Dist, USDA, US EPA, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, CH2M Hill, Ecol & Environm Inc DE ammonia; diffusion; denitrification; hogs; surface-flow wetland; wastewater ID DIFFUSION; SEDIMENTS; NITROGEN AB Most livestock wastewaters treated in constructed wetlands are typically rich in ammonium N. The objective of this study was to evaluate the soil-water ammonium distribution and the diffusive flux through the soil-water interface. Wetland system 1 (WS1) was planted to rush and bulrushes, and wetland system 2 (WS2) was planted to bur-reed and cattails. Nitrogen was applied at a rate of 2.5 g m(-2) d(-1). Interstitial soil water was sampled at 9, 24, 50, and 70 m from the inlet. In both wetlands, we found that NH4+ diffusion gradient and N losses were highest in the wetland system with lowest water depth. From other studies, we knew that shallower depths may have promoted a more effective interfacing of nitrifying and denitrifying environments. In turn, this N reduction in the water column may be the reason for steady NH4+-N upward diffusion fluxes. The assumed mechanism for N removal has been nitrification and denitrification but ammonia volatilization could also have occurred. Although diffusion may explain a significant portion of the material transport between the soil-water interface, the large differences in concentrations between outlet and inlet need further explanation. C1 Washington State Univ, Yakima, WA 98901 USA. USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Szogi, AA (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Cooperat Extens,128 N 2nd St, Yakima, WA 98901 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 44 IS 11-12 BP 157 EP 162 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 504EN UT WOS:000172844500021 PM 11804088 ER PT J AU Reddy, GB Hunt, PG Phillips, R Stone, K Grubbs, A AF Reddy, GB Hunt, PG Phillips, R Stone, K Grubbs, A TI Treatment of swine wastewater in marsh-pond-marsh constructed wetlands SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 2000 CY NOV 11-16, 2000 CL LAKE BUENA VISTA, FLORIDA SP Univ Florida Inst Food & Agr Sci, Int Water Assoc, Fl Ctr Environm Studies, Fl Dept Environm Protect, SO Fl Water Management Dist, St Johns River Water Management Dist, USDA, US EPA, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, CH2M Hill, Ecol & Environm Inc DE constructed wetlands; marsh; pond; swine wastewater AB Swine waste is commonly treated in the USA by flushing into an anaerobic lagoon and subsequently applying to land. This natural system type of application has been part of agricultural practice for many years. However, it is currently under scrutiny by regulators. An alternate natural system technology to treat swine wastewater may be constructed wetland. For this study we used four wetland cells (11 m width x 40 m length) with a marsh-pond-marsh design. The marsh sections were planted to caftail (Typha latifolia, L.) and bulrushes (Scirpus americanus). Two cells were loaded with 16 kg N ha(-1) day(-1) with a detention of 21 days. They removed 51% of the added N. Two additional cells were loaded with 32 kg ha-1 day-1 with 10.5 days detention. These cells removed only 37% of the added N. However, treatment operations included cold months in which treatment was much less efficient. Removal of N was moderately correlated with the temperature. During the warmer periods removal efficiencies were more consistent with the high removal rates reported for continuous marsh systems - often > than 70%. Phosphorus removal ranged from 30 to 45%. Aquatic macrophytes (plants and floating) assimilated about 320 and 35 kg ha(-1), respectively of N and P. C1 N Carolina Agr & Tech State Univ, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Design, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. ARS, USDA, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC USA. RP Reddy, GB (reprint author), N Carolina Agr & Tech State Univ, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Design, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. RI Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011 NR 22 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 4 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 44 IS 11-12 BP 545 EP 550 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 504EN UT WOS:000172844500076 PM 11804147 ER PT J AU Cassell, EA Kort, RL Meals, DW Aschmann, SG Dorioz, JM Anderson, DP AF Cassell, EA Kort, RL Meals, DW Aschmann, SG Dorioz, JM Anderson, DP TI Dynamic phosphorus mass balance modeling of large watersheds: long-term implications of management strategies SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st World Water Congress of the International-Water-Association (IWA) CY JUL 03-07, 2000 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP Int Water Assoc DE watersheds; phosphorus; dynamic simulation; modeling; management strategies AB The principles of mass balance, compartment;nux diagramming, and dynamic simulation modeling are integrated to create computer models that estimate phosphorus IF) export from large-scale watersheds over long-term futures. These Watershed Ecosystem Nutrient Dynamics (WEND) models are applied to a 275,000 ha dairy-documented watershed and a 77,000 ha poultry-dominated watershed in northeastern USA. Model predictions of present-day P export loads are consistent with monitoring data and estimates made using P export coefficients. For both watersheds P import exceeds P export and P is accumulating in the agricultural soils. Agricultural and urban activities are major contributors to P export from both watersheds. Continued urban growth will increase P export over time unless wastewater management is substantially enhanced and/or rates of urban growth are controlled. Agriculture cannot rely solely on the implementation of increasingly stringent conservation practices to reduce long-term P export but must consider options that promote P input/output balance. The WEND modeling process is a powerful tool to integrate the diversity of activities in watersheds into a holistic framework. Model outputs are suited to assist managers to explore long-term effects of overall watershed management strategies on P export in comparison to environmental and economic goals. C1 Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Winooski, VT 05405 USA. IceNine Environm Consulting, Burlington, VT 05401 USA. USDA, Watershed Sci Inst, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Inst Natl Rech Agron, Inst Limnol, F-74203 Thonon Les Bains, France. RP Cassell, EA (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU I W A PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 43 IS 5 BP 153 EP 162 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 425YL UT WOS:000168319200018 PM 11379127 ER PT J AU Jasieniuk, M Maxwell, BD Anderson, RL Evans, JO Lyon, DJ Miller, SD Morishita, DW Ogg, AG Seefeldt, SS Stahlman, PW Northam, FE Westra, P Kebede, Z Wicks, GA AF Jasieniuk, M Maxwell, BD Anderson, RL Evans, JO Lyon, DJ Miller, SD Morishita, DW Ogg, AG Seefeldt, SS Stahlman, PW Northam, FE Westra, P Kebede, Z Wicks, GA TI Evaluation of models predicting winter wheat yield as a function of winter wheat and jointed goatgrass densities SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE jointed goatgrass, Aegilops cylindrica Host. AEGCY; winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L.; crop-weed interference; decision aid; economic threshold; integrated weed management; IPM; nonlinear regression; parameter estimation; AEGCY ID ECHINOCHLOA-CRUS-GALLI; SOYBEAN GLYCINE-MAX; CORN ZEA-MAYS; AEGILOPS CYLINDRICA; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; WEED DENSITY; INTERFERENCE RELATIONSHIPS; PIGWEED AMARANTHUS; RELATIVE-TIME; CROP YIELD AB Three models that empirically predict crop yield from crop and weed density were evaluated for their fit to 30 data sets from multistate, multiyear winter wheat-jointed goatgrass interference experiments. The purpose of the evaluation was to identify which model would generally perform best for the prediction of yield (damage function) in a bioeconomic model and which model would best fulfill criteria for hypothesis testing with limited amounts of data. Seven criteria were used to assess the fit of the models to the data. Overall, Model 2 provided the best statistical description of the data. Model 2 regressions were most often statistically significant, as indicated by approximate F tests, explained the largest proportion of total variation about the mean, gave the smallest residual sum of squares, and returned residuals with random distribution more often than Models 1 and 3. Model 2 performed less well based on the remaining criteria. Model 3 outperformed Models 1 and 2 in the number of parameters estimated that were statistically significant. Model I outperformed Models 2 and 3 in the proportion of regressions that converged on a solution and more readily exhibited an asymptotic relationship between winter wheat yield and both winter wheat and jointed goatgrass density under the constraint of limited data. In contrast, Model 2 exhibited a relatively linear relationship between yield and crop density and little effect of increasing jointed goatgrass density on yield, thus overpredicting yield at high weed densities when data were scarce. Model 2 had statistical properties that made it superior for hypothesis testing; however, Model 1's properties were determined superior for the damage function in the winter wheat-jointed goatgrass bioeconomic model because it was less likely to cause bias in yield predictions based on data sets of minimum size. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. ARS, Cent Plains Res Ctr, USDA, Akron, CO 80720 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Plants Soils & Biometeorol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Nebraska, Panhandle Res & Extens Ctr, Scottsbluff, NE 69361 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Plant Soil & Insect Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Idaho, Twin Falls Res & Extens Ctr, Twin Falls, ID 83303 USA. Natl A Cylindrica Res Program, Ten Sleep, WY 82442 USA. AgRes, Ruakura Agr Res Ctr, Hamilton, New Zealand. Kansas State Univ, Agr Res Ctr, Hays, KS 67601 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Bioagr Sci & Pest Management, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Nebraska, W Cent Res & Extens Ctr, N Platte, NE 69101 USA. RP Jasieniuk, M (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 49 IS 1 BP 48 EP 60 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0048:EOMPWW]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WV UT WOS:000175241300008 ER PT J AU Prostko, EP Johnson, WC Mullinix, BG AF Prostko, EP Johnson, WC Mullinix, BG TI Annual grass control with preplant incorporated and preemergence applications of ethalfluralin and pendimethalin in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE irrigation ID DINITROANILINE HERBICIDES; BEHAVIOR AB The efficacy of preemergence (PRE) applications of ethalfluralin or pendimethalin incorporated with irrigation was compared with mechanical preplant incorporated (PPI) applications at equivalent rates in peanut. PRE applications of herbicides followed by irrigation were as effective as PPI applications in controlling Texas panicum, southern crabgrass, and crowfootgrass. Split PPI/PRE applications of ethalfluralin were more effective than PPI applications in controlling Texas panicum in 2 of 3 yr. Sequential postemergence applications of clethodim or sethoxydim increased the control of Texas panicum when ethalfluralin or pendimethalin controlled Texas panicum less than 82%. No differences in peanut yield were observed between PPI or PRE applications of either ethalfluralin or pendimethalin. C1 Georgia Cooperat Extens Serv, Rural Dev Ctr, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA USA. RP Prostko, EP (reprint author), Georgia Cooperat Extens Serv, Rural Dev Ctr, POB 1209, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 19 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 36 EP 41 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0036:AGCWPI]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WM UT WOS:000175240600007 ER PT J AU Peachey, RE Pinkerton, JN Ivors, KL Miller, ML Moore, LW AF Peachey, RE Pinkerton, JN Ivors, KL Miller, ML Moore, LW TI Effect of soil solarization, cover crops, and metham on field emergence and survival of buried annual bluegrass (Poa annua) seeds SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE green manures ID GREEN MANURE CROPS; WEED SUPPRESSION; PLANT-PATHOGENS; POPULATIONS; RAPESEED; RESIDUES; TILLAGE; POTATO AB Field experiments were conducted on a silty clay loam in Corvallis, OR during the summers of 1995 and 1996 to study the effects of soil solarization, spring-planted green manure crops, fumigation with metham, and combinations of these treatments on annual bluegrass seed survival. Annual bluegrass seeds were incorporated into the soil as a bioassay species and soil samples extracted to a depth of 15 cm to determine effects on seed survival. Soil solarization was applied over a 53- or 59-d period using a 0.6-mil clear polyethylene film. Soil samples were collected from four depths after the solarization period in both solarized and nonsolarized plots and surviving seeds germinated in a greenhouse. Maximum soil temperatures recorded at 5-, 10-, and 20-cm depths were 52, 47, and 33 C in solarized soil, respectively. Solarization reduced annual bluegrass seed survival from 89 to 100% in the upper 5 cm of soil, but did not reduce survival below 5 cm. Solarization may have enhanced seed survival below 5 cm. Cover crops of barley, rapeseed, and sudangrass generally increased survival of annual bluegrass seeds buried 2.5 to 15 cm deep in the soil. Green manure cover crops plus solarization did not improve the efficacy of solarization alone and in some cases diminished the effectiveness of solarization. Solarization significantly improved the efficacy of one-quarter rates of metham (230 L/ha) in the top 5 cm of soil, reducing overall annual bluegrass seed survival in the soil by 40% compared with metham alone (230 L/ha) but only 30% compared with solarization alone. The conventional rate of metham (930 L/ha) was the most effective and consistent treatment across all depths. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, HCRL, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Peachey, RE (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 33 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 81 EP 88 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0081:EOSSCC]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WM UT WOS:000175240600014 ER PT J AU Taylor-Lovell, S Wax, LM Nelson, R AF Taylor-Lovell, S Wax, LM Nelson, R TI Phytotoxic response and yield of soybean (Glycine max) varieties treated with sulfentrazone or flumioxazin SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors; differential herbicide tolerance AB Flumioxazin and sulfentrazone were compared for phytotoxicity on 15 soybean varieties in a greenhouse study and four varieties in the field. In the greenhouse, injury from sulfentrazone was greater overall than with flumioxazin, 10% compared with 1%, respectively, when averaged across varieties at the labeled rates. The varieties P9552, P91B01, P9362, and P9305 were more sensitive to sulfentrazone than the 11 other varieties on the basis of visible injury and plant height reductions. Sulfentrazone at 224 g ai/ha (1 X rate) reduced plant height 23 to 53% and caused 18 to 38% visible injury on the four sensitive varieties. Visible injury symptoms consisted of stunting, crinkling of leaves, and chlorotic spots. Varieties P9305, P9306, P9352, and P9362 were compared in a field study with flumioxazin at 105, 210, and 420 g ai/ha or sulfentrazone at 224, 448, and 896 g ai/ha, corresponding to 1, 2, and 4 X labeled rates. An untreated control of each variety was included for comparison. Contrary to the results of the greenhouse studies, injury from flumioxazin was similar to that from sulfentrazone in the field experiments. In 1998, emergence counts were reduced 19 to 52% with flumioxazin and 27 to 73% with sulfentrazone at the 1 X rate. Visible injury and stand count reductions resulting from both herbicides were also apparent in that year. Emergence count reductions, stand count reductions, and visible injury resulting from the herbicides were less severe in 1999. At the 1 X rate of each herbicide, yields were not affect in either year, except P9305 treated with sulfentrazone in 1999. At the 4 X rate, P9305 was most sensitive to sulfentrazone, as indicated by a 53 and 23% reduction yield in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Avoidance of sensitive varieties will reduce the potential for injury and yield reduction with sulfentrazone, and maybe flumioxazin. C1 Dow AgroSci, Lorimor, IA 50149 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Invas Weed Management Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Genet Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Taylor-Lovell, S (reprint author), Dow AgroSci, Lorimor, IA 50149 USA. RI Lovell, Sarah/H-4478-2013 NR 19 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 9 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 95 EP 102 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0095:PRAYOS]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WM UT WOS:000175240600016 ER PT J AU Young, BG Young, JM Gonzini, LC Hart, SE Wax, LM Kapusta, G AF Young, BG Young, JM Gonzini, LC Hart, SE Wax, LM Kapusta, G TI Weed management in narrow- and wide-row glyphosate-resistant soybean (Glycine max) SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE herbicide-resistant crops ID REDUCED RATES AB Field experiments were conducted over 3 yr at three locations in Illinois to evaluate the efficacy of glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant soybean planted in rows spaced 19, 38, and 76 cm. Minimal soybean injury (less than 10%) was observed from any glyphosate treatment. Glyphosate treatments controlled 82 to 99% of giant foxtail. Common waterhemp control was increased as soybean row spacing was decreased. Applying sequential glyphosate applications or increasing the glyphosate rate from 420 g ae/ha to 840 g/ha frequently increased common waterhemp control in 76-cm rows. Velvetleaf control with glyphosate was variable, ranging from 48 to 99%. Decreasing soybean row spacing, utilizing sequential glyphosate applications, or increasing the glyphosate rate improved velvetleaf control in at least four of eight site-years. Glyphosate treatments generally resulted in weed control and soybean yield equal to or greater than the standard herbicide treatments. However, glyphosate treatments yielded less than the hand-weeded control in four of eight site-years, suggesting that weed control from glyphosate treatments was sometimes inadequate. C1 So Illinois Univ, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Young, BG (reprint author), So Illinois Univ, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. NR 17 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 112 EP 121 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0112:WMINAW]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WM UT WOS:000175240600019 ER PT J AU Wiesbrook, ML Johnson, WG Hart, SE Bradley, PR Wax, LM AF Wiesbrook, ML Johnson, WG Hart, SE Bradley, PR Wax, LM TI Comparison of weed management systems in narrow-row, glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant soybean (Glycine max) SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Field experiments were conducted near DeKalb and Urbana, IL, and Columbia, MO, in 1997 and 1998 to evaluate weed management systems in glyphosate- and glufosinate-resistant soybean planted in 18-cm rows. Overall weed control was improved to a greater extent when the rate of glufosinate was increased from 300 to 400 g ai/ha than when the rate of glyphosate increased from 630 to 840 g ae/ha. Sequential applications of glufosinate improved control over single applications, whereas sequential treatments of glyphosate generally provided no advantages over single applications. When averaged across all weed species in these trials, the systems that provided 95% or higher average control were sequential applications of glufosinate, sequential applications of glyphosate, and clomazone followed by (fb) glyphosate. Single applications of glufosinate provided somewhat variable control of giant foxtail, common lambsquarters, ragweed, and common cocklebur similar to that observed with pendimethalin fb imazethapyr. The addition of fomesafen to glufosinate did not improve control of any of the weeds in this study with the exception of velvetleaf at DeKalb. The addition of clomazone to glufosinate treatments resulted in slightly better giant foxtail and velvetleaf control. Single applications of glyphosate provided somewhat variable control of giant ragweed at DeKalb in 1997 and ivyleaf morningglory and common cocklebur control at Columbia. The addition of fomesafen to glyphosate provided an increase in ivyleaf morningglory and common cocklebur control at Columbia but did not improve control of any other species. The addition of clomazone to glyphosate-based programs resulted in slightly higher velvetleaf, common cocklebur, and ivyleaf morningglory control. In the glyphosate-based herbicide programs there were no substantial differences in relative yield, with all programs protecting over 95% of soybean yield. Glufosinate-based programs were effective in protecting 85 to 92% of soybean yield. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Johnson, WG (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 12 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 122 EP 128 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0122:COWMSI]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WM UT WOS:000175240600020 ER PT J AU Jones, CA Chandler, JM Morrison, JE Senseman, SA Tingle, CH AF Jones, CA Chandler, JM Morrison, JE Senseman, SA Tingle, CH TI Glufosinate combinations and row spacing for weed control in glufosinate-resistant corn (Zea mays) SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE narrow-row corn; transgenic corn; atrazine; pendimethalin; primisulfuron; CGA 152005 (proposed name, prosulfuron) ID RICE ORYZA-SATIVA; LIGHT INTERCEPTION; HERBICIDE COMBINATIONS; GLYCINE-MAX; NARROW; COMPETITION; POPULATION; MANAGEMENT; SUNFLOWER; EFFICACY AB Research was conducted in 1997 and 1998 to evaluate narrow row spacing and glufosinate in glufosinate-resistant corn. Glufosinate-resistant corn was planted in 51- and 102-cm row spacings at the same plant populations. Herbicide treatments included glufosinate alone and in different herbicide combinations. Atrazine plus glufosinate enhanced Palmer amaranth control compared to glufosinate alone. Control of johnsongrass, ivyleaf morningglory, entireleaf morningglory, Texas panicum, smellmellon, browntop panicum, and toothed spurge with glufosinate was greater than 82%. Common sunflower control with glufosinate was greater than 95%. Atrazine followed by glufosinate applications provided at least 94% control of all species and was the most consistent herbicide system used. Row spacing had little effect on weed control. Crop injury to glufosinate-resistant corn was minimal with glufosinate and atrazine plus glufosinate combinations. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Jones, CA (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, 302 Life Sci Bldg, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RI Senseman, Scott/E-7714-2011 NR 31 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 141 EP 147 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0141:GCARSF]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WM UT WOS:000175240600023 ER PT J AU Buhler, DD Kohler, KA Thompson, RL AF Buhler, DD Kohler, KA Thompson, RL TI Weed seed bank dynamics during a five-year crop rotation SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cropping systems; ridge tillage; seed bank; seed distribution ID CORN ZEA-MAYS; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; POPULATION RESPONSES; TILLAGE SYSTEMS; SOIL; HERBICIDES; MANAGEMENT; SIZE AB Cultural practices used for crop production influence the composition of the weed seed bank in the soil. This paper reports the results of a 5-yr experiment to characterize the weed seed bank conducted on a farmer-managed field in central Iowa. The number of weed seeds in the soil and their vertical distribution were examined each October. At the initial sampling in October 1994, the field had been in hay production and about 80% of the weed seeds were common waterhemp and foxtail species. The cropping sequence over the next 3 yr was corn/soybean/corn using a ridge tillage system. Over this period, the density of common waterhemp seeds declined each year. The density of foxtail seeds declined by almost 90% during the first year of corn and did not change during the following years of soybean and corn production. Prior to moldboard plowing of the hay sward in 1994, weed seeds were concentrated in the upper 10 cm of soil. Moldboard plowing resulted in a more uniform distribution of the weed seeds over the upper 20 cm of soil, and the distribution across depths remained relatively constant during the 3 yr of corn and soybean production. During the final year of the experiment, the field was rotated to oat and reseeded with hay species. The number of common waterhemp and foxtail seeds in the soil greatly increased following oat/hay production and seeds were concentrated in the upper 10 cm of the soil profile. Results indicated that the processes affecting the weed seed bank in production fields are complex and will vary greatly based on the production practices used and the timing of their application. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Thompson On Farm Res, Boone, IA 50036 USA. RP Buhler, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 33 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 4 U2 16 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 170 EP 176 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2001)015[0170:WSBDDA]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 545WM UT WOS:000175240600027 ER PT J AU Dohlman, EN AF Dohlman, EN TI A new look at the impact of US import barriers on corporate profit expectations SO WELTWIRTSCHAFTLICHES ARCHIV-REVIEW OF WORLD ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID TRADE AB A New Look at the Impact of U.S. Import Barriers on Corporate Profit Expectations. - The notion that industries benefit from protection is firmly grounded in trade theory. However, previous "event studies" measuring the impact of trade restrictions on stock prices reveal that shareholders expect no improvement in industry profits from protection. The implication is that barriers designed to promote industry adjustment are considered ineffective by equity holders. This investigation of U.S. "Escape Clause" cases shows that shareholders do expect protection to enhance profits, but not universally. Outcomes are linked to the type of trade measure selected, with industries protected by tariffs or global quotas faring better than those shielded by nonglobal "Orderly Marketing Agreements.". C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Dohlman, EN (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Room S 5223,1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 45 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU J C B MOHR PI TUBINGEN PA POSTFACH 2040, W-7400 TUBINGEN, GERMANY SN 0043-2636 J9 WELTWIRTSCH ARCH JI Weltwirtsch. Arch.-Rev. World Econ. PY 2001 VL 137 IS 4 BP 666 EP 689 DI 10.1007/BF02707428 PG 24 WC Economics; International Relations SC Business & Economics; International Relations GA 512XC UT WOS:000173348000005 ER PT S AU Cannon, CE Pavlin, JA Vaeth, MF Ludwig, GV Writer, JV Pagac, BB Goldenbaum, MB Kelley, PW AF Cannon, CE Pavlin, JA Vaeth, MF Ludwig, GV Writer, JV Pagac, BB Goldenbaum, MB Kelley, PW BE White, DJ Morse, DL TI Department of defense West Nile virus surveillance SO WEST NILE VIRUS: DETECTION, SURVEILLANCE, AND CONTROL SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on West Nile Virus CY APR 05-07, 2001 CL WHITE PLAINS, NEW YORK SP NY Acad Sci, NY State Dept Hlth, NY City Dept Hlth, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mushett Family Fdn Inc C1 CHPPM N, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. GEIS, DOD, Dept Def Global Emerging Infect Syst, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Washington, DC 20307 USA. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Writer, JV (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, 4700 River Rd Unit 150, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-374-2 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2001 VL 951 BP 340 EP 342 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences; Virology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Virology GA BT69H UT WOS:000173778000034 PM 11797794 ER PT J AU Dymerski, AD Anhold, JA Munson, AS AF Dymerski, AD Anhold, JA Munson, AS TI Spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) outbreak in Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) in central Utah, 1986-1998 SO WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Dendroctonus rufipennis; bark beetles; insect outbreak; Scolytidae; Picea engelmannii ID FORESTS AB Extensive Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) mortality caused by the spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby) has been occurring at the southern end of the Wasatch Plateau in central Utah. This spruce beetle outbreak is the largest recorded in Utah history. An extensive ground survey was conducted in 1996 on the Manti-LaSal National Forest, Sanpete and Ferron Ranger Districts, to document mortality and impact of a major spruce beetle outbreak on post-outbreak forest composition. In 1998 the same sites were resurveyed. Survey results indicate Engelmann spruce basal area (BA) loss averaged 78% in trees greater than or equal to5 inches diameter breast height (DBH) in 1996. Ninety percent of BA greater than or equal to5 inches DBH was lost within the same sites by 1998. Tree mortality of spruce greater than or equal to5 inches DBH expressed in trees per acre (TPA) averaged 53% in 1996. In 1998 TPA greater than or equal to5 inches DBH mortality averaged 73%. Before the outbreak live Engelmann spruce BA greater than or equal to5 inches DBH averaged 99 square feet, and TPA greater than or equal to5 inches DBH averaged 97. In the sites surveyed in 1996 and resurveyed in 1998, Engelmann spruce BA greater than or equal to5 inches DBH averaged 21 and 9 square feet, and TPA greater than or equal to5 inches DBR averaged 43 and 25, respectively. Overstory tree species composition changed from stands dominated by spruce to subalpine fir. Stand ratings for potential spruce beetle outbreaks were high to mostly medium hazard pre-outbreak and medium to primarily low hazard by 1998, as a result of reduction in average spruce diameter, total basal area, and overstory spruce. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Arizona Zone Off, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Ogden, UT 84403 USA. RP Anhold, JA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Arizona Zone Off, 2500 S Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 1527-0904 J9 WEST N AM NATURALIST JI West. North Am. Naturalist PD JAN PY 2001 VL 61 IS 1 BP 19 EP 24 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 398HL UT WOS:000166750800003 ER PT B AU Altenbach, SB Dupont, FM Lieu, DH Cronin, KM Chan, R AF Altenbach, SB Dupont, FM Lieu, DH Cronin, KM Chan, R BE Bedo, Z Lang, L TI Effects of temperature, drought, and fertilizer levels on grain development and gluten protein gene expression in a US wheat cultivar SO WHEAT IN A GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT SE DEVELOPMENTS IN PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Wheat Conference CY JUN 05-09, 2000 CL BUDAPEST, HUNGARY SP Hungarian Acad Sci, Martonvasar Agr Res Inst, CIMMYT, Martonvasar Elitmag Co Ltd, Cerbona Co, Gabona Co, Glencore Grain Hungary Co Ltd, Gyermely Co, Hungarian Minist Agr & Rural Dev, Biorad Tech Off, Concordia Warehouse Co, Hungarian Acad Sci, IKR Prod Dev & Trading Co, Kite Agr Serv & Trade Corp, Natl Comm Technol Dev, Natl Sci Res Fund, Pannon Gabona Co, Uj Elet Cooperat Farm, Wintersteiger GmbH DE wheat; abiotic stress; grain development; heat; drought; fertilizer ID ACCUMULATION AB In controlled growth experiments, defined regimes of temperature, water and fertilizer between anthesis and maturity influenced the developmental program of a US hard red spring wheat and resulted in kernels that varied in size and protein content. Temperature exerted a pronounced effect on the progression of kernel development. Elevated daytime temperatures significantly compressed the developmental program and decreased mature kernel weights. These effects were intensified by water deficit. In contrast, different fertilizer levels had only moderate effects on the progression of grain development, but had large effects on protein accumulation. Understanding the interacting effects of environmental variables on grain development is an important step towards defining the molecular mechanisms by which the grain responds to abiotic stress. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Altenbach, SB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-6722-7 J9 DEV PLANT BREED PY 2001 VL 9 BP 633 EP 637 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA BS35E UT WOS:000169572300085 ER PT B AU Key, S AF Key, S BE Martin, V Sarathy, MAP TI Protecting our natural legacy - Universal threats to wilderness SO WILDERNESS & HUMANITY: THE GLOBAL ISSUE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th World Wilderness Congress (WWC) CY 1998 CL BANGALORE, INDIA SP Thoresen Fdn, Ohrstrom Fdn, World Wilderness Trust, Wilderness Fdn, Wilderness Leadership Sch, Agromore Ltd, Armand G Erpf Fund, Govt Karnataka, Wild Fdn C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FULCRUM PUBLISHING PI GOLDEN PA 16100 TABLE MT PKWY SUITE 300, GOLDEN, CO 80403 USA BN 1-55591-989-8 PY 2001 BP 151 EP 153 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU37W UT WOS:000175847900025 ER PT B AU Stokes, GL AF Stokes, GL BE Martin, V Sarathy, MAP TI The US national wilderness preservation system SO WILDERNESS & HUMANITY: THE GLOBAL ISSUE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th World Wilderness Congress (WWC) CY 1998 CL BANGALORE, INDIA SP Thoresen Fdn, Ohrstrom Fdn, World Wilderness Trust, Wilderness Fdn, Wilderness Leadership Sch, Agromore Ltd, Armand G Erpf Fund, Govt Karnataka, Wild Fdn C1 US Forest Serv, Fredericksburg, VA 22401 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU FULCRUM PUBLISHING PI GOLDEN PA 16100 TABLE MT PKWY SUITE 300, GOLDEN, CO 80403 USA BN 1-55591-989-8 PY 2001 BP 154 EP 156 PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BU37W UT WOS:000175847900026 ER PT J AU Kobbe, AM AF Kobbe, AM TI Panel 2 - Finding solutions through partnerships, education, and technology - Speaker 2 SO WOMENS HEALTH ISSUES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Setting the Agenda for Rural Womens Health CY 2000 CL PENN STATE UNIV, HERSHEY, PENNSYLVANIA HO PENN STATE UNIV C1 USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, Washington, DC USA. RP Kobbe, AM (reprint author), USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1049-3867 J9 WOMEN HEALTH ISS JI Womens Health Iss. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 11 IS 1 BP 40 EP 42 DI 10.1016/S1049-3867(00)00083-9 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Women's Studies GA 399UA UT WOS:000166829700009 PM 11166598 ER PT B AU Hse, CY Fu, F Bryant, BS AF Hse, CY Fu, F Bryant, BS GP FPP FPP TI Development of formaldehyde-based wood adhesives with co-reacted phenol/soybean flour SO WOOD ADHESIVES 2000 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Wood Adhesives CY JUN 22-23, 2000 CL S LAKE TAHOE, NV SP Forest Prod Soc, Japan Wood Res Soc, Adhesion Soc, Int Union Forestry Res Org AB Ten resins, each with two replicates, were formulated from soy flour hydrolyzates and prepared with two hydrolyzation variables: phenol-to-soy flour ratios (w/w) of 4/4, 3/4, 2/4, 1/4, and 0/4 and sodium hydroxide-to-soy flour ratios (w/w) of 0.39 and 0.78. In addition, two commercially available phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins were used in the study as controls. The most interesting result in the study of resin properties was gel time. When soy flour was hydrolyzed in the presence of phenol, the gel times were consistently longer with low caustic hydrolysis than that of high caustic hydrolysis. When soy flour was hydrolyzed without phenol, however, the gel times were longer with high caustic hydrolysis than that of low caustic hydrolysis. The internal bond (IB) strengths of oriented strandboard panels made with co-reacted soy hydrolyzate resins were highly comparable with boards made with the two phenolic control resins. When soy flour is hydrolyzed under high caustic conditions in the presence of phenol, acceptable co-reacted resins resulted; while under low caustic hydrolysis conditions with low phenol or no phenol at all, the best III strengths were achieved. The overall high performance of the co-reacted resin prepared with phenol-to-soy flour ratio of 1/4 under low caustic hydrolysis was the most interesting. It not only yielded the highest IB, attained one of the best dimensional stability results among all the co-reacted resins, and ranked high in modulus of elasticity. It also is significant that it was able to hydrolyze soy flour at low caustic content while maintaining a workable viscosity. With a 30-percent phenol substitution with soy flour hydrolyzate, a co-reacted soy hydrolyzate resin system as developed in the study could result in more than 20-percent saving in material cost as compared to a conventional 2/1 ratio (F/P) phenolic resin system used for bonding structural flakeboards. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Hse, CY (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA BN 1-892529-17-3 PY 2001 BP 13 EP 19 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX70Y UT WOS:000186182900003 ER PT B AU Christiansen, AW Vick, CB Okkonen, EA AF Christiansen, AW Vick, CB Okkonen, EA GP FPP FPP TI A novolak-based hydroxymethylated resorcinol coupling agent for wood bonding SO WOOD ADHESIVES 2000 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Wood Adhesives CY JUN 22-23, 2000 CL S LAKE TAHOE, NV SP Forest Prod Soc, Japan Wood Res Soc, Adhesion Soc, Int Union Forestry Res Org ID TREATED SOUTHERN PINE; EPOXY BONDS; DURABILITY AB A hydroxymethylated resorcinol (HMR) coupling agent was previously shown to enhance the exterior durability of epoxy and one-part polyurethane bonds to wood and of phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde bonds to southern pine treated with chromated copper arsenate. In its original state of development, HMR is not user friendly. It has essentially no shelf life, and the resorcinol and formaldehyde components must be mixed and reacted for a few hours before being applied. By using less formaldehyde, we made a novolak-type pre-polymer that produces a liquid material stable in storage. Prior to applying this compound to wood, additional formaldehyde is added to the novolak to make the HMR usable immediately and up to 7 hours after formaldehyde addition: The new form of HMR is as good a coupling agent as the original HMR, producing epoxy bonds to wood that pass delamination requirements when exposed to the three accelerated aging cycles of ASTM D2559. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Christiansen, AW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA BN 1-892529-17-3 PY 2001 BP 245 EP 250 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX70Y UT WOS:000186182900035 ER PT B AU Lorenz, LF Conner, AC AF Lorenz, LF Conner, AC GP FPP FPP TI Accelerated cure of phenol-formaldehyde by the addition of cure accelerators: Studies with model compounds SO WOOD ADHESIVES 2000 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Wood Adhesives CY JUN 22-23, 2000 CL S LAKE TAHOE, NV SP Forest Prod Soc, Japan Wood Res Soc, Adhesion Soc, Int Union Forestry Res Org ID ALKALINE CONDITIONS; RESIN ADHESIVES; CONDENSATION; CARBONATES; ESTERS AB Fast curing phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins could potentially allow wood to be bonded at higher moisture contents and at lower press temperatures than those currently used commercially. Recent reports in the literature have shown that the addition of esters, lactones, or organic carbonates increased the curing rate of PF resins. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the accelerated cure. The PF model compounds land 4-hydroxymethyl phenol (2-HMP and 4-HMP) were reacted in alkaline conditions at 20degreesC, with and without cure accelerators, such as ethyl formate, propylene carbonate, gamma-butyrolactone, and triacetin. The disappearance of 2-HMP (or 4-HMP) and the appearance of reaction products with time were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The addition of cure accelerators significantly increased the rate of product formation from reactions that are similar to those that occur during the cure of PF resins. A dimeric and a trimeric reaction product were isolated by preparative thin-layer chromatography, and their structures were determined by C-13-NMR spectroscopy. These results ate consistent with a mechanism in which the hydroxymethylated phenol is esterified by the cure accelerator, facilitating its conversion to a reactive quinone methide intermediate. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Lorenz, LF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA BN 1-892529-17-3 PY 2001 BP 391 EP 395 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX70Y UT WOS:000186182900065 ER PT B AU Conner, AH Reeves, MS AF Conner, AH Reeves, MS GP FPP FPP TI Reaction of formaldehyde at the ortho-and para-positions of phenol: Exploration of mechanisms using computational chemistry SO WOOD ADHESIVES 2000 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Wood Adhesives CY JUN 22-23, 2000 CL S LAKE TAHOE, NV SP Forest Prod Soc, Japan Wood Res Soc, Adhesion Soc, Int Union Forestry Res Org ID KINETICS AB Computational chemistry methods can be used to explore the theoretical chemistry behind reactive systems, to compare the relative chemical reactivity of different systems, and, by extension, to predict the reactivity of new systems. Ongoing research has focused on the reactivity of a wide variety of phenolic compounds with formaldehyde using semi-empirical and ab initio computational chemistry methods. This research has been expanded to study theoretical transition states formed on reacting phenol with formaldehyde. According to transition state theory, the energy of a transition state is related to the reaction rate. Transition states for reaction of formaldehyde at the ortho- and para-positions of phenol were determined by computational means. These theoretical calculations predict that formaldehyde reacts faster at the para-position of phenol than at the ortho-position, in agreement with experimental data. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Conner, AH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA BN 1-892529-17-3 PY 2001 BP 483 EP 487 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX70Y UT WOS:000186182900091 ER PT B AU Christiansen, AW Vick, CB Okkonen, EA AF Christiansen, AW Vick, CB Okkonen, EA GP FPP FPP TI Enhanced durability of one-part polyurethane bonds to wood due to the use of HMR primer SO WOOD ADHESIVES 2000 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Wood Adhesives CY JUN 22-23, 2000 CL S LAKE TAHOE, NV SP Forest Prod Soc, Japan Wood Res Soc, Adhesion Soc, Int Union Forestry Res Org AB Four commercial one-part polyurethane adhesives, along with a resorcinol-formaldehyde adhesive to represent a standard of performance, were subjected to a series of industry-accepted tests that assessed varying levels of bond strength and durability. The polyurethanes performed much like one another. In terms of dry shear strength and wood failure, wet shear strength, and resistance to deformation under static load, they performed at least as well as the resorcinol. Wet wood failure in shear tests for the polyurethane adhesives, however, was far below the levels observed for resorcinol-formaldehyde bonded wood. In moderately severe and severe cyclic delamination tests, the one-part polyurethanes had poor resistance to delamination. A recently discovered hydroxymethylated resorcinol (HMR) coupling agent, which physicochemically couples all thermosetting wood adhesives to wood, dramatically increased wet wood failure and resistance to delamination to levels comparable with resorcinol adhesives. Thus, by priming wood surfaces with HMR coupling agent prior to bonding, one-part polyurethane adhesives can meet the strength and durability requirements of the most rigorous of tests, including ASTM D2559, which is the standard for delamination. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Christiansen, AW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA BN 1-892529-17-3 PY 2001 BP 489 EP 494 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BX70Y UT WOS:000186182900092 ER PT J AU Williams, RS Knaebe, MT Sotos, PG Feist, WC AF Williams, RS Knaebe, MT Sotos, PG Feist, WC TI Erosion rates of wood during natural weathering. Part I. Effects of grain angle and surface texture SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE weathering; erosion; flat grain; vertical grain; wood properties ID PHOTODEGRADATION RATES; OUTDOOR; ACID AB This is the first in a series of reports on the erosion rates of wood exposed outdoors near Madison, Wisconsin. The specimens were oriented vertically, facing south; erosion was measured annually for the first several years and biannually for the remainder of the exposure. In the work reported here, the erosion rates of earlywood and latewood were determined for smooth-planed vertical-grained lumber and abrasive-planed and saw-textured flat-grained plywood for an exposure period of 16 years. Lumber species were southern pine, western redcedar, Douglas-fir, and redwood; plywood species were western redcedar, Douglas-fir, and redwood. Erosion rates varied from 34 mum/year for southern pine latewood to 101 mum/year for western redcedar earlywood. Large differences were observed between earlywood and latewood erosion rates during the first 7 years of weathering, but not during subsequent years. A significant change in the erosion rate of just the latewood was observed for redwood, western redcedar, and Douglas-fir after approximately 7 years of exposure, and for southern pine, a significant change occurred after approximately 12 years of exposure. The erosion rates of vertical-grained lumber were higher than those of flat-grained plywood. Only slight differences were observed for saw-textured as compared to smooth plywood. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Williams, RS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 1 BP 31 EP 42 PG 12 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 400BA UT WOS:000166847700006 ER PT J AU Williams, RS Knaebe, MT Feist, WC AF Williams, RS Knaebe, MT Feist, WC TI Erosion rates of wood during natural weathering. Part II. Earlywood and latewood erosion rates SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB This is the second in a series of reports on the erosion rates of wood exposed outdoors near Madison, Wisconsin. In the work reported here, the erosion rates of earlywood and latewood were determined for smooth-planed vertical-grained lumber for an exposure period of 14 years. The specimens were oriented vertically, facing south; erosion was measured annually for the first 6 years and biannually the remainder of the exposure. Wood species were ponderosa pine, lodgepole pine, Engelmann spruce, western hemlock, and red alder. Large differences were observed between earlywood and latewood erosion rates during weathering. Erosion rates varied from 33 mum/year for lodgepole pine latewood to 58 mum/year for western hemlock and red alder earlywood. In general, no practical differences in erosion were observed for different orientations of the specimens on the test fence (vertical or horizontal longitudinal axis). Some specimens showed considerable decay after 10 years of exposure. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Williams, RS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 5 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 1 BP 43 EP 49 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 400BA UT WOS:000166847700007 ER PT J AU Williams, RS Knaebe, MT Evans, JW Feist, WC AF Williams, RS Knaebe, MT Evans, JW Feist, WC TI Erosion rates of wood during natural weathering. Part III. Effect of exposure angle on erosion rate SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE weathering; erosion; flat grain; vertical grain; wood properties AB This is the third in a series of reports on the erosion rates of wood exposed outdoors near Madison, Wisconsin. The specimens were exposed at an orientation of 90 degrees or 45 degrees facing south or horizontally (0 degrees) for 10 years. Erosion was measured annually for the first 8 years and after 10 years. The erosion rates of earlywood (springwood) and latewood (summerwood) were determined for smooth-planed vertical-grained and hat-grained lumber (radial and tangential surfaces, respectively). Wood species included Douglas-fir, loblolly pine, southern pine, western redcedar, northern red oak, and yellow-poplar. Large differences were observed in earlywood and latewood erosion rates during weathering. For most species, the erosion rate increased as the angle of exposure decreased from 90 degrees to 0 degrees. A notable exception to this was observed for western redcedar, which had the fastest erosion at the 45 degrees exposure. For some species, particularly western redcedar and southern pine (earlywood), erosion rates differed for tangential and radial surfaces. Little difference was observed between erosion rates of tangential and radial surfaces for the other wood species. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Williams, RS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 2 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 1 BP 50 EP 57 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 400BA UT WOS:000166847700008 ER PT J AU Xu, ZC Leininger, TD Lee, AWC Tainter, FH AF Xu, ZC Leininger, TD Lee, AWC Tainter, FH TI Chemical properties associated with bacterial wetwood in red oaks SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chemical properties; wetwood; red oaks; tree disease identification AB Bacterial wetwood is a major cause of value loss in the red oak lumber industry in the United States. Red oak trees in Mississippi, South Carolina, and Florida were sampled and evaluated for certain chemical properties possibly associated with the wetwood condition. Specific variables investigated were pH and concentrations of methane, cations (Na+, C++, K+, and Mg++), nonstructural carbohydrates, and organic acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate). The degree of bacterial wetwood infection and development was greater in red oaks from Mississippi than from South Carolina as evidenced by increased concentrations of methane, total Na+, total K+, total Ca++, and by decreased concentrations of total sugar and reducing sugar. Of all the variables tested, methane concentration was the best indicator of wetwood in living red oak trees at all three locations. pH was not an indicator of wetwood in living trees or in green red oak lumber Of the remaining variables tested, greater concentrations of acetic acid, total K+, and lesser concentrations of nonstructural carbohydrates characterized wetwood-affected trees, but their potential as wetwood indicators depends on wetwood severity, not its mere presence. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. US Forest Serv, So Hardwoods Lab, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Xu, ZC (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 1 BP 76 EP 83 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 400BA UT WOS:000166847700011 ER PT J AU Dawson-Andoh, BE Halloin, JM Cooper, TG Kamdem, DP Potchen, EJ AF Dawson-Andoh, BE Halloin, JM Cooper, TG Kamdem, DP Potchen, EJ TI Magnetic resonance imaging as a potential tool in the study of wood penetration by waterborne preservative systems SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); waterborne-wood preservatives; red maple; ponderosa pine; aspen; nondestructive; noninvasive AB This paper reports an application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to the study of penetration by waterborne wood preservatives into wood. Samples of three wood species, red maple (Acer rubrum L.), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.), and aspen (Populus tremuloides), containing different anatomical features such as sapwood, heartwood, earlywood, latewood, and knots, were air-dried and pressure-treated with water. Wood penetrated by water produced an intense signal and appeared bright, whereas those not penetrated by water produced no signal, and appeared dark. Heartwood of red maple was poorly penetrated by water, while sapwood was penetrable to water. Earlywood was more penetrable than latewood in both red maple and ponderosa pine sapwood. Knots in ponderosa pine were also poorly penetrated. Aspen sapwood was variable in penetrability. MRI provides a useful method for assessment of the penetrability of wood by water and consequently waterborne preservatives. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26508 USA. USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Radiol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Nat Resources, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Dawson-Andoh, BE (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26508 USA. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 1 BP 84 EP 89 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 400BA UT WOS:000166847700012 ER PT J AU Rammer, DR Winistorfer, SG AF Rammer, DR Winistorfer, SG TI Effect of moisture content on dowel-bearing strength SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE wood; moisture content; dowel-bearing strength; embedment strength; compression stress; mechanical fasteners ID YIELD MODEL; WOOD AB Dowel bearing strength (embedment strength) is a critical component of wood connection design. Previous tests have concentrated on defining the relationship between dowel-bearing strength, specific gravity, and fastener characteristics such as diameter. However, because adoption of yield theory in defining, connection strength is relatively new in the United States, few studies have been conducted that completely define the factors influencing dowel-bearing strength. One such factor is moisture content. In this study, the dowel-bearing strength of two groups of specimens was determined. One group was made up of approximately 200 clear Southern Pine pieces distributed evenly among five different moisture content environments (4%, 6%, 12%, 19%, and green) and loaded with 12.7-mm- (0.5-in.-) diameter bolts. The second group included Southern Pine, Douglas Fir-Larch, and Spruce-Pine-Fir specimens in two moisture content environments (6% and 20+%) that were loaded with 3.33-mm (0.131-in.) (8d) smooth shank nails. An empirical linear relationship was developed between dowel-bearing strength and moisture content using the first group of specimens, which compared favorably with results from the second group. These results show that the dowel-bearing strength-moisture content relationship was not dependent on species or fastener type, and therefore, those parameters were not included in the model. Auxiliary tests Verified previous research that has shown that dowel-bearing strength (parallel-to-grain) is positively correlated with ultimate parallel-to-grain compression strength. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. TECO Corp, Operat, Madison, WI 53718 USA. RP Rammer, DR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 32 TC 9 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 1 BP 126 EP 139 PG 14 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 400BA UT WOS:000166847700016 ER PT J AU Wang, Z AF Wang, Z TI China's agriculture at the crossroads SO WORLD ECONOMY LA English DT Book Review C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Wang, Z (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0378-5920 J9 WORLD ECON JI World Econ. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 24 IS 1 BP 119 EP 120 PG 2 WC Business, Finance; Economics; International Relations SC Business & Economics; International Relations GA 399CP UT WOS:000166793100007 ER PT B AU Rickman, RW Douglas, CL Albrecht, SL Berc, JL Norfleet, L Hubbs, M AF Rickman, RW Douglas, CL Albrecht, SL Berc, JL Norfleet, L Hubbs, M BE Shen, S TI CQESTR, a field-level farm carbon sequestration planning tool SO WORLD RESOURCE REVIEW, VOL 13, NOS 2-4: GLOBAL WARMING SCIENCE & POLICY, PTS 1-3 SE GLOBAL WARMING INTERNATIONAL CENTER MONOGRAPH SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Conference on Global Warming Science and Policy CY APR 08-11, 2001 CL UNIV CAMBRIDGE, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND HO UNIV CAMBRIDGE DE carbon sequestration; agriculture; biomass; prediction model ID SOIL; TILLAGE AB A new predictive model, CQESTR was developed using an existing organic carbon decomposition model (D3R). CQESTR utilizes annual input of organic biomass both above and below ground, residue burial by tillage, biomass nitrogen content, soil bulk density and organic matter content by layer, and climate, to predict changes of organic matter induced by management practices, including amendments, and crop and tillage sequences. Observed soil organic carbon data from long term management plots established in 1931 on the Research Center at Pendleton OR were used to calibrate the model. Results from validation studies using data from numerous long-term sites throughout the United States and in parts of Canada, with crop rotation, tillage, and soil organic matter content records is provided. Examples of model predictions for various short-term farm management scenarios are presented. The model, in a Windows environment, which may be used in conjunction with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), taping into existing RUSLE databases, is being beta-tested at the farm level, in universities, and research laboratories in the U.S. and Canada. Preliminary results of the beta tests to assess the model are presented. C1 USDA ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, Pendleton, OR 97810 USA. RP Rickman, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, POB 370, Pendleton, OR 97810 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SUPCON INTERNATIONAL PI WOODRIDGE PA PO BOX 5275, WOODRIDGE, IL 60517-0275 USA J9 GLOB WARM INT CTR M PY 2001 BP 356 EP 368 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BX57U UT WOS:000185752800011 ER PT S AU Bunce, JA AF Bunce, JA BE Riches, CR TI Weeds in a changing climate SO WORLD'S WORST WEEDS, PROCEEDINGS SE BRITISH CROP PROTECTION COUNCIL SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on the Worlds Worst Weeds CY NOV 12, 2001 CL BRIGHTON, ENGLAND SP British Crop Protect Council ID INCREASING CARBON-DIOXIDE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT; RICE ORYZA-SATIVA; ELEVATED CO2; C-4 WEED; GROWTH-STIMULATION; TEMPERATURE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RESPONSES; YIELD AB Of the several aspects of global environmental change, some, such as an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, are almost certain to continue and would have a large impact on weed biology, while others, such as increased nitrogen deposition, are not likely to affect weeds in agronomic situations. It is important to identify changing environmental factors and plant responses to them which are likely to affect the impact of weeds on crops, in order to modify management strategies accordingly. This paper reviews several ways in which weeds are pre-adapted to benefit greatly from increases in temperature and atmospheric carbon dioxide, and reviews the few recent field studies of weed-crop interactions under global change conditions, which often indicate the potential of larger crop losses due to weeds. Information is presented which indicates that weeds may be adapted to the current atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide and may also evolve more rapidly than crops to take advantage of increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide. This suggests that current experiments may underestimate the impact of global change factors on crop losses due to weeds. C1 ARS, USDA, BARC, PSI,ACSL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bunce, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, BARC, PSI,ACSL, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 44 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 7 PU BRITISH CROP PROTECTION COUNCIL PI FARNHAM PA 49 DOWNING ST, FARNHAM GU9 7PH, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 0306-3941 BN 1-901396-77-0 J9 BCPC SYMP SER PY 2001 IS 77 BP 109 EP 118 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BU17V UT WOS:000175260500006 ER PT J AU Edwards, JV Yager, DR Cohen, IK Diegelmann, RF Montante, S Bertoniere, N Bopp, AF AF Edwards, JV Yager, DR Cohen, IK Diegelmann, RF Montante, S Bertoniere, N Bopp, AF TI Modified cotton gauze dressings that selectively absorb neutrophil elastase activity in solution SO WOUND REPAIR AND REGENERATION LA English DT Article ID INHIBITION AB Dressings for chronic human wounds have been aimed at protection, removal of exudate, and improved appearance. However since the time of ancient Greece wound care and dressing strategies have primarily relied on empiricism. Recent studies have shown that chronic wounds contain high levels of tissue and cytokine destroying proteases including collagenase and neutrophil elastase. Therefore we sought to develop an effective wound dressing that could absorb elastase through affinity sequestration. Cotton gauze was modified by oxidation, phosphorylation, and sulfonation to enhance elastase affinity by ionic or active site uptake. Type VII absorbent cotton gauze was oxidized to dialdehyde cotton which was subsequently converted in part to the bisulfite addition product. Gauze preparations were also phosphorylated and carboxymethylated. Modified cotton gauzes were compared with untreated gauze for reduction of elastase activity in buffered saline. Solutions of elastase that were soaked in oxidized, sulfonated, and phosphorylated cotton gauze showed reduced elastase activity. The initial velocities (v(o)) and turnover rates of elastase showed significant decreases compared with solutions taken from untreated gauze. The reduction in enzyme activity with dialdehyde cotton gauze was confirmed in solution by determining elastase inhibition with dialdehyde starch. The dialdehyde cotton gauze also decreased elastase activity in human wound fluid in a dose response relation based on weight of gauze per volume of wound fluid. Absorbency, pH, air permeability and strength properties of the modified gauze were also compared with untreated cotton gauze. This report shows the effect of reducing elastase activity in solution with cotton containing aldehydic or negatively charged cellulose fibers that may be applicable to treatment modalities in chronic wounds. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Med Coll Virginia, Div Plast & Reconstruct Surg, Wound Healing Ctr, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. RP Edwards, JV (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 19 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 5 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1067-1927 J9 WOUND REPAIR REGEN JI Wound Repair Regen. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 9 IS 1 BP 50 EP 58 DI 10.1046/j.1524-475x.2001.00050.x PG 9 WC Cell Biology; Dermatology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Surgery SC Cell Biology; Dermatology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Surgery GA 416LA UT WOS:000167780900008 PM 11350640 ER PT B AU Krupinsky, JM Tanaka, DL Merrill, SD Ries, RE AF Krupinsky, JM Tanaka, DL Merrill, SD Ries, RE BE Young, C Hughes, K TI Sclerotinia disease on canola, crambe, safflower and sunflower as,,influenced by previous crops SO XITH INTERNATIONAL SCLEROTINIA WORKSHOP, PROGRAMME PAPERS & DELEGATE LIST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Sclerotinia Workshop CY JUL 08-12, 2001 CL YORK, ENGLAND SP British Soc Plant Pathol, Int Soc Plant Pathol, Sclerotinia Comm AB Canola (Brassica napus L.), crambe (Crambe abyssinica Hochst. ex R.E. Fr.), safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), were evaluated for natural infection by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary following ten crops (barley [Hordeum vulgare L.], canola, crambe, dry bean [Phaseolas vulgaris L.], dry pea [Pisum sativum L.], flax [Linum usitatissimum L.], safflower, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], sunflower [Helianthus annuus L.], and wheat [Triticum aestivum L.]) for two annual growing seasons. Sclerotinia head blight on safflower ranged from 0 to 3%. Sclerotinia stem rot ranged from 0 to 6% on canola and from 2 to 60% on crambe. Sclerotinia stem rot was not detected on sunflower in 1999. C1 USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Krupinsky, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU CENTRAL SCI LABORATORY PI YORK PA SAND HUTTON, YORK YO41 1LZ, ENGLAND PY 2001 BP 47 EP 48 PG 2 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA BV38E UT WOS:000178755900012 ER PT B AU Miklas, PN Riley, RH Grafton, KF Gepts, P AF Miklas, PN Riley, RH Grafton, KF Gepts, P BE Young, C Hughes, K TI Quantitative trait loci (QTL) conditioning resistance to white. mould in common bean SO XITH INTERNATIONAL SCLEROTINIA WORKSHOP, PROGRAMME PAPERS & DELEGATE LIST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Sclerotinia Workshop CY JUL 08-12, 2001 CL YORK, ENGLAND SP British Soc Plant Pathol, Int Soc Plant Pathol, Sclerotinia Comm AB Breeding for resistance to white mould in common bean is complex because resistance is quantitatively inherited and confounded by avoidance traits. We have identified three QTL from two resistance sources that condition physiological resistance in the field. The putative QTL have major effect and may be amenable to marker-assisted selection. C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable & Forage Crop Res Unit, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Miklas, PN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable & Forage Crop Res Unit, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTRAL SCI LABORATORY PI YORK PA SAND HUTTON, YORK YO41 1LZ, ENGLAND PY 2001 BP 59 EP 60 PG 2 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA BV38E UT WOS:000178755900017 ER PT B AU Melouk, HA Chenault, KD AF Melouk, HA Chenault, KD BE Young, C Hughes, K TI Sclerotinia blight research in peanut SO XITH INTERNATIONAL SCLEROTINIA WORKSHOP, PROGRAMME PAPERS & DELEGATE LIST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Sclerotinia Workshop CY JUL 08-12, 2001 CL YORK, ENGLAND SP British Soc Plant Pathol, Int Soc Plant Pathol, Sclerotinia Comm AB Sclerotinia blight resistance research is aimed at reducing the reliance on chemical management. Greenhouse methods are being developed and improved to identify and quantify resistance in peanut to Sclerotinia minor. Standardization of fungal inoculum, host plant, and incubation conditions will be discussed in. relation to obtaining reliable results that are useful in resistance breeding efforts. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, USDA ARS, PSWCRL, Noble Res Ctr 127, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Melouk, HA (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, USDA ARS, PSWCRL, Noble Res Ctr 127, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTRAL SCI LABORATORY PI YORK PA SAND HUTTON, YORK YO41 1LZ, ENGLAND PY 2001 BP 65 EP 66 PG 2 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA BV38E UT WOS:000178755900020 ER PT J AU Zamparo, D Brooks, DR Hoberg, EP McLennan, DA AF Zamparo, D Brooks, DR Hoberg, EP McLennan, DA TI Phylogenetic analysis of the Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes) with emphasis on the Neodermata and relatives SO ZOOLOGICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Review ID GYROCOTYLE-URNA CESTODA; KRONBORGIA-ISOPODICOLA PLATYHELMINTHES; PARASITIC FLATWORMS PLATYHELMINTHES; FREE-LIVING PLATYHELMINTHES; GREAT BARRIER-REEF; 28S RDNA SEQUENCES; URASTOMA-CYPRINAE; LYCOPHORA LARVA; FLAME BULBS; PROTONEPHRIDIAL CAPILLARIES AB Phylogenetic systematic analysis of 24 taxa representing the rhabdocoel platyhelminths, based on a suite of 89 morphological characters, produced two equally parsimonious trees, 181 steps long, with a consistency index (CI) of 0.69 and a rescaled consistency index (RCI) of 0.56, differing only with respect to that portion of the tree containing Umagillidae, Acholadidae, Graffillinae, Pseudograffillinae, Pterastericolidae and Hypoblepharinidae. Our results accommodate all previously proposed sister taxa to the Neodermata in a single clade in which ((Dalyelliidae + Temnocephalida) Typhloplanidae) is the sister group of ((Fecampiidae + Urastoma) (Udonella ((Aspidogastrea + Digenea) (Monogenea (Gyrocotylidea (Amphilinidea + Eucestoda)))))). Bootstrap and jackknife analyses indicate that the groupings of ((Dalyelliidae + Temnocephalida) Typhloplanidae) and of ((Fecampiidae + Urastoma) (Udonella ((Aspidogastrea + Digenea) (Monogenea (Gyrocotylidea (Amphilinidea + Eucestoda)))))) are highly robust, with the latter clade having a CI of 90% and RCI of 82%. Disagreements among previous analyses of these taxa have been due to the influence of missing data for critical characters in key taxa and differences in the taxa analysed, rather than any inherent weakness in the morphological data. Non-phylogenetic systematic approaches to homology assessment and misconceptions regarding phylogenetic systematic methodology are discussed. Recent analyses combining sequence data with a subset of approximately 60% of the morphological characters should be re-assessed using the entire morphological database. Even if Udonella is a monogenean, it is most parsimonious to suggest that the common ancestor of the Neodermata had a vertebrate-arthropod two-host life cycle. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Ctr Comparat Biol & Biodivers, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada. ARS, Anim Biosystemat Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Zamparo, D (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Ctr Comparat Biol & Biodivers, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada. NR 155 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0300-3256 J9 ZOOL SCR JI Zool. Scr. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 30 IS 1 BP 59 EP 77 DI 10.1046/j.1463-6409.2001.00050.x PG 19 WC Evolutionary Biology; Zoology SC Evolutionary Biology; Zoology GA 433FC UT WOS:000168747700005 ER PT J AU Macias, FA Varela, RM Simonet, AM Cutler, HG Cutler, SJ Dugan, FM Hill, RA AF Macias, FA Varela, RM Simonet, AM Cutler, HG Cutler, SJ Dugan, FM Hill, RA TI Novel bioactive breviane spiroditerpenoids from Penicillium brevicompactum Dierckx SO JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCT; ANTI-JUVENILE HORMONE; TRICHODERMA-KONINGII; CHEMICAL ECOLOGY; ALLELOPATHY AB The structures of four new, naturally occurring bioactive spiroditerpenoids, (+)-breviones B, C, D, and E, potential allelopathic agents, have been determined from extracts of semisolid fermented Penicillium brevicompactum Dierckx. The structures display the novel breviane spiroditerpenoid skeleton. Structure elucidation was-performed by chemical transformations and by homo- and heteronuclear BD-NMR spectral data. On the basis of combined studies of the theoretical conformations and NOEDIFF data, their relative stereochemistry is proposed. A mixed biogenesis for this novel family of spiroditerpenoids is tendered. The levels:bf activity shown by breviones B, C, and E in the etiolated wheat coleoptiles bioassay, especially breviones E (100% inhibition) and C (80% inhibition) both at 10(-4) M, suggest them as lead compounds for new agrochemicals. C1 Univ Cadiz, Fac Ciencias, Dept Quim Organ, Cadiz 11510, Spain. Mercer Univ, So Sch Pharm, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. USDA, Western Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. HortRes, Ruakura Res Ctr, Hamilton, New Zealand. RP Macias, FA (reprint author), Univ Cadiz, Fac Ciencias, Dept Quim Organ, Apdo 40, Cadiz 11510, Spain. RI Hill, Robert/H-6704-2013; OI Varela Montoya, Rosa Maria/0000-0003-3616-9134; Simonet Morales, Ana Maria/0000-0002-6516-1783; Macias, Francisco A./0000-0001-8862-2864 NR 36 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0022-3263 J9 J ORG CHEM JI J. Org. Chem. PD DEC 29 PY 2000 VL 65 IS 26 BP 9039 EP 9046 DI 10.1021/jo0011078 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 386XF UT WOS:000166089600027 PM 11149849 ER PT J AU Sachinvala, N Winsor, DL Maskos, K Grimm, C Hamed, O Vigo, TL Bertoniere, NR AF Sachinvala, N Winsor, DL Maskos, K Grimm, C Hamed, O Vigo, TL Bertoniere, NR TI One-step conversion of urea to tertiary amines SO JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID TRI-N-OCTYLAMINE; CATALYZED SYNTHESIS; PROTECTING GROUP; ALCOHOLS; AMMONIUM; ALKYLATION; EXTRACTION; COMPLEXES; MODEL; ACID C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. USDA ARS, SRRC, Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, New Orleans Off, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Tulane Univ, Coordinated Instrumentat Facil, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RP Sachinvala, N (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 150 TC 9 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0022-3263 J9 J ORG CHEM JI J. Org. Chem. PD DEC 29 PY 2000 VL 65 IS 26 BP 9234 EP 9237 DI 10.1021/jo0011181 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 386XF UT WOS:000166089600056 ER PT J AU Waldvogel, AS Hediger-Weithaler, BM Eicher, R Zakher, A Zarlenga, DS Gasbarre, LC Heussler, VT AF Waldvogel, AS Hediger-Weithaler, BM Eicher, R Zakher, A Zarlenga, DS Gasbarre, LC Heussler, VT TI Interferon-gamma and Interleukin-4 mRNA expression by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from pregnant and non-pregnant cattle seropositive for bovine viral diarrhea virus SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cytokines; interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma); Interleukin-4 (IL-4); cattle; gestation; pregnancy; peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs); bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) ID T-CELLS; TYPE-1 HELPER; CYTOKINES; CLONES; TH2; DIFFERENTIATION; PROLIFERATION; LYMPHOCYTES; ANTIBODIES; INFECTION AB The acceptance of the fetal allograft by pregnant women and mice seems to be associated with a shift from a Th 1 dominated to a Th 2 dominated immune response to certain infectious agents. The goal of this study was to examine cytokine expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from cattle immune to bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) to determine whether pregnancy also has an influence on the type of immune response in this species. Forty-six heifers and cows between 14 months and 13 years of age were included in this study. Twenty-four were seropositive and 22 seronegative for BVDV, Eleven of the seropositive animals and 11 of the seronegative animals were in the eighth month of gestation, the remaining animals were virgin heifers. PBMC from these animals were analyzed for Interferon (IFN)-gamma and Interleukin (IL)-4 mRNA expression by real-time RT-PCR after stimulation with a non-cytopathic strain of BVDV. Additionally, an ELISA was performed to measure IFN-gamma in the supernatants of stimulated cell cultures. In BVDV seropositive animals, IFN-gamma mRNA levels were significantly higher than in BVDV seronegative animals and there was a significant positive correlation between the changes in IFN-gamma and IL-4 mRNA expression. There was, however, no significant difference in IFN-gamma and IL-4 mRNA levels between pregnant and non-pregnant animals. These results are inconsistent with BVDV inducing a Th1 or Th2 biased immune response. Furthermore, a shift in the cytokine pattern during bovine pregnancy was not evident. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Bern, Inst Vet Pathol, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. Univ Bern, Clin Food Anim & Horses, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Waldvogel, AS (reprint author), Univ Bern, Inst Vet Pathol, Langgass Str 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. NR 26 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD DEC 29 PY 2000 VL 77 IS 3-4 BP 201 EP 212 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00240-3 PG 12 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 391CV UT WOS:000166337300004 PM 11137119 ER PT J AU Mwangi, SM Stabel, J Lee, EK Kehrli, ME Taylor, MJ AF Mwangi, SM Stabel, J Lee, EK Kehrli, ME Taylor, MJ TI Expression and characterization of a recombinant soluble form of bovine tumor necrosis factor receptor type I SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tumor necrosis factor alpha; receptor; expression; Pichia; bovine ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; COLIFORM MASTITIS; TNF RECEPTOR; METHYLOTROPHIC YEAST; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; PICHIA-PASTORIS; ALPHA; COWS; INFLAMMATION; PURIFICATION AB A recombinant soluble bovine tumor necrosis factor receptor type I (sboTNF-RI) was expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris and evaluated for its ability to inhibit bovine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) cytotoxicity. A cDNA encoding the extracellular domain of bovine TNF-RI was placed under the control of the powerful and tightly regulated alcohol oxidase1 (AOX1) gene promoter of the pPICZa A vector and the resulting construct integrated into the 5' region of the alcohol oxidase genes of GS 115 and KM71 strains of Pichia. Soluble bovine TNF-RI was secreted into the medium following induction of the AOX1 gene promoter with methanol, and purified to greater than 95% purity by ion-exchange chromatography. In in vitro assays, the purified recombinant sboTNF-RI will block the cytolytic activity of bovine TNF-alpha on WEHI 161 cells clone 13 by 50% when used at a concentration of 170 mug/ml, and by nearly 90% when used at a concentration of 310 mug/ml. Results of this study suggest that recombinant sboTNF-RI may have therapeutic value as a TNF inhibitor in cattle with coliform mastitis. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Stabel, J (reprint author), ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD DEC 29 PY 2000 VL 77 IS 3-4 BP 233 EP 241 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00244-0 PG 9 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 391CV UT WOS:000166337300007 PM 11137122 ER PT J AU Waters, WR Palmer, MV Pesch, BA Olsen, SC Wannemuehler, MJ Whipple, DL AF Waters, WR Palmer, MV Pesch, BA Olsen, SC Wannemuehler, MJ Whipple, DL TI Lymphocyte subset proliferative responses of Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle to purified protein derivative SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gamma delta T cells; CD4(+) cells; Mycobacterium bovis; cattle; comparative cervical test ID DELTA-T-CELLS; TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION; CYTOKINE SECRETION; GAMMA; ANTIGEN; BCG; VACCINATION; IMMUNITY; SUBPOPULATIONS; PARAMETERS AB Despite highly successful eradication efforts in several countries, Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle remains a significant health concern worldwide. Immune mechanisms of resistance to and/or clearance of M. bovis infection of cattle, however, are unclear. Recent studies have provided evidence supporting a role for CD4(+), CD8(+), and gamma delta TCR+ T cells in the response of cattle to M. bovis. In the present study, we utilized a flow cytometric-based proliferation assay to determine the relative contribution of individual lymphocyte subsets in the response to M. bovis infection and/or sensitization with mycobacterial purified protein derivative (PPD). peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from M. bovis-infected cattle proliferated in response to in vitro stimulation with M. bovis PPD. CD4(+) T cells and gamma delta TCR+ cells were the predominate subsets of lymphocytes responding to PPD. gamma delta TCR+ cells also proliferated in non-stimulated cultures: however, the gamma delta TCR+ cell proliferative response of infected cattle was significantly (p < 0.05) greater in PPD-stimulated cultures as compared to non-stimulated cultures. Intradermal injection of PPD for comparative cervical testing (CCT) induced a boost in the in vitro proliferative response of CD4(+) but not delta TCR+ cells of infected cattle. Administration of PPD for CCT also boosted interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by PBMC of infected cattle following in vitro stimulation with M. bovis PPD. Injection of PPD for CCT did not, however, elicit a proliferative or IFN-gamma response in cells isolated from non-infected cattle. These data indicate that CD4(+) and gamma delta TCR+ cells of M. bovis-infected cattle proliferate in a recall response to M. bovis PPD and that the CD4(+) cell response is boosted by intradermal injection with PPD for CCT. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Periparturient Dis Cattle Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Waters, WR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 43 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD DEC 29 PY 2000 VL 77 IS 3-4 BP 257 EP 273 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00245-2 PG 17 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 391CV UT WOS:000166337300009 PM 11137124 ER PT J AU Novello, A White, D Kramer, L Trimarchi, C Edison, M Morse, D Wallace, B Smith, P Trock, S Stone, W Cherry, B Kellachan, J Kulasekera, B Miller, J Poshni, I Glaser, C Crans, W Sorhage, F Bresnitz, E Andreadis, T French, R Lis, M Nelson, R Mayo, D Carter, M Hadler, J Werner, B DeMaria, A Bandy, U Greenblatt, J Keller, P Levy, M Lesser, C Beyer, R Driscoll, C Johnson, C Krick, J Altman, A Rohn, D Myers, R Montague, L Scaletta, J Roche, J Engber, B Newton, N McPherson, T MacCormack, N Obiri, G Rankin, J Tassler, P Galbraith, P Jenkins, S Stroube, R Wolfe, D Towers, H Meredith, W Hathcock, A Kelley, P Bunning, M AF Novello, A White, D Kramer, L Trimarchi, C Edison, M Morse, D Wallace, B Smith, P Trock, S Stone, W Cherry, B Kellachan, J Kulasekera, B Miller, J Poshni, I Glaser, C Crans, W Sorhage, F Bresnitz, E Andreadis, T French, R Lis, M Nelson, R Mayo, D Carter, M Hadler, J Werner, B DeMaria, A Bandy, U Greenblatt, J Keller, P Levy, M Lesser, C Beyer, R Driscoll, C Johnson, C Krick, J Altman, A Rohn, D Myers, R Montague, L Scaletta, J Roche, J Engber, B Newton, N McPherson, T MacCormack, N Obiri, G Rankin, J Tassler, P Galbraith, P Jenkins, S Stroube, R Wolfe, D Towers, H Meredith, W Hathcock, A Kelley, P Bunning, M CA CDC TI Update: West Nile Virus activity - Eastern United States, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, pg 1044-1047, 2000) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 New York State Dept Agr, Albany, NY 12237 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Connecticut Dept Agr, Hartford, CT 06106 USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Rhode Isl Dept Hlth, Providence, RI 02908 USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. New Hampshire Dept Hlth, Concord, NH 03301 USA. Maryland Dept Agr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. Maryland Dept Nat Resources, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Penn Dept Hlth, Harrisburg, PA 17108 USA. Vermont Dept Hlth, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. Virginia Dept Hlth, Richmond, VA 23218 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Washington, DC 20307 USA. USAF, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. CDC, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Novello, A (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 27 PY 2000 VL 284 IS 24 BP 3119 EP 3120 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 385FZ UT WOS:000165994100012 ER PT J AU Garmey, JC Guthrie, HD Garrett, WM Stoler, MH Veldhuis, JD AF Garmey, JC Guthrie, HD Garrett, WM Stoler, MH Veldhuis, JD TI Localization and expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage and P450 17-alpha-hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase in developing swine follicles: in situ molecular hybridization and immunocytochemical studies SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE steroidogenesis; granulosa cell; theca cell ID MESSENGER RIBONUCLEIC-ACIDS; I SOMATOMEDIN-C; GROWTH-FACTOR-I; GRANULOSA-CELLS; STIMULATING-HORMONE; STEROL-METABOLISM; PORCINE FOLLICLE; DENOVO SYNTHESIS; LUTEINIZATION; MECHANISMS AB The present study utilizes in situ molecular hybridization and immunocytochemistry to investigate the follicular localization and expression of four thematically related sterol-metabolizing genes; low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage (CYP11A) enzyme, and cytochrome P450 17 alpha -hydroxylase/C17-20 lyase (CYP17). To this end, semiquantitative analyses were applied to individual nonatretic follicles (N = 54) harvested from cycling gilts slaughtered on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 (N = 3 per day) following withdrawal of the progesterone agonist, altrenogest. In situ and immunocytochemical signal intensities were assigned numerical values of 0-3 corresponding to the degree of expression of each mRNA and its corresponding protein. LDL receptor mRNA and protein content was undectable in theca and granulosa cells on days 1, 3, and 5, acid then increased to low levels in theca cells on day 7. StAR message rose progressively in theca cells with follicular maturation, reaching a maximum on day 5, and then declining slightly on day 7 after the LH surge. In granulosa cells, small amounts of StAR mRNA and protein were detected on days 5 and 7. The amounts of CYP11A mRNA and protein were high in theca cells, and increased at each time point studied. Granulosa cells exhibited minimal CYP11A message on days 3, 5, and 7, while protein became detectable at low levels on day 7 only. Expression of CYP17 was localized exclusively in theca cells with protein and message content increasing unidirectionally to maxima on days 5 (RNA) and 7 (protein), respectively. Follicular fluid concentrations of androstenedione, and progesterone in contralateral ovaries correlated strongly and positively with accumulation of CYP17, and CYP11A proteins. In summary, these analyses demonstrate that preovulatory follicular development proceeds with the coordinate induction of pivotal genes and proteins that mediate the selective uptake, delivery and utilization of sterol substrate in granulosa and theca-cell steroidogenesis. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Virginia, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Div Endocrinol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA. ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Virginia, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA. RP Garmey, JC (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Div Endocrinol, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD 16806, U54 HD 28934, HD 16393] NR 33 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0303-7207 J9 MOL CELL ENDOCRINOL JI Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. PD DEC 22 PY 2000 VL 170 IS 1-2 BP 57 EP 65 DI 10.1016/S0303-7207(00)00332-4 PG 9 WC Cell Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Cell Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 388XW UT WOS:000166209200005 PM 11162890 ER PT J AU Gopal, S Rastogi, V Ashman, W Mulbry, W AF Gopal, S Rastogi, V Ashman, W Mulbry, W TI Mutagenesis of organophosphorus hydrolase to enhance hydrolysis of the nerve agent VX SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE OPH; nerve agent; organophosphorus hydrolase; VX; chemical warfare agent; parathion ID PSEUDOMONAS-DIMINUTA; ENZYMATIC-HYDROLYSIS; 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE; ACTIVE-SITE; PHOSPHOTRIESTERASE; ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; GENE; OPD AB Organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) is capable of hydrolyzing a wide variety of organophosphorus pesticides and chemical warfare agents. However, the hydrolytic activity of OPH against the warfare agent VX is less than 0.1% relative to its activity against parathion and paraoxon. Based on the crystal structure of OPH and the similarities it shares with acetylcholinesterase, eight OPH mutants were constructed with the goal of increasing OPH activity toward VX. The activities of crude extracts from these mutants were measured using VX, demeton-S methyl, diisopropylfluorophosphate, ethyl parathion, paraoxon, and EPN as substrates. One mutant (L136Y) displayed a 33% increase in the relative VX hydrolysis rate compared to wild type enzyme. The other seven mutations resulted in 55-76% decreases in the relative rates of VX hydrolysis. There was no apparent relationship between the hydrolysis rates of VX and the rates of the other organophosphorus compounds tested. C1 ARS, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USA, ERDEC, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. RP Mulbry, W (reprint author), ARS, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, USDA, Bldg 001 Room 140 BARC-W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD DEC 20 PY 2000 VL 279 IS 2 BP 516 EP 519 DI 10.1006/bbrc.2000.4004 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 387ZH UT WOS:000166152600036 PM 11118318 ER PT J AU Jones, RH Stokes, SL Lockaby, BG Stanturf, JA AF Jones, RH Stokes, SL Lockaby, BG Stanturf, JA TI Vegetation responses to helicopter and ground based logging in blackwater floodplain forests SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE clearcut; coastal plain; diversity; plant community structure; regeneration ID SOUTHERN; MANAGEMENT; WETLANDS AB Logging in floodplains of low order, blackwater streams may damage existing seedlings and rootstocks, and create soil conditions that inhibit establishment and growth of regeneration after harvest. Removal of logs via helicopters has been advocated to minimize soil damage and facilitate rapid revegetation. We tested impacts of helicopter Versus conventional skidder harvest systems on regeneration, woody plant community structure and biomass growth in three blackwater stream floodplains in southern Alabama. The helicopter treatment resulted in significantly greater woody plant density (19,900 versus 14,300 stems/ha by Year 8), but both treatments were well-stocked with commercially valuable species. By Year 8, treatment effects on density of individual species were generally not significant; however, density of Cliftonia monophylla was lower on skidder plots (p=0.001) and density of Nyssa sylvatica var, biflora was lower on helicopter plots (p=0.092). In both treatments, species richness within 0.004 ha regeneration plots declined slightly between pre- and post harvest, but the Shannon diversity and evenness indices remained essentially unchanged through 8 years after treatment. Post-harvest survival of Acer rubrum, Cyrilla racemiflora and C. monophylla rootstocks was significantly lower on the skidder plots. In both treatments, species dominant before harvest remained so afterwards. Species with the tallest sprouts in Year 8 were Liriodendron tulipifera, Magnolia virginiana, and A. rubrum. During the first 2 years after logging, aboveground biomass was greater in the helicopter treatment, but the difference was only significant in Year 1. We conclude that both harvesting methods had little effect on species composition. Skidding may result in a stand structure more favorable for commercial timber production; however, impacts of skidding on long-term productivity are not yet known. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Biol, Clemson, SC 29863 USA. Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Jones, RH (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM rhjones@vt.edu RI Stanturf, John/B-2889-2010 OI Stanturf, John/0000-0002-6828-9459 NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD DEC 20 PY 2000 VL 139 IS 1-3 BP 215 EP 225 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00269-3 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 389MM UT WOS:000166242100015 ER PT J AU Whitlock, RH Wells, SJ Sweeney, RW Van Tiem, J AF Whitlock, RH Wells, SJ Sweeney, RW Van Tiem, J TI ELISA and fecal culture for paratuberculosis (Johne's disease): sensitivity and specificity of each method SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis CY FEB 14-18, 1999 CL MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA DE Mycobacterium paratuberculosis; ELISA; sensitivity; Johne's disease ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; BOVINE PARATUBERCULOSIS; MYCOBACTERIUM-PARATUBERCULOSIS; PARA-TUBERCULOSIS; DIAGNOSIS; CATTLE; ANTIBODY; TESTS AB The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA and fecal culture tests for paratuberculosis in dairy cattle are examined. ELISA and fecal culture data from seven dairy herds where both fecal cultures and ELISA testing was done concurrently are included. A cohort of 954 cattle including 697 parturient adults, cultured every 6 months from 10 herds followed over 4 years served as the basis to determine fecal culture sensitivity. The fecal culture technique utilized a 2 g sample with centrifugation and double incubation. Of the 954 cattle cohort of all ages (calf to adult) that were fecal sampled on the first herd visit, 79 were culture positive. An additional 131 animals were detected as culture positive over the next seven tests at 6-month intervals. The sensitivity of fecal culture to detect infected cattle on the first sampling was 38%. Of the 697 parturient cattle cohort, 67 were positive on the first fecal culture, while an additional 91 adult cattle were culture positive over the next seven tests, resulting in a sensitivity of 42% on the first culture of the total animals identified as culture positive. Animals culled from the herds prior to being detected as infected and animals always fecal culture negative with culture positive tissues at slaughter are not included in the calculations. Both groups of infected cattle will lower the apparent sensitivity of fecal culture, infected dairy herds tested concurrently with both fecal culture and ELISA usually resulted in more than twofold positive animals by culture compared to ELISA. The classification of infected cattle by the extent of shedding of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in the feces helps define the relative proportion of cattle in each group and therefore the likelihood of detection by the ELISA test. ELISA has a higher sensitivity in animals with a heavier bacterial load, i.e. high shedders (75%) compared to low shedders (15%). Repeated testing of infected herds identifies a higher proportion of low shedders which are more likely to he ELISA negative. Thus, the sensitivity of the ELISA rest decreases with repeated herd resting over time, since heavy shedders will be culled first from the herds. (C), 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Penn, New Bolton Ctr, Kennett Square, PA 19348 USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept CAPS 435 F, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, APHIS, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. RP Whitlock, RH (reprint author), Univ Penn, New Bolton Ctr, 382 W St Rd, Kennett Square, PA 19348 USA. NR 24 TC 230 Z9 238 U1 1 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD DEC 20 PY 2000 VL 77 IS 3-4 BP 387 EP 398 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00324-2 PG 12 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 387UN UT WOS:000166140400017 PM 11118724 ER PT J AU Stabel, JR AF Stabel, JR TI Transitions in immune responses to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis CY FEB 14-18, 1999 CL MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA DE Mycobacterium paratuberculosis; immune responses; T lymphocytes; cytokines ID DELTA T-CELLS; BOVINE PARATUBERCULOSIS; OVINE PARATUBERCULOSIS; CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY; LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS; INTERFERON-GAMMA; JOHNES-DISEASE; TNF-ALPHA; IN-VIVO; TUBERCULOSIS AB The host immune response to infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is paradoxical, with strong cell-mediated immune responses during the early, subclinical stages of infection and strong humoral responses during the late clinical stages of the disease. Cell-mediated immune responses modulated by various T cell subsets are essential to provide protective immunity and prevent progression of the disease. Secretion of cytokines by T cell populations serves to activate macrophages to kill ingested M. paratuberculosis as well as activate other T cell subsets to contain the infection. This paper reviews the current knowledge of T cell immune responses in M. paratuberculosis infection based upon clinical studies and research using mouse models. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Stabel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 49 TC 143 Z9 146 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD DEC 20 PY 2000 VL 77 IS 3-4 BP 465 EP 473 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(00)00331-X PG 9 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 387UN UT WOS:000166140400024 PM 11118731 ER PT J AU Jenkins, MC Caver, JA Bjorkman, C Anderson, TC Romand, S Vinyard, B Uggla, A Thulliez, P Dubey, JP AF Jenkins, MC Caver, JA Bjorkman, C Anderson, TC Romand, S Vinyard, B Uggla, A Thulliez, P Dubey, JP TI Serological investigation of an outbreak of Neospora caninum-associated abortion in a dairy herd in southeastern United States SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Neospora caninum; abortion; dairy cattle; serologic assays; South Carolina ID INFECTION; CATTLE; DIAGNOSIS; TRANSMISSION; RESPONSES; ELISA; DOGS AB An outbreak of Neospora caninum-associated abortion occurred in a South Carolina dairy wherein greater than 10% of the herd aborted over a 4-month period. Of the total number of cows at mid-late gestation, nearly 40% (28/71) aborted while the remaining 60% (43/71) gave birth to normal calves, Immunohistochemical examination of brain tissue from a subset of aborted fetuses confirmed N, caninum as the causative agent of abortion in these animals. A variety of serological assays, including indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), recombinant enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (rELISA), ISCOM-ELISA, avidity ELISA, and Neospora agglutination test (NAT), were used to evaluate sera collected during the outbreak from 240 cows for antibodies to N, caninum. IFAT and ISCOM-ELISA testing showed that nearly 80% of the dairy cows had antibodies to N. caninum. NAT and rELISA had similar levels of seropositivity relative to IFAT and ISCOM-ELISA, but the percentage of positive sera was dependent on the cut-off value chosen. As indicated by kappa coefficient statistical analysis, ISCOM-ELISA and IFAT exhibited the highest level of agreement in identifying N. caninum-positive and -negative cows. A decrease in the percentage of seropositive cows as determined by ISCOM-ELISA and IFAT with increasing cow age was noted. However, no significant difference was observed between cow age and abortion status. In addition to these tests, an avidity ELISA was performed on all sera with high (greater than or equal to0.4) ISCOM-ELISA readings. Avidity index (AI) increased with time post-abortion suggesting that most abortions were due to recent N. caninum infection. Of the cows at risk for abortion, the mean serological AI of aborting cows was significantly lower(P < 0.05) than mean serological AI of non-aborting cows. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, LPSI, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Clemson Univ, Vet Diagnost Ctr, Columbia, SC 29224 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Ruminant Med & Vet Epidemiol, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Inst Puericulture, Lab Toxoplasmose, Paris, France. ARS, Stat Branch, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Vet Inst, Dept Parasitol SWEPAR, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden. ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, LPSI, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Jenkins, MC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, LPSI, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD DEC 20 PY 2000 VL 94 IS 1-2 BP 17 EP 26 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00373-3 PG 10 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 380XL UT WOS:000165729300002 PM 11078940 ER PT J AU Dinesh-Kumar, SP Tham, WH Baker, BJ AF Dinesh-Kumar, SP Tham, WH Baker, BJ TI Structure-function analysis of the tobacco mosaic virus resistance gene N SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PLANT-DISEASE RESISTANCE; DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANCE; LEUCINE-RICH REPEATS; CELL-DEATH; INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTORS; BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; DROSOPHILA TOLL; ARABIDOPSIS; PROTEIN AB The tobacco IV gene is a member of the Toll-interleukin-1 receptor/nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) class of plant resistance (R) genes and confers resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). We investigated the importance of specific domains of N in inducing TMV resistance, by examining Various IV deletion and point mutations that introduce single amino acid substitution mutants in vivo. Our deletion analysis suggests that the TIR, NBS, and LRR domains play an indispensable role in the induction of resistance responses against TMV. We show that amino acids conserved among the Toll/IL-1R/plant R gene TIR domain and NBS-containing proteins play a critical role in N-mediated TMV resistance. Some loss-of-function N alleles such as the TIR deletion and point mutations in the NBS (G216A/E/V/R, G218R, G219D, K222E/N, and T223A/N) interfere with the wildtype N function and behave like dominant negative mutations. These Fl plants mount a hypersensitive response (HR) that is indistinguishable from that of the wild-type N plants, yet TMV was able to move systemically, causing a systemic hypersensitive response (SHR). Many amino acid substitutions in the TIR, NBS, and LRR domains of hi lead to a partial loss-of-function phenotype. These mutant plants mount delayed HR compared with the wildtype N plants and fail to contain the virus to the infection site. In addition, some partial loss-of-function alleles (W82S/A, W141S/A, G218V/S, and G219V) interfere with the wild-type N function, leading to SHR. The partial loss-of-function and dominant negative mutant alleles described in this report will be useful in furthering our understanding of the TIR-NBS-LRR class of R genes. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Yale Univ, Dept Mol Cellular & Dev Biol, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Baker, BJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Baker, Barbara/L-7198-2016 OI Baker, Barbara/0000-0002-1276-971X NR 60 TC 147 Z9 156 U1 1 U2 18 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD DEC 19 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 26 BP 14789 EP 14794 DI 10.1073/pnas.97.26.14789 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 385FV UT WOS:000165993700142 PM 11121079 ER PT J AU Frey, M Stettner, C Pare, PW Schmelz, EA Tumlinson, JH Gierl, A AF Frey, M Stettner, C Pare, PW Schmelz, EA Tumlinson, JH Gierl, A TI An herbivore elicitor activates the gene for indole emission in maize SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID TRYPTOPHAN SYNTHASE-ALPHA; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; PARASITIC WASPS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; AMINO-ACID; PLANTS; BIOSYNTHESIS; EXPRESSION; MECHANISM; CAMALEXIN AB Maize and a variety of other plant species release volatile compounds in response to herbivore attack that serve as chemical cues to signal natural enemies of the feeding herbivore. N-(17-hydroxy-linolenoyl)-L-glutamine is an elicitor component that has been isolated and chemically characterized from the regurgitant of the herbivore-pest beet armyworm. This fatty acid derivative, referred to as volicitin, triggers the synthesis and release of Volatile components, including terpenoids and indole in maize. Here we report on a previously unidentified enzyme, indole-3-glycerol phosphate lyase (IGL), that catalyzes the formation of free indole and is selectively activated by volicitin. IGL's enzymatic properties are similar to BX1, a maize enzyme that serves as the entry point to the secondary defense metabolites DIBOA and DIMBOA. Gene-sequence analysis indicates that Igl and Bx1 are evolutionarily related to the tryptophan synthase alpha subunit. C1 Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Genet, D-85747 Garching, Germany. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Frey, M (reprint author), Tech Univ Munich, Lehrstuhl Genet, Lichtenbergstr 4, D-85747 Garching, Germany. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011; Pare, Paul/E-3055-2013 OI Pare, Paul/0000-0003-1644-723X NR 37 TC 156 Z9 176 U1 2 U2 24 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD DEC 19 PY 2000 VL 97 IS 26 BP 14801 EP 14806 DI 10.1073/pnas.260499897 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 385FV UT WOS:000165993700144 PM 11106389 ER PT J AU Xiao, QF McPherson, EG Ustin, SL Grismer, ME AF Xiao, QF McPherson, EG Ustin, SL Grismer, ME TI A new approach to modeling tree rainfall interception SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CANOPY ARCHITECTURE; PREDICTIVE MODEL; STOCHASTIC-MODEL; DROP SIZE; FOREST; THROUGHFALL; VALIDATION; SIMULATION; PLANTATION; AREAS AB A three-dimensional physically based stochastic model was developed to describe canopy rainfall interception processes at desired spatial and temporal resolutions. Such model development is important to understand these processes because forest canopy interception may exceed 59% of annual precipitation in old growth trees. The model describes the interception process from a single leaf, to a branch segment, and then up to the individual tree level. It takes into account rainfall, meteorology, and canopy architecture factors as explicit variables. Leaf and stem surface roughness, architecture, and geometric shape control both leaf drip and stemflow. Model predictions were evaluated using actual interception data collected for two mature open grown trees, a 9-year-old broadleaf deciduous pear tree (Pyrus calleryana "Bradford" or Gallery pear) and an 8-year-old broadleaf evergreen oak tree (Quercus suber or cork oak). When simulating 18 rainfall events for the oak tree and 16 rainfall events for the pear tree, the model over estimated interception loss by 4.5% and 3.0%, respectively, while stemflow was under estimated by 0.8% and 3.3%, and throughfall was under estimated by 3.7% for the oak tree and over estimated by 0.3% for the pear tree. A model sensitivity analysis indicates that canopy surface storage capacity had the greatest influence on interception, and interception losses were sensitive to leaf and stem surface area indices. Among rainfall factors, interception losses relative to gross precipitation were most sensitive to rainfall amount. Rainfall incident angle had a significant effect on total precipitation intercepting the projected surface area, Stemflow was sensitive to stem segment and leaf zenith angle distributions. Enhanced understanding of interception loss dynamics should lead to improved urban forest ecosystem management. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Hydrol Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, US Forest Serv, USDA,Western Ctr Urban Forest Res & Educ, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Xiao, QF (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Land Air & Water Resources, Hydrol Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM xiao@vache.ucdavis.edu NR 56 TC 53 Z9 58 U1 4 U2 41 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 16 PY 2000 VL 105 IS D23 BP 29173 EP 29188 DI 10.1029/2000JD900343 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 389UQ UT WOS:000166257400022 ER PT J AU Caldwell, CR AF Caldwell, CR TI A device for the semiautomatic determination of oxygen-radical absorbance capacity SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE antioxidant; automation; instrumentation; ORAC; oxygen-radical absorbance capacity ID TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY; ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; FLAVONOIDS; ASSAY; FRUITS AB The oxygen-radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay has become a standard method to quantify the antioxidative properties of phytonutrients in fruit and vegetable extracts. However, it is usually not possible to determine directly the contribution of specific phytonutrients to the total ORAC value. Separation of the components in the plant extracts by HPLC followed by ORAC analyses of the column fractions might permit the determination of free radical-scavenging profiles. The accurate determination of ORAC values may require 1 to 2 h/sample. Considering the number of samples that would be generated by a single HPLC separation, a device was constructed which permits up to 45 simultaneous ORAC analyses. Varying degrees of automation were included in the design. Furthermore, since the assay has a Q(10) for peroxyl radical-scavenging of about 3, elevation of the assay temperature from the standard 37 to 47 degreesC significantly reduced the assay times. Relatively simple modifications would allow the apparatus to be used in a variety of time-dependent fluorescence and absorbance assays. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Caldwell, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD DEC 15 PY 2000 VL 287 IS 2 BP 226 EP 233 DI 10.1006/abio.2000.4853 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 387YY UT WOS:000166151700006 PM 11112268 ER PT J AU Fiddler, W Pensabene, JW Shadwell, RJ Lehotay, SJ AF Fiddler, W Pensabene, JW Shadwell, RJ Lehotay, SJ TI Potential artifact formation of dioxins in ball clay during supercritical fluid extraction SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE supercritical fluid extraction; ball clay; artifacts; dioxins ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; FLY-ASH; FOOD; ANALYTES AB Earlier surveys indicate that meat, fish acid dairy products are the principal source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) exposure in the diet. A recent finding by others of PCDDs in chickens that consumed a feed containing PCDD led to the finding of ball clay, an anti-caking agent, as the source. Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was studied as a means to isolate PCDDs from commercial ball clays using GC-electron capture detection (mu ECD) as a means to screen for these contaminants. The finding of ng/g amounts and recoveries >100% in several samples of ball clay containing octa chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) suggested that PCDD may form artifactually as a result of analysis. Studies on pentachlorophenol (PCP) fortified ball clay were carried out by SFE and soxhlet extraction and the results compared. The values obtained by SFE were considered more problematic. The results obtained from ball clay suggest that precautions need to be exercised when using SFE to analyze for dioxins in solid samples containing chlorophenols. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fiddler, W (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD DEC 15 PY 2000 VL 902 IS 2 BP 427 EP 432 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00813-X PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 384FH UT WOS:000165931800012 PM 11192175 ER PT J AU Butler, JE Weber, P Sinkora, M Sun, J Ford, SJ Christenson, RK AF Butler, JE Weber, P Sinkora, M Sun, J Ford, SJ Christenson, RK TI Antibody repertoire development in fetal and neonatal piglets. II. Characterization of heavy chain complementarity-determining region 3 diversity in the developing fetus SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID B-CELL DEVELOPMENT; H GENE FAMILY; JUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY; PIG FETUSES; LIGHT CHAIN; REARRANGEMENT; USAGE; CHICKEN; RABBIT; ADULT AB Since the actual combinatorial diversity in the V-H repertoire in fetal piglets represents <1% of the potential in mice and humans, we wondered whether 1) complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) diversity was also restricted; 2) CDR3 diversity changed with fetal age; and 3) to what extent CDR3 contributed to the preimmune VDJ repertoire. CDR3 spectratyping and sequence analyses of 213 CDR3s recovered from >30 fetal animals of different ages showed that > 95% of VDJ diversity resulted from junctional diversity. Unlike sheep and cattle, somatic hypermutation does not contribute to the repertoire. These studies also revealed that 1) N region additions are as extensive in VDJ rearrangements recovered at 30 days as those in late term fetuses, suggesting that TdT Is fully active at the onset of VDJ rearrangement; 2) nearly 90% of all rearrangement are in-frame until late gestation; 3) the oligoclonal CDR3 spectratype of 30-day fetal liver becomes polyclonal by 50 days, while this change occurs much later in spleen; 4) there is little evidence of individual variation in CDR3 spectratype or differences in spectratype among lymphoid tissues with the exception of the thymus; and 4) there is a tendency for usage of the most J(H) proximal D-H segment (DHB) to decrease in older fetuses and for the longer D-H, segment to be trimmed to the same length as the shorter D-H when used in CDR3, These findings suggest that in the fetal piglet, highly restricted combinatorial diversity and the lack of somatic mutation are compensated by early onset of TdT activity and other mechanisms that contribute to CDR3 junctional diversity. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa Interdisciplinary Immunol Program, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Butler, JE (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RI Sinkora, Marek/H-2523-2014 NR 64 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD DEC 15 PY 2000 VL 165 IS 12 BP 6999 EP 7010 PG 12 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 381XZ UT WOS:000165790500045 PM 11120827 ER PT J AU Jenkins, MC Trout, J Abrahamsen, MS Lancto, CA Higgins, J Fayer, R AF Jenkins, MC Trout, J Abrahamsen, MS Lancto, CA Higgins, J Fayer, R TI Estimating viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) directed at mRNA encoding amyloglucosidase SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium; reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; viability ID MUNICIPAL WATER SAMPLES; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; GIARDIA CYSTS; CELL-CULTURE; IN-VITRO; SENSITIVE DETECTION; MESSENGER-RNA; ASSAY AB The purpose of the present study was to determine if reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) directed at mRNA encoding the enzyme amyloglucosidase (CPAG) could serve as a indicator for C. parvum oocyst viability. Oocysts were stored for 1-11 months in the refrigerator and at monthly intervals extracted for total RNA for RT-PCR analysis. An aliquot. of these C. panvum oocysts was inoculated into neonatal mice which were necropsied 4 days later for ileal tissue that was analyzed by semi-quantitative PCR to determine the level of parasite replication. The CPAG RT-PCR assay detected RNA from as few as 10(3) C. parvum oocysts. An effect of storage time on both RT-PCR signal and mouse infectivity was observed. RNA from oocysts stored for 1-7 months, unlike oocysts stored for 9 or 11 months, contained CPAG mRNA that was detectable by RT-PCR. A gradual decrease in the RT-PCR signal intensity was observed between 5 and 7 months storage. The intensity of RT-PCR product from oocysts and the signal from semi-quantitative PCR of ileal tissue DNA from mice infected with these same aged oocysts were comparable. The RT-PCR assay of CPAG mRNA in cultured cells infected with viable C. parvum oocysts first detected expression at 12 h with highest expression levels observed at 48 h post-infection. These results indicate that CPAG RT-PCR may be useful for differentiating viable from non-viable C. parvum oocysts and fur studying the expression of the gene for amyloglucosidase in vitro. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B,V. All rights reserved. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Jenkins, MC (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 47 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD DEC 15 PY 2000 VL 43 IS 2 BP 97 EP 106 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(00)00198-6 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 381EJ UT WOS:000165749100006 PM 11121608 ER PT J AU Buntain, BJ AF Buntain, BJ TI Blue ribbon task force report on the future of Food Safety and Inspection Service veterinarians: public health professionals for the 21st century SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Public Health in the New Millennium held during the 137th American-Veterinary-Medical-Association Annual Convention CY JUN 23, 2000 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH SP Amer Vet Med Assoc C1 US Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, USDA, Washington, DC 20024 USA. RP Buntain, BJ (reprint author), US Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, USDA, Washington, DC 20024 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 15 PY 2000 VL 217 IS 12 BP 1828 EP 1829 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 382QC UT WOS:000165832900029 PM 11132884 ER PT J AU Fite, RW AF Fite, RW TI Animal health risk assessment in theory and practice SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. RP Fite, RW (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, 4700 River Rd,Unit 117, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 15 PY 2000 VL 217 IS 12 BP 1837 EP 1842 DI 10.2460/javma.2000.217.1837 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 382QC UT WOS:000165832900033 PM 11132888 ER PT J AU Vision, TJ Brown, DG Tanksley, SD AF Vision, TJ Brown, DG Tanksley, SD TI The origins of genomic duplications in Arabidopsis SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MONOCOT-DICOT DIVERGENCE; NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTION; HIGHER-PLANTS; THALIANA; SEQUENCE; DNA; CHROMOSOME-4; GENERATION; PREDICTION; BRASSICA AB Large segmental duplications cover much of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Little is known about their origins. We show that they are primarily due to at Least four different Large-scale duplication events that occurred 100 to 200 million years ago. a formative period in the diversification of the angiosperms. A better understanding of the complex structural history of angiosperm genomes is necessary to make full use of Arabidopsis as a genetic model for other plant species. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Agr Bioinformat, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Whitehead Inst MIT Ctr Genome Res, Cambridge, MA 02141 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Vision, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Agr Bioinformat, 604 Rhodes Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Vision, Todd/B-4867-2010 OI Vision, Todd/0000-0002-6133-2581 NR 37 TC 597 Z9 626 U1 3 U2 32 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 15 PY 2000 VL 290 IS 5499 BP 2114 EP 2117 DI 10.1126/science.290.5499.2114 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 383ER UT WOS:000165870600047 PM 11118139 ER PT J AU Baker, SA Miller-Ihli, NJ AF Baker, SA Miller-Ihli, NJ TI Determination of cobalamins using capillary electrophoresis inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry SO SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART B-ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Winter Conference of Plasma Spectrochemistry CY JAN 09-15, 2000 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA DE cobalamins; vitamin B12; capillary electrophoresis; micellar electrokinetic chromatography; ICP-MS ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS; SPECIATION; ANALOGS; NEBULIZER; MS AB The determination of cobalamins using capillary electrophoresis inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CE-ICP-MS) was investigated. Both capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) modes of operation were studied. The optimal separation of four cobalamin species (cyanocobalamin, hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin, and 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin) and a potentially harmful corrinoid analogue (cobinamide dicyanide) was obtained using CZE at a pH of 2.5. Both 20 mM phosphate and 20 mM formate buffers were used with success, although the formate buffer provided improved resolution. The CZE-ICP-MS method was used to quantify cyanocobalamin in a vitamin supplement and the analytical results were in good agreement (+/-5%) with values obtained by ICP-MS for total Co levels. The solution detection limits for cobalamins using CZE-ICP-MS were approximately 50 ng/ml. MEKC was found to be useful for the screening of vitamin preparations because it provided a rapid means of distinguishing cyanocobalamin (the form most commonly used in Vitamin preparations) from free cobalt. The separation of free cobalt and cyanocobalamin using MEKC was achieved in less than 10 min. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Miller-Ihli, NJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 60 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0584-8547 J9 SPECTROCHIM ACTA B JI Spectroc. Acta Pt. B-Atom. Spectr. PD DEC 15 PY 2000 VL 55 IS 12 BP 1823 EP 1832 DI 10.1016/S0584-8547(00)00271-8 PG 10 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 388RE UT WOS:000166194800002 ER PT J AU Schuetz, M Murphy, J Fields, RE Harnly, JM AF Schuetz, M Murphy, J Fields, RE Harnly, JM TI Continuum source-atomic absorption spectrometry using a two-dimensional charge coupled device SO SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART B-ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE single element; continuum source-atomic absorption spectrometer (CS-AAS); two-dimensional charge coupled array detector (2D-CCD) ID ARRAY DETECTION AB A single element continuum source-atomic absorption spectrometer (CS-AAS) using a two-dimensional charge coupled array detector (2D-CCD) was assembled for use with graphite furnace atomization. The two-dimensional CCD was a split-frame transfer array, was thinned and back-illuminated for high quantum efficiency at approximately 200 nm, and was capable of an 80-Hz frame rate with a read noise of < 15 electrons. The transfer of charges from the integrating arrays to the storage arrays took 0.65 ms, less than 4% of the frame period (16.42 ms). The transfer of charges to the storage array was perpendicular to the wavelength axis, eliminating source flicker noise, and was implemented without masking, producing vertical smearing. The smearing was manifested as a continuum background and was corrected using pixels between orders. The two-dimensional array, in conjunction with the high-resolution echelle spectrometer, allowed measurement of absorbance with respect to wavelength and height in the furnace. Computed absorbances were corrected for stray radiation and non-specific background absorption. Detection limits were equal to those for line source AAS, with the exception of As (193.7 nm) and Se (196.0 nm). (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Harnly, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Bldg 161,BARC East, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0584-8547 J9 SPECTROCHIM ACTA B JI Spectroc. Acta Pt. B-Atom. Spectr. PD DEC 15 PY 2000 VL 55 IS 12 BP 1895 EP 1912 DI 10.1016/S0584-8547(00)00293-7 PG 18 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 388RE UT WOS:000166194800008 ER PT J AU Giardina, CP Ryan, MG AF Giardina, CP Ryan, MG TI Biogeochemistry - Soil warming and organic carbon content - Reply SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE; MATTER C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Management, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA ARS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Grad Degree Program Ecol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Giardina, CP (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Management, 1910 East West Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008; Giardina, Christian/C-3120-2011 OI Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738; Giardina, Christian/0000-0002-3431-5073 NR 9 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 4 U2 40 PU MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD DEC 14 PY 2000 VL 408 IS 6814 BP 790 EP 790 DI 10.1038/35048675 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 382PK UT WOS:000165831300033 ER PT J AU Kaul, S Koo, HL Jenkins, J Rizzo, M Rooney, T Tallon, LJ Feldblyum, T Nierman, W Benito, MI Lin, XY Town, CD Venter, JC Fraser, CM Tabata, S Nakamura, Y Kaneko, T Sato, S Asamizu, E Kato, T Kotani, H Sasamoto, S Ecker, JR Theologis, A Federspiel, NA Palm, CJ Osborne, BI Shinn, P Conway, AB Vysotskaia, VS Dewar, K Conn, L Lenz, CA Kim, CJ Hansen, NF Liu, SX Buehler, E Altafi, H Sakano, H Dunn, P Lam, B Pham, PK Chao, Q Nguyen, M Yu, GX Chen, HM Southwick, A Lee, JM Miranda, M Toriumi, MJ Davis, RW Wambutt, R Murphy, G Dusterhoft, A Stiekema, W Pohl, T Entian, KD Terryn, N Volckaert, G Salanoubat, M Choisne, N Rieger, M Ansorge, W Unseld, M Fartmann, B Valle, G Artiguenave, F Weissenbach, J Quetier, F Wilson, RK de la Bastide, M Sekhon, M Huang, E Spiegel, L Gnoj, L Pepin, K Murray, J Johnson, D Habermann, K Dedhia, N Parnell, L Preston, R Hillier, L Chen, E Marra, M Martienssen, R McCombie, WR Mayer, K White, O Bevan, M Lemcke, K Creasy, TH Bielke, C Haas, B Haase, D Maiti, R Rudd, S Peterson, J Schoof, H Frishman, D Morgenstern, B Zaccaria, P Ermolaeva, M Pertea, M Quackenbush, J Volfovsky, N Wu, DY Lowe, TM Salzberg, SL Mewes, HW Rounsley, S Bush, D Subramaniam, S Levin, I Norris, S Schmidt, R Acarkan, A Bancroft, I Quetier, F Brennicke, A Eisen, JA Bureau, T Legault, BA Le, QH Agrawal, N Yu, Z Martienssen, R Copenhaver, GP Luo, S Pikaard, CS Preuss, D Paulsen, IT Sussman, M Britt, AB Selinger, DA Pandey, R Mount, DW Chandler, VL Jorgensen, RA Pikaard, C Juergens, G Meyerowitz, EM Theologis, A Dangl, J Jones, JDG Chen, M Chory, J Somerville, MC AF Kaul, S Koo, HL Jenkins, J Rizzo, M Rooney, T Tallon, LJ Feldblyum, T Nierman, W Benito, MI Lin, XY Town, CD Venter, JC Fraser, CM Tabata, S Nakamura, Y Kaneko, T Sato, S Asamizu, E Kato, T Kotani, H Sasamoto, S Ecker, JR Theologis, A Federspiel, NA Palm, CJ Osborne, BI Shinn, P Conway, AB Vysotskaia, VS Dewar, K Conn, L Lenz, CA Kim, CJ Hansen, NF Liu, SX Buehler, E Altafi, H Sakano, H Dunn, P Lam, B Pham, PK Chao, Q Nguyen, M Yu, GX Chen, HM Southwick, A Lee, JM Miranda, M Toriumi, MJ Davis, RW Wambutt, R Murphy, G Dusterhoft, A Stiekema, W Pohl, T Entian, KD Terryn, N Volckaert, G Salanoubat, M Choisne, N Rieger, M Ansorge, W Unseld, M Fartmann, B Valle, G Artiguenave, F Weissenbach, J Quetier, F Wilson, RK de la Bastide, M Sekhon, M Huang, E Spiegel, L Gnoj, L Pepin, K Murray, J Johnson, D Habermann, K Dedhia, N Parnell, L Preston, R Hillier, L Chen, E Marra, M Martienssen, R McCombie, WR Mayer, K White, O Bevan, M Lemcke, K Creasy, TH Bielke, C Haas, B Haase, D Maiti, R Rudd, S Peterson, J Schoof, H Frishman, D Morgenstern, B Zaccaria, P Ermolaeva, M Pertea, M Quackenbush, J Volfovsky, N Wu, DY Lowe, TM Salzberg, SL Mewes, HW Rounsley, S Bush, D Subramaniam, S Levin, I Norris, S Schmidt, R Acarkan, A Bancroft, I Quetier, F Brennicke, A Eisen, JA Bureau, T Legault, BA Le, QH Agrawal, N Yu, Z Martienssen, R Copenhaver, GP Luo, S Pikaard, CS Preuss, D Paulsen, IT Sussman, M Britt, AB Selinger, DA Pandey, R Mount, DW Chandler, VL Jorgensen, RA Pikaard, C Juergens, G Meyerowitz, EM Theologis, A Dangl, J Jones, JDG Chen, M Chory, J Somerville, MC CA Ar Gen In TI Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana SO NATURE LA English DT Review ID PRE-MESSENGER-RNA; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; DNA; REGIONS; GENES; PROTEINS; LIGHT; MAIZE; PREDICTION; DIVERGENCE AB The flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana is an important model system for identifying genes and determining their functions. Here we report the analysis of the genomic sequence of Arabidopsis. The sequenced regions cover 115.4 megabases of the 125-megabase genome and extend into centromeric regions. The evolution of Arabidopsis involved a whole-genome duplication, followed by subsequent gene loss and extensive local gene duplications, giving rise to a dynamic genome enriched by lateral gene transfer from a cyanobacterial-like ancestor of the plastid. The genome contains 25,498 genes encoding proteins from 11,000 families, similar to the functional diversity of Drosophila and Caenorhabditis elegans - the other sequenced multicellular eukaryotes. Arabidopsis has many families of new proteins but also lacks several common protein families, indicating that the sets of common proteins have undergone differential expansion and contraction in the three multicellular eukaryotes. This is the first complete genome sequence of a plant and provides the foundations for more comprehensive comparison of conserved processes in all eukaryotes, identifying a wide range of plant-specific gene functions and establishing rapid systematic ways to identify genes for crop improvement. C1 Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Kazusa DNA Res Inst, Kisarazu, Chiba 292, Japan. Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Inst Plant Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Stanford Genome Technol Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. Salk Inst Biol Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Exelixis Inc, San Francisco, CA 94083 USA. AGOWA Gmbh, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. John Innes Ctr, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England. QIAGEN Gmbh, D-40724 Hilden, Germany. Plant Res Int, Greenomics, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. GATC Gmbh, D-78467 Constance, Germany. SRD Gmbh, D-61440 Oberursel, Germany. Univ Ghent VIB, Dept Plant Genet, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Gene Technol, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium. Genoscope & CNRS FRE2231, F-91057 Evry, France. Genotype Gmbh, D-69259 Wilhemlsfeld, Germany. European Mol Biol Lab, Biochem Instrumentat Program, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. LION Biosci AG, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. MWG Biotech AG, D-69117 Ebersberg, Germany. Univ Padua, CRIBI, I-35131 Padua, Italy. Washington Univ, St Louis Sch Med, Washington Univ Genome Sequencing Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Lita Annenberg Hazen Genome Ctr, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA. Celera Genomics, Foster City, CA 94494 USA. Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Plant Biol Grp, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA. Max Planck Inst Biochem, GSF Forschungszentrum Umwelt & Gesundheit, Munich Informat Ctr Protein Sequences, D-82152 Munich, Germany. Inst Genomic Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. John Innes Ctr, Molec Genet Dept, Norwich NR4 7UH, Norfolk, England. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Cereon Genomics LLC, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Max Planck Gesell, Max Delbruck Lab, D-50829 Cologne, Germany. John Innes Ctr, Brassicas & Oilseeds Res Dept, Norwich NR4 7UJ, England. Ctr Natl Sequencage, Genoscope, F-91057 Evry, France. Univ Ulm, Molek Bot, D-89069 Ulm, Germany. McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada. Univ Chicago, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Chicago, IL USA. Washington Univ, Biol Dept, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Biotechnol Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sect Plant Biol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Molec & Cell Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. ZMBP, Ctr Plant Molec Biol, Entwicklungsgenet, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. Calif Inst Biol, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Coker Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. John Innes Ctr, Sainsbury Lab, Norwich NR4 7UI, Norfolk, England. Salk Inst Biol Studies, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Plant Biol Lab, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Carnegie Inst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. EM genomeanalysis@tigr.org RI Jones, Jonathan/J-5129-2012; Morgenstern, Burkhard/A-7486-2008; Mayer, Klaus/M-7941-2015; Somerville, Christopher/A-4048-2009; Meyerowitz, Elliot/A-7118-2009; Salzberg, Steven/F-6162-2011; Entian, Karl-Dieter/D-3080-2011; Paulsen, Ian/K-3832-2012; Pikaard, Craig/K-8772-2012; Rudd, Stephen/A-6434-2013; Ecker, Joseph/B-9144-2008; Sato, Shusei/A-3616-2015; Copenhaver, Gregory/A-7549-2014; Marra, Marco/B-5987-2008 OI Jones, Jonathan/0000-0002-4953-261X; Buehler, Eugen/0000-0001-7167-676X; Jorgensen, Richard/0000-0002-0382-2371; Nakamura, Yasukazu/0000-0002-6782-5715; Fraser, Claire/0000-0003-1462-2428; McCombie, W. Richard/0000-0003-1899-0682; VALLE, GIORGIO/0000-0003-4377-5685; Mayer, Klaus/0000-0001-6484-1077; Somerville, Christopher/0000-0003-4647-0094; Salzberg, Steven/0000-0002-8859-7432; Paulsen, Ian/0000-0001-9015-9418; Pikaard, Craig/0000-0001-8204-7459; Rudd, Stephen/0000-0002-0344-7487; Ecker, Joseph/0000-0001-5799-5895; Sato, Shusei/0000-0002-0293-5366; Copenhaver, Gregory/0000-0002-7962-3862; NR 121 TC 4454 Z9 4585 U1 60 U2 604 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD DEC 14 PY 2000 VL 408 IS 6814 BP 796 EP 815 PG 20 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 382PK UT WOS:000165831300037 ER PT J AU Theologis, A Ecker, JR Palm, CJ Federspiel, NA Kaul, S White, O Alonso, J Altafi, H Araujo, R Bowman, CL Brooks, SY Buehler, E Chan, A Chao, QM Chen, HM Cheuk, RF Chin, CW Chung, MK Conn, L Conway, AB Conway, AR Creasy, TH Dewar, K Dunn, P Etgu, P Feldblyum, TV Feng, JD Fong, B Fujii, CY Gill, JE Goldsmith, AD Haas, B Hansen, NF Hughes, B Huizar, L Hunter, JL Jenkins, J Johnson-Hopson, C Khan, S Khaykin, E Kim, CJ Koo, HL Kremenetskaia, I Kurtz, DB Kwan, A Lam, B Langin-Hooper, S Lee, A Lee, JM Lenz, CA Li, JH Li, YP Lin, XY Liu, SX Liu, ZA Luros, JS Maiti, R Marziali, A Militscher, J Miranda, M Nguyen, M Nierman, WC Osborne, BI Pai, G Peterson, J Pham, PK Rizzo, M Rooney, T Rowley, D Sakano, H Salzberg, SL Schwartz, JR Shinn, P Southwick, AM Sun, H Tallon, LJ Tambunga, G Toriumi, MJ Town, CD Utterback, T Van Aken, S Vaysberg, M Vysotskaia, VS Walker, M Wu, DY Yu, GX Fraser, CM Venter, JC Davis, RW AF Theologis, A Ecker, JR Palm, CJ Federspiel, NA Kaul, S White, O Alonso, J Altafi, H Araujo, R Bowman, CL Brooks, SY Buehler, E Chan, A Chao, QM Chen, HM Cheuk, RF Chin, CW Chung, MK Conn, L Conway, AB Conway, AR Creasy, TH Dewar, K Dunn, P Etgu, P Feldblyum, TV Feng, JD Fong, B Fujii, CY Gill, JE Goldsmith, AD Haas, B Hansen, NF Hughes, B Huizar, L Hunter, JL Jenkins, J Johnson-Hopson, C Khan, S Khaykin, E Kim, CJ Koo, HL Kremenetskaia, I Kurtz, DB Kwan, A Lam, B Langin-Hooper, S Lee, A Lee, JM Lenz, CA Li, JH Li, YP Lin, XY Liu, SX Liu, ZA Luros, JS Maiti, R Marziali, A Militscher, J Miranda, M Nguyen, M Nierman, WC Osborne, BI Pai, G Peterson, J Pham, PK Rizzo, M Rooney, T Rowley, D Sakano, H Salzberg, SL Schwartz, JR Shinn, P Southwick, AM Sun, H Tallon, LJ Tambunga, G Toriumi, MJ Town, CD Utterback, T Van Aken, S Vaysberg, M Vysotskaia, VS Walker, M Wu, DY Yu, GX Fraser, CM Venter, JC Davis, RW TI Sequence and analysis of chromosome 1 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID GENOME SEQUENCE; DNA; LIBRARY; GENES; CONSTRUCTION; REGIONS; SYSTEM; TOOL; MAP AB The genome of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana has five chromosomes(1,2). Here we report the sequence of the largest, chromosome 1, in two contigs of around 14.2 and 14.6 megabases. The contigs extend from the telomeres to the centromeric borders, regions rich in transposons, retrotransposons and repetitive elements such as the 180-base-pair repeat. The chromosome represents 25% of the genome and contains about 6,850 open reading frames, 236 transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and 12 small nuclear RNAs. There are two clusters of tRNA genes at different places on the chromosome. One consists of 27 tRNA Pro genes and the other contains 27 tandem repeats of tRNA(Tyr)-tRNA(Tyr)-tRNA(Ser) genes. Chromosome 1 contains about 300 gene families with clustered duplications. There are also many repeat elements, representing 8% of the sequence. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Inst Plant Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Stanford Genome Technol Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM theo@nature.berkeley.edu; ecker@salk.edu RI Ecker, Joseph/B-9144-2008; Salzberg, Steven/F-6162-2011; Alonso, Jose/K-6826-2014; OI Ecker, Joseph/0000-0001-5799-5895; Salzberg, Steven/0000-0002-8859-7432; Alonso, Jose/0000-0001-7087-1571; Buehler, Eugen/0000-0001-7167-676X; Fraser, Claire/0000-0003-1462-2428 NR 43 TC 136 Z9 3924 U1 8 U2 84 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD DEC 14 PY 2000 VL 408 IS 6814 BP 816 EP 820 DI 10.1038/35048500 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 382PK UT WOS:000165831300038 PM 11130712 ER PT J AU French, AD Kelterer, AM Johnson, GP Dowd, MK AF French, AD Kelterer, AM Johnson, GP Dowd, MK TI B3LYP/6-31G*, RHF/6-31G*and MM3 heats of formation of disaccharide analogs SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE LA English DT Article DE carbohydrates; cellobiose; exo-anomeric effect; galabiose; laminarabiose; maltose; nigerose; sucrose; tetrahydropyran; tetrahydrofuran; trehalose ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; ORGANIC-MOLECULES; ABINITIO; ALCOHOLS; ALKANES; ETHERS AB DeltaH(f) values were calculated with the bond- and group-enthalpy method for analogs of 13 disaccharides to learn the relative stabilities for various configurations about the carbon atoms connected to the linkage oxygen atom. The analogs were based on tetrahydropyran and, in the case of the sucrose analogs, tetrahydrofuran. The molecular mechanics program MM3 calculates these values as an option. The method was also used with RHF/6-31G* and B3LYP/6-31G* quantum mechanics (QM) theory. DeltaH(f) values had ranges of 15-17 kcal tall energies herein are molar) by the different methods, with the analogs of the three trehaloses and sucrose having the lowest values. DeltaH(f) values for the isomeric analogs of non-reducing sugars with two anomeric centers are about - 150 kcal, about 8 kcal lower than for the analogs of the reducing dimers (nigerose, maltose, laminarabiose. cellobiose and galabiose (alpha -D-galactosyl-D-galactose)) by all three types of calculation. The analogs of the di-axial, axial-equatorial and di-equatorial, non-glycosidic pseudo-disaccharides had DeltaH(f) values within 1.0 kcal by each of the three methods. They were about 8 kcal higher than for the molecules that contain one glycosidic sequence. The relative DeltaH(i) values by QM were within 1.0 kcal of their corresponding relative electronic energies, except for the methylated sucrose analog, for which the discrepancy was about 1.85 kcal at both QM levels. Compared to our B3LYP results, the RHF-based calculations overestimated the stability of all molecules by about 2.85 kcal. The MM3 values were close to the B3LYP numbers, with the largest discrepancy for the cellobiose analog, 1.76 kcal. The stabilization embodied in the group enthalpy increment for anomeric centers is another manifestation of the anomeric effect. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B,V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Graz Univ Technol, Inst Phys & Theoret Chem, A-8010 Graz, Austria. RP French, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. EM afrench@nola.srrc.usda.gov OI Kelterer, Anne-Marie/0000-0001-8178-2670 NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2860 EI 1872-8014 J9 J MOL STRUCT JI J. Mol. Struct. PD DEC 12 PY 2000 VL 556 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 303 EP 313 DI 10.1016/S0022-2860(00)00648-7 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 393EG UT WOS:000166455800031 ER PT J AU Kawaguchi, T Yasuda, H Shimazu, K Porter, MD AF Kawaguchi, T Yasuda, H Shimazu, K Porter, MD TI Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance investigation of the reductive desorption of self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols and mercaptoalkanoic acids on Au SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-CRYSTAL; FERROCENYLUNDECANETHIOL MONOLAYER; AU(111) ELECTRODES; GOLD ELECTRODE; SURFACES; 11-FERROCENYL-1-UNDECANETHIOL; OXIDATION; ION; ADSORPTION; KINETICS AB The reductive desorption of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiols and mercaptoalkanoic acids from gold has been examined in various alkaline solutions and supporting electrolytes using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). The desorption exhibits two voltammetric waves: a large dominant wave and another smaller wave at more negative potentials. The appearance of two waves is due to the heterogeneity in the substrate crystallinity and/or in the packing state of the thiol molecules. The desorption charge is calculated after consideration of the charge required to establish the double layer of the uncoated electrode. The mass change per mole of electrons (mpe) for desorption is determined by comparing the frequency change with the total charge passed upon desorption. The mpe increases linearly with the chain length and has a slope close to the mass of CH2, as is expected for a one-electron process. In the case of alkanethiol desorption, however, the mpe is much smaller than the molar mass of the desorbed alkanethiol. This difference is attributed to the simultaneous adsorption of cation species from solution, which is supported by the observed cation dependence of mpe. We estimated the molar mass of the desorbed mercaptoalkanoic acid by summing the mass of this cation species and the mpe for the mercaptoalkanoic acid SAM. From the value thus calculated, we conclude that the terminal carboxylate of the SAM is associated with the solvated cation. The solvation numbers are determined to be 1.6, 2.4-3.0, and 0.2 for Li+, K+, and Cs+, respectively. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Earth Sci, Div Mat Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. Iowa State Univ, Microanalyt Instrumentat Ctr, USDA, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Shimazu, K (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Earth Sci, Div Mat Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. RI Shimazu, Katsuaki/D-4282-2013 NR 54 TC 103 Z9 103 U1 4 U2 39 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD DEC 12 PY 2000 VL 16 IS 25 BP 9830 EP 9840 DI 10.1021/la000756b PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 380VM UT WOS:000165724200025 ER PT J AU Pemberton, RW Strong, DR AF Pemberton, RW Strong, DR TI Safety data crucial for biological control insect agents SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, USDA, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Pemberton, RW (reprint author), ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, USDA, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 1 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 8 PY 2000 VL 290 IS 5498 BP 1896 EP 1897 DI 10.1126/science.290.5498.1896 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 382EL UT WOS:000165810000023 PM 11187043 ER PT J AU Lester, GE AF Lester, GE TI Polyamines and their cellular anti-senescence properties in honey dew muskmelon fruit SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chlorophyll; Cucumis melo (Inodorus group); hypodermal-mesocarp; malondialdehyde; lipoxygenase; phospholipase D ID POSTHARVEST STORAGE; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; THYLAKOID MEMBRANES; STABILIZATION; MATURATION AB Activated oxygen free radicals cause peroxidative damage to all membranes and hasten senescence. Polyamines (PAs) are effective scavengers of these free radicals produced by lipoxygenase (LOX) and phospholipase-D (PL-D). Five days prior to abscission (harvest), 'Honey Brew' (Cucumis melo L. (Inodorus group)) fruit have a change in the ratio of endogenous spermidine (SPD) to putrescine (PUT), from SPD > PUT to SPD < PUT, which coincides with the onset of fruit senescence. Hypodermalmesocarp tissues from harvested fruit incubated in mannitol with exogenous SPD or spermine, at 0.25 or 0.5 M, had more chlorophyll (less senescence) following 6 or 48 h of darkness than tissues incubated in mannitol without PAs. Polyamine-incubated tissues versus no Pn has less membrane peroxidation as indicated by less malondialdehyde production, and LOX and PL-D activities, and Less plasma membrane perturbation as indicated by greater Hf-ATPase activity, and protein and phospholipid contents. Prolonging the duration of endogenous SPD content, whereby, it is greater then PUT content, in harvested (fully-ripened) 'Honey Brew' fruit, could delay melon senescence and promote a longer marketable life. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 ARS, Kika de ka Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Lester, GE (reprint author), ARS, Kika de ka Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, USDA, 2413 E Bus Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 27 TC 39 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD DEC 7 PY 2000 VL 160 IS 1 BP 105 EP 112 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00369-1 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 392XY UT WOS:000166438900011 ER PT J AU Haskett, JD Pachepsky, YA Acock, B AF Haskett, JD Pachepsky, YA Acock, B TI Effect of climate and atmospheric change on soybean water stress: a study of Iowa SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE climate change; soybeans; water stress; water use efficiency; CO2 fertilization ID DIFFERENT CO2 ENVIRONMENTS; AGRONOMIC RESPONSES; TRANSIENT RESPONSES; SIMULATION-MODEL; ENRICHMENT FACE; GRADUAL CHANGES; SOIL-MOISTURE; CLAY SOIL; IRRIGATION; YIELD AB The anthropogenic increase in radiatively active gases in the atmosphere has been well documented, and there is evidence that suggests an impact of this increase on the earth's climate. Agriculture is vulnerable to climatic changes, and estimating the likely response to such changes is critical. The current work examines the impact of climate change on water stress during the critical periods of soybean [Glycine max (L.) merr.] reproductive development. This is a time of particular interest because soybeans at these stages are believed to be particularly vulnerable to water stress. Climate scenarios from three General Circulation Models (GCMs) were adapted to produce daily, simulated weather datasets for the nine climate centroids (in the state of Iowa). The GCMs were the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS), Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, and United Kingdom Meteorological Office (UKMO) models. Soil association datasets were created for two counties within each of the centroids. Simulations were performed for each county and each GCM at climate samples corresponding to climate change at 350, 450, 550, and 650 ppm atmospheric [CO2], using the mechanistic soybean physiology model GLYCIM. The model provided data on the probability and magnitude of water stress during the reproductive development stages of soybean crops. The results indicated that water stress was most severe during the R2-R5 stages under the UKMO scenarios, and became progressively more severe as climate change progressed. Although stress occurred under the GISS and GFDL scenarios, it did not increase with changing climate. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, NRI, RSML, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Haskett, JD (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Room 2181 Lefrak Hall, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 49 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD DEC 5 PY 2000 VL 135 IS 2-3 BP 265 EP 277 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00369-0 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 389PR UT WOS:000166247400009 ER PT J AU Schultz-Cherry, S Dybing, JK Davis, NL Williamson, C Suarez, DL Johnston, R Perdue, ML AF Schultz-Cherry, S Dybing, JK Davis, NL Williamson, C Suarez, DL Johnston, R Perdue, ML TI Influenza virus (A/HK/156/97) hemagglutinin expressed by an alphavirus replicon system protects chickens against lethal infection with Hong Kong-origin H5N1 viruses SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID OVO VACCINATION; VACCINES; IMMUNIZATION; GENE AB Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles (VRP) containing the gene expressing hemagglutinin (HA) from the human Hong Kong Influenza A isolate (A/HK/156/97) were evaluated as vaccines in chicken embryos and young chicks. Expressed HA was readily detected in bird-tissue staining with anti-H5 HA antibody and in chicken cells infected with the replicon preparations following immunoprecipitation with monoclonal antibody. Birds challenged with a dose of the lethal parent virus were protected to different extents depending on the age of the bird. in ovo and 1-day-old inoculated animals that received no boost with the VRP were partially protected; birds 2 weeks of age were completely protected with a single dose of VRP. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 ARS, SE Poultry REs Lab, USDA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Perdue, ML (reprint author), ARS, SE Poultry REs Lab, USDA, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. FU NINDS NIH HHS [R01NS26681] NR 18 TC 65 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD DEC 5 PY 2000 VL 278 IS 1 BP 55 EP 59 DI 10.1006/viro.2000.0635 PG 5 WC Virology SC Virology GA 383QU UT WOS:000165894500008 PM 11112481 ER PT J AU Frisvold, GB Caswell, MF AF Frisvold, GB Caswell, MF TI Transboundary water management - Game-theoretic lessons for projects on the US-Mexico border SO AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE transboundary water management; game theory; US-Mexico Border ID UNITED-STATES; INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY; REGION; COOPERATION; COMMISSION; CHALLENGES AB Of the twelve million people who live within 100 km of the US-Mexico border, 90 percent are clustered in transboundary sister cities that share common water sources and pollution problems. New institutions created to address environmental concerns over NAFTA offer the promise of greater financial and technical assistance for water management in border cities. This paper reviews US-Mexico border water issues and institutions. Using insights from game theory, it draws policy lessons for institutions funding border water projects. We examine how the design of assistance programs, technical support, and pre-existing water rights and regulations affect project outcomes. The diversity and geographic dispersion of water conflicts suggests potential for applying the interconnected game approach to US-Mexico water negotiations. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. JEL classification: Q250 - Renewable Resources and Conservation, Environmental Management: Water, Air, Climate; Q280 - Renewable Resources and Conservation, Environmental Management: Government Policy; D740 - Conflict, Conflict Resolution; D780 - Positive Analysis of Policy-Making and Implementation. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Prod Management & Technol Branch, Resource Econ Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Frisvold, GB (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Econ Bldg, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 36 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-5150 J9 AGR ECON JI Agric. Econ. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 24 IS 1 BP 101 EP 111 DI 10.1111/j.1574-0862.2000.tb00096.x PG 11 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 382XJ UT WOS:000165852400009 ER PT J AU Jamieson, PD Berntsen, J Ewert, F Kimball, BA Olesen, JE Pinter, PJ Porter, JR Semenov, MA AF Jamieson, PD Berntsen, J Ewert, F Kimball, BA Olesen, JE Pinter, PJ Porter, JR Semenov, MA TI Modelling CO2 effects on wheat with varying nitrogen supplies SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Food and Forestry: Global Change and Global Challenges CY SEP, 1999 CL UNIV READING, READING, ENGLAND SP Global Change & Terr Ecosyst, Elseviers Sci, Univ Reading, COST, NOAA, USAID, UNESCO, MAB, Royal Soc, Rockefeller Fdn, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Global Change, Nat Environm Res Council HO UNIV READING DE simulation; canopy; grain; photosynthesis; light-use efficiency ID ENRICHMENT FACE EXPERIMENT; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ENERGY-BALANCE; LEAF NITROGEN; CERES-WHEAT; CROP; TEMPERATURE; SIMULATION; RESPONSES; SIRIUS AB Crop simulation models are an essential tool for testing whether predicted global atmospheric changes are likely to have impact on food production. Any confidence in model predictions must be based on their ability successfully to predict performance in experiments. Accordingly, the predictions of three daily time step wheat simulation models (AFRCWHEAT2, FASSET and Sirius) were tested against data from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) experiments in AZ in which the amount of applied N and the atmospheric CO2 concentration were both varied. Although there were differences between predicted and observed yields, all the three models predicted yield trends with treatments very similar to those observed. They all predicted, both in absolute terms and in the magnitude of responses, very similar effects of the variations on green area index (GAI), shoot and grain biomass accumulation. and shoot and grain biomass yield to observations and to each other. Comparison of simulated and observed results showed that CO2 effects were expressed through effects on light use efficiency (LUE), whereas N effects were expressed by causing variations in GAI. The exercise showed that the models used have potential for assessing climate change impacts on wheat production. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 New Zealand Inst Crop & Food Res Ltd, Christchurch, New Zealand. Danish Inst Agr Sci, Dept Crop Physiol & Soil Sci, Tjele 8830, Denmark. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Agr Sci, Taastrup, Denmark. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ USA. Univ Bristol, Dept Agr Sci, IACR, Long Ashton Res Stn, Bristol BS41 9AF, Avon, England. RP Jamieson, PD (reprint author), New Zealand Inst Crop & Food Res Ltd, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand. RI Porter, John/F-9290-2014; Olesen, Jorgen/C-2905-2016 OI Porter, John/0000-0002-0777-3028; Olesen, Jorgen/0000-0002-6639-1273 NR 24 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 82 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 27 EP 37 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00214-0 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 380ZW UT WOS:000165738700004 ER PT J AU Zobeck, TM Parker, NC Haskell, S Guoding, K AF Zobeck, TM Parker, NC Haskell, S Guoding, K TI Scaling up from field to region for wind erosion prediction using a field-scale wind erosion model and GIS SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Food and Forestry: Global Change and Global Challenges CY SEP, 1999 CL UNIV READING, READING, ENGLAND SP Global Change & Terr Ecosyst, Elseviers Sci, Univ Reading, COST, NOAA, USAID, UNESCO, MAB, Royal Soc, Rockefeller Fdn, Ctr Ecol & Hydrol, Global Change, Nat Environm Res Council HO UNIV READING DE erosion; soil texture; land use classification; erosion models ID SOIL PROPERTIES; INPUT AB Factors that affect wind erosion such as surface vegetative and other cover, soil properties and surface roughness usually change spatially and temporally at the field-scale to produce important field-scale variations in wind erosion. Accurate estimation of wind erosion when scaling up from fields to regions, while maintaining meaningful field-scale process details, remains a challenge. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of using a field-scale wind erosion model with a geographic information system (GIS) to scale up to regional levels and to quantify the differences in wind erosion estimates produced by different scales of soil mapping used as a data layer in the model. A GIS was used in combination with the revised wind erosion equation (RWEQ), a field-scale wind erosion model, to estimate wind erosion for two 50 km(2) areas. Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite imagery from 1993 with 30 m resolution was used as a base map. The GIS database layers included land use, soils, and other features such as roads. The major land use was agricultural fields. Data on 1993 crop management for selected fields of each crop type were collected from local government agency offices and used to 'train' the computer to classify land areas by crop and type of irrigation (agroecosystem) using commercially available software. The land area of the agricultural land uses was overestimated by 6.5% in one region (Lubbock County, TX, USA) and underestimated by about 21% in an adjacent region (Terry County, TX, USA). The total estimated wind erosion potential for Terry County was about four times that estimated for adjacent Lubbock County. The difference in potential erosion among the counties was attributed to regional differences in surface soil texture. Ln a comparison of different soil map scales in Terry County, the generalised soil map had over 20% more of the land area and over 15% greater erosion potential in loamy sand soils than did the detailed soil map. As a result, the wind erosion potential determined using the generalised soil map was about 26% greater than the erosion potential estimated by using the detailed soil map in Terry County. This study demonstrates the feasibility of scaling up from fields to regions to estimate wind erosion potential by coupling a field-scale wind erosion model with GIS and identifies possible sources of error with this approach. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Wind Eros & Water Conservat Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. USGS, Biol Resources Div, Texas Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Lubbock, TX USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Desert Res Inst, Lanzhou, Peoples R China. RP Zobeck, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Wind Eros & Water Conservat Res Unit, 3810 4th St, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RI Zobeck, Ted/A-6126-2012 NR 34 TC 32 Z9 41 U1 4 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 82 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 247 EP 259 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00229-2 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 380ZW UT WOS:000165738700019 ER PT J AU Schoettle, AW Rochelle, SG AF Schoettle, AW Rochelle, SG TI Morphological variation of Pinus flexilis (Pinaceae), a bird-dispersed pine, across a range of elevations SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE acclimation; adaptation; altitude; fundamental niche; limber pine; phenotypic plasticity; Pinaceae; Pinus albicaulis; realized niche; stomatal density ID CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; COLORADO FRONT RANGE; LIMBER PINE; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; CLARKS NUTCRACKER; HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS; METROSIDEROS-POLYMORPHA; PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; ALTITUDINAL GRADIENT AB Limber pine (Pinus flexilis James) grows across a wider range of elevations than any other tree species in the central Rockies, from similar to 1600 m at Pawnee Buttes to >3300 m at Rollins Pass. In this study we investigated two possible explanations for limber pine's success across a broad range of elevations: (1) the sites on which it is found, although separated by >1000 m elevation, may not be very different with respect to environmental factors that affect tree growth, and (2) limber pine growth is insensitive to environmental factors that change with elevation. We compared site characteristics of 12 limber pine stands at elevations ranging from 1630 to 3328 m as well as the growth and morphology of trees in each of these stands. Mean daily air temperature in July decreased linearly with the elevation of the site from 22.8 degrees to 12.6 degreesC. The growth and morphology of limber pine leaves. shoots, and trees were, in general, not related to the elevation or July mean air temperature of the sites. There was, however, a significant decrease in stomatal density with increasing elevation, which may be an acclimational response to restrict water loss at high elevations. Our data suggest that the fundamental and realized niche of limber pine is broad with respect to air temperature. In light of the high gene flow and only slight genetic differentiation among populations of species with bird-dispersed seeds, such as limber pine, it is especially unusual to see similar growth throughout an environmental gradient. Physiological and anatomical plasticity or wide physiological tolerance ranges may enable limber pine to uncouple its growth from its environment. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Schoettle, AW (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM Schoettl@lamar.colostate.edu NR 82 TC 56 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 16 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI ST LOUIS PA PO BOX 299, ST LOUIS, MO 63166-0299 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 87 IS 12 BP 1797 EP 1806 DI 10.2307/2656832 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 384RE UT WOS:000165958000009 PM 11118417 ER PT J AU Taylor, A Moeller, S AF Taylor, A Moeller, S TI Fat cat(aract) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID BODY-MASS INDEX; BEAVER DAM EYE; LENS OPACITIES; RISK-FACTORS; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; CATARACT; AGE; PROGRESSION; PREVALENCE C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Taylor, A (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [T32AG00209] NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 72 IS 6 BP 1417 EP 1418 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 377WJ UT WOS:000165549000002 PM 11101464 ER PT J AU Butte, NF Wong, WW Hopkinson, JM Heinz, CJ Mehta, NR Smith, EO AF Butte, NF Wong, WW Hopkinson, JM Heinz, CJ Mehta, NR Smith, EO TI Energy requirements derived from total energy expenditure and energy deposition during the first 2 y of life SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE energy requirements; energy expenditure; energy deposition; doubly labeled water; sleeping metabolic rate; physical activity level; infants; toddlers ID DOUBLY-LABELED WATER; FORMULA-FED INFANTS; BREAST-FED INFANTS; ISOTOPE RATIO MEASUREMENTS; INDIRECT CALORIMETRY; BODY-COMPOSITION; PRETERM INFANTS; (H2O)-H-2-O-18 METHOD; 12-WEEK-OLD INFANTS; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY AB Background: Current recommendations for energy intake of children are derived from observed intakes. Deriving energy requirements on the basis of energy expenditure and deposition is scientifically more rational than is using the observational approach and is now possible with data on total energy expenditure (TEE), growth, and body composition. Objectives: The objectives of this study were 1) to define energy requirements during the first 2 y of life on the basis of TEE and energy deposition; 2) to test effects of sex, age, and feeding mode on energy requirements; and 3) to determine physical activity. Design: TEE, sleeping metabolic rate, anthropometry, and body composition were measured in 76 infants. TEE was measured with doubly labeled water, sleeping metabolic rate with respiratory calorimetry, and body composition with a multicomponent model. Results: Total energy requirements were 2.23, 2.59, 2.97, 3.38, 3.72, and 4.15 MJ/d at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 mo, respectively. Energy deposition tin MJ/d) decreased significantly over time (P = 0.001) and was lower in breast-fed than in formula-fed infants (P = 0.01). Energy requirements were approximate to 80% of current recommendations. Energy requirements differed by age (P = 0.001), feeding group (P = 0.03), and sex (P = 0.03). Adjusted for weight or fat-free mass and fat mass, energy requirements still differed by feeding group but not by age or sex. Temperament and motor development did not affect TEE. Conclusion: The TEE and energy-deposition data of these healthy, thriving children provide strong evidence that current recommendations for energy intake in the first 2 y of life should be revised. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Butte, NF (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM nbutte@bcm.tmc.edu NR 52 TC 91 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 72 IS 6 BP 1558 EP 1569 PG 12 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 377WJ UT WOS:000165549000024 PM 11101486 ER PT J AU Davis, TA Nguyen, HV Suryawan, A Bush, JA Jefferson, LS Kimball, SR AF Davis, TA Nguyen, HV Suryawan, A Bush, JA Jefferson, LS Kimball, SR TI Developmental changes in the feeding-induced stimulation of translation initiation in muscle of neonatal pigs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE protein synthesis; growth; insulin; eukaryotic initiation factor 4E; liver ID RAT SKELETAL-MUSCLE; POLYPEPTIDE-CHAIN INITIATION; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; SUCKLING RATS; AMINO-ACIDS; MESSENGER-RNA; FACTOR EIF-4E; FOOD-INTAKE; MAP KINASE; FACTOR 4E AB The rapid gain in skeletal muscle mass in the neonate is associated with a marked elevation in skeletal muscle protein synthesis in response to feeding. The feeding-induced response decreases with development. To determine whether the response to feeding is regulated at the level of translation initiation, the expression, phosphorylation, and function of a number of eukaryotic initiation factors (eIF) were examined. Pigs at 7 and 26 days of age were either fasted overnight or fed porcine milk after an overnight fast. In muscle of 7-day-old pigs, the hyperphosphorylated form of the eIF4E repressor protein, 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), was undetectable in the fasting state but rose to 60% of total 4E-BP1 after feeding; eIF4E phosphorylation was unaffected by feeding status. The amount of eIF4E in the inactive 4E-BP1.eIF4E complex was reduced by 80%, and the amount of eIF4E in the active eIF4E.eIF4G complex was increased 14-fold in muscle of 7-day-old pigs after feeding. The amount of 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 (p70(S6)) kinase in the hyperphosphorylated form rose 2.5-fold in muscle of 7-day-old pigs after feeding. Each of these feeding-induced responses was blunted in muscle of 26-day-old pigs. eIF2B activity in muscle was unaffected by feeding status but decreased with development. Feeding produced similar changes in eIF characteristics in liver and muscle; however, the developmental changes in liver were not as apparent as in skeletal muscle. Thus the results demonstrate that the developmental change in the acute stimulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis by feeding is regulated by the availability of eIF4E for 48S ribosomal complex formation. The results further suggest that the overall developmental decline in skeletal muscle protein synthesis involves regulation by eIF2B. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Penn State Univ, Coll Med, Dept Cellular & Mol Physiol, Hershey, PA 17033 USA. RP Davis, TA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR-44474, R01 AR044474] NR 57 TC 79 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 279 IS 6 BP E1226 EP E1234 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA 377BM UT WOS:000165492100003 PM 11093908 ER PT J AU Burrin, DG Stoll, B Jiang, R Petersen, Y Elnif, J Buddington, RK Schmidt, M Holst, JJ Hartmann, B Sangild, PT AF Burrin, DG Stoll, B Jiang, R Petersen, Y Elnif, J Buddington, RK Schmidt, M Holst, JJ Hartmann, B Sangild, PT TI GLP-2 stimulates intestinal growth in premature TPN-fed pigs by suppressing proteolysis and apoptosis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE protein synthesis; protein degradation; total parenteral nutrition; preterm infants ID GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-2; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; MUCOSAL; ENTEROGLUCAGON; RESECTION AB We wished to determine whether exogenous glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-2 infusion stimulates intestinal growth in parenterally fed immature pigs. Piglets (106-108 days gestation) were given parenteral nutrient infusion (TPN), TPN + human GLP-2 (25 nmol.kg(-1).day(-1)), or sow's milk enterally (ENT) for 6 days. Intestinal protein synthesis was then measured in vivo after a bolus dose of [1-C-13] phenylalanine, and degradation was calculated from the difference between protein accretion and synthesis. Crypt cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured in situ by 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), respectively. Intestinal protein and DNA accretion rates and villus heights were similar in GLP-2 and ENT pigs, and both were higher (P < 0.05) than in TPN pigs. GLP-2 decreased fractional protein degradation rate, whereas ENT increased fractional protein synthesis rate compared with TPN pigs. Percentage of TUNEL-positive cells in GLP-2 and ENT groups was 48 and 64% lower, respectively, than in TPN group (P, 0.05). However, ENT, but not GLP-2, increased percentage of BrdU-positive crypt cells above that in TPN piglets. We conclude that GLP-2 increases intestinal growth in premature, TPN-fed pigs by decreasing proteolysis and apoptosis, whereas enteral nutrition acts via increased protein synthesis and cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis. C1 Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Hlth, Div Nutr, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark. Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat,Baylor Coll Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Univ Copenhagen, Dept Med Physiol, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Sangild, PT (reprint author), Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Hlth, Div Nutr, 13 Bulowsvej, DK-1870 Copenhagen, Denmark. FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01-HD-33920] NR 31 TC 84 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1857 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-GASTR L JI Am. J. Physiol.-Gastroint. Liver Physiol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 279 IS 6 BP G1249 EP G1256 PG 8 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Physiology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Physiology GA 377HH UT WOS:000165507700016 PM 11093948 ER PT J AU Frank, GH Duff, GC AF Frank, GH Duff, GC TI Effects of tilmicosin phosphate, administered prior to transport or at time of arrival, and feeding of chlortetracycline, after arrival in a feedlot, on Mannheimia haemolytica in nasal secretions of transported steers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MACROLIDE ANTIBIOTIC TILMICOSIN; BOVINE RESPIRATORY-DISEASE; PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA; CALF PNEUMONIA; INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; TRACT DISEASE; CALVES; COLONIZATION; EFFICACY; TONSILS AB Objective-To determine effects of time of administration of tilmicosin and feeding of chlortetracycline on colonization of the nasopharynx of transported cattle by Mannheimia haemolytica (MH). Animals-454 steers (body weight, 200 kg). Procedure-3 studies included 4 truckloads of steers assembled and processed in the southeastern United States. for each truckload of steers, a third received tilmicosin before transportation (PRIOR), then ail were transported to a feedlot in New Mexico (23 hours). Al arrival (day 0), another third received tilmicosin (ARR). The remaining third did not receive tilmicosin (control steers [CTR]). Steers in studies 1 and 2 were housed in a feedlot, and steers in study 3 were housed on wheal pasture. One half of the steers from each group in studies 2 and 3 were fed chlortetracycline on days 5 to 9. Steer with signs of respiratory tract disease were treated. Nasal swab specimens were examined for MH to determine colonization. Results-PRIOR and ARR steers had a lower incidence of respiratory tract disease and MH colonization than CTR steers, but PRIOR and ARR steers did not differ. Feeding chlortetracycline did not have an effect. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Tilmicosin can inhibit MH from colonizing the nasopharynx of cattle. Because tilmicosin inhibits the growth of MH in the respiratory tract, medication with tilmicosin prior to transport should reduce the incidence of acute respiratory tract disease during the first week at the feedlot when calves are most susceptible to infectious organisms. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Clayton, NM 88415 USA. RP Frank, GH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 61 IS 12 BP 1479 EP 1483 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1479 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 380ZZ UT WOS:000165739000002 PM 11131584 ER PT J AU Pelan-Mattocks, LS Kehrli, ME Casey, TA Goff, JP AF Pelan-Mattocks, LS Kehrli, ME Casey, TA Goff, JP TI Fecal shedding of coliform bacteria during the periparturient period in dairy cows SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BOVINE INTERFERON-GAMMA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION; NEUTROPHIL FUNCTION; CLINICAL MASTITIS; MAMMARY-GLAND; DRY PERIOD; O157-H7; HYPOCALCEMIA; PREVALENCE AB Objective-To determine whether numbers of coliform bacteria in feces of dairy cattle changed during the periparturient period and whether fluctuations were associated with changes in dry-matter intake. Animals-12 healthy Holstein cows. Procedure-Fecal samples were collected on a semiregular basis (ie, 3 to 7 times/wk) beginning 4 to 6 weeks before the anticipated parturition dale and continuing through the third day (5 cows) or second week (7 cows) after parturition, and total numbers of fecal coliform bacteria were determined. Daily feed intake of 7 cows was monitored. Results-For 11 cows, fecal coliform bacterial counts between 34 and 25 days prior to parturition were low and relatively constant (< 10(2) change in number of bacteria). Coliform bacteria were not detected in 4 to 8% of fecal samples from 10 cows. All cows had a 10(4) to 10(7) increase in number of colony forming units/g of feces near the time of parturition. Number of fecal coliform bacteria peaked within 7 days of parturition in 9 cows and within 12 days of parturition in 3. Number of fecal coliform bacteria was not correlated with feed intake. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Cows may have large increases in fecal coli form bacteria count during the periparturient period; however, periparturient cows do not continually shed high numbers of coliform bacteria, and coliform bacteria may not always be detectable by conventional culture methods. Changes in fecal coliform bacteria count did not correlate with changes in dry-matter intake. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:1636-1638). C1 Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, Metab Dis & Immunol Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Kehrli, ME (reprint author), Pfizer Global Res & Dev, Vet Med Pharmaceut Discovery, Terre Haute Labs, Terre Haute, IN 47808 USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 61 IS 12 BP 1636 EP 1638 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.1636 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 380ZZ UT WOS:000165739000030 PM 11131612 ER PT J AU Haag, WR Warren, ML AF Haag, WR Warren, ML TI Effects of light and presence of fish on lure display and larval release behaviours in two species of freshwater mussels SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID LIFE-HISTORY; HOST FISHES; BIVALVIA; UNIONIDAE; GLOCHIDIA; MOLLUSCA; UNIONOIDEA; VIRGINIA; CONRAD; RIVER AB We investigated how two sympatric species of freshwater mussels transmit their parasitic larvae to fish hosts. We found that Villosa nebulosa and V. vibex both display large mantle lures to attract potential host fish, but V. nebulosa displayed only at night and V. vibex displayed mostly by day. Display periods were similar in the laboratory and in the field. In two laboratory experiments, we found that the frequency of lure display in both mussel species was unrelated to the presence of fish or to the species of fish present. However, both species released more larvae in the presence of a suitable host fish (Micropterus spp.) and a nonhost species (Cyprinella camura) than in the absence of fish. In all treatments, females released low numbers of larvae on a daily basis throughout the experiment. We also observed several, irregularly occurring major release events in which numbers of larvae released were from one to three orders of magnitude larger than minor, daily releases. In V. nebulosa, major releases occurred with suitable and nonsuitable host species; in V. vibex major releases occurred mostly with suitable host species. In an additional laboratory experiment, we found that V. vibex released large numbers of larvae only when the host fish was able to make physical contact with the mussel. Few larvae were released when no fish were present or when host fish were present but physical access to the mussel was restricted. These results show that, in mussel species that display lures, physical interaction with a fish is necessary to stimulate large releases of larvae and suggest that interactions with a suitable host species stimulate larger and more frequent releases than with nonhosts. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Haag, WR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods Res, 1000 Front St, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 60 BP 879 EP 886 DI 10.1006/anbe.2000.1549 PN 6 PG 8 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 457XE UT WOS:000170162100019 ER PT J AU Sonstegard, TS Garrett, WM Bennett, GL Kappes, SM Zarlenga, DS Gasbarre, L AF Sonstegard, TS Garrett, WM Bennett, GL Kappes, SM Zarlenga, DS Gasbarre, L TI Mapping of seven bovine cytokine genes involved in T-lymphocyte growth, differentiation and immune response SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID CLONES C1 ARS, USDA, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Sonstegard, TS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 31 IS 6 BP 406 EP 408 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2000.00678.x PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 399DQ UT WOS:000166796400011 PM 11167530 ER PT J AU Johnson, LA Weitze, KF Fiser, P Maxwell, WMC AF Johnson, LA Weitze, KF Fiser, P Maxwell, WMC TI Storage of boar semen (vol 62, pg 143, 2000) SO ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Correction C1 USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Tierarztlichen Hsch Hannover, Inst Reprod Med, D-3000 Hannover, Germany. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Ctr Food & Anim Res, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Univ Sydney, Dept Anim Sci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. RP Johnson, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4320 J9 ANIM REPROD SCI JI Anim. Reprod. Sci. PD DEC 1 PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 133 EP 134 DI 10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00200-1 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology GA 377JN UT WOS:000165510600014 ER PT J AU Kim, YJ Liu, RH Bond, DR Russell, JB AF Kim, YJ Liu, RH Bond, DR Russell, JB TI Effect of linoleic acid concentration on conjugated linoleic acid production by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens A38 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACIDS; RUMEN BACTERIA; MILK AB Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens A38 inocula were inhibited by as little as 15 muM linoleic acid (LA), but growing cultures tolerated 10-fold more LA before growth was inhibited. Growing cultures did not produce significant amounts of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) until the LA concentration was high enough to inhibit biohydrogenation, growth was inhibited, and lysis was enhanced. Washed-cell suspensions that were incubated anaerobically with 350 muM LA converted most of the LA to hydrogenated products, and little CLA was detected. When the washed-cell suspensions were incubated aerobically, biohydrogenation was inhibited, CLA production was at least twofold greater, and CLA persisted. The LA isomerase reaction was very rapid, but the LA isomerase did not recycle like a normal enzyme to catalyze more substrate. Cells that were preincubated with CLA lost their ability to produce more CLA from LA and the CLA accumulation was directly proportional (r(2) = 0.98) to the initial cell density. Growing cells were as sensitive to CLA as LA the LA isomerase and reductases of biohydrogenation were Linked, and free CLA was not released. Because growing cultures of B, fibrisolvens A38 did not produce significant amounts of CLA until the LA concentration was high, biohydrogenation was arrested, and the cell density had declined, the flow of CLA from the rumen may be due to LA-dependent bacterial inactivation, death, or lysis. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Liu, Rui Hai/C-2865-2008; OI Bond, Daniel/0000-0001-8083-7107 NR 30 TC 126 Z9 142 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 66 IS 12 BP 5226 EP 5230 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.12.5226-5230.2000 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 404QP UT WOS:000167112400020 PM 11097894 ER PT J AU Miller, WG Bates, AH Horn, ST Brandl, MT Wachtel, MR Mandrell, RE AF Miller, WG Bates, AH Horn, ST Brandl, MT Wachtel, MR Mandrell, RE TI Detection on surfaces and in Caco-2 cells of Campylobacter jejuni cells transformed with new gfp, yfp, and cfp marker plasmids SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GENE-EXPRESSION; INTRACELLULAR SURVIVAL; RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI; HEP-2 CELLS; PROMOTER; VECTORS AB We have developed two sets of Campylobacter shuttle vectors containing either the gfp (green fluorescent protein), yfp (yellow fluorescent protein), or cfp (cyan fluorescent protein) reporter gene. In one set, the reporter gene is fused to a consensus Campylobacter promoter sequence (P-c), The other set contains a pUC18 multicloning site upstream of the reporter gene, allowing the construction of transcriptional fusions using known promoters or random genomic fragments. C. jejuni cells transformed with the P-c fusion plasmids are strongly fluorescent and easily visualized on chicken skin, on plant tissue, and within infected Caco-2 cells. In each C. jejuni strain tested, these plasmids were maintained over several passages in the absence of antibiotic selection. Also, in many C. jejuni strains, >91% of the cells transformed with the P-c fusion plasmids remained fluorescent after several days. Experiments with yellow fluorescent and cyan fluorescent C. jejuni transformants suggest that aggregates containing two or more strains of C. jejuni may be present in an enrichment broth culture. Colonies arising from these aggregates would be heterologous in nature; therefore, isolation of a pure culture of C. jejuni, by selecting single colonies, from an environmental sample may not always yield a single strain. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety & Hlth Res Unit, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Miller, WG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety & Hlth Res Unit, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 51 TC 98 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 66 IS 12 BP 5426 EP 5436 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.12.5426-5436.2000 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 404QP UT WOS:000167112400050 PM 11097924 ER PT J AU Sharma, VK Carlson, SA AF Sharma, VK Carlson, SA TI Simultaneous detection of Salmonella strains and Escherichia coli O157 : H7 with fluorogenic PCR and single-enrichment-broth culture SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; UNITED-STATES; MULTIPLEX PCR; ASSAYS; TAQMAN AB A multiplex fluorogenic PCR assay for simultaneous detection of pathogenic Salmonella strains and Escherichia coli O157:H7 was developed and evaluated for use in detecting very low levels of these pathogens in meat and feces. Two sets of primers were used to amplify a junctional segment of virulence genes sipB and sipC of Salmonella and an intragenic segment of gene eae off. call O157:H7. Fluorogenic reporter probes were included in the PCR assay for automated and specific detection of amplified products. The assay could detect < 10 CFU of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium or E. coli O157:H7 per g of meat or feces artificially inoculated with these pathogens and cultured for 6 to 18 h in a single enrichment broth. Detection of amplification products could be completed in 4 h after enrichment. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Pre Harvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Sharma, VK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Pre Harvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM vsharma@nadc.ars.usda.gov NR 13 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 66 IS 12 BP 5472 EP 5476 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.12.5472-5476.2000 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 404QP UT WOS:000167112400056 PM 11097930 ER PT J AU Sarker, MR Shivers, RP Sparks, SG Juneja, VK McClane, BA AF Sarker, MR Shivers, RP Sparks, SG Juneja, VK McClane, BA TI Comparative experiments to examine the effects of heating on vegetative cells and spores of Clostridium perfringens isolates carrying plasmid enterotoxin genes versus chromosomal enterotoxin genes (vol 66, pg 3234, 2000) SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet & Biochem, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Sarker, MR (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Mol Genet & Biochem, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 66 IS 12 BP 5549 EP 5549 DI 10.1128/AEM.66.12.5549-5549.2000 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 404QP UT WOS:000167112400075 ER PT J AU Hessburg, PF Salter, RB Richmond, MB Smith, BG AF Hessburg, P. F. Salter, R. B. Richmond, M. B. Smith, B. G. TI Ecological subregions of the Interior Columbia Basin, USA SO APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Hierarchy theory; Interior Columbia River Basin; Land system inventory; Land unit hierarchy; Regional assessment; Regionalization; Reference condition; Representativeness assessment AB . Land evaluations are not always conducted with adequate understanding of the relevant geologic and climatic contexts and their appropriate scales. This understanding is essential for developing representative sampling, monitoring, and conservation designs, and for pooling results of landscape analysis. To provide context for several regions of the interior northwestern United States, we conducted an ecoregion classification of the interior Columbia River Basin and vicinity (the Basin). We grouped land units that are influenced by the same higher order geology and landform features, and share similar areal composition of potential vegetation and climate attributes. We used the TWINSPAN procedure to group 7496 watersheds of the Basin into 53 ecological subregions. We evaluated the contribution of attributes to group separation by discriminant analysis, and evaluated subregion robustness to prediction by cross-validation. Classification accuracy ranged from 80-97% across the subregions. All watersheds were classified to a subregion, and there were strong resemblances between members of adjacent subregions. Subregions with strong resemblances shared a similar composition of attributes, but differed in relative abundance and attribute combinations. We evaluated the geologic and climatic context of each subregion considering four levels in a nested land unit hierarchy. Most subregions nested at one of at least four scales, but some overlapped. Our results suggest that observation levels for a given ecological phenomenon need not be nested within their appropriate context levels, and across broad geographic areas context of the same phenomenon occurs at different scales. C1 [Hessburg, P. F.; Salter, R. B.; Richmond, M. B.] US Forest Serv, USDA, PNW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. [Smith, B. G.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Bend, OR 97701 USA. RP Hessburg, PF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, PNW Res Stn, 1133 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. EM phessburg@fs.fed.us FU USDA Forest Service, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project; Pacific Northwest Region; Washington Office - Ecosystem Management Corporate Team; Flathead and Wenatchee National Forests; Pacific Northwest Research Station FX Financial support for this study was provided by the USDA Forest Service, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project, the Pacific Northwest Region, the Washington Office - Ecosystem Management Corporate Team, the Flathead and Wenatchee National Forests, and the Pacific Northwest Research Station. Thanks go to T. F. H. Allen, R. E. Keane, R. P. Neilson, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful reviews of earlier drafts. NR 65 TC 14 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1402-2001 J9 APPL VEG SCI JI Appl. Veg. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 3 IS 2 BP 163 EP 180 DI 10.2307/1478995 PG 18 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA V25IS UT WOS:000208472300004 ER PT J AU Pfeiffer, TJ Rusch, KA AF Pfeiffer, TJ Rusch, KA TI An integrated system for microalgal and nursery seed clam culture SO AQUACULTURAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Mercenaria mercenaria; microalgae; bivalve nursery; recirculation ID BIOCHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; MERCENARIA-MERCENARIA; GROWTH AB A PC-controlled integrated system for the production of algae and culture of northern quahog seed was constructed. The diatom, Chaetoceros muelleri, was cultured in covered 550 l tanks. The harvested alga was the food source for the land-based nursery seed clam system. The nursery clam system consisted of six culture units constructed of clear PVC tubing, a 400 l feed reservoir, a solids separator, and a bead filter (0.03 m(3)). The culture units were 5 cm in diameter and 76 cm in height. The total system volume was 450 l and the recirculation flow rate was 40 Ipm. Components of the computer control system include a laptop computer, a multiport connector, analog to digital converter (ADC) boards, and solid-state relays for each control output. Sampling, harvesting, refilling, and redosing of the algal chambers, seed clam feeding operations, cleaning of the seed bed by increased fluid flow, purging of the separator wastes, and backflushing of the bead filter were all computer controlled. The integrated system was tested using Mercenaria seed clams. The initial shell length of the seed clams were 2.5 (+/- 0.5) mm, and were stocked at a density of 3.0 g whole wet weight cm(-2). During 83 days of culture using the system the seed clams were sorted twice and reached an average shell length of 7.9 (+/- 0.8) mm. The percentage of survival percent was determined at different stages of growth during the culture period and ranged from 67.3 to 88.0%. (C) Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Georgia, Shellfish Aquaculture Lab, Marine Extens Serv, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Pfeiffer, TJ (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Aquaculture Syst Res Unit, Dept Agr, 1200 N Univ Dr,Mail Slot 4912, Pine Bluff, AR 71601 USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8609 J9 AQUACULT ENG JI Aquac. Eng. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 24 IS 1 BP 15 EP 31 DI 10.1016/S0144-8609(00)00063-7 PG 17 WC Agricultural Engineering; Fisheries SC Agriculture; Fisheries GA 378HJ UT WOS:000165578700002 ER PT J AU Lee, SE Campbell, BC AF Lee, SE Campbell, BC TI In vitro metabolism of aflatoxin B-1 by larvae of navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Insecta, lepidoptera, pyralidae) and codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Amyelois transitella; Cydia pomonella; aflatoxin B-1; aflatoxicol; aflatoxin B-2; aflatoxin M-1; cytochrome P150-dependent monooxygenase; reductase; dehydrogenase ID BETA-NAPHTHOFLAVONE; COVALENT BINDING; PISTACHIO NUTS; LIVER-CANCER; HUMAN-PLASMA; GLUTATHIONE; DNA; INVITRO; INVIVO; RAT AB Larvae of the navel orangeworm (NOW) Amyelois transitella (Walker), a major pest of almonds and pistachios, and the codling moth (CM), Cydia pomonella (L.), the principal pest of walnuts and pome fruits, are commonly found in tree nut kernels that can be contaminated with aflatoxin, a potent carcinogen. The ability of larvae of these insects to metabolize aflatoxin B-1 (AFB1) was examined. A field strain of NOW produced three AFB1 biotransformation products, chiefly aflatoxicol (AFL), and minor amounts of aflatoxin B-2a, (AFB2a) and aflatoxin M-1 (APM1). With AFL as a substrate, NOW larvae produced AFB1 and aflatoxicol M-1 (AFLM1). A lab strain of CM larvae produced no detectable levels of AFB1 biotransformation products in comparison to a field strain which produced trace amounts of only AFL. Neither NOW nor CM produced AFB(1)-8,9-epoxide (AFBO), the principal carcinogenic metabolite of AFB1. In comparison, metabolism of AFB1 by chicken liver yielded mainly AFL, whereas mouse liver produced mostly AFM1 at a rate eightfold greater than AFL. Mouse liver also produced AFBO. The relatively high production of AFL by NOW compared to CM may reflect an adaptation to detoxify AFB1. NOW larvae frequently inhabit environments highly contaminated with fungi and, hence, aflatoxin. Only low amounts, if any, of this mycotoxin occur in the chief CM hosts, walnuts, and pome fruits. Characterizations of enzymes and co-factors involved in biotransformation of AFB1 are discussed. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 45:166-174, 2000. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger). C1 ARS, Plant Protect Res Unit, WRRC, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Campbell, BC (reprint author), ARS, Plant Protect Res Unit, WRRC, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. OI Lee, Sung-Eun/0000-0001-7690-9956 NR 32 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 45 IS 4 BP 166 EP 174 DI 10.1002/1520-6327(200012)45:4<166::AID-ARCH4>3.0.CO;2-8 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 406FZ UT WOS:000167205400004 PM 11223936 ER PT J AU Asztalos, BF Roheim, PS Milani, RL Lefevre, M McNamara, JR Horvath, KV Schaefer, EJ AF Asztalos, BF Roheim, PS Milani, RL Lefevre, M McNamara, JR Horvath, KV Schaefer, EJ TI Distribution of apoA-I-containing HDL subpopulations in patients with coronary heart disease SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HDL subpopulations; coronary heart disease; lipids; lipoproteins; apolipoproteins ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; ARTERY DISEASE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; PHYSIOLOGICAL-ROLE; RISK FACTOR; FOLLOW-UP; CHOLESTEROL; SUBFRACTIONS; SUBCLASSES AB High density lipoproteins (HDLs) and their subspecies play a role in the development of coronary heart disease (CHD). HDL subpopulations were measured by 2-dimensional nondenaturing gel electrophoresis in 79 male control subjects and 76 male CHD patients to test the hypothesis that,greater differences in apolipoprotein (apo)A-I-containing HDL subpopulations would exist between these 2, groups than for traditional lipid levels. In CHD subjects, HDL cholesterol HDL-C) was lower (-14%, P<0.001), whereas total cholesterol and the low density lipoprotein cholesterol/HDL-C ratio were higher (9% [P<0.05] and 21%[P<0.01], respectively) compared with control levels. No significant differences were found for low: density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and apoA-I levels. In CHD subjects, there were significantly (P<0.001) lower concentrations of the large lipoprotein (Lp)A-I alpha (1) (-35%), pre-alpha (1) (-50%), pre-alpha (2) (-33%) and pre-alpha (3) (-31%) subpopulations, whereas the concentrations of the small LpA-I/A-II alpha (3), particles were significantly (P<0.001) higher (20%). Because (1) was decreased more than HDL-C and plasma apoA-I concentrations in CHD subjects, the ratios of HDL-C to alpha (1) and of apoA-I to alpha (1) were significantly (P<0.001) higher by 36% and 57% respectively, compared with control values. Subjects with low HDL-C levels (35 mg/dL) have different distributions of apoA-I-containing HDL subpopulations than do subjects with normal HDL-C levels (>35 mg/dL). Therefore, We stratified participants according to HDL-C concentrations into low and normal groups. The differences in lipid levels between controls and HDL-C-matched cases substantially decreased; however, the significant differences in HDL subspecies remained. Our research findings support the concept that compared with control subjects, CHD patients not only have HDL deficiency but also have a major rearrangement in the HDL subpopulations with significantly lower alpha (1) and pre-alpha (1-3) (LpA-I) and significantly higher alpha (3) (LpA-I/A-II) particles. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Metab Diabet & Mol Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Alton Ochsner Hosp, Div Cardiol, New Orleans, LA USA. Pennington Biomed Res Ctr, Baton Rouge, LA USA. RP Asztalos, BF (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Milani, Richard/A-6045-2011; Lefevre, Michael/B-5030-2014 OI Lefevre, Michael/0000-0002-2046-3593 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL064738, HL-56160] NR 45 TC 141 Z9 157 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 20 IS 12 BP 2670 EP 2676 PG 7 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 383EJ UT WOS:000165869900034 PM 11116070 ER PT J AU Fadly, AM AF Fadly, AM TI Isolation and identification of avian leukosis viruses: a review SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Review ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; SUBGROUP-J; SARCOMA-VIRUSES; ENV GENE; CONGENITAL TRANSMISSION; MYELOID LEUKOSIS; HPRS-103 STRAIN; ANTIGEN ELISA; INFECTION AB Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is the most common naturally occurring avian retrovirus that can cause a variety of neoplastic disease conditions in chickens. In addition to causing neoplasia, ALV is known to be associated with reduced productivity and other production problems in affected flocks. Biological and molecular assays for the detection of ALV are very useful in identification and classification of new isolates, safety testing of vaccines and in testing pathogen-free and other breeder flocks for freedom of virus infection. However, such assays are not particularly helpful in the diagnosis of virus-induced neoplastic disease of poultry, as avian oncogenic viruses are widespread and infection in the absence of tumor formation is common. Current technology based on molecular and antigenic characteristics of the virus is being used to develop more sensitive and specific procedures for isolation and identification of ALV. This review is primarily focused on the discussion of current technology most commonly used in isolation and identification of ALV associated with clinical disease in chickens. C1 ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Fadly, AM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 40 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 7 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 29 IS 6 BP 529 EP 535 DI 10.1080/03079450020016760 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 393QZ UT WOS:000166482300003 PM 19184848 ER PT J AU Abdallah, MA Pollenz, RS Droog, FN Nunamaker, RA Tabachnick, WJ Murphy, KE AF Abdallah, MA Pollenz, RS Droog, FN Nunamaker, RA Tabachnick, WJ Murphy, KE TI Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone coding for a glutathione S-transferase class delta enzyme from the biting midge Culicoides variipennis sonorensis Wirth and Jones SO BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE glutathione S-transferase cDNA; Culicoides variipennis ID TETRACHLORVINPHOS-RESISTANT STRAIN; HYDROLYTIC ACTIVITY; BLUETONGUE-VIRUS; THETA; GENE; RAT; IDENTIFICATION; INSECTICIDES; HOUSEFLIES; METABOLISM AB Culicoides variipennis sonorensis is the primary vector of bluetongue viruses in North America. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are enzymes that catalyze nucleophilic substitutions, converting reactive lipophilic molecules into soluble conjugates. Increased GST activity is associated with development of insecticide resistance. Described here is the isolation of the first cDNA encoding a C. variipennis GST. The clone consists of 720 translated bases encoding a protein with a M-r of similar to 24,800 composed of 219 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence is similar (64%-74%) to class Delta (previously named Theta) GSTs from the dipteran genera Musca. Drosophila, Lucilia and Anopheles. The cDNA was subcloned into pET-11b, expressed in Epicurian coli BL21 (DE3) and has a specific activity of similar to 28,000 units/mg for the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. C1 Univ Memphis, Dept Microbiol & Mol Cell Sci, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. ARS, USDA, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Florida Med Entomol Lab, Vero Beach, FL 32962 USA. RP Murphy, KE (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 43 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0006-2928 J9 BIOCHEM GENET JI Biochem. Genet. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 38 IS 11-12 BP 377 EP 390 DI 10.1023/A:1026471830868 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 400HX UT WOS:000166867100004 PM 11301916 ER PT J AU Moreau, RA Singh, V Nunez, A Hicks, KB AF Moreau, RA Singh, V Nunez, A Hicks, KB TI Phytosterols in the aleurone layer of corn kernels SO BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Symposium on Plant Lipids CY JUL 23-28, 2000 CL CARDIFF UNIV, CARDIFF, WALES HO CARDIFF UNIV DE corn fibre; ferulate; phytostanol ID FIBER; OIL AB Corn hulls are composed of two major layers: the outer layer, the pericarp, is made up of non-living cell walls, and an inner layer, the aleurone, consists of a single layer of living cells, surrounded by thick cell walls. Dissected pure pericarp and aleurone fractions were ground and extracted with hexane and the yields and compositions of the resulting oils were examined. This study revealed that the high levels of ferulate-phytosterol esters and the high concentration of sitostanol previously reported in corn-fibre oil actually originate in the aleurone cells. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Moreau, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 3 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 3AJ, ENGLAND SN 0300-5127 J9 BIOCHEM SOC T JI Biochem. Soc. Trans. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 28 BP 803 EP 806 DI 10.1042/0300-5127:0280803 PN 6 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 401RD UT WOS:000166941300086 PM 11171214 ER PT J AU Whitaker, BD Smith, DL Green, KC AF Whitaker, BD Smith, DL Green, KC TI Characterization of a phospholipase D alpha cDNA from tomato fruit SO BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Symposium on Plant Lipids CY JUL 23-28, 2000 CL CARDIFF UNIV, CARDIFF, WALES HO CARDIFF UNIV DE functional expression; phosphatidic acid; phosphatidylcholine; ripening; transcript level ID SENESCENCE; EXPRESSION; ACID; LYSOPHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE; ARABIDOPSIS; MEMBRANES; CLONING; LEAF AB Phospholipase D (PLD) initiates phospholipid (PL) catabolism in plant cells and is also involved in signal transduction and retailoring of membrane FL. Total PL declines and phosphatidic acid increases in pericarp tissue during tomato fruit ripening, suggesting that increased PLD activity alters membrane structure. To assess the role of PLD in tomato ripening, we have begun a molecular genetic approach. Using a castor bean PLD alpha cDNA as a probe, a PLD alpha cDNA (LEPLD2) was isolated from our tomato fruit library. It has an open reading frame of 2421 nucleotides, encoding a polypeptide of 807 amino acids with a molecular mass of 92 kDa. The deduced LEPLD2 PLD alpha shares >75% sequence identity with PLD alphas from castor bean, tobacco and tomato. LEPLD2 transcript, detected by RNA gel-blot analysis, was very low in roots, low in stems, moderate in leaves, high in flowers, and increased in fruit during development and ripening. Expression of LEPLD2 in Escherichia coli yielded active enzyme, and a FLAG-PLD alpha fusion protein produced by transformed E. coli migrated close to the calculated 94 kDa on SDS/PAGE. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Whitaker, BD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 3AJ, ENGLAND SN 0300-5127 J9 BIOCHEM SOC T JI Biochem. Soc. Trans. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 28 BP 819 EP 821 DI 10.1042/0300-5127:0280819 PN 6 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 401RD UT WOS:000166941300091 PM 11171219 ER PT J AU Nunez, A Foglia, TA Piazza, GJ AF Nunez, A Foglia, TA Piazza, GJ TI Anaerobic lipoxygenase activity from Chlorella pyrenoidosa SO BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Symposium on Plant Lipids CY JUL 23-28, 2000 CL CARDIFF UNIV, CARDIFF, WALES HO CARDIFF UNIV DE cleavage; dicarboxylic acid; fatty acid; hydroperoxide; hydroxycarboxylic acid ID HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE; GREEN ODOR; ACID; CONVERSION; PLANTS; ENZYME AB The micro-alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa expresses an enzymatic activity that cleaves the 13-hydroperoxide derivatives of linoleic acid [13-hydroperoxy-9(Z), 11(E)-octadecadienoic acid, 13-HPOD] and linolenic acid [13-hydro peroxy-9(Z),11(Z),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid, 13-HPOT] into volatile C-5 and non-volatile C-13 ore-products. This enzymic activity initially was attributed to a hydroperoxide lyase enzyme; however, subsequent studies showed that this cleavage activity is the result of lipoxygenase activity under anaerobic conditions, Headspace analysis of the volatile products by GC/MS showed the formation of pentane when the substrate was 13-HPOD, whereas a more complex mixture of hydrocarbons was formed when 13-HPOT was the substrate. Analysis of the non-volatile cleavage products from 13-HPOD by liquid chromatography/MS indicated the formation of 13-oxo-9(Z),11(E)-tridecadienoic acid (13-OTA) along with the 13-keto-octadecadienoic acid derivative. When the substrate is 13-HPOT, liquid chromatography/MS analysis indicated the formation of 13-OTA as the major non-volatile product. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldDH) oxidizes 13-OTA to an omega -dicarboxylic acid, whereas alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) reduces 13-OTA to an omega -hydroxy carboxylic acid. AldDH and ADH require the oxidized (NAD(+)) and reduced (NADH) forms of the cofactor NAD, respectively. By combining the action of AldDH and ADH into a continuous cofactor-recycling process, it is possible to simultaneously convert 13-OTA to the corresponding omega -dicarboxylic acid and omega -hydroxy carboxylic acid derivatives. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Nunez, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. OI Piazza, George/0000-0003-4896-4928 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 3AJ, ENGLAND SN 0300-5127 J9 BIOCHEM SOC T JI Biochem. Soc. Trans. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 28 BP 950 EP 953 DI 10.1042/BST0280950 PN 6 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 401RD UT WOS:000166941300140 PM 11171268 ER PT J AU McKeon, TA Chen, GQ Lin, JT AF McKeon, TA Chen, GQ Lin, JT TI Biochemical aspects of castor oil biosynthesis SO BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Symposium on Plant Lipids CY JUL 23-28, 2000 CL CARDIFF UNIV, CARDIFF, WALES HO CARDIFF UNIV DE oilseed; ricinoleate; Ricinus communis; triacylglycerol ID RICINUS-COMMUNIS; RICINOLEIC ACID; GENE AB Castor oil is 90 % ricinoleate (12-hydroxy-oleate) and has numerous industrial uses. Components of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) pose serious problems to processors. We are evaluating two complementary approaches to providing a safe source of castor oil. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP McKeon, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 3AJ, ENGLAND SN 0300-5127 J9 BIOCHEM SOC T JI Biochem. Soc. Trans. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 28 BP 972 EP 974 DI 10.1042/0300-5127:0280972 PN 6 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 401RD UT WOS:000166941300148 PM 11171276 ER PT J AU Abigor, RD Uadia, PO Foglia, TA Haas, MJ Jones, KC Okpefa, E Obibuzor, JU Bafor, ME AF Abigor, RD Uadia, PO Foglia, TA Haas, MJ Jones, KC Okpefa, E Obibuzor, JU Bafor, ME TI Lipase-catalysed production of biodiesel fuel from some Nigerian lauric oils SO BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Symposium on Plant Lipids CY JUL 23-28, 2000 CL CARDIFF UNIV, CARDIFF, WALES HO CARDIFF UNIV DE enzymes; fatty acid ester; renewable fuel; trans-esterification AB Fatty acids esters were produced from two Nigerian lauric oils, palm kernel oil and coconut oil, by transesterification of the oils with different alcohols using PS30 lipase as a catalyst. In the conversion of palm kernel oil to alkyl esters (biodiesel), ethanol gave the highest conversion of 72%, t-butanol 62%, 1-butanol 42%, n-propanol 42% and iso-propanol 24%, while only 15% methyl ester was observed with methanol. With coconut oil, 1-butanol and iso-butanol achieved 40% conversion, 1-propanol 16% and ethanol 35%, while only traces of methyl esters were observed using methanol. Studies on some fuel properties of palm kernel oil and its biodiesel showed that palm kernel oil had a viscosity of 32.40 mm(2)/s, a cloud point of 28 degreesC and a pour point of 22 degreesC, while its biodiesel fuel had a viscosity of 9.33 mm(2)/s, a cloud point of 12 degreesC and a pour point of 8 degreesC. Coconut oil had a viscosity of 28.58 mm(2)/s, a cloud point of 27 degreesC and a pour point of 20 degreesC, while its biodiesel fuel had a viscosity of 7.34 mm(2)/s, a cloud point of 5 degreesC and a pour point of - 8 degreesC. Some of the fuel properties compared favourably with international biodiesel specifications. C1 USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Abigor, RD (reprint author), USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 12 TC 90 Z9 96 U1 1 U2 16 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 3AJ, ENGLAND SN 0300-5127 J9 BIOCHEM SOC T JI Biochem. Soc. Trans. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 28 BP 979 EP 981 DI 10.1042/0300-5127:0280979 PN 6 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 401RD UT WOS:000166941300151 PM 11171279 ER PT J AU Bautista, RC Mochizuki, N Spencer, JP Harris, EJ Ichimura, DM AF Bautista, RC Mochizuki, N Spencer, JP Harris, EJ Ichimura, DM TI Effects of depth of oviposition dish and age of rearing host on efficiency of mass production of the tephritid fruit fly parasitoid Psyttalia fletcheri SO BIOCONTROL LA English DT Article DE larval-pupal parasitoid; mass-rearing; melon fruit fly; Bactrocera cucurbitae AB Psyttalia fletcheri is a solitary larval endoparasitoid of the melon fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae. Initially colonized in 1985, mass production of P. fletcheri for the last 10 years has been facilitated with a rearing method developed earlier. However, the level of parasitoid recovery seldom exceeded 35%. We examined the parasitoid's developmental biology and behavior to identify the procedures that may improve efficiency of production. We found that by limiting the depth of oviposition dish (receptacle that holds the host larvae during exposure to female parasitoids) to 4 mm and using 4-d-old (late 2nd instar) B. cucurbitae larvae for oviposition, parasitoid yield was increased two-fold. C1 USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Bautista, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, 2727 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-6141 J9 BIOCONTROL JI Biocontrol PD DEC PY 2000 VL 45 IS 4 BP 389 EP 399 DI 10.1023/A:1026519004276 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 382FT UT WOS:000165812900001 ER PT J AU Ferkovich, SM Shapiro, J Carpenter, J AF Ferkovich, SM Shapiro, J Carpenter, J TI Growth of a pupal ectoparasitoid, Diapetimorpha introita, on an artificial diet: stimulation of growth rate by a lipid extract from host pupae SO BIOCONTROL LA English DT Article DE artificial diet; host; lipid; parasitioid; supplementation; Spodoptera ID EUCELATORIA-BRYANI; GALLERIA-MELLONELLA; IN-VITRO; HYMENOPTERA; ICHNEUMONIDAE; TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE; LARVAL; MEDIA AB An artificial diet used to rear the ectoparasitoid, Diapetimorpha introita, was supplemented with lipids extracted from pupae of the host, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). The diet also was sequentially supplemented with four fatty acids (arachidonic, linoleic, gamma -linolenic and oleic), flax oil and Lipid Concentrate(R) which is used in cell culture. Pupae were homogenized and extracted with chloroform:methanol (2:1 v/v) and after drying down the chloroform and methanol phases separately, the residues from each solvent phase were evaluated in the artificial diet. Growth-promoting activity was observed in the chloroform phase containing lipids. Diet supplemented with lipid stored at -80 degreesC, and insects reared on diet with fresh 1x and 2x extracts developed significantly faster than those reared on the artificial diet but slower than those reared on host pupae. The fresh 1x and the 2x extracts also enhanced the average weight of the males and females, respectively. Storing the lipids at -20 degreesC resulted in a loss of activity. A lipid extract from Galleria mellonella pupae increased the average weight of male and females but did not increase their developmental rate. Adult emergence was not improved by any of the dietary additives. None of the commercial lipid treatments significantly reduced developmental time; however, the gamma -linolenic acid-supplemented diet significantly increased the average weight of females. TLC analyses of the lipid extract from S. frugiperda revealed lipids representing four classes of neutral lipids in the extract: triolein, cholesterol, diacylglycerol, and phospholipid. Data from this study indicate that optimization and successful utilization of an artificial diet to rear D. introita depends on identification of host factors required by the parasitic for growth and development. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tighten, GA USA. RP Ferkovich, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-6141 J9 BIOCONTROL JI Biocontrol PD DEC PY 2000 VL 45 IS 4 BP 401 EP 413 DI 10.1023/A:1026524307587 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 382FT UT WOS:000165812900002 ER PT J AU Capsel, RL Olsen, SC Cheville, NF Thoen, CO AF Capsel, RL Olsen, SC Cheville, NF Thoen, CO TI Survival of Brucella abortus strain RB51 lyophilized and as liquid vaccine under different storage conditions SO BIOLOGICALS LA English DT Article DE Brucella abortus; RB51; vaccine storage ID SEROLOGIC RESPONSES; CATTLE; BISON AB Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51) is a new cattle vaccine that is approved for use in the U.S. for prevention of brucellosis. At the present time, other countries are implementing or considering the use of SRB51 vaccine in their brucellosis control programs. In the current study, the effect of three stabilizing media, two fill volumes (1 and 3 ml), and three storage temperatures (-25, 4 and 25 degreesC) on the viability of lyophilized SRB51 over a 52 week period was determined. The effects of three concentrations of bacteria (5 x 10(8), 1 x 10(9), or 5 x 10(9) cfu/ml) and two storage temperatures (4 or 25 degreesC) on viability of liquid SRB51 vaccine were also determined. For lyophilized strain RB51 vaccine, fill volume did not influence viability (P>0.05) during lyophilization. Although fill volume did not influence viability during storage in World Health Organization (WHO) media or media containing both WHO and Lactose Salt (LS) media, 1 mi fill volumes of SRB51 in LS media had greater (P<0.05) viability when compared to 3 mi fill volumes. Lyophilized SRB51 vaccine stored at 25C had a more rapid decline in viability (P<0.05) when compared to vaccine stored at -25 or 4C. With the exception of the 3-ml fill volumes of LS media, all three stabilizing media were similar in maintaining viability of SRB51 at -25 degreesC storage temperatures. However, when compared to WHO or WHO/LS media, stabilization in LS media was associated with a more rapid decline in viability during storage at 4 or 25 degreesC (P<0.05). Initial SRB51 concentration in liquid vaccine did not influence (P>0.05) viability during storage at 4 or 25 degreesC. When compared to liquid SRB51 vaccine stored at 25 degreesC, storage at 4 degreesC was associated with a slower decline in viability (P<0.05) during 12 weeks of storage. Biochemical and morphological characteristics of SRB51 were stable under the storage conditions utilized in the present study. This study suggests that viability of SRB51 can be readily maintained during storage as a lyophilized or liquid brucellosis vaccine. C1 ARS, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Intervet Inc, Bacteriol Res & Dev, Dallas Ctr, IA 50063 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Microbiol Immunol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Olsen, SC (reprint author), ARS, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1045-1056 J9 BIOLOGICALS JI Biologicals PD DEC PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 209 EP 215 DI 10.1006/biol.2000.0258 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 411UH UT WOS:000167517300002 PM 11237356 ER PT J AU Swartz, LA Progar, JJ May, JC AF Swartz, LA Progar, JJ May, JC TI The determination of phosphorus in Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry SO BIOLOGICALS LA English DT Article ID INFANTS AB This study describes a method for the determination of phosphorus in lyophilized Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The concentration of polysaccharide is directly related to the concentration of phosphorus as measured in the laboratory. Phosphorus is present in the polyribosyl-ribitol phosphate (PRP) group of the Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine. The repeating unit of PRP is 3-B-D ribose[1-1]ribitoi-5-phosphate. Phosphorus in the final container is measured in mug per dose. The amount of PRP is calculated from this and reported in mug per dose. The Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine was analyzed for phosphorus content within the range of 1.34 to 2.02 mug phosphorus per mi. The relative difference of phosphorus concentrations determined by the ICP-AES method from the phosphorus concentrations determined by the traditional colorimetric molybdate method ranged from 2.2 to 10.6%. Phosphorus spike recovery for the vaccine ranged from 93 to 99% (1.93+/-0.13 mug P/ml). The phosphorus determination of NIST SRM 3139 phosphorus spectrometric solution differed by 30% from the certified phosphorus value (1000 mg P/ml). C1 USDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Swartz, LA (reprint author), USDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, 1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1045-1056 J9 BIOLOGICALS JI Biologicals PD DEC PY 2000 VL 28 IS 4 BP 227 EP 231 DI 10.1006/biol.2000.0261 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 411UH UT WOS:000167517300004 PM 11237358 ER PT J AU Cornish, K Castillon, J Scott, DJ AF Cornish, K Castillon, J Scott, DJ TI Rubber molecular weight regulation, in vitro, in plant species that produce high and low molecular weights in vivo SO BIOMACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID PARTHENIUM-ARGENTATUM GRAY; PRENYL TRANSFERASE-ACTIVITY; CIS-1,4-POLYISOPRENE BIOSYNTHESIS; HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS; PARTICLES; INITIATION; CIS AB In three rubber-producing species, in vitro, the rates of initiation and polymerization and the biopolymer molecular weight produced were affected by the concentration of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) initiator and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) elongation substrate (monomer). Ficus elastica, a low molecular weight-producer in vivo, synthesized rubber polymers approximately twice the molecular weight of those made by Hevea brasiliensis or Parthenium argentatum (which produce high molecular weights in vivo), possibly due to its lower IPP K-m. In all species, increasing FPP concentrations increased rubber biosynthetic rate and new molecules initiated but decreased molecular weight by competition with the allylic diphosphate (APP) end of elongating rubber molecules for the APP binding site. Increasing IPP concentrations increased rubber biosynthetic rate and rubber molecular weight, but only when FPP concentrations were below the FPP K-m's or where negative cooperativity operated. In conclusion, rubber transferase is not the prime regulator of rubber molecular weight in vivo. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. ARS, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Cornish, K (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Cornish, Katrina/A-9773-2013 NR 21 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1525-7797 J9 BIOMACROMOLECULES JI Biomacromolecules PD WIN PY 2000 VL 1 IS 4 BP 632 EP 641 DI 10.1021/bm000034z PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 433JD UT WOS:000168755500020 PM 11710193 ER PT J AU Toles, CA Marshall, WE Wartelle, LH McAloon, A AF Toles, CA Marshall, WE Wartelle, LH McAloon, A TI Steam- or carbon dioxide-activated carbons from almond shells: physical, chemical and adsorptive properties and estimated cost of production SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS; METALS; ACID; PYROLYSIS; NUTSHELLS; REMOVAL; WATER AB A series of steam- or carbon dioxide (CO2)-activated, granular activated carbons (GACs) were made from almond shells using six different activation or activation/oxidation conditions for each series. Unoxidized/oxidized pairs of GACs were compared among treatments and to two commercial GACs in order to determine the relative value of the carbons. Comparative terms included yield, surface area, attrition, surface charge, copper ion (Cu2+) uptake, adsorption of a mixture of six polar and non-polar organic compounds and an estimated cost of carbon production. Of the six conditions investigated for steam activation, two treatments consisting of a 1 h pyrolysis at either 700 degrees C or 800 degrees C, followed by a 2 h activation at 800 degrees C with the introduction of water at a rate of 7.0 ml/min were the best overall performing unoxidized/oxidized pairs in terms of copper ion or organics adsorption, respectively. Of the six conditions investigated for carbon dioxide activation, a treatment consisting of a 1 h pyrolysis at 700 degrees C, followed by a 2 h activation at 800 degrees C using a 75% CO2/25% N-2 gas mixture was the best overall performing unoxidized/oxidized pair. Our estimated costs of production indicate that steam-activated, unoxidized and oxidized carbons appear to be the most economical GACs to manufacture and also the most economical for removal of copper ions and organic compounds. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Northeastern Univ, Dept Chem, Boston, MA 02115 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Marshall, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd,POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 20 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-8524 J9 BIORESOURCE TECHNOL JI Bioresour. Technol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 75 IS 3 BP 197 EP 203 DI 10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00058-4 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA 341ZK UT WOS:000088620700004 ER PT J AU Skantar, AM Carta, LK AF Skantar, AM Carta, LK TI Amplification of Hsp90 homologs from plant-parasitic nematodes using degenerate primers and ramped annealing PCR SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID HYBRIDIZATION; TOUCHDOWN; SEQUENCE; PROGRAM; DESIGN; DNA C1 USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Bldg 011-A BARC W,Rm 130, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM skantara@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 12 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 3 PU BIOTECHNIQUES OFFICE PI NEW YORK PA 52 VANDERBILT AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0736-6205 EI 1940-9818 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD DEC PY 2000 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1182 EP + PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 382QG UT WOS:000165833300005 PM 11126117 ER PT J AU Wharton, RA Trostle, MK Messing, RH Copeland, RS Kimani-Njogu, SW Lux, S Overholt, WA Mohamed, S Sivinski, J AF Wharton, RA Trostle, MK Messing, RH Copeland, RS Kimani-Njogu, SW Lux, S Overholt, WA Mohamed, S Sivinski, J TI Parasitoids of medfly, Ceratitis capitata, and related tephritids in Kenyan coffee: a predominantly koinobiont assemblage SO BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PUPAL PARASITOIDS; FLIES DIPTERA; LARVAL-PUPAL; COSTA-RICA; HYMENOPTERA; BRACONIDAE; ANASTREPHA AB Arabica coffee was sampled from two sites in the central highlands of Kenya (Rurima, Ruiru) and one site on the western side of the Rift Valley (Koru). Three species of ceratitidine Tephritidae, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), C. rosa Karsch and Trirhithrum coffeae Bezzi, were reared from sites in the central highlands, and an additional species, C. anonae Graham, was recovered from the western-most site. Ten species of parasitic Hymenoptera were reared from these tephritids. The parasitoid assemblage was dominated by koinobionts. Eight of the species are koinobiont endoparasitoids, but only one idiobiont larval ectoparasitoid was reared, and only one idiobiont pupal endoparasitoid. The effects of sampling bias on determination of parasitoid assemblage size associated with concealed hosts are discussed. The potential for use of these parasitoids in biological control is also discussed. Most of the parasitoid species recovered during this study are capable of developing on C. capitata, while several also attack C. rosa. Both flies are notorious pests of tropical and subtropical fruits. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Hawaii, Kauai Agr Res Ctr, Kauai, HI 96746 USA. Int Ctr Insect Physiol & Ecol, Nairobi, Kenya. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Wharton, RA (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Lux, Slawomir/G-1731-2012 OI Lux, Slawomir/0000-0001-5978-1145 NR 62 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 6 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-4853 J9 B ENTOMOL RES JI Bull. Entomol. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 90 IS 6 BP 517 EP 526 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 379XV UT WOS:000165669200006 PM 11107253 ER PT J AU Martais, B Wargo, PM AF Martais, B Wargo, PM TI Impact of liming on the abundance and vigor of Armillaria rhizomorphs in Allegheny hardwoods stands SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID SUGAR MAPLE; NEW-YORK; WESTERN AB Abundance of rhizomorphs of Armillaria was characterized in 1995-1996 in 32 plots located in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) stands in the Susquehannock State Forest (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.). All of the plots were thinned, and half of the plots were limed in 1985 when the plots were established. Frequency and abundance of Armillaria rhizomorphs in soil samples, on dead wood food bases (stumps, snags, fallen logs), and on the root collar of living sugar maples were determined in each plot. Rhizomorph vigor was evaluated by measuring their ability to colonize fresh striped maple (Acer pennsylvanicum L.) stem sections in the soil, or potato tubers in the laboratory. Isolates of Armillaria were obtained from rhizomorphs in the soil samples and species were determined by somatic incompatibility tests. Armillaria calvescens Berube & Dessureault was the major species present, representing about 66% of the isolates. Armillaria gemina Berube & Dessureault and Armillaria mellea (Vahl:Fr.) Kummer were also identified in the plots. Frequency of rhizomorphs in the soil, on food bases, abundance of rhizomorphs on root collars, as well as the proportion of rhizomorphs per plot that regenerated and (or) colonized fresh substrates were all correlated. However, abundance of ectotrophic rhizomorphs on the root collar was only weakly correlated with the other components of rhizomorph abundance and vigor. Frequency of the rhizomorphs as well as their ability to colonize fresh substrates were greater in plots either limed or with a high proportion of the basal area in sugar maple prior to thinning. By contrast, abundance of ectotrophic rhizomorphs on root collars was not affected by these factors. C1 INRA, Lab Pathol Forestiere, F-54280 Nancy, Champenoux, France. US Forest Serv, USDA, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. RP Martais, B (reprint author), INRA, Lab Pathol Forestiere, F-54280 Nancy, Champenoux, France. NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 30 IS 12 BP 1847 EP 1857 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 380NV UT WOS:000165708700002 ER PT J AU Johnson, GR Wheeler, NC Strauss, SS AF Johnson, GR Wheeler, NC Strauss, SS TI Financial feasibility of marker-aided selection in Douglas-fir SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; ASSISTED SELECTION; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; HYBRID POPULATIONS; EUCALYPTUS NITENS; OUTBRED PEDIGREE; FLANKING MARKERS; LOBLOLLY-PINE; LEAST-SQUARES; WOOD QUALITY AB The land area required for a marker-aided selection (MAS) program to break-even (i.e., have equal costs and benefits) was estimated using computer simulation for coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) in the Pacific Northwestern United States. We compared the selection efficiency obtained when using an index that included the phenotype and marker score with that obtained using only the phenotype. It was assumed that MAS was restricted to within-family selection, that the rotation age was 50 years, and that growth rate (h(2) = 0.25), tree form (h(2) = 0.25), and (or) wood density (h(2) = 0.45) were the objects of improvement. Several population quantitative trait loci (QTL) models, selection population sizes, and interest rates were considered. When large selection population sizes were employed (500 trees per family) MAS gave considerable increases in efficiency of within-family selection; however, results showed that the combination of small selection population sizes (100 trees per family) and many QTL of moderate effect could lead to losses in gain from MAS compared with phenotypic selection. For many reasonable selection scenarios and the simplified assumptions in our model, the land base required for breeding programs to break-even is smaller or near to the limit of those in place under operational breeding programs in the region. Considerably more research is needed to reasonably predict whether MAS would be cost-effective in practice. However, before some of the basic research needed to implement MAS can be done, organizations need to establish large blocks of full-sib families to allow for QTL identification. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Weyerhaeuser Co, Centralia, WA 98531 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Johnson, GR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 55 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 30 IS 12 BP 1942 EP 1952 DI 10.1139/cjfr-30-12-1942 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 380NV UT WOS:000165708700012 ER PT J AU Chen, JC Banks, D Jarret, RL Jones, JB AF Chen, JC Banks, D Jarret, RL Jones, JB TI Evidence for conserved tRNA genes in the 16S-23S rDNA spacer sequence and two rrn operons of Xylella fastidiosa SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Xylella fastidiosa; rrn operon numbers; 16S-23S rDNA spacer; tRNA ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; PIERCES-DISEASE; COPY NUMBER; DIVERSITY AB The 16S-23S rDNA spacer of the type strain (ATCC 35879) of Xylella fastidiosa was amplified by PCR, cloned, and sequenced. The spacer sequence (455 bp) contains two tRNA (tRNA(ala) and tRNA(ile)) genes. Identical tRNA genes were also found in the 16S-23S spacer sequences of all the 51 strains of X. fastidiosa retrieved from the GenBank database. At this particular locus, the gene order of tRNA(ala) - tRNA(ile) is conserved among all the studied strains of Xylella and Xanthomonas, and different from those of other bacteria. Sequence analysis showed that Xanthomonas is the most closely related genus. Results from restriction endonuclease analysis suggested the presence of two rrn operons in the genome of a Xylella fastidiosa Pierce's disease strain. C1 Florida A&M Univ, Ctr Viticulture Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. ARS, USDA, Dept Plant Genet Resources, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Chen, JC (reprint author), Florida A&M Univ, Ctr Viticulture Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 46 IS 12 BP 1171 EP 1175 DI 10.1139/cjm-46-12-1171 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA 380AU UT WOS:000165676800014 PM 11142410 ER PT J AU Pal, N Moon, JS Sandhu, J Domier, LL D'Arcy, CJ AF Pal, N Moon, JS Sandhu, J Domier, LL D'Arcy, CJ TI Production of Barley yellow dwarf virus antisera by DNA immunization SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYTOPATHOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE DNA immunization; BYDV; ELISA; CTLA4 ID DIRECT GENE-TRANSFER; MOUSE SKELETAL-MUSCLE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; PLASMID DNA; VACCINES; PROTEIN; PURIFICATION; EXPRESSION; INDUCTION AB Antibodies were produced against the 22-kDa coat protein (CP) of Barley yellow dwarf virus strain PAV (BYDV-PAV) by DNA immunization. A cDNA sequence encoding the 22-kDa CP was cloned into a mammalian expression vector (pcDNA22K), entrapped in liposomes, and injected intramuscularly into BALB/c mice. To target the antigen to sites of immune induction and, thereby, enhance the immune response, the 22-kDa sequence was also fused with the sequence encoding the mouse cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 to generate pCTLA422K. Three weeks post immunization, BYDV-PAV-specific immune response was detected in serum. Sera from mice injected with pCTLA422K DNA had significantly higher antibody titers than those from mice injected with pcDNA22K. Increases in antibody titers were observed over time with each subsequent DNA injection. Further, there were large increases in antibody titers when DNA-immunized mice were boosted with purified BYDV-PAV virions. These antibody responses were higher than that obtained by a single injection of purified BYDV-PAV. The results demonstrate that antibodies against BYDV-PAV can be generated using DNA immunization. With this approach, it may be possible to produce antisera against luteoviruses that occur in low concentrations in host plant tissue and are very difficult to purify. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Domier, LL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN PHYTOPATHOL SOC PI GUELPH PA DEPT ENVIRON BIOL/UNIV GUELPH CAN. J PLANT PATHOL. DR. ROBERT HALL, GUELPH, ONTARIO N1G 2W1, CANADA SN 0706-0661 J9 CAN J PLANT PATHOL JI Can. J. Plant Pathol.-Rev. Can. Phytopathol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 22 IS 4 BP 410 EP 415 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 391BD UT WOS:000166333500011 ER PT J AU Shogren, RL AF Shogren, RL TI Modification of maize starch by thermal processing in glacial acetic acid SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article DE starch; acetic acid; calorimetry; X-ray diffraction ID COMPLEXES; WATER; SYSTEM AB Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods were used to determine if corn starch-glacial acetic acid mixtures can be melted and thermally processed at reasonable temperatures. DSC studies showed that the melting temperature of dry starch was reduced from about 280 to 180 degrees C in the presence of >30% acetic acid. Glass transition temperatures varied from 110 to 40 degrees C at 15 and 45% acetic acid, respectively. XRD showed the loss of native starch crystallinity and the formation of V-type complexes. Addition of 10% water decreased the melting temperatures to 140-150 degrees C while addition of a base (sodium acetate) had little effect. Some possible applications of processing starch in glacial acetic acid will be discussed. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Shogren, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 36 TC 11 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 4 BP 309 EP 315 DI 10.1016/S0144-8617(00)00178-8 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 353XX UT WOS:000089301700001 ER PT J AU Kelley, DW Nater, EA AF Kelley, DW Nater, EA TI Source apportionment of lake bed sediments to watersheds in an Upper Mississippi basin using a chemical mass balance method SO CATENA LA English DT Article DE provenance; mass balance; fingerprinting; clastic sediments; lake sediments ID SUSPENDED SEDIMENT; RIVER BASINS; PROVENANCE; CATCHMENT; AEROSOLS; UK AB Sediment samples were collected from three known sources contributing to a depositional basin of the Upper Mississippi River. USA. The heavy silt fraction (2-63 mum, density > 2.95) isolated from the sediments was analyzed for 42 elements by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrophotometry (ICP-MS) to give signature profiles characteristic of each source catchment. Known proportions of heavy silt fractions from each source were mixed and the composite samples analyzed in the same way. The proportions of components in the composite samples were compared to their apportionments calculated statistically using the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) chemical mass balance (CMB) air quality receptor model. This showed that the CMB technique can apportion sediments to their catchment sources reliably. The technique was then applied to dated sediments of Lake Pepin, in the Upper Mississippi basin, to apportion them to their contributing catchments. The results show that almost all the recent sediments deposited in the basin originated in the Minnesota River catchment, and that the sediment load increased over time as anthropogenic impacts increased. This technique could be used elsewhere to determine sediment provenance and identify changes in sediment sources over time. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Kelley, DW (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, 439 Boriaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM dkelley@soils.umn.edu NR 41 TC 30 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0341-8162 J9 CATENA JI Catena PD DEC PY 2000 VL 41 IS 4 BP 277 EP 292 DI 10.1016/S0341-8162(00)00094-1 PG 16 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Geology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 365UP UT WOS:000089969100002 ER PT J AU Taylor, RW Shen, SY Bleam, WF Tu, SI AF Taylor, RW Shen, SY Bleam, WF Tu, SI TI Chromate removal by dithionite-reduced clays: Evidence from direct X-ray adsorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) of chromate reduction at clay surfaces SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Article DE illite; IMt-2; kaolinite; KGa-2; montmorillonite; reduction; smectite; sorption; SWa-1; SWy-1; XANES ID CHROMIUM SORPTION; ANALYSIS PACKAGE; SOILS; IRON; 25-DEGREES-C; ABSORPTION; OXIDATION; KINETICS; REDOX; MICROSCOPY AB Chromium(VI) in the environment is of particular concern because it is toxic to both plants and animals, even at low concentrations. As a redox-sensitive element, the fate and toxicity of chromium is controlled by soil reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions. In-situ remediation of chromium combines reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) and immobilization of chromium on mineral surfaces. In this study, Fe-rich smectite, montmorillonite, illite, vermiculite, and kaolinite were examined to determine reactivity in sorption-reduction of Cr(VI). The clays were compared to forms that were reduced by sodium dithionite. Clays containing Fe(Il) efficiently removed soluble Cr(VI) from solution. Chromium K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) suggested that clays containing Fe(II) reduced Cr(VI) to Cr(III), immobilizing Cr at the clay/water interface. Adsorption of Cr(VI) by the Fe(II)-containing clay was a prerequisite for the coupled sorption-reduction reaction. Sodium dithionite added directly to aqueous suspensions of non-reduced clays reduced Cr(VI) to Cr(III), but did not immobilize Cr on clay surfaces. The capacity of clays to reduce Cr(VI) is correlated with the ferrous iron content of the clays. For dithionite-reduced smectite, the exchangeable cation influenced the sorption reaction, and thus it also influenced the coupled sorption-reduction reaction of Cr(VI). The pH of the aqueous system affected both the amount of Cr(VI) reduced to Cr(III) and the partition of Cr(III) between aqueous and adsorbed species. A plot of pH vs. amount (adsorption envelope) adsorbed for the coupled sorption-reduction reaction of Cr by reduced smectite exhibited a similar pattern to that of typical anion-sorption. C1 Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant Soil & Anim Sci, Normal, AL 35762 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Taylor, RW (reprint author), Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant Soil & Anim Sci, POB 1208, Normal, AL 35762 USA. NR 32 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 20 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 USA SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 48 IS 6 BP 648 EP 654 DI 10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480606 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA 388DM UT WOS:000166162200006 ER PT J AU Lingafelter, SW Konstantinov, AS AF Lingafelter, SW Konstantinov, AS TI Revision of Pedethma Weise (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ALTICINAE; GENUS AB The nea beetle genus Pedethma Weise (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), occurring in Queensland and New South Wales, Australia, is revised. Pedethma fuscipennis Weise is designated as the type species. Lectotypes are designated for P, fuscipennis Weise, P. malandensis Weise, and P. suturalis Weise. Fourteen new species are described (type locality in parentheses): P. australiensis Lingafelter and Konstantinov (Queensland: Mt. Glorious National Park); P. cookensis Lingafelter and Konstantinov (queensland: Mt. Cook); P. demiensis Lingafelter and Konstantinov (Queensland: Mt. Demi); P. howdeni Lingafelter and Konstantinov (Queensland: Mt. Lewis); P. humeromaculata Lingafelter and Konstantinov (Queensland: Windin Falls via Butchers Creek); P. kirejtshuki Lingafelter and Konstantinov (New South Wales: Dorrigo National park): P. kurandensis Lingafelter and Konstantinov (Queensland: Kuranda); P. maculata Lingafelter and Konstantinov (Queensland: Bellenden Ker Range); P. nigra Lingafelter and Konstantinov (queensland: Bellenden Ker Range); P. pinnipenis Lingafelter and Konstantinov (Queensland: Hugh Nelson Range, 2.5 km S, of Crater National Park); P. pubescens Lingafelter and Konstantinov (Queensland: Bamboo Creek); P. seymourensis Lingafelter and Konstantinov (Queensland: Seymour Range, Polly Creek); P. sinuatipenis Lingafelter and Konstantinov (Queensland: Mt. Bartle Frere); and P. weisei Lingafelter and Konstantinov (New South Wales: Monga State Forest). A redescription of the genus and descriptions, diagnoses, and key to all species are presented. C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Natl Museum Natl Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Lingafelter, SW (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Natl Museum Natl Hist, MRC-187, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU COLEOPTERISTS SOC PI NATCHEZ PA PO BOX 767, NATCHEZ, MS 39121 USA SN 0010-065X J9 COLEOPTS BULL JI Coleopt. Bull. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 54 IS 4 BP 413 EP 458 DI 10.1649/0010-065X(2000)054[0413:ROPWCC]2.0.CO;2 PG 46 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 395RM UT WOS:000166595100001 ER PT J AU Eghball, B Lesoing, GW AF Eghball, B Lesoing, GW TI Viability of weed seeds following manure windrow composting SO COMPOST SCIENCE & UTILIZATION LA English DT Article ID GERMINATION AB Introduction of weed seeds is a concern when using animal manure as a nutrient source on croplands. The viability of weed seeds can be reduced through composting. Experiments were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine the effects of manure windrow composting on seed viability of eight weed species. Weed seeds were placed in nylon bags and buried at 25 and 75-cm within the composting windrows of dairy manure and beef cattle feedlot manure with or without water addition. After one turning a week later, the seeds of most weed species survived the composting conditions in the dairy cattle manure. Following the four to five month dairy manure composting process, all weed seeds lost viability except for 14% of the velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) seeds. This occurred even though the temperature within the composting dairy manure windrow never reached 60 degrees C, which is considered necessary for weed seed destruction. In the watered beef feedlot manure, all weed seeds lost viability after one turning. However, seeds of most species survived after the first turning of the unwatered beef feedlot manure. The temperature in the feedlot manure windrows with water addition was higher and stayed high longer than other manure windrows. Composting process that generates high temperature (greater than or equal to 60 degrees C) can destroy seed viability after only one turning. When the composting materials are moist for most of the composting period, the viability of weed seeds can be reduced even though the critical temperature is not achieved possibly because of compost phytotoxins. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Missouri, Richmond, MO USA. RP Eghball, B (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NR 11 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 7 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 USA SN 1065-657X J9 COMPOST SCI UTIL JI Compost Sci. Util. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 8 IS 1 BP 46 EP 53 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 299QU UT WOS:000086210000008 ER PT J AU Kleiman, DG Reading, RP Wallace, RL Robinson, J Cabin, RJ Felleman, F AF Kleiman, DG Reading, RP Wallace, RL Robinson, J Cabin, RJ Felleman, F TI Improving the value of conservation programs SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Dept Zool Res, Washington, DC 20008 USA. Denver Zool Fdn, Denver, CO 80218 USA. Eckerd Coll, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Conservat Consultants Inc, Seattle, WA 98117 USA. RP Kleiman, DG (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Dept Zool Res, Washington, DC 20008 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 14 IS 6 BP 1569 EP 1569 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.01462-2.x PG 1 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 385ZV UT WOS:000166035800003 ER PT J AU Gray, AN AF Gray, AN TI Adaptive ecosystem management in the Pacific northwest: a case study from coastal Oregon SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adaptive management; adaptive management area; ecosystem management; forest ecology; landscape ecology; models; monitoring; old-growth forest; public involvement AB Adaptive ecosystem management has been adopted as a goal for decision making by several of the land management and regulatory agencies of the U.S. government. One of the first attempts to implement ecosystem management was undertaken on the federally managed forests of the Pacific Northwest in 1994. In addition to a of reserve areas intended to restore habitat for late-successional terrestrial and aquatic species, "adaptive management areas" (AMAs) were established. These AMAs were intended to be focal areas for implementing innovative methods of ecological conservation and restoration and meeting economic and social goals. This paper analyzes the primary ecological, social, and institutional issues of concern to one AMA in the Coast Range in northern Oregon. Based on existing knowledge, several divergent approaches are available that could meet ecological goals, but these approaches differ greatly in their social and economic implications. In particular, approaches that rely on the natural succession of the existing landscape or attempt to recreate historical patterns may not meet ecosystem goals for restoration as readily as an approach based on the active manipulation of existing structure and composition. In addition, institutions are still adjusting to recent changes in management priorities. Although some innovative projects have been developed, adaptive management in its most rigorous sense is still in its infancy. Indeed, functional social networks that support adaptive management may be required before policy and scientific innovations can be realized. The obstacles to adaptive management in this case are similar to those encountered by other efforts of this type, but the solutions will probably have to be local and idiosyncratic to be effective. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Gray, AN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 12 PU RESILIENCE ALLIANCE PI WOLFVILLE PA ACADIA UNIV, BIOLOGY DEPT, WOLFVILLE, NS B0P 1X0, CANADA SN 1195-5449 J9 CONSERV ECOL JI Conserv. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 4 IS 2 BP art. no. EP 6 PG 3 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 411HQ UT WOS:000167492900003 ER PT J AU Riitters, K Wickham, J O'Neill, R Jones, B Smith, E AF Riitters, K Wickham, J O'Neill, R Jones, B Smith, E TI Global-scale patterns of forest fragmentation SO CONSERVATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biogeography; edge effect; forest fragmentation; geographic information systems; global patterns; land-cover map; landscape ecology; modeling; perforated forest; remote sensing; satellite imagery; spatial pattern ID LANDSCAPE; DEFORESTATION; ECOLOGY; AMAZON AB We report an analysis of forest fragmentation based on l-km resolution land-cover maps for the globe. Measurements in analysis windows from 81 km (2) (9 x 9 pixels, "small" scale) to 59,049 km (2) (243 x 243 pixels, "large" scale) were used to characterize the fragmentation around each forested pixel. We identified six categories of fragmentation (interior, perforated, edge, transitional, patch, and undetermined) from the amount of forest and its occurrence as adjacent forest pixels. Interior forest exists only at relatively small scales; at larger scales, forests are dominated by edge and patch conditions. At the smallest scale, there were significant differences in fragmentation among continents; within continents, there were significant differences among individual forest types. Tropical rain forest fragmentation was most severe in North America and least severe in Europe-Asia. Forest types with a high percentage of perforated conditions were mainly in North America (five types) and Europe-Asia (four types), in both temperate and subtropical regions. Transitional and patch conditions were most common in 11 types, of which only a few would be considered as "naturally patchy" (e.g., dry woodland). The five forest types with the highest percentage of interior conditions were in North America; in decreasing order, they were cool rain forest, coniferous, conifer boreal, cool mixed, and cool broadleaf. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Riitters, K (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, 3041 Cornwallis Rd,POB 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 27 TC 131 Z9 153 U1 2 U2 59 PU RESILIENCE ALLIANCE PI WOLFVILLE PA ACADIA UNIV, BIOLOGY DEPT, WOLFVILLE, NS B0P 1X0, CANADA SN 1195-5449 J9 CONSERV ECOL JI Conserv. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 4 IS 2 AR 3 PG 30 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 411HQ UT WOS:000167492900005 ER PT J AU Ori, N Eshed, Y Chuck, G Bowman, JL Hake, S AF Ori, N Eshed, Y Chuck, G Bowman, JL Hake, S TI Mechanisms that control knox gene expression in the Arabidopsis shoot SO DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE asymmetric1; asymmetric2; knox repressors; pickle; Meristem; Leaf development; Leaf shape ID MAIZE LEAF DEVELOPMENT; ROUGH SHEATH2 GENE; HOMEO BOX GENE; ECTOPIC EXPRESSION; CELL FATE; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; APICAL MERISTEM; THALIANA; MORPHOGENESIS AB Knotted1-like homeobox (knox) genes are expressed in specific patterns within shoot meristems and play an important role in meristem maintenance. Misexpression of the knox genes, KNAT1 or KNAT2, in Arabidopsis produces a variety of phenotypes, including lobed leaves and ectopic stipules and meristems in the sinus, the region between lobes, We sought to determine the mechanisms that control knox gene expression in the shoot by examining recessive mutants that share phenotypic characteristics with 35S::KNAT1 plants, Double mutants of serrate (se),vith either asymmetric1 (as1) or asymmetric2 (as2) showed lobed leaves, ectopic stipules in the sinuses and defects in the timely elongation of sepals, petals and stamens, similar to 35S::KNAT1 plants. Ectopic stipules and in rare cases, ectopic meristems, were detected in the sinuses on plants that were mutant for pickle and either as2 or as2. KNAT1 and KNAT2 were misexpressed in the leaves and flowers of single asl and as2 mutants and in the sinuses of leaves of the different double mutants, but not in se or pickle single mutants. These results suggest that AS1 and AS2 promote leaf differentiation through repression of knox expression in leaves, and that SE and PKL globally restrict the competence to respond to genes that promote morphogenesis. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Div Biol Sci, Plant Biol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Hake, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. OI Bowman, John/0000-0001-7347-3691 NR 51 TC 316 Z9 334 U1 10 U2 42 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0950-1991 J9 DEVELOPMENT JI Development PD DEC PY 2000 VL 127 IS 24 BP 5523 EP 5532 PG 10 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 388VY UT WOS:000166204800027 PM 11076771 ER PT J AU McAuslane, HJ Alborn, HT AF McAuslane, HJ Alborn, HT TI Influence of previous herbivory on behavior and development of Spodoptera exigua larvae on glanded and glandless cotton SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE cotton; Spodoptera exigua; Gossypium hirsutum; beet armyworm; pigment glands; systemic defense; induced response; terpenoid aldehydes; feeding preference; feeding deterrence ID BEET ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; SYSTEMIC INDUCTION; NUTRITIONAL INDEXES; NOCTUIDAE; PLANTS; LEAVES AB We examined the influence of previous herbivore injury on the feeding behavior, survival and development of larval beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on glanded and glandless `Stoneville 213' cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. In a greenhouse study, neonate S. exigua placed on the terminal foliage of glanded cotton plants moved down the plant to feed on older leaves. The location of feeding was more concentrated towards the bottom of the plant on previously damaged plants than on undamaged control plants. In contrast, larval feeding on glandless plants was evenly distributed within the plant and no difference in distribution was noted on plants that had sustained previous herbivore injury when compared to undamaged plants. In a laboratory study, where larvae were offered one type of foliage in a no-choice situation, survival on young or mature leaves from glanded or glandless plants, with or without previous herbivore injury, did not differ significantly. However, pupae of larvae reared on young leaves of damaged glanded cotton weighed significantly less than pupae from larvae fed all other diets. Pupae from larvae fed young leaves of control glandless plants weighed significantly more than pupae from all other diets. Similar trends were observed in adult weights. In addition, time to pupation and time to adult emergence were significantly longer for larvae fed young leaves from damaged glanded plants compared to all other diets. The experiments reported here link larval feeding behavior of S. exigua to performance. Larval feeding preferences changed following induction of systemic defense such that food choice was optimized for growth. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP McAuslane, HJ (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, POB 110620, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 24 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 97 IS 3 BP 283 EP 291 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00741.x PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 370MY UT WOS:000165127900006 ER PT J AU Prokopy, RJ Wright, SE Black, JL Hu, XP McGuire, MR AF Prokopy, RJ Wright, SE Black, JL Hu, XP McGuire, MR TI Attracticidal spheres for controlling apple maggot flies: commercial-orchard trials SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Rhagoletis pomonella; Tephritidae; attracticide; apple orchard ID PESTICIDE-TREATED SPHERES; POMONELLA WALSH DIPT; RED SPHERES; TEPHRITIDAE; MANAGEMENT; PEST AB Wooden pesticide-treated red spheres and biodegradable sugar/flour pesticide-treated red spheres were compared with wooden sticky-coated red spheres and insecticide sprays for controlling apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), in small blocks of apple trees in Massachusetts commercial orchards in 1997, 1998 and 1999. Pesticide-treated spheres received a coating of 70% latex paint, 20% feeding stimulant (sucrose), and 10% formulated insecticide (containing 20% imidacloprid). To replenish sucrose lost during rainfall, wooden spheres were capped with a disc comprised of hardened sucrose that seeped onto the sphere surface, whereas the surface of sugar/flour spheres received sucrose that seeped from the interior. Each year, each of the 24 perimeter trees of each non-sprayed block received a sphere baited with butyl hexanoate (an attractive component of host fruit odor), with the intent of intercepting immigrating flies. Based on captures of flies on unbaited sticky-coated red spheres placed near the center of each block and on periodic samples of fruit for injury, there was a consistent pattern of treatment performance. Each year, sticky-coated spheres were only slightly less effective than two or three sprays of organophosphate insecticide, sugar/flour pesticide-treated spheres were only slightly less effective than sticky spheres, and wooden pesticide-treated spheres were least effective. Versions of pesticide-treated spheres used in 1999 were more durable than those used in previous years, but further improvement is needed before either wooden or sugar/flour pesticide-treated spheres can be recommended for grower use. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Prokopy, RJ (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 26 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 97 IS 3 BP 293 EP 299 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00742.x PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 370MY UT WOS:000165127900007 ER PT J AU Gavazzi, M Seiler, J Aust, W Zedaker, S AF Gavazzi, M Seiler, J Aust, W Zedaker, S TI The influence of elevated carbon dioxide and water availability on herbaceous weed development and growth of transplanted loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE biomass; CO2; competition; herbaceous weeds; loblolly pine ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2 ENRICHMENT; GAS-EXCHANGE; LIQUIDAMBAR-STYRACIFLUA; WOODY-PLANTS; SEEDLINGS; COMPETITION; RESPONSES; STRESS; ANNUALS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were grown in competition with native weeds using soil and seed bank collected from recently chopped and burned areas near Appomattox, Virginia. One-year-old seedlings were planted and weeds allowed to germinate from the native seed bank while being exposed to CO2 (ambient and elevated approximately 700 ppm) and water (water stressed and well watered) treatments for approximately one growing season in a greenhouse. Elevated CO2 did not influence total weed biomass; however, C-3 weed community development was favored over C-4 weed community development in elevated CO2 regardless of water availability. This suggests that weed community composition may shift toward C-3 plants in a future elevated CO2 atmosphere. Pine growth was significantly greater in the well watered and elevated CO2 treatments compared to the water stressed and ambient treatments, respectively, even though they were competing with native herbaceous weeds for resources. There was a significant water and CO2 interaction for pine root:shoot ratio. Under elevated CO2, root:shoot ratio was significantly greater in the water stressed treatment than the well watered treatment. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the root:shoot ratio under the ambient CO2 treatment for either water treatment. These results suggest that loblolly pine seedlings will respond favorably in an elevated CO2 atmosphere, even under dry conditions and competing with herbaceous weeds. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24060 USA. RP Gavazzi, M (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Global Change Program, 920 Main Campus Dr,Venture Ctr 2,Suite 300, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 32 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 44 IS 3 BP 185 EP 194 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(00)00065-4 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 371XX UT WOS:000165205500002 ER PT J AU Sullivan, BT Pettersson, EM Seltmann, KC Berisford, CW AF Sullivan, BT Pettersson, EM Seltmann, KC Berisford, CW TI Attraction of the bark beetle parasitoid Roptrocerus xylophagorum (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) to host-associated olfactory cues SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Roptrocerus xylophagorum; Ips grandicollis; Scolytidae; parasitoid host location; tritrophic interactions; semiochemicals ID SOUTHERN PINE-BEETLE; SESAMIAE CAMERON HYMENOPTERA; COTESIA-FLAVIPES CAMERON; VOLATILE INFOCHEMICALS; SEARCHING BEHAVIOR; RELATIVE ABUNDANCE; SCOLYTIDAE; BRACONIDAE; COLEOPTERA; LOCATION AB Studies Mere conducted to identify host location cues used by Roptrocerus xylophagorum (Ratzeburg), a larval/pupal parasitoid of bark beetles. In Y-tube olfactometer bioassays, female R. xylophagorum were attracted to infested bark (i.e., phloem, cambium, and outer corky bark tissues) removed from bolts of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., colonized by the late instar larvae and pupae of the bark beetle Ips grandicollis Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). In contrast, bark taken from recently cut, uninfested bolts interrupted attraction to infested bark when these were presented together. Larval and pupal hosts isolated from infested bark were not attractive to parasitoids, whereas frass removed from the larval mines in infested Lark was highly attractive. Bark from which hosts or both hosts and host frass were removed remained highly attractive. Bark sandwiches (fresh bark with the exposed surface pressed to glass microscope slides) infested with either third-instar or adult female I, grandicollis were attractive to female parasitoids, whereas bark sandwiches with only mechanical damage to the phloem tissue were unattractive. A steam distillate of bark infested with host lanae was attractive to female R. xylophagorum, whereas a distillate of fresh pine resin was not attractive. Volatiles from the experimental baits were collected on Porapak Q and analyzed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Several compounds were identified that distinguished baits with biological activity. These data show the importance of the complete host/plant complex for attraction of R. xylophagorum to its host's habitat and suggest a possible role for particular odors from uninfested host plant tissue in directing foraging parasitoids away from locations with few or no hosts. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Univ Gothenburg, Dept Chem Ecol, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Sullivan, BT (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 68 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 16 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1138 EP 1151 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-29.6.1138 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 392AW UT WOS:000166389300007 ER PT J AU Shelly, TE McCombs, SD McInnis, DO AF Shelly, TE McCombs, SD McInnis, DO TI Mating competitiveness of male oriental fruit flies from a translocation strain (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tephritidae; Bactrocera dorsalis; fruit fly; genetic sexing strain; mating competitiveness ID STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE; CERATITIS-CAPITATA DIPTERA; GENETIC SEXING SYSTEM; FLY DIPTERA; DACUS-DORSALIS; METHYL EUGENOL; HAWAII; SUPPRESSION; BEHAVIOR; RELEASE AB A major advance in sterile insect release programs against tephritid fruit fly pests has been the development of genetic sexing strains, which allow the production of males-only lines for field release. Genetic sexing strains both reduce the costs associated with mass rearing and enhance the mating effectiveness of sterile males. Research and application of genetic sexing strains has been limited largely to the Mediterranean fruit fly. However, translocation-based genetic sexing strains based on pupal color mutants have been constructed in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). Here, we describe the results of laboratory tests on B, dorsalis that compared the relative success of males from a translocation-based sexing strain and wild males in mating competition for wild females. Additional tests examined the effect of irradiation and exposure to methyl eugenol on the mating frequency of males from the genetic sexing strain. C1 USDA, APHIS, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawalian Evolutionary Biol Program, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Entomol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA ARS, Pacific Basin Area Res Ctr, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Shelly, TE (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, POB 1040, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1152 EP 1156 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-29.6.1152 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 392AW UT WOS:000166389300008 ER PT J AU Throne, JE Parajulee, MN Phillips, TW AF Throne, JE Parajulee, MN Phillips, TW TI Computer model for simulating population dynamics of the predator Lyctocoris campestris (Heteroptera : Anthocoridae) in stored shelled corn SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lyctocoris campestris; stored products; predation; simulation model; biological control; fecundity ID TEMPERATURE; HEMIPTERA; COLEOPTERA; INSECTS; MOTH AB A computer model for simulating population dynamics of Lyctocoris campestris (F.), a predator of stored-product insects, was developed using data from the literature and newly collected data for adult longevity and fecundity. Immature development time and survival, adult longevity, fecundity, and cannibalism were simulated. The model was validated at ambient environmental conditions during three seasons in Wisconsin. The model accurately simulated development of the predator feeding on larvae of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in the validation studies. The model will be useful in optimizing mass-rearing and augmentative releases of this predator for biological control of stored-product insect pests. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Throne, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 29 IS 6 BP 1236 EP 1243 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-29.6.1236 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 392AW UT WOS:000166389300018 ER PT J AU Dufault, R Abelquist, E Crooks, S Demers, D DiBerardinis, L Franklin, T Horowitz, M Petullo, C Sturchio, G AF Dufault, R Abelquist, E Crooks, S Demers, D DiBerardinis, L Franklin, T Horowitz, M Petullo, C Sturchio, G TI Reducing environmental risk associated with laboratory decommissioning and property transfer SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Leadership Conference on Biomedical Research and the Environment CY NOV 01-02, 1999 CL BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP Natl Assoc Physicians Environm, Assoc Higher Educ Facil Officers, US Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci, W Alton Jones Fdn, Mitchell Kapor Fdn, Shulsky Fdn, Hahn Family Fdn, Baxter Int Inc DE assessment; characterization; decommissioning; decontamination; demolition; environmental; laboratory; liability; remediation; renovation AB The need for more or less space is a common laboratory problem. Solutions may include renovating existing space, leaving or demolishing old space, or acquiring new space or property for building. All of these options carry potential environmental risk. Such risk can be the result of activities related to the laboratory facility or property (e.g., asbestos, underground storage tanks, lead paint), or the research associated with it (e.g., radioactive, microbiological, and chemical contamination). Regardless of the option chosen to solve the space problem, the potential environmental risk must be mitigated and the laboratory space and/or property must be decommissioned or rendered safe prior to any renovation, demolition, or property transfer activities. Not mitigating the environmental risk through a decommissioning process can incur significant financial liability for any costs associated with future decommissioning cleanup activities. Out of necessity, a functioning system, environmental due diligence auditing, has evolved over time to assess environmental risk and reduce associated financial liability. This system involves a 4-phase approach to identify, document, manage, and clean up areas of environmental concern or liability, including contamination. Environmental due diligence auditing includes a) historical site assessment, b) characterization assessment, c) remedial effort and d) final status survey. General practice standards from the American Society for Testing and Materials are available for conducting the first two phases. However, standards have not yet been developed for conducting the third and final phases of the environmental due diligence auditing process. Individuals involved in laboratory decommissioning work in the biomedical research industry consider this a key weakness. C1 US FDA, Div Facilities Planning Engn & Safety, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Oak Ridge Inst Sci & Educ, Oak Ridge, TN USA. Glaxo Wellcome Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. Analog Devices Inc, Cambridge, MA USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. Merck Res Labs, Rahway, NJ USA. RP Dufault, R (reprint author), US FDA, Div Facilities Planning Engn & Safety, HFA-34,5630 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 108 SU 6 BP 1015 EP 1022 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 386TP UT WOS:000166077900010 PM 11121365 ER PT J AU Winter, PL Sagarin, BJ Rhoads, K Barrett, DW Cialdini, RB AF Winter, PL Sagarin, BJ Rhoads, K Barrett, DW Cialdini, RB TI Choosing to encourage or discourage: Perceived effectiveness of prescriptive versus proscriptive messages SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE prescriptive message effectiveness; proscriptive message effectiveness; messages in signs; communication ID COMMUNICATION AB The estimated cost of repairing damage caused to recreational sites annually is in the hundreds of millions of dollars. These depreciative activities also reduce the quality of visitors' experiences in the damaged areas. Indirect methods, such as visitor education through brochures and signs, continue to be the least controversial management approaches to depreciative acts. Yet, the literature on studies examining the most effective message presentations remains sparse. A survey mailed to randomly selected National Association for Interpretation members assessed the perceived effectiveness of communications that encouraged positive conduct (prescriptive messages) versus those that discouraged negative conduct (proscriptive messages) in wildland and urban settings. Almost invariably, respondents viewed the encouragement based prescriptive messages as more effective than the discouragement-based proscriptive messages. This finding stands in sharp contrast to an earlier study that discovered a preponderance of proscriptive versus prescriptive messages on signs in both wildland and urban recreational environments. Thus, although the great majority of interpreters see the encouragement of positive conduct as more effective, in practice, messages on signs are much more likely to discourage negative conduct. Reasons for this discrepancy are considered. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Psychol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Winter, PL (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 26 IS 6 BP 589 EP 594 DI 10.1007/s002670010117 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 368HQ UT WOS:000090112000001 PM 11029110 ER PT J AU Ziemer, CJ Sharp, R Stern, MD Cotta, MA Whitehead, TR Stahl, DA AF Ziemer, CJ Sharp, R Stern, MD Cotta, MA Whitehead, TR Stahl, DA TI Comparison of microbial populations in model and natural rumens using 16S ribosomal RNA-targeted probes SO ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYBRIDIZATION PROBES; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; FIBROBACTER; SYSTEM; SEQUENCES; BACTERIA; INVITRO; CULTURE; ECOLOGY AB A model rumen system, dual-flow continuous culture fermenters, was evaluated by two comparative criteria in two experiments using ribosomal (r)RNA-targeted DNA probes to compare key microbial groups in samples. The initial experiment measured temporal changes in population structure during adaptation of ruminal microbial populations in fermenters over 240 h. The fermenter inoculum contained 34.9% Bacteria, 60.1% Eukarya and 6.8% Archaea measured as a fraction of total small subunit (SSU) rRNA quantified using a universal probe. The cellulolytic bacterial genus Fibrobacter comprised 9.5% of total SSU rRNA in the inoculum. After 240 h of fermenter operation, the average abundance, was 80.9% Bacteria, 6.1% Eukarya, 5.1% Archaea and Fibrobacter genus accounted for 8.6% of the total SSU rRNA. Divergence between ruminal and fermenter population structure was evaluated in the second experiment and samples were classified as ruminal, inoculum or fermenter (96, 120, 144 and 168 h of fermenter operation). Fermenter samples had higher relative abundances of Bacteria (84.5%) and Archaea (2.1%) and lower relative abundances of Eukarya (1.8%) than ruminal samples (average 48.0% Bacteria, 1.3% Archaea and 61.5% Eukarya), The relative abundance of Fibrobacter was similar in all samples, averaging 2.5%. The ruminal and fermenter samples had similar proportions of F. succinogenes and F. succinogenes subgroup 3 (as a percentage of Fibrobacter SSU rRNA). Fibrobacter succinogenes subgroup 1 and F. intestinalis proportions of Fibrobacter were lower in fermenter samples (8.2% and 0.7% respectively) than in ruminal samples (28.4% and 2.2% respectively). Fermenters were able to maintain a core prokaryotic community structure similar to the native microbial community in the rumen. Although protozoa populations were lost, maintenance of Fibrobacter and archaeal populations indicated that the model system supported a functional community structure similar to the rumen. This model rumen system may serve as a suitable tool for studying aspects of ruminal microbial ecology and may resolve some of the relationships between microbial community structure and function by providing control of experimental conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Anim Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Ziemer, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM cziemer@nadc.ars.usda.gov RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009; OI Cotta, Michael/0000-0003-4565-7754 NR 44 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1462-2912 J9 ENVIRON MICROBIOL JI Environ. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 2 IS 6 BP 632 EP 643 DI 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2000.00146.x PG 12 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 396PJ UT WOS:000166645500005 PM 11214796 ER PT J AU Prestemon, JP AF Prestemon, JP TI Public open access and private timber harvests: Theory and application to the effects of trade liberalization in Mexico SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE deforestation; forests; land quality; land-use choice; NAFTA; ownership heterogeneity ID LAND-USE; FOREST; DEFORESTATION; ECONOMICS; DECISION; QUALITY AB A common popular assertion is that trade liberalization encourages deforestation. But whether this is true depends on how trade policies affect the allocation of land among competing uses and how they influence illegal cutting of public forests. A model is presented that allows for forests to be either public or private, and public forests are divided into protected (or managed) and threatened categories. Effects of price changes are shown on each part of the forest. An empirical version of the model is applied to the case of Mexico with NAFTA. Most scenarios considered show that NAFTA will have positive long-run effects on forest cover in Mexico but that this is net of losses on private lands. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Prestemon, JP (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 38 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-6460 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON JI Environ. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 17 IS 4 BP 311 EP 334 DI 10.1023/A:1026498222748 PG 24 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 382GW UT WOS:000165815400001 ER PT J AU Mata-Sandoval, JC Karns, J Torrents, A AF Mata-Sandoval, JC Karns, J Torrents, A TI Effect of rhamuolipids produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2 on the solubilization of pesticides SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NONIONIC SURFACTANTS; HYDROPHOBIC COMPOUNDS; MICELLAR PHASE; SOIL; BIODEGRADATION; BIOSURFACTANTS; PHENANTHRENE; KINETICS; BIOAVAILABILITY; DEGRADATION AB The ability of a rhamnolipid mixture produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa UG2 to solubilize the pesticides atrazine, trifluralin, and coumaphos was compared with that of the surfactant Triton X-100. The values of maximum micellar solubilization capacities (K-supra [mmol pest/mol surf]) for trifluralin and coumaphos in Triton X-100 were double those for the rhamnolipid mixture, whereas atrazine K-supra value for the rhamnolipid biosurfactant was in the same range as that for the synthetic surfactant. Despite having the second largest K-ow value of the three pesticides, coumaphos had the lowest affinity for both surfactant micellar phases. Comparison of values of aqueous-micelle solubilization rate coefficients (k(OWM)) obtained for trifluralin showed that the pesticide is solubilized at the same rate in both surfactant micellar phases. A much lower value of micellar-aqueous transfer rate coefficient(k(OMW)) for trifluralin in the rhamnolipid mixture suggests that the pesticide is bound more tightly to the biosurfactant micellar core and diffuses out to the aqueous phase at a lower speed than that observed for the synthetic surfactant. Future research can benefit from this work by studying the effect that micellar solubilization can have on the bioavailability of organic pollutants for microbial uptake. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Environm Engn Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Torrents, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Environm Engn Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 33 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD DEC 1 PY 2000 VL 34 IS 23 BP 4923 EP 4930 DI 10.1021/es0011111 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 378EN UT WOS:000165572200027 ER PT J AU Liefert, WM AF Liefert, WM TI Russia's agro-food sector: Towards truly functioning markets SO EUROPEAN REVIEW OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Book Review C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Liefert, WM (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0165-1587 J9 EUR REV AGRIC ECON JI Eur. Rev. Agric. Econ. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 27 IS 4 BP 534 EP 536 DI 10.1093/erae/27.4.534 PG 3 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 396TR UT WOS:000166653100008 ER PT J AU Mankin, RW Petersson, E Epsky, ND Heath, RR Sivinski, J AF Mankin, RW Petersson, E Epsky, ND Heath, RR Sivinski, J TI Exposure to male pheromones enhances Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera : Tephritidae) female response to male calling song SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE calling song; pheromone; Anastrepha suspensa; attraction ID CARIBBEAN FRUIT-FLY; MICROPLITIS-CROCEIPES CRESSON; CONTROLLED RELEASE DEVICES; LOEW DIPTERA; AIRBORNE SEMIOCHEMICALS; VOLATILE SUBSTANCES; INSECT PHEROMONES; FLIGHT BEHAVIOR; FLIES; REEVALUATION AB Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) females are attracted to traps baited with male pheromone and/or broadcast calling song, but a high variability in female responsiveness has hindered attempts to use such attractants in practical trapping systems. Prior experience is one factor that may contribute to variability in female responses. To investigate this possibility, female responses to male calling song were compared after 38-40-h prior exposure to different combinations of live males, live females, synthetic pheromone components, and broadcast song. The broadcast song, obtained from a sexually successful male, contained a series of wing-fanning pulse trains averaging 0.31-s in duration, separated by 0.36-s quiet intervals. Within the pulse trains, the frequency rose quickly from similar to 125 to 148 Hz and then slowly declined to similar to 120 Hz. The proportions of females responding to the broadcast calling song were greatest when females were first exposed to live males or pheromone components. These proportions significantly exceeded 0% difference between the proportions under silent and broadcasting speakers. The proportion of females that responded after prior exposure to broadcast song alone was significantly higher than the proportion that responded after no prior exposure to sexual stimuli, but it did not significantly exceed 0%. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Uppsala Univ, Evolutionary Biol Ctr, Dept Anim Ecol, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Miami, FL 33158 USA. RP Mankin, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 83 IS 4 BP 411 EP 421 DI 10.2307/3496716 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FA UT WOS:000166049000002 ER PT J AU Porter, SD Briano, JA AF Porter, SD Briano, JA TI Parasitoid-host matching between the little decapitating fly Pseudacteon curvatus from Las Flores, Argentina and the black fire ant Solenopsis richteri SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Diptera; Phoridae; Hymenoptera; Formicidae; Solenopsis invicta; host preference; hybrid fire ants; biocontrol; biotype ID FLIES DIPTERA; HYBRID ZONE; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; PHORIDAE; HYBRIDIZATION; INVICTA AB Matching biotypes of potential biocontrol agents to target host populations can greatly improve the effectiveness of control. This study was designed to determine if the fly Pseudacteon curvatus Borgmeier from Las Flores, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina prefers its natural host, the black fire ant, Solenopsis richteri Forel. We found that P. curvatus strongly preferred S. richteri from Argentina, S. richteri from the United States, and hybrid (S. richteri x S. invicta) fire ants from the United States when each was tested against S. invicta from the United States. The time to pupation of developing parasitoids was 10% and 21% longer in hybrid and red fire ants than in black fire ants. Parasitism rates, however, were not significantly different among these ant hosts in no-choice parasitism tests. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entromol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. USDA ARS, S Amer Biol Control Lab, RA-1686 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Porter, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entromol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 13 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 83 IS 4 BP 422 EP 427 DI 10.2307/3496717 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FA UT WOS:000166049000003 ER PT J AU McAuslane, HJ Simmons, AM Jackson, DM AF McAuslane, HJ Simmons, AM Jackson, DM TI Parasitism of Bemisia argentifolii on collard with reduced or normal leaf wax SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Brassica oleracea; plant resistance; Eretmocerus; Encarsia pergandiella; parasitoid; leaf wax; tritrophic interactions ID BRASSICA-OLERACEA L; HOST-PLANT RESISTANCE; TABACI HOMOPTERA; INSECT HERBIVORES; COTTON CULTIVARS; BIOTYPE-B; ALEYRODIDAE; APHELINIDAE; BEHAVIOR; OVIPOSITION AB Collard, Brassica oleracea var, acephala L., cultivars with reduced leaf wax (i.e., glossy phenotypes) possess ovipositional antixenotic resistance to the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). We investigated parasitism by 2 parasitoids of B. argentifolii reared on 2 phenotypes of the collard cultivar 'Green Glaze', differing in amount of leaf wax. When Eretmocerus sp. (Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae) parasitoids were given a choice between parasitizing whitefly nymphs on glossy and normal-wax collard, there were no significant differences in the number of parasitized nymphs on the 2 plant phenotypes. However, 4.5 times more Encarsia pergandiella Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) emerged from whiteflies on glossy than on normal-wax plants. In a no-choice test, the number of Eretmocerus sp. emerging on glossy and normal-wax plants did not differ significantly. In a similar no choice test, more than twice as many E. pergandiella! emerged from whiteflies on glossy collard than on normal-wax collard. Time to 50% emergence for whiteflies and both species of parasitoids did not differ on the 2 collard types in any of the no-choice tests. We conclude that management of B. argentifolii populations can be improved on collard, and probably other B. oleracea vegetables, through the use of reduced leaf wax cultivars that have antixenotic resistance to B. argentifolii and have no detrimental effects, possibly even beneficial effects, on important whitefly natural enemies. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP McAuslane, HJ (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 36 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 83 IS 4 BP 428 EP 437 DI 10.2307/3496718 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FA UT WOS:000166049000004 ER PT J AU Strong, CA Valles, SM Koehler, PG Brenner, RJ AF Strong, CA Valles, SM Koehler, PG Brenner, RJ TI Residual efficacy of blatticides applied to surfaces contaminated with German cockroach (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae) feces SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Blattella germanica; feces; insecticide efficacy; formulation ID RESISTANCE AB Crack-and-crevice treatments were simulated in the presence and absence of German cockroach [Blattella germanica (L.)] feces to evaluate its effect on insecticide efficacy toward the German cockroach. The LT50 of German cockroaches exposed to 0.39 mug of cypermethrin/cm(2) (Demon EC formulation) on glass Mason jars was 26 min. The LT,increased 2.5- and 4.5-fold when Demon EC was mixed with 123 and 184 mg of cockroach feces, respectively. The presence of German cockroach feces increased the LT50 2.5-fold in Dursban EC (chlorpyrifos) and 1.2-fold in Baygon EC (propoxur). Longevity experiments with 3 lambda -cyhalothrin formulations in the presence of German cockroach feces resulted in significant decreases in insecticide efficacy. Feces reduced the performance of Commodore WP (lambda -cyhalothrin) by 12.5, 35, 55, and 91.5% on days 0, 10, 20, and 30, respectively. Initial reductions in efficacy were observed for the Demand CS (lambda -cyhalothrin) and Karate (lambda -cyhalothrin) formulations when in the presence of German cockroach feces. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Strong, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 83 IS 4 BP 438 EP 445 DI 10.2307/3496719 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FA UT WOS:000166049000005 ER PT J AU Davidson, EW Fay, ML Blackmer, J Lavine, M AF Davidson, EW Fay, ML Blackmer, J Lavine, M TI Improved artificial feeding system for rearing the whitefly Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE artificial diet; Bemisia tabaci A-strain; Trialeurodes vaporariorum ID TABACI GENNADIUS; COTTON; MORTALITY; SURVIVAL AB The artificial rearing system for Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring has been improved by the selection of an autoclavable, reusable membrane, reduction of the sucrose concentration, choice of yeast extract, use of an antifungal agent in the petri dish chamber, choice of surface sterilization agent, egg storage, and maintenance of high humidity in the chamber during the entire nymphal development. We can now produce small numbers of adult whiteflies of both sexes on these chambers, confirming the utility of these improvements. We also reared two Bemisia tabaci A-strain to adults and several Trialeurodes vaporariorum nymphs to the 3rd and 4th instar on the improved feeding system. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Davidson, EW (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 83 IS 4 BP 459 EP 468 DI 10.2307/3496721 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FA UT WOS:000166049000007 ER PT J AU Inglett, GE Maneepun, S Vatanasuchart, N AF Inglett, GE Maneepun, S Vatanasuchart, N TI Evaluation of hydrolyzed oat flour as a replacement for butter and coconut cream in bakery products SO FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE oatrim; oat; coconut cream; butter; desserts; bakery products; sensory; fats ID BETA-GLUCAN; AMYLODEXTRINS AB Hydrolyzed oat flour, called Oatrim, was found able to create suitable food desserts when partially substituted for butter or coconut cream. In bakery products, a 25% Oatrim gel was substituted for butter in rice cookie, brownie, and banana cake recipes. The cholesterol contents of the rice cookie, banana cake, and brownie were reduced by 24.7%, 13.5%, and 24.1%, respectively. Coconut cream was replaced with a 15% Oatrim suspension in the Thai desserts coconut custard, coconut cream spread, and mungbean conserve. In these products, a substantial reduction in saturated fat content was found: coconut custard (60.6% reduction), mungbean conserve (76.4% reduction), coconut cream spread (83.7% reduction). Although adequate texture measurements were observed for most partially substituted products, the breaking strengths of the rice cookie and mungbean conserve were significantly increased over control foods. These data suggested that the use of the gel should be limited to less than 50% of the substitution. Within the experimental parameters examined, the baked goods and Thai desserts exhibited satisfactory sensory qualities in the 50% to 60% substitution range. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Kasetsart Univ, Inst Food Res & Prod Dev, Bangkok 10903, Thailand. RP Inglett, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 10 PU ASPEN PUBL INC PI GAITHERSBURG PA 200 ORCHARD RIDGE DR, STE 200, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20878 USA SN 1082-0132 J9 FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT JI Food Sci. Technol. Int. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 6 IS 6 BP 457 EP 462 DI 10.1177/108201320000600604 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 408LR UT WOS:000167328100004 ER PT J AU Geiser, DM Dorner, JW Horn, BW Taylor, JW AF Geiser, DM Dorner, JW Horn, BW Taylor, JW TI The phylogenetics of mycotoxin and sclerotium production in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae SO FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin; Aspergillus section Flavi; cyclopiazonic acid; cryptic species; gene genealogies ID VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY; AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION; GENETIC DIVERSITY; SECTION FLAVI; DNA; PARASITICUS; STRAINS; RECOMBINATION; ASSOCIATION; POPULATION AB Geiser, D. M., Dorner, J. W., Horn, B, W., and Taylor, J. W. 2000. The phylogenetics of mycotoxin and sclerotium production in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae, Fungal Genetics and Biology 31, 169-179. Aspergillus flavus is a common filamentous fungus that produces aflatoxins and presents a major threat to agriculture and human health. Previous phylogenetic studies of A. flavus have shown that it consists of two subgroups, called groups I and II, and morphological studies indicated that it consists of two morphological groups based on sclerotium size, called "S" and "L," The industrially important non-aflatoxin-producing fungus A. oryzae is nested within group I. Three different gene regions, including part of a gene involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis (omt12), were sequenced in 33 S and L strains of A. flavus collected from various regions around the world, along with three isolates of A. oryzae and two isolates of A. parasiticus that were used as outgroups, The production of B and G aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid was analyzed in the A. flavus isolates, and each isolate was identified as "S" or "L" based on sclerotium size. Phylogenetic analysis of all three genes confirmed the inference that group I and group II represent a deep divergence within A. flavus. Most group I strains produced B aflatoxins to some degree, and none produced G aflatoxins. Four of six group II strains produced both B and G aflatoxins. (C) Academic Press. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Buckhout Lab 204, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Geiser, DM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Buckhout Lab 204, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM dgeiser@psu.edu RI Geiser, David/J-9950-2013 NR 33 TC 137 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1087-1845 J9 FUNGAL GENET BIOL JI Fungal Genet. Biol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 31 IS 3 BP 169 EP 179 DI 10.1006/fgbi.2000.1215 PG 11 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mycology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mycology GA 407KZ UT WOS:000167271900004 PM 11273679 ER PT J AU Wei, JZ Chatterton, NJ Larson, SR Wang, RRC AF Wei, JZ Chatterton, NJ Larson, SR Wang, RRC TI Linkage mapping and nucleotide polymorphisms of the 6-SFT gene of cool-season grasses SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE Hordeum vulgare; barley; fructan; phylogeny; fructosyltransferase; intron; genome ID SUCROSE-FRUCTAN 6-FRUCTOSYLTRANSFERASE; PHLEUM-PRATENSE; BARLEY LEAVES; KEY ENZYME; CARBOHYDRATE; OLIGOMERS; WHEAT; EXPRESSION; FESTUCA; TOBACCO AB Fructan plays an important role as an alternate carbohydrate and may contribute to drought and cold-stress tolerances in various plant species. The gene coding for sucrose:fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-SFT; EC 2.4.1.10), an enzyme that catalyzes the formation and extension of beta -2,6-linked fructans (levans), is important to fructan synthesis in many cool-season grasses, including cereal species. In this study, we compared a conserved sequence from the 6-SFT gene in barley with comparable sequences in 20 other cool-season grasses. We detected several DNA length polymorphisms, including variations in one simple-sequence repeat (SSR) in a 6-SFT intron of the barley cultivars Steptoe and Morex. Using the 'Steptoe' x 'Morex' doubled-haploid mapping population, the 6-SFT gene was genetically mapped to the distal region in the short arm of barley chromosome 1 (7H), where it is closely linked with trait locus Rpg1. Primers designed from other conserved regions of the barley 6-SFT gene successfully amplified 351- or 354-bp sequences of this gene from diverse cool season grass species. Sequence identities of the PCR products were greater than 80% among the 21 species. Phylogeny, as determined using these DNA sequences, is similar to that obtained from rDNA ITS sequences, and congruent with our current knowledge of genome relationships. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Chatterton, NJ (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. OI Larson, Steve/0000-0003-2742-2134 NR 37 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 931 EP 938 DI 10.1139/gen-43-6-931 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 380BC UT WOS:000165677600002 PM 11195345 ER PT J AU Danin-Poleg, Y Reis, N Baudracco-Arnas, S Pitrat, M Staub, JE Oliver, M Arus, P deVicente, CM Katzir, N AF Danin-Poleg, Y Reis, N Baudracco-Arnas, S Pitrat, M Staub, JE Oliver, M Arus, P deVicente, CM Katzir, N TI Simple sequence repeats in Cucumis mapping and map merging SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE microsatellites; Cucumis melo; melon; Cucumis sativus; cucumber; comparative mapping ID SATIVUS L; LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS; MELO L; MORPHOLOGICAL MARKERS; LENGTH POLYMORPHISM; DISEASE RESISTANCE; DNA MARKERS; GENETIC-MAP; ISOZYME; LOCI AB Thirty-four polymorphic simple-sequence repeats (SSRs) were evaluated for length polymorphism in melon (Cucumis melo L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). SSR markers were located on three melon maps (18 on the map of 'Vedrantais' and PI 161375, 23 on the map of 'Piel de Sapo' and PI 161375, and 16 on the map of PI 414723 and 'Dulce'). In addition, 14 of the markers were located on the cucumber map of GY14 and PI 183967. SSRs proved to be randomly distributed throughout the melon and cucumber genomes. Mapping of the SSRs in the different maps led to the cross-identification of seven linkage groups in all melon maps. In addition, nine SSRs were common to both melon and cucumber maps. The potential of SSR markers as anchor points for melon-map merging and for comparative mapping with cucumber was demonstrated. C1 Agr Res Org, Newe Yaar Res Ctr, Dept Vegetable Crops, IL-30095 Ramat Yishay, Israel. INRA, Stn Genet & Ameliorat Fruits & Legumes, F-84143 Montfavet, France. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Inst Recerca & Technol Agroalimentaires, Dept Genet Vegetal, Cabrils 08340, Spain. RP Katzir, N (reprint author), Agr Res Org, Newe Yaar Res Ctr, Dept Vegetable Crops, POB 1021, IL-30095 Ramat Yishay, Israel. RI Arus, Pere/F-6443-2015 OI Arus, Pere/0000-0003-0939-8038 NR 34 TC 73 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 963 EP 974 DI 10.1139/gen-43-6-963 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 380BC UT WOS:000165677600007 PM 11195350 ER PT J AU Park, YH Sensoy, S Wye, C Antonise, R Peleman, J Havey, MJ AF Park, YH Sensoy, S Wye, C Antonise, R Peleman, J Havey, MJ TI A genetic map of cucumber composed of RAPDs, RFLPs, AFLPs, and loci conditioning resistance to papaya ringspot and zucchini yellow mosaic viruses SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE amplified fragment length polymorphism; randomly amplified polymorphic DNA; restriction fragment length polymorphism; virus resistance ID SATIVUS L; LINE TMG-1; INHERITANCE; MARKERS; ALLELES; STRAIN AB The watermelon strain of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV-W) and zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) are potyviruses that cause significant disease losses in cucumber. Resistances have been identified primarily in exotic germplasm that require transfer to elite cultivated backgrounds. To select more efficiently for virus resistances, we identified molecular markers tightly linked to PRSV-W and ZYMV resistances in cucumber. We generated F-6 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a cross between Cucumis sativus L. 'Straight 8' and a line from 'Taichung Mou Gua', TMG1 (susceptible and resistant, respectively, to both viruses), and studied the segregations of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), and resistances to PRSV-W and ZYMV. A 353-point map of cucumber was generated, delineating 12 linkage groups at LOD 3.5. Linkage arrangements among RFLPs were consistent with previously published maps; however linkages among RAPDs in our map did not agree with a previously published map. Resistances to PRSV-W and ZYMV were tightly linked (2.2 cM) and mapped to the end of one linkage group. One AFLP cosegregated with resistance to ZYMV. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Keygene NV, NL-6700 AE Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 27 TC 51 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1003 EP 1010 DI 10.1139/gen-43-6-1003 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 380BC UT WOS:000165677600011 PM 11195331 ER PT J AU Wang, ZN Hang, A Hansen, J Burton, C Mallory-Smith, CA Zemetra, RS AF Wang, ZN Hang, A Hansen, J Burton, C Mallory-Smith, CA Zemetra, RS TI Visualization of A- and B-genome chromosomes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) x jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host) backcross progenies SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum L.; Aegilops cylindrica Host; GISH; biological risk ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; YELLOW DWARF VIRUS; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; CHROMATIN ORGANIZATION; CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS; RUST RESISTANCE; HEXAPLOID WHEAT; BRASSICA-NAPUS; GENE-TRANSFER; BREAD WHEAT AB Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) can cross with each other, and their self-fertile backcross progenies frequently have extra chromosomes and chromosome segments, presumably retained from wheat, raising the possibility that a herbicide resistance gene might transfer from wheat to jointed goatgrass. Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) was used to clarify the origin of these extra chromosomes. By using T. durum DNA (AABB genome) as a probe and jointed goatgrass DNA (CCDD genome) as blocking DNA, one, two, and three A- or B-genome chromosomes were identified in three BC2S2 individuals where 2n = 29, 30, and 31 chromosomes, respectively. A translocation between wheat and jointed goatgrass chromosomes was also detected in an individual with 30 chromosomes. In pollen mother cells with meiotic configuration of 14 II + 2 I, the two univalents were identified as being retained from the A or B genome of wheat. By using Ae. markgrafii DNA (CC genome) as a probe and wheat DNA (AABBDD genome) as blocking DNA, 14 C-genome chromosomes were visualized in all BC2S2 individuals. The GISH procedure provides a powerful tool to detect the A or B-genome chromatin in a jointed goatgrass background, making it possible to assess the risk of transfer of herbicide resistance genes located on the A or B genome of wheat to jointed goatgrass. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. ARS, USDA, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Wang, ZN (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 36 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1038 EP 1044 DI 10.1139/gen-43-6-1038 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 380BC UT WOS:000165677600016 PM 11195336 ER PT J AU Muehlbauer, GJ Riera-Lizarazu, O Kynast, RG Martin, D Phillips, RL Rines, HW AF Muehlbauer, GJ Riera-Lizarazu, O Kynast, RG Martin, D Phillips, RL Rines, HW TI A maize chromosome 3 addition line of oat exhibits expression of the maize homeobox gene liguleless3 and alteration of cell fates SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE liguleless3; homeobox; oat-maize addition line ID ROUGH SHEATH2 GENE; ECTOPIC EXPRESSION; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; LEAF DEVELOPMENT; COMPOUND LEAF; OVEREXPRESSION; ARABIDOPSIS; MORPHOLOGY; LEAVES; TOMATO AB Maize chromosome addition lines of oat offer the opportunity to study maize gene expression in oat and the resulting phenotypes. Morphological examination of a maize chromosome 3 addition line of oat showed that this line exhibited several morphological abnormalities including a blade-to-sheath transformation at the midrib region of the leaf, a hook-shaped panicle, and abnormal outgrowth of aerial axillary buds. Dominant mutations in the maize liguleless3 (lg3) homeobox gene result in a blade (distal)-to-sheath (proximal) transformation at the midrib region of the leaf. Ectopic expression of the dominant mutant Lg3 allele is believed to cause the phenotype. Therefore, we suspected that the maize lg3 gene, which is located on maize chromosome 3, was involved in the phenotypes observed in the maize chromosome 3 addition line of oat. Genetic analyses of an oat BC1F2 family segregating for maize chromosome 3 showed that the presence of a stable maize chromosome 3 was required for the expression of these cell fate abnormalities. RNA expression analysis of leaf sheath tissue from oat plants carrying maize chromosome 3 demonstrated that maize LG3 transcripts accumulated in oat, indicating that this expression is associated with the blade-to-sheath transformation, hook-shaped panicle and outgrowth of aerial axillary bud phenotypes. Our results demonstrate that the maize chromosome addition lines of oat are useful genetic stocks to study expression of maize genes in oat. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. St Marys Univ Minnesota, Dept Biol, Winona, MN 55987 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Muehlbauer, GJ (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. OI Riera-Lizarazu, Oscar/0000-0002-7477-4063 NR 22 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD DEC PY 2000 VL 43 IS 6 BP 1055 EP 1064 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 380BC UT WOS:000165677600018 PM 11195338 ER PT J AU Ojima, D Mosier, A Del Grosso, S Parton, WJ AF Ojima, D Mosier, A Del Grosso, S Parton, WJ TI TRAGNET analysis and synthesis of trace gas fluxes SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID MODEL AB A critical synthesis of information on the biotic and abiotic controls of trace gas fluxes was needed in order to advance our ability to determine regional estimates of various trace gas compounds. In response to this need, the U.S. Trace Gas Network (TRAGNET), as part of an International Global Atmospheric Chemistry (IGAC) activity, developed an accessible database of multiyear trace gas flux (CH4, NOx, and N2O) and ancillary data from a range of ecosystems (tropical to arctic) across North America, Europe, and Central America. These data have been collected by a number of independent research programs. Through the support of National Science Foundation (NSF), United States Department of Agriculture/Agriculture Research Service (USDA/ARS), Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory at Colorado State University, and National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), TRAGNET has assembled the data sets and has begun to analyze and synthesize these trace gas data on regional to global scales to (1) determine a generalized understanding of environmental factors controlling trace gas fluxes in order to develop methods for spatial and temporal interpolation and regional extrapolation, (2) test and validate trace gas models across different spatial, temporal, and process scales, and (3) determine regional trace gas fluxes from the measured set of fluxes in the database. C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Ojima, D (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM dennis@nrel.colostate.edu; amosier@lamar.colostate.edu; delgro@nrel.colostate.edu; billp@nrel.colostate.edu RI Ojima, Dennis/C-5272-2016 NR 6 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 EI 1944-9224 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP 995 EP 997 DI 10.1029/2000GB001331 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 391EK UT WOS:000166341000001 ER PT J AU Del Grosso, SJ Parton, WJ Mosier, AR Ojima, DS Potter, CS Borken, W Brumme, R Butterbach-Bahl, K Crill, PM Dobbie, K Smith, KA AF Del Grosso, SJ Parton, WJ Mosier, AR Ojima, DS Potter, CS Borken, W Brumme, R Butterbach-Bahl, K Crill, PM Dobbie, K Smith, KA TI General CH4 oxidation model and comparisons of CH4 oxidation in natural and managed systems SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID COLORADO SHORTGRASS STEPPE; LAND-USE CHANGE; METHANE OXIDATION; TEMPERATE FOREST; NITROUS-OXIDE; N AVAILABILITY; N2O FLUXES; SOILS; CONSUMPTION; MOISTURE AB Fluxes of methane from field observations of native and cropped grassland soils in Colorado and Nebraska were used to model CH4 oxidation as a function of soil water content, temperature, porosity, and field capacity (FC). A beta function is used to characterize the effect of soil water on the physical limitation of gas diffusivity when water is high and biological limitation when water is low. Optimum soil volumetric water content (W-opt) increases with FC. The site specific maximum CH4 oxidation rate (CH4max) varies directly with soil gas diffusivity (D) as a function of soil bulk density and FC. Although soil water content and physical pro are the primary controls on CH4 uptake, the potential for soil temperature to affect CH4 uptake rates increases as soils become less limited by gas diffusivity. Daily CH4 oxidation rate is calculated as the product of CH4max, the normalized (0-100%) beta function to account for water effects, a temperature multiplier, and an adjustment factor to account for the effects of agriculture on methane flux. The model developed with grassland soils also worked well in coniferous and tropical forest soils. However, soil gas diffusivity as a function of field capacity, and bulk density did not reliably predict maximum CH4 oxidation rates in deciduous forest soils, so a submodel for these systems was developed assuming that CH4max is a function of mineral soil bulk density. The overall model performed well with the data used for model development (r(2) = 0.76) and with independent data from grasslands, cultivated lands, and coniferous, deciduous, and tropical forests (r(2) = 0.73, mean error < 6%). C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Gottingen, Inst Soil Sci & Forest Nutr, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. Inst Atmospher Environm Res, D-82467 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Johnson Controls World Services Inc, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Del Grosso, SJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM delgro@nrel.colostate.edu; billp@nrel.colostate.edu; amosier@lamar.colostate.edu; dennis@nrel.colostate.edu; cpotter@gaia.arc.nasa.gov; rbrumme@ufbwserver.uni-forst.gwdg.de; butterbach@ifu.fhg.de; patrick.crill@unh.edu; karen.dobbie@ed.ac.uk; k.a.smith@ed.ac.uk RI Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014; Ojima, Dennis/C-5272-2016; Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus/A-8081-2013; OI Crill, Patrick/0000-0003-1110-3059 NR 41 TC 99 Z9 101 U1 5 U2 41 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP 999 EP 1019 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 391EK UT WOS:000166341000002 ER PT J AU Del Grosso, SJ Parton, WJ Mosier, AR Ojima, DS Kulmala, AE Phongpan, S AF Del Grosso, SJ Parton, WJ Mosier, AR Ojima, DS Kulmala, AE Phongpan, S TI General model for N2O and N-2 gas emissions from soils due to dentrification SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID NITROUS-OXIDE EMISSIONS; SHORTGRASS STEPPE; WATER CONTENT; DENITRIFICATION; CARBON; MINERALIZATION; NITRIFICATION; GRASSLAND; RATES AB Observations of N gas loss from incubations of intact and disturbed soil cores were used to model N2O and N-2 emissions from soil as a result of denitrification. The model assumes that denitrification rates are controlled by the availability in soil of NO3 (e(-) acceptor), labile C compounds (e(-) donor), and O-2 (competing e(-) acceptor). Heterotrophic soil respiration is used as a proxy for labile C availability while O-2 availability is a function of soil physical properties that influence gas diffusivity, soil WFPS, and O-2 demand. The potential for O-2 demand, as indicated by respiration rates, to contribute to soil anoxia varies inversely with a soil gas diffusivity coefficient which is regulated by soil porosity and pore size distribution. Model inputs include soil heterotrophic respiration rate, texture, NO3 concentration, and WFPS. The model selects the minimum of the NO3 and CO2 functions to establish a maximum potential denitrification rate for particular levels of e(-) acceptor and C substrate and accounts for limitation of O-2 availability to estimate daily N-2+N2O flux rates. The ratio of soil NO3 concentration to CO2 emission was found to reliably (r(2)=0.5) model the ratio of N-2 to N2O gases emitted from the intact cores after accounting for differences in gas diffusivity among the soils. The output of the ratio function is combined with the estimate of total N gas flux rate to infer N2O emission. The model performed well when comparing observed and simulated values of N2O flux rates with the data used for model building (r(2)=0.50) and when comparing observed and simulated N2O+N-2 gas emission rates from irrigated field soils used for model testing (r(2)=0.47). C1 Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Agr Res Ctr Finland, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Thailand Dept Agr, Bangkok, Thailand. RP Del Grosso, SJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM delgro@nrel.colostate.edu; amosier@lamar.colostate.edu; dennis@nrel.colostate.edu RI Ojima, Dennis/C-5272-2016 NR 40 TC 164 Z9 166 U1 9 U2 74 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP 1045 EP 1060 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 391EK UT WOS:000166341000005 ER PT J AU Groffman, PM Brumme, R Butterbach-Bahl, K Dobbie, KE Mosier, AR Ojima, D Papen, H Parton, WJ Smith, KA Wagner-Riddle, C AF Groffman, PM Brumme, R Butterbach-Bahl, K Dobbie, KE Mosier, AR Ojima, D Papen, H Parton, WJ Smith, KA Wagner-Riddle, C TI Evaluating annual nitrous oxide fluxes at the ecosystem scale SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATE FOREST SOILS; AGRICULTURAL FIELDS; METHANE OXIDATION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; N2O EMISSIONS; N-DEPOSITION; ATMOSPHERE; DENITRIFICATION; MINERALIZATION; CH4 AB Evaluation of N(2)O flux has been one of the most problematic topics in environmental biogeochemistry over the last 10-15 years. Early ideas that we should be able to use the large body of existing research on terrestrial N cycling to predict patterns of N(2)O flux at the ecosystem scale have been hard to prove due to extreme temporal and spatial variability in flux. The vast majority of the N(2)O flux measurement and modeling activity that has taken place has been process lever and field scale, i.e., measurement, analysis and modeling of hourly and daily fluxes with chambers deployed in field plots. It has been very difficult to establish strong predictive relationships between these hourly and daily fluxes and field-scale parameters such as temperature, soil moisture, and soil inorganic N concentrations. In this study, we addressed the question of whether we can increase our predictive understanding of N(2)O fluxes by examining relationships between flux and environmental parameters at larger spatial and temporal scales, i.e., to explore relationships between annual rather than hourly or daily fluxes and ecosystem-scale variables such as plant community and soil type and annual climate rather than field-scale variables such as soil moisture and temperature. We addressed this question by examining existing data on annual fluxes from temperate forest, cropland, and rangeland ecosystems, analyzing both multiyear data sets from individual sites as well as cross-site comparison of single annual flux values from multiple sites. Results suggest that there are indeed coherent patterns in annual N(2)O flux at the ecosystem scale in forest, cropland, and rangeland ecosystems but that these patterns vary by region and only emerge with continuous (at least daily) flux measurements over multiple years. An ecosystem approach to evaluating N(2)O fluxes will be useful for regional and global modeling and for computation of national N(2)O flux inventories for regulatory purposes but only if measurement programs are comprehensive and continuous. C1 Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Univ Gottingen, Inst Soil Sci & Forest Nutr, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. Fraunhofer Inst Atmosphar Umweltforsch, Biosphere Atmosphere Exchange, D-82467 Garmisch Partenkirchen, Germany. Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Land Resource Sci, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Groffman, PM (reprint author), Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. EM groffmanp@ecostudies.org; rbrumme@gwdg.de; butterbach@ifu.fhg.de; k.e.dobbie@ed.ac.uk; amosier@lamar.colostate.edu; dennis@nrel.colostate.edu; papen@ifu.fhg.de; billp@nrel.colostate.edu; k.a.smith@ed.ac.uk; criddle@lrs.uoguelph.ca RI Papen, Hans/A-8082-2013; Garmisch-Pa, Ifu/H-9902-2014; Wagner-Riddle, Claudia/F-9728-2015; Ojima, Dennis/C-5272-2016; Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus/A-8081-2013 OI Wagner-Riddle, Claudia/0000-0002-4802-6088; NR 61 TC 73 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 31 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP 1061 EP 1070 DI 10.1029/1999GB001227 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 391EK UT WOS:000166341000006 ER PT J AU Sievering, H Fernandez, I Lee, J Hom, J Rustad, L AF Sievering, H Fernandez, I Lee, J Hom, J Rustad, L TI Forest canopy uptake of atmospheric nitrogen deposition at eastern US conifer sites: Carbon storage implications? SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID SPRUCE-FIR STAND; DRY DEPOSITION; PARTICULATE NITRATE; NITRIC-ACID; EXCHANGE; AMMONIA; SEQUESTRATION; THROUGHFALL; VELOCITIES; ECOSYSTEM AB Dry deposition determinations, along with wet deposition and throughfall (TF) measurements, at a spruce fir forest in central Maine were used to estimate the effect of atmospherically deposited nitrogen (N) uptake on forest carbon storage. Using nitric acid and particulate N as well as TF ammonium and nitrate data, the growing season (May-October) net canopy uptake of atmospheric, predominantly anthropogenic, N deposition was found to be 1-5 kg N ha(-1). The ratio of growing season net canopy N uptake to that of recycled root N uptake (10-30 kg N ha(-1) during the growing season) suggests a substantial modification of the N cycle at this Maine spruce fir forest over the past decade. The growing season 1-5 kg ha(-1) canopy N uptake may induce an enhanced annual carbon (C) storage of 250-1350 kg C ha(-1) yr(-1). This magnitude of N-stimulated C storage may be compared with measured annual C sequestration of similar to 2000 kg C ha(-1) for each of the years 1996-1998 at this Maine site. Consideration of four other eastern U.S. forest sites for which net canopy N uptake data are available suggests that from 285 to 2950 kg C ha(-1), annual C sequestration may be occurring at these conifer sites, consistent with the Maine site results. C1 Univ Colorado, Global Change & Environm Qual Program, Denver, CO 80217 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Plant Soil & Environm Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Denver, CO 80217 USA. RP Sievering, H (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Global Change & Environm Qual Program, Denver, CO 80217 USA. NR 46 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC PY 2000 VL 14 IS 4 BP 1153 EP 1159 DI 10.1029/1999GB001250 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 391EK UT WOS:000166341000013 ER PT J AU Ziska, LH AF Ziska, LH TI The impact of elevated CO on yield loss from a C-3 and C-4 weed in field-grown soybean SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; climate change; competition; lambsquarters; pigweed; yield ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; GLYCINE-MAX; ENRICHMENT; TEMPERATURE; PASTURE; CROP AB Soybean (Glycine max) was grown at ambient and enhanced carbon dioxide (CO2, + 250 muL L-1 above ambient) with and without the presence of a C3 weed (lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L.) and a C4 weed (redroot pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus L.), in order to evaluate the impact of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration [CO2] on crop production losses due to weeds. Weeds of a given species were sown at a density of two per metre of row. A significant reduction in soybean seed yield was observed with either weed species relative to the weed-free control at either [CO2]. However, for lambsquarters the reduction in soybean seed yield relative to the weed-free condition increased from 28 to 39% as CO2 increased, with a 65% increase in the average dry weight of lambsquarters at enhanced [CO2]. Conversely, for pigweed, soybean seed yield losses diminished with increasing [CO2] from 45 to 30%, with no change in the average dry weight of pigweed. In a weed-free environment, elevated [CO2] resulted in a significant increase in vegetative dry weight and seed yield at maturity for soybean (33 and 24%, respectively) compared to the ambient CO2 condition. Interestingly, the presence of either weed negated the ability of soybean to respond either vegetatively or reproductively to enhanced [CO2]. Results from this experiment suggest: (i) that rising [CO2] could alter current yield losses associated with competition from weeds; and (ii) that weed control will be crucial in realizing any potential increase in economic yield of agronomic crops such as soybean as atmospheric [CO2] increases. C1 ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ziska, LH (reprint author), ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Bldg 046A,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM lziska@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 26 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 34 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 6 IS 8 BP 899 EP 905 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00364.x PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 394KV UT WOS:000166524000005 ER PT J AU Tworkoski, T AF Tworkoski, T TI Response of potted peach trees to pruning and grass competition SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica; fescue; ryegrass; Lolium perenne; Festuca arundinacea; abscisic acid; water status ID SOD COMPETITION; GROWTH; PLANTS AB Peach [(Prunus persica (L.) Batsch., 'Rutgers Redleaf'] trees were grown for two seasons in a greenhouse with three pruning treatments (none, shoot tips removed, and half the shoots removed) and three grass treatments (no grass competition; perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne L., 'Linn'; and tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb, 'Kentucky 31'). Competing grass reduced shoot growth, leaf area, and weight of fine roots in shallow soil, but did not affect the growth response to pruning. Regrowth from pruned trees was such that the shoot : root ratio was restored to that of unpruned trees. Leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, and photosynthesis had decreased markedly by 48 hours after irrigation ceased in trees without competition (larger trees) and to a similar level by 96 hours in trees with competition (smaller trees). Apparently, the reduced leaf area of peach trees grown with grass competition delayed water stress. Leaf abscisic acid levels were not directly affected by grass competition but increased as leaf water potential decreased, Grass competition modified morphology and reduced tree size, but did not affect shoot growth following pruning. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Tworkoski, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2000 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1209 EP 1212 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 388LE UT WOS:000166181400004 ER PT J AU Glenn, DM Scorza, R Bassett, C AF Glenn, DM Scorza, R Bassett, C TI Physiological and morphological traits associated with increased water use efficiency in the willow-leaf peach SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE apparent root surface water potential; isotopic carbon discrimination; peach breeding; Prunus persica; water stress ID CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; MERISTEM; GROWTH AB A chimeric, willow-leaf mutation of a standard peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] phenotype was evaluated for its water use efficiency (WUE). The willow-leaf phenotype had greater WUE than its standard-leaf parent under both nonstressed and well-watered conditions, and this was supported by isotopic carbon discrimination. Under water-stress conditions, willow-leaf trees developed less water potential gradient from the roots to the leaves. The mechanisms associated with increased WUE by the willow-leaf phenotype include a reduced water potential gradient within the plant and uncoupling of the leaf from the aerial environment. Willow-leaf peach trees in seedling populations, descended from a different willow-leaf parent, also had reduced carbon isotopic discrimination than did sibling standard leaf seedlings. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Glenn, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2000 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1241 EP 1243 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 388LE UT WOS:000166181400013 ER PT J AU Stretch, AW Ehlenfeldt, MK AF Stretch, AW Ehlenfeldt, MK TI Resistance to the fruit infection phase of mummy berry disease in highbush blueberry cultivars SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vaccinium corymbosum; Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi ID MONILINIA-VACCINII-CORYMBOSI; BLIGHT RESISTANCE AB Sixty-eight highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars and selections were evaluated over 3 years for their resistance to the fruit infection phase of mummy berry disease [Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi (Reade) Honey]. Average incidence of fruit infection under test conditions was 34.3% in 1995, 14.4% in 1996, and 27.9% in 1997, with significant differences occurring among clones in all 3 test years. Several cultivars exhibited consistent resistance to mummy berry fruit infection across all years of testing. 'Northsky', 'Reka', 'Northblue', 'Cape Fear', 'Bluegold', 'Puru', and 'Bluejay' were among the most resistant, and 'Atlantic', 'Berkeley', 'Herbert', and 'E-176' were among the most susceptible. The consistent resistant reaction of certain cultivars indicates that they may be suitable as parents for introducing resistance into a breeding program. No significant correlation was observed between blighting resistance and fruit infection resistance. C1 USDA ARS, Rutger Blueberry & Cranberry Res & Extens Ctr, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. RP Ehlenfeldt, MK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rutger Blueberry & Cranberry Res & Extens Ctr, 125A Lake Oswego Rd, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2000 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1271 EP 1273 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 388LE UT WOS:000166181400022 ER PT J AU Miller, WR McDonald, RE Chaparro, J AF Miller, WR McDonald, RE Chaparro, J TI Tolerance of selected orange and mandarin hybrid fruit to low-dose irradiation for quarantine purposes SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE postharvest; quality; radiation; Citrus sinensis; C. reticulata ID RADIATION; QUALITY AB Tolerance of many citrus cultivars to low dose irradiation treatment is not known. Ten citrus cultivars grown in Florida, including the five orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] cultivars, Ambersweet, Hamlin, Navel, Pineapple, and Valencia, and the five mandarin hybrids (Citrus reticulata Blanco),'Fallglo', 'Minneola', 'Murcott', 'Sunburst', and 'Temple', were exposed to irradiation at 0, 0.15, 0.3, and 0.45 kGy, and stored for 14 days at 1 degreesC or 5 degreesC plus 3 days at 20 degreesC, to determine dose tolerance based on fruit injury. Softening of 'Valencia', 'Minneola', 'Murcott', and 'Temple' was dose-dependent, but that of other cultivars was unaffected. Only 'Ambersweet', 'Valencia', 'Minneola', and 'Murcott' did not develop peel pitting at 0.15 kGy or higher. Total soluble solids of 'Ambersweet' and 'Sunburst' declined slightly with increasing dose. Titratable acidity (TA) of oranges was not affected, but TA of 'Sunburst' and 'Temple' juice was slightly reduced by irradiation at 0.45 kGy. Juice flavor of 'Hamlin','Navel', 'Valencia', and 'Minneola', and pulp flavor of 'Hamlin', 'Valencia', 'Fallglo', 'Minneola', and 'Murcott' was less acceptable after irradiation at 0.3 or 0.45 kGy. The appearance of all cultivars was negatively affected by the loss of glossiness with the 0.45 kGy dose. Less than 1.0 % of fruit decayed and irradiation treatment had no effect on decay. Our study indicates that growers and shippers need to be aware that the effects of irradiation on citrus fruits are highly variable and both cultivar-dependent and dose-dependent. C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Miller, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2000 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1288 EP 1291 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 388LE UT WOS:000166181400027 ER PT J AU Rudell, DR Mattinson, DS Fellman, JK Mattheis, JP AF Rudell, DR Mattinson, DS Fellman, JK Mattheis, JP TI The progression of ethylene production and respiration in the tissues of ripening 'Fuji' apple fruit SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Malus xdomestica; climacteric ripening; anatomy; internal ethylene; respiration ID LIPOXYGENASE; STORAGE AB 'Fuji' apple (Malus xdomestica Borkh.) fruits were harvested periodically prior to and during fruit ripening. Ethylene evolution and respiration rates of skin, hypanthial, and carpellary tissue was determined in each fruit. Additionally, whole fruits were used for analyses of internal ethylene concentration, volatile evolution, starch content, flesh firmness, and soluble solids content. Ethylene production was greatest in the carpellary tissue at all sampling dates except the one occurring just before the rise in whole fruit internal ethylene concentration, when production in the skin and carpellary tissue was similar. Respiration was always highest in the skin, in which the climacteric rise was most drastic. Higher ethylene production in the carpellary tissue of pre- and postclimacteric fruit and higher respiration in the skin tissue, including a noticeable climacteric rise, is indicative of a ripening initiation signal originating and/or transduced through the carpels to the rest of the fruit. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Fellman, JK (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 31 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2000 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1300 EP 1303 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 388LE UT WOS:000166181400030 ER PT J AU Fan, X Mattheis, JP AF Fan, X Mattheis, JP TI Reduction of ethylene-induced physiological disorders of carrots and iceberg lettuce by 1-methylcyclopropene SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE MCP; isocoumarin; russet spotting; Lactuca sativa; Daucus carota ID PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE; RESPIRATION; RESPONSES; PROPYLENE; INCREASE; TISSUES; OXYGEN AB Whole carrots (Daucus carota L.) and midrib tissues of iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were treated with 42 mu mol.m(-3) MCP, then exposed to ethylene. Exposure to 42 mu mol.m(-3) ethylene at 10 degreesC increased isocoumarin content approximate to 40-fold in both peel and pulp of nontreated carrots within 4 days, but treatment with MCP for 4 hours at 20 degreesC before exposure to ethylene prevented isocoumarin accumulation. Ethylene-induced acidity loss and respiration rate increase in carrots were also prevented by MCP treatment. Ethylene treatment (126 mu mol.m(-3)) of lettuce at 6 degreesC had induced russet spotting >5 % to 10 % of the midrib tissue by day 3 and 30 % to 35 % by day 9, while pretreatment with MCP for 4 hours at 6 degreesC prevented development of russet spotting. The results indicate that ethylene-induced physiological disorders and quality loss in carrots and iceberg lettuce can be prevented by MCP treatment prior to exposure to ethylene. Chemical name used: 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP). C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Fan, X (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 600 Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 23 TC 35 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2000 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1312 EP 1314 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 388LE UT WOS:000166181400033 ER PT J AU Follett, PA Sanxter, SS AF Follett, PA Sanxter, SS TI Comparison of rambutan quality after hot forced-air and irradiation quarantine treatments SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Nephelium lappaceum; postharvest treatment; fruit flies; Hawaii ID PERICARP; FRUITS; LITCHI AB Insect disinfestation treatments are required for many of Hawaii's tropical fruits before export to the U.S. mainland. For rambutan, Nephelium lappaceum L., irradiation at 250 Gy is an Animal plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)-approved quarantine treatment, but a hot forced-air treatment has also been proposed for eliminating fruit fly pests. Two days after harvest, rambutan fruit (cultivars R134 and R167) were subjected to: 1) hot forced-air at a seed surface temperature of 47.2 degreesC, 2) irradiation treatment at 250 Gy, or 3) left untreated as controls. Fruit were then stored at 10 degreesC in perforated plastic bags, and quality attributes were evaluated after 4, 8, and 12 days. 'R134' fruit treated with hot forced-air were significantly darker (lower L*) and less intensely colored (lower C*) than irradiated or nontreated fruits after 4 and 8 days of posttreatment storage; the external appearance was unacceptable after 4 days of storage, whereas irradiated fruit remained acceptable through 8 days of storage. Differences between treatments were less pronounced for 'R167'. 'R167' fruit treated with hot forced-air had lower L* and C* values and less acceptable external appearance ratings than did irradiated fruit at 4, 8, and 12 days posttreatment, but differences were not statistically significant. For both cultivars, external appearance of fruit in all treatments was unacceptable after 12 days of storage, whereas taste was rated as acceptable for all treatments on each day. Overall, under these experimental conditions, irradiation was superior to hot forced-air as a quarantine treatment on the basis of fruit quality maintenance. C1 USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Follett, PA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2000 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1315 EP 1318 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 388LE UT WOS:000166181400034 ER PT J AU Ehlenfeldt, MK Stretch, AW AF Ehlenfeldt, MK Stretch, AW TI Mummy berry blight resistance in rabbiteye blueberry cultivars SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vaccinium corymbosum; V. ashei; Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi; highbush blueberry ID MONILINIA-VACCINII-CORYMBOSI; HIGHBUSH AB The resistance of 26 rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) cultivars to the blighting phase of mummy berry disease was evaluated under controlled conditions. In 1997, blight levels ranged from 31% to 84%, and averaged 61.3 % across all cultivars. In 1998, blight levels ranged from 71% to 99%, and averaged 89.9%. Several cultivars, including 'Coastal','Delite', 'Centurion', 'Walker', 'Callaway', and 'Garden Blue', exhibited significantly lower levels of mummy berry blight infection in both years. Blighting levels were significantly correlated with new shoot length in 1997, but not in 1998. Rabbiteye blueberry, in general, is less resistant to mummy berry blight than is highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum L.), but several options exist for potential improvement. C1 USDA ARS, Rutgers Blueberry & Cranberry Res Ctr, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. RP Ehlenfeldt, MK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rutgers Blueberry & Cranberry Res Ctr, 125A Lake Oswego Rd, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2000 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1326 EP 1328 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 388LE UT WOS:000166181400038 ER PT J AU Lu, ZX Reighard, GL Nyczepir, AP Beckman, TG Ramming, DW AF Lu, ZX Reighard, GL Nyczepir, AP Beckman, TG Ramming, DW TI Inheritance of resistance to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) in Prunus rootstocks SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica; Meloidogyne incognita; Meloidogyne javanica ID PEACH ROOTSTOCK; UNITED-STATES AB Two F-1 hybrid Prunus rootstocks, K62-68 and P101-41, developed from a cross of 'Lovell' [susceptible to both Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood and M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood] and 'Nemared' (resistant to both root-knot nematode species), were selfed to produce two F-2 seedling populations. Vegetative propagation by herbaceous stem cuttings was used to produce four or eight self-rooted plants of each F-2 seedling for treatment replications. Eggs of M. incognita and M. javanica were inoculated into the potted media where plants were transplanted, and plants were harvested and roots examined for signs and symptoms associated with root-knot nematode infection approximate to 120 days later. Segregation ratios in both F-2 families suggested that resistance to M. incognita in 'Nemared' is controlled by two dominant genes (Mi and Mij) and that to M. javanica by a single dominant gene (Mij). Thus, Mij conveys resistance to both M. incognita and M. javanica. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Hort, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Lethbridge Res Ctr, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada. RP Reighard, GL (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Hort, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 22 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2000 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1344 EP 1346 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 388LE UT WOS:000166181400042 ER PT J AU Griesbach, RJ Beck, RM Stehmann, JR AF Griesbach, RJ Beck, RM Stehmann, JR TI Molecular heterogeneity of the chalcone synthase intron in Petunia SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Petunia xhybrida; P. integrifolia; P. altiplana; molecular markers ID GRANDE-DO-SUL; SANTA-CATARINA; RIBOSOMAL DNA; SOLANACEAE; BRAZIL; PHYLOGENY; HYBRIDA AB A method was developed to characterize the genetic heterogeneity of the chalcone synthase gene intron within the Petunia integrifolia (Hook.) Schinz & Thell. species complex. The DNA from wild species collected from known locations was used to amplify the chalcone synthase gene intron through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The resulting PCR product was then characterized by Rsa 1 restriction, revealing a degree of heterogeneity that could be used to characterize the species genetically. Of the four different species that were characterized, two could be placed in the same genetic grouping. This study shows that the variation in the intron of the Chs A gene may be species-specific. C1 USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Bot, BR-31270110 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. RP Griesbach, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Stehmann, Joao/C-2611-2009 OI Stehmann, Joao/0000-0002-9504-5441 NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD DEC PY 2000 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1347 EP 1349 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 388LE UT WOS:000166181400043 ER PT J AU Suarez, CE Florin-Christensen, M Hines, SA Palmer, GH Brown, WC McElwain, TF AF Suarez, CE Florin-Christensen, M Hines, SA Palmer, GH Brown, WC McElwain, TF TI Characterization of allelic variation in the Babesia bovis merozoite surface antigen 1 (MSA-1) locus and identification of a cross-reactive inhibition-sensitive MSA-1 epitope SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID B-CELL EPITOPES; PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM; VACCINE DEVELOPMENT; MALARIA; PROTEIN; CATTLE; GENES; IMMUNODOMINANT; CONSERVATION; SEQUENCE AB The Babesia bovis merozoite surface antigen 1 (MSA-1), a member of the variable merozoite surface antigen (VMSA) family, is an immunodominant glycoprotein which elicits antibodies that inhibit erythrocyte invasion. While antigenic polymorphism is a general feature of vmsa genes, the molecular basis and extent of msa-1 sequence polymorphism have not been well characterized. In this study we defined the msa-1 locus in the biologically cloned Mexico Mo7 strain of B. bovis and identified the sequence differences between MSA-1 antigenically dissimilar strains. We then determined whether sequences conserved between distinct msa-1 alleles would induce cross-reactive CD4(+) T lymphocytes or inhibitory antibodies. The msa-1 locus in Mo7 contains a single msa-1 gene flanked by transcribed genes,vith no sequence homology to members of the VMSA gene family. Argentina B. bovis strains R1A and S2P have msa-1 genes with amino acid sequences that are 98.8% identical to each other, and antibodies against S2P MSA-1 cross-react with native R1A MSA-1. In contrast, identity between the Argentina and Mexico Mo7 msa-1 alleles is only 52%, with no continuous stretch of identity longer then 16 amino acids. Despite limited sequence conservation, antibodies against R1A MSA-1 were able to inhibit invasion of erythrocytes by Mo7 merozoites. The results indicate that inhibition-sensitive epitopes are conserved despite significant sequence divergence between Mexico and Argentina strain alleles and support a conserved functional role for polymorphic MSA-1 in erythrocyte invasion. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit,Program Vector Borne Dis, Anim Dis Biotechnol Facil, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Suarez, CE (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit,Program Vector Borne Dis, Anim Dis Biotechnol Facil, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Suarez, Carlos/A-3121-2008 NR 29 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 68 IS 12 BP 6865 EP 6870 DI 10.1128/IAI.68.12.6865-6870.2000 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 403AH UT WOS:000167020000048 PM 11083806 ER PT J AU Wilhite, SE Elden, TC Brzin, J Smigocki, AC AF Wilhite, SE Elden, TC Brzin, J Smigocki, AC TI Inhibition of cysteine and aspartyl proteinases in the alfalfa weevil midgut with biochemical and plant-derived proteinase inhibitors SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coleoptera; midgut proteinases; Hypera postica; cathepsin L; cathepsin D ID COLORADO POTATO BEETLE; DECEMLINEATA SAY COLEOPTERA; EXPRESSING ORYZACYSTATIN-I; CATHEPSIN-D; PROTEASE INHIBITOR; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; MOLECULAR-CLONING; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; INSECTS; LARVAE AB Proteolytic activities in alfalfa weevil (Hypera postica) larval midguts have been characterized. Effects of pH, thiol activators, low-molecular weight inhibitors, and proteinase inhibitors (PIs) on general substrate hydrolysis by midgut extracts were determined. Hemoglobinolytic activity was highest in the acidic to mildly acidic pH range, but was maximal at pH 3.5. Addition of thiol-activators dithiothreitol (DTT), 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), or L-cysteine had little effect on hemoglobin hydrolysis at pH 3.5, but enhanced azocaseinolytic activity two to three-fold at pH 5.0. The broad cysteine PI E-64 reduced azocaseinolytic activity by 64% or 42% at pH 5 in the presence or absence of 5 mM L-cysteine, respectively. Inhibition by diazomethyl ketones, Z-Phe-Phe-CHN2 and Z-Phe-Ala-CHN2, suggest that cathepsins L and B are present and comprise approximately 70% and 30% of the cysteine proteolytic activity, respectively. An aspartyl proteinase component was identified using pepstatin A, which inhibited 32% (pH 3.5, hemoglobin) and 50% (pH 5, azocasein) of total proteolytic activity. This activity was completely inhibited by an aspartyl proteinase inhibitor from potato (API), and is consistent with the action of a cathepsin D-like enzyme. Hence, genes encoding Pls with specificity toward cathepsins L, B and D could potentially be effective for control of alfalfa weevil using transgenic plants. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Jozef Stefan Inst, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. RP Smigocki, AC (reprint author), ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 54 TC 30 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 30 IS 12 BP 1181 EP 1188 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00095-3 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 374MX UT WOS:000165349900006 PM 11044664 ER PT J AU Handler, AM McCombs, SD AF Handler, AM McCombs, SD TI The piggyBac transposon mediates germ-line transformation in the Oriental fruit fly and closely related elements exist in its genome SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE piggyBac transposon; germ-line transformation; horizontal transmission; Bactrocera dorsalis; Tephritidae ID DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; HYBRID DYSGENESIS; DNA INSERTIONS; INSECTS; DIPTERA; MARKER; HERMES; SITES AB Germ-line transformation of a white eye strain of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis, was achieved with the piggyBac vector, derived from a transposon originally isolated from the cabbage looper moth, Trichoplusia ni. The Vector was marked with the medfly white(+) gene cDNA, and three transgenic lines were identified at a frequency of approximately 2% per fertile G(0). Vector integrations were verified by Southern DNA hybridization, which also revealed the presence of endogenous genomic elements closely related to piggyBac. Approximately 10-20 elements per genome were evident in several B. dorsalis strains, and sequence analysis of 1.5 kb gene amplification products from two wild strains and the white eye host strain indicated 95% nucleotide and 92% amino acid sequence identity among resident elements and the T. ni element. PiggyBac was not evident by hybridization in other tephritid species, or insects previously transformed with the transposon, This is the first discovery of piggyBac beyond T. ni, and its existence in a distantly related species has important implications for the practical use of the vector and insects transformed with it. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Entomol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Handler, AM (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 27 TC 79 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 9 IS 6 BP 605 EP 612 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2000.00227.x PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 387EK UT WOS:000166109200007 PM 11122469 ER PT J AU Nonnecke, BJ Horst, RL Hammell, DC Franklin, ST AF Nonnecke, BJ Horst, RL Hammell, DC Franklin, ST TI Effects of supplemental vitamin A on retinoic acid concentrations in the plasma of preruminant calves SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR VITAMIN AND NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE vitamin A; retinol; retinoic acid; preruminant; milk replacer fed calf ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; 13-CIS-RETINOIC ACID; A-I; SERUM; RATS; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION; RECEPTORS; MILK AB Neonatal calves are fed frequently milk replacers with vitamin A concentrations exceeding those recommended by the National Research Council. The vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), affects profoundly cellular differentiation and homeostasis. For this reason, effects of dietary vitamin A on plasma concentrations of RA isomers in milk replacer-fed calves were examined. Male, Holstein calves (n = 24) were fed colostrum within 12 hours after birth and, thereafter, a custom-for mulated low vitamin A milk replacer providing 0, 1700 [National Research Council (NRC) daily requirement for young growing calves] (controls), 34 000 (industry standard in the United States) or 68 000 TU of vitamin A daily. Concentrations of retinol and RA isomers in plasma samples collected from birth to 27 days of age were determined by HPLC. Retinol was affected by dietary vitamin A with higher concentrations occurring in calves supplemented with greater than or equal to 34 000 IU of vitamin A/day than in control (1700 IU of vitamin daily) and unsupplemented calves. Relative to controls, concentrations of all isomers of RA were higher in calves supplemented with greater than or equal to 34 000 of vitamin a daily during the experimental period. The predominant isomer in all calves was 9,13-dicis-RA. In control calves, 9, 13-dicis-RA and 9-cis-RA were maximal at 1 to 6 days of age and then decreased progressively. In calves fed greater than or equal to 34 000 TU of vitamin A daily, concentrations of these isomers were markedly higher at 6 days of age, relative to controls, and remained elevated for the duration of the study. In all calves, retinol was correlated positively with 9,13-dicis- and 9-cis-RA from 9 to 27 days of age. 9,13-cis-Retinoic acid was correlated positively with 9-cis- and 13-cis-RA from 13 to 27 days of age. It is concluded that supplementing milk replacer-fed calves with vitamin A at levels exceeding current NRC recommendations by greater than or equal to 20-fold causes an elevation in plasma concentrations of retinol and retinoic acids. 9,13-dicis- and 9-cis-Retinoic acids were most affected by supplemental vitamin A. Physiologic consequences of increased plasma RA concentrations induced by high dietary levels of vitamin A warrant investigation. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Dept Agr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Dairy Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. RP Nonnecke, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Dept Agr, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU VERLAG HANS HUBER PI BERN 9 PA LANGGASS-STRASSE 76, CH-3000 BERN 9, SWITZERLAND SN 0300-9831 J9 INT J VITAM NUTR RES JI Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 70 IS 6 BP 278 EP 286 DI 10.1024/0300-9831.70.6.278 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 397GC UT WOS:000166684100002 PM 11214352 ER PT J AU Reynolds, CA Yitayew, M Slack, DC Hutchinson, CF Huete, A Petersen, MS AF Reynolds, CA Yitayew, M Slack, DC Hutchinson, CF Huete, A Petersen, MS TI Estimating crop yields and production by integrating the FAO Crop specific Water Balance model with real-time satellite data and ground-based ancillary data SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID RAINFALL AB An operational crop yield model was developed by introducing realtime satellite imagery into a Geographical Information System (GIS) and the Crop Specific Water Balance (CSWB) model of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Input databases were developed with three different resolutions; agro-ecological zone (AEZ) polygons, 7.6 km and 1.1 km pixels; from archived satellite data commonly used by Early Warning Systems (EWS) to simulate maize yield and production in Kenya from 1989 to 1997. Simulated production results from the GIS-based CSWB model were compared to historical maize production reports from two Government of Kenya (GoK) agencies. The coefficients of determination (r(2)) between the model and GoK district reports ranged from 0.86 to 0.89. The results indicated the 7.6 km pixel-by-pixel analysis was the most favorable method due to the Rainfall Estimate (RFE) input data having the same resolution. The GIS-based CSWB model developed by this study could also be easily expanded for use in other countries, extended for other crops, and improved in the future as satellite technologies improve. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Off Arid Lands Studies, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Civil Engn & Engn Mech, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Reynolds, CA (reprint author), FAS, USDA, PECAD, Rm 6053,1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 41 TC 55 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 15 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 21 IS 18 BP 3487 EP 3508 DI 10.1080/014311600750037516 PG 22 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 376CB UT WOS:000165439700008 ER PT J AU Hernlem, BJ Tsai, LS AF Hernlem, BJ Tsai, LS TI Titration of chlorine: amperometric versus potentiometric SO JOURNAL AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Amperometric titration is widely considered one of the most reliable and sensitive techniques for quantifying chlorine in water samples. Manufacturers of automated titration equipment, however, rarely include the amperometric option, and according to Hernlem and Tsai, try to sell potentiometry as an equivalent technique. In this article, the electrochemical basis for amperometric and potentiometric endpoint detection is examined, and two amperometric and two potentiometric methods are compared. Both amperometric methods are shown to be superior to potentiometric endpoint detection, and both are amenable to automatic titration. The amperometric methods provide linear titration curves that simplify endpoint determination and aid precision. Both of the amperometric methods, however, have differing advantages and drawbacks. One method has the advantage of electrochemical potential control, but more sophisticated apparatus may be required to fully appreciate this benefit. The drawback of this method is that it consumes analyte, which can introduce appreciable error if it is not considered. The other amperometric method does not consume analyte, but it also does not afford any control of electrochemical potential. Finally, the authors present a simple scheme that uses common laboratory equipment (an automated pH/potentiometric titrator) to perform amperometric titrations. C1 ARS, Proc Chem & Engn Unit, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Hernlem, BJ (reprint author), ARS, Proc Chem & Engn Unit, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER WATER WORKS ASSOC PI DENVER PA 6666 W QUINCY AVE, DENVER, CO 80235 USA SN 0003-150X J9 J AM WATER WORKS ASS JI J. Am. Water Work Assoc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 92 IS 12 BP 101 EP + PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 434VK UT WOS:000168836400021 ER PT J AU Lamikanra, O Chen, JC Banks, D Hunter, PA AF Lamikanra, O Chen, JC Banks, D Hunter, PA TI Biochemical and microbial changes during the storage of minimally processed cantaloupe SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE melons; fresh-cut; fruits; Cucumis melo L.; carbohydrates; sugars; organic acids; amino acids; microorganisms; lactic acid bacteria; shelf life; quality ID LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; CUCUMIS-MELO; SHELF-LIFE; VEGETABLES; FRUITS; CONSEQUENCES; QUALITY; FLAVOR; FOODS AB The effect of storage time on pH, titratable acidity, degrees Brix, organic acids, sugars, amino acids, and color of minimally processed cantaloupe melon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Naud. cv. Mission) was determined at 4 degreesC and 20 degreesC. Changes in most of the biochemical parameters with storage time were relatively slow at the lower temperature. At 20 degreesC, a 17% loss in soluble solids and a 2-fold increase in acidity occurred after 2 days. Organic acid content also increased considerably with time at this temperature as a result of the production of lactic acid. Oxalic, citric, malic, and succinic acids were the organic acids, and glucose, fructose, and sucrose were the sugars present in the freshly cut cantaloupe. Malic acid concentration decreased concurrently with lactic acid production indicating the possible involvement of anaerobic male-lactic fermentation along with sugar utilization by lactic acid bacteria. The effect of storage on microbial growth was determined at 4, 10, and 20 degreesC. Gram-negative stained rods grew at a slower rate at 4 degreesC and 10 degreesC than the Gram-positive mesophilic bacteria that dominated microorganism growth at 20 degreesC. Eighteen amino acids were identified in fresh cantaloupe: aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, serine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, arginine, threonine, alanine, proline, tyrosine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenyl alanine, and lysine. The dominant amino acids were aspartic acid, glutamic acid, arginine, and alanine. Total amino acid content decreased rapidly at 20 degreesC, but only a slight decrease occurred at 4 degreesC after prolonged storage. Changes in lightness (L*), chroma, and hue at both temperatures indicate the absence of browning reactions. The results indicate the potential use of lactic acid and lactic acid bacteria as quality control markers in minimally processed fruits. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Florida A&M Univ, Div Agr Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. RP Lamikanra, O (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 11 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 48 TC 66 Z9 73 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 48 IS 12 BP 5955 EP 5961 DI 10.1021/jf0000732 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 386MV UT WOS:000166066900027 PM 11141266 ER PT J AU Smith, DJ AF Smith, DJ TI Stereochemical composition of clenbuterol residues in edible tissues of swine SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE clenbuterol; residues; hogs; stereoisomer; chiral ID BETA-ADRENERGIC AGONISTS; STEREOSELECTIVE SULFATE CONJUGATION; CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; METABOLITE PATTERN; ILLEGAL USE; PHARMACOKINETICS; SALBUTAMOL; ALBUTEROL; PHARMACOLOGY; ENANTIOMERS AB A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed to measure the stereochemical residues of clenbuterol derivatives in edible tissues of swine. Clenbuterol present in tissue extracts was derivatized with phosgene to form elenbuterol oxazolidin-3-one, which was then separated into component enantiomers using a dimethyl beta -cyclodextrin capillary gas chromatographic column. Purified clenbuterol stereoisomers, isolated using published liquid chromatographic techniques, were used to determine stereoisomer elution order, stereoisomer racemization potential, and accuracy of the method. The stereochemical composition of clenbuterol could be measured at tissue concentrations of <2 ppb using the method. The dextrorotatory stereoisomer was the predominant clenbuterol stereoisomer present in edible tissues of hogs slaughtered after withdrawal periods of 0, 3, and 7 days, with a (+)/(-) isomer ratio of about 3:1. The prevalence of the dextrorotatory stereoisomer in edible tissues of hogs at all withdrawal periods suggests that stereoselective processes are occurring during the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and (or) excretion of clenbuterol. The effect of clenbuterol dose on its stereochemical composition in edible tissues is unknown but will be an area of further investigation. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Smith, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Univ Stn, POB 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 58 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 48 IS 12 BP 6036 EP 6043 DI 10.1021/jf001054v PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 386MV UT WOS:000166066900039 PM 11312776 ER PT J AU Grabber, JH Ralph, J Hatfield, RD AF Grabber, JH Ralph, J Hatfield, RD TI Cross-linking of maize walls by ferulate dimerization and incorporation into lignin SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Gramineae; Zea mays; ferulic acid; diferulic acids; cell wall; lignin; dehydrogenation polymer; cross-linking ID CELL-WALLS; MODEL COMPOUNDS; DIFERULIC ACID; STRUCTURAL REACTIVITY; ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION; CYNODON-DACTYLON; SYNTHETIC LIGNIN; PHENOLIC-ACIDS; GRASS WALLS; IN-VITRO AB Cross-linking of xylans and lignin by ferulates was investigated with primary maize walls acylated with 2% ferulate and with ferulate ethyl esters. Peroxidase-mediated coupling of wall ferulate and ethyl ferulate yielded mostly 8-coupled products, including three new dehydrodimers. Significant quantities of 5-5-coupled diferulate formed only within walls, suggesting that matrix effects influence dimer formation. Over 60% of wall ferulate dimerized upon H2O2 addition, suggesting that xylan feruloylation is highly regulated during wall biosynthesis to permit extensive dimer formation at the onset of lignification. During lignification, ferulate and 5-5-coupled diferulate copolymerized more rapidly and formed fewer ether-linked structures with coniferyl alcohol than 8-5-, 8-O-4-, and 8-8-coupled diferulates. The potential incorporation of most ferulates and diferulates into lignin exceeded 90%. As a result, xylans become extensively cross-linked by ferulate dimerization and incorporation to lignin, but only a small and variable proportion of these cross-links is measurable by solvolysis of lignified walls. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM jgrabber@facstaff.wisc.edu NR 39 TC 125 Z9 127 U1 3 U2 34 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 48 IS 12 BP 6106 EP 6113 DI 10.1021/jf0006978 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 386MV UT WOS:000166066900049 PM 11312783 ER PT J AU Feil, VJ Huwe, JK Zaylskie, RG Davison, KL Anderson, VL Marchello, M Tiernan, TO AF Feil, VJ Huwe, JK Zaylskie, RG Davison, KL Anderson, VL Marchello, M Tiernan, TO TI Chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran concentrations in beef animals from a feeding study SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dioxins; furans; cattle; tissue; pentachlorophenol ID FAT-FREE MASS; BIOELECTRICAL-IMPEDANCE; ANALYTICAL PENTACHLOROPHENOL; CHRONIC TOXICITY; COWS; RAT; DISPOSITION; CARCASSES; CATTLE; PCDFS AB Four calves were fed polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans for 120 days at levels somewhat higher than what may be found in forage near some waste incinerators and manufacturing plants. Four calves were fed identical diets but without the chemicals. Using bioelectrical impedance measurements of total body fat, 30-50% of the dosed 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD, and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF was estimated to be retained by the animals. Although these same congeners were bioconcentrated in adipose tissue (BCF similar to 10), consumer products such as ribeye showed concentrations less than what were found in the animal feed (BCF similar to 0.1). Distribution of the dioxins and furans into various lipid compartments appeared to be rather uniform in back fat, perirenal fat, and ribeye for tetra to hexa congeners. Ribeye, serum, and liver lipids had higher concentrations of the higher chlorinated congeners, due in part to not reaching a steady state. An unexpected source of dioxin and furan contamination was discovered during the experiment, resulting in the control animals having concentrations of some congeners that were equal to or in some cases greater than those of the dosed animals. Pentachlorophenol-treated wood components in the pole barn where the feeding experiment was conducted were found to have contributed to the animals' exposure. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Wright State Univ, Dept Chem, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. RP Huwe, JK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Univ Stn,POB 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 43 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 48 IS 12 BP 6163 EP 6173 DI 10.1021/jf0003092 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 386MV UT WOS:000166066900057 PM 11141276 ER PT J AU Moore, MR Gollehon, NR Hellerstein, DM AF Moore, MR Gollehon, NR Hellerstein, DM TI Estimating producer's surplus with the censored regression model: An application to producers affected by Columbia River Basin salmon recovery SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE Endangered Species Act; multioutput supply; Pacific Northwest; producer's surplus; salmon; tobit regression; water price ID STATISTICAL PROPERTIES; IRRIGATION; TECHNOLOGIES; CALIFORNIA; DEMAND AB Application or the tobit to estimate economic welfare is transferred from the consumer side to the producer side. Supply functions are estimated for multioutput irrigators in the Pacific Northwest. Empirical procedures are then developed for computing expected producer's surplus from the output supply functions. Confidence intervals for the surplus measures are generated using the Krinsky-Robb method. An experiment predicts decreases in surplus given increases in water pumping cost. The experiment replicates possible increases in hydroelectric prices due to the salmon recovery program in the Columbia-Snake River Basin. Output substitution explains producers' ability to mitigate the effect of the price increases on producer's surplus. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resource & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. USDA, Serv Econ Res, Resource Econ Div, Washington, DC USA. RP Moore, MR (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resource & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. OI Hellerstein, Daniel/0000-0003-0933-8676 NR 38 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O DEEVON BAILEY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, 3535 OLD MAIN HILL, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 1068-5502 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 25 IS 2 BP 325 EP 346 PG 22 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 371AT UT WOS:000165156000001 ER PT J AU Coble, KH Heifner, RG Zuniga, M AF Coble, KH Heifner, RG Zuniga, M TI Implications of crop yield and revenue insurance for producer hedging SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE crop insurance; forward pricing; optimal hedging; put options; risk; simulation ID PRODUCTION RISK; FUTURES MARKETS; JOINT PRICE; OPTIONS; WELFARE AB New types of crop insurance have expanded the tools from which crop producers may choose to manage risk. Little is known regarding how these products interact with futures and options. This analysis examines optimal futures and put ratios in the presence of four alternative insurance coverages. An analytical model investigates the comparative statics of the relationship between hedging and insurance. Additional numerical analysis is conducted which incorporates futures price, basis, and yield variability. Yield insurance is found to have a positive effect on hedging levels. Revenue insurance tends to result in slightly lower hedging demand than would occur given the same level of yield insurance coverage. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Coble, KH (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RI Coble, Keith/A-3090-2008 NR 23 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 9 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O DEEVON BAILEY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, 3535 OLD MAIN HILL, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 1068-5502 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 25 IS 2 BP 432 EP 452 PG 21 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 371AT UT WOS:000165156000006 ER PT J AU Doye, D Smith, K Epplin, F Kletke, D Moseley, M AF Doye, D Smith, K Epplin, F Kletke, D Moseley, M TI An alternative method for analyzing forage/livestock systems. SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. USDA, NRCS, Oklahoma City, OK USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O DEEVON BAILEY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, 3535 OLD MAIN HILL, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 1068-5502 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 25 IS 2 BP 719 EP 719 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 371AT UT WOS:000165156000057 ER PT J AU Connor, J Higbee, B Hilton, R Porter, D Welter, S Boggess, W AF Connor, J Higbee, B Hilton, R Porter, D Welter, S Boggess, W TI Assessing the benefits of IPM in pear insect control with small data samples. SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Yakima, WA USA. OSU, So Oreg Exp Sta, Medford, MA USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O DEEVON BAILEY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, 3535 OLD MAIN HILL, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 1068-5502 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 25 IS 2 BP 732 EP 732 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 371AT UT WOS:000165156000154 ER PT J AU Wileyto, EP Norris, JL Weaver, DK Arbogast, RT AF Wileyto, EP Norris, JL Weaver, DK Arbogast, RT TI Self-marking recapture models for estimating closed insect populations SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE behavior violation; differential equations; likelihood; Markov process; multinomial; removal; time violation; trap-averse; trap-happy ID CAPTURE; SELECTION AB The self-marking protocol for estimating insect populations has us place both traps (that catch insects permanently) and marking stations (structurally identical to traps but which mark and release); at the end of a trapping period, we recover traps that contain both marked and unmarked individuals. This paper presents extensions to a method for estimating population size from recapture data obtained by passive self-marking and concurrent trapping. The method is based on fitting a continuous-time dynamic model of the marking and trapping process, including several special nuisance parameters related to the dynamics of trapping. The model consists of a series of differential equations, and the numerical solution provides a multinomial distribution for captures in the various marking classes. The model is configured by constraining parameter values that are not to be estimated to their default values, and maximum-likelihood provides an unbiased estimate for most configurations of the model. The notable exception occurs when estimating a differential in the operating rates of marking stations and traps (g(1)); the procedure tends to overestimate the performance of marking stations and population size. Two-standard-error intervals usually provide the correct coverage except where we estimate g(1) and the sample is small. Intervals from simple percentiles of a parametric bootstrap improve on coverage. C1 Univ Penn, New Bolton Ctr, Sch Vet Med, Kennett Sq, PA 19348 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Dept Math, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USDA ARS, Med Agr & Vet Entomol Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Wileyto, EP (reprint author), Univ Penn, New Bolton Ctr, Sch Vet Med, 382 W St Rd,Kennett Sq, Kennett Sq, PA 19348 USA. EM epaulw@vet.upenn.edu NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1085-7117 EI 1537-2693 J9 J AGR BIOL ENVIR ST JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 5 IS 4 BP 456 EP 474 DI 10.2307/1400660 PG 19 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 382GX UT WOS:000165815500005 ER PT J AU Vargas, CA Elzo, MA Chase, CC Olson, TA AF Vargas, CA Elzo, MA Chase, CC Olson, TA TI Genetic parameters and relationships between hip height and weight in Brahman cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE body weight; Brahman; genetic parameters; height; variance components; zebu ID MIXED MODEL METHODOLOGY; SCROTAL CIRCUMFERENCE; GROWTH TRAITS; BEEF-CATTLE; ADJUSTMENT FACTORS; AGE; HERITABILITIES; COMPONENTS; HEREFORD; HEIFERS AB Genetic parameters for weaning hip height (WHH), weaning weight (WWT), postweaning hip height growth (PHC;), and hip height at 18 mo of age (HR18) and their relationships were estimated for Brahman cattle born from 1984 to 1994 at the Subtropical Agricultural Research Station, Brooksville, FL. Records per trait were 889 WHH, 892 WWT, and 684 HH18. (Co)variances were estimated using REML with a derivative-free algorithm and fitting three two-trait animal models (i.e., WHH-WWT, WHH-PHG, and WWT-HH18). Heritability estimates of WHH direct effects were 0.73 and 0.65 for models WHH-WWT and WHH-PHG and were 0.29 and 0.33 for WWT direct for models WHH-WWT and WWT-HH18, respectively. Estimates of heritability for PHG and HH18 direct were 0.13 and 0.87, respectively. Heritability estimates for maternal effects were 0.10 and 0.09 for WHH. for models WHH-WWT and WHH-PHG and 0.18 and 0.18 for WWT for models WHH-WWT and WWT-HH18, respectively. Heritability estimates for PHG and HH 18 maternal were 0.00 and 0.03. Estimates of the genetic correlation between direct effects for the different traits were moderate and positive; they were also positive between WHH and WWT maternal and WWT and HH18 maternal but negative (-0.19) between WHH and PHG maternal, which may indicate the existence of compensatory growth. Negative genetic correlations existed between direct and maternal effects for WHH, WWT, PHG, and HH18. The correlation between direct and WWT maternal effects was low and negative, moderate and negative between WHH direct and PHG maternal, and high and negative (-0.80) between WWT direct and HH18 maternal. There is a strong genetic relationship between hip height and weight at weaning that also affects hip height at 18 mo of age. Both product-moment and rank correlations between estimated breeding values (EBV) for direct values indicate that almost all of the same animals would be selected for PHC; EBV if the selection criterion used was WHH EBV, and that it is possible to accomplish a preliminary selection for HH18 EBV using WHH EBV. Correlations between breeding values for WHH, WWT, and HH18 indicate that it will be possible to identify animals that will reduce, maintain, or increase hip height while weaning weight is increased. Thus, if the breeding objective is to manipulate growth to 18 mo of age, implementation of multiple-trait breeding programs considering hip height and weight at weaning will help to predict hip height at 18 mo of age. C1 ARS, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Elzo, MA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, POB 110910, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 78 IS 12 BP 3045 EP 3052 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 384BJ UT WOS:000165918900007 PM 11132818 ER PT J AU Kappes, SM Bennett, GL Keele, JW Echternkamp, SE Gregory, KE Thallman, RM AF Kappes, SM Bennett, GL Keele, JW Echternkamp, SE Gregory, KE Thallman, RM TI Initial results of genomic scans for ovulation rate in a cattle population selected for increased twinning rate SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; gene mapping; ovulation; twinning ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; DYSTOCIA; DNA AB Genomic scans were conducted with 273 markers on 181 sires from a cattle population selected for increased twinning rate to identify chromosomal regions containing genes that influence ovulation rate. Criteria used for selecting markers were number of alleles, ease of scoring, and relative position within linkage group. Markers were multiplexed or multiple-loaded on the gels to reduce the costs and labor required to obtain genotypic data. This approach reduced the number of gels by 45% when compared with running each marker independently Male animals selected for the genomic scan sired the majority of the population. A modified interval analysis was used in a granddaughter design to compare effects of each allele within sire for 10 different sire families. The midparent deviation of the son's estimated breeding value for ovulation rate was used as the phenotype. Forty-one potential peaks were identified with a nominal significance level less than or equal to0.05. The 10 peaks with the highest significance levels (P < 0.02) were selected for further analysis. Markers were genotyped across daughters of the sire where nominal significance was found for each of the 10 peaks. One peak (BTA5, relative position 40 cM) was found to be nominally significant in the daughters. The nominal significance levels were P = 0.01 for the sons (n = 32) and P = 0.02 for the daughters in = 94) of sire 784403. A combined genomewide significance value (P = 0.07) was calculated that accounted for the 10 analyses with sons and the 10 analyses with daughters. These results strongly suggest that this region contains a gene(s) that is involved in the follicular recruitment and development process. C1 ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Kappes, SM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NPS, 5601 Sunnyside Ave,Rm 4-2164,George Carver Bldg, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 78 IS 12 BP 3053 EP 3059 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 384BJ UT WOS:000165918900008 PM 11132819 ER PT J AU Baldwin, RL McLeod, KR Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Rumsey, TS Streeter, MN AF Baldwin, RL McLeod, KR Elsasser, TH Kahl, S Rumsey, TS Streeter, MN TI Influence of chlortetracycline and dietary protein level on visceral organ mass of growing beef steers SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chlortetracycline; dietary protein; digestive tract; steers ID GROWTH; SHEEP; RATS AB Thirty-two beef steers (285 +/- 3 kg BW) were used to determine the effects of chlortetracycline and dietary protein level on visceral tissue mass, chemical composition, intestinal morphology, and proliferation rate indices. Steers were allot;ted randomly by weight to a factorial arrangement of dietary treatments consisting of either 10 or 13% CP diets top-dressed with a corn meal carrier (500 g/d) containing either 0 or 350 mg of chlortetracycline. After 84 d, steers were slaughtered and visceral organs removed and separated. Rinsed wet tissue mass was recorded; total RNA, total DNA, tissue DM, and tissue N content were determined; and tissue sections were prepared for immunohistochemical analysis. Thin tissue sections were evaluated to determine crypt depth and villus height as well as proliferation rate by immunohistochemical detection of the nuclear antigen Ki67. Rumen and abomasum weights and small intestinal length were greater (P < 0.04) in steers fed the 13% CP diet than in those fed the 10% CP diet on both an absolute weight basis and a percentage of empty BW. Chemical composition of the small intestinal and ruminal segments were largely unaffected by increased dietary protein. Increasing the dietary CP also increased the villus height in duodenal (P = 0.02) and the crypt depth of jejunal (P = 0.03) sections. Dietary administration of chlortetracycline decreased (P < 0.01) small intestinal weight both on absolute and empty BW bases. Nitrogen and RNA concentrations of the small intestinal segments were unaffected (P > 0.1) by dietary administration of subtherapeutic levels of chlortetracycline; however, because of increases (P < 0,05), or tendencies for an increase (P < 0.1), in the tissue content of DNA, the ratio of N to DNA was decreased (P < 0.05) or tended to be decreased (P < 0.1) in the small intestinal segments of the chlortetracycline-treated animals. The observed decrease in small intestinal epithelial mass does not appear to be due to alterations in cell proliferation rate but rather cell size. Consistent with this finding, cell proliferation, as determined by Ki67 antigen staining, was not affected by dietary treatment. Chlortetracycline administration decreased small intestinal mass that may be a result of decreased cell size. C1 USDA ARS, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Roche Vitamin Inc, Parsippany, NJ 07054 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 78 IS 12 BP 3169 EP 3176 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 384BJ UT WOS:000165918900020 PM 11132831 ER PT J AU Wang, Z Rohrer, GA Stone, RT Troyer, D AF Wang, Z Rohrer, GA Stone, RT Troyer, D TI Rapid communication: Twenty-six new porcine microsatellites from a microsatellite enriched microdissected chromosome 8 library SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chromosomes; microsatellites; pigs ID GENOME; MAP C1 Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat & Physiol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Wang, Z (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat & Physiol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 78 IS 12 BP 3191 EP 3192 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 384BJ UT WOS:000165918900024 PM 11132835 ER PT J AU Didion, BA Paszek, AA Rohrer, GA Sun, HS Tuggle, CK AF Didion, BA Paszek, AA Rohrer, GA Sun, HS Tuggle, CK TI Rapid communication: Genetic linkage and physical mapping of a porcine sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) to chromosome 6 SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE DNA probes; gene mapping; pigs ID GENOME; MAP C1 DEKALB, De Kalb, IL 60015 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Didion, BA (reprint author), Monsanto Co, 700 Chesterfield Pkwy N, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 78 IS 12 BP 3195 EP 3196 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 384BJ UT WOS:000165918900026 PM 11132837 ER PT J AU Cox, NA Berrang, ME Buhr, RJ Bailey, JS AF Cox, NA Berrang, ME Buhr, RJ Bailey, JS TI Bactericidal treatment of hatching eggs IV. Hydrogen peroxide applied with vacuum and a surfactant to eliminate Salmonella from hatching eggs SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE disinfectant; hatching eggs; Salmonella; surfactant; vacuum ID BROILER CHICKS; TYPHIMURIUM AB Bacteria (including salmonellae) can be Dulled into and through the shell and membrane of broiler hatching eggs as they cool. When this occurs, salmonellae are out of reach of a surface-applied chemical treatment, because direct contact Is usually required to achieve a kill. Over many years of research, a large number of disinfectant chemicals have been tested on hatching eggs. We have found H2O2 (1.4%) to be a fairly effective disinfectant to reduce Salmonella that is artificially inoculated onto hatching eggs. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the efficacy of H2O2 could be enhanced by utilizing vacuum and a surfactant to remove air and reduce surface tension within the eggshell, enabling the bactericide to penetrate deeper into the egg to kill Salmonella. Eggs were inoculated with nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella typhimurium . Inoculated eggs were treated with H2O2 with Or without a surfactant and with or without the application of vacuum to facilitate shell penetration. Thirty percent of eggs exposed to H2O2 with surfactant and vacuum were still positive for the marker Salmonella. Although this represents a decrease in number compared with a water control, 30% remained contaminated. Results demonstrate the difficulty involved in reaching and killing Salmonella that has penetrated the hatching egg, even with an effective bactericide. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Cox, NA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 9 IS 4 BP 530 EP 534 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 421QE UT WOS:000168074400012 ER PT J AU Cox, NA Stern, NJ Craven, SE Berrang, ME Musgrove, MT AF Cox, NA Stern, NJ Craven, SE Berrang, ME Musgrove, MT TI Prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella in the cecal droppings of turkeys during production SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Campylobacter; feces; Salmonella; turkey ID POULTRY; JEJUNI; LEVEL AB dCecal droppings from four commercial turkey hocks (two flocks of hell and two flocks of toms) were analyzed for the presence of naturally occurring salmonellae at ages 6, 10, and 15 weeks and for the presence of Campylobacter spp at ages 3! 6, 10, and 15 weeks. The salmonellae contamination rates in these turkey hocks appeared to be somewhat different from that observed in broiler production. With broilers, salmonellae contamination in cecal droppings typically peaks at about 3 weeks of age and then steadily declines to almost zero pl prior to processing. In this study, the presence of salmonellae remained through grow-out (40% in tools and 13% in hens at 15 weeks of age). Campylobacter was maintained in a high percentage of turkey cecal droppings though production (77% in toms and 80% in hens at 15 weeks of age), which is similar to the trend observed for broilers. For Campylobacter and salmonellae, the percentage of positive droppings was slightly higher for toms than for hens. Overall, a higher pet centage of commercial turkeys, regardless of sex, had Campylobacter in their ceca and intestinal tract as opposed to salmonellae. For toms, 80% were Campylobacter positive, and only 31.1% were salmonellae positive. For hens, 70% were Campylobacter positive, and only 17.7% were salmonellae positive. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Cox, NA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Box 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 9 IS 4 BP 542 EP 545 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 421QE UT WOS:000168074400014 ER PT J AU Berrang, ME Lyon, CE Smith, DP Northcutt, JK AF Berrang, ME Lyon, CE Smith, DP Northcutt, JK TI Incidence of Listeria monocytogenes on pre-scald and post-chill chicken SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chicken; Listeria monocytogenes; processing plant ID POULTRY-PROCESSING ENVIRONMENT; PRINCIPAL SOURCES; CONTAMINATION; PRODUCTS; PLANT; MEAT; LEVEL AB Listeria monocytogenes is a human pathogen that can cause serious foodborne disease. For this reason this pathogen is of great interest to all food manufacturing companies. Recent outbreaks of listeriosis in which poultry products were implicated have focused the attention of the poultry industry on L. monocytogenes. Historically, this pathogen has been isolated fr om poultry processing plants, especially during the latter stages of processing (post evisceration), This study was designed to survey several plants and determine the incidence of L. monocytogenes on poultry carcasses. Three commercial chicken processing plants were examined for the presence of L. monocytogenes on carcasses from early (pre-scald) and late (post-chill) in the process. Overall, the percentage of positive post-chill samples was lower than that previously reported in earlier studies. Carcasses from two plants maintained a low incidence at both sample sites. Carcasses from the third plant accumulated a significant increase in L. monocytogenes from pre-scald to post-chill. This third plant later replaced the evisceration equipment. A second evaluation, one month after placement of the equipment, revealed much lower incidence on processed carcasses. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Berrang, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 9 IS 4 BP 546 EP 550 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 421QE UT WOS:000168074400015 ER PT J AU Ajzen, I Rosenthal, LH Brown, TC AF Ajzen, I Rosenthal, LH Brown, TC TI Effects of perceived fairness on willingness to pay SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONTINGENT VALUATION; PUBLIC-GOODS; TO-PAY AB An experiment tested the effects of fairness on willingness to pay (WTP) for public goods. Treatments varied the amount requested (high vs. low), the fairness of the requested contribution (high vs, low), and the beneficiary (self vs, other) or cause of the needed change (internal vs, external), irrespective of fairness type (beneficiary or cause), under conditions of high fairness, the public good was judged to be more valuable and the requested contribution more justified. The judged value of the public good and the perceived fairness of the requested contribution each made a significant contribution to the prediction of WTP. The requested amount influenced WTP by acting as an initial anchor. The implications of these findings for contingent valuation are discussed. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Psychol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Emerson Coll, Boston, MA 02116 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Ajzen, I (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Psychol, Tobin Hall,Box 37710, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 16 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 9 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0021-9029 J9 J APPL SOC PSYCHOL JI J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 30 IS 12 BP 2439 EP 2450 DI 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02444.x PG 12 WC Psychology, Social SC Psychology GA 396BX UT WOS:000166617400001 ER PT J AU Mitchell, AJ Salmon, MJ Huffman, DG Goodwin, AE Brandt, TM AF Mitchell, AJ Salmon, MJ Huffman, DG Goodwin, AE Brandt, TM TI Prevalence and pathogenicity of a heterophyid trematode infecting the gills of an endangered fish, the fountain darter, in two central Texas spring-fed rivers SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SNAIL MELANOIDES-TUBERCULATA; GASTROPODA AB Gills of 194 fountain darters Etheostoma fonticola collected from the Comal River in Texas from May 1997 through May 1998 were found to be parasitized with 8-1,524 metacercarial cysts of a heterophyid trematode tentatively identified as Centrocestus formosanus. The intensity of infection Varied among three sites on the Comal River. In contrast, of 130 darters from the nearby San Marcos River that were examined, only 4 (3%) were infected, and these had 1-2 cysts per fish. Of 2,279 Melanoides tuberculata snails from the Comal River that were examined, 139 (6.1%) were infected with the trematode. Only 1 snail in 2,241 from the San Marcos River that were examined was infected. The presence of metacercariae in darters was associated with flared opercula, shortened or thickened gill filaments, epithelial hyperplasia, and engorged lamellae. The normal cartilage support of the filaments was distorted and displaced, leading to severe deformities of filament structure. Gill damage was severe and possibly life threatening for the darters with more than 800 cysts per fish (9% of examined fish). We suspect that fountain darter deaths were caused by the parasite in the Comal River during this study. C1 ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, USDA, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. SW Texas State Univ, Dept Biol, Aquat Stn, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. Univ Arkansas, Aquaculture & Fisheries Ctr, Pine Bluff, AR 71611 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, San Marcos, TX 78666 USA. RP Mitchell, AJ (reprint author), ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, USDA, POB 860, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 13 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD DEC PY 2000 VL 12 IS 4 BP 283 EP 289 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0283:PAPOAH>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 414CM UT WOS:000167648400004 ER PT J AU Xu, DH Klesius, PH Shoemaker, CA Evans, JJ AF Xu, DH Klesius, PH Shoemaker, CA Evans, JJ TI The early development of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in channel catfish in vitro SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID GILL EPITHELIUM; THERONTS; FISH AB This study established ex vivo conditions suitable for studying early trophont development in excised tissues of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus within the first 48 h. Infective theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis were added to freshly excised channel catfish fin, gill, and skin and established fin cells (BF-2) of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus. The early development of trophonts, including growth, rotation speed, attachment, and survival(%), was studied in different tissues and at different times. In all, 86-92% of the theronts attached to fish tissues in an enter, leave, and reenter pattern within the first 10 min. Theront attachment was more than 88% in fins, gills, and skin I h post exposure (PE). Attachment and shape transformation of theronts were not observed on BF-2 cells. Trophonts grew to a size of 30.0 +/- 3.1 mum in diameter 4 h PE in the gills, an increase of 9.6%/h. The size increase of trophonts was 1.2%/h in the gill between 4 and 8 h. Trophonts grew slowly and increased in diameter 0.5%/h from 8 to 48 h after addition to the gills. The mean volumes of trophonts at 1, 24, and 48 h PE in gills were 1,072.6 +/- 3,131.6, 20,373.6 +/- 8,357.4, and 28,102.3 +/- 4,740.0 mum(3), respectively. No difference in trophont rotation speed was found in different tissues between 1 and 24 h PE. At 48 h, the rotation speed of trophonts was significantly slower (P < 0.01); the average speed was 819.3 +/- 195.7 m/min. Most trophonts were alive 8 h PE; survival was higher than 97%. The mean survival was 67.8% at 24 h and 8.4% at 48 h PE in all tissues. The viability of excised tissues without theronts was considerably higher than that in tissues with theronts after 48-72 h in culture. C1 ARS, USDA, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. RP Xu, DH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, 990 Wire Rd,POB 952, Auburn, AL 36830 USA. NR 25 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD DEC PY 2000 VL 12 IS 4 BP 290 EP 296 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0290:TEDOIM>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 414CM UT WOS:000167648400005 ER PT J AU Mitchell, AJ Goodwin, AE AF Mitchell, AJ Goodwin, AE TI The isolation of Edwardsiella ictaluri with a limited tolerance for aerobic growth from channel catfish SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID DISEASE; SALMON AB While culturing trunk kidneys from channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus with deep ulcerative lesions, we discovered strains of Edwardsiella ictaluri that could not be isolated under aerobic conditions. After passage of these bacterial isolates in an aerobic environment, minimal growth was observed. In thioglycolate broth, the passaged isolates had growth characteristics of bacteria with a limited tolerance for oxygen. Isolate S97-133, from May 1997, was identified as E. ictaluri by the National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Diagnostic Bacteriology Laboratory, Ames, Iowa. The S97-133 isolate and three others from 1994 were also definitively identified as E. ictaluri by the use of the monoclonal immune dot-blot technique. In all, eight isolates were obtained from channel catfish over an 8-year period. All isolates were obtained during the months of May, June, July, and November. C1 ARS, Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, USDA, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. Univ Arkansas, Aquaculture & Fisheries Ctr, Pine Bluff, AR 71611 USA. RP Mitchell, AJ (reprint author), ARS, Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, USDA, POB 860,2955 Highway E 130, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD DEC PY 2000 VL 12 IS 4 BP 297 EP 300 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2000)012<0297:TIOEIW>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 414CM UT WOS:000167648400006 ER PT J AU Cibils, AF Swift, DM Hart, RH AF Cibils, AF Swift, DM Hart, RH TI Gender-related differences of shrubs in stands of Atriplex canescens with different histories of grazing by cattle SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE Atriplex canescens; shrub sex ratios; shrub ages; cattle grazing ID FOURWING SALTBUSH; SEX EXPRESSION; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; SHORTGRASS STEPPE; RANGE; CHENOPODIACEAE; HERBIVORY; BIOMASS; PLANTS; ENVIRONMENT AB Atriplex canescens is a relatively common dioecious shrub in western North America. It is considered a valuable forage resource for both wild and domestic herbivores. Sex ratios and shrub dimensions were recorded in stands of tetraploid A. canescens that had been either protected from cattle grazing or summer- or winter-grazed by cattle for at least 20 years. Stem diameter and crown shape were used as surrogates for shrub age which could not be estimated by counting growth rings. Shrub sex ratios in exclosures were significantly more female biased than the empirically derived ratio for tetraploid A. canescens (55 female:35 male:10 monecious). Conversely, shrub sex ratios in grazed pastures were not significantly different from the empirical ratio. Proportion of female shrubs in exclosures was significantly higher than in grazed pastures. Proportion of male shrubs, on the other hand, was similar in exclosures and grazed pastures. Winter-grazed shrub stands were apparently younger than both summer-grazed and protected shrubs. Protected shrubs appeared to be the oldest. Grazed female shrubs were apparently younger than grazed males, however, shrub ages of protected male and female shrubs were apparently not different. Cattle-grazing may have affected female shrubs more negatively at this site, causing gender-based differential mortality, and/or sex-shifting. Such processes could account for the differences in sex ratios, and for the apparent gender-related differences in shrub age that were observed. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Colorado State Univ, Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Dept, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. RP Cibils, AF (reprint author), EEA Santa Cruz, Inst Nacl Tecnol Agropecuaria, Casilla 332, RA-9400 Rio Gallegos, Argentina. NR 57 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 46 IS 4 BP 383 EP 396 DI 10.1006/jare.2000.0692 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 391TC UT WOS:000166370400005 ER PT J AU Li, CH Corum, L Morgan, D Rosey, EL Stanton, TB Charon, NW AF Li, CH Corum, L Morgan, D Rosey, EL Stanton, TB Charon, NW TI The spirochete FlaA periplasmic flagellar sheath protein impacts flagellar helicity SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SERPULINA TREPONEMA HYODYSENTERIAE; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; FULL MOTILITY; GENE; PALLIDUM; PHAGEDENIS; AURANTIA; MUTANTS AB Spirochete periplasmic flagella (PFs), including those from Brachyspira (Serpulina), Spirochaeta, Treponema, and Leptospira spp., have a unique structure. In most spirochete species, the periplasmic flagellar filaments consist of a core of at least three proteins (FlaB1, FlaB2, and FlaB3) and a sheath protein (FlaA). Each of these proteins is encoded by a separate gene. Using Brachyspira hyodysenteriae as a model system for analyzing PF Function by allelic exchange mutagenesis, we analyzed purified PFs from previously constructed flaA::cat, flaA::kan, and flaB1::kan mutants and newly constructed flaB2::cat and flaB3::cat mutants. We investigated whether any of these mutants had a loss of motility and altered PF structure. As formerly found with flaA::cat, flaA::kan, and flaB1::kan mutants, flaB2::cat and flaB3::cat mutants were still motile, but all were less motile than the wild-type strain, using a swarm-plate assay. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis indicated that each mutation resulted in the specific loss of the cognate gene product in the assembled purified PFs, Consistent with these results, Northern blot analysis indicated that each flagellar filament gene was monocistronic, In contrast to previous results that analyzed PFs attached to disrupted cells, purified PFs from a flaA::cat mutant were significantly thinner (19.6 nm) than those of the wild-type strain and flaB1::kan, flaB2::cat, and flaB3::cat mutants (24 to 25 nm). These results provide supportive genetic evidence that FlaA forms a sheath around the FlaB core. Using high-magnification dark-field microscopy, we also found that flaA::cat and flaA::kan mutants produced PFs with a smaller helix pitch and helix diameter compared to the wild-type strain and flaB mutants. These results indicate that the interaction of FlaA with the FlaB core impacts periplasmic flagellar helical morphology. C1 W Virginia Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biophys, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Pfizer Inc, Cent Res, Groton, CT 06340 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA USA. RP Charon, NW (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Box 9177, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE12046] NR 55 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 182 IS 23 BP 6698 EP 6706 DI 10.1128/JB.182.23.6698-6706.2000 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 407WK UT WOS:000167293600023 PM 11073915 ER PT J AU Hannan, MT Tucker, KL Dawson-Hughes, B Cupples, LA Felson, DT Kiel, DP AF Hannan, MT Tucker, KL Dawson-Hughes, B Cupples, LA Felson, DT Kiel, DP TI Effect of dietary protein on bone loss in elderly men and women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Joint Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research/International-Bone-and-Mi neral-Society CY DEC 01-06, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Bone & Mineral Res, Int Bone & Mineral Soc DE protein intake; bone density; elderly; osteoporosis; longitudinal study ID FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; HIP FRACTURE; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; MINERAL DENSITY; INDUCED HYPERCALCIURIA; CALCIUM-METABOLISM; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; PROXIMAL FEMUR; RISK-FACTORS; YOUNG-WOMEN AB Few studies have evaluated protein intake and bone loss in elders. Excess protein may be associated with negative calcium balance, whereas low protein intake has been associated with fracture. We examined the relation between baseline dietary protein and subsequent 4-year change in bone mineral density (BMD) for 391 women and 224 men from the population-based Framingham Osteoporosis Study. BMD (g/cm(2)) was assessed in 1988-1989 and in 1992-1993 at the femur, spine, and radius. Usual dietary protein intake was determined using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and expressed as percent of energy from protein intake. BMD loss over 4 years was regressed on percent protein intake, simultaneously adjusting for other baseline factors: age, weight, height, weight change, total energy intake, smoking, alcohol intake, caffeine, physical activity, calcium intake, and, for women, current estrogen use. Effects of animal protein on bone loss also were examined. Mean age at baseline (+/-SD) of 615 participants was 75 years (+/-4.4; range, 68-91 years). Mean protein intake was 68 g/day (+/-24.0; range, 14-175 g/day), and mean percent of energy from protein was 16% (+/-3.4; range, 7-30%), Proportional protein intakes were similar for men and women. Lower protein intake was significantly related to bone loss at femoral and spine sites (p less than or equal to 0.04) with effects similar to 10 lb of weight. Persons in the lowest quartile of protein intake showed the greatest bone loss. Similar to the overall protein effect, lower percent animal protein also was significantly related to bone loss at femoral and spine BMD sites (all p < 0.01) but not the radial shaft (p = 0.23), Even after controlling for known confounders including weight loss, women and men with relatively lower protein intake had increased bone Loss, suggesting that protein intake is important in maintaining bone or minimizing bone loss in elderly persons, Further, higher intake of animal protein does not appear to affect the skeleton adversely in this elderly population. C1 Hebrew Rehabil Ctr Aged, Res & Training Inst, Boston, MA 02131 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Div Aging, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA USA. Boston Univ, Ctr Arthritis, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Hannan, MT (reprint author), Hebrew Rehabil Ctr Aged, Res & Training Inst, Boston, MA 02131 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Hannan, Marian/0000-0002-9586-6928; Kiel, Douglas/0000-0001-8474-0310; Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X FU NIAMS NIH HHS [AR20613, R01-AR/AG41398] NR 58 TC 257 Z9 268 U1 0 U2 26 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 15 IS 12 BP 2504 EP 2512 DI 10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.12.2504 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 376NH UT WOS:000165463300024 PM 11127216 ER PT J AU Schmelz, EA Grebenok, RJ Ohnmeiss, TE Bowers, WS AF Schmelz, EA Grebenok, RJ Ohnmeiss, TE Bowers, WS TI Phytoecdysteroid turnover in spinach: Long-term stability supports a plant defense hypothesis SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Phytoecdysteroid; phytohormone; phytosterol; plant defense; turnover; Spinacia oleracea; 20-hydroxyecdysone; terpenoid ID ABSCISIC-ACID; BIOSYNTHESIS; 20-HYDROXYECDYSONE; ROOTS; METABOLISM; ECDYSONE; LARVAE; EXPORT; SHOOTS; LEAVES AB Using short (8-day) and long-term (28-day) experiments, we examined the stability of 10-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and the dominant phytosterols synthesized from a pulse of [2-C-14]mevalonic acid ([C-14]MVA) in hydroponically grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea). In the short-term experiment, plant dry mass and shoot 20E pools steadily increased. Root uptake of [C-14]MVA resulted in the stable incorporation of C-14 radiolabel into whole plant 20E pools, with no significant changes over time. Levels of free and saponifiable phytosterols increased in the shoots while C-14-labeled shoot phytosterols remained constant. Unexpectedly, both C-14-labeled and unlabeled pools of root phytosterols decreased over time. In the long-term experiment. plant dry mass and shoot 20E levels increased over time, while total C-14-labeled 20E pools remained constant. Both root and shoot phytosterol pools increased over rime while the C-14 incorporation in these pools remained constant. Together these experiments indicate that 20E in spinach is metabolically stabile and thus shares this characteristic with plant terpenoids of known defensive function. While little is known about phytosterol turnover in plants, our results suggest that phytosterols can indeed exist in a very dynamic state but may also be stable over time. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Canisius Coll, Dept Biol, Buffalo, NY 14208 USA. RP Schmelz, EA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr,POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 49 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 26 IS 12 BP 2883 EP 2896 DI 10.1023/A:1026454213510 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 394QV UT WOS:000166535500018 ER PT J AU Sacco, RE Register, KB Nordholm, GE AF Sacco, RE Register, KB Nordholm, GE TI Restriction endonuclease analysis discriminates Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACID ANALYSIS; DIFFERENTIATION; ELECTROPHORESIS; SWINE AB One hundred ninety-five Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from 12 different host species worldwide were characterized by restriction enzyme analysis (REA). These isolates had previously been categorized into 19 PvuII ribotypes, Twenty restriction endonucleases were evaluated for use in KEA. Digestion of chromosomal DNA with HinfI, followed by submarine electrophoresis in agarose gels and staining with ethidium bromide, produced DNA fragments in the 4.0- to 10-kb range, which readily discriminated B, bronchiseptica isolates, resulting in 48 fingerprint patterns. Moreover, AluI digestion of chromosomal DNA produced 39 distinct fingerprint profiles with DNA fragments ranging from 6.0 to 20.0 kb, While REA frequently provided more discriminatory power than ribotyping, there were examples where the use of ribotyping was more discriminatory than REA. Passage of selected isolates up to passage 25 did not change the REA profile. Moreover, the Bvg phase did not alter the fingerprint profile of chromosomal DNA from B, bronchiseptica strains digested with HinfI or AluI, Based on the results presented herein, the combination of REA and ribotyping should provide valuable information in understanding the molecular epidemiology of B, bronchiseptica infections. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Sacco, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70,2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 38 IS 12 BP 4387 EP 4393 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 399ND UT WOS:000166818500015 PM 11101569 ER PT J AU White, DG Hudson, C Maurer, JJ Ayers, S Zhao, SH Lee, MD Bolton, L Foley, T Sherwood, J AF White, DG Hudson, C Maurer, JJ Ayers, S Zhao, SH Lee, MD Bolton, L Foley, T Sherwood, J TI Characterization of chloramphenicol and florfenicol resistance in Escherichia coli associated with bovine diarrhea SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM DT104; FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; FOOD-BORNE OUTBREAK; FLUORINATED ANALOGS; POLYMORPHIC DNA; GENE; THIAMPHENICOL; INTEGRON AB Florfenicol, a veterinary fluorinated analog of thiamphenicol, is approved for treatment of bovine respiratory pathogens in the United States. However, florfenicol resistance has recently emerged among veterinary Escherichia coli isolates incriminated in bovine diarrhea. The flo gene, which confers resistance to florfenicol and chloramphenicol, has previously been identified in Photobacterium piscicida and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104. The flo gene product is closely related to the CmIA protein identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The cmlA gene confers nonenzymatic chloramphenicol resistance via an efflux mechanism. Forty-eight E. coli isolates recovered from calves with diarrhea, including 41 that were both chloramphenicol and florfenicol resistant, were assayed for the presence of both flo and cmlA genes. Forty-two of the 44 isolates for which florfenicol MICs were greater than or equal to 16 mug/ml were positive via PCR for the flo gene. All E. coli isolates for which florfenicol MICs were less than or equal to8 mug/ml were negative for the flo gene (n = 4). Twelve E. coli isolates were positive for cmlA, and chloramphenicol MICs for all 12 were greater than or equal to 32 mug/ml. Additionally, eight isolates were positive for both flo and cmlA, and both florfenicol and chloramphenicol MICs for these isolates were > 64 mug/ml. DNA sequence analysis of the E. coli flo gene demonstrated 98% identity to the published GenBank sequences of both serovar Typhimurium flo(St) and P. piscicida pp-flo. The flo gene was identified on high-molecular-weight plasmids of approximately 225 kb among the majority of florfenicol-resistant E. coli isolates. However, not all of the Borfenicol-resistant E. coli isolates tested contained the large flo-positive plasmids. This suggests that several of the E. coli isolates may possess a chromosomal flo gene. The E. coli flo gene specifies nonenzymatic cross-resistance to both florfenicol and chloramphenicol, and its presence among bovine E. coli isolates of diverse genetic backgrounds indicates a distribution much wider than previously thought. C1 US FDA, Res Off, Ctr Vet Med, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP White, DG (reprint author), US FDA, Res Off, Ctr Vet Med, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI22383, R01 AI022383, R56 AI022383] NR 37 TC 105 Z9 113 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 38 IS 12 BP 4593 EP 4598 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 399ND UT WOS:000166818500047 PM 11101601 ER PT J AU Krauss, KW Chambers, JL Allen, JA Soileau, DM DeBosier, AS AF Krauss, KW Chambers, JL Allen, JA Soileau, DM DeBosier, AS TI Growth and nutrition of baldcypress families planted under varying salinity regimes in Louisiana, USA SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE salt tolerance; restoration; provenance testing; coastal swamp forests; reforestation; forest tree improvement; wetland; Taxodium distichum ID TAXODIUM-DISTICHUM; SALT TOLERANCE; BALD CYPRESS; GULF-COAST; SEEDLINGS; RESPONSES; SURVIVAL; FOREST; STRESS AB Saltwater intrusion from the Gulf of Mexico is one important factor in the destruction of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) swamps along the Louisiana Gulf Coast, USA. Recent restoration efforts have focused on identification of baldcypress genotypes with greater tolerance to saline conditions than previously reported. To date, salt tolerance investigations have not been conducted under saline field conditions. In 1996, therefore, three plantations mere established with 10 half-sib genotype collections of baldcypress in mesohaline wetlands. Tree survival and growth were measured at the end of two growing seasons, and foliar ion concentrations of Na, Cl, K, and Ca and available soil nutrients were measured during the 1996 growing season. In general, soil nutrient concentrations exceeded averages found in other baldcypress stands in the southeastern United States. Seedlings differed among sites in all parameters measured, with height, diameter, foliar biomass, and survival decreasing as site salinity increased. Average seedling height at the end of two years, for example, was 196.4 cm on the lowest salinity site and 121.6 cm on the highest. Several half-sib families maintained greater height growth increments (ranging from 25.5 to 54.5 cm on the highest salinity site), as well as lower foliar ion concentrations of K, Cl, and Ca. Results indicate that genotypic screening of baldcypress may improve growth and vigor of seedlings planted within wetlands impacted by saltwater intrusion. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Biol Resources, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Ecol Serv, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. RP Krauss, KW (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Inst Pacific Islands Forestry, 1151 Punchbowl St,Rm 323, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RI Allen, James/K-9141-2013 OI Allen, James/0000-0001-6459-5734 NR 53 TC 23 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 11 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 16 IS 1 BP 153 EP 163 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 291QN UT WOS:000085747700015 ER PT J AU Norman, HD Miller, RH Wright, JR Wiggans, GR AF Norman, HD Miller, RH Wright, JR Wiggans, GR TI Herd and state means for somatic cell count from dairy herd improvement SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE milk quality; milk yield; somatic cell count; somatic cell score ID GENETIC EVALUATIONS; RECORDS; MILK AB To determine the impact of reducing the current legal limit of 750,000 cells/ml for somatic cell count (SCC) in US market milk, data were examined from 539,577 herd test days for Dairy Herd Improvement herds on test during 1996 and 1997. Somatic cell scores for individual cows were converted to SCC. The SCC for each cow was weighted by milk yield and used to compute herd mean on test day. The mean for each state was derived by weighting herd test-day SCC by herd test-day milk yield. State means were lowest in the West and highest in the Southeast. The percentage of herd test days with an SCC of >750,000 cells/ml ranged from 0 to 14% across states; the mean was 4%. Only 1% of the herd tests were >750,000 cells/ml on 2 consecutive test days. Mean SCC in the United States was 307,100 cells/ml for 1996 and 313,500 cells/ml for 1997. Mean SCC was lower during October through January (280,000 to 300,000 cells/ml) than during July and August (340,000 cells/ml). Herd size and SCC were negatively related; larger herds had lower SCC. Because records of some cows treated with antibiotics were included in the data, herd SCC means likely were higher than corresponding bulk tank SCC. Most herds had test-day SCC that were substantially below legal bulk tank limits and could have met lower limits (e.g., 500,000 cells/ml). C1 ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Norman, HD (reprint author), ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 83 IS 12 BP 2782 EP 2788 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 384QQ UT WOS:000165956700010 PM 11132847 ER PT J AU San Emeterio, F Reis, RB Campos, WE Satter, LD AF San Emeterio, F Reis, RB Campos, WE Satter, LD TI Effect of coarse or fine grinding on utilization of dry or ensiled corn by lactating dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE corn; milk; particle size; starch ID MICROBIAL PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; STARCH DIGESTION; RUMINAL FERMENTATION; GRAIN; PERFORMANCE; MARKERS; RUMEN; PARTICLE; CERIUM; ACIDS AB This study evaluated the effect of coarse or fine grinding of three forms of corn on the performance of lactating cows. Six diets, fed as total mixed rations, were identical except for the corn portion of the diet. Corn treatments were dry shelled corn, high moisture ensiled ear corn, and high moisture ensiled shelled corn, either coarsely or finely ground. The experimental design was a 6 x 6 Latin square with 36 cows. Eighteen cows were assigned to the six different treatments and were fed once daily. Within this group of 18 cows, six had a ruminal cannula and were used to evaluate nutrient digestibilities and ruminal fermentation. The remaining 18 cows, six of which were ruminally cannulated, were similarly assigned, except they were fed twice daily. In the group fed once daily, milk production and composition were not affected by treatment. Starch digestibility was greater with the high moisture and with the finely ground corn treatments. In addition, the high moisture ensiled corn treatments had reduced ruminal ammonia concentrations. In the group that was fed twice daily, milk production and protein yield were greatest for the finely ground high moisture ensiled shelled corn treatment. Starch utilization was improved by fine grinding. Lower ruminal ammonia concentrations were obtained with the high moisture ensiled corn treatments, and there was a tendency for reduced ammonia concentration with fine grinding. Results indicate that high moisture ensiled corn as well as fine grinding improved nitrogen and starch utilization. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Satter, LD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 36 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 83 IS 12 BP 2839 EP 2848 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 384QQ UT WOS:000165956700019 PM 11132856 ER PT J AU Marsh, AS Arnone, JA Bormann, BT Gordon, JC AF Marsh, AS Arnone, JA Bormann, BT Gordon, JC TI The role of Equisetum in nutrient cycling in an Alaskan shrub wetland SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biogeochemistry; decomposition; horsetail; phosphorus; potassium; root distribution ID CLUSTER ROOTS; NITROGEN; PRODUCTIVITY; PHYTOMASS AB 1 Although plants of Equisetum spp. are generally thought to be of little value to ecosystems, a study of a cold-temperate Alaskan shrub wetland showed that they acquired and cycled phosphorus and other nutrients more efficiently than other plant community members. While Equisetum plants represented only 5% of the above- and below-ground biomass in the community, they contained 16% of the P and 24% of the K. 2 Equisetum plants accounted for 29% of the P and 39% of the K in annual community foliage litterfall. Over a 2-year period, losses from Equisetum litter contributed 55, 41, and 75% of the P, K and Ca litter inputs into soil nutrient pools. 3 The ability of different species of Equisetum to acquire nutrients is linked to their deep rooting habit. While the majority of their roots and rhizomes, and particularly the fine roots, were located in the C horizon, the majority of roots and rhizomes of other species were located in the overlying O horizon. The biomass of Equisetum plants was also correlated with edaphic characteristics of the C horizon. 4 The absorption of nutrients from the C horizon by Equisetum helped bring P and other minerals to the soil surface, increasing the amount of minerals in the O horizon and thus making them potentially available to other species, including Myrica gale, Salix spp., and Carer spp. Productivity in this community is limited by P and N, and the ability of Equisetum to act as a nutrient pump may help explain why its net primary productivity is high for a cold-temperate wetland. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Marsh, AS (reprint author), Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, POB 28, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. NR 56 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 14 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 88 IS 6 BP 999 EP 1011 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00520.x PG 13 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 399DJ UT WOS:000166795700006 ER PT J AU Danka, RG Villa, JD AF Danka, RG Villa, JD TI Inheritance of resistance to Acarapis woodi (Acari : Tarsonemidae) in first-generation crosses of honey bees (Hymenoptera : Apidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; Acarapis woodi; genetic resistance; breeding; heritability ID TRACHEAL MITES; APIS-MELLIFERA; INFESTATION; STOCKS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; COLONIES AB The tendency of honey bees, Apis mellifera L, to become infested with tracheal mites, Acarapis woodi (Rennie), was measured in six different types of F-1 colonies. The colonies were produced by mating a stock (Buckfast) known to resist mite infestation to each of five commercially available stocks and to a stock known to be susceptible to mites. Young uninfested bees from progeny and parent colonies were simultaneously exposed to mites in infested colonies, then retrieved and dissected to determine resultant mite infestations. Reduced infestations similar to but numerically seater than those of the resistant parent bees occurred in each of the six crosses made with resistant bees regardless of the relative susceptibility of the other parental stock. Reciprocal crosses between resistant and susceptible queens and drones proved equally effective in improving resistance. Therefore, allowing resistant stock queens to mate naturally with unselected drones, or nonresistant queens to mate with drones produced by pure or outcrossed resistant queens. con be used for improving resistance of production queens. C1 USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. RP Danka, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1602 EP 1605 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400006 PM 11142287 ER PT J AU Landolt, PJ Smithhisler, CS Reed, HC McDonough, LM AF Landolt, PJ Smithhisler, CS Reed, HC McDonough, LM TI Trapping social wasps (Hymenoptera : Vespidae) with acetic acid and saturated short chain alcohols SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Vespula; Polistes; paper wasp; yellowjacket; traps; lures ID VESPULA-MACULIFRONS HYMENOPTERA; EASTERN YELLOWJACKET; BAIT PREFERENCES; NEW-ZEALAND; GERMANICA; PHEROMONE; VULGARIS; JACKET AB Nineteen compounds were evaluated in combination with a solution of acetic acid as baits for trapping the German yellowjacket, Vespula germanica (F.), the western yellowjacket Vespula pensylvanica (Saussure), and the golden paper wasp Polistes aurifer Saussure. Compounds with three to six carbon chains or branched chains and with a hydroxy functional group were selected for testing based on their similarity to isobutanol. They were compared with isobutanol with acetic acid, which is a known wasp attractant. None of the compounds tested were superior to isobutanol when presented with acetic acid as a lure for these species of wasps. However, traps baited with either the S-(-)- or the racemic mixture of 2-methyl-1-butanol in combination with acetic acid captured similar numbers of both species of yellowjackets, compared with isobutanol with acetic acid. Polistes aurifer responded strongly to the S-(-)-enantiomer and to the racemic mixture of 2-methyl-1-butanol with acetic acid and not to the R-(+)-enantiomer with acetic acid. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Landolt, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 26 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 10 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1613 EP 1618 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400008 PM 11142289 ER PT J AU Inglis, GD Lawrence, AM Davis, FM AF Inglis, GD Lawrence, AM Davis, FM TI Pathogens associated with southwestern corn borers and southern corn stalk borers (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diatraea grandiosella; Diatraea crambidoides; disease; entomopathogens ID DIATRAEA-GRANDIOSELLA; OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS; NOSEMA-PYRAUSTA; PYRALIDAE; HYMENOPTERA AB A study was undertaken to isolate entomopathogens of southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyer, and southern corn stalk borer, Diatraea crambidoides (Grote). Field-collected diapausing larvae of southwestern corn borer (three sites in Mississippi) and southern corn stalk borer (one site in North Carolina), and a laboratory strain of D. grandiosella in the diapause state were maintained in a simulated winter followed by a simulated spring environment. Few larvae (less than or equal to6%) collected from any of the held sites died in the winter environment, and most insect mortality ( 11-25%) occurred after transfer of the larvae to the simulated spring environment. Mortality during the simulated spring period differed among the collection sites, and the highest mortality was recorded for southwestern corn borers from Washington County (25%), followed by Marshall (16%) and Oktibbeha (11%) Counties. A high level of mortality was also observed in southern corn stalk borers during the simulated spring-period (27%). No viruses were observed, but a number of bacteria, microsporidia, and fungi were isolated from both southwestern corn borer and southern corn stalk borer larvae and pupae. In most instances, numerous bacterial taxa were isolated from cadavers, but on some occasions a single taxon predominated. The most prevalent bacterial taxon from larval and pupal cadavers was Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes & Herder) Schleifer & Kilpper-Balz, but Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter) Migula, and Serratia marcescens Bizio were frequently isolated as well. Few fungi (1-7%) were recovered from southwestern corn borer and southern corn stalk borer larvae and pupae. The most common entomopathogenic taxon isolated was Beauweria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin from southern corn stalk borer larvae. Microsporidia were not isolated from southern corn stalkborers. However, Nosema sop. were isolated from southwestern corn borer cadavers from Washington (15%), Marshall (1%), and Oktibbeha (3%) Counties in Mississippi. In addition, we observed parasitism of southern corn stalk borer larvae by Macrocentrus cingulum Reinhard (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). No parasitism of southwestern corn borers was observed. Isolates of Bacillus, Beauveria, Entercoccus, Nosema, Pseudomonas and Serratia were all pathogenic to southwestern corn borer larvae under controlled environmental conditions, and with the exception of B. bassiana, these are novel pathogens of Diatraea corn borers. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Inglis, GD (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 34 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1619 EP 1626 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400009 PM 11142290 ER PT J AU Shapiro, M AF Shapiro, M TI Effect of two granulosis viruses on the activity of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; nuclear polyhedrosis virus; granulosis viruses ID PSEUDALETIA-UNIPUNCTA; SYNERGISTIC FACTOR; CAPSULE; ARMYWORM; ENHANCEMENT; ENHANCIN; INFECTIVITY AB Two granulosis viruses (GV) were tested as enhancers for the gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV). Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) GV (HaGV) had no detrimental effect upon larval growth and development, but in combination with LdMNPV it reduced both the LC50 and the LT50 for the NPV. In addition, the combination also adversely affected the growth and development of gypsy moth larvae. The LC50 of LdMNPV was reduced by as much as 300-fold (HaGV at 10(-2) dilution) and the LT50 was reduced by as much as 18% (HaGV at 10(-2) dilution). Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) GV reduced the LC, of LdMNPV by as much as 13-fold hut had no effect upon the LT50. C1 USDA ARS, BARC W, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Shapiro, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC W, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1633 EP 1637 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400011 PM 11142292 ER PT J AU Tillman, PG Mulrooney, JE AF Tillman, PG Mulrooney, JE TI Effect of selected insecticides on the natural enemies Coleomegilla maculata and Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae), Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera : Lygaeidae), and Bracon mellitor, Cardiochiles nigriceps, and Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) in cotton SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insecticides; natural enemies; cotton ID FIELD RATES; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB We evaluated the toxicity of three insecticides (lambda cyhalothrin, spinosad, and S-1812) to the natural enemies Bracon mellitor Say. Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck, Coleomgilla maculata De Geer, Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson), Geocoris punctipes (Say), and Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, in topical, residual, and field assays. Lambda cyhalothrin exhibited the greatest toxicity to the natural enemies. In topical toxicity tests, lambda cyhalothrin adversely affected each natural enemy species studied. Residues of lambda cyhalothrin on cotton leaves were toxic to B. mellitor, C. nigriceps, C. maculata, and G, punctipes. Interestingly residues of this insecticide were not very toxic to C. marginiventris and H, convergens Geocoris punctipes and C. maculata numbers in the field generally were significantly lower for lambda cyhalothrin treatments than for the other four treatments. substantiating the previous tests. Although cotton aphids began to increase over all treatments around the middle of the test period, the number of cotton aphids in the lambda cyhalothrin plots was significantly higher than the number in any of the other treatments. As cotton aphids increased in lambda cyhalothrin field Diets, the predator H. convergens also increased in number, indicating that lambda cyhalothrin did not adversely affect it in accordance with the residual tests. Spinosad exhibited marginal to excellent selectivity, but was highly toxic to each parasitoid species and G. punctipes in topical toxicity tests and to B. mellitor in residual tests. Spinosad generally did not affect the number of G. punctipes, H. convergens, and C, maculata in the field except for one day after the second application for G. punctipes. S-1812 exhibited good to excellent selectivity to the natural enemies. Some reduction of G. punctipes occurred for only a short period after the first and second application of this insecticide in the field. H. convergens and C. maculata were affected very little by S-1812. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Applicat & Prod Technol Res Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Tillman, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Lab, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 15 TC 92 Z9 100 U1 4 U2 22 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1638 EP 1643 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400012 PM 11142293 ER PT J AU Dowd, PF AF Dowd, PF TI Indirect reduction of ear molds and associated mycotoxins in Bacillus thuringiensis corn under controlled and open field conditions: Utility and limitations SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis; maize; Zea; Ostrinia; Helicoverpa; Carpophilus ID ENVIRONMENTALLY SELECTIVE CONTROL; MALATHION FLOUR GRANULES; CHEWING INSECT PESTS; AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; EARWORM LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE DAMAGE; HELICOVERPA-ZEA; MAIZE HYBRIDS; RESISTANCE AB In 1995, ears of a experimental inbred (CG59-2) containing a synthetic Bacillus thuringiensis Cry IA(b) gene driven by PEPC, pith and pollen promoters and artificially infested with Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) larvae in small plot studies were free from insect damage, whereas 40-50% of the corresponding non-Bt inbred ears were damaged. Bt inbred ears that were inoculated with Aspergillus flavus Link and Fusarium proliferatum T. Matsushima (Nirenberg) or exposed to natural mold inoculum after infestation with O. nubilalis were free of visible signs of mold, as compared with approximate to 30-40% of the non-Bt ears similarly treated. Results in 1996 using the same inbred with a single allele dose of the Bt gene showed similar trends. Mean total fumonisin levels for non-Bt versus Bt inbred ears were not significantly different (2.8 versus 0.8 ppm, respectively) in 1996. In paired hybrid studies run in 0.4-ha (1-acre) fields, an event 176 Bt hybrid had significantly lower amounts of damage and signs of Fusarium spp. mold, but not fumonisin, compared with a corresponding non-Bt hybrid from 1996 to 1998. However, two hybrid pairs that contained either MON810 or Bt11 constructs examined in similar fields at the same site had lower levels of fumonisin in both 1997 (30- to 40-fold) and 1998. High intrafield Variability in insect infestation and presence of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) in Bt hybrids was apparently responsible for fewer significant differences in fumonisin levels in 1998. Similar trends for all three hybrid pairs were noted in small plot trials at another site. Incidence of other ear pests or insect predators varied as much among non-Bt hybrids as they did for Bt/non-Bt hybrid pairs. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dowd, PF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 44 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1669 EP 1679 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400016 PM 11142297 ER PT J AU Shatters, RG Vander Meer, RK AF Shatters, RG Vander Meer, RK TI Characterizing the interaction between fire ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) and developing soybean plants SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis invicta; soybean; ant-plant interactions; fire ant; Glycine max ID SOLENOPSIS-INVICTA BUREN; LABORATORY COLONIES; FOOD; COMPONENTS; INSECTS; DAMAGE AB This research characterizes the interaction between the fire ants Solenopsis invicta Buren and developing soybean plants. Phagostimulant studies showed that are ant foraging on soybean seeds increased once the seeds imbibed water. During seedling development over a 5-d germination period, fire ant foraging shifted from the stem/cotyledons to the roots, despite continual increases in fresh weights for each region, and the fact that stem/cotyledon tissue contained the majority of food reserves. Carbohydrate analysis showed that although 2-d-oId seedling had higher concentrations of phagostimulant carbohydrates, especially sucrose, than tissues of mature plants, all tissues analyzed had enough of these sugars to induce a phagostimulant response. Fire ant association with seeds/seedlings germinated in soil resulted in reduced seedling vigor, as determined by a doubling of seedling emergence time, a threefold increase in malformed seedlings, and visible damage to cotyledons. Seeds germinated and gown to mature plants in association with fire ants, allocated 43% more assimilate into pods, but produced 28% less root dry matter, 11% less total dry matter, and there was an 81% reduction in the number of root nodules compared with control plants. We propose that reduced root development and inhibitions of nodule formation would be major yield limiting factors under field conditions. This work demonstrates that fire ant damage to soybeans is not limited to seedling establishment and that more research should be directed at the subter-ranean activities of the fire ant. C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL USA. RP Shatters, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-0493 EI 1938-291X J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1680 EP 1687 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400017 PM 11142298 ER PT J AU Dowd, PF AF Dowd, PF TI Dusky sap beetles (Coleoptera : Nitidulidae) and other kernel damaging insects in Bt and non-Bt sweet corn in Illinois SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa zea; Carpophilus lugubris; Ostrinia nubilalis; insect pledators; insect monitoring; Bacillus thuringiensis corn ID SYNTHETIC AGGREGATION PHEROMONES; CARPOPHILUS SPP. COLEOPTERA; FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; TRAP DESIGN; COATTRACTANT; HEMIPTERUS; RESPONSES; VOLATILES; ABUNDANCE; NOCTUIDAE AB Bt and non-Bt sweet corn hybrids (Rogers 'Empire' Bt and non-Bt, respectively) were compared for distribution of kernel damaging insect pests in central Illinois in 1998 and 1999. The occurrence and damage by caterpillars [primarily Helicoverpa zea (Boddie)] were reduced by at least 80% in each year for the Bt compared with the non-Bt hybrid. However; the incidence of sap beetle adults (primarily Carpophilus lugubris Murray) was higher, and larvae, lower for the Bt versus non-Bt in 1999. The incidence of ears with more than five kernels damaged by sap beetles was higher for the Bt compared with non-Bt hybrid in 1998 (13.8 versus 5.5%), but nearly equivalent in 1999 (15.3 versus 15.1%, respectively). Distribution of predators on plants (primarily Coccinelidae) and harvested ears (primarily Orius spp.) were not significantly different on Bt versus non-Bt hybrids. Ears with husks hush with the ear tip or with ear tips exposed had significantly higher sap beetle damage for both hybrids, and the Bt hybrids had significantly higher incidence of exposed ear tips in both years. Sap beetle numbers determined by scouting were often proportional to numbers of beetles captured in baited traps, increasing and decreasing at about the same time. However, values determined with traps were typically less variable than when scouted, and time of sampling was typically four times more rapid for each trap than for each 10 giant scout sample when measured in 1999. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dowd, PF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 41 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1714 EP 1720 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400022 PM 11142303 ER PT J AU Sampson, BJ Cane, JH AF Sampson, BJ Cane, JH TI Pollination efficiencies of three bee (Hymenoptera : Apoidea) species visiting rabbiteye blueberry SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; Habropoda laboriosa; Osmia ribifloris; blueberry; pollination; fruit set ID HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY; POLLEN SOURCE; SHARPBLUE BLUEBERRY; OSMIA-RIBIFLORIS; MEGACHILIDAE; ABUNDANCE AB Inadequate bee pollination limits rabbiteye blueberry, Vaccinium ashei Reade, production in the some areas of the southeastern United States. Honey bees, Apis mellifera L., are currently the only manageable pollinators available for pollinating V. ashei. However, a new adaptable pollinator for rabbiteye blueberry, Osmia ribifloris Cockerell, was successfully reared and flown in captivity. The bee nested successfully in wooden shelters and conferred superior fruit set to 2-yr-old potted, rabbiteye blueberry bushes. Pollination efficiency or the percentage of blueberry flowers to set fruit after being visited once by a female O. ribifloris was comparable to that of the female blueberry bee Habropoda laboriosa (F.) and worker honey bees. Interestingly, honey bees ante thought to be inefficient pollinators of rabbiteye blueberry were found to be very efficient, especially for 'Climax' and 'Premier' flowers. C1 USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Syst Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Sampson, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. NR 38 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 4 U2 20 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-0493 EI 1938-291X J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1726 EP 1731 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400024 PM 11142305 ER PT J AU Knight, AL AF Knight, AL TI Monitoring codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) with passive interception traps in sex pheromone-treated apple orchards SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; trapping; Isomate-C; mating disruption ID POMONELLA L LEPIDOPTERA; MATING DISRUPTION; CYDIA-POMONELLA; WASHINGTON; MANAGEMENT; MODELS AB Male and female codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), were monitored with passive interception traps (PI-traps) in apple orchards treated with sex pheromone dispensers. The proportion of mated females recaptured by PI-traps was significantly higher than the proportion released after the release of both sexes into a codling moth-infested orchard. However, no significant difference occurred between the proportion of mated females recaptured and released when only females were released into uninfested orchards. Replicated nine-tree apple plots situated either on the edge or in the center of pheromone-treated apple orchards were monitored with PI-traps during first moth night in 1995 and during both flights in 1996. Moths caught on PI-traps were predominately males. The first male moths were captured 7-10 d before females during the first night in both years. Initial capture of virgin and mated females on PI-traps coincided in 1995. Mated females were captured 14 d after the first virgin females in 1996. The mean proportion of females that were mated ranged from 32 to 55% during the first night and 85 to 92% during the second flight. Moth catch and fruit injury were significantly higher in the edge versus the center plots. The numbers of total and female moths caught with PI-traps were significantly correlated with fruit injury for each generation. The percentage of female moths caught on PI-traps that were mated was 32% lower and the mean oocyte load of all females was 42% higher in a pheromone-treated apple orchard than in the untreated crabapple grove monitored during May and Tune 1997. C1 USDA ARS, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Knight, AL (reprint author), USDA ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 40 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1744 EP 1751 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400027 PM 11142308 ER PT J AU Knight, AL AF Knight, AL TI Tebufenozide targeted against codling moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) adults, eggs, and larvae SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; apple; pest management; bisacylhydrazine; ecdysone agonist ID INSECT GROWTH-REGULATORS; NONSTEROIDAL ECDYSONE AGONIST; CYDIA-POMONELLA; WASHINGTON; RESISTANCE; RH-5992; SUSCEPTIBILITY; AZINPHOSMETHYL; REPRODUCTION; MANAGEMENT AB The effectiveness of tebufenozide applied against the adult, egg, and larvae of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), was evaluated. Significant reductions in fecundity and egg hatch occurred after l-h and 24-h exposures of females and Wh exposures of males-only to residues in plastic plates. A significant reduction in egg hatch was also found after a I-h exposure of males. The ovicidal effects of tebufenozide in field trials did not significantly differ for eggs laid on residues or treated topically. Corrected egg mortality exceeded 95% for cohorts laid <130 degree-days after sprays were applied. Fecundity and egg hatch were measured after either a 24-h exposure of moths or a 10-d exposure of moths and eggs on apple trees. Significant reductions in both fecundity and fertility occurred compared with an untreated control up to 7 d in the 24-h assays and accounted for 60-70% fewer larvae produced per mated female. The mean numbers of larvae produced per mated female after the 10-d exposure were reduced 100-75% in assays started on day 0-21 after the spray application compared with the untreated control. Fecundity wits significantly reduced for 7 d and egg hatch was reduced for the entire 21-d test period in these trials. Residues had a 14-d half-life on apple foliage. Residues applied to foliage or to foliage and fruit did not significantly increase the proportion of uninjured fruit compared with the untreated control in bioassays where neonates were placed on foliage 10 cm from Fruit. However, the proportion of injured fruits with shallow stings venus deep entries was higher on the treated versus the untreated plants. Field applications of tebufenozide reduced fruit injury >90% when applied early during emergence. Plots treated after the beginning of egg hatch had a larger proportion of injured fruits with shallow larval feeding. C1 USDA ARS, Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Knight, AL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 44 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1760 EP 1767 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400029 PM 11142310 ER PT J AU Serrano, MS Backus, EA Cardona, C AF Serrano, MS Backus, EA Cardona, C TI Comparison of AC electronic monitoring and field data for estimating tolerance to Empoasca kraemeri (Homoptera : Cicadellidae) in common bean genotypes SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Empoasca kraemeri; plant resistance; resistance index; probing behavior; electro-penetration graph ID POTATO LEAFHOPPER; PROBING BEHAVIORS; ALFALFA STEMS; FABAE; INJURY; INHERITANCE; RESISTANCE; MECHANISMS AB Two methods for estimating the tolerance of common beau genotypes to Empoasca kraemeri Ross & Moore were compared, using a yield trial carried out at Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Call, Colombia versus stylet penetration tactics measured by AC electronic feeding monitors. A stylet penetration index was devised based on principal component scores of three penetration tactics identified (pulsing laceration, cell rupturing and lancing sap ingestion), combined with knowledge of the hopperburn symptoms caused by each tactic. Tolerant genotypes, as classified by the CIAT yield index, showed significantly more unprotected yield and lower hopperburn scores than the susceptible control. They also induced performance of less pulsing laceration (the tactic considered most damaging to the plant), lund more of the other two, mitigating tactics, especially cell rupturing. When index: values were calculated for each genotype, stylet penetration index values matched those of the yield index for three out of five genotypes: two EMP-coded tolerant lines ('EMP 385' and 'EMP 392') and die susceptible control 'BAT 41'. Thus, for these three genotypes, all subsequent hopperburn symptoms are predictable by the type of feeding behavior performed on them. 'Porrillo Sintetico' and 'EMP 84', considered borderline genotypes by the yield index, were overestimated and underestimated, respectively, by the stylet penetration index. We postulate that, for these two genotypes, plant physiological responses to feeding (either compensatory or heightened sensitivity respectively) synergize with type of feeding performed to generate the overall hopperburn condition. This multivariate analysis of electronic monitoring data was Successfully used to devise an index of resistance. The implications of using the stylet penetration index and the advantages of using electronic monitoring in a bean-breeding program are discussed. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Entomol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Serrano, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Expt Stn, POB 3008 Kingshill, St Croix, VI 00851 USA. NR 38 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1796 EP 1809 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400034 PM 11142315 ER PT J AU Abel, CA Berhow, MA Wilson, RL Binder, BF Hibbard, BE AF Abel, CA Berhow, MA Wilson, RL Binder, BF Hibbard, BE TI Evaluation of conventional resistance to European corn borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) and western corn rootworm (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) in experimental maize lines developed from a backcross breeding program SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ostrinia nubilalis; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; Zea mays; 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one; Peruvian maize; plant resistance ID OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS LEPIDOPTERA; PERUVIAN MAIZE; PYRALIDAE; INSECTICIDES; REGISTRATION; POPULATIONS; FECUNDITY AB Plant resistance is a promising control method for the two most damaging insect pests of maize, Zea mays L.: the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), and the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. Fifteen experimental lines of maize, derived from a backcross breeding program designed to introgress resistance to European corn borer fi om Peruvian maize into two U.S. Corn Belt adapted inbred lines, were evaluated for resistance to European corn borer and western corn rootworm. The experimental lines were in the second generation of backcrossing. All experimental lines were resistant to leaf blade feeding by European corn borer. These lines had low levels of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one, a chemical commonly associated with leaf blade feeding resistance, indicating that this was not the mechanism of resistance to leaf blade feeding in these lines. Eleven experimental lines were resistant to leaf sheath and collar feeding by European corn borer. Useful sources of European corn borer ovipositional nonpreference and root feeding resistance to western corn rootworm were not identified. Some of the lines evaluated in this study may provide useful sources of resistance to both leaf blade and leaf sheath and collar feeding by European corn borer. C1 USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Abel, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Insect Management Res Unit, POB 346, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 48 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1814 EP 1821 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400036 PM 11142317 ER PT J AU Wang, BD Mastro, VC McLane, WH AF Wang, BD Mastro, VC McLane, WH TI Impacts of chipping on surrogates for the longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) in logs SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anoplophora glabripennis; chipping; damage AB As part of the eradication program for recent introductions of the longhorned beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky) in the United States, wood from infested trees is chipped and incinerated. Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of chipping wood from infested trees on the survival of the beetle. In the first test, plastic worms were used as surrogates for larvae of the beetle. Plastic worms of different sizes were placed in holes drilled in logs of sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh. In a second test, in addition to plastic worms, we used different instars and pupae of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae); larvae of the beetle Phyllophaga annina Lewis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae); and larvae of an unidentified weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Although chipping did not result in an obvious damage to all plastic worms, it did kill all larvae and pupae of insects placed in holes of maple logs. The overall recovery rate (percent recovered) for the plastic worms war; 96% in the first (1997) test and 71 and 98% for 10 and 40 mm long plastic worms in the second (1998) test, respectively. Logistic regression analysis of the data from the first experiment indicates that larger worms receive more severe damage. Size of logs did not have a significant effect on the level of damage received by plastic worms. All recovered insects were severely damaged after chipping lags and we could not determine recovery rates. Results of the two tests indicate that chipping wood from infested trees without incineration of the resulting chips provides a highly effective method for destroying wood inhabiting insect pests such as A. glabripennis. The elimination of incineration saves considerable resources while effectively eliminating risks associated with movements of wood containing living wood-boring insects. C1 USDA, APHIS PPQ, Otis Plant Protect Ctr, Otis ANGB, MA 02542 USA. RP Wang, BD (reprint author), USDA, APHIS PPQ, Otis Plant Protect Ctr, Bldg 1398, Otis ANGB, MA 02542 USA. NR 8 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1832 EP 1836 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400038 PM 11142319 ER PT J AU Follett, PA Lower, RA AF Follett, PA Lower, RA TI Irradiation to ensure quarantine security for Cryptophlebia spp. (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) in sapindaceous fruits from Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cryptophlebia; quarantine treatment; lychee; longan; rambutan ID CODLING MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; GAMMA-IRRADIATION AB Studies mere undertaken to determine whether irradiation treatment at 250 Cy, an accepted treatment for disinfestation of fruit flies in spindaceous fruits from Hawaii, would also disinfest fruit of two species of Cryptophlebia. Cryptophlebia illepida (Butler) was determined to be more tolerant of irradiation than Cryptophlebia ombrodelta (Lower): therefore, C. illepida was the focus for detailed tests. Using the criterion of success in developing to the adult stage, the pattern of tolerance to irradiation in C. illepida was generally eggs < early instars < late instars < pupae. The most tolerant stage potentially occurring in harvested fruits was late (fourth and fifth) instars. Development to adult was reduced slightly in late instars receiving an irradiation dose of 62.5 Gy, whereas development to adult was dramatically: reduced in late instars receiving irradiation doses 125 Gy. No C. illepida larvae receiving an irradiation dose greater than or equal to 125 Gy emerged as adults and produced viable eggs, indicating sterility can be achieved at doses well below 250 Gy. In large scale tests, when 11,256 late instars were irradiated with a target dose of 250 Cy, 951 pupated (8.4%) and none eclosed as adults. Within the pupal stage, tolerance increased with age; 7- to 8-d-old pupae (the oldest pupae tested) treated with an irradiation dose of 125 Gy produced viable offspring, whereas those treated with a dose of 250 Gy produced no viable offspring. Irradiation of adults with a target dose of 250 Gy before pairing and mating resulted in no viable eggs. Irradiation of actively ovipositing adult females resulted in no subsequent viable eggs. Therefore, the irradiation quarantine treatment of a minimum absorbed dose of 250 Gy approved for Hawaii's fruits will effectively disinfest fruits of any Cryptophlebia in addition to fruit flies. C1 USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Follett, PA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 14 TC 31 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 93 IS 6 BP 1848 EP 1854 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 386FD UT WOS:000166049400041 PM 11142322 ER PT J AU Ivandic, V Hackett, CA Zhang, ZJ Staub, JE Nevo, E Thomas, WTB Forster, BP AF Ivandic, V Hackett, CA Zhang, ZJ Staub, JE Nevo, E Thomas, WTB Forster, BP TI Phenotypic responses of wild barley to experimentally imposed water stress SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Hordeum spontaneum; drought; adaptation; G x E interaction; principal component analysis ID MICROGEOGRAPHIC EDAPHIC DIFFERENTIATION; HORDEUM-SPONTANEUM KOCH; ALLOZYME POLYMORPHISMS; NATURAL-SELECTION; MICROSITE; ISRAEL; EXPRESSION; DROUGHT AB Responses to water stress within a population of wild barley from Tabigha, Israel, were examined. The population's distribution spans two soil types: Terra Rossa (TR) and Basalt (B). Seeds were collected from plants along a 100 m transect; 24 genotypes were sampled from TR and 28 from B. Due to different soil water-holding capacities, plants growing on TR naturally experience more intense drought than plants growing on B. In a glasshouse experiment, water was withheld from plants for two periods (10 d and 14 d) after flag leaf emergence. A total of 15 agronomic, morphological, developmental, and fertility related traits were examined by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Ten of these traits were significantly affected by the treatment. A high degree of phenotypic variation was found in the population with significant genotype x treatment and soil type x treatment interactions. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using combined control and stress treatment data sets. The first three principal components (pc) explained 88.8% of the variation existing in the population with pc1 (47.9%) comprising yield-related and morphological traits, pc2 (22.9%) developmental characteristics and pc3 (18.0%) fertility-related traits. The relative performance of individual genotypes was determined and water stress tolerant genotypes identified. TR genotypes were significantly less affected by the imposed water stress than B genotypes. Moreover, TR genotypes showed accelerated development under water deficit conditions. Data indicate that specific genotypes demonstrating differential responses may be useful for comparative physiological studies, and that TR genotypes exhibiting yield stability may have value for breeding barley better adapted to drought. C1 Scottish Crop Res Inst, BioSS, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland. China Agr Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China. Univ Wisconsin, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Haifa, Inst Evolut, IL-31905 Haifa, Israel. RP Ivandic, V (reprint author), Scottish Crop Res Inst, BioSS, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland. NR 37 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 51 IS 353 BP 2021 EP 2029 DI 10.1093/jexbot/51.353.2021 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 393FF UT WOS:000166458000008 PM 11141176 ER PT J AU Stokes, AE Schultz, BB Degraaf, RM Griffin, CR AF Stokes, AE Schultz, BB Degraaf, RM Griffin, CR TI Setting mist nets from platforms in the forest canopy SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ABUNDANCE; BIRDS AB We describe a technique for setting mist nets horizontally from canopy platforms, detailing materials needed, installation, and use of the net system. Using a control cold, the operator pulls the net outward from the platform along a cable, and rolls it inward around a manually-operated spindle to remove captured birds. Because nets are not raised from the ground, disturbance to vegetation is minimized. Set-up time averaged 5 min/net after climbing to the platform, and we used a maximum of two nets from a platform. High winds (>40 km/h) and light rain closed canopy nets more often than ground nets, and canopy nets were less effective before leaf-out in spring. In 1751 net-hours, 121 birds of 25 species were captured, and 14 birds (27%) were recorded escaping the nets. The method seeks to parallel conventional netting so as to allow comparisons between strata, making this technique useful for studies that require simultaneous mist-netting in forest canopy and understory levels. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Forestry & Wildlife Management, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Hampshire Coll, Cole Sci Ctr, Amherst, MA 01002 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Stokes, AE (reprint author), 9 Charisma Dr, Pittsfield, MA 01201 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 71 IS 1 BP 57 EP 65 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 292FB UT WOS:000085782500006 ER PT J AU Verner, J Breese, D Purcell, KL AF Verner, J Breese, D Purcell, KL TI Return rates of banded granivores in relation to band color and number of bands worn SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS; SEX-RATIO MANIPULATION; MALE ROCK PTARMIGAN; ZEBRA FINCHES; SURVIVAL RATES; STATISTICAL-INFERENCE; MATING SUCCESS; ATTRACTIVENESS; PREFERENCES; POPULATIONS AB We tested the null hypotheses of (1) no effect of band color and (2) no effect of number of bands worn on annual recapture rates of birds on their winter range. Results are reported from four species of granivores-Spotted Towhee (Pipilo maculatus), Golden-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia atricapilla), White-crowned Sparrow (Z. leucophrys), and Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis). We found no effect of die number of bands worn on return rates of these species, nor did we detect an effect of band color on return rates. In the latter case. however, the power of our tests was low, and some results hinted at possible effects of color, especially yellow bands on Golden-crowned Sparrows. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Fresno, CA 93710 USA. RP Verner, J (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, 2081 E Sierra Ave, Fresno, CA 93710 USA. RI Purcell, Kathryn/S-2592-2016 NR 30 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 71 IS 1 BP 117 EP 125 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 292FB UT WOS:000085782500010 ER PT J AU Hanula, JL Lipscomb, D Franzreb, KE Loeb, SC AF Hanula, JL Lipscomb, D Franzreb, KE Loeb, SC TI Diet of nestling Red-cockaded Woodpeckers at three locations SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOUTH-CAROLINA AB We conducted a 2-yr study of the nestling diet of Red-cockaded Woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) at three locations to determine how it varied among sites. We photographed 5939 nest visits by adult woodpeckers delivering food items for nestlings. In 1994, we located cameras near three nest cavities on the Lower Coastal Plain of South Carolina and near two cavities at the Savannah River Site, which is on the Upper Coastal Plain. In 1995, cameras were installed on the Savannah River Site and in the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge, Georgia. The cameras recorded activity bringing 33 different types of food to nestlings. Wood roaches (Blattoidea, Blattellidae, Parcoblatta spp.) were the most common food composing 50% of the diet overall. They were also the most common prey at each location and for all but one of the woodpecker groups studied. Wood roaches were recorded in 26% of the visits photographed on the Lower Coastal Plain and 62% of the nest visits on the Upper Coastal Plain in 1994. In 1995, wood roaches were recorded in 57% and 50% of the visits on the Upper Coastal Plain and Piedmont, respectively. Woodpeckers on the Lower Coastal Plain used blueberries (Vaccinum sp.) and sawfly larvae (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae, Neodiprion sp.), two dietary items not commonly used at the other locations. Adults at two locations providing snail shells to nestlings possibly as an additional source of calcium. Morista's index of diet overlap (C) ranged from 0.04 to 0.99 for breeding males and females in the same group, from 0.63 to 0.99 among groups at the same location, and from 0.68 to 0.96 among locations. Because diet overlap of Red-cockaded Woodpecker nestlings at different geographical locations was within the range that occurred among group at the same location, we conclude that nestling diets are similar across the Geographical area studied, and that it varies little from year to year. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Forest Resources, US Forest Serv, USDA,So Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Hanula, JL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 71 IS 1 BP 126 EP 134 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 292FB UT WOS:000085782500011 ER PT J AU Thome, DM Zabel, CJ Diller, LV AF Thome, DM Zabel, CJ Diller, LV TI Spotted Owl turnover and reproduction in managed forests of north-coastal California SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SHEARWATERS PUFFINUS-TENUIROSTRIS; PAIR-BOND; FULMARUS-GLACIALIS; AGE; EXPERIENCE; SUCCESS; RETENTION; DIVORCE; ORKNEY; BIRDS AB Northern Spotted Owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) reproduction and turnover (when an owl died or shifted territories, and was replaced by another owl) were monitored at 51 locations on Simpson Timber Company lands, northwestern California, from 1991-1995. We tested for differences in proportions of five stand age classes and reproductive success between Sported Owl pair sites with (greater than or equal to 1 turnover) and without turnovers. Owl pairs at sites without turnovers fledged more young, showed more consistent reproductive success, and were surrounded by a greater percentage of 21-40-yr-old stands than were owl pairs at sires with turnovers. We hypothesize that pairs with high mate fidelity and survival were more reproductively successful because those pairs had previous breeding experience together. By investigating turnover along with habitat features, we now have an indication of the relative quality of various habitats for Spotted Owls on managed, coastal forests of northern California. C1 Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Simpson Timber Co, Korbel, CA 95550 USA. RP Thome, DM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2321 W Royal Palm Rd,Suite 103, Phoenix, AZ 85021 USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 9 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD WIN PY 2000 VL 71 IS 1 BP 140 EP 146 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 292FB UT WOS:000085782500013 ER PT J AU Strange, ED Schaich, KM AF Strange, ED Schaich, KM TI Extraction of lipids from extruded corn-soy blends SO JOURNAL OF FOOD LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID TWIN-SCREW EXTRUSION; COMPLEX-FORMATION; STARCH; AMYLOSE; SYSTEMS; HYDROLYSIS; COOKING; FLOUR; FAT AB Extruded corn-soy products developed for the US AID Food for Peace program contain high levels of lipids (about 12%) and vitamins and minerals, including oxidation-sensitive vitamins A and C and iron. Because lipid stability is probably the most important factor in maintaining long-term storage stability of these products, being able to analyze lipid content and oxidation is critical. In cereals, substantial amounts of lipid are bound to starch, making cereal lipids notoriously difficult to extract. Conventional methods such as acid hydrolysis, hot water-saturated butanol, and exhaustive soxlet extractions result in damage to the lipids and thus give inaccurate measures of lipid stability. A new method of extracting lipids from cereal-based products without damage is proposed using pretreatment with alpha -amylase to digest the starch and release bound lipids. One gram of the product is slurried with 25 mg alpha -amylase in water and incubated for 16 h. Lipids are then extracted from this mixture with 2:1 (v/v) dichloromethane or chloroform:methanol. This procedure was quantitative, extracting 98.7% of the lipid and it gave an extract suitable for analysis of fatty acid contents and lipid oxidation products, e.g peroxide values, and carbonyl contents. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Strange, ED (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 16 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1065-7258 J9 J FOOD LIPIDS JI J. Food Lipids PD DEC PY 2000 VL 7 IS 4 BP 217 EP 224 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 399XP UT WOS:000166839800001 ER PT J AU Cameron, RG Baker, RA Buslig, SS Grohmann, K AF Cameron, RG Baker, RA Buslig, SS Grohmann, K TI Effect of juice extractor settings on Hamlin orange juice cloud stability SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION LA English DT Article ID PECTINMETHYLESTERASE AB Three different juice extractor settings were used to obtain juice from Hamlin oranges. Cloud in Soft and Medium extracted juice had nearly identical A,, values. The A(660) of the Hard extracted juice was greater than the others. At 30C A(660) for both the Soft and Medium juice increased slightly over time while the Hard juice A, decreased. The cloud in all three raw juices showed a decrease in A(660) at 4C. Specific activity of pectinmethylesterase in the raw juices was very similar, but was higher in protein extracts from the Hard juice than from Medium or Soft juices. Addition of protein extracts from each juice, to reconstituted FCOJ, demonstrated that cloud loss in these treatments was dependent on extraction pressure. At 30C PME in the extract from the Soft extracted juice destabilized the cloud most rapidly. Cloud loss also was dependent on the amount of PME activity added. C1 ARS, USDA, SAA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. RP Cameron, RG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SAA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, POB 1909, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8892 J9 J FOOD PROCESS PRES JI J. Food Process Preserv. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 24 IS 6 BP 465 EP 478 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2000.tb00435.x PG 14 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 384EQ UT WOS:000165930200003 ER PT J AU Riordan, DCR Sapers, GM Annous, BA AF Riordan, DCR Sapers, GM Annous, BA TI The survival of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in the presence of Penicillium expansum and Glomerella cingulata in wounds on apple surfaces SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID FATE; TRANSMISSION; OUTBREAK; CIDER AB The survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the presence of one of two plant pathogens, Penicillium expansum and Glomerella cingulata, in wounds on apples was observed during 14 days storage at room temperature (RT) and at 4 degreesC. The aim of this work was to determine if changes in apple physiology caused by the proliferation of fungal decay organisms would foster the survival of E. coli O157:H7. Trials were performed where (A) plant pathogens (4 log(10) spores) were added to apple wounds 4 days before the wounds were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 (3 log(10) CFU g(-1) apple) (both RT and 4 degreesC storage), (B) plant pathogens and E. coli O157:H7 were added on the same day (both RT and 4 degreesC storage), and (C) E. coli O157:H7 was added 2 days (RT storage) and 4 days (4 degreesC storage) before plant pathogens. In all trials E. coli O157:H7 levels generally declined to <1 log(10) at 4C storage, and in the presence of P. expansum at 4 degreesC or RT. However, in the presence of G. cingulata at RT E. coli O157:H7 numbers increased from 3.18 to 4.03 log(10) CFU g(-1) in the apple wound during trial A, from 3.26 to 6.31 log(10) CFU g(-1) during trial B, and from 3.22 to 6.81 log(10) CFU g(-1) during trial C. This effect is probably a consequence of the attendant rise in pH from 4.1 to approximately 6.8, observed with the proliferation of G. cingulata rot. Control apples (inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 only) were contaminated with opportunistic decay organisms at RT during trials A and B, leading to E. coli O157:H7 death. However, E. coli O157:H7 in control apples in trial C, where no contamination occurred, increased from 3.22 to 5.97 log(10) CFU g(-1). The fact that E. coli O157:H7 can proliferate in areas of decay and/or injury on fruit highlights the hazards associated with the use of such fruit in the production of unpasteurized juice. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Riordan, DCR (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 23 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 63 IS 12 BP 1637 EP 1642 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 381YG UT WOS:000165791200002 PM 11131883 ER PT J AU Dargatz, DA Fedorka-Cray, PJ Ladely, SR Ferris, KE AF Dargatz, DA Fedorka-Cray, PJ Ladely, SR Ferris, KE TI Survey of Salmonella serotypes shed in feces of beef cows and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID EXCRETION; CALVES AB Salmonella prevalence on cow-calf operations was studied as a part of a national study of health and management of the U.S. beef cow-calf industry and was conducted as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System. Within this study, the prevalence of Salmonella spp. shed in feces was determined. A total of 5,049 fecal samples were collected from 187 beef cow-calf operations each visited on a single occasion. The number of fecal samples collected per operation was predetermined based on herd size. Salmonellae were recovered from 1 or more fecal samples collected on 11.2% (21 of 187) of the operations. Overall 78 salmonellae representing 22 serotypes were recovered from 1.4% (70 of 5,049) of samples. Multiple serotypes were recovered from eight samples from a single operation. The five most common serotypes were Salmonella Oranienburg (21.8% of isolates), and Salmonella Cerro (21.8%), followed by Salmonella Anatum (10.3%), Salmonella Bredeney (9.0%), and Salmonella Mbandaka (5.1%). The most common serogroups identified were C-1 (33.3%), K (21.8%), B (16.7%), and E (15.4%). Even though the recovery rate of salmonellae from fecal samples was very low, 43.6% (34 of 78) and 38.5% (30 of 78) of the isolates were among the 10 most common serotypes from cattle with clinical signs of disease or isolated from humans, respectively. The majority of the isolates (50 of 78; 64.1%) were recovered from fecal samples from two operations. All isolates were screened for resistance to a panel of 17 antimicrobics, and 87.2% (68 of 78) were susceptible to all of the antimicrobics. The resistant isolates were most commonly resistant to streptomycin (n = 9) and/or sulfamethoxazole (n = 9). Nine isolates showed multiple (greater than or equal to2 antimicrobics) resistance most commonly to streptomycin and sulfamethoxazole (n = 6). C1 US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, APHIS VS,Ctr Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, APHIS VS,Ctr Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, APHIS VS, Ames, IA 50010 USA. ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Dargatz, DA (reprint author), US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, APHIS VS,Ctr Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 35 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 63 IS 12 BP 1648 EP 1653 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 381YG UT WOS:000165791200004 PM 11131885 ER PT J AU Thayer, DW Boyd, G AF Thayer, DW Boyd, G TI Reduction of normal flora by irradiation and its effect on the ability of Listeria monocytogenes to multiply on ground turkey stored at PC when packaged under a modified atmosphere SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID DEBONED CHICKEN MEAT; BOTULINUM TYPE-A; 0.3 MRAD; GROWTH; MICROFLORA; STORAGE; SALMONELLA; SKINS AB Listeria monocytogenes did not multiply faster during storage at 7 degreesC on irradiated than on nonirradiated raw ground turkey, and there was a concentration-dependent inhibition of its multiplication by CO2. Ground turkey was gamma irradiated at 5 degreesC to 0, 1.5, and 2.5 kGy and inoculated (similar to 100 CFU/g) after irradiation with a cocktail of L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644, 15313, 49594, and 43256. The meat was then packaged in air-permeable pouches or under atmospheres containing 30 or 53% CO2, 19% O-2, and 51 or 24% N-2 and stored at 7 degreesC for up to 28 days. A dose of 2.5 kGy extended the time for the total plate count (TPC) to reach 10(7) CFU/g from 4 to 19 days compared to that for nonirradiated turkey in air-permeable pouches. Following a dose of 2.5 kGy at the end of the 28-day study, the TPCs were 10(6.42) and 10(4.98) under 25% and 50% CO2 atmospheres, respectively. Under air, 30% CO2, and 53% CO2 atmospheres, the populations of L. monocytogenes after 19 days incubation were 10(4.89), 10(3.60), and 10(2.67) CFU/g. The populations of lactic acid bacteria and anaerobic or facultative bacteria were also reduced by irradiation. Irradiating ground turkey did not decrease its safety when it was contaminated following processing with L. monocytogenes. C1 ARS, Food Safety Res Unit, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Thayer, DW (reprint author), ARS, Food Safety Res Unit, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 63 IS 12 BP 1702 EP 1706 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 381YG UT WOS:000165791200013 PM 11131894 ER PT J AU Wilson, JS McGaughey, RJ AF Wilson, JS McGaughey, RJ TI Landscape-scale forest information SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB Computer visualization techniques that integrate detailed information can communicate general characteristics of a landscape to audiences from diverse backgrounds. But credibility with viewers may be lost if details-characteristics for which data are lacking-are generated to make visualizations more realistic. One solution is to present obvious abstractions for landscape attributes that have not been measured. In most cases, presenting a landscape via several complementary techniques conveys information most successfully. A sampling of presentation tools describing an actual forest landscape reveals their advantages,disadvantages, and suitability for lay audiences. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Seattle, WA USA. RP Wilson, JS (reprint author), 562 Kings Highway, Hancock, NH 03449 USA. NR 12 TC 14 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 98 IS 12 BP 21 EP + PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 418PD UT WOS:000167899800006 ER PT J AU Clason, T Robinson, JL AF Clason, T Robinson, JL TI From pine forest to silvopasture SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Homer, LA 71040 USA. USDA, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Ft Worth, TX USA. RP Clason, T (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Route 1,Box 10, Homer, LA 71040 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 6 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 98 IS 12 BP A4 EP A5 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 418PD UT WOS:000167899800008 ER PT J AU Thies, JA Fery, RL AF Thies, JA Fery, RL TI Heat stability of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in Scotch Bonnet peppers (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Capsicum annuum L.; C. chinense Jacq.; habanero; heat stability; Meloidogyne incognita; resistance; root-knot nematode; Scotch Bonnet pepper; soilborne pathogen; soil temperature; vegetable breeding ID ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE; CAROLINA CAYENNE PEPPER; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; SOIL TEMPERATURES; EXPRESSION; YIELD AB Stability of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood was determined in pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq. and C. annuum L.) at 24, 28, and 32 degreesC. Reactions of the C. annuum cultivars Charleston Belie and Keystone Resistant Giant and the C, chinense cultigens PA-426 and PA-350 to M. incognita were compared. Charleston Belie is homozygous for die N gene that confers resistance to M incognita in C. annuum, and Keystone Resistant Giant is the susceptible recurrent parent of Charleston Belie. PA-426 is homozygous for a single dominant resistance gene that is allelic to the N gene, and PA-350 is susceptible. Root galling, egg-mass production, numbers of eggs per g fresh root, and reproductive factor of M. incognita increased for all pepper genotypes as temperature increased. Severity of root galling and nematode reproduction were less for PA-426 and Charleston Belie compared to PA-350 and Keystone Resistant Giant at all temperatures. However, both PA-426 and Charleston Belie exhibited a partial loss of resistance at the higher temperatures. For example, at 32 degreesC, the numbers of M incognita eggs per g fresh root and the reproductive index for PA-426 and Charleston Belie were in the susceptible range. Nevertheless, the gall index for both cultivars was still within the resistant range. Both PA-350 and Keystone Resistant Giant exhibited highly susceptible reactions tit 28 and 32 degreesC. Although the resistances of PA-426 and Charleston Belie were somewhat compromised at high temperatures, cultivars possessing these resistances will still be useful for managing M. incognita under high soil temperatures. C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Thies, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 BP 356 EP 361 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 426MA UT WOS:000168351900005 PM 19270989 ER PT J AU Carta, LK AF Carta, LK TI Bacterial-feeding nematode growth and preference for biocontrol isolates of the bacterium Burkholderia cepacia SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE accumulation; attraction Caenorhabditis elegans; Diploscapter sp.; Distolabrellus veechi; ecology; Escherichia coli OP50; nutrition; Oscheius myriophila; Panagrellus redivivus; Pelodera strongyloides; phylogeny; Pristionchus pacificus; repellence; Rhabditida; toxicity; Zeldia punctata ID BURSAPHELENCHUS-XYLOPHILUS; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; PSEUDOMONAS-CEPACIA; DAMPING-OFF; SOIL; RHIZOSPHERE; SUPPRESSION; DISPERSAL; FUNGAL; ROOTS AB The potential of different bacterial-feeding Rhabditida to consume isolates of Burkholderia cepacia with known agricultural biocontrol ability was examined. Caenorhabditis elegans, Diploscapter sp., Oscheius myriophila, Pelodera strongyloides, Pristionchus pacificus, Zeldia punctata, Panagrellus redivivus, and Distolabrellus veechi were tested for growth on and preference for Escherichia coli OP50 or B. cepacia maize soil isolates J82, BcF, M36, Bc2, and PHQM100. Considerable growth and preference variations occurred between nematode taxa on individual bacterial isolates, and between different bacterial isolates on a given nematode. Populations of Diploscapter sp, and P. redivivus,uc were most strongly suppressed. Only Z. punctata and P. pacificus grew well on all isolates, though Z. punctata preferentially accumulated on all isolates and P. pacificus had no preference. Oscheius myriophila preferentially accumulated on growth- supportive Bc2 and M36, and avoided less supportive J82 and PHQM100. Isolates with plant-parasitic nematicidal properties and poor fungicidal properties supported the best growth of three members of the Rhabditidae, C. elegans, O. myriophila, and P. strongyloides. Distolabrellus veechi avoided commercial nematicide M36 more strongly than fungicide J82. C1 USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Carta, LK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Bldg 011A,Rm 165B,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 BP 362 EP 369 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 426MA UT WOS:000168351900006 PM 19270990 ER PT J AU Ibrahim, IKA Handoo, ZA El-Sherbiny, AA AF Ibrahim, IKA Handoo, ZA El-Sherbiny, AA TI Survey of phytoparasitic nematodes on cultivated and non-cultivated plants in northwestern Egypt SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Egypt; host plants; nematode; phytoparasitic nematodes ID DIAGNOSTIC COMPENDIUM; KEY AB Surveys were conducted in Alexandria, El-Behera, and Matrouh Governorates in northwestern Egypt during the 1994-1998 cropping seasons to study the occurrence, population density, host associations, and distribution of phytoparasitic nematodes associated with 35 major crops, grasses, and weeds. A total of 220 soil and root samples containing mixed populations of 26 genera and 38 species of phytoparasitic nematodes was analyzed; three known genera and 13 known species are reported for the first time in northwestern Egypt. Root-knot nematodes with 34 occurrences were the most frequently encountered group of nematodes, followed by spiral, stunt, ring, lesion, lance, and dagger nematodes with 19, 18, 15, 9, 8, and 7 occurrences, respectively. Now species records are Boleodorus pakistanensis, Criconemella sphaerocephala, Discocriconemella sphaerocephaloides, Hemicriconemoides cocophilus, Hemicycliophora thienmanni, Hoplolaimus classimuc, Irantylenchus clavidorus, Merlinius nanus, Paratylenchus projectus, Tylenchorhynchus ebriensis, Tylenchus afghanicus, T. exiguus, Xiphinema basilgoodeyi, and X. ensiculiferum. Survey results showed new host plant records for most of the identified nematode species in Egypt. C1 Univ Alexandria, Fac Agr, Dept Plant Pathol, Alexandria, Egypt. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ibrahim, IKA (reprint author), Univ Alexandria, Fac Agr, Dept Plant Pathol, El Shatby, Alexandria, Egypt. NR 30 TC 4 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 SU S BP 478 EP 485 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 430YR UT WOS:000168603500002 PM 19270998 ER PT J AU Davis, RF Timper, P AF Davis, RF Timper, P TI Resistance in selected corn hybrids to Meloidogyne arenaria and M-incognita SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corn; host suitability; Meloidogyne arenaria race 1; M. incognita race 3; peanut root-knot nematode; resistance; southern root-knot nematode; survey; Zea mays ID PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES; COTTON FIELDS AB A total of 33 corn hybrids were evaluated in a series of greenhouse and field trials to determine if they differed in resistance to either Meloidogyne incognita race 3 or M. arenaria race 1. Reproduction of M. incognita race 3 and M. arenaria race 1 on the hybrids was also compared. Reproduction of M. arenaria differed among corn hybrids in the field experiment. No hybrids were consistently resistant to M. incognita. Two isolates of M. arenaria and two of M. incognita were evaluated in the greenhouse trials, and no evidence of isolate-dependent resistance was observed. Meloidogyne incognita reproduced better than M. arenaria on the hybrids in this study. A survey of 102 corn fields from 11 counties throughout southern Georgia was conducted to determine the relative frequency of M. incognita and M. arenaria. Meloidogyne species were found in 34 of the fields surveyed, and 93.9% of these were identified as M. incognita. The frequency of occurrence of M. incognita was 99.6% if the previous crop was cotton and 84.6% if the previous crop was peanut. Pratylenchus spp. were extracted from all intact corn root systems examined. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31973 USA. RP Davis, RF (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, 2106 Miller Plant Sci Bldg, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 32 IS 4 SU S BP 633 EP 640 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 430YR UT WOS:000168603500023 PM 19271019 ER PT J AU Davis, CD Uthus, EO Finley, JW AF Davis, CD Uthus, EO Finley, JW TI Dietary selenium and arsenic affect DNA methylation in vitro in Caco-2 cells and in vivo in rat liver and colon SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE selenium; arsenic; DNA methylation; rats; Caco-2 cells ID MAMMARY-CANCER; HYPOMETHYLATION; DEFICIENCY; GENE; TRIMETHYLSELENONIUM; SUPPLEMENTATION; CHEMOPREVENTION; CARCINOGENESIS; CHROMATIN; BINDING AB Selenium is an essential trace element for human health, and it has received considerable attention for its possible role as an anticarcinogenic agent. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether changes in the amount and the chemical form of selenium would affect DNA methylation and whether this effect would be modified by arsenic. Caco-2 cells, a human colon cancer cell line, were exposed to 0, 1 or 2 mu mol supplemental selenite/L and 0, 1 or 2 mu mol supplemental arsenite/L for 7 d. DNA isolated from Caco-2 cells not treated with selenite was significantly (P < 0.0001) hypomethylated compared with that from cells treated with 1 or 2 mol selenite/L. DNA isolated from Caco-2 cells not treated with arsenite was significantly (P < 0.0001) hypomethylated compared with DNA isolated from cells treated with 1 or 2 mol arsenite/L. In addition, methylation of the p53 promoter region of Caco-2 cells decreased when cells were cultured in the absence of selenite and in the absence of arsenite. Sixty weanling male Fischer 344 rats were fed a torula yeast-based diet supplemented with 0, 0.1 or 2 mg selenium/kg diet as either selenite or selenomethionine in the presence or absence of 5 mg arsenic/kg diet as arsenite for 6 wk. Similar to the results with Caco-2 cells, rats fed selenium-deficient diets had significantly (P < 0.0001) hypomethylated liver and colon DNA compared with rats fed 0.1 or 2.0 g selenium/g diets as either selenite or selenomethionine. Thus, alterations in DNA methylation may be a potential mechanism, whereby deficient dietary selenium increases liver and colon tumorigenesis. C1 USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Davis, CD (reprint author), USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 49 TC 148 Z9 157 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 130 IS 12 BP 2903 EP 2909 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 383CU UT WOS:000165866200007 PM 11110844 ER PT J AU Leung, LK Wang, TT AF Leung, LK Wang, TT TI Bcl-2 is not reduced in the death of MCF-7 cells at low genistein concentration SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE genistein; Bcl-2; c-jun N-terminus kinase; MCF-7 cells; cell death ID BREAST-CANCER CELLS; GROWTH-FACTOR RECEPTOR; TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR P53; INDUCED APOPTOSIS; GENE-EXPRESSION; BAX GENE; PROLIFERATION; INHIBITION; INDUCTION; CYCLE AB Soy consumption has been associated with a lower incidence of breast cancer in Southeast Asia. Among the phytochemicals in soy, genistein has been suggested to be chemopreventive. Because genistein is an estrogen-receptor (ER) agonist, the chemopreventive mechanism has been attributed to its ability to compete with estrogen for receptor binding. In this study, we used an ER-positive cell line to investigate the effects of different genistein concentrations on the apoptotic response. The threshold concentration at which a significant number of cells underwent apoptosis was titrated to be 25 mu mol/L. At or above this concentration, c-jun N-terminus kinase was activated and Bax and Bcl-2 expression were both elevated. The elevated Bcl-2 protein might neutralize the proapoptotic effect of Bax. Therefore, the mechanism of genistein-induced apoptosis at this concentration might rely largely on the stress pathway rather than the pathway mediated by the Bcl-2 family of proteins. C1 Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Dept Biochem, Food & Nutr Sci Programme, Shatin, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Leung, LK (reprint author), Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Dept Biochem, Food & Nutr Sci Programme, Shatin, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RI Leung, Lai/C-6511-2013; LEUNG, Lai K./E-6314-2011 OI Leung, Lai/0000-0002-7781-3099; LEUNG, Lai K./0000-0002-7781-3099 NR 40 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 130 IS 12 BP 2922 EP 2926 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 383CU UT WOS:000165866200010 PM 11110847 ER PT J AU Gregory, JF Swendseid, ME Jacob, RA AF Gregory, JF Swendseid, ME Jacob, RA TI Urinary excretion of folate catabolites responds to changes in folate intake more slowly than plasma folate and homocysteine concentrations and lymphocyte DNA methylation in postmenopausal women SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE folate; catabolism; para-aminobenzoylglutamate; para-acetamidobenzoylglutamate; humans ID P-AMINOBENZOYLGLUTAMATE; PARA-ACETAMIDOBENZOYLGLUTAMATE; NONPREGNANT WOMEN; METABOLISM; TURNOVER; CELLS; RATS; ACID; MEN AB Folate turnover involves urinary excretion, fecal excretion, and catabolism that involves cleavage of the C9-N10 bond to yield pterins and para-aminobenzoylglutamate (pABG). Little is known about the relationship between the function of folate pools and their rates of catabolism. We report here an investigation of excretion of urinary pABG and its primary excretory form, para-acetamldobenzoyiglutamete (ApABG) in samples collected during a previously published study of postmenopausal women. Ten women (49-63 y) were fed a low folate diet (56 mug/d) supplemented with folio acid to yield total folate intakes of 195 mug/d (d 1-5), 56 mug/d (d 6-41), 111 mug/d (d 42-69), 285 mug/d (d 70-80) and 516 mug/d (d 81-91). This caused changes in plasma folate, plasma homocysteine and global methylation of lymphocyte DNA. For each subject, a 7-d pooled urine sample was collected over d 1-7, 36-42, 64-70 and 85-91. ApABG constituted >85% of total catabolite excretion, and folate intake did not significantly influence ApABG or pABG excretion. The molar ratio of total catabolite excretion/folate intake varied significantly, with ratios of 1.0 +/- 0.17 (d 1-7), 3.0 +/- 0.55 (d 36-42), 1.1 +/- 0.18 (d 64-70) and 0.33 +/- 0.054 (d 85-91). These observations indicate that the rate of folate catabolite excretion is related mainly to masses of slow-turnover folate pools governed by long-term folate intake. Folate pools functioning in some forms of methyl group metabolism respond to dietary changes in folate intake much more rapidly. C1 Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Gregory, JF (reprint author), Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. OI Gregory, Jesse/0000-0002-9976-2085 NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 130 IS 12 BP 2949 EP 2952 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 383CU UT WOS:000165866200015 PM 11110852 ER PT J AU Fayer, R AF Fayer, R TI Global change and emerging infectious diseases SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID ENTEROCYTOZOON-BIENEUSI; IMPORTED RASPBERRIES; DOGS; CYCLOSPORIASIS; MICROSPORIDIA; OUTBREAK; NEOSPORA; HUMANS; EUROPE; WATER C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 44 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1174 EP 1181 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[1174:GCAEID]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 388MF UT WOS:000166184200002 PM 11191888 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Saville, WJA Lindsay, DS Stich, RW Stanek, JF Speer, CA Rosenthal, BM Njoku, CJ Kwok, OCH Shen, SK Reed, SM AF Dubey, JP Saville, WJA Lindsay, DS Stich, RW Stanek, JF Speer, CA Rosenthal, BM Njoku, CJ Kwok, OCH Shen, SK Reed, SM TI Completion of the life cycle of Sarcocystis neurona SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OPOSSUM DIDELPHIS-VIRGINIANA; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; FALCATULA AB Sarcocystis neurona is the most important cause of a neurologic disease in horses, equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). The complete life cycle of S. neurona, including the description of sarcocysts and intermediate hosts, has not been completed until now. Opossums (Didelphis spp.) are definitive hosts, and horses and other mammals are aberrant hosts. In the present study, laboratory-raised domestic cats (Felis domesticus) were fed sporocysts from the intestine of a naturally infected opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Microscopic sarcocysts, with a maximum size of 700 x 50 mum, developed in the muscles of the cats. The DNA of bradyzoites released from sarcocysts was confirmed as S. neurona. Laboratory-raised opossums (D. virginiana) fed cat muscles containing the sarcocysts shed sporocysts in their feces. The sporocysts were similar to 10-12 x 6.5-8.0 mum in size. Gamma interferon knockout mice fed sporocysts from experimentally infected opossums developed clinical sarcocystosis, and S. neurona was identified in their tissues using S. neurona-specific polyclonal rabbit serum. Two seronegative ponies fed sporocysts from an experimentally-infected opossum developed S. neurona-specific antibodies within 14 days. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Saville, WJA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Bldg 1001,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016; OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321; Stich, Roger/0000-0002-9749-2034; Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773 NR 19 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1276 EP 1280 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[1276:COTLCO]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 388MF UT WOS:000166184200018 PM 11191904 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Garner, MM Rosenthal, BM DeGhetto, D AF Dubey, JP Garner, MM Rosenthal, BM DeGhetto, D TI Clinical coccidiosis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Clinical coccidiosis was diagnosed in wild-caught and captive raccoons. Eimeria procyonis-like oocysts were seen in 15 of 15 captive raccoons. In 6 of 6 juvenile wild-caught raccoons examined at necropsy, endogenous coccidian stages were seen in the small intestine. Two types of schizonts (large and small) were identified. Large schizonts were up to 110 mum long, contained 10-mum-long merozoites, and were in crypt glandular epithelial cells. Smaller schizonts were 10 mum long, contained 5-mum-long merozoites, and were at the tips of the villi. Only a few gamonts and no oocysts were seen in sections. These stages were thought to be of E. procyonis. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Garner, MM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773 NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1299 EP 1303 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 388MF UT WOS:000166184200021 PM 11191907 ER PT J AU Crawford, CG Wijey, C Fratamico, P Tu, SI Brewster, J AF Crawford, CG Wijey, C Fratamico, P Tu, SI Brewster, J TI Immunomagnetic-electrochemiluminescent detection of E.coli O157 : H7 in ground beef SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; EPIFLUORESCENT FILTER TECHNIQUE; RAPID DETECTION; DIRECT ENUMERATION; PCR; ASSAY; FOODS; IMMUNOASSAYS; QUANTITATION; BIOSENSOR AB An immunomagnetic electrochemiluminescence approach using a commercially available instrument was developed to defect the presence of E. coli O157:H7 in samples of ground beef: The approach can detect E. coli O157:H7 that have been incurred with 0.05 CFU of the bacterium per gram of beef after an enrichment for 18 h at 37C. Results of comparison tests indicate that the approach is at least 100 times more sensitive than the Reveal dipstick method with a probable false positive rate less than 4-5%. To enhance the adaptability of the approach, a heat treatment was introduced to eliminate the possibility of generating aerosols of live pathogens during the sample loading process. To minimize the carryover of contaminants associated with the capture of E. coli O157:H7 by immune magnetic beads (IMB), an immune magnetic separation procedure was developed. The procedure involved the use of a magnetic field to first retain the IMB together with captured bacteria on a paramagnetic column. After washing away the contaminants, the target bacteria: were then released from the column by removing the magnetic field. With the proven sensitivity and improved sample treatment procedures, the ECL approach could be considered as an attractive alternative for screening the presence of E. coli O157:H7 in foods. C1 ARS, Microbial Biochem & Biophys Res Unit, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Crawford, CG (reprint author), ARS, Microbial Biochem & Biophys Res Unit, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 42 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 9 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1060-3999 J9 J RAPID METH AUT MIC JI J. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 8 IS 4 BP 249 EP 264 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2000.tb00327.x PG 16 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 402UH UT WOS:000167006200002 ER PT J AU Ganey, JL Block, WM King, RM AF Ganey, JL Block, WM King, RM TI Roost sites of radio-marked Mexican Spotted Owls in Arizona and New Mexico: Sources of variability and descriptive characteristics SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Mexican Spotted Owl; Strix occidentalis lucida; Arizona; New Mexico; radiotelemetry; repeated measures; roost sites; sources of variation ID HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS; MOUNTAINS AB To increase understanding of roosting habitat of Mexican Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) and factors that influence use of roosting habitat, we sampled habitat characteristics at 1790 sites used for roosting by 28 radio-marked Mexican Spotted Owls in three study areas in Arizona and New Mexico. We explored potential patterns of variation in roost-site characteristics by estimating similarity among all possible pairs of roost sites and summarizing patterns in these similarity estimates using a linear model. Factors in the model included owl identity and season. We conducted these analyses within study areas, because habitat characteristics differed among study areas. We used a repeated-measures model which assumed that similarity estimates computed between roost sites of the same owl or pairs of owls were correlated. This model significantly improved model goodness-of-fit over a null model assuming no such correlation structure. Similarity estimates were relatively high (0.744-0.775) in all three study areas, suggesting consistent patterns of selection among owls within areas. Owl and season effects were relatively small but detectable in all study areas, with the relative magnitude of these effects differing among areas. The seasonal effect was greatest in the area dominated by pine-oak forest and relatively slight in two areas where owls roosted primarily in mixed-conifer forest. Relative to areas where owls roosted in mixed-conifer forest, roosts in pine-oak forest occurred on moderate slopes, on southwest to northwest aspects, and were less concentrated on lower portions of slopes. We suspected that much of this difference reflected differences in stand-development processes in different forest types. This suggested that land managers should incorporate knowledge of such patterns in different forest types and topographic locations in planning decisions involving management of Spotted Owl habitat. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Ganey, JL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2500 S Pine Knoll, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 33 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 34 IS 4 BP 270 EP 278 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 395UY UT WOS:000166600700003 ER PT J AU Grubb, TG Lopez, RG AF Grubb, TG Lopez, RG TI Food habits of Bald Eagles wintering in northern Arizona SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Bald Eagle; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; pellets; diet; food habits; winter roosts; winter habitat ID FORAGING ECOLOGY; RIVER AB We used pellets collected from roosts to supplement incidental foraging observations to identify prey species of Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and to evaluate spatial and temporal trends in their food habits while wintering in northern Arizona between 1994-96. We analyzed 1057 pellets collected from 14 roosts, and identified five mammal and 13 bird species. American Coot (Fulica americana, N = 447) and elk/deer (Cervus elaphus/Odocoileus hemionus, N = 412) were the most common prey remains we identified and they varied annually and inversely with each other (11-58% for coots and 21-78% for elk/deer). Diving ducks (92%) were more heavily represented in pellets with identifiable bird prey (N = 701) than dabblers (1%), although Christmas Bird Counts indicated 64% divers and 36% dabblers in the study area ( = 18 202; chi (2) 46.3, df = 1, P <0.01). Almost all pellets consisted mostly of mammal or bird remains (N = 366 and 689, respectively). The overall ratio of mammal to bird pellets was 59:41, with relative class frequencies varying between years ((2) = 118.29, df = 2, P < 0.01). At roosts <3 km from water (N = 752), 90% of the pellets contained birds; whereas, at roosts >3 km from water (N = 303), 96% of the pellets contained mammals (chi (2) = 698.54, df = 1, P < 0.01). In three successive winters of varying weather conditions, wintering eagles foraged primarily on mammals, fish, and water fowl, respectively; but only mammals and waterfowl were accurately represented in pellets. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Grubb, TG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2500 S Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 10 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 34 IS 4 BP 287 EP 292 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 395UY UT WOS:000166600700005 ER PT J AU Bett, KL Ingram, DA Grimm, CC Vinyard, BT Boyette, KDC Dionigi, CP AF Bett, KL Ingram, DA Grimm, CC Vinyard, BT Boyette, KDC Dionigi, CP TI Alteration of the sensory perception of the muddy/earthy odorant 2-methylisoborneol in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fillet tissues by addition of seasonings SO JOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES LA English DT Article ID QUALITY-CONTROL; FLAVOR-QUALITY; OFF-FLAVORS; GEOSMIN; ATTRIBUTES; DEPURATION AB Commercial production of catfish requires frequent feeding, which contributes to effusive microbial blooms in ponds. Microbial production of the muddy metabolite 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) can reduce fish flavor quality. Although commercial seasonings may be added to fillets, little information is available concerning the sensory interaction of seasonings and MIB. The replicate sensory evaluation of catfish fillet samples containing either 1.0 or 10.0 ppb chemically-synthesized MIB conducted under controlled conditions indicated a more frequent acceptance of fish as on-flavored in samples treated with a "lemon-pepper" commercial seasoning preparation than either untreated samples or those treated with a "cajun-spice" seasoning blend. In addition, experimentation conducted with fish containing MIB from biological sources within the production pond, indicated a similar reduction in MIB flavor of lemon-pepper-treated samples. Although a 4-terpenol co-eluted with MIB from lemon-pepper treated samples subjected to gas chromatography mass spectroscopy, the compound(s) in the lemon-pepper preparation that interfere with the perception of MIB was(were) not identified. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bett, KL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0887-8250 J9 J SENS STUD JI J. Sens. Stud. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 15 IS 4 BP 459 EP 472 DI 10.1111/j.1745-459X.2000.tb00283.x PG 14 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 382VZ UT WOS:000165849200008 ER PT J AU Cramer, SM Drozdek, JM Wolfe, RW AF Cramer, SM Drozdek, JM Wolfe, RW TI Load sharing effects in light-frame wood-truss assemblies SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS; RELIABILITY; BEHAVIOR; DESIGN; LUMBER AB Load sharing among repetitive wood members interconnected by structural sheathing strengthens light-frame assemblies beyond that assumed in designing a single member. A repetitive member factor of 1.15 applied to bending resistance has been traditionally included in wood design standards to account for this effect. The focus of this study was to quantify load-sharing effects on members in metal-plate-connected wood trusses. This was accomplished using a detailed structural analysis model and statistical characterizations of lumber stiffness and strength properties. Monte Carlo simulations were conducted on six common truss configurations and one dimension lumber joist Boor where wood member properties were randomly selected from distributions representing properties of the lumber grade. The assemblies were analyzed with and without attached sheathing to directly quantify the load-sharing effects in the system. The computed mean load-sharing factors ranged from 1.06 to 1.24 in the truss assemblies and from 1.17 to 1.19 for the joist assembly. The load-sharing factors were found to be applicable to wood truss members subject to tensile or compressive forces in addition to bending forces. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Cramer, SM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD DEC PY 2000 VL 126 IS 12 BP 1388 EP 1394 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2000)126:12(1388) PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 374LM UT WOS:000165346700002 ER PT J AU Lu, RF Guyer, DE Beaudry, RM AF Lu, RF Guyer, DE Beaudry, RM TI Determination of firmness and sugar content of apples using near-infrared diffuse reflectance SO JOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES LA English DT Article ID SOLUBLE SOLIDS; NONDESTRUCTIVE DETERMINATION; SPECTROSCOPY; PEACHES; QUALITY; FRUIT AB The objective of this research was to study the potential of near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance between 800 nm and 1700 nm for determining the firmness and sugar content of apples and to ascertain the effects of apple peel and variety on the NIR prediction of these two quality attributes. The spectral reflectance data were acquired from both peeled and unpeeled 'Empire', 'Golden Delicious', and 'Red Delicious' apples. Statistical models were developed using principal component analysis/regression. Lower correlations of prediction were obtained (r=0.38 to 0.58) between NIR measurement and Magness-Taylor firmness for both unpeeled and peeled fruit, with the standard errors of prediction (SEP) between 6.6 N and 10.1 N. Improved predictions were obtained when NIR reflectance was correlated with the slope of the Magness-Taylor force-deformation curves. Excellent predictions of the sugar content in peeled apples were obtained (r=0.93 to 0.97; SEP=0.37 to 0.42 degrees Brix). The SEP, on average, increased by about 0.17 degrees Brix for the unpeeled apples. Variety did not have a large effect on the model performance on sugar content predictions. C1 Michigan State Univ, USDA, ARS, MWA,SBR, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Agr Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Hort, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Lu, RF (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, USDA, ARS, MWA,SBR, 224 Farrall Hall, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 16 TC 93 Z9 110 U1 2 U2 12 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0022-4901 J9 J TEXTURE STUD JI J. Texture Stud. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 31 IS 6 BP 615 EP 630 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4603.2000.tb01024.x PG 16 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 413XN UT WOS:000167637000003 ER PT J AU Couris, RR Tataronis, GR Booth, SL Dallal, GE Blumberg, JB Dwyer, JT AF Couris, RR Tataronis, GR Booth, SL Dallal, GE Blumberg, JB Dwyer, JT TI Development of a self-assessment instrument to determine daily intake rind variability of dietary vitamin K SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE vitamin K; diet records; assessment tools; anticoagulation therapy ID WARFARIN RESISTANCE; ANTICOAGULATION; PHYLLOQUINONE; NUTRITION; HUMANS AB Objective: To develop and validate a brief, self-assessment instrument (K-Card) to determine daily variations in dietary vitamin K-1 (phylloquinone) intake for use in patients receiving oral warfarin anticoagulant therapy. Methods: The K-Card was designed to include a checklist of selected common foods and beverages providing greater than or equal to 5 mug vitamin K per serving in American diets and items with lower vitamin K content typically consumed in quantities which contribute significantly to total vitamin K intake. The K-Card was validated against records of weighed food intake from thirty-six healthy volunteers, 20 to 40 and 60 to 80 years of age, whose phylloquinone intakes and plasma concentrations had been previously measured by the Metabolic Research Unit, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA USA. Future use of the K-Card by patients was simulated by a single investigator using 108 one-day weighed food records to estimate phylloquinone intakes. Dietary phylloquinone calculated from the K-Card was compared to the values of phylloquinone intake from the diet records collected on the same days, and to fasting plasma phylloquinone concentrations obtained from the same individual on the following day. Results: The mean dietary phylloquinone intake (+/- SEM) was 138.8 +/- 15.7 mug for the K-Cards compared to 136.0 +/- 15.8 mug for the diet records (p = 0.067). Bland-Altman limits of agreement between quantities of dietary phylloquinone calculated from the K-Card and values obtained from the weighed food records were +/- 38 mug. Conclusion: In this simulation, the K-Card provided an accurate estimate of dietary phylloquinone intake and therefore deserves further testing for use by patients receiving coumarin-based anticoagulant therapy to determine whether variability in dietary patterns contributes to disruptions in anticoagulant drug efficacy and safety. C1 Massachusetts Coll Pharm & Hlth Sci, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Numan Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Couris, RR (reprint author), Massachusetts Coll Pharm & Hlth Sci, 179 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. OI Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769 NR 31 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 19 IS 6 BP 801 EP 807 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 393EW UT WOS:000166457100011 PM 11194535 ER PT J AU Johnson, RK Kennedy, E AF Johnson, RK Kennedy, E TI "Healthy" vs. "underweight" - Response SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Johnson, RK (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 100 IS 12 BP 1457 EP 1457 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00405-3 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 460MQ UT WOS:000170311700007 ER PT J AU Kennedy, E Davis, CA AF Kennedy, E Davis, CA TI Dietary Guidelines 2000 - The opportunity and challenges for reaching the consumer SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Ctr Nutr Policy & Promot, Washington, DC USA. RP Kennedy, E (reprint author), 1400 Independence Ave SW,Rm 217-W,Whitten Bldg, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 6 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 100 IS 12 BP 1462 EP 1465 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(00)00409-0 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 460MQ UT WOS:000170311700009 PM 11138437 ER PT J AU Kwanyuen, P Wilson, RF AF Kwanyuen, P Wilson, RF TI Optimization of Coomassie staining for quantitative densitometry of soybean storage proteins in gradient gel electrophoresis SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE beta-conglycinin; Coomassie Brilliant Blue; densitometry; Glycine max; glycinin; polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; quantitative measurement; soybean storage protein ID BETA-CONGLYCININ; MAJOR PROTEINS; SEEDS; BLUE AB Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr., cv. Dare) protein subunits were separated by gradient gel electrophoresis and analyzed by two-dimensional densitometry with computer-aided volume integration. Significant differences in the time required to achieve equilibrium staining with Coomassie Blue were revealed among the various polypeptides. Bands corresponding to lipoxygenase reached staining equilibrium in 2.7 h, whereas longer periods were required for polypeptides of beta -conglycinin (5.5 to 6.7 h) and of glycinin (8.6 to 9.2 h). These differences among polypeptides could be attributed in part to changes in gradient concentration within the polyacrylamide gel. Optimal staining intensity among all soluble proteins extracted from soybean seed was reached after staining for 8 h. Shorter than optimal staining times lead to significant underestimation of parameters such as the percentage of beta -conglycinin and glycinin of total soluble protein. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Kwanyuen, P (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, 3127 Ligon St, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 77 IS 12 BP 1251 EP 1254 DI 10.1007/s11746-000-0196-0 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 385UM UT WOS:000166022200005 ER PT J AU Neff, WE Warner, K Byrdwell, WC AF Neff, WE Warner, K Byrdwell, WC TI Odor significance of undesirable degradation compounds in heated triolein and trilinolein SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 90th Annual Meeting of the American-Oil-Chemists-Society CY MAY 09-12, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE frying oil; heated oil; nonvolatile; odor; olfactometry; oxidation product; trilinolein; triolein; undesirable odor; volatile ID ESTERIFIED PROPOXYLATED GLYCEROL; IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; VOLATILE COMPOUNDS; LIPID OXIDATION; OILS; STABILITY; IDENTIFICATION; QUANTITATION; PRODUCTS AB To better understand production of undesirable or negative odors such as fruity, plastic, and waxy that are characteristic of higher oleic acid-containing oils, model heated oil systems of triolein and trilinolein were studied. Identification of the odor significance of volatile compounds produced by fractionated and nonfractionated triolein and trilinolein was done by purge and trap-gas chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry-olfactometry. The predominant odors of the triolein heated 1, 3, and b h at 190 degreesC were fruity and plastic, with other negative odors of acrid and grassy. Some of the volatile compounds that produced negative odors in heated triolein, in order of increasing concentration, were hexanal (grassy), octanal (fruity), (E)-2-decenal (plastic), nonanal (fruity), and (E)-2-undecenal (plastic). Some of the negative odor compounds in trilinolein heated for 1, 3 and 6 h, in order of increasing concentration, included (E)-2-nonenal (plastic), pentanal (grassy), and hexanal (grassy). However, the amount of volatile compounds produced and the intensity levels of the odors were lower in trilinolein than in triolein. Formation of many of the volatiles was explained after identification of the volatile precursors, including epoxy, keto, and dimer oxidation products that were produced during heating. C1 ARS, NCAUR, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. RP Neff, WE (reprint author), 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Byrdwell, William/0000-0001-8241-428X NR 32 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 77 IS 12 BP 1303 EP 1313 DI 10.1007/s11746-000-0205-3 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 385UM UT WOS:000166022200014 ER PT J AU Dunn, RO Bagby, MO AF Dunn, RO Bagby, MO TI Low-temperature phase behavior of vegetable oil/co-solvent blends as alternative diesel fuel SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE alternative diesel fuels; anisotropic phase behavior; cloud point; co-solvency; kinematic viscosity; phase separation temperature ID METHANOL; ENGINE; OILS; MICROEMULSIONS; SOLUBILIZATION; COMBUSTION; INJECTION; SYSTEMS; ESTERS AB Vegetable oils (triacylglycerols) have many characteristics that make them attractive candidates as renewable alternative fuels for compression-ignition (diesel) engines. Unfortunately, vegetable oils are too viscous to be compatible with modern direct-injection diesel fuel systems and engines. Co-solvent blending is a simple and flexible technology that reduces viscosity by mixing the oil with low molecular weight alcohol. A co-solvent (A), consisting of surfactant plus an amphiphilic compound, is added to solubilize otherwise nearly immiscible oil-alcohol mixtures into a single-layer (isotropic) solution. This work examines low-temperature phase behavior of two soybean oil (SBO)/methanol mixtures solubilized by A = unsaturated long-chain (C-18) fatty alcohol/medium-chain alkanol (n-butanol and 2-octanol), one SBO/methanol mixture solubilized by A = triethylammonium linoleate/2-octanol, and one SBO/95 wt% ethanol (E95) mixture solubilized by n-butanol. The E95-blend was further blended in 1:1 (vol/vol) mixtures with No. 2 diesel fuel. Two types of anisotropic phase behavior were observed; formation of a cloudy layer of solid crystals suspended in bulk solution (Type I) and formation of two immiscible liquid layers (Type II). The type of phase separation ina given solution was influenced by phase separation temperature (T phi) relative to the crystallization characteristics of compounds In the SBO and fatty alcohol or amine constituents present in solution. Solutions with relatively low T phi values experienced crystallization of small solid particles favoring Type I separations. Conversely, solutions with T phi sufficient to avert crystallization of high melting point compounds favored Type II separations where T phi = critical solution temperature (T-critical). Increasing the A/oil (SBO or No. 2 diesel/SBO mixture) mass ratio decreased T phi while increasing the mass fraction of alcohol (methanol or E95) increased T phi. This work shows thai vegetable oil/A-based blends can be formulated with cold flow properties superior with respect to cloud point and comparable with respect to kinematic viscosity (v) of methyl soyate (biodiesel), either neat or blended with petroleum middle distillates. C1 ARS, USDA, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dunn, RO (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NCAUR, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 36 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 77 IS 12 BP 1315 EP 1323 DI 10.1007/s11746-000-0206-2 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 385UM UT WOS:000166022200015 ER PT J AU Van Boven, M Holser, RA Cokelaere, M Decuypere, E Govaerts, C Lemey, J AF Van Boven, M Holser, RA Cokelaere, M Decuypere, E Govaerts, C Lemey, J TI Characterization of triglycerides isolated from jojoba oil SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE GC-MS; ion trap MS; jojoba; triglycerides; wax ester AB Triglyceride compounds isolated from jojoba seed oil by column chromatography were composed predominantly of C-18, C-20, C-22, and C-22, and C-24 n-9 fatty acids with minor amounts of saturated C-16. Chain length and double-bond positions were determined by gas-liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of the corresponding methyl ester and picolinyl ester derivatives. Triglyceride structures were analyzed directly by ion trap mass spectrometry. The analysis of minor compounds can provide highly specific information about the identity of an oil. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Toxicol & Food Chem, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. ARS, USDA, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Interdisciplinary Res Ctr, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Physiol & Immunol Domest Anim, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Pharmaceut Chem, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. RP Van Boven, M (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Toxicol & Food Chem, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 77 IS 12 BP 1325 EP 1328 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 385UM UT WOS:000166022200016 ER PT J AU Wickham, JD Riitters, KH O'Neill, RV Reckhow, KH Wade, TG Jones, KB AF Wickham, JD Riitters, KH O'Neill, RV Reckhow, KH Wade, TG Jones, KB TI Land cover as a framework for assessing risk of water pollution SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE nutrient export; risk analysis; simulation ID NUTRIENT EXPORTS; PHOSPHORUS; MODEL; NITRATE; QUALITY; SYSTEM; LOADS; RIVER AB A survey of numerous field studies shows that nitrogen and phosphorous export coefficients are significantly different across forest, agriculture, and urban land-cover types. We used simulations to estimate the land-cover composition at which there was a significant risk of nutrient loads representative of watersheds without forest cover. The results suggest that at between 20 percent and 30 percent nonforest cover, there is a 10 percent or greater chance of N or P nutrient loads being equivalent to the median values of predominantly agricultural or urban watersheds. The methods apply to environmental management for assessing the risk to increased nonpoint nutrient pollution. Interpretation of the risk measures are discussed relative to their application for a single watershed and across a region comprised of several watersheds. C1 US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US Forest Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. N Carolina State Univ, UNC Water Resources Res Inst, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. US EPA, Landscape Ecol Branch, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RP Wickham, JD (reprint author), US EPA, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 27 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1417 EP 1422 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb05736.x PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 391LP UT WOS:000166357700016 ER PT J AU Steinman, AD Rosen, BH AF Steinman, AD Rosen, BH TI Lotic-lentic linkages associated with Lake Okeechobee, Florida SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE lotic-lentic linkages; Lake Okeechobee; Kissimmee River; south Florida; phosphorus; retention; eutrophication; watershed ID PHOSPHORUS; BASIN; FATE AB The hydroscape of south Florida has been severely altered over the past 50 y by the construction of canals, drainage ditches, levees, water control structures, and pump stations. This alteration has included, in part, channelization of the Kissimmee River, construction of a dike around Lake Okeechobee, increased ditching of pastures for drainage throughout the lake's watershed, and unnatural connections from Lake Okeechobee to estuaries on the east and west coasts of Florida. Collectively these processes have reduced the retention of flow in the lake's watershed, restricted the opportunity for nutrients to be assimilated on the landscape and, in turn, increased the rate of eutrophication in Lake Okeechobee. This paper reviews the history of these changes and current plans for system restoration. The fate and transport of P is used to illustrate how hydrologic changes have influenced the system's ecology. Improved drainage has been a key factor allowing for the expansion of dairy and beef cattle operations. This, in turn, has increased agricultural runoff to Lake Okeechobee. best management practices have helped reduce total P (TP) loads to the lake. However, TP concentrations in the pelagic region of the lake have not declined, presumably because of internal loading. Watershed and water-quality models are being used to examine the effect of changing land use in the watershed on the lake's condition. A number of large, multiagency projects are being developed in south Florida, with the goal to develop a hydrologic system that meets the multiple needs of agriculture, urban development, and the environment. Aquatic linkages, including lotic-lentic, lotic-lentic-estuarine and lotic-wetland, are critical aspects of these projects. C1 S Florida Water Management Dist, Ecosyst Restorat Dept, W Palm Beach, FL 33416 USA. Univ Vermont, USDA, NRCS, Watershed Sci Inst,Aiken Ctr,SNR, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Steinman, AD (reprint author), S Florida Water Management Dist, Ecosyst Restorat Dept, POB 24680, W Palm Beach, FL 33416 USA. OI Steinman, Alan/0000-0002-4886-4305 NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 13 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 19 IS 4 BP 733 EP 741 DI 10.2307/1468130 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 390QM UT WOS:000166307900013 ER PT J AU Losinger, W Dasgupta, S Engle, C Wagner, B AF Losinger, W Dasgupta, S Engle, C Wagner, B TI Economic interactions between feeding rates and stocking densities in intensive catfish Ictalurus punctatus production SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Feed represents the largest cost input in intensive catfish Ictalurus punctatus production. Daily feed rations are generally related to stocking densities, up to a point at which high feeding rates begin to affect water quality. There has been no prior research to analyze the economic interactions between feeding and stocking rates. Econometric techniques were used to estimate a Just-Pope catfish production function, which was used to compute marginal products of inputs, and to identify stocking and feeding rates associated with the boundaries between Stages I, II, and III of the production function. Survey data collected by USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System were used for this analysis. Maximum yield, when accounting for both stocking and feeding rates, occurred at about 30,000 fingerlings/ha. However, profit-maximizing stocking densities ranged between 16,942 and 21,312 fingerlings/ha, depending upon expected catfish and feed prices. Farmers stocking at higher rates could be attempting to maximize yield instead of profit. C1 Univ Arkansas, Aquaculture Fisheries Ctr, Pine Bluff, AR 71611 USA. USDA, APHIS Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Engle, C (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Aquaculture Fisheries Ctr, POB 4912,1200 N Univ Dr, Pine Bluff, AR 71611 USA. NR 24 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 31 IS 4 BP 491 EP 502 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 388JN UT WOS:000166177500002 ER PT J AU Li, MH Bosworth, BG Robinson, EH AF Li, MH Bosworth, BG Robinson, EH TI Effect of dietary protein concentration on growth and processing yield of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BODY-COMPOSITION; ANIMAL PROTEIN; FEED-EFFICIENCY; PRACTICAL DIETS; EARTHEN PONDS; LIPID-LEVELS; ENERGY; PERFORMANCE; CONVERSION; TILAPIA AB This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary protein concentration and an all-plant diet on growth and processing yield of pond-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Four diets were formulated using plant and animal proteins to contain 24%, 28%, 32%, or 36% crude protein with digestible energy to protein (DE/P) ratios of 11.7, 10.2, 9.0, and 8.1 kcal/g, respectively. An all-plant diet containing 28% protein with a DE/P ratio of 10.2 kcal/g was also included. Channel catfish fingerlings averaging 40 g/fish were stocked into 24, 0.04-ha ponds at a density of 18,530 fish/ha. Five ponds were used for each dietary treatment except for the all-plant diet which had four replicates. The fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation for 160 d. No differences were observed in feed consumption, weight gain, survival, carcass and nugget yield, or fillet moisture and protein concentrations among treatments. Fish fed the 28% protein diet had a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) than fish fed diets containing 24% and 32% protein, but had a FCR similar to fish fed the 36% protein diet. Fillet yield was higher for fish fed the 36% protein diet than fish fed the 24% protein diet. Visceral fat was lower in fish fed the 36% protein diet than fish fed other diets. Fish fed the 32% and 36% protein diets exhibited a lower level of fillet fat than fish fed the 24% protein diet. The 36% protein diet resulted in a lower level of fillet fat than fish fed the 28% protein diet. There was a positive linear regression in fillet yield and fillet moisture concentration and a negative linear repression in visceral fat and fillet fat against dietary protein concentration. No differences in any variables were noted between the 28% protein diets with and without animal protein except that fish fed the 28% protein diet without animal protein had a higher FCR than fish fed the 28% protein diet with animal protein. This observation did not appear to be diet related since FCR of fish fed the 32% protein diet containing animal protein was not different from that of fish fed the 28% all-plant protein diet. Data from the present study indicate that dietary protein concentrations ranging from 24% to 36% provided for similar feed consumption, growth, feed efficiency, and carcass yield. However, since there is a general increase in fattiness and a decrease in fillet yield as the dietary protein concentration decreases or DE/P ratio increases, it is suggested that a minimum of 28% dietary protein with a maximum DE/P ratio of 10 kcal/g protein is optimal for channel catfish growout. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Robinson, EH (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, POB 197, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 4 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 31 IS 4 BP 592 EP 598 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 388JN UT WOS:000166177500009 ER PT J AU Freeman, VL Meydani, M Yong, S Pyle, J Flanigan, RC Waters, WB Wojcik, EM AF Freeman, VL Meydani, M Yong, S Pyle, J Flanigan, RC Waters, WB Wojcik, EM TI Prostatic levels of fatty acids and the histopathology of localized prostate cancer SO JOURNAL OF UROLOGY LA English DT Article DE prostate; prostatic neoplasms; fatty acids; prostatectomy; neoplasm invasiveness ID BREAST-CANCER; DIETARY-FAT; PLASMA; RISK AB Purpose: The consumption of various fatty acids has been associated with advanced stage and fatal prostate cancer. While numerous mechanisms have been postulated, to our knowledge there physiological data linking exposure and prognosis in humans are lacking. We examined prostatic levels of individual fatty acids in relation to the prevalence of histopathological characteristics associated with invasiveness and the risk of progression in 49 men undergoing radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: Fatty acids were measured using capillary gas chromatography in fresh nonmalignant prostate tissue collected at surgery. Markers of invasiveness and increased risk of progression (Gleason sum 7 or greater, perineural invasion, anatomical or surgical margin involvement, extracapsular extension, seminal vesical involvement and stage T3 tumor) were evaluated separately. Each marker was dichotomized into a yes (case) and no (control) level with patients grouped accordingly. Mean concentrations were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results: The percent of total prostatic poly-unsaturated fat and polyunsaturated-to-saturated fat ratios were significantly lower in the presence of perineural invasion, seminal vesical involvement and stage T3 tumor (p = 0.02 to 0.049). alpha -Linolenic acid was significantly lower when tumor extended to an anatomical or surgical margin (p = 0.008). The omega -3 and omega -3-to-omega -6 fatty acid ratios were 1.5 to 3.3-fold lower in cases than in controls, reaching borderline significance in nearly all comparisons (p = 0.052 to 0.097). Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were not associated with the traits examined. Conclusions: These data suggest that polyunsaturated fatty acids and perhaps essential fatty acids in particular help to regulate prostate carcinogenesis in humans. C1 US Dept Vet Affairs, Vet Affairs Edward Hines Jr Hosp, Midw Ctr Hlth Serv & Policy Res, Hines, IL 60141 USA. Loyola Univ, Stritch Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. Loyola Univ, Stritch Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. Loyola Univ, Stritch Sch Med, Dept Surg Pathol, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vasc Biol Lab, Jean Mayer USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Freeman, VL (reprint author), US Dept Vet Affairs, Vet Affairs Edward Hines Jr Hosp, Midw Ctr Hlth Serv & Policy Res, Roosevelt Rd & 5th Ave, Hines, IL 60141 USA. NR 25 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0022-5347 J9 J UROLOGY JI J. Urol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 164 IS 6 BP 2168 EP 2172 DI 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)66991-1 PG 5 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 372KJ UT WOS:000165232600092 PM 11061949 ER PT J AU Han, HR Pak, SI Guidry, A AF Han, HR Pak, SI Guidry, A TI Prevalence of capsular polysaccharide (CP) types of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitic milk and protection of S-aureus infection in mice with CP vaccine SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE capsular polysaccharide; protection; Staphylococcus aureus ID HUMAN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; EXOTOXIN-A; ANTIBODIES; ENDOCARDITIS; COWS AB TO determine the prevalence of capsular polysaccharide (CP) types of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitic milk in Korea, the protective effect of the conjugates, composed of microencapsulated S. aureus clinical isolate type 8 CP bound to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA) was evaluated in mice. Of 107 S. aureus isolates, serotype 5 and 8 accounted for only 26 or 24.2%. When serotype 336 antiserum was employed, fifty of the remaining 81 isolates were typed as 336, 26 reacted with two serotypes, and 5 were nontypeable. Mice challenged with the same strain used for immunization had fewer S. aureus cells in their kidneys than mice challenged with the heterologous strain. But the magnitudes of difference on bacterial clearance were similar in both groups, indicating that the significance of this result remains to be determined. Mice immunized with the conjugate elicited an antibody response 3 days post injection, which persisted for 13 days of the observation period after second injection in some mice. The mice immunized with the CP8-ETA conjugates developed antibodies significantly higher than those immunized with CP-Freund's adjuvant or PBS. In in vivo bacterial challenge experiment, the survival rate of mice immunized with CP8-ETA conjugate was significantly higher than that of mice immunized with PBS. It was suggested that CP8-ETA vaccine had a potential to protect mice against experimental S. aureus bacteremia. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Vet Med, Vet Med Teaching Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Seoul 151742, South Korea. ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, LPSI, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Pak, SI (reprint author), 10-149,2 Tong 5 Ban,Chongpa Dong 2-GA, Seoul 140132, South Korea. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU JAPAN SOC VET SCI PI TOKYO PA UNIV TOKYO, 1-1-1 YAYOI, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 103, JAPAN SN 0916-7250 J9 J VET MED SCI JI J. Vet. Med. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 62 IS 12 BP 1331 EP 1333 DI 10.1292/jvms.62.1331 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 388UW UT WOS:000166202300018 PM 11193354 ER PT J AU Moriguti, JC Das, SK Saltzman, E Corrales, A McCrory, MA Greenberg, AS Roberts, SB AF Moriguti, JC Das, SK Saltzman, E Corrales, A McCrory, MA Greenberg, AS Roberts, SB TI Effects of a 6-week hypocaloric diet on changes in body composition, hunger, and subsequent weight regain in healthy young and older adults SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; NATIONAL COHORT; NEUROPEPTIDE-Y; FOOD-INTAKE; MEN; ANOREXIA AB Recent studies have suggested a short-term impairment in the regulation of food intake in older adults, but further studies are needed to determine if a Longer-term impairment exists and to identify underlying causes. Changes in body weight and composition were measured over a 6-week underfeeding study and a G-month follow-up period in healthy young (n = 23) and older (OLD, n = 18) men and women. The young adults were either normal weight (YNW, n = 12) or overweight (YOW, n = 11). Energy intakes during underfeeding were 896 +/- 18 (SEM) keal less than weight-maintenance energy requirements determined prior to underfeeding. In addition, changes in perceived hunger during underfeeding were monitored in a subgroup (n = 19). OLD and YOW subjects lust significantly more weight during underfeeding than did YNW subjects (p =.025 and .000, respectively), and they did not gain back significant weight in the 6-month follow-up. In addition, OLD subjects reported a significantly lower frequency of hunger during underfeeding (p, =.05). There was no significant difference among groups in the relationship between rr-eight lost and fat-free mass test. Wealthy OLD adults have an impaired ability to regulate food intake over at least 6 months following underfeeding compared with YNW adults, and a reduction in their perceived frequency of hunger may be a contributing factor. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM SRoberts@hnrc.tufts.edu RI Moriguti, Julio/P-7207-2016 FU NIA NIH HHS [AG 12829] NR 35 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1079-5006 EI 1758-535X J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 55 IS 12 BP B580 EP B587 PG 8 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 390MH UT WOS:000166299600003 PM 11129387 ER PT J AU Roubenoff, R Hughes, VA AF Roubenoff, R Hughes, VA TI Sarcopenia: Current concepts SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; TOTAL-BODY POTASSIUM; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; HUMAN PROTEIN-REQUIREMENTS; SKELETAL-MUSCLE MASS; ELDERLY MEN; AEROBIC POWER; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; NITROGEN-BALANCE; WEIGHT CHANGE AB Sarcopenia, the loss of muscle mass and strength with age, is becoming recognized as a major cause of disability and morbidity in the elderly population. Sarcopenia is part of normal aging and does not require a disease to occur, although muscle wasting is accelerated by chronic diseases. Sarcopenia is thought to have multiple causes, although the relative importance of each is not clear. Neurological, metabolic, hormonal, nutritional, and physical-activity-related changes with age are likely to contribute to the loss of muscle mass. In this review, wr: discuss current concepts of the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of sarcopenia. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roubenoff, R (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG15797] NR 111 TC 296 Z9 303 U1 1 U2 23 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 55 IS 12 BP M716 EP M724 PG 9 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 390MH UT WOS:000166299600009 PM 11129393 ER PT J AU Roubenoff, R Hughes, VA Dallal, GE Nelson, ME Morganti, C Kehayias, JJ Singh, MAF Roberts, S AF Roubenoff, R Hughes, VA Dallal, GE Nelson, ME Morganti, C Kehayias, JJ Singh, MAF Roberts, S TI The effect of gender and body composition method on the apparent decline in lean mass-adjusted resting metabolic rate with age SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; BASAL-METABOLISM; POTASSIUM; INDIVIDUALS; ADULTS; SODIUM AB Background Declining resting energy expenditure (REE) is a hallmark of normal aging, but the cause of this decline remains controversial. Some, but not all, studies have shown that the decline in REE with age is eliminated after adjustment for fat-free mass (FFM). Methods. We examined the effect of four body composition methods used to assess FFM (underwater weighing [UWW], bioimpedance analysis [BIA], tritium dilution, and total body potassium [TBK]) on the relationship between REE and age in 30 healthy men and 101 healthy women aged 18 to 87 years. Results. The decline in REE with age was significant in women (-80.3 kJ/d/y, p <.003) but not in men(-46.9 kJ/ d/y, p =.328). After adjustment for FFM, the decline in REE with age persisted when FFM was measured by BIA, UWW, or tritium dilution, but no decline was seen when TBK was used to adjust for FFM. In both women and men, fat mass was significantly associated with REE after adjusting for age and FFM. Conclusion. It is the decline in cell mass with age, detectable by TBK but not by other methods, rather than any metabolic alteration, that explains the decline in FFM-adjusted REE with age. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, NEPS Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roubenoff, R (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, NEPS Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM roubenoff@hnrc.tufts.edu FU NIA NIH HHS [AG15797] NR 31 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 55 IS 12 BP M757 EP M760 PG 4 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 390MH UT WOS:000166299600015 PM 11129399 ER PT J AU Englen, MD Kelley, LC AF Englen, MD Kelley, LC TI A rapid DNA isolation procedure for the identification of Campylobacter jejuni by the polymerase chain reaction SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLINICAL SPECIMENS; PCR; EXTRACTION; COLI; SAMPLES; AMPLIFICATION AB We have developed an efficient process for rapidly isolating campylobacter DNA using mechanical disruption combined with the guanidine-based reagent DNAzol. Template DNA was isolated by this method from cultures of Campylobacter jejuni resistant to lysis by boiling or enzymes and identified following polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using primers specific for the hippuricase gene. Direct detection of campylobacters in poultry-processing samples by PCR is demonstrated in chicken carcass rinses spiked with lysis-resistant C. jejuni. Our results indicate that this method of DNA isolation may be ideal for direct PCR detection of pathogenic bacteria in complex samples of widely varied origin, especially when the target organisms are difficult to lyse by other means. C1 ARS, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Englen, MD (reprint author), ARS, Antimicrobial Resistance Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 25 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 31 IS 6 BP 421 EP 426 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2000.00841.x PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 394KH UT WOS:000166522900004 PM 11123549 ER PT J AU Windham, WR Field, RA AF Windham, WR Field, RA TI Effect of method of analysis on iron content of beef from advanced meat recovery systems SO MEAT SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PRODUCTS AB A field survey was conducted by the USDA, Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) to provide analytical data on meat obtained from beef cervical vertebrae processed by advanced meat recovery (AMR) systems. As a result, an added iron performance standard was proposed to limit the amount of marrow in AMR products. The performance standard was based on iron content of hand boned lean compared to AMR lean. Iron content was determined by a hydrochloric wet ash digestion method. The same samples were then analyzed using dry ash digestion. The objectives of the study were to determine differences in iron content of the survey samples due to the digestion method and the impact of this difference on the added iron performance standard. Iron Values by the dry ash method were approximately double those of the wet ash method. The difference was a result of incomplete volatilization of the organic matrix by hydrochloric acid in the wet ash procedure. The performance standards developed from the wet and dry ash methods were 1.8 and 3.2 mg added iron 100(-1) g, respectively. Added iron levels from the dry ash method greater than 3.2 mg 100(-1) g were present in 60% of the AMR lean indicating that some marrow was present or that factors other than amount of iron in hand boned lean should be considered before a performance standard is established. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Windham, WR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1740 J9 MEAT SCI JI Meat Sci. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 56 IS 4 BP 351 EP 355 DI 10.1016/S0309-1740(00)00062-0 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 367YN UT WOS:000090090300005 PM 22062165 ER PT J AU McCrory, MA Mayer, J Fields, DA Mole, PA AF McCrory, MA Mayer, J Fields, DA Mole, PA TI Are small (though statistically significant) mean differences physiologically meaningful? SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Letter ID X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; AIR-DISPLACEMENT PLETHYSMOGRAPHY; BODY-COMPOSITION; HEALTHY-ADULTS; FAT; DEPTH; LUNAR C1 Tufts Univ, Energy Metab Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Nutr Sci, Div Physiol & Metab, Birmingham, AL USA. Univ Calif Davis, Human Performance Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP McCrory, MA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Energy Metab Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Medford, MA 02155 USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 32 IS 12 BP 2148 EP 2150 DI 10.1097/00005768-200012000-00028 PG 3 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 380BG UT WOS:000165678000028 PM 11128863 ER PT J AU Shappell, NW Garber, EA Gackle, NJ Canfield, J Larsen, GL AF Shappell, NW Garber, EA Gackle, NJ Canfield, J Larsen, GL TI Malformation versus mortality, a study of northern leopard frog development in situ SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Anim Metab Unit, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA ARS, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD DEC PY 2000 VL 11 SU S MA 1428 BP 274A EP 274A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 377QY UT WOS:000165525901432 ER PT J AU Fletcher, JC Brand, U Hobe, M Meyerowitz, EM Simon, R AF Fletcher, JC Brand, U Hobe, M Meyerowitz, EM Simon, R TI Stem cell fate in Arabidopsis thaliana depends on a feedback loop regulated by CLV3 activity SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Cologne, D-5000 Cologne, Germany. RI Meyerowitz, Elliot/A-7118-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD DEC PY 2000 VL 11 SU S MA 1497 BP 287A EP 287A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 377QY UT WOS:000165525901501 ER PT J AU Shappell, NW Larsen, GL AF Shappell, NW Larsen, GL TI Effect of ractopamine on PCNA, desmin, and myosin expression in C2C12 mouse muscle cells SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Anim Metab Unit, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD DEC PY 2000 VL 11 SU S MA 2119 BP 408A EP 408A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 377QY UT WOS:000165525902123 ER PT J AU Masler, EP AF Masler, EP TI Aminopeptidases in parasitic and non-parasitic nematodes SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD DEC PY 2000 VL 11 SU S MA 2667 BP 515A EP 515A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 377QY UT WOS:000165525902671 ER PT J AU Miernyk, JA Mooney, BP Stockman, K AF Miernyk, JA Mooney, BP Stockman, K TI Subcellular localization of J-domain proteins in plant cells SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Missouri, Plant Genet Res Unit, USDA, Agr Res Serv, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD DEC PY 2000 VL 11 SU S MA 2729 BP 527A EP 527A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 377QY UT WOS:000165525902733 ER PT J AU Timms-Wilson, TM Ellis, RJ Renwick, A Rhodes, DJ Mavrodi, DV Weller, DM Thomashow, LS Bailey, MJ AF Timms-Wilson, TM Ellis, RJ Renwick, A Rhodes, DJ Mavrodi, DV Weller, DM Thomashow, LS Bailey, MJ TI Chromosomal insertion of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid biosynthetic pathway enhances efficacy of damping-off disease control by Pseudomonas fluorescens SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article ID ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; AUREOFACIENS 30-84; HOMOSERINE LACTONE; SIGMA-FACTOR; SUGAR-BEET; BIOCONTROL; SIDEROPHORES; PHYTOSPHERE; WHEAT AB A disarmed Tn5 vector (pUT::Ptac-phzABCDEFG) was used to introduce a single copy of the genes responsible for phenazine-l-carboxylic acid (PCA) biosynthesis into the chromosome of a plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens. The PCA gene cluster was modified for expression under a constitutive Ptac promoter and lacked the phzIR regulators. PCA-producing variants significantly improved the ability of the wild-type P.fluorescens to reduce damping-off disease of pea seedlings caused by Pythium ultimum, even under conditions of heavy soil infestation. Under conditions of oxygen limitation that are typical of the rhizosphere, PCA production per cell in vitro was greater than that recorded in fast-growing, nutrient-rich cultures. Similarly, when the in vitro nutrient supply was limited, P.fluorescens::phz variants that produced the most PCA effectively competed against P. ultimum by suppressing mycelial development. Soil-based bioassays confirmed that the level of PCA biosynthesis correlated directly with the efficacy of biological control and the persistence of inocula in soil microcosms. They also showed that soil pretreatment with bacteria provides a suitable method for plant protection by reducing infection, effectively decontaminating the soil. These data demonstrate that the insertion of a single chromosomal copy of the genes for a novel antifungal compound, PCA, enhances the ecological fitness of a natural isolate already adapted to the rhizosphere and capable of suppressing fungal disease. C1 NERC, Inst Virol & Environm Microbiol, Oxford OX1 3SR, England. Zeneco Agrochem, Jealotts Hill Res Stn, Bracknell RG12 6EY, Berks, England. Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Bailey, MJ (reprint author), NERC, Inst Virol & Environm Microbiol, Mansfield Rd, Oxford OX1 3SR, England. RI Ellis, Richard/A-9176-2008; bailey, mark/I-7149-2012; Mavrodi, Dmitri/J-2745-2013 OI Ellis, Richard/0000-0002-2690-9090; bailey, mark/0000-0002-0147-7316; NR 34 TC 52 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 13 IS 12 BP 1293 EP 1300 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.12.1293 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 374JW UT WOS:000165342900002 PM 11106021 ER PT J AU Renegar, RH Owens, CR Dai, GL McMurtry, JP Kwok, SCM AF Renegar, RH Owens, CR Dai, GL McMurtry, JP Kwok, SCM TI Expression and localization of prohormone convertase 1/3 (SPC3) in porcine ovary SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE prohormone convertase; PC1/PC3; ovary; gene expression; localization ID RELAXIN GENE-EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNAS; PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE; ENDOPROTEASE FAMILY; MOLECULAR-CLONING; CDNA SEQUENCE; PRO-HORMONE; CELLS; IDENTIFICATION; MEMBER AB Tissue distribution and cellular localization of PC1/3 mRNA in porcine tissues were examined by ribonuclease protection assay and in situ hybridization. PC1/3 mRNA was detected mainly in the corpus luteum of pregnant sow and brain. Within the ovary, PC1/3 and relaxin transcripts colocalized within large luteal cells. Levels of PC1/3 transcripts in corpora lutea increased as gestation advanced, parallel with an observed increase in relaxin transcripts. A role for PC1/3 in proprotein processing in the ovary is discussed. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Albert Einstein Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Philadelphia, PA 19141 USA. E Carolina Univ, Brody Sch Med, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Greenville, NC USA. Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, Kansas City, KS 66103 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kwok, SCM (reprint author), Albert Einstein Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, 5501 Old York Rd,Korman 214, Philadelphia, PA 19141 USA. OI Kwok, Simon/0000-0001-6003-5350 NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 57 IS 4 BP 361 EP 365 DI 10.1002/1098-2795(200012)57:4<361::AID-MRD8>3.0.CO;2-T PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA 370BT UT WOS:000165102900008 PM 11066065 ER PT J AU Nagahashi, G Douds, DD AF Nagahashi, G Douds, DD TI Partial separation of root exudate components and their effects upon the growth of germinated spores of AM fungi SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA; HYPHAL GROWTH; GIGASPORA-MARGARITA; GLOMUS INTRARADICES; CELL-WALLS; HOST; INVITRO; STIMULATION; FLAVONOIDS; CLOVER AB Aseptic root exudates were collected from the liquid culture of roots of two host (Daucus carota and Lycopersicum esculentum) and one non-host plant (Beta vulgaris) of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Exudate was also collected from maize (Zea mays FRB6) seedlings which were grown hydroponically under aseptic conditions. Exudate fractions of host roots stimulated hyphal branching behind any actively growing hyphal tip of three AM fungi tested (Gigaspora gigantea, G. rosea, and Glomus intraradices). Fractionation patterns obtained from C18 Sepak cartridges loaded with carrot root exudates isolated from roots grown under various phosphorus regimes, TLC analyses, and solubility properties of fractionated components, indicated a range of hydrophilic to hydrophobic hyphal branching stimulators. The 50/70% methanol fraction from a C18 cartridge induced hyphal branching patterns of G. gigantea that were dose dependent and were identical to those observed when germinated G, gigantea spores were grown with host roots in dual culture. Exudate fractions from B. vulgaris inhibited hyphal tip growth, but inhibited hyphal tips formed recovery branches which would allow continued fungal growth. These recovery hyphae were also formed when germinated G. gigantea spores were grown in dual culture with sugar beet roots. The recovery branches induced by non-host roots and the prolific branching induced by host roots have ecological implications. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Nagahashi, G (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 28 TC 78 Z9 90 U1 4 U2 27 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 104 BP 1453 EP 1464 DI 10.1017/S0953756200002860 PN 12 PG 12 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 393QT UT WOS:000166481700009 ER PT J AU Martinez-Botas, J Anderson, JB Tessier, D Lapillonne, A Chang, BHJ Quast, MJ Gorenstein, D Chen, KH Chan, L AF Martinez-Botas, J Anderson, JB Tessier, D Lapillonne, A Chang, BHJ Quast, MJ Gorenstein, D Chen, KH Chan, L TI Absence of perilipin results in leanness and reverses obesity in Lepr db db mice SO NATURE GENETICS LA English DT Article ID HORMONE-SENSITIVE LIPASE; NEUTRAL LIPID DROPLETS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; ADIPOCYTES; RECEPTOR; PROTEINS; CELLS; GENE AB Obesity is a disorder of energy balance(1). Hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) mediates the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol(2). the major form of stored energy in the body. Perilipin (encoded by the gene Plin), an adipocyte protein, has been postulated to modulate HSL activity(3-5). We show here that targeted disruption of Plin results in healthy mice that have constitutively activated fat-cell HSL. Plin(-/-) mice consume more food than control mice, but have normal body weight. They are much leaner and more muscular than controls, have 62% smaller white adipocytes, show elevated basal lipolysis that is resistant to beta -adrenergic agonist stimulation, and are cold-sensitive except when fed. They are also resistant to diet-induced obesity. Breeding the Plin(-/-) alleles into Lepr(db/db) mice reverses the obesity by increasing the metabolic rate of the mice. Our results demonstrate a role for perilipin in mining in basal HSL activity and regulating lipolysis and energy balance; thus, agents that inactivate perilipin may prove useful as anti-obesity medications. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Med, Houston, TX 77030 USA. ARS, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Inst Marine Biomed, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Radiol, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Sealy Ctr Struct Biol, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. RP Chan, L (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Martinez-Botas, Javier/0000-0002-5190-3619 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-51586]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES-06676] NR 15 TC 385 Z9 400 U1 6 U2 14 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1061-4036 J9 NAT GENET JI Nature Genet. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 26 IS 4 BP 474 EP 479 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 379YX UT WOS:000165671700024 PM 11101849 ER PT J AU Tiehen, L AF Tiehen, L TI Has working more caused married women to volunteer less? Evidence from time diary data, 1965 to 1993 SO NONPROFIT AND VOLUNTARY SECTOR QUARTERLY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th Annual Conference of the Association-for-Research-on-Nonprofit-Organizations-and-Voluntary-Action (ARNOVA) CY NOV 05-07, 1999 CL ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA SP Assoc Res Nonprofit Org & Voluntary Act ID DETERMINANTS; ALLOCATION; HOUSEHOLD; LABOR AB Now that married women are working more for pay than they were three decades ago, are they less likely to volunteer? I use national time diary surveys conducted in 1965, 1975, 1985, and 1993 to document a decrease in the weekly volunteer participation rate of working-age married women,from 16.4% in 1965 to 9.3% in 1993. Changes in observable characteristics explain about 65% of the decrease in married women's volunteer participation from 1965 to 1985. The increased employment rates of married women as well as the changes in their parental status are substantial contributors to the decline in their volunteer participation. Married women's gain in educational attainment is the most important factor to offset the decline in their volunteer participation. However, married women's changing labor force and parental status do not explain why married women's volunteer participation continued to decline from 1985 to 1993. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Tiehen, L (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 26 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0899-7640 J9 NONPROF VOLUNT SEC Q JI Nonprofit Volunt. Sect. Q. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 29 IS 4 BP 505 EP 529 DI 10.1177/0899764000294002 PG 25 WC Social Issues SC Social Issues GA 374VD UT WOS:000165364300002 ER PT J AU South, PK Lei, XG Miller, DD AF South, PK Lei, XG Miller, DD TI Meat enhances nonheme iron absorption in pigs SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nonheme iron; heme iron; meat; pig; bioavailability ID FOOD IRON; HEME IRON; ANIMAL PROTEINS; WHOLE DIET; BIOAVAILABILITY; PIGLETS; NUTRITION; HUMANS; CEREAL; MILK AB Human subjects absorb heme iron (Fe) more efficiently than nonheme Fe under most conditions. Meat enhances nonheme Fe absorption from most diets. It is not known whether these effects also occur in the pig, a promising model for human Fe absorption studies. The objective of this study was to compare Fe bioavailability from diets containing nonheme Fe (NHI), nonheme Fe with meat (NHI/M) and heme Fe (HI) in the weanling pig. Iron bioavailability was measured by hemoglobin (Hb) repletion assay. Diets were formulated to contain 150 mg Fe/kg diet. Nonheme Fe was supplied as ferric citrate and heme Fe as dried animal red blood cells. Pigs were made anemic by reducing the standard Fe injection at birth to 30 mg and feeding a low Fe transition diet post-weaning until age 41 days. At 41 days of age, pigs were assigned to 3 groups of 8 animals such that mean Hb concentration and body weight of each group were nearly equal. Groups were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 repletion diets. After 7 days feeding, Ho repletion efficiency (HRE) was 21.8% in pigs fed the NHI/M diet compared to 11.2% and 9.1% in pigs fed the NHI or HI diets, respectively. The results presented here demonstrate that, in Fe-deficient weanling pigs, meat increases nonheme Fe bioavailability from corn-based diets while heme Fe, supplied by dried animal red blood cells, is no more bioavailable than Fe from ferric citrate. The results of this study provide further evidence of the validity of the pig model for studying food Fe bioavailability. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP South, PK (reprint author), USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, BARC E, Bldg 307,Rm 221, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 39 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 20 IS 12 BP 1749 EP 1759 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(00)00272-4 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 387JE UT WOS:000166118800007 ER PT J AU Sarwar, G Peace, RW Botting, HG L'Abbe, MR Keagy, PM AF Sarwar, G Peace, RW Botting, HG L'Abbe, MR Keagy, PM TI Influence of dietary methionine with or without adequate dietary vitamins on hyperhomocysteinemia in rats SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE methionine; hyperhomocysteinemia; folate; vitamin B-12; rats growth ID VASCULAR-DISEASE; TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; RISK FACTOR; PLASMA; DEFICIENCY; SERUM; ACID AB Information on the effects of dietary vitamins involved in homocysteine metabolism on the dietary methionine (Met)-induced hyperhomocysteinemia is limited. Thus, a six-wk study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Met with or without adequate vitamins on plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) in rats. Four levels of supplemental L-Met (0, 5, 10 and 20 g/kg) and two levels of vitamins (adequate and deficient in folate plus B-12) were tested in the casein-based diets. The plasma tHcy values in males were higher (p < 0.05) than in females (8.1+/-0.6 vs. 6.0+/-0.6 mol/L for adequate diet; 66.5+/-1.4 vs. 45.5+/-0.9 mu mol/L for folate-B-12 deficient diet). In males, supplementation of the adequate (control) diet with 5, 10 and 20 g/kg Met, increased tHcy to 1.3, 1.9 and 7.9 times control, respectively. In females, the corresponding values were 1.3, 1.7 and 5.6 times control. In rats fed folate-B-12 deficient diets, supplemental Met, however, generally caused reductions in plasma tHcy values in both sexes. These disparate responses to supplementary Met could be partly due to increases in hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)/S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH) ratios in folate-B-12 deficient rats. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Hlth Canada AL 2203 C, Nutr Res Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Sarwar, G (reprint author), Hlth Canada AL 2203 C, Nutr Res Div, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 20 IS 12 BP 1817 EP 1827 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(00)00266-9 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 387JE UT WOS:000166118800013 ER PT J AU Roberts, SB Mayer, J AF Roberts, SB Mayer, J TI Holiday weight gain: Fact or fiction? SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID SEASONAL AFFECTIVE-DISORDER; UNITED-STATES; OVERWEIGHT; PREVALENCE; OBESITY; PATTERN; WOMEN AB The prevalence of obesity continues to rise and controversy remains regarding the underlying specific causes of this trend Recently, the magnitude of holiday weight gain and its contribution to annual weight gain were examined in a convenience sample of 195 adults. On average, weight gain during the 6-week winter period from Thanksgiving through New Year averaged only 0.37 kg. However, weight gain was greater among individuals who were overweight or obese, and 14% gained >2.3 kg (5 lb). In addition, among the entire population, weight gain during the g-week holiday season explained 51% of annual weight gain. These results suggest that holiday weight gain may be an important contributor to the rising prevalence of obesity, even though absolute values for weight gain in this study were less than anticipated. Further studies using representative populations are needed to confirm these findings. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 58 IS 12 BP 378 EP 379 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 393XB UT WOS:000166494000003 PM 11206847 ER PT J AU Tchoukalova, YD Hausman, DB Dean, RG Hausman, GJ AF Tchoukalova, YD Hausman, DB Dean, RG Hausman, GJ TI Enhancing effect of troglitazone on porcine adipocyte differentiation in primary culture: A comparison with dexamethasone SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; thiazolidinedione; preadipocyte recruitment ID STROMAL-VASCULAR CELLS; ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-GAMMA; SERUM-FREE CULTURES; GENE-EXPRESSION; C/EBP-ALPHA; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; IN-VIVO; PREADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; BINDING-PROTEINS; PPAR-GAMMA AB Objective: This study compares the effects of the thiazolidinedione, troglitazone (TGZ), dexamethasone (DEX), and DEX plus TGZ on preadipocyte differentiation and the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha (C/EBP alpha) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR gamma). Research Methods and Procedures: Adipose tissue was obtained from postnatal pigs to isolate stromal-vascular cells. First, we applied 1, 5, or 10 muM TGZ and 10% fetal bovine serum for 3 days and counted the number of recruited preadipocytes. Next, we used either 10 muM TGZ, 80 nM DEX, or DEX plus TGZ with 10% fetal bovine serum for 3 days and then switched to serum-free medium with insulin for 6 days. On day 3 of culture, we counted preadipocytes, and on days 3 and 6 of culture, we performed immunostaining and Western blot analysis to determine the expression of C/EBP alpha and PPAR gamma proteins. On day 9 of culture, we stained for lipids with oil red-O and measured the activity of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase. Results: DEX and TGZ equally enhanced recruitment of preadipocytes and late differentiation, but these effects were not additive with DEX plus TGZ treatment. However, TGZ and DEX had a differential effect on morphogenesis; DEX-treated adipocytes were larger and organized in loose clusters, whereas TGZ-treated cells were smaller and formed compact clusters. Both agents increased C/EBP alpha expression but in a temporally distinct manner. DEX was a better inducer than TGZ, and its effect was early and temporary. However, treatment with either TGZ or DEX did not change PPAR gamma protein expression as evaluated by a Western blotting, but immunocytochemistry showed a tendency for increased numbers of PPAR gamma positive cells. Discussion: TGZ and DEX equally enhance early and late adipocyte differentiation, possibly by using some common pathways for preadipocyte recruitment. The differential effect on morphogenesis implies a potential differential effect on the expression of extracellular matrix components. C/EBP alpha may be the critical transcription factor involved in TGZ- and DEX-induced adipogenesis. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Univ Georgia, Fac Consumer Sci, Dept Nutr & Foods, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Hausman, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30613 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 47246] NR 34 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 8 IS 9 BP 664 EP 672 DI 10.1038/oby.2000.85 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 400UQ UT WOS:000166890400007 PM 11225715 ER PT J AU Pemberton, RW AF Pemberton, RW TI Predictable risk to native plants in weed biological control SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE biological control of weeds; non-target use; insect/plant interactions ID RANGELAND GRASSHOPPERS ORTHOPTERA; PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS; CIRSIUM THISTLES; HOST-SPECIFICITY; ACRIDIDAE; CURCULIONIDAE; CALIFORNIA; COLEOPTERA; ECOLOGY; AGENTS AB Data on field host use of 112 insects, 3 fungi, 1 mite, and I nematode established for biological control of weeds in Hawaii, the continental United States, and the Caribbean indicate that the risk to native flora can be judged reliably before introduction. Virtually all risk is borne by native plant species that are closely related to target weeds. Fifteen species of insects introduced for biological control use 41 native plant species; 36 of which are congeneric with tar get weeds, while 4 others belong to two closely allied genera. Only 1 of 117 established biological organisms uses a native plant unrelated to the target weed. Thus the elements of protection for the native flora are the selection of weed targets that have few or no native congeners and the introduction of biological control organisms with suitably narrow diets. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Pemberton, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 46 TC 175 Z9 182 U1 1 U2 21 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD DEC PY 2000 VL 125 IS 4 BP 489 EP 494 DI 10.1007/s004420000477 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 376DK UT WOS:000165442800005 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Kerber, CE Lindsay, DS Kasai, N Pena, HFJ AF Dubey, JP Kerber, CE Lindsay, DS Kasai, N Pena, HFJ TI The South American opossum, Didelphis marsupialis, from Brazil as another definitive host for Sarcocystis speeri Dubey and Lindsay, 1999 SO PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sarcocystis speeri; sporocysts; schizonts; Didelphis marsupialis; opossum ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; N-SP PROTOZOA; IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE; FALCATULA; NEURONA; VIRGINIANA; DIFFERENTIATION; FECES AB The North American opossum, Didelphis virginiana, is a definitive host for at least 3 species of Sarcocystis: S. falcatula Stiles 1983, S. neurona Dubey, Davis, Speer, Bowman, de Lahunta, Granstrom, Topper, Hamir, Cummings, Suter 1991, and S. speeri Dubey and Lindsay 1999. In order to identify species of Sarcocystis in the South American opossum, D. marsupialis, Sarcocystis sporocysts from the intestines of a naturally infected opossum (D. marsupialis) from Brazil were fed to 4 gamma-interferon knockout (KO) mice, a nude mouse, and 2 budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus). All 4 KO mice became ill and 1 died 42 days post-feeding (p.f.) of sporocysts, 1 was killed 44 days p.f. because of neurological signs, and 2 were killed 52 and 53 days p.f, because of abnormal gaits. Numerous sarcocysts were seen in the skeletal muscles of all 4 KO mice and they were structurally identical to S. speeri seen in KO mice fed sporocysts from D. virginiana from the United States and D. albiventris from Argentina. The nude mouse was killed 41 days p.f. because it appeared weak; schizonts were seen in sections of its liver and sarcocysts were seen in sections of skeletal muscles. Sarcocystis speeri was cultured in bovine turbinate cells inoculated with liver homogenate from this mouse. Sarcocystis neurona was not demonstrable in tissues of mice. The tale budgerigars remained asymptomatic and S. falcatula was not found in their tissues when they were killed 29 days p.i. This is the first report of S. speeri from D. marsupialis. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Paddock Lab Anal, Clin Vet, BR-05423060 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Vet & Zootech, BR-05508000 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI PENA, HILDA/K-4506-2012; Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 17 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0031-1820 J9 PARASITOLOGY JI Parasitology PD DEC PY 2000 VL 121 BP 589 EP 594 PN 6 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 393RE UT WOS:000166482800003 PM 11155929 ER PT J AU McDonnell, A Love, S Tait, A Lichtenfels, JR Matthews, JB AF McDonnell, A Love, S Tait, A Lichtenfels, JR Matthews, JB TI Phylogenetic analysis of partial mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I and large ribosomal RNA sequences and nuclear internal transcribed spacer I sequences from species of Cyathostominae and Strongylinae (Neematoda, Order Strongylida), parasites of the horse SO PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE horse strongyles; Strongylinae; Cyathostominae; molecular phylogeny; substitution bias; combined analysis ID DNA-SEQUENCES; CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; COMBINING DATA; ASCARIS-SUUM; NEMATODA; EVOLUTION; GENES; IDENTIFICATION; PREVALENCE; INFERENCE AB Three nucleotide data sets, one nuclear (ITS-2) and two mitochondrial (COI and I-rRNA), have been investigated in order to determine relationships among species of Strongylinae and Cyathostominae, intestinal parasites of the horse.dagger The data exhibited a strong mutational bias towards A and T and in the COI gene, silent sites appeared to saturate rapidly partly due to this substitution bias. Thus, the COI gene was found to be less phylogenetically informative than the I-rRNA and ITS-2 genes. Combined analysis of the I-rRNA and ITS-2 genes supported a monophyletic clade of the cyathostomes with Tridentoinfundibulum gobi, which had previously been classified as a nematode of 'uncertain origin'. The Strongylinae grouped consistently outside the clade containing the cyathostomes and T. gobi. Molecular analysis failed to provide strong evidence for the separation of cyathostomes into classical genera, as previously defined by morphological classification. C1 Univ Glasgow, Sch Vet, Dept Vet Parasitol, Glasgow G61 1QH, Lanark, Scotland. Univ Glasgow, Sch Vet, Weipers Ctr Equine Welf, Glasgow G61 1QH, Lanark, Scotland. USDA ARS, Biosystemat & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Liverpool, Fac Vet Sci, Dept Vet Clin Sci & Anim Husb, Div Equine Studies, Leahurst CH64 7TE, Neston, England. RP McDonnell, A (reprint author), Univ Glasgow, Anderson Coll, Inst Biomed & Life Sci, Div Mol Genet, 56 Dumbarton Rd, Glasgow G11 6NU, Lanark, Scotland. NR 58 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0031-1820 J9 PARASITOLOGY JI Parasitology PD DEC PY 2000 VL 121 BP 649 EP 659 DI 10.1017/S003118200000696X PN 6 PG 11 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 393RE UT WOS:000166482800010 PM 11155936 ER PT J AU Lapillonne, A Picaud, JC Chirouze, V Goudable, J Reygrobellet, B Caris, O Salle, BL AF Lapillonne, A Picaud, JC Chirouze, V Goudable, J Reygrobellet, B Caris, O Salle, BL TI The use of low-EPA fish oil for long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of preterm infants SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; VISUAL-ACUITY DEVELOPMENT; 1ST YEAR GROWTH; MARINE-OIL; DIETARY OMEGA-3-FATTY-ACIDS; HUMAN-MILK; TERM AB Because docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) may be an essential nutrient for the visual and early cognitive development of preterm infants, DHA enrichment of preterm formulas has been recommended. This randomized trial was designed to study the n-6 and n-3 fatty acid status of healthy preterm infants fed a formula enriched with a low eicosapentaenoic-fish oil until 4 mo corrected age compared with that of infants fed a standard formula. A reference group of breast-fed infants was studied concurrently. The fatty acid content of red blood cell (RBC) phospholipid was assessed at enrollment, hospital discharge, expected term,and 3 and 6 mo postterm. The DHA content of RBC phospholipid was higher in infants fed the enriched versus the standard formula at hospital discharge, expected term, and 3 and 6 mo postterm. However, compared with infants fed the standard formula, infants fed the enriched formula had also higher RBC phospholipid eicosapentaenoic content (0.69 +/- 0.15% versus 0.25 +/- 0.12%, p < 0.001), and lower RBC phospholipid arachidonic acid content (15.1 + 0.93% versus 18.8 + 0.89%; p < 0.001). We conclude that supplementing preterm infants with low-eicosapentaenoic fish oil is effective in improving DHA status, but results in worsening of n-6 fatty acid status. We speculate that preterm infants may require a dietary supply of arachidonic acid as well as DHA if the same fatty acid status as that of breast-fed infants is to be achieved. C1 Hop Edouard Herriot, Dept Neonatol, F-69437 Lyon, France. Hop Edouard Herriot, Dept Biochem, F-69437 Lyon, France. Hop Edouard Herriot, Human Nutr Res Ctr, F-69437 Lyon, France. IMEDEX, F-69630 Chaponost, France. RP Lapillonne, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Baylor Coll Med, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 24 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT PEDIATRIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 USA SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD DEC PY 2000 VL 48 IS 6 BP 835 EP 841 DI 10.1203/00006450-200012000-00022 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 378MH UT WOS:000165587800021 PM 11102555 ER PT J AU Butte, NF Wong, WW Hopkinson, JM Smith, EO Ellis, KJ AF Butte, NF Wong, WW Hopkinson, JM Smith, EO Ellis, KJ TI Infant feeding mode affects early growth and body composition SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE breastfeeding; formula-feeding; body composition; infants; toddlers; total body water; total body potassium; total body electrical conductivity; dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; fat mass; fat-free mass ID FORMULA-FED INFANTS; BREAST-FED INFANTS; BOTTLE-FED INFANTS; HUMAN-MILK; ENERGY-UTILIZATION; 1ST YEAR; PROTEIN; AGE; ADIPOSITY; CHILDREN AB Background. Differences in the growth pattern of breastfed (BF) and formula-fed (FF) infants are well-recognized and have been attributed to differences in nutrient intake. However, the impact of qualitative and quantitative differences in nutrient intake on the body composition of BF and FF infants has been unclear. Furthermore, it is unknown whether putative differences in body composition persist beyond weaning. Design. Prospective cohort study. Methods. Repeated anthropometric and body composition measurements were performed on 40 BF and 36 FF infants at 0.5, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. A multicomponent body composition model based on total body water by deuterium dilution, total body potassium by whole body counting, and bone mineral content by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to estimate fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM). Independent measurements of FFM and FM were made using total body electrical conductivity and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. By design, infants were either exclusively BF or FF from birth to 4 months of age; thereafter, the feeding mode was at the discretion of the parents. Infant food intake was measured at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months of age using 3-day weighed-intake records. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. Results. Weight velocity was higher in FF than BF infants age 3 to 6 months, and higher in FF than BF girls 6 to 9 months of age. Adjusted for gender and baseline values, BF infants had lower total body water at 3 months, lower total body potassium at 3 to 24 months, and lower bone mineral content at 12 months. The multicomponent model indicated that FFM was lower in BF than FF infants at 3 months, and FM and %FM were higher in BF than FF infants at 3 and 6 months (boys only). Total body electric conductivity confirmed lower FFM in BF than FF infants at 3 months, as well as at 6 and 9 months; FM and %FM were higher in BF than FF at 3 and 6 months, and 9 months (boys only). Intakes of energy, protein, fat, and carbohydrate were lower in BF than FF infants at 3 and 6 months, and were positively correlated with weight gain and FFM gain, but not FM gain. No differences in nutrient intakes were observed at 12 or 24 months. Conclusion. Infant feeding mode is associated with differences in body composition in early infancy which do not persist into the second year of life. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Butte, NF (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM nbutte@bcm.tmc.edu NR 62 TC 127 Z9 131 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD DEC PY 2000 VL 106 IS 6 BP 1355 EP 1366 DI 10.1542/peds.106.6.1355 PG 12 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 383ZP UT WOS:000165914800023 PM 11099589 ER EF