FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Kharchenko, VA Lichtenfels, JR Krecek, RC AF Kharchenko, VA Lichtenfels, JR Krecek, RC TI Cyathostomum montgomeryi and its place in the Cyathostominae (Nematoda : Strongylidae) SO COMPARATIVE PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nematode systematics; Cyathostomum montgomeryi; Strongylidae; zebras; nematode morphology; Equus burchelli; South Africa; Namibia ID LARVAL CYATHOSTOMIASIS; MOUNTAIN ZEBRAS; NATIONAL-PARK; SOUTH-AFRICA; HORSES; PARASITES; FLAGRANS; BURCHELL; WORLD AB Cyathostomum montgomeryi (Boulenger, 1920) K'ung, 1964, a common parasite of zebras, has not been redescribed since its original description. It is still almost unknown outside of Africa. This species was placed in different tribes (Murshidiinea or Cyathostominea) by recent workers. As part of an international effort to clarify the classification of the Cyathostominae of horses, we studied 210 specimens from Burchell's zebra Equus burchelli antiquorum Smith, 1841, from the Kruger National Park (Republic of South Africa) and Etosha National Park (Namibia) and made measurements of 15 males and 15 females. Specimens that we measured were larger than those described by Boulenger. Cyathostomum montgomeryi has 2 corona radiata or leaf crowns surrounding the mouth. The internal leaf crown (ILC) is inserted near the middle of the buccal capsule. The external leaf crown (ELC) has fewer elements than the ILC. The bases of the ILC elements are inserted in a curved line on the wall of the buccal capsule, and those of the ELC elements are recessed from the tips of the elements of the ILC on which they rest. All of these characters are shared with the other species of the genus Cyathostomum. The extrachitinous supports are similar to those of Cyathostomum catinatum. The distal ends of the spicules are identical to others in the Cyathostominea but differ from those in the Murshidiinea. The bursa is typical for Cyathostamum. Thus, we retain this species in the Cyathostominea. C1 ARS, Biosystemat Unit, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst,USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. II Schmalhausen Inst Zool, UA-252601 Kiev 30, Ukraine. Univ Pretoria, Fac Vet Sci, Dept Vet Trop Dis, ZA-0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa. RP Lichtenfels, JR (reprint author), ARS, Biosystemat Unit, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst,USDA, Bldg 1180,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Kharchenko, Vitaliy/F-2426-2010 OI Kharchenko, Vitaliy/0000-0002-3824-2078 NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOC WASHINGTON PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS INC, 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1525-2647 J9 COMP PARASITOL JI Comp. Parasitol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 68 IS 1 BP 97 EP 102 PG 6 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA 397TR UT WOS:000166713900011 ER PT S AU Cesa, ET Eriksson, M Tice, E Lemon, JL AF Cesa, ET Eriksson, M Tice, E Lemon, JL GP TRB TI Overview of national Wood in Transportation Program and its focus on commercializing proven technology SO CONSTRUCTION 2001: MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION SE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 80th Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board CY JAN, 2001 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Transportat Res Board AB A significant opportunity exists in the United States to improve local transportation networks and to assist in revitalizing local economies by using wood for bridges and other transportation structures. Modern timber bridge technology provides an opportunity to improve transportation infrastructure, particularly bridges on single- and double-lane rural roads. To address this issue, the U.S. Congress provided funding to the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Forest Service in 1989 for a program called Wood in Transportation (WIT), formerly known as the National Timber Bridge Initiative. The program has three key components: (a) demonstration projects, (b) research, and (c) technology transfer and information management. The current focus of the demonstration projects is on funding approximately four large-scale "commercialization" projects per year that result in the construction of three or more structures. The intended outcome of these projects is to develop structures that showcase WIT technology and provide useful design and cost information to potential users throughout the nation. These projects build on past knowledge gained from research and other previously funded projects. The successful completion of three commercialization projects is highlighted. The first one was in Yellowstone County, Montana, where three glued-laminated timber bridges were designed, fabricated, and installed in 1998. The second project was in Ida County, Iowa, where five cotton-wood glued-laminated deck bridges, supported by either steel beams or glued-laminated beams, were designed, fabricated, and installed in 1999. The third project was in West Virginia, where nine timber decks with steel-beam bridges were constructed on "orphan roads" in 1999. C1 US Forest Serv, Wood Transportat Program, USDA, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. US Forest Serv, Wood Transportat Program, USDA, Missoula, MT 59801 USA. Ida Cty Secondary Rd Dept, Ida Grove, IA 51445 USA. W Virginia Div Highways, Charleston, WV 25305 USA. RP Cesa, ET (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Wood Transportat Program, USDA, 180 Canfield St, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL PI WASHINGTON PA 500 FIFTH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001 USA SN 0361-1981 BN 0-309-07221-2 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC PY 2001 IS 1761 BP 99 EP 104 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Transportation GA BU63N UT WOS:000176562300013 ER PT S AU Barb, CR Kraeling, RR Rampacek, GB AF Barb, CR Kraeling, RR Rampacek, GB BE Geisert, RD Niemann, H Doberska, C TI Nutritional regulators of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in pigs SO CONTROL OF PIG REPRODUCTION VI SE JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY, SUPPLEMENTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Pig Reproduction CY JUN 03-06, 2001 CL UNIV MISSOURI COLUMBIA, COLUMBIA, MO SP Alpharma, ARS, Continental Plast Corp, Dekalb Choice Genet, CSREES, InterAg, Intervet Inc, IMV Int Corp, Natl Pig Dev, Pig Improvement Co, Thorn Biosci, Pharmacia & Upjohn Co HO UNIV MISSOURI COLUMBIA ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE SECRETION; MODULATING NEUROENDOCRINE FUNCTION; SERUM LEPTIN CONCENTRATIONS; MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION; REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE; DIABETES-MELLITUS; ENDOCRINE CHANGES; METABOLIC CHANGES; PRIMIPAROUS SOWS AB Nutritional signals are detected by the central nervous system (CNS) and translated by the neuroendocrine system into signals that alter secretion of LH and growth hormone (GH). Furthermore, these signals directly affect the activity of the pituitary gland independently of CNS input. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), insulin, leptin and specific metabolites, such as glucose and free fatty acids (FFA), are potential signals of the metabolic status to the brain-pituitary axis. Intravenous injection of a lipid emulsion or glucose suppressed the GH and LH response to GH releasing hormone (GHRH) and GnRH, respectively. Insulin and IGF-I regulation of LH and GH secretion occur at the pituitary gland. Feed deprivation for 24 h suppressed leptin secretion without affecting LH or GH secretion, whereas central administration of leptin resulted in a decrease in feed intake and an increase in GH secretion. Oestrogen-induced leptin gene expression in adipose tissue increased with age and adiposity in pigs. Leptin stimulated GnRH release from hypothalamic tissue in vitro. These results identify putative signals that link metabolic status and neuroendocrine control of growth and reproduction by altering endocrine function during periods of fasting, feed restriction and lactation. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Barb, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 55 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC REPRODUCTION FERTILITY PI CAMBRIDGE PA 22 NEWMARKET RD, CAMBRIDGE CB5 8DT, ENGLAND SN 0449-3087 BN 0-906545-38-2 J9 J REP FER S PY 2001 IS 58 BP 1 EP 15 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA BU76P UT WOS:000176951900001 ER PT S AU Guthrie, HD Garrett, WM AF Guthrie, HD Garrett, WM BE Geisert, RD Niemann, H Doberska, C TI Apoptosis during folliculogenesis in pigs SO CONTROL OF PIG REPRODUCTION VI SE JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY, SUPPLEMENTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Pig Reproduction CY JUN 03-06, 2001 CL UNIV MISSOURI COLUMBIA, COLUMBIA, MO SP Alpharma, ARS, Continental Plast Corp, Dekalb Choice Genet, CSREES, InterAg, Intervet Inc, IMV Int Corp, Natl Pig Dev, Pig Improvement Co, Thorn Biosci, Pharmacia & Upjohn Co HO UNIV MISSOURI COLUMBIA ID GRANULOSA-CELL APOPTOSIS; FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; ANGIOTENSIN-II RECEPTORS; GROWTH-FACTOR-I; OVARIAN FOLLICLE; LUTEAL-PHASE; RAT OVARY; EXPRESSION; ATRESIA; DEATH AB The number of female germ cells in pig fetuses decreases by 70% between day 50 after mating and day 300 after birth. Approximately 55% of antral follicles undergo degeneration (atresia) except during the 3 days before oestrus, when only 15% of the follicles survive to ovulate. Apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death, is recognized as the mechanism of germ cell death and follicle atresia at all stages of folliculogenesis. The internucleosomal cleavage of genomic DNA caused by caspase-induced deoxyribonuclease activity was measured in pig granulosa cells by DNA fluorescence flow cytometry, densitometry of fluorescently labelled internucleosomal DNA fragments and immunohistochemical analysis of the 3' end labelling of deoxyribonuclease-nicked DNA on frozen tissue sections. Follicular atresia during the 3 days before oestrus is associated with a 60-70% decrease in the secretion of FSH. In granulosa cells, apoptosis is associated with decreased cell proliferation and reduced production of oestradiol and inhibin. In cultured pig granulosa cells, FSH and IGF-I are anti-apoptotic and a caspase inhibitor blocked apoptosis, thereby providing evidence of caspase activity. Oocytes in most follicles have resumed meiotic maturation; therefore, one role for apoptosis and follicle atresia may be to act as a barrier to ovulation of oocytes that have not remained in meiotic arrest. C1 USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Guthrie, HD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 54 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC REPRODUCTION FERTILITY PI CAMBRIDGE PA 22 NEWMARKET RD, CAMBRIDGE CB5 8DT, ENGLAND SN 0449-3087 BN 0-906545-38-2 J9 J REP FER S PY 2001 IS 58 BP 17 EP 29 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA BU76P UT WOS:000176951900002 ER PT S AU Dobrinsky, JR AF Dobrinsky, JR BE Geisert, RD Niemann, H Doberska, C TI Cryopreservation of pig embryos: adaptation of vitrification technology for embryo transfer SO CONTROL OF PIG REPRODUCTION VI SE JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY, SUPPLEMENTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Pig Reproduction CY JUN 03-06, 2001 CL UNIV MISSOURI COLUMBIA, COLUMBIA, MO SP Alpharma, ARS, Continental Plast Corp, Dekalb Choice Genet, CSREES, InterAg, Intervet Inc, IMV Int Corp, Natl Pig Dev, Pig Improvement Co, Thorn Biosci, Pharmacia & Upjohn Co HO UNIV MISSOURI COLUMBIA ID PORCINE EMBRYOS; PIGLETS AB Great advancements in cryopreservation of pig embryos have been made since the last International Conference on Pig Reproduction (ICPR). In 1997, there were standard methods to cryopreserve germplasm and embryos of most livestock species, except for the pig, and development of this technology for use in the international pig industry was slow and in the early stages. Since 1997, there have been advancements in cryopreservation of pig embryos, with reports of production of live offspring after transfer of frozen-thawed and vitrified-warmed pig embryos. This review summarizes the progress in cryopreservation of pig embryos since 1997. Cellular and molecular biology have been used to understand the hypothermic sensitivity of pig embryos. Development of delipation technology has provided the first evidence that intracellular lipids are linked to hypothermic sensitivity. Cytoskeletal stabilization and vitrification have led to the production of live offspring from vitrified-warmed and transferred embryos. Recently, technology has been developed for cryopreservation of pig morulae. Development of open pulled straws has provided more rapid rates of cooling during vitrification and has been effective for cryopreservation of pig embryos. Although improvements and refinements of the technologies will continue, it is now time for the pig industry to consider cryopreservation of pig embryos as a tool for pig production and for propagation of select herd genetics, while maintaining germplasm resources for the future. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dobrinsky, JR (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC REPRODUCTION FERTILITY PI CAMBRIDGE PA 22 NEWMARKET RD, CAMBRIDGE CB5 8DT, ENGLAND SN 0449-3087 BN 0-906545-38-2 J9 J REP FER S PY 2001 IS 58 BP 325 EP 333 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA BU76P UT WOS:000176951900024 ER PT J AU Wiseman, S Waterhouse, A Korver, O Clifford, M Engelhardt, U Wan, XC Hoffman, PCH Rice-Evans, C Terao, J Gross, M Beecher, G AF Wiseman, S Waterhouse, A Korver, O Clifford, M Engelhardt, U Wan, XC Hoffman, PCH Rice-Evans, C Terao, J Gross, M Beecher, G TI Special issue: The health effects of tea and tea components SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION LA English DT Review ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; OXIDATIVE DNA-DAMAGE; MICELLAR ELECTROKINETIC CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRIC QUANTIFICATION; CATION DECOLORIZATION ASSAY; RADICAL ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; FLAVONE C-GLYCOSIDES; HUMAN-BLOOD PLASMA; LC-MS ANALYSIS; BLACK TEA C1 Tech Univ Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany. Kings Coll London, Kings & St Thomas Med Sch, Guys Hosp, London WC2R 2LS, England. Univ Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, Surrey, England. Univ Tokushima, Sch Med, Tokushima, Japan. Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RI Waterhouse, Andrew /F-6719-2011 OI Waterhouse, Andrew /0000-0002-5088-7442 NR 125 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1040-8398 J9 CRIT REV FOOD SCI JI Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. PY 2001 VL 41 IS 5 SU S BP 387 EP 412 DI 10.1080/20014091091869 PG 26 WC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 462LT UT WOS:000170422100001 ER PT J AU Rasmussen, MA Casey, TA AF Rasmussen, MA Casey, TA TI Environmental and food safety aspects of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 infections in cattle SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; BY-PRODUCT FEEDS; DAIRY-CATTLE; BEEF-CATTLE; ENTEROCYTE EFFACEMENT; MYCOBACTERIUM-AVIUM; BACTERIAL PATHOGENS; FINISHING RUMINANTS; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; VIBRIO-CHOLERAE AB The presence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle illustrates the complex, interrelated nature of the environment, livestock production practices, food safety, and the science of microbiology, particularly microbial ecology. Enterohemorrhagic E. coli, including E. coli O157:H7, can cause severe human diseases that can be debilitating and life threatening. Cattle are currently considered to be the definitive source for E. call O157:H7 in the food supply, but this view may be simplistic and incomplete. E. coli O157:H7, appears widespread among U.S. cattle herds, while individual animal prevalence is low and transient. Most individual animals appear to be a transient reservoir for E. coli O157:H7 although the issue of carrier animals still remains unresolved. Epidemiological studies of the cattle production system have not clearly identified risk factors or management practices that affect E. coli O157:H7 prevalence in cattle feces. The problem of E. coli O157:H7 increases during the summer and fall months, but the environmental factors that contribute to this increase are poorly understood. Possible environmental factors that may influence E. coli O157:H7 shedding in cattle include livestock feed and waste handling practices as well as insects and microbial interactions in soil and water. Studies of E. coli O157:H7 ecology in cattle and the environment have been limited, but they suggest that a consideration of other independent, environmental sources of this microbe seems appropriate. The natural ecology of cholera may serve as a useful environmental model for pursuing additional environmental research on the occurrence and transmission of E. coli O157:H7 in nature. C1 ARS, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. ARS, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Rasmussen, MA (reprint author), ARS, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. EM mrasmuss@nadc.ars.usda.gov; tcasey@nadc.ars.usda.gov RI Rasmussen, Mark/N-9509-2014 NR 121 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 7 PU INFORMA HEALTHCARE PI NEW YORK PA 52 VANDERBILT AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1040-841X J9 CRIT REV MICROBIOL JI Crit. Rev. Microbiol. PY 2001 VL 27 IS 2 BP 57 EP 73 DI 10.1080/20014091096701 PG 17 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 450NU UT WOS:000169750700001 PM 11450854 ER PT J AU Vogel, KP Jung, HJG AF Vogel, KP Jung, HJG TI Genetic modification of herbaceous plants for feed and fuel SO CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID CINNAMYL-ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO PLANTS; ACID DETERGENT LIGNIN; PHENOTYPIC RECURRENT SELECTION; UDP-GLUCOSE PYROPHOSPHORYLASE; REDUCED FIBER CONCENTRATION; MARKER-ASSISTED SELECTION; CORN-BORER RESISTANCE; CELL-WALL COMPOSITION; 3 MAIZE POPULATIONS AB Much of the research on the genetic modification of herbaceous plant cell walls has been conducted to improve the utilization of forages by ruminant livestock. The rumen of these animals is basically an anaerobic fermentation vat in which the microflora break down the complex polysaccharides of plant cell walls into simpler compounds that can be further digested and absorbed by the mammalian digestive system. Research on improving the forage digestibility of switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., and other herbaceous species has demonstrated that genetic improvements can be made in forage quality that can have significant economic value. To meet future energy needs, herbaceous biomass will need to be converted into a liquid fuel, probably ethanol, via conversion technologies still under development. If feedstock quality can be genetically improved, the economics and efficiency of the conversion processes could be significantly enhanced. Improving an agricultural product for improved end product use via genetic modification requires knowledge of desired quality attributes, the relative economic value of the quality parameters in relation to yield, genetic variation for the desired traits, or for molecular breeding, knowledge of genes to suppress or add, and knowledge of any associated negative consequences of genetic manipulation. Because conversion technology is still under development, desirable plant feedstock characteristics have not been completely delineated. Some traits such as cellulose and Lignin concentration will undoubtably be important. Once traits that affect biomass feedstock conversion are identified, it will be highly feasible to genetically modify the feedstock quality of herbaceous plants using both conventional and molecular breeding techniques. The use of molecular markers and transformation technology will greatly enhance the capability of breeders to modify the morphologic structure and cell walls of herbaceous species. It will be necessary to monitor gene flow to remnant wild populations of biomass plants and have strategies available to curtail gene flow if it becomes a potential problem. It will also be necessary to monitor plant survival and longterm productivity as affected by these genetic changes to herbaceous species. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Vogel, KP (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 344 Kelm Hall,POB 830937, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 160 TC 111 Z9 116 U1 2 U2 29 PU CRC PRESS LLC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 USA SN 0735-2689 J9 CRIT REV PLANT SCI JI Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 15 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S0735-2689(01)80011-3 PG 35 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 405PD UT WOS:000167167500003 ER PT J AU Burton, GW AF Burton, GW TI Tifton 85 bermudagrass - Early history of its creation, selection, and evaluation SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB From 1953 to 1983, USDA entomologists and I tried to use 10-d weight gains of fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), to measure the quality of bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L,) Pers,, forage. Tifton 68, Coastal, and Tifton 292 bermudagrasses fed to armyworms enabled them to make 10-d gains of 147, 50, and 8 mg, In 1984 we space planted 145 Tifton 68 x Tift 292 F-1 s in deep sand and in the fall selected 13 of the largest plants showing the least drought injury. Of these, entry 13 ('Tifton 85') outyielded other entries in a 3-yr-32-entry small plot test. In duplicate 0.81-ha pastures, Tifton 85 produced 47% more steer gains than 'Tifton 78'. C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Burton, GW (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, USDA ARS, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 5 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 5 EP 6 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600002 ER PT J AU Wilcox, JR Shibles, RM AF Wilcox, JR Shibles, RM TI Interrelationships among seed quality attributes in soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BETA-CONGLYCININ; STORAGE-PROTEIN; REGISTRATION; SUGARS; GENES AB Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] meal is used primarily as a livestock feed. The high protein concentration and sulfur-containing amino acids in the meal contribute to its nutritional value. Oligosaccharides, including raffinose and stachyose in the meal, have detrimental effects on the nutritive value of soy meal as a livestock feed. The objective of this research was to determine the interrelationships among seed protein, oil, oligosaccharides, and S in a breeding population that varied widely in seed protein concentration. Forty-three random breeding lines that varied in seed protein concentration from 413 to 468 g kg(-1) on a dry seed basis, were grown in replicated tests in three environments, Seed yield, protein, oil, oligosaccharides, and S concentrations were determined for entries in each replication in the three environments. Breeding lines and environments varied significantly for each of the traits measured. Concentrations of carbohydrates were not associated with seed yield. Protein increased at the expense of oil Ib = -1.5601, total carbohydrates (b = -0.171), and sucrose (b = -0.151). Sulfur increased with increasing protein (b = 0.008), but S/N ratios were constant across protein concentrations, Decreases in carbohydrates with increases in protein would contribute to increased nutritional value of the meal from these breeding Lines. The consistent S/N ratio across the range of seed protein concentrations indicates that S-containing amino acids were not sacrificed with increases in seed protein. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Wilcox, JR (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 22 TC 91 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 11 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 11 EP 14 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600004 ER PT J AU Brown, JS Glaz, B AF Brown, JS Glaz, B TI Analysis of resource allocation in final stage sugarcane clonal selection SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EVERGLADES AB Superior genotypes of sugarcane (interspecific hybrids of Saccharum spp.) must continue to be developed with current resources as selection criteria evolve and expand. Developing future cultivars of sugarcane for the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) of South Florida with high water table tolerance and increased P-uptake efficiency v could be an integral part of Everglades restoration. The objective of this study was to assess the current allocation of resources in the final selection phase of cultivar (clonal) development of the Canal Point, FL, sugarcane breeding program. Variance component analyses were conducted on elite genotypes from 7 yr of trials, Variance components were used to compare relative magnitudes of sources of variation and to explore more efficient use of resources, Variation attributable to crop x location interaction was nearly always the largest relative source of variation next to the residual term, The contributions to variance due to genotype x crop and genotype x location interactions were low, though these interactions cannot be discounted in cultivar release decisions. Variance due to replications was extremely low, Four statistics were used as metrics of experimental precision when reducing the number of replications. Reducing replications from eight to four did not compromise experimental precision, Removing the second-year planting sequence compromised little, if any, useful information for effective cultivar release decisions. Better allocation of resources could be achieved by alternative experimental design scenarios, Testing for high water table tolerance or P-uptake efficiency could also be included, improving ecological compatibility of agriculture in the EAA. C1 USDA ARS, Sugarcane Field Stn, Canal Point, FL 33438 USA. RP Brown, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Sugarcane Field Stn, HCR Box 8, Canal Point, FL 33438 USA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 57 EP 62 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600011 ER PT J AU Morgan, JA Skinner, RH Hanson, JD AF Morgan, JA Skinner, RH Hanson, JD TI Nitrogen and CO2 affect regrowth and biomass partitioning differently in forages of three functional groups SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE ECOSYSTEM; TRIFOLIUM-REPENS L; LOLIUM-PERENNE L; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SPECIES COMPOSITION; GROWTH-RESPONSE; PLANT-RESPONSES; GAS-EXCHANGE; ENRICHMENT AB Little work has been done to assess the impact of elevated CO2 on responses of forages to defoliation, This study examines regrowth, biomass partitioning, and labile C and N metabolites in three Functional plant-types: a C-3 grass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A, Love], a C-4 grass [Bouteloua gracilis (H,B,K,) Lag.], and a forage legume (Medicago sativa L,), Plants were grown from seed, defoliated twice, and grown in a controlled environment under a factorial arrangement of two CO2 [low CO2 (LC), 355 mu mol mol(-1) and high CO2 (HC), 700 mu mol mol(-1)] and two N nutrition regimes [low N (LN), watered twice weekly with half-strength Hoagland's containing 0 N, and high N (HN), half-strength Hoagland's containing 14 mM N], High N enhanced regrowth in all three species, while high CO2 enhanced regrowth only in the two C-3 species. In M. sativa, CO2 and NY treatments had no significant effect on k, the allometric growth coefficient, In contrast, k was reduced in P, smithii plants grown under LN (0.63) compared with HN (0.99), In B. gracilis, low N also reduced k, but it interacted with CO2 so that k was greatest for plants grown at HN/ HC (0.95) and HN/LC (0.89), intermediate at LN/LC (0.58), and least at LN/HC (0.44), These results indicate greater partitioning to belowground organs (reduced k) when N is limiting, particularly under elevated CO2. Significant correlations were established between k and several measures of plant N status, suggesting that the effects of CO2 on plant biomass partitioning involve N status. C1 USDA ARS, Rangeland Resources Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Morgan, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rangeland Resources Res Unit, 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 39 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 11 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 78 EP 86 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600015 ER PT J AU Frank, AB Berdahl, JD AF Frank, AB Berdahl, JD TI Gas exchange and water relations in diploid and tetraploid Russian wildrye SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; COOL-SEASON GRASSES; CRESTED WHEATGRASS; USE EFFICIENCY; REGISTRATION; RYEGRASS AB Russian wildrye[Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch,) Nevski] is a drought tolerant, cool-season forage grass used in seeded pastures in the Northern Great Plains where water often limits production. Seedling vigor is generally poor in diploid cultivars, but tetraploid germplasm has improved seedling vigor. Objectives of this study were to determine the relationships between water-use efficiency (WUE), carbon isotope discrimination (CID), and gas exchange rates for a diploid cultivar (Vinall) and a tetraploid entry over 3 yr, two water treatments (50 and 150% of mean monthly precipitation), and two fertilizer rates (10 and 134 kg N ha(-1)) in a rain shelter. The tetraploid entry exhibited higher carbon exchange rate (CER), stomatal conductance (gs), and transpiration (T) than the diploid entry at the 50% but not the 150% water treatment, Leaf water potentials (LWP) were 0.6 and 0.3 MPa less negative for the tetraploid entry than diploid entry at the 50 and 150% water treatment, respectively. Values of CER averaged 12.4 and 14.2 mu mol m(-2) s(-1), T averaged 5.2 and 6.0 mmol m(-2) s(-1), and gs averaged 0.21 and 0.28 mol m(-2) s(-1) for the diploid and tetraploid entry, respectively. The diploid entry had a significantly greater CID, averaging 20.37 parts per thousand compared with 19.65 parts per thousand, for the tetraploid entry and CID was negatively associated with WUE, The more favorable plant water relations, gas exchange, and dry matter production under limited soil water suggests tetraploid populations of Russian wildrye should be emphasized in future breeding and management programs. C1 USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Frank, AB (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 87 EP 92 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600016 ER PT J AU Sullivan, M VanToai, T Fausey, N Beuerlein, J Parkinson, R Soboyejo, A AF Sullivan, M VanToai, T Fausey, N Beuerlein, J Parkinson, R Soboyejo, A TI Evaluating on-farm flooding impacts on soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GROWTH; CULTIVARS; YIELD AB Flooding is a major problem that reduces soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth and grain yield in many areas of the USA and the world. Our objective was to identify the plant and soil characteristics associated with different flooding durations in six fields in central Ohio. The soybean plants were at the V2 and V3 stages when rainfall-induced flooding occurred. The outer perimeters of the flooded areas were mapped, using GPS (global positioning system) technology, several times during the flooding event to delineate the change of the hooded area over time. Two 9-m wide transects across the flooded area within each field were divided into plots of 9 m by 9 m according to flooding duration: no flooding, 1 to 3 d, 4 to 6 d, and 6 to 8 d, Soil and plant nutrient levels, grain yield data and grain protein and oil content were determined for each plot. The soil cation-exchange capacity (CEC), pH, P, Ca, Mn, and Zn concentrations had significant positive correlation with flooding duration. There was a significant negative correlation of flooding duration with the population, height, number of pods, and yield of soybean, There was no significant correlation of flooding duration with seed weight, oil, or protein content of the seeds. Leaf tissue Ca, Mg, B, Fe, Cu, and Al concentrations had a significant positive correlation with flooding duration, whereas lear tissue N concentration had a significant negative correlation with flooding duration. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Drainage Res Unit, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Food Agr & Biol Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA, NRCS, Columbus, OH USA. RP VanToai, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Drainage Res Unit, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 7 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 93 EP 100 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600017 ER PT J AU Pedersen, JF Toy, JJ AF Pedersen, JF Toy, JJ TI Germination, emergence, and yield of 20 plant-color, seed-color near-isogenic lines of grain sorghum SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MOLD RESISTANCE; ACCUMULATION; INFECTION AB Although there is growing demand for sorghum [Sorghum bicolor ((L,) Moench] with white seed and tan plant color, there is limited information on the overall agronomic fitness of sorghum with these characters, A set of experiments was conducted to evaluate the combined effects of plant color and seed color on sorghum germination, emergence, and agronomic performance, Twenty near-isogenic lines with red seed/tan plant (RT), red seed/purple plant (RP), white seed/tan plant (WT), white seed/purple plant (WP) phenotypes were tested under field and laboratory conditions, Plant color X seed color interactions were not significant. Purple plant color phenotypes had higher cold germination, higher germination after accelerated aging, and greater seedling elongation at 10 d than tan plant color phenotypes. plant color did not influence standard warm germination. No differences in standard warm germination or seed vigor test results were attributable to seed color. Seedling emergence under field conditions was higher for the red seed than the white seed phenotype, Grain yield was higher for the white seed than the red seed phenotype, and higher for the purple plant color than the tan plant color phenotype, Grain test weights from purple plant color lines were higher than those from tan plant color lines. All four phenotypes included relatively high yielding lines. There was considerable overlap between WT, WP, RT, RP lines in yield and other indicators of agronomic performance leading to the conclusion that white seed and tan plant color lines with comparable performance to red seed and purple plant color lines can be selected from segregating breeding populations. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, NPA, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Pedersen, JF (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, NPA, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 107 EP 110 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600019 ER PT J AU Springer, TL Taliaferro, CM AF Springer, TL Taliaferro, CM TI Nitrogen fertilization of buffalograss SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SHORTGRASS; RESPONSES; ATRAZINE AB Because native, shortgrass prairies are not typically fertilized and otherwise extensively managed, little information is available on their response to nitrogen (N) fertilization. An experiment was conducted in 1997 and 1998 to study the effects of N fertilization on forage yield and quality, forage height, and subsequent nitrate accumulation in the soil of a rangeland site consisting primarily of buffalograss [Buchloe dactyloides (Nutt,) Engelm.], The N treatments were 0, 34, 68, 102, and 136 kg ha(-1) arranged in a Latin square design. An increase (P < 0.05) in forage dry matter (DM) yield was obtained with 34 kg ha(-1) N, Greater(P < 0.05) forage yields were achieved with an additional 102 kg ha(-1) N (total 136 kg ha(-1) N), Forage yields averaged 2540 kg ha-L in 1997 and 2340 kg ha(-1) in 1998, Nitrogen fertilization increased crude protein (CP) of buffalograss forage. Each unit of 34 kg ha(-1) N linearly increased CP up to approximately 122 g kg(-1) of DM forage. Weather conditions influenced in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM). As long as moisture conditions were favorable for forage growth, IVDDM increased linearly with N fertilization rate. In 1997, IVDDM ranged from 565 g kg(-1) for the control to 658 g kg(-1) for the 102 kg ha-L N application rate. In 1998, IVDDM declined linearly (P < 0.05) with N fertilization rate. In vitro digestible dry matter averaged 539 g kg(-1) for the control to 482 g kg(-1) for the 136 kg ha(-1) N application rate. Nitrogen fertilization of buffalograss dominated semiarid rangeland can enhance forage production and quality. Nitrate accumulation in the soil was insignificant over the study period. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Springer, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, 2000 18th St, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 139 EP 142 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600024 ER PT J AU Gustine, DL Sanderson, MA AF Gustine, DL Sanderson, MA TI Quantifying spatial and temporal genotypic changes in white clover populations by RAPD technology SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GRAZED HILL PASTURES; TRIFOLIUM-REPENS; SEEDLING RECRUITMENT; DIVERSITY; VARIABILITY; DEMOGRAPHY; DYNAMICS; MARKERS AB In established white dover(Trifolium repens L.) populations, seedling recruitment is rare and plants spread by clonal growth, which could lead to low intraspecific genetic diversity. To assess how populations of white clover maintain high genetic variability in grazed swards during a growing season, we examined spatial and temporal changes in white clover clones by identifying genotypes by RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) profiles. Trifoliate leaf samples were taken from plants at up to 37 specific sampling points in each of four 28-m(2) permanent quadrats in a grazed pasture from April to October 1997. RAPD profiles (genotype) based on 28 markers were determined for genomic DNA prepared from leaf samples, The number of sampled clones per quadrat ranged from zero to 10 and the sampled members per clone ranged from two to 34 over the growing season. Some clones were found more than once. During the study, numbers of clonal members increased or decreased, clones were found on one to three dates, and clones were found in one to two quadrats, The clonal diversity index D (probability that any two sampled plants have different genotypes) ranged from 0.89 to 0.99 for the eight dates, showing that genotypic diversity of populations was affected by number of clones and number of clonal members, We report here the first use of dominant RAPD markers to document dynamic changes of white clover population structure, These data show that white clover clones undergo dynamic spatial and temporal variability at a local scale, which accounts for much of the genetic diversity within field populations. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Gustine, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Curtin Rd,Bldg 3702, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 143 EP 148 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600025 ER PT J AU Kallenbach, RL McGraw, RL Beuselinck, PR Roberts, CA AF Kallenbach, RL McGraw, RL Beuselinck, PR Roberts, CA TI Summer and autumn growth of rhizomatous birdsfoot trefoil SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LOTUS-CORNICULATUS L; PERSISTENCE; MORPHOLOGY; RHIZOMES AB A new population of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) with rhizomes (RBFT) has been developed for greater persistence. No study has compared RBFT with a standard, non-rhizomatous cultivar of birdsfoot trefoil (BFT), Objectives were to: (i) compare RBFT with BFT for differences in shoot and root mass and total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) concentration of taproots in both clipped md non-clipped situations and (ii) describe rhizome production of clipped and non-clipped RBFT. 'Norcen' BFF and RBFT were grown in field plots near Columbia, MO, in 1994 and 1995, The study had four treatments: non-clipped RBFT, clipped RBFT, non-clipped BFT, and clipped BFT. Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block. Plots were sampled biweekly for shoot and root mass and taproot TNC from early-July until the first killing frost in October. In addition, length, mass, TNC, and number of rhizomes per plant were recorded for RBFT, From mid-September until the final sampling, the shoot mass for RBFT was about half that of BFT; however, RBFT's shoot mass was less affected by clipping than was BFT's, Taproot TNC was 20 to 40 g kg(-1) greater for RBFT than BFT throughout both growing seasons. Nearly all RBFT plants exhibited rhizomes by mid-October both years. Clipping RBFT plants did not affect rhizome growth. Rhizome TNC concentration increased steadily during autumn, with a final concentration of approximately 220 g kg(-1). The failure of clipping to decrease rhizome production, combined with higher levels of below-ground TNC, may give RBFT the ability to withstand frequent defoliation. C1 Univ Missouri, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Kallenbach, RL (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 149 EP 156 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600026 ER PT J AU Bregitzer, P Campbell, RD AF Bregitzer, P Campbell, RD TI Genetic markers associated with green and albino plant regeneration from embryogenic barley callus SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HORDEUM-VULGARE L; TISSUE-CULTURE RESPONSE; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; FERTILE BARLEY; MAPS; QTL AB Genetic control of plant regeneration from cultured plant tissues has been documented for a number of species. The characterization and manipulation of loci that influence morphogenic responses may be useful for the development of highly regenerable germplasm or for physiological investigations. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for morphogenesis from barley cell cultures were identified on the basis of associations of mapped markers with the regeneration responses of 77 doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from the cross Steptoe/Morex Two models were developed, one describing green plant regeneration, and one describing albino plant regeneration, measured as the numbers of green and albino plants regenerated per gram fresh weight of embryogenic cellos. Approximately 62 and 12% of the observed variability for green and albino plant regeneration, respectively, was explained by the models. An independent data set was developed that consisted of the regeneration responses of W additional DH lines which were chosen randomly from the same segregating population. The models were tested for their ability to predict the responses of these independent DH lines. This study identified new QTLs for plant regeneration tone for green plants and at least one for albino plants), and confirmed previously reported associations of three QTLs with green plant regeneration. C1 USDA ARS, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Bregitzer, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 22 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 173 EP 179 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600029 ER PT J AU Morris, CF King, GE Allan, RE Simeone, MC AF Morris, CF King, GE Allan, RE Simeone, MC TI Identification and characterization of near-isogenic hard and soft hexaploid wheats SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; PUROINDOLINE-B; GRAIN HARDNESS; BAKING QUALITY; FRIABILIN; PROTEIN; STARCH; ENDOSPERM; AUSTRALIA; SEQUENCE AB A complete understanding of the physical-chemical mechanism and underlying genetic control of wheat (Triticum aestivum L,) endosperm texture will contribute to defining optimal grain utilization while assisting the breeding and development of new cultivars, World trade in wheat grain primarily is based on the two main market classes, "soft" and "hard," which are mostly determined by the expression of the puroindoline genes at the Hardness (Ha) locus, Here we identify and characterize new genetic stocks (near isogenic lines, NILs) in four different genetic backgrounds (20 NILs total, nine hard and 11 soft). Methods included identifying homogenous or mixed texture lines by Single Kernel Characterization System and Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy. Puroindoline genes and Ha alleles were determined through nucleic acid sequence analysis. The four different genetic sources for NILs were (i) accessions of 'Gamenya' cultivar which were physical mixtures of hard and soft types, (ii) existing near-isogenic lines from the cultivars Heron and Falcon, (iii) advanced-generation backcross lines involving 'Paha' and 'Early Blackhull,' and (iv) 'Nugaines' and 'Early Blackhull Derivative'. The NILs reported here provide new genetic materials for the study of wheat grain texture and the effect of puroindolines and the Hardness gene on end-use quality. Two of the four sets of NILs possess the Gly-46 to Ser-46 Pinb-D1b hardness allele which has not been previously available in NILs, The results corroborate a model of wheat grain texture that identifies two major hardness classes, as opposed to one that accommodates intermediate texture classes such as "semi-hard" and "medium-soft," A direct role of the puroindoline proteins in conferring soft grain phenotype is supported; conversely, no genetic basis for intermediate hardness was found. Rather, intermediate hardness resulted from mixtures of the soft and hard classes. C1 USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Morris, CF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 37 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 211 EP 217 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600034 ER PT J AU Morris, CF Lillemo, M Simeone, MC Giroux, MJ Babb, SL Kidwell, KK AF Morris, CF Lillemo, M Simeone, MC Giroux, MJ Babb, SL Kidwell, KK TI Prevalence of puroindoline grain hardness genotypes among historically significant North American spring and winter wheats SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STARCH GRANULE PROTEIN; ENDOSPERM SOFTNESS; FRIABILIN; CULTIVARS; SEQUENCE; EVOLUTION; DIVERSITY; LOCI; SEED AB Grain hardness ("hard" or "soft" kernel texture) is the single most important trait in determining the utilization and marketing of wheat (Triticum aestivum L,), Puroindoline a and b proteins represent the molecular basis for this trait. This study surveyed the prevalence of puroindoline hardness mutations (alleles) among North American spring and winter wheat varieties with emphasis on those that are historically important. Each variety was assessed for kernel texture using the Single Kernel Characterization System; Hardness alleles were defined by puroindoline gene sequence and the presence or absence of puroindoline a protein on polyacrylamide gels. A total of 90 spring wheats were examined: nine were soft and possessed wildtype ("soft") puroindoline sequences, 10 were mixed hardness, and the remaining 71 were uniformly hard. Of these hard spring wheats, 18 carried the Pina-D1b hardness allele (null for puroindoline a protein), 47 the Pinb-D1b allele (Gly-46-Ser-46), and four the Pinb-D1c allele (Leu-60-Pro-60). Two hard spring wheats possessed a new allele, designated Pinb-D1e, which involves a single nucleotide change in Trp-39 to a "stop" codon, Lastly, among the spring wheats, a new hardness allele was found in the hard component of the variety 'Utac' which was mixed, This allele, Pinb-D1f, also involved a single nucleotide change such that Trp-44 became a "stop" codon, A total of 62 winter wheat varieties were examined, of which five were soft and three were of mixed hardness, Of interest, the three mixed hardness wheats were 'Turkey', 'Kharkof, and 'Weston'. The hard component of each carried the Pinb-D1b allele, Of the 54 remaining wheats, all of which were hard, all but two carried this same Pinb-D1b allele, 'Chiefkan' winter wheat carried the same Pinb-D1e allele as 'Canadian Red' and 'Gehun' spring wheats. 'Andrews' hard red winter wheat possessed a new allele, designated Pinb-D1g, which was a single nucleotide change in Cys-56 to a "stop" codon, In conclusion, hard grain phenotype results from one of various mutations in either of the puroindoline proteins. To-date, seven hardness alleles have been discovered and characterized in hexapoid wheat. All but one occur in the puroindoline b gene coding sequence and result from single nucleotide changes, These molecular markers are useful in characterizing lineages and analyzing ancestral relationships. C1 USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Pullman, WA USA. Agr Univ Norway, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, N-1432 As Nlh, Norway. RP Morris, CF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Giroux, Michael/F-4413-2010 NR 40 TC 99 Z9 126 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 218 EP 228 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600035 ER PT J AU Martin, JM Frohberg, RC Morris, CF Talbert, LE Giroux, MJ AF Martin, JM Frohberg, RC Morris, CF Talbert, LE Giroux, MJ TI Milling and bread baking traits associated with puroindoline sequence type in hard red spring wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GRAIN HARDNESS; KERNEL HARDNESS; FRIABILIN; STARCH; SOFTNESS; INHERITANCE; PROTEIN; TEXTURE; QUALITY; LOCI AB Recent results have shown that mutations in genes coding for puroindoline a and b (PinA and PinB) are associated with the expression of the hard texture of wheat (Triticum aestivum L,) grain. A majority of hard wheats have a glycine-to-serine mutation in puroindoline b (allele PinB-D1b), or they are devoid of puroindoline a (allele PinA-D1b), Hard wheats with PinA-D1b tend to be harder than those with PinB-D1b, Grain hardness is known to affect milling and baking traits. Our objective was to determine the influence of allelic variation in PinA and PinB on milling and bread quality traits in a recombinant inbred population segregating for PinA-D1b and PinB-D1b, One hundred thirty-nine recombinant inbred lines from the cross 'Butte 86' (PinA-D1b allele)/ND2603 (PinB-D1b allele) and parents were grown in a field trial with two replications at two locations. Grain hardness was measured by near-infrared reflectance (NIR) and the single-kernel characterization system (SKCS), Grain was milled and baked for each line. Puroindoline allele type was determined for each line. The PinB-D1b group had significantly softer grain, higher break flour yield, flour yield, milling score, and loaf volume, and lower flour ash and crumb grain store (low score being desirable) than the PinA-D1b group. Significant genetic variability was detected within allelic classes for all traits. The proportion of variation among entry means attributed to puroindoline classes was 34% for break floor yield, 26% for NIR hardness, and 22% for SKCS harness index. Grain hardness was negatively correlated with break flour yield, flour yield, and mixing store and positively correlated with hour ash, Grain hardness was not correlated with loaf volume or crumb grain score. The PinB-D1b allele was more desirable for milling and bread baking, although superior milling and bread quality genotypes could be selected within either class. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Martin, JM (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, POB 173140, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RI Giroux, Michael/F-4413-2010 NR 28 TC 105 Z9 133 U1 0 U2 8 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 228 EP 234 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600036 ER PT J AU Young, LD AF Young, LD TI Registration of 'Fowler' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Young, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 345, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 257 EP 257 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600043 ER PT J AU Peterson, CJ Shelton, DR Baenziger, PS Baltensperger, DD Graybosch, RA Worrall, WD Nelson, LA McVey, DV Watkins, JE Krall, J AF Peterson, CJ Shelton, DR Baenziger, PS Baltensperger, DD Graybosch, RA Worrall, WD Nelson, LA McVey, DV Watkins, JE Krall, J TI Registration of 'Wesley' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Wheat Mkt Ctr Inc, Portland, OR 97209 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Panhandle Res & Extens Ctr, Scottsbluff, NE 69361 USA. Agripro Wheat, Vernon, TX 76385 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Wyoming, Torrington Exp Stat, Torrington, WY 82240 USA. RP Peterson, CJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Baenziger, Peter/C-6490-2014 OI Baenziger, Peter/0000-0002-9109-6954 NR 0 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 260 EP 261 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600048 ER PT J AU Ditterline, RL Dunn, RL Cash, SD Wichman, DM Welty, LE Bergman, JL Eckhoff, JLA Majerus, ME Scheetz, JG Holzworth, LK Blunt, KR Strang, LS Vavrovsky, J AF Ditterline, RL Dunn, RL Cash, SD Wichman, DM Welty, LE Bergman, JL Eckhoff, JLA Majerus, ME Scheetz, JG Holzworth, LK Blunt, KR Strang, LS Vavrovsky, J TI Registration of 'Shaw' alfalfa SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Blue Moon Bulbs, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Cent Agr Res Ctr, Moccasin, MT USA. NW Agr Res Ctr, Kalispell, MT 59901 USA. Eastern Agr Res Ctr, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. USDA, NRCS, Bridger Plant Mat Ctr, Bridger, MT 59014 USA. USDA, NRCS, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. RP Ditterline, RL (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 264 EP 265 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600053 ER PT J AU Wesenberg, DM Burrup, DE Brown, WM Velasco, VR Hill, JP Whitmore, JC Karow, RS Hayes, PM Ullrich, SE Liu, CT AF Wesenberg, DM Burrup, DE Brown, WM Velasco, VR Hill, JP Whitmore, JC Karow, RS Hayes, PM Ullrich, SE Liu, CT TI Registration of 'Bancroft' barley SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Idaho, USDA ARS, Aberdeen Res & Ext Ctr, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Weed Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Idaho, Tetonia Res & Ext Ctr, Newdale, ID 83436 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Wesenberg, DM (reprint author), Univ Idaho, USDA ARS, Aberdeen Res & Ext Ctr, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, POB 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 2 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 265 EP 266 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600054 ER PT J AU Pater, MJ AF Pater, MJ TI Registration of 'Loetta' Arizona cottontop SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA, NRDS, Tucson Plant Mat Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85705 USA. RP Pater, MJ (reprint author), USDA, NRDS, Tucson Plant Mat Ctr, 3241 N Romero Rd, Tucson, AZ 85705 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 267 EP 268 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600057 ER PT J AU Yu, MH AF Yu, MH TI Registration of M6-1 root-knot nematode resistant sugarbeet germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BEET C1 USDA ARS, Crop Improvement & Protect Res Unit, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Yu, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Improvement & Protect Res Unit, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 278 EP 279 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 445QX UT WOS:000169469600070 ER PT B AU List, GR Steidley, KR Palmquist, D Adlof, RO AF List, GR Steidley, KR Palmquist, D Adlof, RO BE Widlak, N Hartel, R Narine, S TI Solid fat index vs. solid fat content: A comparison of dilatometry and pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance for solids in hydrogenated soybean oil SO CRYSTALLIZATION AND SOLIDIFICATION PROPERTIES OF LIPIDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crystallization and Solidification Properties of Lipids CY 2000 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP List, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 508 S 6TH ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 USA BN 1-893997-21-9 PY 2001 BP 146 EP 152 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA BT71Y UT WOS:000173844600012 ER PT J AU Reeds, PJ Furst, P AF Reeds, PJ Furst, P TI Protein metabolism at the crossroads? SO CURRENT OPINION IN CLINICAL NUTRITION AND METABOLIC CARE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Hohenheim, Inst Biol Chem & Nutr, D-7000 Stuttgart, Germany. RP Reeds, PJ (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100,Bates, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1363-1950 J9 CURR OPIN CLIN NUTR JI Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care PD JAN PY 2001 VL 4 IS 1 BP 35 EP 37 DI 10.1097/00075197-200101000-00007 PG 3 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 519HN UT WOS:000173719900007 PM 11122557 ER PT J AU Davis, TA Reeds, PJ AF Davis, TA Reeds, PJ TI Of flux and flooding: the advantages and problems of different isotopic methods for quantifying protein turnover in vivo: II. Methods based on the incorporation of a tracer SO CURRENT OPINION IN CLINICAL NUTRITION AND METABOLIC CARE LA English DT Article ID CRITICALLY-ILL PATIENTS; AMINOACYL-TRANSFER-RNA; HUMAN MUSCLE PROTEIN; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; SYNTHESIS RATES; STABLE-ISOTOPE; RESISTANCE EXERCISE; POSTABSORPTIVE RATS; ALBUMIN SYNTHESIS; SMALL-INTESTINE AB The most common methods for measuring the incorporation of tracer amino acids into tissue protein are the constant tracer infusion and the flooding dose. The flooding dose is an attractive method for measuring tissue protein synthesis because of its convenience and precision. A primary assumption of the method, that the free amino acid precursor pools are equilibrated with the true precursor pool, aminoacyl-transfer RNA, has recently been validated. When short labelling periods are involved, the large dose of amino acid does not appear to alter protein synthesis. The constant tracer infusion is a satisfactory method from a theoretical point of view, but its use requires the measurement of the protein synthetic precursor pool. The best estimate of the aminoacyl-tRNA precursor pool for the constant infusion method appears to be the acid-soluble tissue pool in muscle and VLDL apolipoprotein B-100 in the liver. The experimental approach chosen for measuring tissue protein synthesis should be dictated by the question being addressed. (C) 2001 Lippincott Williams Wilkins. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Davis, TA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM tdavis@bcm.tmc.edu FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR044474, R01 AR44474] NR 61 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1363-1950 J9 CURR OPIN CLIN NUTR JI Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care PD JAN PY 2001 VL 4 IS 1 BP 51 EP 56 DI 10.1097/00075197-200101000-00010 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 519HN UT WOS:000173719900010 PM 11122560 ER PT J AU Reid, M Jahoor, F AF Reid, M Jahoor, F TI Glutathione in disease SO CURRENT OPINION IN CLINICAL NUTRITION AND METABOLIC CARE LA English DT Article ID SICKLE-CELL-ANEMIA; PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION; SKELETAL-MUSCLE GLUTATHIONE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; PARKINSONS-DISEASE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; IN-VIVO; AMINO-ACIDS; CYSTEINE METABOLISM; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE AB Altered glutathione metabolism in association with increased oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases. However, whether strategies aimed at restoring glutathione concentration and homeostasis are effective in ameliorating or modifying the natural history of these states is unknown. In this review we discuss the pathogenic role for altered glutathione metabolism in such diseases as protein energy malnutrition, seizures, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, sickle cell anaemia, chronic diseases associated with ageing and the infected state. In addition, we discuss the efficacy of glutathione precursors in restoring glutathione homeostasis both in vitro and in vivo. (C) 2001 Lippincott Williams Wilkins. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ W Indies, Trop Metab Res Unit, Kingston 7, Jamaica. RP Jahoor, F (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Reid, Marvin/0000-0003-4005-9384 NR 73 TC 67 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 6 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1363-1950 J9 CURR OPIN CLIN NUTR JI Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care PD JAN PY 2001 VL 4 IS 1 BP 65 EP 71 DI 10.1097/00075197-200101000-00012 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 519HN UT WOS:000173719900012 PM 11122562 ER PT B AU Lillehoj, HS Min, WG Choi, KD Babu, US Burnside, J Miyamoto, T Lillehoj, EP AF Lillehoj, HS Min, WG Choi, KD Babu, US Burnside, J Miyamoto, T Lillehoj, EP BE Schat, KA TI Functional characterization of chicken cytokines homologous to mammalian IL-15 and IL-2 SO CURRENT PROGRESS ON AVIAN IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Avian-Immunology-Research-Group Meeting CY OCT 08-10, 2000 CL CORNELL UNIV, COLL VET MED, ITHACA, NY SP Amer Assoc Avian Pathol, Intervet Inc, Maine Biol Lab, SO Biotechnol Assoc Inc, Cobb-Vantress, Lohman Anim Hlth GMBH & Co KG, Shafit Biol Lab Ltd, Sunrise Farm Inc, USDA HO CORNELL UNIV, COLL VET MED DE chickens; cytokines; interleukin-2; interleukin-15; NK cells ID ACTIVATED KILLER-CELLS; DELTA T-CELLS; MESSENGER-RNA; INTERLEUKIN (IL)-15; BETA-CHAIN; RECEPTOR; EXPRESSION; LYMPHOKINE; INDUCTION; PROLIFERATION AB Full-length cDNA encoding chicken IL-15 was cloned from chicken liver cDNA library and its functional characteristics were compared to chicken IL-2. Both recombinant IL-2 and IL-15 stimulated the growth of T cells and enhanced the activity NK-cells in vitro. Subcutaneous injection of chickens with IL-2 genes increased the percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, gammadelta T, and alphabeta T lymphocytes. In contrast, injection of chickens with IL-15 gene preferentially enhanced CD3+ T lymphocytes. Collectively, these results indicate that chicken IL-15 and IL-2 represent T cell growth factors and these cytokines enhance host immunity mediated by T and NK cells. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS INC PI KENNETT SQ PA NEW BOLTON CTR, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348 USA BN 0-915538-10-5 PY 2001 BP 8 EP 13 PG 6 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA BW99A UT WOS:000183878400002 ER PT B AU Hunt, HD AF Hunt, HD BE Schat, KA TI The MHC restricted cellular immune response induced by the avian leukosis virus recognizes a common epitope(s) shared by different virus subgroups SO CURRENT PROGRESS ON AVIAN IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Avian-Immunology-Research-Group Meeting CY OCT 08-10, 2000 CL CORNELL UNIV, COLL VET MED, ITHACA, NY SP Amer Assoc Avian Pathol, Intervet Inc, Maine Biol Lab, SO Biotechnol Assoc Inc, Cobb-Vantress, Lohman Anim Hlth GMBH & Co KG, Shafit Biol Lab Ltd, Sunrise Farm Inc, USDA HO CORNELL UNIV, COLL VET MED C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Hunt, HD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS INC PI KENNETT SQ PA NEW BOLTON CTR, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348 USA BN 0-915538-10-5 PY 2001 BP 205 EP 205 PG 1 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA BW99A UT WOS:000183878400038 ER PT B AU Crippen, TL Bischoff, KM Lowry, VK Kogut, MH AF Crippen, TL Bischoff, KM Lowry, VK Kogut, MH BE Schat, KA TI P33, a major chemotactic component of Salmonella enteritidis immune lymphokine, is a heterophil and monocyte activator SO CURRENT PROGRESS ON AVIAN IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Avian-Immunology-Research-Group Meeting CY OCT 08-10, 2000 CL CORNELL UNIV, COLL VET MED, ITHACA, NY SP Amer Assoc Avian Pathol, Intervet Inc, Maine Biol Lab, SO Biotechnol Assoc Inc, Cobb-Vantress, Lohman Anim Hlth GMBH & Co KG, Shafit Biol Lab Ltd, Sunrise Farm Inc, USDA HO CORNELL UNIV, COLL VET MED C1 ARS, Lab Avian Immunoregulat, SPARC, USDA, College Stn, TX USA. RP Crippen, TL (reprint author), ARS, Lab Avian Immunoregulat, SPARC, USDA, College Stn, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS INC PI KENNETT SQ PA NEW BOLTON CTR, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348 USA BN 0-915538-10-5 PY 2001 BP 250 EP 250 PG 1 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA BW99A UT WOS:000183878400048 ER PT B AU Kogut, MH Crippen, T Rothwell, L Kaiser, P AF Kogut, MH Crippen, T Rothwell, L Kaiser, P BE Schat, KA TI Differential effects of age on chicken heterophil functional activation by recombinant chicken interleukin-2 SO CURRENT PROGRESS ON AVIAN IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Avian-Immunology-Research-Group Meeting CY OCT 08-10, 2000 CL CORNELL UNIV, COLL VET MED, ITHACA, NY SP Amer Assoc Avian Pathol, Intervet Inc, Maine Biol Lab, SO Biotechnol Assoc Inc, Cobb-Vantress, Lohman Anim Hlth GMBH & Co KG, Shafit Biol Lab Ltd, Sunrise Farm Inc, USDA HO CORNELL UNIV, COLL VET MED C1 USDA ARS, SPARC, College Stn, TX USA. RP Kogut, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, SPARC, College Stn, TX USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS INC PI KENNETT SQ PA NEW BOLTON CTR, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348 USA BN 0-915538-10-5 PY 2001 BP 251 EP 251 PG 1 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA BW99A UT WOS:000183878400049 ER PT B AU Bischoff, KM Crippen, TL Nisbet, DJ Kogut, MH AF Bischoff, KM Crippen, TL Nisbet, DJ Kogut, MH BE Schat, KA TI Identification of the chicken MIM-1 protein as a chemotactic factor in Salmonella enteritidis immune lymphokine SO CURRENT PROGRESS ON AVIAN IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Avian-Immunology-Research-Group Meeting CY OCT 08-10, 2000 CL CORNELL UNIV, COLL VET MED, ITHACA, NY SP Amer Assoc Avian Pathol, Intervet Inc, Maine Biol Lab, SO Biotechnol Assoc Inc, Cobb-Vantress, Lohman Anim Hlth GMBH & Co KG, Shafit Biol Lab Ltd, Sunrise Farm Inc, USDA HO CORNELL UNIV, COLL VET MED C1 USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX USA. RP Bischoff, KM (reprint author), USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS INC PI KENNETT SQ PA NEW BOLTON CTR, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348 USA BN 0-915538-10-5 PY 2001 BP 252 EP 252 PG 1 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA BW99A UT WOS:000183878400050 ER PT B AU Xie, H Rath, NC Newberry, L Huff, WE Balog, JM AF Xie, H Rath, NC Newberry, L Huff, WE Balog, JM BE Schat, KA TI Ovotransferrin, a major avian acute phase protein induced by inflammation SO CURRENT PROGRESS ON AVIAN IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Avian-Immunology-Research-Group Meeting CY OCT 08-10, 2000 CL CORNELL UNIV, COLL VET MED, ITHACA, NY SP Amer Assoc Avian Pathol, Intervet Inc, Maine Biol Lab, SO Biotechnol Assoc Inc, Cobb-Vantress, Lohman Anim Hlth GMBH & Co KG, Shafit Biol Lab Ltd, Sunrise Farm Inc, USDA HO CORNELL UNIV, COLL VET MED DE inflammation; chicken; ovotransfertin ID TRANSFERRIN; CHICKENS; SERUM; IRON AB Inflammation is an integral part of many pathological processes. One of the hallmarks of inflammation is change in the level of serum proteins called acute phase proteins (APP), which have been used as nonspecific clinical markers in mammals. The nature and the significance of APP in avian species are beginning to be understood. To find which proteins are induced in response to inflammation, four-week-old male broiler chickens were subjected to experimental inflammation with croton oil and the serum protein profiles were compared with sham-treated control birds that received olive oil injection. At about 48 h. after injection the croton-oil treated birds showed changes in several serum proteins, particularly a 65-kD protein that increased significantly. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. N-terminal sequencing, and comparison to protein data base, the 65 kD protein was identified as ovotransferrin. Additionally, commercial ovotransferrin comigrated with 65 kD protein on polyacrylamide gel and was recognized by an antichicken ovotransferrin antibody on western blot. A competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was developed using biotinylated ovotransferrin and commercial antiovotransferrin antibody to measure inflammation-induced changes in serum ovotransferrin. Serum ovotransferrin levels increased at 16 h. after croton oil injection, reached the peak level at 72 h., and returned to the basal level by 10 days. Similar changes were not observed in olive oil injected control birds. In the light of its iron transport and bacteriostatic functions, ovotransferrin may be an important APP in poultry responsible for the maintenance of physiological and immunological homeostatsis. C1 USDA, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Agr Res Serv, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Xie, H (reprint author), USDA, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Agr Res Serv, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS INC PI KENNETT SQ PA NEW BOLTON CTR, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348 USA BN 0-915538-10-5 PY 2001 BP 302 EP 307 PG 6 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA BW99A UT WOS:000183878400064 ER PT B AU Min, W Lillehoj, HS Burnside, J Kim, HB Lillehoj, E AF Min, W Lillehoj, HS Burnside, J Kim, HB Lillehoj, E BE Schat, KA TI Northern blot analysis of concanavalin A-induced expression of chicken gene homologous to the mammalian IL-2 receptor alpha chain SO CURRENT PROGRESS ON AVIAN IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Avian-Immunology-Research-Group Meeting CY OCT 08-10, 2000 CL CORNELL UNIV, COLL VET MED, ITHACA, NY SP Amer Assoc Avian Pathol, Intervet Inc, Maine Biol Lab, SO Biotechnol Assoc Inc, Cobb-Vantress, Lohman Anim Hlth GMBH & Co KG, Shafit Biol Lab Ltd, Sunrise Farm Inc, USDA HO CORNELL UNIV, COLL VET MED DE chicken; cytokine; receptor; IL-2 ID INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR; MOLECULAR-CLONING; TAC ANTIGEN; SEQUENCE; CDNA AB The biological activities of IL-2 are mediated by its interaction with a multisubunit receptor. A cDNA encoding the chicken IL-2 receptor alpha (chIL-2Ralpha) chain was identified from an EST library prepared from. concanavalin A (Con A)-activated spleen lymphocytes. The chIL-2Ralpha cDNA encodes a protein of 211 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 23,707 Daltons. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of chIL-2Ralpha with homologous mammalian proteins identified a 20-residue N-terminal signal peptide and an 18-residue C-terminal transmembrane region, but absence of a cytoplasmic domain. Overall, 15-22% amino acid sequence homologies between chicken and mammalian IL-2Ralpha chains were observed and chIL-2Ralpha contained a two-repeat structure characteristic of the mammalian proteins. By Northern hybridization, normal chicken spleen cells obtained from 1- and 2-week-old chickens expressed very low levels of chIL-2Ralpha mRNA, but gene expression was greatly increased upon Con A stimulation. C1 USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Min, W (reprint author), USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS INC PI KENNETT SQ PA NEW BOLTON CTR, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348 USA BN 0-915538-10-5 PY 2001 BP 346 EP 351 PG 6 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA BW99A UT WOS:000183878400071 ER PT B AU Min, W Lillehoj, HS Burnside, J Weining, KC Staeheli, P Lillehoj, EP AF Min, W Lillehoj, HS Burnside, J Weining, KC Staeheli, P Lillehoj, EP BE Schat, KA TI The effect of IL-1 beta, IL-8, IL-15, IL-2, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, lymphotactin, and TGF-beta 4 on DNA vaccination against Eimeria acervulina SO CURRENT PROGRESS ON AVIAN IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Avian-Immunology-Research-Group Meeting CY OCT 08-10, 2000 CL CORNELL UNIV, COLL VET MED, ITHACA, NY SP Amer Assoc Avian Pathol, Intervet Inc, Maine Biol Lab, SO Biotechnol Assoc Inc, Cobb-Vantress, Lohman Anim Hlth GMBH & Co KG, Shafit Biol Lab Ltd, Sunrise Farm Inc, USDA HO CORNELL UNIV, COLL VET MED DE chicken; cytokine genes; adjuvant; DNA vaccine; Eimeria ID CHICKEN INTERFERON-GAMMA; FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION; EXPRESSION; PROTEIN; CLONING; GENE AB Recent studies indicate that various chemokines and cytokines enhance host immunity to vaccination as an adjuvant. In order to investigate. the role of various chicken cytokines in DNA vaccination against coccidiosis, recombinant pcDNA carrying IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-8, 11,45, IFN-gamma, IFN-alpha, lymphotactin or TGF-beta4 were coinjected into chickens at the time of vaccination with a DNA vaccine (pcDNA/3-IE) encoding the merozoite and sporozoite antigen of E. acervulina. Challenge infection was given I week after DNA immunization. Oocyst production, was decreased significantly in the chickens that received pcDNA3-1E simultaneously with IL-15, IL-8, TGF-beta4, or IL-1beta compared to the chickens injected with pcDNA3-1E alone (p < 0.05). Furthermore, chickens that were vaccinated with pcDNA3-1E in combination with IL-8 or IL-15 had significantly increased CD3+ cells compared with chickens that received DNA vaccine alone or in combination with the other cytokine genes tested. These result's provide first evidence in chickens that subcutaneously injected cytokine-encoding genes can modulate intestinal, host lymphocyte responses and enhance host immune response to pcDNA3-1E recombinant vaccination against coccidiosis. C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Min, W (reprint author), USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, BARC E, Bldg 1040, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS INC PI KENNETT SQ PA NEW BOLTON CTR, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348 USA BN 0-915538-10-5 PY 2001 BP 352 EP 355 PG 4 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA BW99A UT WOS:000183878400072 ER PT B AU Witter, RL AF Witter, RL BE Schat, KA Morgan, RM Parcells, MS Spencer, JL TI Marek's disease vaccines - Past, present and future - [Chicken vs virus - A battle of the centuries]. The Bart Rispens Memorial Lecture SO CURRENT PROGRESS ON MAREK'S DISEASE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Mareks Disease held in Conjunction with 21st World Poultry Congress CY AUG 20-23, 2000 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Amer Assoc Avian Pathol, USDA, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Lohmann DE Marek's disease; virus; evolution; vaccine; chicken ID B-HAPLOTYPE; HERPESVIRUS; RESISTANCE; ONCOGENICITY; IMMUNIZATION; VACCINATION; PROTECTION; SYNERGISM; VIRULENCE; STRAINS AB Early in the evolutionary history of the chicken, a relationship was forged between a species-specific herpesvirus and its host. Perhaps the relationship was initially commensal - we may never know. However, the relationship had become contentious by the onset of the 20(th) century and gradually dissolved into full-scale war. As we now contemplate the 21(st) century, it is appropriate to consider whether chicken or virus will ultimately prevail. The virus possesses formidable weapons including the ability to spread horizontally, persist in the host, survive in nature and mutate. The chicken has an armamentarium of defensive genes that determine disease resistance and immune response and in recent years has enlisted support from man who helped increase the frequency of desirable traits through breeding and has exposed them to less virulent, viral strains to induce protective immunity. However, man has also increased bird densities, added stress associated with high productivity and has promoted husbandry that provides the virus the opportunity to infect chickens at a very early age. The efforts of both parties to prevail in this conflict, each using its available weapons, is addressed along with predicted scenarios of how each party may ultimately win. The outcome will not be decided quickly. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Witter, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 30 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS INC PI KENNETT SQ PA NEW BOLTON CTR, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348 USA BN 0-915538-09-1 PY 2001 BP 1 EP 9 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Virology SC Agriculture; Virology GA BW99R UT WOS:000183904100001 ER PT B AU Gimeno, IM Witter, RL Hunt, HD Lee, LF Reddy, SM Neumann, U AF Gimeno, IM Witter, RL Hunt, HD Lee, LF Reddy, SM Neumann, U BE Schat, KA Morgan, RM Parcells, MS Spencer, JL TI Chronological study of brain alterations induced by a very virulent plus (vv+) strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV) SO CURRENT PROGRESS ON MAREK'S DISEASE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Mareks Disease held in Conjunction with 21st World Poultry Congress CY AUG 20-23, 2000 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Amer Assoc Avian Pathol, USDA, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Lohmann DE Marek's disease (MD); Central Nervous System (CNS); very virulent plus Marek's disease virus (vv plus MDV); Pathogenesis ID NERVOUS-SYSTEM LESIONS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; TRANSIENT PARALYSIS; CHICKENS; ANTIGENS; CELLS AB Brain alterations induced by strain 648A (vv+MDV) in MD-susceptible 15x7 chickens were chronologically studied. Viral DNA and MDV antigen expression (pp38) in the brain, demonstrated by quantitative PCR and histochemistry, respectively, were associated with the onset of histologic brain lesions. Two pathological phenomena were identified in the brain. Inflammatory lesions occurred between 6 and 12 days post inoculation (dpi) and were characterized by perivascular infiltration of macrophages, T cells CD8+ and T cells CD4+. Proliferative lesions appeared later, (19-26 dpi) and were characterized by a severe infiltration of T cells CD4+ CD8- that exhibited blast-type morphology and frequently expressed the viral antigen meq. Expression of Mhc antigens (class I and II) in endothelial and infiltrating cells within the brain was markedly influenced by MDV infection. Up-regulation of Mhc-II started as early as 6 dpi and persisted through the study. In contrast, Mhc-I expression was down-regulated; and this effect was especially prominent later in our study (19-26 dpi). Our results showed that the inflammatory and lymphoproliferative alterations in the brain may be similar to types of lesions induced by MDV in other tissues. Moreover, down-regulation of Mhc-I expression as observed in the brain may be an important mechanism in MD pathogenesis by which the virus may evade immune responses. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Gimeno, IM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS INC PI KENNETT SQ PA NEW BOLTON CTR, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348 USA BN 0-915538-09-1 PY 2001 BP 21 EP 26 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Virology SC Agriculture; Virology GA BW99R UT WOS:000183904100003 ER PT B AU Reddy, SM Lupiani, B Silva, RF Lee, LF Witter, RL AF Reddy, SM Lupiani, B Silva, RF Lee, LF Witter, RL BE Schat, KA Morgan, RM Parcells, MS Spencer, JL TI Genetic manipulation of a very virulent strain of Marek's disease virus SO CURRENT PROGRESS ON MAREK'S DISEASE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Mareks Disease held in Conjunction with 21st World Poultry Congress CY AUG 20-23, 2000 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Amer Assoc Avian Pathol, USDA, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Lohmann DE cosmid library; genetic manipulation; Marek's disease virus AB Five overlapping cosmid clones were constructed that contain the entire genome of a very virulent strain (Md5) of Marek's Disease Virus (MDV). Transfection of chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF) with the five cosmids resulted in the production of infectious MDV. Generation of recombinant MDV using cosmid DNAs will be useful for studying the function of viral genes in MDV replication and transformation. Furthermore, manipulation of the MDV genome might allow the production deletion mutant vaccines or a virus that encodes foreign antigens for use as a polyvalent live virus vaccine. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, Agr Res Serv, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Reddy, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, Agr Res Serv, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RI Lupiani, Blanca/A-5267-2011 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS INC PI KENNETT SQ PA NEW BOLTON CTR, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348 USA BN 0-915538-09-1 PY 2001 BP 55 EP 57 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Virology SC Agriculture; Virology GA BW99R UT WOS:000183904100009 ER PT B AU Silva, RF Lee, LF Kutish, GF AF Silva, RF Lee, LF Kutish, GF BE Schat, KA Morgan, RM Parcells, MS Spencer, JL TI From gene to protein: What is new in Marek's disease? SO CURRENT PROGRESS ON MAREK'S DISEASE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Mareks Disease held in Conjunction with 21st World Poultry Congress CY AUG 20-23, 2000 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Amer Assoc Avian Pathol, USDA, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Lohmann DE Marek's disease virus (MDV); review; protein; DNA sequence; gene; classification ID HERPESVIRUS ONCOPROTEIN MEQ; VIRUS; CELLS; TRANSFORMATION; SEQUENCE; PP38; DNA AB Just within the later part of 1999 and early 2000, our knowledge of Marek's disease virus (MDV) genome structure and organization has dramatically expanded. This has largely occurred as a result of massive efforts to DNA sequence representative strains from each of the three MDV serotypes. Since the DNA sequence of viruses from the three NOV serotypes should significantly enhance our understanding of MDV pathogenesis, this review will focus on MDV genome organization. Rather than reviewing the new developments in understanding pathogenesis, vaccinal protection or epidemiology of Marek's disease, we will limit this report to describing recent findings on selected genes that have been well studied (or deserve further research) and the new knowledge regarding the overall MDV genome organization. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Silva, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS INC PI KENNETT SQ PA NEW BOLTON CTR, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348 USA BN 0-915538-09-1 PY 2001 BP 77 EP 80 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Virology SC Agriculture; Virology GA BW99R UT WOS:000183904100014 ER PT B AU Lee, LF Wu, P Sui, D Ren, D Kamil, J Kung, HR Witter, RL AF Lee, LF Wu, P Sui, D Ren, D Kamil, J Kung, HR Witter, RL BE Schat, KA Morgan, RM Parcells, MS Spencer, JL TI Comparison of the genomic organization of the GA strain of Marek's disease virus with herpes simplex virus SO CURRENT PROGRESS ON MAREK'S DISEASE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Mareks Disease held in Conjunction with 21st World Poultry Congress CY AUG 20-23, 2000 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Amer Assoc Avian Pathol, USDA, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Lohmann DE Marek's disease virus (MDV); herpes simplex virus (HSV); genomic sequence; GA strain of MDV; comparison of genome structure ID GENE; INSERTION; SEQUENCE; ENCODES; TURKEYS; DNA AB The GA-MDV genomic organization is typical of an a-herpesvirus with the arrangement of TRL-UL-IRL-IRS-US-TRS. Based on our complete UL sequences and published US sequences, the complete genome is predicted to be about 175 kbp in size. This genome size is about 20 kbp larger than the HSV genome, and is comparable in size to the EBV genome. The extra coding sequences in MDV perhaps could contribute to some of the gamma-herpesvirus properties. When one compares the overall structural features of GA-MDV with those of HSV-1, the major differences are localized in the repeat regions. Both the UL and US sequences of 1 MDV are highly homologous to herpes simplex virus with corresponding genes arranged in exactly the same order and presumably the same transcriptional units. These genes are mostly involved in viral replication and virion assembly. Consequently, similar infection and replication schemes for these viruses are predicted. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Lee, LF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS INC PI KENNETT SQ PA NEW BOLTON CTR, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348 USA BN 0-915538-09-1 PY 2001 BP 81 EP 84 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Virology SC Agriculture; Virology GA BW99R UT WOS:000183904100015 ER PT B AU Liu, HC Cheng, HH Sofer, L Burnside, J AF Liu, HC Cheng, HH Sofer, L Burnside, J BE Schat, KA Morgan, RM Parcells, MS Spencer, JL TI Identification of genes and pathways for resistance to Marek's disease through DNA microarrays SO CURRENT PROGRESS ON MAREK'S DISEASE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Mareks Disease held in Conjunction with 21st World Poultry Congress CY AUG 20-23, 2000 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Amer Assoc Avian Pathol, USDA, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Lohmann DE genetic resistance; mapping; DNA microarrays; gene expression ID AFFECTING SUSCEPTIBILITY AB Genetic resistance to Marek's disease (MD) is an attractive solution to augment vaccinal control. Our earlier studies indicate that there are many quantitative trait loci (QTL) containing one or more genes of significant effect that confer genetic resistance to MD. Unfortunately, it is difficult to resolve these QTL down to a size necessary to generate tightly linked markers to select the appropriate alleles. One possible solution is to identify positional candidate genes by virtue of gene expression differences between MD resistant and susceptible chickens using DNA microarrays followed by genetic mapping of the differentially-expressed genes. In this preliminary study, we show that DNA microarrays are able to detect differences in gene expression between the inbred ADOL lines 6(3) (MD resistant) and 7(2) (MD susceptible) in both uninfected and MDV-infected peripheral blood lymphocytes. The microarray data is consistent with previous literature on the action of immune-related genes suggesting that this technology is useful for developing testable hypotheses. Six of the 14 differentially-expressed genes were mapped and went to the predicted position indicating that this is a useful way to refine future lines of investigation. The potential and future challenges of this approach are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Liu, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS INC PI KENNETT SQ PA NEW BOLTON CTR, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348 USA BN 0-915538-09-1 PY 2001 BP 157 EP 162 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Virology SC Agriculture; Virology GA BW99R UT WOS:000183904100029 ER PT B AU Dudnikov, LA Witter, RL AF Dudnikov, LA Witter, RL BE Schat, KA Morgan, RM Parcells, MS Spencer, JL TI A comparison of autologous and heterologous vaccination against Marek's disease SO CURRENT PROGRESS ON MAREK'S DISEASE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Mareks Disease held in Conjunction with 21st World Poultry Congress CY AUG 20-23, 2000 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Amer Assoc Avian Pathol, USDA, Hoechst Marion Roussel, Lohmann ID VIRUS; HERPESVIRUS; CHICKENS; TURKEYS AB Vaccines against Marek's disease (MD) have historically been prepared from viral strains biologically and, in some cases serologically, distant from the field strains that provide the natural challenge. Although these heterologous vaccines have been effective, it is possible that vaccines prepared from closely related or autologous serotype 1 strains would be advantageous. To test this hypothesis, chickens were vaccinated at hatch with three different serotype I MD vaccine strains, R2/23, 584A/70 and 648A/100, each attenuated by passage in cell culture and determined to provide significant protection against virulent challenge. Vaccinated groups were challenged at day 6 with low passage, fully virulent parent strains (Md11, 584A and 648A). The strains were isolated from different flocks at different times, and represented vv (Md11) and vv+ (584A and 648A) pathotypes. Vaccines were considered to be autologous to the low passage virus of the same strain and heterologous to low passage viruses of other strains. Data from 3 replicate trials showed that all three vaccines provided high levels of protection against each challenge virus. The highest level of protection (mean 82%) was against Md11 challenge and the lowest (69%) level was against 648A challenge. However, no consistent differences were noted in protection by autologous and heterologous vaccines against the same challenge virus. Also, no serological differences were found among the three serotype I strains by indirect immunofluorescence or virus neutralization tests. Thus, autologous vaccination with cell-culture attenuated serotype 1 strains offered no better protection than heterologous vaccination. This suggests that antigenic differences among serotype I vaccines, if any, are less important than other determinants of vaccine efficacy. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Dudnikov, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS INC PI KENNETT SQ PA NEW BOLTON CTR, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348 USA BN 0-915538-09-1 PY 2001 BP 249 EP 255 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Virology SC Agriculture; Virology GA BW99R UT WOS:000183904100045 ER PT B AU Horn, F AF Horn, F BE Wilson, RF Hou, CT Hildebrand, DF TI Leading USDA research into the 21st century SO DEALING WITH GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 91st Annual Meeting of the American-Oil-Chemists-Society CY APR 25-28, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc C1 USDA, REE, Agr Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Horn, F (reprint author), USDA, REE, Agr Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 508 S 6TH ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 USA BN 1-893997-22-7 PY 2001 BP 33 EP 38 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA BT59G UT WOS:000173442400007 ER PT B AU Cregan, PB AF Cregan, PB BE Wilson, RF Hou, CT Hildebrand, DF TI Molecular genetic technologies for rapid discovery and deployment of naturally occurring plant genes SO DEALING WITH GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 91st Annual Meeting of the American-Oil-Chemists-Society CY APR 25-28, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc ID NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM ANALYSIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SEQUENCE REPEAT DNA; HUMAN GENOME; LINKAGE MAP; LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; MARKERS; IDENTIFICATION C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Cregan, PB (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 54 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 508 S 6TH ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 USA BN 1-893997-22-7 PY 2001 BP 39 EP 51 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA BT59G UT WOS:000173442400008 ER PT B AU Wilcox, JR AF Wilcox, JR BE Wilson, RF Hou, CT Hildebrand, DF TI Using natural genes to improve soybean quality SO DEALING WITH GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 91st Annual Meeting of the American-Oil-Chemists-Society CY APR 25-28, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc ID PALMITIC ACID CONTENT; SEED OIL; SUPPLEMENTED DIETS; NULL-ALLELE; INHERITANCE; LIPOXYGENASE-2; INHIBITOR; MINERALS; GLYCINE; PROTEIN C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Crop Prod & Pathol Res, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Wilcox, JR (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Crop Prod & Pathol Res, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 508 S 6TH ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 USA BN 1-893997-22-7 PY 2001 BP 52 EP 59 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA BT59G UT WOS:000173442400009 ER PT B AU Holland, JB AF Holland, JB BE Wilson, RF Hou, CT Hildebrand, DF TI Enhancing disease resistance of crops through breeding and genetics SO DEALING WITH GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 91st Annual Meeting of the American-Oil-Chemists-Society CY APR 25-28, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc ID DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANCE; CHIMERIC RNA/DNA OLIGONUCLEOTIDES; FLAX RUST RESISTANCE; RICH REPEAT CLASS; F-SP AVENAE; NUCLEOTIDE-BINDING; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; CLADOSPORIUM-FULVUM; DIVERGENT SELECTION; CONFERS RESISTANCE C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Holland, JB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 103 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 508 S 6TH ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 USA BN 1-893997-22-7 PY 2001 BP 60 EP 83 PG 24 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA BT59G UT WOS:000173442400010 ER PT B AU Oliver, MJ Velten, J AF Oliver, MJ Velten, J BE Wilson, RF Hou, CT Hildebrand, DF TI Development of a genetically based seed Technology Protection System SO DEALING WITH GENETICALLY MODIFIED CROPS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 91st Annual Meeting of the American-Oil-Chemists-Society CY APR 25-28, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc ID RECOMBINATION C1 USDA ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Lab, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RP Oliver, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Lab, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 508 S 6TH ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 USA BN 1-893997-22-7 PY 2001 BP 110 EP 114 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA BT59G UT WOS:000173442400013 ER PT S AU Emerson, R Pollock, D McLean, D Fridley, K Ross, R Pellerin, R AF Emerson, R Pollock, D McLean, D Fridley, K Ross, R Pellerin, R GP TRB TI Ultrasonic inspection of glued laminated timber fabricated with defects SO DESIGN OF STRUCTURES 2001: BRIDGES, OTHER STRUCTURES, AND HYDRAULICS AND HYDROLOGY SE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 80th Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board CY JAN, 2001 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Transportat Res Board AB FHWA set up a validation test to compare the effectiveness of various nondestructive inspection techniques for detecting artificial defects in glued laminated (glulam) members. The validation test consisted of a glulam beam fabricated with artificial defects known to FHWA personnel but not originally known to the scientists performing the validation tests. Ultrasonic inspection was effective in identifying voids within the glulam beam. The glulam was inspected across the width and through the depth. The inspections from each direction were combined to accurately detect and locate artificial voids in three dimensions. Wave travel time allowed identification of some of the voids, but signal amplitude parameters, such as root-mean-square voltage and peak voltage, provided more precise location of the voids. The three-dimensional image provided valuable insight into the internal condition of the glulam. However, through-the-width inspection was able to locate voids in two dimensions along the length and depth of the glulam. For a field inspection, two-dimensional location of decay would provide sufficient information for judgments to be made on the future of the inspected specimen. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Emerson, R (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, 207 Engn S, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL PI WASHINGTON PA 500 FIFTH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001 USA SN 0361-1981 BN 0-309-07232-8 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC PY 2001 IS 1770 BP 155 EP 165 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BU64X UT WOS:000176595200020 ER PT J AU Beermann, A Jay, DG Beeman, RW Hulskamp, M Tautz, D Jurgens, G AF Beermann, A Jay, DG Beeman, RW Hulskamp, M Tautz, D Jurgens, G TI The Short antennae gene of Tribolium is required for limb development and encodes the orthologue of the Drosophila Distal-less protein SO DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE Tribolium; evolution; limb development; Distal-less ID FLOUR BEETLE; HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN; IMAGINAL DISKS; EVOLUTION; CASTANEUM; MELANOGASTER; EXPRESSION; PATTERN; ORIGIN; EMBRYO AB Insects bear a stereotyped set of limbs, or ventral body appendages. In the highly derived dipteran Drosophila melanogaster, the homeodomain transcription factor encoded by the Distal-less (Dll) gene plays a major role in establishing distal limb structures. We have isolated the DEI orthologue (TcDll) from the beetle Tribolium castaneum, which, unlike Drosophila, develops well-formed limbs during embryogenesis, TcDll is initially expressed at the sites of limb primordia formation in the young embryo and subsequently in the distal region of developing legs, antennae and mouthparts except the mandibles. Mutations in the Short antennae (Sa) gene of Tribolium delete distal limb structures, closely resembling the Dll phenotype in Drosophila, TcDll expression is severely reduced or absent in strong So alleles, Genetic mapping and molecular analysis of Sa alleles also support the conclusion that TcDll corresponds to the So gene. Our data indicate functional conservation of the Dll gene in evolutionarily distant insect species. Implications for evolutionary changes in limb development are discussed. C1 Univ Tubingen, ZMBP Entwicklungsgenet, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. USDA ARS, N Cent Reg, US Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Univ Cologne, Inst Genet, D-50931 Cologne, Germany. RP Jurgens, G (reprint author), Univ Tubingen, ZMBP Entwicklungsgenet, Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. RI Tautz, Diethard/D-4304-2011; Tautz, Diethard/H-8436-2014 OI Tautz, Diethard/0000-0002-0460-5344 NR 47 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0950-1991 J9 DEVELOPMENT JI Development PD JAN PY 2001 VL 128 IS 2 BP 287 EP 297 PG 11 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 398PD UT WOS:000166764100013 PM 11124123 ER PT B AU Hjelmfelt, AT Woodward, DA Conaway, G Plummer, A Quan, QD Van Mullen, J Hawkins, RH Rietz, PD AF Hjelmfelt, AT Woodward, DA Conaway, G Plummer, A Quan, QD Van Mullen, J Hawkins, RH Rietz, PD BE Li, G TI Curve numbers, recent developments SO DEVELOPMENT, PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT OF SURFACE AND GROUND WATER RESOURCES, THEME A, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th Annual Congress of the International-Association-of-Hydraulic-Engineering-and-Research (IAHR) CY SEP 16-21, 2001 CL BEIJING INT CONVENT CTR, BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Int Assoc Hydraul Engn & Res, Minist Water Resources, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, United Nat Educ, Sci & Cultural Org, Hai River Conservancy Commiss, Huai River Conservancy Commiss, Songhua River & Liao River Conservancy Commiss, Xialangdi Multipurpose Project Corp, China Yangtze Three Gorges Project Dev Corp, China Inst Water Resources & Hydropower Res HO BEIJING INT CONVENT CTR DE rainfall-runoff; hydrologic losses; infiltration; surface water hydrology AB A joint work group was formed by the US Department of Agriculture to review the Curve Number procedure in terms of current field measurements. As a result of this work group much of the National Engineering Handbook (USDA, 1993) has been rewritten to improve consistency and clarity. A fuzzy set theory approach was used to establish a physical basis for classifying soils into Hydrologic Soil Groups. An asymptotic method was developed for determining Curve Numbers from rainfall-runoff data and for determining quality of fit of data to the Curve Number runoff equation. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Hjelmfelt, AT (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Agr Engn Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY PRESS PI BEIJING PA TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY HAIDIANQU, BEIJING 100084, PEOPLES R CHINA BN 7-302-04676-X PY 2001 BP 285 EP 291 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BU24A UT WOS:000175456800044 ER PT J AU Rosenstock, M Greenberg, AS Rudich, A AF Rosenstock, M Greenberg, AS Rudich, A TI Distinct long-term regulation of glycerol and non-esterified fatty acid release by insulin and TNF-alpha in 3T3-L1 adipocytes SO DIABETOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE lipolysis; troglitazone; long-term insulin; hormone sensitive lipase ID HORMONE-SENSITIVE LIPASE; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; GLUCOSE-TRANSPORT; PROTEIN-KINASE; RAT ADIPOCYTES; IN-VIVO; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3-KINASE; RECEPTOR SUBSTRATE-1; GLUT4 TRANSLOCATION; LIPOPROTEIN-LIPASE AB Aims/hypothesis. Adipose tissue lipolysis plays a central part in total body fuel metabolism. Our study was to assess the long-term regulation of glycerol and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) release by insulin or TNF-alpha. Methods. Fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were exposed for up to 22 h to insulin or TNF-alpha. Results. Long-term insulin treatment resulted in increased basal glycerol release, reaching sixfold at 22 h with 1 nmol/l insulin. Partial inhibition was observed by pharmacologically inhibiting phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase or the mitogen-activated kinase kinase - extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascades, This represented 50-60 % of the response induced by 1 nmol/l TNF-alpha and approximately 40 % of the glycerol release maximally stimulated by isoproterenol (1 mu mol/l, 30 min). The cellular mechanism seemed to be distinct from that of TNF-alpha First, glycerol release in response to long-term insulin was progressive with time and did not display a lag-time characteristic of the effect of TNF-alpha. Second, pretreatment and co-treatment of the cells with troglitazone greatly inhibited TNF-alpha -induced glycerol release (128.5 +/- 10.2 to 35.4 +/- 2.1 nmol/mg protein per h) but not the effect of insulin, which was exaggerated. Third, hormone-sensitive lipase protein content was decreased (45 %) by TNF-alpha but not following longterm insulin. Finally, TNF-alpha was associated with NEFA release to the medium, whereas long-term insulin treatment was not. Moreover, glycerol release during isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis was additive to the effect of long-term insulin, whereas NEFA release was inhibited by nearly 90 %. Conclusions interpretation. Contradictory to its shortterm inhibitory effect, long-term insulin stimulates glycerol release with concomitant stimulation of NEFA re-esterification. C1 Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Clin Biochem, S Daniel Abraham Ctr Hlth & Nutr, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Rudich, A (reprint author), Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Clin Biochem, S Daniel Abraham Ctr Hlth & Nutr, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK50647, P30 DK34928] NR 52 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0012-186X J9 DIABETOLOGIA JI Diabetologia PD JAN PY 2001 VL 44 IS 1 BP 55 EP 62 DI 10.1007/s001250051580 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 394EG UT WOS:000166510700009 PM 11206412 ER PT J AU Long, E Capuco, AV Zhao, X AF Long, E Capuco, AV Zhao, X TI Cloning of bovine eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF-4E) and its expression in the bovine mammary gland at different physiological stages SO DNA SEQUENCE LA English DT Article DE eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E; bovine; cloning; mRNA expression ID MESSENGER-RNA; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; BREAST-CARCINOMA; CELLS; EIF4E; OVEREXPRESSION; GROWTH; PHOSPHORYLATION; TRANSFORMATION AB Bovine eIF-4E cDNA was cloned and its expression in the bovine mammary gland at distinct physiological stages was investigated. Bovine eIF-4E cDNA and protein sequences are highly homologous to those from other mammals. Using Northern blot analysis, we did not detect eIF-4E expression in the prepubertal bovine mammary gland, whereas a low level of eIF-4E mRNA was observed in the mammary tissues of heifers during the third estrous cycle. The eIF-4E mRNA level was significantly higher in the lactating mammary gland compared to the mammary tissues obtained from heifers during the third estrous cycle. Alteration of eIF-4E expression in bovine mammary tissues during different physiological stages indicates the involvement of eIF-4E in mammary development. Elevated eIF-4E expression during lactation may be related to increased translation of certain mRNA or the acceleration of overall protein synthesis. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Anim Sci, St Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. USDA ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Zhao, X (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Anim Sci, 21-111 Lakeshore Rd, St Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. RI Zhao, Xin/M-4312-2015 OI Zhao, Xin/0000-0002-1078-7332 NR 31 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1042-5179 J9 DNA SEQUENCE JI DNA Seq. PY 2001 VL 12 IS 5-6 BP 319 EP 329 DI 10.3109/10425170109084455 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 520AU UT WOS:000173758400003 PM 11913777 ER PT J AU Tan, H Creech, RG Jenkins, JN Chang, YF Ma, DP AF Tan, H Creech, RG Jenkins, JN Chang, YF Ma, DP TI Cloning and expression analysis of two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genes encoding cell wall proline-rich proteins SO DNA SEQUENCE LA English DT Article DE cotton fiber; differential expression; polymerase chain reaction; repeating peptide units; reverse transcription; signal peptide ID MESSENGER-RNA; PLANT-CELL; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX; FIBER DEVELOPMENT; CARROT EXTENSIN; CDNA LIBRARIES; CROSS-LINKING; ZEA-MAYS; DNA AB Two cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genes, ghprp1 and ghprp2, encoding cell wall proline-rich proteins (PRPs) have been cloned and characterized. The ghprp1 gene has an open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a PRP of 299 amino acids (aa), whereas the ghprp2 gene contains an ORF that codes for a 310-aa PRP. The GhPRP1 has an 80% identity in aa sequence with that of GhPRP2. Like other plant cell wall PRPs, both cotton PRPs have a hydrophobic signal peptide at their N-termini, followed by repeating peptide units. Northern blot analyses showed that the ghprp1 gene is predominantly expressed in the fiber during the elongation stage of fiber development. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis showed that ghprp1 is expressed in both fiber and root tissues, whereas ghprp2 is in roots only. The ghprp1 gene was shown to be present in the A(1), A(2), D-1 and D-5 genomes of Gossypium by PCR amplification, whereas the ghprp2 gene is only present in the A, and A2 genomes. The ghprp1 gene was over-expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris, and the expressed GhPRP1 protein was used as an antigen to raise polyclonal antibodies (anti-GhPRP1). Western analysis using the anti-GhPRP1 probe detected a major protein band (50 kDa) in 5-31-day postanthesis (DPA) fibers. However, the 50 kDa protein was absent in other cotton tissues. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Populat Med & Diagnost Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Ma, DP (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Box 9650, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 49 TC 7 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1042-5179 J9 DNA SEQUENCE JI DNA Seq. PY 2001 VL 12 IS 5-6 BP 367 EP 380 DI 10.3109/10425170109084461 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 520AU UT WOS:000173758400009 PM 11913783 ER PT J AU Barb, CR Barrett, JB Kraeling, RR Rampacek, GB AF Barb, CR Barrett, JB Kraeling, RR Rampacek, GB TI Serum leptin concentrations, luteinizing hormone and growth hormone secretion during feed and metabolic fuel restriction in the prepuberal gilt SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IGF-BINDING-PROTEINS; CENTRAL NEURAL NETWORKS; OB GENE-EXPRESSION; FREE FATTY-ACIDS; FACTOR-I; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; SOMATOMEDIN-C; MESSENGER-RNA; OBESE GENE; ANTERIOR-PITUITARY AB Two experiments were conducted to determine 1) the effect of acute feed deprivation on leptin secretion and 2) if the effect of metabolic fuel restriction on LH and GH secretion is associated with changes in serum leptin concentrations. Experiment (EXP) I, seven crossbred prepuberal gilts, 66 +/- 1 kg body weight (BW) and 130 d of age were used. All pigs were fed ad libitum. On the day of the EXP, feed was removed from four of the pigs at 0800 (time = 0) and pigs remained without feed for 28 hr. Blood samples were collected every 10 min from zero to 4 hr = Period (P) 1, 12 to 16 hr = P 2, and 24 to 28 hr = P 3 after feed removal. At hr 28 fasted animals were presented with feed and blood samples collected for an additional 2 hr = P 4. EXP II, gilts, averaging 140 d of age (n = 15) and which had been ovariectomized, were individually penned in an environmentally controlled building and exposed to a constant ambient temperature of 22 C and 12:12 hr light: dark photoperiod. Pigs were fed daily at 0700 hr. Gilts were randomly assigned to the following treatments: saline (S, n = 7), 100 (n = 4), or 300 (rr = 4) mg/kg BW of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), a competitive inhibitor of glycolysis, in saline iv. Blood samples were collected every 15 min for 2 hr before and 5 hr after treatment. Blood samples from EXP I and II were assayed for LH, GH and leptin by RTA. Selected samples were quantified for glucose, insulin and free fatty acids (FFA). In EXP I, fasting reduced (P < 0.04) leptin pulse frequency by P 3. Plasma glucose concentrations were reduced (P < 0.02) throughout the fast compared to fed animals, where as serum insulin concentrations did not decrease (P < 0.02) until P 3. Serum FFA concentrations increased (P < 0.02) by P 2 and remained elevated. Subcutaneous back fat thickness was similar among pigs. Serum IGF-I concentration decreased (P < 0.01) by P 2 in fasted animals compared to fed animals and remained lower through periods 3 and 4. Serum LH and GH concentrations were not effected by fast. Realimentation resulted in a marked increase in serum glucose (P < 0.02), insulin (P < 0.02), serum GH (P < 0.01) concentrations and leptin pulse frequency (P < 0.01). EXP II treatment did not alter serum insulin levels but increased (P < 0.01) plasma glucose concentrations in the 300 mg 2DG group. Serum leptin concentrations were 4.0 +/- 0.1, 2.8 +/- 0.2, and 4.9 +/- 0.2 ng/ml for S, 100 and 300 mg 2DG pigs respectively, prior to treatment and remained unchanged following treatment. Serum IGF-I concentrations were not effected by treatment. The 300 mg dose of 2DG increased (P < 0.0001) mean CH concentrations (2.0 +/- 0.2 ng/ml) compared to S (0.8 +/- 0.2 ng/ml) and 100 mg 2DG (0.7 +/- 0.2 ng/ml). Frequency and amplitude of GH pulses were unaffected. However, number of LH pulses/5 hr were decreased (P < 0.01) by the 300 mg dose of 2DG (1.8 +/- 0.5) compared to S (4.0 +/- 0.4) and the 100 mg dose of 2DG (4.5 +/- 0.5). Mean serum LH concentrations and amplitude of LH pulses were unaffected. These results suggest that acute effects of energy deprivation on LH and GH secretion are independent of changes in serum leptin concentrations. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Barb, CR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 71 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 47 EP 63 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(00)00088-6 PG 17 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 396VH UT WOS:000166656900005 PM 11164333 ER PT J AU Liu, JY Simpson, WT Verrill, SP AF Liu, JY Simpson, WT Verrill, SP TI An inverse moisture diffusion algorithm for the determination of diffusion coefficient SO DRYING TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Drying Symposium (IDS2000) CY AUG 28-31, 2000 CL NOORDWIJKERHOUT, NETHERLANDS DE desorption; inverse method; moisture; wood ID MASS-TRANSFER; THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; WOOD AB The finite difference approximation is applied to estimate the moisture-dependent diffusion coefficient by utilizing test data of isothermal moisture desorption in northern red oak (Quercus rubra). The test data contain moisture distributions at discrete locations across the thickness of specimens, which coincides with the radial direction of northern red oak, and at specified times. Also, the rate of moisture variation at each specified time and location must be known or correctly estimated. The functional form of the diffusion coefficient as well as the boundary conditions at the surfaces are not known a priori. The resulting system of finite difference equations defines an inverse problem, whose solution may be sensitive to small changes of input data. Results indicate that the diffusion coefficient increases with increasing moisture content below the fiber saturation point, which defines the upper limit applied by the diffusion theory. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Liu, JY (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 18 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0737-3937 J9 DRY TECHNOL JI Dry. Technol. PY 2001 VL 19 IS 8 BP 1555 EP 1568 DI 10.1081/DRT-100107259 PG 14 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 487EU UT WOS:000171861300005 ER PT J AU Kasai, M Marutani, T Reid, LM Trustrum, NA AF Kasai, M Marutani, T Reid, LM Trustrum, NA TI Estimation of temporally averaged sediment delivery ratio using aggradational terraces in headwater catchments of the Waipaoa River, North Island, New Zealand SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE sediment delivery ratio; low order catchment; gully erosion; reforestation; catchment area; channel slope ID YIELD; STORM AB The sediment delivery ratio was estimated for two periods (28 years and eight years) following reforestation of seven tributary catchments (0.33 to 0.49 km(2)) in the headwaters of the Waipaoa River basin, North Island, New Zealand. In these catchments, gully erosion, which largely resulted from clearance of the natural forest between 1880 and 1920, is the main source of sediment to streams. Reforestation commenced in the early 1960s in an attempt to stabilize hillslopes and reduce sediment supply. Efforts have been partially successful and channels are now degrading, though gully erosion continues to supply sediment at accelerated rates in parts of the catchment. Data from the area indicate that the sediment delivery ratio (SDR) can be estimated as a function of two variables, psi (the product of catchment area and channel slope) and A, (the temporally averaged gully area for the period). Sediment input from gullies was determined from a well defined relationship between sediment yield and gully area. Sediment scoured from channels was estimated from dated terrace remnants and the current channel bed. Terrace remnants represent aggradation during major floods. This technique provides estimates of SDR averaged over periods between large magnitude terrace-forming events and with the present channel bed. The technique averages out short-term variability in sediment flux. Comparison of gully area and sediment transport between two periods (1960-1988 and 1988-1996) indicates that the annual rate of sediment yield from gullies for the later period has decreased by 77 per cent, sediment scouring in channels has increased by 124 per cent, and sediment delivered from catchments has decreased by 78 per cent. However, average SDR for the tributaries was found to be not significantly different between these periods. This may reflect the small number of catchments examined. It is also due to the fact that the volume of sediment scoured from channels was very small relative to that produced by gullies. According to the equation for SDR determined for the Waipaoa headwaters, SDR increases with increasing catchment area in the case where A, and channel slope are fixed. This is because the amount of sediment produced from a channel by scouring increases with increasing catchment area. However, this relationship does not hold for the main stem of the study catchments, because sediment delivered from its tributaries still continues to accumulate in the channel. Higher order channels are, in effect, at a different stage in the aggradation/degradation cycle and it will take some time until a main channel reflects the effects of reforestation and its bed adjusts to net degradation. Results demonstrate significant differences among even low order catchments, and such differences will need to be taken into consideration when using SDR to estimate sediment yields. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Kyushu Univ, Forest Res Inst, Shiiba Son, Miyazaki 8830402, Japan. Kyushu Univ, Dept Agr, Fukuoka 8128521, Japan. US Forest Serv, USDA, SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA USA. Landcare Res, Palmerston North, New Zealand. RP Kasai, M (reprint author), Macquarie Univ, Dept Environm & Life Sci, N Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia. NR 27 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 26 IS 1 BP 1 EP 16 DI 10.1002/1096-9837(200101)26:1<1::AID-ESP146>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 397YT UT WOS:000166727000001 ER PT J AU Kennedy, E AF Kennedy, E TI The WIC program: A classic example of where individuals do make a difference SO ECOLOGY OF FOOD AND NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE WIC program; public health nutrition; pregnant women; infants; food supplementation ID BIRTH-WEIGHT; PREGNANCY; CHILDREN; WOMEN AB The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) is viewed as one of the most successful public health nutrition programs in the United States. Senator George McGovern, at the May 2000, National Nutrition Summit, referred to WIC as the perfect program. Despite the broad, bipartisan support the program has enjoyed, WIC has had an often stormy history. This paper chronicles the events that were instrumental in shaping the progam as we now know it. The influence of key organizations and individuals in the WIC program are discussed. C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Kennedy, E (reprint author), USDA, 1400 Independence Ave,SW,Whitten Bldg,Room 217W, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0367-0244 J9 ECOL FOOD NUTR JI Ecol. Food Nutr. PY 2001 VL 40 IS 6 BP 707 EP 720 PG 14 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 503GW UT WOS:000172791600012 ER PT J AU Wang, Z AF Wang, Z TI The impact of China's WTO accession on trade and economic relations across the Taiwan Strait SO ECONOMICS OF TRANSITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on China and the World Economy CY JUL 05-07, 2000 CL SHANGHAI, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Econi DE factor endowment; international division of labour; WTO accession; trade across Taiwan Straits; CGE modeling ID WORLD AB This paper evaluates the impact of China's World Trade Organisation (WTO) accession on trade and economic relations across the Taiwan Strait and its implications for the rest of the world by a recursive dynamic, 17-region, 25-sector computable general equilibrium (CGE) model according to actual market access commitments that China and Taiwan have made to date. The simulation results show that both China and Taiwan will substantially benefit from their WTO memberships, and their economic interdependence and their dependence within the rest of the world will further deepen. The rest of the world may also benefit because of the expansion of world trade and improvement of their international terms of trade, but some developing countries with an endowment structure similar to China, like those in South America and Southeast Asia, may experience keener competition in labour-intensive exports and lower prices for their products. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Wang, Z (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Room 5141,1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0967-0750 J9 ECON TRANSIT JI Econ. Transit. PY 2001 VL 9 IS 3 BP 743 EP 785 DI 10.1111/1468-0351.00098 PG 43 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 501LU UT WOS:000172686800010 ER PT J AU Brown, PM Kaye, MW Huckaby, LS Baisan, CH AF Brown, PM Kaye, MW Huckaby, LS Baisan, CH TI Fire history along environmental gradients in the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico: Influences of local patterns and regional processes SO ECOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dendroecology; crossdating; fire regimes; fire history; fire scars; spatiotemporal scales; ponderosa pine; mixed-conifer; pinyon-juniper; New Mexico ID PONDEROSA PINE FORESTS; COLORADO FRONT RANGE; AMERICAN SOUTHWEST; CLIMATE-CHANGE; DIVERSITY; VEGETATION; DYNAMICS; ARIZONA; DROUGHT AB Patterning in fire regimes occurs at multiple spatiotemporal scales owing to differences in scaling of local and regional influences. Local fire occurrence and behavior may he controlled largely by site factors, while regional climate and changes in human land use can synchronize fire timing across large areas. We examined historical patterns in fires during the past five centuries across gradients in forest types and physiography and in relation to regional climate variability and land use change in the Sacramento Mountains in southern New Mexico. Forest stand-level chronologies of fires were reconstructed for 19 pinyon-juniper, ponderosa pine, and mixed-conifer stands using fire-scar records in crossdated tree-ring series. The fire history documents both local and regional factors effected fire occurrences in stands. Lower-elevation stands recorded more frequent fire than higher-elevation stands, although there were not significant differences between means of fire frequencies from clusters of ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer stands. Mean fire intervals ranged from approximately 3 to 11 years in ponderosa pine sites to 4 to 14 years in mixed-conifer sites. Sites on the steeper west side of the range, where fire spread more readily between forest types, recorded significantly more frequent fire than sites on the more physiographically heterogeneous east side. Fires were also synchronized by regional factors. Fire occurrences and fire-free years are related to variability in both annual Palmer Drought Severity Indices and El Nino-Southern Oscillation events. Fire regimes in the stands were also profoundly effected by changes in human land use patterns, with fire cessation in all sites following intensive Euro-American settlement beginning in the 1880s. C1 Rocky mt Tree Ring Res Inc, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Brown, PM (reprint author), Rocky mt Tree Ring Res Inc, 2901 Moore Lane, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM pmb@rmtrr.org NR 61 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 12 PU UNIVERSITE LAVAL PI ST FOY PA PAVILLON CHARLES-EUGENE MARCHAND, LOCAL 0166, ST FOY, QUEBEC G1K 7P4, CANADA SN 1195-6860 J9 ECOSCIENCE JI Ecoscience PY 2001 VL 8 IS 1 BP 115 EP 126 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 423KQ UT WOS:000168175800014 ER PT J AU Kerns, BK Moore, MM Hart, SC AF Kerns, BK Moore, MM Hart, SC TI Estimating forest-grassland dynamics using soil phytolith assemblages and delta C-13 of soil organic matter SO ECOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE delta C-13; C-3; C-4; forest understory; grasslands; non-metric multidimensional scaling; northern Arizona; opal; Pinus ponderosa; phytolith assemblages ID CARBON-ISOTOPE RATIOS; PINE FOREST; VEGETATION CHANGE; GREAT-PLAINS; C4 GRASSES; PATTERNS; ARIZONA; DISTRIBUTIONS; DISSIMILARITY; CLIMATE AB Our objectives were to examine the relationship between contemporary vegetation and Surface soil phytolith assemblages, and use phytoliths and delta C-13 of soil organic matter (SOM) to explore forest-gras land vegetation dynamics. We established plots within three canopy types (open, old-growth. and dense Young Pine) with different grass species compositions in a Pinus ponderosa forest in northern Arizona and collected vegetation data and surface (0-2 cm) and subsurface (2-7 cm) mineral soil samples. Surface soil phytolith as assemblages strongly reflected vegetation at the site scale (within several km(2)). Local vegetation patterns (< 50 m(2)) associated with overstory canopy types were weakly detected, Significantly fewer C-4 grass and ponderosa pine phytoliths were found in subsurface compared to surface soils. Surface delta C-13 values showed no difference among canopy types, Subsurface delta C-13 values were significantly (+ 0.83 %) more enriched in C-13 than surface values. Phytolith assemblages and delta C-13 of SOM reflect long-term accumulation of organic matter in soils and may not mirror contemporary vegetation for many reasons. including spatial shifts in species distribution and productivity. Considering all our phytolith and delta C-13 evidence. we suggest that C-4 grasses were more widely distributed but less abundant. grasses were more spatially continuous, total grass productivity was greater. and species in the genus Koeleria and Bromus were more common in the past. C1 No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Coll Ecosyst Sci & Management, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. No Arizona Univ, Merriam Powell Ctr Environm Res, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Kerns, BK (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 69 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 7 PU UNIVERSITE LAVAL PI ST FOY PA PAVILLON ALEXANDRE-VACHON, UNIV LAVAL, ST FOY, QUEBEC G1K 7P4, CANADA SN 1195-6860 J9 ECOSCIENCE JI Ecoscience PY 2001 VL 8 IS 4 BP 478 EP 488 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505RQ UT WOS:000172929700010 ER PT J AU Kline, JD Moses, A Alig, RJ AF Kline, JD Moses, A Alig, RJ TI Integrating urbanization into landscape-level ecological assessments SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE land-use change; urbanization; spatial models; ecological economics ID LAND-USE; SPATIAL MODEL; ECONOMETRIC-ANALYSIS; URBAN-GROWTH; FOREST; DEFORESTATION; MANAGEMENT; QUALITY; ROADS; CONVERSION AB Economists and ecologists are often asked to collaborate on landscape-level analyses designed to jointly assess economic and ecological conditions resulting from environmental policy scenarios. This trend toward multidisciplinary projects, coupled with the growing use of geographic information systems, has led to the development of spatially explicit models that can be used to examine and project land-use change. Although spatial land-use models are still evolving, most published efforts have modeled the conversion of nonurban land to urban uses as a function of explanatory variables based on population density and the spatial proximity of land to roads, markets, and population centers. In this paper, we use a gravity model to describe the urbanization potential of forest and agricultural land as a combination of population and proximity. We develop an empirical model that describes the probability that forests and agricultural land in western Oregon and western Washington were transformed to residential, commercial, or industrial uses over a 30-year period as a function of urbanization potential, other socioeconomic factors, and geographic and physical land characteristics. Land-use data were provided by the USDA Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis program. We use this empirical model to generate geographic information system maps depicting the probability of future land-use change that can be integrated with landscape-level ecological models developed for western Oregon's Coast Range. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM JKIine@fs.fed.us NR 57 TC 36 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 21 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 EI 1435-0629 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 4 IS 1 BP 3 EP 18 DI 10.1007/s100210000056 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 412HZ UT WOS:000167550100002 ER PT J AU Erickson, H Keller, M Davidson, EA AF Erickson, H Keller, M Davidson, EA TI Nitrogen oxide fluxes and nitrogen cycling during postagricultural succession and forest fertilization in the humid tropics SO ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE nitrous oxide; nitric oxide; soil N availability; litterfall C : N ratio; tropical forests; net nitrogen mineralization; legumes; secondary succession; land-use change; forest fertilization ID SOUTHWESTERN BRAZILIAN AMAZON; LUQUILLO-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; TRACE-GAS EMISSIONS; PUERTO-RICO; SOIL CARBON; RAIN-FOREST; COSTA-RICA; PASTURE CHRONOSEQUENCE; ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT; SECONDARY SUCCESSION AB The effects of changes in tropical land use on soil emissions of nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and nitric oxide (NO) are not well understood. We examined emissions of N(2)O and NO and their relationships to land use and forest composition, litterfall, soil nitrogen (N) pools and turnover, soil moisture, and patterns of carbon (C) cycling in a lower montane, subtropical wet region of Puerto Rico. Fluxes of N(2)O and NO were measured monthly for over 1 year in old (more than 60 years old) pastures, early- and mid-successional forests previously in pasture, and late-successional forests not known to have been in pasture within the tabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa) forest zone. Additional, though less frequent, measures were also made in an experimentally fertilized tabonuco forest. N(2)O fluxes exceeded NO fluxes at all sites, reflecting the consistently wet environment. The fertilized forest had the highest N oxide emissions (22.0 kg . N . ha(-1) . y(-1)). Among the unfertilized sites, the expected pattern of increasing emissions with stand age did not occur in all cases. The mid-successional forest most dominated by leguminous trees had the highest emissions (9.0 kg N . ha(-1) . y(-1)), whereas the mid-successional forest lacking legumes had the lowest emissions (0.09 kg N . ha(-1) . y(-1)). N oxide fluxes from late-successional forests were higher than fluxes from pastures. Annual N oxide fluxes correlated positively to leaf litter N, net nitrification potential nitrification, soil nitrate, and net N mineralization and negatively to leaf litter C:N ratio. Soil ammonium was not related to N oxide emissions. Forests with lower fluxes of N oxides had higher rates of C mineralization than sites with higher N oxide emissions. We conclude that (a) N oxide fluxes were substantial where the availability of inorganic N exceeded the requirements of competing biota; (b) species composition resulting from historical land use or varying successional dynamics played an important role in determining N availability; and (c) the established ecosystem models that predict N oxide loss from positive relationships with soil ammonium may need to be modified. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Erickson, H (reprint author), Univ Metropolitana, Dept Sci & Technol, POB 21150, San Juan, PR 00928 USA. EM um_herickson@suagm.edu RI Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012; Davidson, Eric/K-4984-2013 OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359; Davidson, Eric/0000-0002-8525-8697 NR 71 TC 96 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 38 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1432-9840 J9 ECOSYSTEMS JI Ecosystems PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 4 IS 1 BP 67 EP 84 DI 10.1007/s100210000060 PG 18 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 412HZ UT WOS:000167550100006 ER PT J AU Bytnerowicz, A Badea, O Popescu, F Barbu, I Postelicu, D Vasile, C Musselman, R Manning, W Stanciu, E Tamas, S AF Bytnerowicz, A Badea, O Popescu, F Barbu, I Postelicu, D Vasile, C Musselman, R Manning, W Stanciu, E Tamas, S TI Long-term ecological research and air pollution impacts in the Retezat Mountains, Romania SO EKOLOGIA-BRATISLAVA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Long-Term Ecological Research: Current State and Perspectives in the Central and Eastern Europe CY MAY 23-25, 2000 CL NITRA, SLOVAKIA AB Levels of industrial pollutants in Central Europe have been declining with a simultaneous increase in the importance of photochemical pollutants, e.g., ozone since the late 1980s. Since the early 1990s ozone injury symptoms have been observed on vegetation indicating that the pollutant poses a threat to forests and other ecosystems of the Carpathian Mountains. A new study sponsored by the USDA Forest Service International Programs has been initiated to characterize air pollution distribution and its potential effects on vegetation diversity in the Retezat National Park. Romania. Specific objectives for the study are: (a) characterize spatial and temporal distribution of ozone, sulfur dioxide, ammonia and nitrogen dioxide, (b) evaluate incidence and severity of air pollution injury to vegetation, (c) select native indicators of air pollutants with a special emphasis on ozone, (d) evaluate effects of ozone and other pollutants on forest health and biodiversity, and (e) evaluate effects of various land management practices on mountain ecosystems. This new study will establish an important enviromnental/ecological database for any potential collaborators interested in studying other long-term changes in the Retezat Mountains. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Bytnerowicz, A (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Bytnerowicz, Andrzej/A-8017-2013 NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SLOVAK ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI BRATISLAVA PA PO BOX 57 NAM SLOBODY 6, 810 05 BRATISLAVA, SLOVAKIA SN 1335-342X J9 EKOL BRATISLAVA JI Ekol. Bratisl. PY 2001 VL 20 SU 2 BP 34 EP 42 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 485PH UT WOS:000171762400007 ER PT B AU Swayne, DE Suarez, DL AF Swayne, DE Suarez, DL BE Dodet, B Vicari, M TI Evolution and pathobiology of avian influenza virus virulence in domestic birds SO EMERGENCE AND CONTROL OF ZOONOTIC ORTHO- AND PARAMYXOVIRUS DISEASES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on Emerging Diseases CY DEC 13-15, 2000 CL LES PENSIERES, FRANCE SP Merieux Fdn ID HEMAGGLUTININ AB Avian influenza (AI) viruses have infected a variety of domestic and wild birds. Most AI viruses have produced subclinical infections or, less frequently, mild disease characterized by respiratory or urogenital problems. Rarely, some H5 and H7 subtypes of AI virus have produced severe, systemic disease with mortality rates approaching 100%. Pathogenicity studies in chickens and in vitro tests have been used to assess the virulence potential of individual AI viruses for regulatory purposes. Viruses causing low mortality rates have been categorized as mildly pathogenic (MP) or of low pathogenicity while those producing high mortality rates as highly pathogenic (HP), Those AI viruses that do not produce disease or death are sometimes termed "not pathogenic". Since 1959, 18 outbreaks of HPAI have occurred: 17 in domestic poultry and 1 in wild birds. The virus strain and host species both impact the virulence of AI. In 3 of the 18 outbreaks of HPAI (North-East United States in 1983-84, Mexico in 1994-95 and Italy in 1999-2000), documentation demonstrated widespread circulation of MP H5 or H7 AI viruses in domestic poultry before the appearance of HPAI viruses in the field. The HPAI viruses emerged 6-12 months after the MPAI viruses and caused major economic losses to the commercial poultry industries and increased consumer costs. Replication of the MPAI virus in large numbers of AI naive domestic poultry resulted in host adaptation and efficient transmission. Subsequent RNA mutations in the hemagglutinin resulted in an abrupt change in virulence from NIP to HP. The virulence change did not result from reassortment of gene segments. Several model systems have been developed to predict emergence of HPAI viruses from MPAI viruses of the H5 and H7 subtypes. Our laboratory has developed a 14-day-chicken-embryo-adult-laying-hen modeling system. Nineteen MP H5 and ten H7 AI viruses isolates obtained from poultry and ratites were tested in the model system. Eight H5 and one H7 AI virus isolates changed from producing a few deaths (MP) to killing 75% of chickens (HP) in an intravenous pathogenicity test. Lesions in the chickens that died were consistent with naturally occurring HPAI viruses and the viruses caused cytopathic effect in tissue culture without exogenous trypsin. Some of these viruses had changes in the proteolytic cleavage site of the hemagglutinin such as substitution or insertion of additional basic amino acids and/or loss of a cylycosylation site. Such changes were similar to those reported in field AI viruses. Using the Hong Kong H5N1 HPAI virus of 1997, host impact on virulence has been assessed in experimental models. The Hong Kong AI virus was highly pathogenic for seven species in the order Galliformes, and a single species in each of the orders Passeriformes and Psittaciformes. Although, the Hong Kong AI virus infected birds in the orders Anseriformes and Rheiformes, the virus was mildly pathogenic or not pathogenic for the birds. The virus did not infect birds of the order Collunbiformes. Other highly pathogenic AI viruses have shown varying abilities to infect and cause disease and death in diverse bird species. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Swayne, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN LIBBEY EUROTEXT PI MONTROUGE PA 127 AVE DE LA REPUBLIQUE, 92120 MONTROUGE, FRANCE BN 2-7420-0408-4 PY 2001 BP 35 EP 42 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA BU50J UT WOS:000176156200004 ER PT J AU Brown, P Will, RG Bradley, R Asher, DM Detwiler, L AF Brown, P Will, RG Bradley, R Asher, DM Detwiler, L TI Bovine spongiform encephalopathy and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: Background, evolution, and current concerns SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID GREAT-BRITAIN; MOUSE SCRAPIE; HUMAN HEALTH; TRANSMISSION; HUMANS; MICE; BSE; CJD; UK; EPIDEMIC AB The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom, which began in 1986 and has affected nearly 200,000 cattle, is waning to a conclusion, but leaves in its wake an outbreak of human Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, most probably resulting from the consumption of beef products contaminated by central nervous system tissue. Although averaging only 10-15 cases a year since its first appearance in 1994, its future magnitude and geographic distribution (in countries that have imported infected British cattle or cattle products, or have endogenous BSE) cannot yet be predicted. The possibility that large numbers of apparently healthy persons might be incubating the disease raises concerns about iatrogenic transmissions through instrumentation (surgery and medical diagnostic procedures) and blood and organ donations. Government agencies in many countries continue to implement new measures to minimize this risk. C1 NINDS, NIH, Cent Nervous Syst Studies Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Western Gen Hosp, Natl Creutzfeldt Jakob Dis Surveillance Unit, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Midlothian, Scotland. Cent Vet Lab, Addlestone, Surrey, England. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Robbinsville, NJ USA. RP Brown, P (reprint author), NINDS, NIH, Cent Nervous Syst Studies Lab, Bldg 36,Room 4A-05,36 Convent Dr,MSC 4122, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM brownp@ninds.nih.gov NR 49 TC 138 Z9 150 U1 1 U2 14 PU CENTERS DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA 1600 CLIFTON RD, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 7 IS 1 BP 6 EP 16 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 403EG UT WOS:000167029200002 PM 11266289 ER PT J AU Rose, RI AF Rose, RI TI Pesticides nd public health: Integrated methods of mosquito management SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Pesticides have a role in public health as part of sustainable integrated mosquito management. Other components of such management include surveillance, source reduction or prevention, biological control, repellents, traps, and pesticide-resistance management. We assess the future use of mosquito control pesticides in view of niche markets, incentives for new product development, Environmental Protection Agency registration, the Food Quality Protection Act, and improved pest management strategies for mosquito control. C1 US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Rose, RI (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, PPQ, Unit 147,4700 River Rd, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 6 TC 78 Z9 82 U1 3 U2 6 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 7 IS 1 BP 17 EP 23 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 403EG UT WOS:000167029200003 PM 11266290 ER PT J AU Hussain, AI Shanmugam, V Switzer, WM Tsang, SX Fadly, A Thea, D Helfand, R Bellini, WJ Folks, TM Heneine, W AF Hussain, AI Shanmugam, V Switzer, WM Tsang, SX Fadly, A Thea, D Helfand, R Bellini, WJ Folks, TM Heneine, W TI Lack of evidence of endogenous avian leukosis virus and endogenous avian retrovirus transmission to measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine recipients SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE ACTIVITY; CANCER RISK; SUBGROUP-E; RNA; CELLS; EAV-0 AB The identification of endogenous avian leukosis virus (ALV) and endogenous avian retrovirus (EAV) in chick cell-derived measles and mumps vaccines in current use has raised concern about transmission of these retroviruses to vaccine recipients. We used serologic and molecular methods to analyze specimens from 206 recipients of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine for evidence of infection with ALV and EAV. A Western blot assay for detecting antibodies to endogenous ALV was developed and validated. All serum samples were negative for antibodies to endogenous ALV by Western blot analysis. Peripheral blood lymphocyte samples from 100 vaccinees were further tested by polymerase chain reaction for both ALV and EAV proviral sequences; all were negative. Matching serum samples were tested by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for ALV and EAV RNA, and all 100 samples were negative, providing no evidence of viremia. These findings do not indicate the presence of either ALV or EAV infection in MMR vaccine recipients and provide support for current immunization policies. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI USA. Harvard Inst Int Dev, Cambridge, MA USA. RP Heneine, W (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop G19, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 7 IS 1 BP 66 EP 72 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 403EG UT WOS:000167029200009 PM 11266296 ER PT J AU Wang, ML Lansey, K Yakowitz, D AF Wang, ML Lansey, K Yakowitz, D TI An approximate method for solving stochastic two-stage programming problems SO ENGINEERING OPTIMIZATION LA English DT Article DE stochastic optimization; genetic algorithms; point estimation methods ID OPTIMIZATION; RECOURSE; DECOMPOSITION AB A procedure for solving stochastic two-stage programming problems has been developed. The approach consists of genetic algorithm optimization with point estimate procedures. It has several advantages over traditional methods, such as evaluating function values only, no continuous or gradient requirements and it can solve integer or continuous problems. To improve the performance of the method, a modification of a standard genetic algorithm is suggested and coded. Point estimation methods are used to efficiently evaluate the second stage expected value objective function. Finally, the overall procedure is applied to several linear and nonlinear problems. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Civil Engn & Engn Mech, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. ARS, USDA, SW Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Lansey, K (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Civil Engn & Engn Mech, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0305-215X J9 ENG OPTIMIZ JI Eng. Optimiz. PY 2001 VL 33 IS 3 BP 279 EP 302 DI 10.1080/03052150108940921 PG 24 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 420JU UT WOS:000168002500002 ER PT S AU Duke, SO Baerson, SR Dayan, FE Kagan, IA Michel, A Scheffler, BE AF Duke, SO Baerson, SR Dayan, FE Kagan, IA Michel, A Scheffler, BE BE Vurro, M Gressel, J Butt, T Harman, GE Pilgeram, A StLeger, RJ Nuss, DL TI Biocontrol of weeds without the biocontrol agents SO ENHANCING BIOCONTROL AGENTS AND HANDLING RISKS SE NATO SCIENCE SERIES, SUB-SERIES I: LIFE AND BEHAVIOURAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Enhancing Biocontrol Agents and Handling Risks CY JUN 09-15, 2001 CL FLORENCE, ITALY SP NATO, USDA ARS, BBCA, Int Weed Sci Soc, Provincia Firenze, Reg Toscana, Rohm & Hass, Syngenta ID P-HYDROXYPHENYLPYRUVATE DIOXYGENASE; ARTEMISIA-ANNUA L; POTENTIAL HERBICIDES; NATURAL-PRODUCTS; PHYTOTOXINS; PLANTS; SUPPRESSION; METHYLATION; ALLELOPATHY; TRANSGENES AB Natural products or their derivatives can be used to manage weeds either directly as herbicides or as allelochemicals produced by crops. In the former case, there are several success stories such as glufosinate and the triketone herbicides. Allelopathy, however, plays very little role in weed management of annual crops. We discuss strategies for discovery of natural product-based herbicides and for improving allelopathic traits of crops via biotechnology. C1 Univ Mississippi, Natl Prod Utilizat Res Unit, USDA, ARS, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Duke, SO (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Natl Prod Utilizat Res Unit, USDA, ARS, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 46 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU I O S PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-7693 BN 1-58603-216-X J9 NATO SCI SER I LIFE PY 2001 VL 339 BP 96 EP 105 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Entomology SC Agriculture; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Entomology GA BU81S UT WOS:000177121600009 ER PT J AU Konstantinov, AS Volkovitsh, MG Cristofaro, M AF Konstantinov, AS Volkovitsh, MG Cristofaro, M TI New data on palearctic Aphthona (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) with description of a new species: Taxonomic and faunistic results of biological control exploration SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article AB The results of biological control explorations for Aphthona spp. on leafy spurge in Russia are reported. One new species is described based on adults and larvae: Aphthona russica, sp. nov. (Russia: Taman' Peninsula). Distributions and host plants of 10 other Aphthona species are recorded. Aphthona gracilis is reported from Siberia for the first time feeding on Euphorbia virgata, and Euphorbia squamosa is recorded as a host plant of A. testaceicornis for the first time. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Konstantinov, AS (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA ARS, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 USA SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 112 IS 1 BP 31 EP 41 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 412QN UT WOS:000167566000004 ER PT J AU Savabi, MR Stockle, CO AF Savabi, MR Stockle, CO TI Modeling the possible impact of increased CO2 and temperature on soil water balance, crop yield and soil erosion SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; CLIMATE; SENSITIVITY; STREAMFLOW; EFFICIENCY; GROWTH; WHEAT; GRASS; C-3 AB A modeling approach was utilized to investigate the impact of increased atmospheric CO2 and temperature on water balance, crop production, plant growth, and soil erosion. For the given scenario and the site tested. the increase of temperature resulted in a significant increase of ET, reduction of soybean canopy cover and yield, a slight increase in soil loss, and a reduction in soil moisture. However. the increase of atmospheric CO2 resulted in significant increase of crop yield and canopy cover, a slight reduction of ET, and a slight reduction of daily root zone soil moisture, storm runoff, and water induced soil erosion of the corn field. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, SHRS, Miami, FL 33158 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Agr Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Savabi, MR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SHRS, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. NR 43 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-8152 J9 ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW JI Environ. Modell. Softw. PY 2001 VL 16 IS 7 BP 631 EP 640 DI 10.1016/S1364-8152(01)00038-X PG 10 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Computer Science; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 476ZZ UT WOS:000171259800004 ER PT J AU Dickson, RE Coleman, MD Pechter, P Karnosky, D AF Dickson, RE Coleman, MD Pechter, P Karnosky, D TI Growth and crown architecture of two aspen genotypes exposed to interacting ozone and carbon dioxide SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Populus tremuloides; ozone exposure; elevated CO2; crown architecture; genotypic response ID BIRCH BETULA-PENDULA; POPULUS-TREMULOIDES CLONES; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; HYBRID POPLAR; AIR-POLLUTANTS; ELEVATED CO2; ROPIS EXPERIMENTS; TREMBLING ASPEN; PUBESCENS EHRH AB To study the impact of ozone (O-3) and O-3 plus CO2 on aspen growth, we planted two trembling aspen clones, differing in sensitivity to O-3, in the ground in open-top chambers and exposed them to different concentrations Of O-3 and O-3 plus CO2 for 98 days. Ozone exposure (58 to 97 mul l(-1)-h, total exposure) decreased growth and modified crown architecture of both aspen clones. Ozone exposure decreased leaf, stem, branch, and root dry weight particularly in the O-3 sensitive clone (clone 259). The addition of CO, (150 mul l(-1) over ambient) to the O-3 exposure counteracted the negative impact of O-3 only in the O-3 tolerant clone (clone 216). Ozone had relatively little effect on allometric ratios Such as, shoot/ root ratio, leaf weight ratio, or root weight ratio. In both clones, however, O-3 decreased the shoot dry weight/shoot length ratio and shoot diameter. This decrease in wood strength caused both current terminals and long shoots to droop and increased the branch angle of termination. These results show that aspen growth is highly sensitive to O-3 and that O-3 can also significantly affect crown architecture. Aspen plants with drooping terminals and lateral branches would be at a competitive disadvantage in dense stands with limited light. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Savannah River Inst, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Dickson, RE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 5985 Highway K Rhinelander, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RI Coleman, Mark/A-6741-2013 NR 62 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2001 VL 115 IS 3 BP 319 EP 334 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00225-1 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 500MJ UT WOS:000172631100002 PM 11789916 ER PT J AU Isebrands, JG McDonald, EP Kruger, E Hendrey, G Percy, K Pregitzer, K Sober, J Karnosky, DF AF Isebrands, JG McDonald, EP Kruger, E Hendrey, G Percy, K Pregitzer, K Sober, J Karnosky, DF TI Growth responses of Populus tremuloides clones to interacting elevated carbon dioxide and tropospheric ozone SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE global climate change; Aspen; shoot dieback; FACE; CO2; O-3 ID SOIL-N AVAILABILITY; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ASPEN CLONES; AIR-POLLUTANTS; GAS-EXCHANGE; FOREST TREES; O-3; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ALLOCATION; NITROGEN AB The Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) has concluded that the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and tropospheric ozone (O-3) are increasing concomitantly globally,, Little is known about the effect of these interacting gases on growth, survival, and productivity of forest ecosystems. In this study we assess the effects of three successive years of exposure to combinations of elevated CO2 and O-3 on growth responses in a five trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) clonal mixture in a regenerating stand. The experiment is located in Rhinelander, Wisconsin, USA (45 degrees N 89 degreesW) and employs free air carbon dioxide and ozone enrichment (FACE) technology. The aspen stand was exposed to a factorial combination of four treatments consisting of elevated CO2 (560 ppm), elevated O-3 (episodic exposure-90 mul l(-1) hour(-1)), a combination of elevated CO2 and O-3, and ambient control in 30 m treatment rings with three replications. Our overall results showed that our three growth parameters including height, diameter and volume were increased by elevated CO2, decreased by elevated O-3, and were not significantly different from the ambient control under elevated CO2 + O-3. However, there were significant clonal differences in the responses; all five clones exhibited increased growth with elevated CO2, one clone showed an increase with elevated O-3, and two clones showed an increase over the control with elevated CO2 + O-3, two clones showed a decrease, and one was not significantly different from the control. Notably, there was a significant increase in current terminal shoot dieback with elevated CO2 during the 1999-2000 dormant season. Dieback, was especially prominent in two of the five clones, and was attributed to those clones growing longer into the autumnal season where they were subject to frost. Our results show that elevated O-3 negates expected Positive growth effects of elevated CO2 in Populus tremuloides in the field, and suggest that future climate model predictions should take into account the offsetting effects of elevated O-3 on CO2 enrichment when estimating future growth of trembling aspen stands. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Canadian Forest Serv, Fredericton, NB E3B 5P7, Canada. Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Isebrands, JG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. NR 54 TC 107 Z9 118 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2001 VL 115 IS 3 BP 359 EP 371 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00227-5 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 500MJ UT WOS:000172631100004 PM 11789918 ER PT J AU Lindroth, RL Kopper, BJ Parsons, WFJ Bockheim, JG Karnosky, DF Hendrey, GR Pregitzer, KS Isebrands, JG Sober, J AF Lindroth, RL Kopper, BJ Parsons, WFJ Bockheim, JG Karnosky, DF Hendrey, GR Pregitzer, KS Isebrands, JG Sober, J TI Consequences of elevated carbons dioxide and ozone for foliar chemical composition and dynamics in trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Betula papyrifera; carbon dioxides; C : N ratios; decomposition; FACE; litter quality; nitrogen resorption efficiency; ozone; phytochemistry; Populus tremuloides; tannins ID INSECT PERFORMANCE; SECONDARY METABOLITES; DECIDUOUS TREES; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CONIFEROUS FORESTS; PLANT-TISSUES; PENDULA ROTH; PHYTOCHEMISTRY; NITROGEN; RESORPTION AB Atmospheric chemical composition affects foliar chemical composition, which in turn influences the dynamics of both herbivory and decomposition in ecosystems. We assessed the independent and interactive effects of CO2 and O-3 fumigation on foliar chemistry of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and paper birch (Betula papyrifera) at a Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) facility in northern Wisconsin. Leaf samples were collected at five time, periods during a single growing season, and analyzed for nitrogen, starch and condensed tannin concentrations, nitrogen resorption efficiencies (NREs), and C:N ratios. Enriched CO2 reduced foliar nitrogen concentrations in aspen and birch; O-3 only marginally reduced nitrogen concentrations. NREs were unaffected by pollution treatment in aspen, declined with O-3 exposure in birch, and this decline was ameliorated by enriched CO2- C:N ratios of abscised leaves increased in response to enriched CO2 in both tree species. O-3 did not significantly alter C:N ratios in aspen, although values tended to be higher in + CO2 + O-3 leaves. For birch, O-3 decreased C:N ratios under ambient CO2 and increased C:N ratios under elevated CO2. Thus, under the combined pollutants. the C:N ratios of both aspen and birch leaves were elevated above the averaged responses to the individual and independent trace gas treatments. Starch concentrations were largely unresponsive to CO2 and O-3 treatments in aspen, but increased in response to elevated CO2 in birch. Levels of condensed tannins were negligibly affected by CO2 and O-3 treatments in aspen, but increased in response to enriched CO, in birch. Results from this work suggest that changes in foliar chemical composition elicited by enriched CO2 are likely to impact herbivory and decomposition, whereas the effects Of O-3 are likely to be minor, except in cases where they influence plant response to CO2. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Russell Lab 227, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Biosyst & Proc Sci Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Lindroth, RL (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Russell Lab 227, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Lindroth, Richard/A-8538-2009 OI Lindroth, Richard/0000-0003-4587-7255 NR 50 TC 78 Z9 86 U1 2 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2001 VL 115 IS 3 BP 395 EP 404 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00229-9 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 500MJ UT WOS:000172631100006 PM 11789920 ER PT J AU Martin, MJ Host, GE Lenz, KE Isebrands, JG AF Martin, MJ Host, GE Lenz, KE Isebrands, JG TI Simulating the growth response of aspen to elevated ozone: a mechanistic approach to scaling a leaf-level model of ozone effects on photosynthesis to a complex canopy architecture SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th International Meeting for Specialists in Air Pollution Effects on Forest Ecosystems CY MAY 28-31, 2000 CL HOUGHTON, MICHIGAN SP IUFRO DE ozone; photosynthesis; aspen; tree growth; global change; modelling; ECOPHYS ID IN-VIVO ANALYSIS; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; POPULUS-TREMULOIDES; CO2; CLONES; EXPOSURE; FOREST; O-3; SENSITIVITY; CLIMATE AB Predicting ozone-induced reduction of carbon sequestration of forests under elevated tropospheric ozone concentrations requires robust mechanistic leaf-level models, scaled up to whole tree and stand level. As ozone effects depend on genotype, the ability to predict these effects on forest carbon cycling via competitive response between genotypes will also be required. This study tests a process-based model that predicts the relative effects of ozone on the photosynthetic rate and growth of an ozone-sensitive aspen clone, as a first step in simulating the competitive response of genotypes to atmospheric and climate change. The resulting composite model simulated the relative above ground growth response of ozone-sensitive aspen clone 259 exposed to square wave variation in ozone concentration. This included a greater effect on stem diameter than on stem height, earlier leaf abscission, and reduced stem and leaf dry matter production at the end of the growing season. Further development of the model to reduce predictive uncertainty is discussed. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier, Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Math & Stat, Duluth, MN 55812 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Martin, MJ (reprint author), Univ Essex, Dept Biol Sci, John Tabor Labs, Wivenhoe Pk, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, England. NR 59 TC 34 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2001 VL 115 IS 3 BP 425 EP 436 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00232-9 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 500MJ UT WOS:000172631100009 PM 11789923 ER PT J AU Wustman, BA Oksanen, E Karnosky, DF Noormets, A Isebrands, JG Pregitzer, KS Hendrey, GR Sober, J Podila, GK AF Wustman, BA Oksanen, E Karnosky, DF Noormets, A Isebrands, JG Pregitzer, KS Hendrey, GR Sober, J Podila, GK TI Effects of elevated CO2 and O-3 on aspen clones varying in O-3 sensitivity: can CO2 ameliorate the harmful effects of O-3? SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE aantioxidants; aspen; carbon dioxide; FACE; oxidative stress; ozone; phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; pigments; Rubisco ID ENVIRONMENT ALTERS RESPONSE; BEECH FAGUS-SYLVATICA; ACER-SACCHARUM MARSH; HYBRID POPULUS L; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; CELL-DEATH; ANTIOXIDATIVE ENZYMES; ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE AB To determine whether elevated CO2 reduces or exacerbates the detrimental effects of O-3 on aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), aspen clones 216 and 271 (O-3 tolerant), and 259 (O-3 sensitive) were exposed to ambient levels of CO2 and O-3 or elevated levels of CO2, O-3, or CO2 + O-3 in the FACTS II (Aspen FACE) experiment, and physiological and molecular responses were measured and compared. Clone 259, the most O-3-sensitive clone, showed the greatest amount of visible foliar symptoms as well as significant decreases in chlorophyll, carotenoid, starch, and ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) concentrations and transcription levels for the Rubisco small subunit, Generally, the constitutive (basic) transcript levels for phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL) and chalcone synthase (CHS) and the average antioxidant activities were lower for the ozone sensitive clone 259 as compared to the more tolerant 216 and 271 clones. A significant decrease in chlorophyll a, b and total (a + b) concentrations in CO2, O-3, and CO2+ O-3 plants was observed for all clones. Carotenoid concentrations were also significantly lower in all clones, however, CHS transcript levels were not significantly affected, suggesting a possible degradation of carotenoid pigments in O-3-stressed plants. Antioxidant activities and PAL and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC)-oxidase transcript levels showed a general increase in all O-3 treated clones, while remaining low in CO2 arid CO2+O3 plants (although not all differences were significant). Our results suggest that the ascorbate-glutathione and phenylpropanoid pathways were activated under ozone stress and suppressed during exposure to elevated CO2. Although CO2+O3 treatment resulted in a slight reduction Of O-3-induced leaf injury, it did not appear to ameliorate all of the harmful affects of O-3 and, in fact, may have contributed to an increase in chloroplast damage in all three aspen clones. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Univ Kuopio, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, Kuopio 70211, Finland. Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. US Forest Serv, USAD, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Environm Biol & Instrumentat, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Podila, GK (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RI Noormets, Asko/A-7257-2009 OI Noormets, Asko/0000-0003-2221-2111 NR 55 TC 71 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2001 VL 115 IS 3 BP 473 EP 481 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00236-6 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 500MJ UT WOS:000172631100013 PM 11789927 ER PT J AU Tarnay, L Gertler, AW Blank, RR Taylor, GE AF Tarnay, L Gertler, AW Blank, RR Taylor, GE TI Preliminary measurements of summer nitric acid and ammonia concentrations in the Lake Tahoe Basin air-shed: implications for dry deposition of atmospheric nitrogen SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE Lake Tahoe Basin; nitric acid; ammonia; dry deposition; ammonia compensation point; nitrogen cycling; forest canopies; eutrophication ID FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; CONIFEROUS NEEDLES; CALIFORNIA NEVADA; REACTIVE NITROGEN; EXCHANGE; SATURATION; POLLUTION; SURFACE; MODEL; PINE AB Over the past 50 years, Lake Tahoe, an alpine lake located in the Sierra Nevada mountains on the border between California and Nevada, has seen a decline in water clarity. With significant urbanization within its borders and major urban areas 130 km upwind of the prevailing synoptic airflow, it is believed the Lake Tahoe Basin is receiving substantial nitrogen (N) input via atmospheric deposition during summer and fall. We present preliminary inferential flux estimates to both lake surface and forest canopy based on empirical measurements of ambient nitric acid (HNO3), ammonia (NH3), and ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) concentrations, in an effort to identify the major contributors to and ranges of atmospheric dry N deposition to the Lake Tahoe Basin. Total flux from dry deposition ranges from 1.2 to 8.6 kg N ha(-1) for the summer and fall dry season and is significantly higher than wet deposition, which ranges from 1.7 to 2.9 kg N ha(-1) year(-1). These preliminary results suggest that dry deposition of HNO3 is the major source of atmospheric N deposition for the Lake Tahoe Basin, and that overall N deposition is similar in magnitude to deposition reported for sites exposed to moderate N pollution in the southern California mountains. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Desert Res Inst, DAS, Reno, NV 89512 USA. USDA ARS, Reno, NV 89557 USA. George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. RP Tarnay, L (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, DAS, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 55 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2001 VL 113 IS 2 BP 145 EP 153 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00168-8 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 433GF UT WOS:000168751300005 PM 11383332 ER PT J AU Cooper, CM Gillespie, WB AF Cooper, CM Gillespie, WB TI Arsenic and mercury concentrations in major landscape components of an intensively cultivated watershed SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Review DE arsenic; mercury; watershed; Moon Lake; Mississippi AB To provide an understanding of arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) concentrations in soil, sediment, water, and fish tissues, samples were collected from a Mississippi River alluvial floodplain located in northwest Mississippi. As concentrations increased approximately an order of magnitude from water (5.12 mu g/l) to fish tissues (36.99 mu g/kg) and an additional two orders of magnitude in soils, lake sediments, and wetland sediments (5728. 5614, and 6746 mu g/kg), respectively. Average Hg concentrations in water, soils, lake sediments, and fish were 2.16 mu g/l, 55.1, 14.5 and 125 mu g/kg, respectively. As and Hg concentrations were within published ranges for uncontaminated soil, water, and sediments. As concentrations represented a lour risk. Hg concentrations were also low but showed a greater tendency to concentrate in fish tissue. The dominant mode of entry of these materials into aquatic systems is through storm-generated runoff Since both metals accompany sediments, agricultural conservation practices such as reduced tillage, buffer riparian strips, and bordering sediment ponds or drainage wetlands will minimize watershed input to aquatic systems. Crown Copyright (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Cooper, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, 598 McElroy Dr, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 18 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2001 VL 111 IS 1 BP 67 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00029-4 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 354NL UT WOS:000089336500007 PM 11202716 ER PT J AU Wong, CS Garrison, AW Foreman, WT AF Wong, CS Garrison, AW Foreman, WT TI Enantiomeric composition of chiral polychlorinated biphenyl atropisomers in aquatic bed sediment SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION; ALCALIGENES-EUTROPHUS H850; ELECTRON-CAPTURE DETECTION; HOUSATONIC-RIVER SEDIMENT; HUDSON RIVER; REDUCTIVE DECHLORINATION; ANAEROBIC MICROORGANISMS; ALPHA-HEXACHLOROCYCLOHEXANE; META-DECHLORINATION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY AB Enantiomeric ratios (ERs) for eight polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) atropisomers were measured in aquatic sediment from selected sites throughout the United States by using chiral gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Nonracemic ERs for PCBs 91, 95, 132, 136, 149, 174, and 176 were found in sediment cores from Lake Hartwell, SC, which confirmed previous inconclusive reports of reductive dechlorination of PCBs at these sites on the basis of achiral measurements. Nonracemic ERs for many of the atropisomers were also found in bed-sediment samples from the Hudson and Housatonic Rivers, thus indicating that some of the PCB biotransformation processes identified at these sites are enantioselective. Patterns in ERs among congeners were consistent with known reductive dechlorination patterns at both river sediment basins. The enantioselectivity of PCB 91 is reversed between the Hudson and Housatonic River sites, which implies that the two sites have different PCB biotransformation processes with different enantiomer preferences. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US Geol Survey, Natl Water Qual Lab, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Garrison, AW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Ecosyst Res Div, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM garrison.wayne@epa.gov RI Wong, Charles/B-4215-2012 OI Wong, Charles/0000-0002-5743-2942 NR 50 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 1 BP 33 EP 39 DI 10.1021/es0012570 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 390QV UT WOS:000166308600019 PM 11352023 ER PT J AU Potter, TL Duval, B AF Potter, TL Duval, B TI Cerro Negro bitumen degradation by a consortium of marine benthic microorganisms SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; CRUDE-OIL; BIODEGRADATION; HYDROCARBONS; SAMPLES; RESPIRATION; ORIMULSION; SURFACTANT; BACTERIA; UCM AB Cerro Negro bitumen, separated from an Orimulsion sample, was incubated for up to 120 days with sediments collected at a petroleum-impacted site in Tampa Bay, Florida. Biodegradation conditions were optimized by increasing bitumen surface area, continuous agitation on a shaker apparatus, use of a complete growth medium, and maintenance at 37 degreesC. Aerobic degradation conditions were promoted by maintaining sediment contact with the laboratory atmosphere. Bitumen recovered in solvent extracts-when compared to autoclaved controls decreased by up to 40% during the first 56 days. There was no detectable change after this. Molasses addition and use of a culture enriched from the sediments did not change the extent or rate of decrease in bitumen recovery. Chemical fractionation of bitumen control and degraded bitumen showed that aromatic and aliphatic fractions were depleted by approximate to 50%. Accumulation of polars was observed; however, the apparent increase was relatively small when compared to the mass loss of the other fractions. Selected biomarker ratios were not affected by incubation indicating their utility for fingerprinting the source bitumen in environmental samples. PAH distribution in the aromatic fraction favored the higher alkyl-homologues with the relative degree of alkylation increasing as the mass of bitumen recovered decreased with degradation. The study showed that up to 40% of the bitumen was bioaccessible and that bioremediation may be a treatment option for sediments contaminated with bitumen by an Orimulsion spill. C1 USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Assoc Environm Hlth Souls, Amherst, MA 01004 USA. RP Potter, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 1 PY 2001 VL 35 IS 1 BP 76 EP 83 DI 10.1021/es001296b PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 390QV UT WOS:000166308600025 PM 11352029 ER PT J AU Holland, JB Frey, KJ Hammond, EG AF Holland, JB Frey, KJ Hammond, EG TI Correlated responses of fatty acid composition, grain quality, and agronomic traits to nine cycles of recurrent selection for increased oil content in oat SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article DE Avena; fatty acid composition; genetic correlation; groat-oil; recurrent selection ID GROAT-OIL AB Increases in the groat-oil content of oat (Avena sativa L.) increase the energy value of the grain and improve the feasibility of extracting oat oil for use as a vegetable oil. Nine cycles of recurrent selection for greater groat-oil content conducted in a genetically broad-based oat population resulted in dramatic increases in groat-oil content. Our objectives were to determine if selection for greater groat-oil content affected fatty acid composition, grain quality traits (test weight and seed weight), or agronomic traits (straw yield, biomass, harvest index, heading date, and height). We evaluated 100 random lines from the base (C0) population and each of the nine selection cycle populations in three environments in order to estimate means, genetic variances, heritabilities, and genotypic and phenotypic correlations of grain quality and agronomic traits. We also evaluated 20 random lines from each population to estimate changes in fatty acid contents. Oleate and stearate contents increased over cycles of selection, as did the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids. Palmitate, linoleate, and linolenate contents and all grain quality and agronomic traits except harvest index decreased over cycles of selection. There was no evidence for reduced genetic variance or heritability in C9 for any trait, but the genotypic and phenotypic correlations between agronomic traits and oil content fluctuated over cycles. Selection for increased groat-oil content improved oil quality but reduced grain quality and agronomic performance of the population. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ctr Crops Utilizat Res, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Holland, JB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, Box 7620, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. OI Holland, James/0000-0002-4341-9675 NR 34 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 2001 VL 122 IS 1 BP 69 EP 79 DI 10.1023/A:1012639821332 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 490UG UT WOS:000172070100009 ER PT J AU Kohel, RJ Yu, J Park, YH Lazo, GR AF Kohel, RJ Yu, J Park, YH Lazo, GR TI Molecular mapping and characterization of traits controlling fiber quality in cotton SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article DE cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. and G.; barbadense L.); fiber quality properties; quantitative trait loci (QTLs); random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs); restriction fragment lengthpolymorphisms (RFLPs) ID QUANTITATIVE TRAITS; MENDELIAN FACTORS; MAPS AB Cotton (Gossypium spp) is the world's leading natural fiber crop. Genetic manipulation continues to play a key role in the improvement of fiber quality properties. By use of DNA-based molecular markers and a polymorphic mapping population derived from an interspecific cross between TM-1 (G. hirsutum) and 3-79 (G. barbadense), thirteen quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality properties were identified in 3-79, an extra long staple (ELS) cotton. Four QTLs influenced bundle fiber strength, three influenced fiber length, and six influenced fiber fineness. These QTLs were located on different chromosomes or linkage groups and collectively explained 30% to 60% of the total phenotypic variance for each fiber quality property in the F-2 population. The effects and modes of action for the individual QTLs were characterized with 3-79 alleles in TM-1 genetic background. The results indicated more recessive than dominant, with much less additive effect in the gene mode. Transgressive segregation was observed for fiber fineness that could be beneficial to improvement of this trait. Molecular markers linked to fiber quality QTLs would be most effective in marker-assisted selection (MAS) of these recessive alleles in cotton breeding programs. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Germplasm Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Korean Environm Technol Res Inst, Seoul 135090, South Korea. ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Kohel, RJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Germplasm Res Unit, 2765 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RI Lazo, Gerard/A-8900-2009 OI Lazo, Gerard/0000-0002-9160-2052 NR 25 TC 96 Z9 133 U1 3 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 2001 VL 121 IS 2 BP 163 EP 172 DI 10.1023/A:1012263413418 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 479HH UT WOS:000171398600007 ER PT J AU Kim, BY Baier, AC Somers, DJ Gustafson, JP AF Kim, BY Baier, AC Somers, DJ Gustafson, JP TI Aluminum tolerance in triticale, wheat, and rye SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Radiation Induced Mutations and Other Advanced Technologies for the Production of Crop Mutants Suitable for Environmentally Sustainable Agriculture CY 1998 CL STUTTGART, AR SP FAO, IAEA ID ACID SOILS; CULTIVARS; GERMPLASM; TOXICITY; PATTERN; GENES; LINES AB Acid soils containing high levels of aluminum (Al) are known to severely limit plant growth on over 1.6 billion hectares worldwide. In the United States, a gradual decline in the pH of many soils both in the Great Plains as well as the Southeast, has caused many soils to become high in levels of free Al. This worldwide condition encouraged the analysis of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.), triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), and rye ( Secale cereale L.) germplasm from one of the major acid soil regions of the world (Brazil) in order to evaluate and compare the genetic potential of Al genes for cereal improvement. The objectives were to compare Al-tolerance levels in wheats, triticales, and ryes by measuring root elongation responses in Al-containing hydroponic nutrient solutions. Root elongation was impaired for all species grown in 1 mg/L concentrations of Al. Rye had the longest root regrowth and Al-sensitive wheats had the shortest root regrowth. The triticales containing a 2D(2R) substitution developed in the mid-1970s had the poorest root regrowth of all triticale types. The newly developed advanced triticale lines (AABBRR) yet to be released for commercial production showed the highest degree of Al tolerance of all the triticale types and approached or exceeded the levels observed in rye. This indicated that progress is being made in improving Al-tolerance of triticale in Brazil. Of all the old and new wheat varieties showing the highest degree of Al-tolerance, none of them were better than 'BH 1146' a variety that is at least 50 years old. This indicated that over the past 50 years, although Brazilian wheat breeders have made yield improvements in wheat production, they have not improved Al-tolerance. Rye showed a higher degree of Al-tolerance than the other cereals when tested in 1 mg/L of Al, but as expected, some variation was noted. C1 Taegu Univ, Dept Agron, Jinryang, Kyngbuk, South Korea. EMBRAPA, CNPT, BR-99001970 Passo Fundo, Brazil. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Kim, BY (reprint author), Taegu Univ, Dept Agron, Jinryang, Kyngbuk, South Korea. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 2001 VL 120 IS 3 BP 329 EP 337 DI 10.1023/A:1017598219054 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 471WC UT WOS:000170950800004 ER PT J AU Rutger, JN AF Rutger, JN TI Induction of photoperiod sensitive genetic male steriles for use in hybrid rice seed production SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Radiation Induced Mutations and Other Advanced Technologies for the Production of Crop Mutants Suitable for Environmentally Sustainable Agriculture CY 1998 CL STUTTGART, ARKANSAS SP FAO, IAEA DE Nongken 585 line rice; PGMS; Cypress 1819; Kaybonnet 1789 AB The most notable photoperiod sensitive genetic male sterile in rice is the Nongken 58S line in China. Two sources of environmentally sensitive genetic male sterile mutants were found in California. The photoperiod-sensitive genetic male steriles (PGMS) have the potential for reducing hybrid rice breeding from the present 3-line system to a 2-line system. The long-range objectives of the present project were to induce an array of genetic male steriles in rice, and then to evaluate these at different day lengths in order to find steriles that become fertile in selected environments. Three genetic male steriles were selected from gamma irradiation of southern US cultivars. Inheritance of these mutants was studied through progeny tests in M-5 to M-7 generations and through fertility characterization of pollen and spikelets. Seed set on steriles under open pollination ranged from a low of 8.1% for Cypress 1819 to a high of 32.9% for Kaybonnet 1789. C1 ARS, Dale Bumpers Natl Rice Res Ctr, USDA, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Rutger, JN (reprint author), ARS, Dale Bumpers Natl Rice Res Ctr, USDA, POB 287, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 2001 VL 120 IS 3 BP 399 EP 400 DI 10.1023/A:1017555813023 PG 2 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 471WC UT WOS:000170950800012 ER PT J AU Baenziger, PS Shelton, DR Shipman, MJ Graybosch, RA AF Baenziger, PS Shelton, DR Shipman, MJ Graybosch, RA TI Breeding for end-use quality: Reflections on the Nebraska experience SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article DE genotypic and phenotypic selection; glutenin subunits; wheat breeding ID FLOUR PROTEIN-COMPOSITION; WINTER-WHEAT; ENVIRONMENTAL MODIFICATION; PERFORMANCE AB Every cultivar released in Nebraska must have four characteristics: improved agronomic performance relative to existing cultivars, exceptional winterhardiness, resistance to Puccinia graminis (the causal agent of stem rust), and acceptable end-use quality. This paper will discuss our strategy for breeding cultivars with acceptable end-use quality. All experimental lines are derived from crosses with at least one or more parents with acceptable end-use quality. As soon as individual lines are identified (F-5) generation, microquality analyses are conducted and approximately 10% are discarded on the basis of poor end-use quality. In the F-6 and later generations, samples are composited from three or more locations/year, milled on a Buhler Mill, and baked using 100 g of flour per loaf. Though genotype-by-environmental interactions are large for end-use quality traits, composite samples are satisfactory for determining the end-use quality when repeated over time. By using phenotypic selection, the program has released cultivars with acceptable quality involving known `poor' quality genes and chromosomes, such as high-molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits 2+12 (Scout 66 and Lancota), 1BL.1RS (heterogeneous in Rawhide and homogeneous in Cougar), and 1AL.1RS (heterogeneous in Nekota and Niobrara). Phenotypic selection is preferred to genotypic selection. C1 Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Baenziger, PS (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Baenziger, Peter/C-6490-2014 OI Baenziger, Peter/0000-0002-9109-6954 NR 9 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 2001 VL 119 IS 1-2 BP 95 EP 100 DI 10.1023/A:1017583514424 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 441BQ UT WOS:000169211500015 ER PT J AU Peterson, CJ Shelton, DR Martin, TJ Sears, RG Williams, E Graybosch, RA AF Peterson, CJ Shelton, DR Martin, TJ Sears, RG Williams, E Graybosch, RA TI Grain color stability and classification of hard white wheat in the US SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article DE classification; end-use quality; hard white wheat; stability AB Variability in grain color of hard white wheat was investigated in cultivars grown over two years in Nebraska and Kansas and related to variation observed in grain hardness, kernel weight, kernel size, and protein content and to color of ground meal and flour. Grain color was scored subjectively, through visual evaluation, and objectively through use of a colorimeter. Of the 543 hard white wheat samples examined by USDA-GIPSA grain inspectors, 15.5% were scored as visually darker than the 1990 grain color standard established as a minimum for hard white wheat classification. The remaining samples were scored as having grain color essentially equal (28.2%), or visually 'whiter' (56.4%), than the color standard. Distributions of colorimeter L, a, and b values suggest that the colorimeter had difficulty in capturing the subtleties of visual ratings. There were significant decreases in kernel hardness and grain protein content among samples that scored visually 'whiter' than the color standard. Grain color, measured either visually or by colorimeter, was not a reliable indicator of either ground meal color or flour color. As such, it may provide little indication of grain quality, end-product color, or processing value to the milling and baking industries. C1 Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Wheat Mkt Ctr, Portland, OR USA. Kansas State Univ, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Agripro Seeds Inc, Berthoud, CO USA. USDA, GIPSA, Kansas City, MO USA. USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Peterson, CJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 4 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 2001 VL 119 IS 1-2 BP 101 EP 106 DI 10.1023/A:1017515127628 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 441BQ UT WOS:000169211500016 ER PT J AU Carver, BF Khalil, I Krenzer, EG MacKown, CT AF Carver, BF Khalil, I Krenzer, EG MacKown, CT TI Breeding winter wheat for a dual-purpose management system SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article DE adaptation; dual purpose; forage removal; grain yield; Triticum aestivum L. ID FORAGE YIELD; ENVIRONMENT; GRAIN AB Breeders attempt to conduct selection under environmental conditions representative of the target environment. In the U.S. southern Great Plains, more than 50% of the wheat area may be used for the dual purpose of producing forage for cattle grazing and harvesting grain, but breeding of cultivars likely occurred in an environment managed for grain production. We tested the hypothesis that genetic improvements accrued over time in agronomic performance may be compromised, or be differentially expressed, in a forage-plus-grain system compared to the grain-only system under which improvement was initially targeted. Two field experiments were conducted in each of three years, employing management components appropriate to each system, and using a historical set of 12 cultivars chosen for their widespread adoption in the region. Substantial genetic improvement has occurred in hard red winter wheat yield, without adverse effects on test weight or grain protein content. The magnitude of genetic gain was higher in the grain-only management system under which these cultivars were originally selected. In two of the three years, we found no significant trend for improvement in grain yield under the dual-purpose system, prompting an expansion of our breeding objectives to incorporate selection pressure for dual-purpose adaptation. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. ARS, USDA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK USA. RP Carver, BF (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 7 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 2001 VL 119 IS 1-2 BP 231 EP 234 DI 10.1023/A:1017543800311 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 441BQ UT WOS:000169211500038 ER PT J AU Vega, KG Chavira, MG de la Vega, OM Simpson, J Vandemark, G AF Vega, KG Chavira, MG de la Vega, OM Simpson, J Vandemark, G TI Analysis of genetic diversity in Agave tequilana var. Azul using RAPD markers SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article DE Agave tequilana; genetic diversity; RAPDs; tequila ID YUCCA-FILAMENTOSA AGAVACEAE; POPULATION AB By federal law in Mexico, A. tequilana Weber var. Azul is the only variety of agave permitted for the production of any tequila. Our objective was to assay levels of genetic variation in field populations of A. tequilana var. Azul using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Ten plants were collected from each of four different fields, with two fields being located in each of two principal regions of Mexico for the cultivation of A. tequilana var. Azul. The two regions are separated geographically by approximately 100km. Genetic relationships between A. tequilana var. Azul and two other varieties of A. tequilana Weber, 'Chato' and 'Siguin', were also investigated using RAPDs. Among the three varieties, 19 decamer primers produced 130 markers, of which 20 (15.4%) were polymorphic between A. tequilana var. Chato and A. tequilana var. Siguin. The results of RAPD analysis suggest that A. tequilana var. Siguin is more closely related to A. tequilana var. Azul than is A. tequilana var. Chato. Among the 40 field selections of A. tequilana var. Azul, only 1 of 124 RAPD products (0.8%) was polymorphic and 39 of 40 plants were completely isogenic. This is one of the lowest levels of polymorphism detected to date for the analysis of a crop species, and is proposed to be the result of the promotion of a single conserved genotype over many years due to an exclusive reliance on vegetative propagation for the production of new planting materials. The significance of these results is discussed in relation to breeding programs focused on the improvement of A. tequilana var. Azul. C1 IPN, CINVESTAV, Dept Biotecnol & Bioquim, Irapuato 36500, Gto, Mexico. IPN, CINVESTAV, Dept Ingn Genet, Irapuato 36500, Gto, Mexico. RP Vandemark, G (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RI Simpson, June/I-1057-2012; Martinez, Octavio/F-3951-2014 OI Simpson, June/0000-0002-1891-4914; Martinez, Octavio/0000-0002-7590-0041 NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 2001 VL 119 IS 3 BP 335 EP 341 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 443FE UT WOS:000169329500011 ER PT J AU Wang, RRC Li, XM Chatterton, NJ AF Wang, RRC Li, XM Chatterton, NJ TI A proposed mechanism for loss of heterozygosity in rice hybrids SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Congress of Genetics CY AUG 10-15, 1998 CL BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Acad Sci, Genet Soc China DE chromosome assortment; homozygosity; hybrid; LOH; mitosis; rice AB A phenomenon, loss of heterozygosity (LOH), was discovered in hybrid plants involving a selected plant (named AMR) of the Chinese rice cultivar `Zhongxin No. 1' as one parent. In these hybrids and some of their progenies, somatic variations were manifested by molecular genotypes and/or morphological phenotypes in vegetative parts of the same plant. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers for the parents have been followed through the F-3 generation. RAPD markers were uniformly present or absent in all plants within some or all F-2 panicle rows derived from F-1 hybrids involving AMR. In contrast, RAPD markers segregated in the Mendelian manner for dominant markers in panicle rows derived from control hybrids. Certain F-2 panicle rows from F-1 hybrids involving the special rice became fixed for all assayed RAPD markers. Genotype fixation was confirmed by molecular assays and field observations of the F-3 progenies. We propose a new biological mechanism, called `assortment mitosis,' as being responsible for the observed phenomenon. The use of this mechanism in plant hybrids allows the development of uniform progenies as early as the F-2 generation. Therefore, the time required to obtain fixed non-parental type progenies for subsequent performance trials can be drastically shortened. Utilizing this mechanism in plant breeding represents a new approach and requires the modification of conventional plant breeding procedures. C1 ARS, USDA, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Wang, RRC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 2001 VL 118 IS 2 BP 119 EP 126 DI 10.1023/A:1004010517197 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 410HZ UT WOS:000167435700007 ER PT J AU Jauhar, PP Peterson, TS AF Jauhar, PP Peterson, TS TI Hybrids between durum wheat and Thinopyrum junceiforme: Prospects for breeding for scab resistance SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Congress of Genetics CY AUG 10-15, 1998 CL BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Acad Sci, Genet Soc China DE fluorescent in situ hybridization; fusarium head blight resistance; intergeneric hybrids; partial amphiploids; regulation of chromosome pairing; unreduced gametes ID HEXAPLOID BREAD WHEAT; GENOME ANALYSIS; CHROMOSOME; BESSARABICUM; LOPHOPYRUM; ELONGATUM; TRITICEAE AB Tetraploid wheatgrass, Thinopyrum junceiforme (2n = 4x = 28; J(1)J(1)J(2)J(2)), a wild relative of wheat, is an excellent source of resistance to Fusarium head blight. Intergeneric F-1 hybrids (2n = 4x = 28; ABJ(1)J(2)) between durum wheat (Triticum turgidum; 2n = 4x = 28; AABB) cultivars Lloyd or Langdon and Th. junceiforme were synthesized. Most of the pairing in F-1 hybrids was between the J(1)- and J(2)-genome chromosomes. Some pairing occurred between wheat chromosomes and alien chromosomes, resulting in segmental exchange that was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). The F-1 hybrids were largely male-sterile and were backcrossed, as the female parent, to the respective durum cultivar. Backcrosses from Lloyd x Th. junceiforme hybrids yielded fertile partial amphiploids (2n = 6x = 42; AABBJ(1)J(2)) as a result of functioning of unreduced female gametes of the hybrid. Lloyd proved to be a more useful durum parent than Langdon in crosses with Th. junceiforme designed to transfer scab resistance genes. Pairing in the amphiploids was characterized by preferential pairing, which resulted in bivalent formation. However, some intergeneric pairing also occurred. Several fertile hybrid derivatives were produced by further backcrossing and selfing. The introduction of alien chromatin into the durum complement was confirmed by FISH. Hybrid derivative lines had significantly lower mean infection scores (p = 0.01), the best showing 10.93% infection, whereas the parental durum cultivars had 70.34% to 89.46% infection. Hybridization with wild relatives may offer an excellent means of introducing scab resistance into durum wheat. C1 ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Jauhar, PP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 23 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 2001 VL 118 IS 2 BP 127 EP 136 DI 10.1023/A:1004070006544 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 410HZ UT WOS:000167435700008 ER PT J AU Hokanson, SC Lamboy, WF Szewc-McFadden, AK McFerson, JR AF Hokanson, SC Lamboy, WF Szewc-McFadden, AK McFerson, JR TI Microsatellite (SSR) variation in a collection of Malus (apple) species and hybrids SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article DE apple; genetic relatedness; germplasm management; Malus species and hybrids; microsatellite markers ID SIMPLE SEQUENCE REPEATS; GERMPLASM; POPULATIONS; ACCESSIONS; RESISTANCE; CULTIVARS; DIVERSITY; MARKERS AB A collection of 142 accessions of 23 Malus species, derived hybrids and cultivar accessions from the USDA-ARS Plant Genetic Resources Unit's core collection, which represents an extensive range of Malus species, was screened with a set of previously described SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers. The markers were used to determine genetic identities, estimate genetic diversity, identify genetic relationships among the accessions, and determine the utility of SSR primers developed from Malus x domestica for making genetic assessments across the whole Malus genus. All eight primer pairs amplified multiple fragments when used in polymerase chain reactions with DNA from these accessions. High levels of variation were detected with a mean of 26.4 alleles per locus and a mean direct count heterozygosity across all eight loci equal to 0.623. The eight primer pairs used in this study unambiguously differentiated all but five pairs of accessions in this collection of 142 accessions of 23 Malus species, derived hybrids and cultivars. These SSR data were not useful in identifying genetic relationships among this diverse collection of accessions, with the majority of the accessions not clustering in ways concordant with taxonomic information and/or geographic origin. The resulting phenogram resolved only two meaningful clusters, for the taxonomically isolated Section Chloromeles and for M. fusca accessions, reflecting genetic relationships arising from geographic origin. The detection of identical accessions in the collection, which were previously considered to be unique, highlights the critical need to further bolster collections of certain Malus species. C1 ARS, USDA, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. Washington Tree Fruit Res Commiss, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Hokanson, SC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Fruit Lab, Bldg 010A,Rm 210,BARC-W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 72 TC 90 Z9 109 U1 5 U2 20 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 2001 VL 118 IS 3 BP 281 EP 294 DI 10.1023/A:1017591202215 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 417CD UT WOS:000167817100007 ER PT J AU Predieri, S Zimmerman, RH AF Predieri, S Zimmerman, RH TI Pear mutagenesis: In vitro treatment with gamma-rays and field selection for productivity and fruit traits SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article DE breeding; fruit; gamma rays; in vitro; irradiation; pear; selection AB In vitro shoots of six pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars, 'Conference', 'Doyenne d'Hiver', 'Passe Crassane', 'Bartlett', 'Abbe Fetel' and 'Butirra Precoce Morettini' were irradiated with gamma rays (3.5 Gy). After three subcultures, microcuttings from the irradiated shoots and from additional non-irradiated microcuttings were rooted to establish plants for survey orchards. All trees were individually observed for variation in fruit traits and for productivity. Trees were selected for improved characters related to production such as early bearing and consistent productivity. Variations observed in fruit appearance concerned degree of russeting, fruit shape and size. The frequencies of the observed variations in fruit traits depended on the cultivar, ranging from 0.81% in 'Doyenne d'Hiver' to 3.64% in 'Passe Crassane'. Of the 97 variants selected, only two showed chimeral behavior. C1 CNR, Ist Ecofisiol Piante Arboree Frutto, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. ARS, USDA, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Predieri, S (reprint author), CNR, Ist Ecofisiol Piante Arboree Frutto, Via Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy. RI Predieri, Stefano/C-4392-2015 OI Predieri, Stefano/0000-0003-4270-4914 NR 25 TC 8 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 2001 VL 117 IS 3 BP 217 EP 227 DI 10.1023/A:1026594103277 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 384VH UT WOS:000165966500005 ER PT J AU King, JW Snyder, JM Frykman, H Neese, A AF King, JW Snyder, JM Frykman, H Neese, A TI Sterol ester production using lipase-catalyzed reactions in supercritical carbon dioxide SO EUROPEAN FOOD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lipase; reaction; sterol ester; supercritical carbon dioxide ID FLUID EXTRACTION; BIOCATALYSIS; OILS; CO2 AB Synthesis of sterol and stanol esters is of importance, due to their recent recognition and application in the food and nutriceutical industries as cholesterol-lowering agents. In this study, several enzymes were evaluated to determine the best catalyst and optimal conditions for the reaction between various fatty acids and cholesterol or sitostanol in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). Using an analytical supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) unit, the lipase derived from Burkholderia cepacia, Chirazyme L-1, was determined to be the most selective for facilitating the desired reactions. Fatty acids C-8-C-18, pressures between 20.7 MPa and 31 MPa, a temperature range of 40-60 degreesC, along with variable flow rates, and initial static hold times were used to evaluated the feasibility of the above reaction. The yield of the cholesterol esters, as measured by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), ranged from 90% for caprylic acid to 99% for palmitic acid, while the corresponding reaction between sitostanol and the same fatty acids produced yields of 92% for caprylic acid and 99% for palmitic acid, respectively. The extraction apparatus was modified to provide a continuous flow of the reagent fatty acid and sterol/stanol over the enzyme bed, thereby allowing continuous production of the desired esters which averaged a 99% yield under optimal conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP King, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 19 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1438-2377 J9 EUR FOOD RES TECHNOL JI Eur. Food Res. Technol. PY 2001 VL 212 IS 5 BP 566 EP 569 DI 10.1007/s002170100296 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 440XN UT WOS:000169202100006 ER PT J AU Fritsche, S Rumsey, TS Yurawecz, MP Ku, Y Fritsche, J AF Fritsche, S Rumsey, TS Yurawecz, MP Ku, Y Fritsche, J TI Influence of growth promoting implants on fatty acid composition including conjugated linoleic acid isomers in beef fat SO EUROPEAN FOOD RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE beef; conjugated linoleic acid isomers; fatty acid composition; growth promoting implants; trans fatty acids ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PRODUCTION SYSTEM; BODY-COMPOSITION; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; STEERS; MILK; MUSCLE; SEPARATION; LIPIDS AB The influence of the growth promoting implants Synovex (SYN), Ralgro (RAL), and Revalor (REV) on the fatty acid profiles of subcutaneous fat, intramuscular fat, and phospholipids of 32 beef steers (eight steers per treatment, and eight controls) was studied. Fatty acid compositions and profiles of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers were determined by a combination of GC and triple-column Ag+-HPLC. Only small differences could be observed between the different treatment groups. The amount of saturated fatty acids relative to monounsaturated fatty acids was increased by all growth promoting implants in subcutaneous fat (P < 0.1) and also by SYN in intramuscular far. RAL led to slightly higher amounts of trans fatty acids in subcutaneous and intramuscular fat (P < 0.1). REV-implanted steers showed some significant differences in their profiles of polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to control steers. CLA content and isomeric distribution in subcutaneous fat were affected by SYN, which reduced amounts of total CLA (0.42 mg/g fat vs. 0.53 mg/g in control steers, P < 0.001) and decreased the proportions of the primary 18:2 c9t11 isomer (73% of total CLA for SYN vs. 77-78% for all other treatment groups). Slight increases of c9t11 CLA in intramuscular fat were observed in RAL- and REV-implanted steers (P < 0.1). Most differences in fatty acid composition observed in this study were probably due to shifts in the storage lipid/membrane lipid ratio. C1 US FDA, Washington, DC 20204 USA. USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fritsche, S (reprint author), Unilever Res Labs Vlaardingen, Olivier van Noortlaan 120, NL-3133 AT Vlaardingen, Netherlands. NR 50 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1438-2377 J9 EUR FOOD RES TECHNOL JI Eur. Food Res. Technol. PY 2001 VL 212 IS 6 BP 621 EP 629 DI 10.1007/s002170100323 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 448UC UT WOS:000169647500001 ER PT J AU Asano, N Yasuda, K Kizu, H Kato, A Fan, JQ Nash, RJ Fleet, GWJ Molyneux, RJ AF Asano, N Yasuda, K Kizu, H Kato, A Fan, JQ Nash, RJ Fleet, GWJ Molyneux, RJ TI Novel alpha-L-fucosidase inhibitors from the bark of Angylocalyx pynaertii (Leguminosae) SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Angylocalyx pynaertii; alpha-L-fucosidase inhibitors; sugar mimics; structure-activity relationships; 1-deoxymannojirimycin glycosides ID HUMAN ZONA-PELLUCIDA; HOMONOJIRIMYCIN ISOMERS; GLYCOSIDASE INHIBITION; MANNOSIDASE INHIBITOR; L-HOMOFUCONOJIRIMYCIN; CONFORMATIONAL BASIS; BINDING-SITES; NITROGEN; SUGARS; MATURATION AB The extract of bark of Angylocalyx pynaertii (Leguminosae) was found to potently inhibit mammalian alpha -L-fucosidases. A thorough examination of the extract resulted in the discovery of 15 polyhydroxylated alkaloids, including the known alkaloids from seeds of this plant, 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol (DAB), 1-deoxymannojirimycin (DMJ) and 2,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-D-mannitol (6-deoxy-DMDP). Among them, eight sugar-mimic alkaloids showed the potent inhibitory activity towards bovine epididymis alpha -L-fucosidase and their K-i values are as follows: 6-deoxy-DMDP (83 muM), 2,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-L-glucitol (0.49 muM), 2,5-dideoxy- 2,5-imino-D-fucitol (17 muM) 2,5-imino-1,2,5-trideoxy-D-altritol (3.7 muM), DMJ (4.7 muM), N-methyl-DMJ (30 muM), 6-O-alpha -L-rhamnopyranosyl-DMJ (Rha-DMJ, 0.06 muM), and beta -L-homofuconojirimycin (beta -HFJ, 0.0053 muM) We definitively deduced the structural requirements of inhibitors of alpha -L-fucosidase for the piperidine alkaloids (DMJ derivatives). The minimum structural feature of alpha -L-fucosidase inhibitors is the correct configuration of the three hydroxyl groups on the piperidine ring corresponding to C2, C3 and C4 of L-fucose. Furthermore, the addition of a methyl group in the correct configuration to the ring carbon atom corresponding to C5 of L-fucose generates extremely powerful inhibition of alpha -L-fucosidase. The replacement of the methyl group of beta -HFJ by a hydroxymethyl group reduced its inhibitory potential about 80-fold. This suggests that there may be a hydrophobic region in or around the active site. The existence or configuration of a substituent group on the ring carbon atom corresponding to the anomeric position of L-fucose does not appear to be important for the inhibition. interestingly, Rha-DMJ was a 70-fold more potent inhibitor of alpha -L-fucosidase than DMJ. This implies that the lysosomal alpha -L-fucosidase may have subsites recognizing oligosaccharyl structures in natural substrates. C1 Hokuriku Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201181, Japan. Toyama Med & Pharmaceut Univ, Dept Hosp Pharm, Sugitani, Toyama 93001, Japan. Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Human Genet, New York, NY USA. AFRC, Inst Grassland & Environm Res, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Dyfed, Wales. Univ Oxford, Dyson Perrins Lab, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Asano, N (reprint author), Hokuriku Univ, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Kanagawa Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201181, Japan. NR 31 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0014-2956 J9 EUR J BIOCHEM JI Eur. J. Biochem. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 268 IS 1 BP 35 EP 41 DI 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01837.x PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 394LH UT WOS:000166525200005 PM 11121099 ER PT J AU Narang, N Herard, F Dougherty, EM Chen, K Vega, FE AF Narang, N Herard, F Dougherty, EM Chen, K Vega, FE TI A gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar, Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus from France: comparison with a North American and a Korean strain SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biocontrol; microbial control; insect pathogens; baculovirus; NPV; nucleopolyhedrovirus; gypsy moth; Lymantria dispar; fluorescent brightener ID RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASES; OPTICAL BRIGHTENER; PHYSICAL MAPS; BACULOVIRUS; IDENTIFICATION; ENHANCEMENT; GENOME; GENE; DNA AB As part of a search for natural enemies of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar), virus-infected samples were collected near Toulouse, France. Light and electron microscope studies confirmed that the French strain is a multinucleocapsid nuclear polyhedrosis virus (MNPV). In vivo bioassays using the New Jersey strain oft. dispar, and comparing L. dispar MNPV (LdMNPV) strains from France, North America and Korea, showed that the French strain was the least active, whereas the North American strain had the highest activity. The viral efficacy of all strains was enhanced 200 to 1300-fold in the presence of 1% fluorescent brightener. The enhancement was highest in the American strain and lowest in the French strain. French LdMNPV (LdMNPVF) DNA cut with four restriction enzymes (BamHI, EcoRI, HindIII, and NotI) revealed minor fragment size differences, but many similarities when compared to the North American and the Korean strain. PCR amplification of a LdMNPV early gene (G22) was detected in the North American and the Korean strain, but not in the French strain. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, European Biol Control Lab, F-34988 Montferrier Sur Lez, France. RP Vega, FE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Bldg 011A,Rm 214,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 51 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU CZECH ACAD SCI, INST ENTOMOLOGY PI CESKE BUDEJOVICE PA BRANISOVSKA 31, CESKE BUDEJOVICE 370 05, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 1210-5759 J9 EUR J ENTOMOL JI Eur. J. Entomol. PY 2001 VL 98 IS 2 BP 189 EP 194 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 452BT UT WOS:000169837800009 ER PT J AU Lacey, LA Rosa, JS Simoes, NO Amaral, JJ Kaya, HK AF Lacey, LA Rosa, JS Simoes, NO Amaral, JJ Kaya, HK TI Comparative dispersal and larvicidal activity of exotic and Azorean isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes against Popillia japonica (Coleoptera : Scarabaeidae) SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Steinernema carpocapsae; Steinernema glaseri; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; Heterorhabditidae; Steinernematidae; Japanese beetle; Popillia japonica; dispersal ID HETERORHABDITIS-BACTERIOPHORA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; SOIL TEXTURE; STEINERNEMA-GLASERI; NEOAPLECTANA; LARVAE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INFECTIVITY; RHABDITIDA AB The Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, is an introduced pest on Terceira, one of nine islands in the Azorean Archipelago. Research conducted on Terceira indicates that entomopathogenic nematodes in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae provide good to excellent control of Japanese beetle larvae, but the species that have been evaluated are not native to the Azores. An efficacious species that is native to the archipelago might provide increased capabilities for persisting and recycling in Azorean soil and weather conditions. Surveys on the islands of Terceira and Santa Maria resulted in the isolation of two Heterorhabditis strains (Sao Mateus and Praia Formosa) with good larvicidal activity for P. japonica. Initial bioassays conducted with Steinernema glaseri (Steiner) originally from North Carolina against P. japonica third instar larvae and pupae produced LC50 values of 3.2 x 10(5) infective juveniles (lJs)/m(2) and 0.9 x 10(5) IJs/m(2), respectively. Comparative bioassays of the native isolates and S. glaseri against P. japonica revealed similar larvicidal activity. The LC(50)s of the Sao Mateus and Praia Formosa isolates against third instar larvae were 3.64 x 10(5) and 4.44 x 10(5) IJs/m(2), respectively. The LC50 of S. glaseri ranged from 3.2 to 5.5 x 10(5) IJs/m(2). The higher larvicidal activity of the Azorean Heterorhabditis isolates for P. japonica indicates that native nematodes are as effective as S. glaseri. Heterorhabditid species also have demonstrated ability for persistence and apparent recycling under conditions where sustainable control of this introduced pest is needed. Studies comparing the dispersal behavior of the Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar Sao Mateus isolate with that of S. glaseri and native and exotic strains of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) revealed that the H. bacteriophora isolate demonstrated a greater propensity to disperse than other strains in the presence or absence of P. japonica larvae. In the presence of a host, a greater proportion of H. bacteriophora and S. glaseri dispersed than either of the two S. carpocapsae strains. C1 Japanese Beetle Control Project, Terceira, Acores, Portugal. Univ Acores, Dept Biol, P-9502 Ponta Delgada, Portugal. Direccao Reg Desenvolvimento Agr, P-9700 Vinha Brava, Angra Heroismo, Portugal. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nematol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Lacey, LA (reprint author), ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, USDA, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RI Simoes, Nelson/K-3843-2013; OI Simoes, Nelson/0000-0003-3612-6759; Rosa, Jose/0000-0001-7770-5381 NR 34 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 8 PU CZECH ACAD SCI, INST ENTOMOLOGY PI CESKE BUDEJOVICE PA BRANISOVSKA 31, CESKE BUDEJOVICE 370 05, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 1210-5759 J9 EUR J ENTOMOL JI Eur. J. Entomol. PY 2001 VL 98 IS 4 BP 439 EP 444 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 516AD UT WOS:000173528300003 ER PT J AU Coelho, L Mitchell, DJ Chellemi, DO AF Coelho, L Mitchell, DJ Chellemi, DO TI The effect of soil moisture and cabbage amendment on the thermoinactivation of Phytophthora nicotianae SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE field capacity; non-chemical control ID PARASITICA VAR-NICOTIANAE; PLASMODIOPHORA-BRASSICAE WORON; TOBACCO BLACK SHANK; F-SP CONGLUTINANS; ROOT-ROT; THERMAL INACTIVATION; PROCESSING TOMATOES; FURROW IRRIGATION; PLANT-PATHOGENS; SOLARIZATION AB The analysis of the effect of soil water matric potential and temperature regimes on the inactivation of chlamydospores of Phytophthora nicotianae in cabbage amended soils was evaluated using three matric potentials (0, -10, and -30 kPa), temperature regimes of 1.5 h at 44 degreesC, 5 h at 41 degreesC and 8 h at 35 degreesC, or 3 h at 47 degreesC, 5 h at 44 degreesC and 8 h at 35 degreesC, with a baseline temperature of 25 degreesC during the rest of the day. The results indicated that survival of P. nicotianae was lowest in saturated soil; and as temperature increased, survival of the pathogen decreased at all soil water matric potentials evaluated. Cabbage amendments can enhance the effect of the heat treatment, further decreasing the pathogen population. The soil water matric potentials evaluated represent optimum levels for the study of thermal inactivation. However, under field conditions lower potentials may be found. Extending the range of soil water matric potentials and the treatment time would allow better comparisons with the field data. There is a clear indication that one irrigation period prior to solarization would provide enough moisture to inactivate the primary inoculum of P. nicotianae in the top soil under field conditions; however, other factors may affect the effectiveness of solarization, reducing or enhancing its potential. C1 UNESP, FCAV, Dept Biol, BR-14870 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. ARS, USDA, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Coelho, L (reprint author), UNESP, FCAV, Dept Biol, BR-14870 Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. EM lisias@fcav.unesp.br NR 54 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1873 J9 EUR J PLANT PATHOL JI Eur. J. Plant Pathol. PY 2001 VL 107 IS 9 BP 883 EP 894 DI 10.1023/A:1013144820816 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 499YD UT WOS:000172597600004 ER PT B AU Hopper, KR AF Hopper, KR BE Wajnberg, E Scott, JK Quimby, PC TI Research needs concerning non-target impacts of biological control introductions SO EVALUATING INDIRECT ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Indirect Ecological Effects in Biological Control CY OCT 17-20, 1999 CL MONTPELLIER, FRANCE SP Complexe Int Lutte Biolog Agropolis, AGROPOLIS ID HOST-SPECIFICITY; PURPLE-LOOSESTRIFE; SOUTH-AFRICA; CHRYSOMELIDAE; COLEOPTERA; SOLANACEAE; WEEDS AB Two workshops were held in 1999 on research needs concerning non-target impacts of biological control introductions. One took place on the Internet for 9 months, and the other in Montpellier, France, for I day. Altogether, over 200 researchers from over 30 countries participated, representing a wide variety of viewpoints on the issues involved. The deliberations of these workshops are summarized here. Both workshops highlighted the need for retrospective studies to: (i) identify cases of significant non-target impacts; (ii) explore mechanisms involved when such impacts are found; (iii) evaluate the reliability of host-range testing protocols; and (iv) determine whether and under what circumstances host ranges of biological control agents have evolved subsequent to introduction. Both workshops also emphasized the need for better understanding of the mechanisms underlying host specificity. Finally, both workshops recognized the desirability of collaboration among ecologists, economists, sociologists and biological control practitioners in research to assess and reduce the potential for non-target impacts of biological control introductions. C1 USDA ARS, Beneficial Insect Introduct Res Unit, Newark, DE 19713 USA. RP Hopper, KR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beneficial Insect Introduct Res Unit, 501 S Chapel St, Newark, DE 19713 USA. NR 21 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU CABI PUBLISHING PI CAMBRIDGE PA 875 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, 7TH FLOOR, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA BN 0-85199-453-9 PY 2001 BP 39 EP 56 DI 10.1079/9780851994536.0039 PG 18 WC Biology; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BS90X UT WOS:000171367400003 ER PT B AU Rotz, CA Coiner, CU Soder, KJ AF Rotz, CA Coiner, CU Soder, KJ BE Juliszewski, T TI Economics of robotic milking on a dairy farm in the United States SO FARM WORK SCIENCE FACING CHALLENGES OF THE XXI CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th Congress of CIOSTA-CIGR V CY JUN 25-27, 2001 CL KRAKOW, POLAND SP Agr Univ Cracow, Polish Acad Sci, Agr Engn Comm, Polish Assoc Agr Engn DE automatic milking system; robotic milking; economics ID MODEL AB Automatic (robotic) milking systems are just becoming available in the United States. The early adopters of this technology are expected to be the smaller dairy farms in the northeastern and upper midwestern states. A whole-farm simulation model was used to determine the impacts of implementing this technology on such a farm with a Jersey herd in southern Pennsylvania. Impacts included an increase in feed consumption, increased milk production, reduced labor use and costs, a large increase in the annualized cost of milking equipment, and a decrease in farm net return of $30,000 per year. When the Jersey animals were substituted with a higher producing Holstein herd, fewer animals were needed to produce the same level of income from milk sales. With fewer animals, one less robotic milking unit was required, reducing the initial investment by $175,000. With this scenario, the use of the automatic milking system provided a small ($5,000 per year) decrease in the long-term net return to the farm. When the animal numbers for either the Jersey or Holstein herds were increased to better match the full capacity of an automatic milking system, the long-term economic benefit improved to an $18,000 loss with the Jersey herd and an $8,000 increase in annual profit for the Holstein herd. As this technology is adopted in the United States, the greatest economic benefit can be expected on farms with smaller, high producing herds where the number of animals is well matched to the capacity of the milking system. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Rotz, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Bldg 3702,Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU WAGENINGEN ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI WAGENINGEN PA POSTBUS 220, 6700 AE WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-74134-94-7 PY 2001 BP 115 EP 122 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agricultural Economics & Policy SC Agriculture GA BW76B UT WOS:000183079300018 ER PT J AU Mommsen, TP Silverstein, JT Plisetskaya, EM Whittaker, LJ Whittaker, J Conlon, JM AF Mommsen, TP Silverstein, JT Plisetskaya, EM Whittaker, LJ Whittaker, J Conlon, JM TI Two insulins from channel catfish: purification, structures, receptor-binding and cDNA sequences SO FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE channel catfish; insulin; primary structure; receptor-binding; cDNA; Brockmann body; alleles ID ALANINE-SCANNING MUTAGENESIS; GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE; MULTIPLE MOLECULAR-FORMS; FOOD-INTAKE REGULATION; TELEOST FISH; SOMATOSTATIN; LAMPREY; FLOUNDER; GENE; PROGLUCAGON AB Two insulins were isolated from an extract of the Brockmann bodies of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The primary structure of insulin I is: A-Chain: GIVELCCHKP(10) CSLHDLQNYC(20) N; B-Chain: GAPQHLCGSH(10) LVDALYLVCG(20) PNGFFYNPK. Insulin II has three amino-acid substitutions compared with insulin I: A14His to Gln, B1Gly to Val, and B13Asp to Glu. Despite some unusual amino acid substitutions in the catfish insulins compared with human insulin, such as A5Gln to Leu, B21Glu to Pro and B22Arg to Asn, those residues believed to constitute the receptor-binding domain are conserved. Consistent with this, catfish insulins I and II were equipotent in inhibiting the binding of [3-[I-125] iodotyrosine-A14] human insulin to the soluble human insulin receptor and were only 3-fold less potent than human insulin in the same assays. An analysis of mRNA expression in Brockmann bodies by reverse-transcriptase PCR identified two proinsulin sequences for the channel catfish containing a single, highly conserved C-peptide whose deduced amino acid sequence is REVDPLLGFL(10) PPKSAPEGEL(20) AEYPYKEYSE(30) LMVKR. PCR of genomic DNA with specific proinsulin primers spanning the intron II interrupting the C-peptide of all vertebrate insulins, produced two introns of 105 and 104 bp, respectively. The nucleotide sequences of the introns differ in 13 positions. Because of the high degree of conservation in insulin and C-peptide and the large variability in the small intron, we conclude that the two insulins isolated are the products of different genes and do not simply represent different alleles. The channel catfish is a diploid species that may have undergone gene or chromosome duplication and therefore we propose that multiple insulin genes may not be restricted to polyploid species such as salmonids or sturgeons. C1 Univ Victoria, Dept Microbiol & Biochem, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada. ARS, USDA, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Hagedorn Res Inst, DK-2820 Gentofte, Denmark. Creighton Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biomed Sci, Ctr Regulatory Peptide, Omaha, NE 68178 USA. RP Mommsen, TP (reprint author), Univ Victoria, Dept Microbiol & Biochem, POB 3055, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada. OI Conlon, John Michael/0000-0002-4343-1551 NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-1742 J9 FISH PHYSIOL BIOCHEM JI Fish Physiol. Biochem. PY 2001 VL 25 IS 1 BP 61 EP 70 DI 10.1023/A:1019708017696 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology GA 582YY UT WOS:000177379800007 ER PT J AU Plisetskaya, EM Bondareva, VM Leonard, JBK Conlon, JM Mommsen, TP Silverstein, JT AF Plisetskaya, EM Bondareva, VM Leonard, JBK Conlon, JM Mommsen, TP Silverstein, JT TI Measurement of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) plasma insulin in species-specific radioimmunoassay SO FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE catfish insulin; nutritional status; plasma levels; seasonal changes; special-specific radioimmunoassay ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; FOOD-INTAKE REGULATION; GLUCOSE-TRANSPORTER; TELEOST FISH; HOMOLOGOUS RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; SALMON INSULIN; COHO SALMON; GROWTH; GLUCAGON; EXPRESSION AB A single antibody, equilibrium, species specific radioimmunoassay (RIA) for catfish insulin was developed and validated for measurements of plasma levels of insulin in juvenile and adult channel catfish. The RIA appeared to be sensitive (20 pg/tube) and stable with intra-assay coefficient of variation between 5.7% and 3.1% and inter-assay coefficient of variation of 6.5%. The blood was collected from two strains of catfish, USDA 103 and Norris, which differ in food consumption and growth rates, the former strain consuming more food and growing faster (Silverstein et al. 1999). The experiments conducted from December to May included fasting and feeding periods from 5 to 14 days as well as either intravenous or intraperitoneal administration of glucagon-like peptide known for its anorexic effect in both mammals and fish (Silverstein et al. 2001). As in other piscine species studied before, fed fish had higher plasma insulin content than food-deprived fish. Feeding status prevailed over other treatments as the primary physiological factor determining circulating plasma insulin levels. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Russian Acad Sci, IM Sechenov Evolut Physiol & Biochem Inst, St Petersburg 194223, Russia. ARS, USDA, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Creighton Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Regulatory Peptide, Dept Biomed Sci, Omaha, NE 68178 USA. Univ Victoria, Dept Microbiol & Biochem, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada. RP Plisetskaya, EM (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. OI Conlon, John Michael/0000-0002-4343-1551 NR 41 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-1742 J9 FISH PHYSIOL BIOCHEM JI Fish Physiol. Biochem. PY 2001 VL 25 IS 1 BP 71 EP 80 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Fisheries; Physiology GA 582YY UT WOS:000177379800008 ER PT J AU Bishop, MA Green, SP AF Bishop, MA Green, SP TI Predation on Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) spawn by birds in Prince William Sound, Alaska SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE avian predation; bioenergetics; Clupea pallasi; egg loss; glaucous-winged gull; spawn ID ASSIMILATION EFFICIENCY; BIOENERGETICS MODEL; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; FISH; LIPIDS AB We examined bird diets in areas with Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) spawn at northern Montague Island in Prince William Sound, Alaska. Diets of the five most abundant bird species consisted primarily of herring spawn. Using a bioenergetics model, we estimated that in spring 1994 the five-bird species ate 857.1 metric tons (mt), representing 31% of the estimated spawn deposition. The two most numerous consumers, glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens) and mew gull (Larus canus) consumed 26% and 3%, respectively, of the estimated spawn deposition. Surf scoters (Melanitta perspicillata), surfbirds (Aphriza virgata), and black turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala) together consumed 2% of the spawn deposition. In years with low spawn biomass, such as 1994, the number of herring larvae produced could be significantly affected by normal rates of avian predation. The high consumption by gulls, shorebirds, and surf scoters underscores the importance of herring spawn in the annual cycle of these species and requires further investigation. C1 US Forest Serv, Copper River Delta Inst, Pacific NW Res Stn, Cordova, AK 99574 USA. Univ Washington, Ctr Streamside Studies, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Bishop, MA (reprint author), Prince William Sound Sci Ctr, POB 705, Cordova, AK 99574 USA. NR 45 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PY 2001 VL 10 SU 1 BP 149 EP 158 DI 10.1046/j.1054-6006.2001.00038.x PG 10 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 519DB UT WOS:000173709000010 ER PT J AU Milbury, PE AF Milbury, PE TI Analysis of complex mixtures of flavonoids and polyphenols by high-performance liquid chromatography electrochemical detection methods SO FLAVONOIDS AND OTHER POLYPHENOLS SE METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Review ID WINE POLYPHENOLS; HPLC C1 Tufts Univ, Antioxidant Res Lab, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Milbury, PE (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Antioxidant Res Lab, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 9 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0076-6879 J9 METHOD ENZYMOL JI Methods Enzymol. PY 2001 VL 335 BP 15 EP 26 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BS60K UT WOS:000170554800002 PM 11400364 ER PT J AU Komolprasert, V McNeal, TP Agrawal, A Adhikari, C Thayer, DW AF Komolprasert, V McNeal, TP Agrawal, A Adhikari, C Thayer, DW TI Volatile and non-volatile compounds in irradiated semi-rigid crystalline poly(ethylene terephthalate) polymers SO FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS LA English DT Article DE PET; poly( ethylene terephthalate); volatiles; non-volatiles; irradiation ID PRODUCTS AB In this study two different semi-rigid crystalline and oriented polyethylene terephthalate materials were used and were irradiated at 25-kGy dose at room temperature by using a caesium (137) radiator. Volatile and nonvolatile compounds present in the irradiated materials were identified and quantified. The qualitative results obtained from HS/GC/TCD/FID analysis at room temperature showed volatiles could not be identified. The HS/GC/MSD analysis performed at 106 degreesC showed that the irradiation generated 668-742 mug/kg formic acid, 868-922 mug/kg acetic acid, 17-32 mug/kg 1,3-dioxolane, and 47-71 mug/kg 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane based on PET weight. The results obtained from the thermal desorption and GC/MSD performed at 200 degreesC showed that 10-12 mg/kg acetaldehyde, 479-975 mug/kg 1,3-dioxolane, and 6.6-11.2 mg/kg methyl-1, 3-dioxolane were detected after irradiation. The concentrations of the two dioxolanes found from thermal desorption were much higher than those observed in the HS, although formic and acetic acids were not detected. It is possible that the formic and acetic acids produced by irradiation underwent further reactions with ethylene glycol during thermal desorption to form the dioxolanes. The soluble solid extracted from various PET specimens before and after irradiation were in a range of 0.67-0.78%. PET cyclic trimer is the major component and is present at 0.41-0.50%, accounting for more than 50% of the percent total solid in PET. Statistically, irradiation did not increase the soluble solid and cyclic trimer. The overall results suggest that 25-kGy irradiation had a significant effect on increasing the volatile but not the non-volatile compounds detected in the PET specimens. C1 IIT, Natl Ctr Food Safety & Technol, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. US FDA, Div Food Proc & Packaging, Summit Argo, IL 60501 USA. US FDA, Off Premarket Approval, Div Prod Manufacture & Use, Washington, DC 20204 USA. Continental PET Technol Inc, Bedford, NH 03110 USA. ARS, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Komolprasert, V (reprint author), IIT, Natl Ctr Food Safety & Technol, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. FU FDA HHS [FD-000431] NR 8 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0265-203X J9 FOOD ADDIT CONTAM JI Food Addit. Contam. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 18 IS 1 BP 89 EP 101 DI 10.1080/02652030010006096 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA 390WQ UT WOS:000166322300010 PM 11212551 ER PT J AU Glavin, MO AF Glavin, MO TI HACCP: We've only just begun SO FOOD AND DRUG LAW JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 44th Annual Educational Conference of the Food-and-Drug-Law-Institute CY APR 18-19, 2001 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Food & Drug Law Inst C1 USDA, FSIS, Washington, DC USA. RP Glavin, MO (reprint author), USDA, FSIS, Washington, DC USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOOD DRUG LAW INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1000 VERMONT AVE NW, SUITE 1200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4903 USA SN 1064-590X J9 FOOD DRUG LAW J JI Food Drug Law J. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 2 BP 137 EP 142 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology; Law; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Food Science & Technology; Government & Law; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 466JD UT WOS:000170641700004 PM 12022191 ER PT S AU Warner, K Neff, WE AF Warner, K Neff, WE BE Spanier, AM Shahidi, F Parliment, TH Mussinan, C Ho, CT Contis, ET TI Chemistry of fried food flavors SO FOOD FLAVORS AND CHEMISTRY: ADVANCES OF THE NEW MILLENNIUM SE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Flavor Conference CY JUL 04-07, 2000 CL PAROS, GREECE SP Amer Chem Soc, Agr & Food Chem Div ID CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS; FATTY-ACID COMPOSITIONS; FRYING TEMPERATURES; OXIDATIVE STABILITY; SOYBEAN OILS; TRIOLEIN AB To better understand flavor development in frying oils that contain high levels of oleic or linoleic acids, triolein and trilinolein were heated to 190degreesC and the odor significance of volatile compounds was evaluated by purge and trap-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry. Predominant odors of triolein heated 1, 3 and 6 h at 190degreesC were fruity and plastic with other negative odors of acrid, grassy, mushroom and fishy. Predominant volatile compounds with negative odors detected in triolein (in order of decreasing ppm) were nonanal (fruity), octanal (fruity), heptanal (fruity), (E)-2-decenal (plastic), and (E)-2-undecenal (plastic). Predominant compounds that produced negative odors in heated trilinolein included hexanal (grassy), 2-pentyl furan (fruity), and pentanal (grassy). The amounts of volatile compounds produced and intensity levels of the negative odors were significantly lower in trilinolein than in triolein. The components (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, (E,Z/ Z,E)-2,4-decadienal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-heptenal, and (E,E)-2, 4-octadienal produced deep fried odor at moderate-strong intensities in heated trilinolein. However, unexpected aldehydes, namely -(E,E)-2,4-decadienal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, (E,E)-2,4-undecadienal, and (E)-2-octenal, were detected in triolein heated 6 hr and produced deep fried odor at weak to moderate intensities. (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, the predominant aldehyde producing a deep fried odor, was present in trilinolein at 632 ppm but at only 14 ppm in triolein. This information helps explain sources of deep fried flavor characteristic of high linoleic frying oils but which is only at low intensity levels in high oleic oils. The odors produced from triolein also help explain the plastic, fruity odors and flavors characteristic of high oleic frying oils. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Warner, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0260-6291 BN 0-85404-875-8 J9 ROY SOC CH PY 2001 IS 274 BP 291 EP 304 DI 10.1039/9781847550859-00291 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA BT93J UT WOS:000174471700025 ER PT J AU Onwulata, CI Smith, PW Konstance, RP Holsinger, VH AF Onwulata, CI Smith, PW Konstance, RP Holsinger, VH TI Incorporation of whey products in extruded corn, potato or rice snacks SO FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE extrusion; whey products; texture; expansion; breaking strength ID SCREW CONFIGURATION; EXTRUSION-COOKING; STARCH; FLOUR; BLENDS; EXPANSION; DENSITY AB Sweet whey solids (SWS) or whey protein concentrate (WPC) were added at concentrations of 250 and 500 g/kg to corn meal, rice or potato flour to make snack products. Extrusion processing conditions included low shear, high shear, and the combination of high shear/low moisture. Increased specific mechanical energy (SME) was desired for expanding products, but SME was reduced as a result of incorporating WPC and SWS. Quality indices for expansion and breaking strength decreased significantly (P<0.05), indicating poor textural effects. By reducing the moisture and adding reverse screw elements, SME was increased, which increased product expansion and breaking strength. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Onwulata, CI (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 28 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9969 J9 FOOD RES INT JI Food Res. Int. PY 2001 VL 34 IS 8 BP 679 EP 687 DI 10.1016/S0963-9969(01)00088-6 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 461VJ UT WOS:000170383900004 ER PT J AU Anderson, ET Berry, BW AF Anderson, ET Berry, BW TI Effects of inner pea fiber on fat retention and cooking yield in high fat ground beef SO FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE high fat ground beef; inner pea fiber; fat retention; cooking yield ID EXERCISE ENDURANCE; CALORIC VALUE; ENERGY-INTAKE; PATTIES; DIET; PROTEIN; LEVEL; TEMPERATURE; WATER; RATS AB High fat ground beef (40 and 50% fat) containing different amounts of inner pea fiber (0, 10, 12, 14, 16% wt./wt.) was cooked to internal temperatures of approximately 90 degreesC using low power microwave energy. Raw and cooked samples were weighed and analyzed for moisture, fat, and protein content. Fat retention and cooking yield were calculated. Fat retention in high fat ground beef increased from 33% to values ranging between 85-98% when pea fiber was added. Likewise, cooking yield was substantially greater in ground beef containing pea fiber (87-94% yield) compared to the all-beef controls (52% yield). Inner pea fiber has the potential to be a useful ingredient in the development of food products required to retain maximum amounts of fat during high temperature heating. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, Food Technol & Safety Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Berry, BW (reprint author), ARS, Food Technol & Safety Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 42 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9969 J9 FOOD RES INT JI Food Res. Int. PY 2001 VL 34 IS 8 BP 689 EP 694 DI 10.1016/S0963-9969(01)00089-8 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 461VJ UT WOS:000170383900005 ER PT J AU Hicks, KB Moreau, RA AF Hicks, KB Moreau, RA TI Phytosterols and phytostanols: Functional food cholesterol busters SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MILDLY HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC SUBJECTS; DIETARY PHYTOSTEROLS; CORN FIBER; SITOSTANOL; OIL; SITOSTEROL; MARGARINES; ABSORPTION; HUMANS; RATS C1 Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Hicks, KB (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 40 TC 88 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 7 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 55 IS 1 BP 63 EP 67 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 394NY UT WOS:000166531200010 ER PT S AU Alexander, SJ AF Alexander, SJ GP USDA USDA TI Who, what, and why: The products, their use, and issues about management of non-timber forest products in the United States SO FOREST COMMUNITIES IN THE THIRD MILLENNIUM: LINKING RESEARCH BUSINESS AND POLICY TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCT SECTOR SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTH CENTRAL LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Forest Communities in the Third Millennium: Linking Research, Business, and Policy toward a Sustainable Non-Timber Forest Product Sector CY OCT 01-04, 1999 CL KENORA, CANADA SP Fed Nor, Indian & NO Affairs Canada First Nat Forestry Program, Lake Woods Business Incent Corp, Taiga Inst Land, Culture & Econ, Manitoba, Model Forest Network, North Cent Res Stat ID PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; INDUSTRY; OREGON AB Non-timber forest products in the United States include floral greens, Christmas ornamentals, wild edibles, medicinals, crafts, and transplants. Non-timber forest products are important to many people for many reasons. People harvest products from forests for personal use, cultural practices, and sale. The tremendous variety of species harvested for the many markets stands in stark contrast to our poor knowledge of the biology, prices, or responses to harvest and habitat change for most of the species. The diversity of species harvested, lack of knowledge about the plants or their use, and inadequate institutions to ensure sustainable harvesting complicate policymaking and law enforcement. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Alexander, SJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV, N CENT RES STN PI ST PAUL PA 1992 FOLWELL AVENUE, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA SN 0363-616X J9 US FOR SERV T R NC PY 2001 VL 217 BP 18 EP 22 PG 5 WC Environmental Studies; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BT73S UT WOS:000173905100004 ER PT S AU Emery, MR AF Emery, MR GP USDA USDA TI Non-timber forest products and livelihoods in Michigan's Upper Peninsula SO FOREST COMMUNITIES IN THE THIRD MILLENNIUM: LINKING RESEARCH BUSINESS AND POLICY TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCT SECTOR SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTH CENTRAL LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Forest Communities in the Third Millennium: Linking Research, Business, and Policy toward a Sustainable Non-Timber Forest Product Sector CY OCT 01-04, 1999 CL KENORA, CANADA SP Fed Nor, Indian & NO Affairs Canada First Nat Forestry Program, Lake Woods Business Incent Corp, Taiga Inst Land, Culture & Econ, Manitoba, Model Forest Network, North Cent Res Stat ID STRATEGIES AB Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are increasingly looked to as potential income sources for forest communities. Yet little is known about the existing livelihood uses of NTFPs. Drawing on. a case study in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, this paper describes the contemporary contributions of NTFPs to the livelihoods of people who gather them. First-hand use of products from over 100 botanical species was documented during a year of ethnographic research. These products contributed to gatherers' livelihoods through both nonmarket and market strategies. The paper suggests the need for a broad view of economic activity to fully understand existing NTFP livelihood uses and anticipate the effects of developing markets for wild plant material on individuals and households in forest communities. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. RP Emery, MR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 705 Spear St,POB 968, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV, N CENT RES STN PI ST PAUL PA 1992 FOLWELL AVENUE, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA SN 0363-616X J9 US FOR SERV T R NC PY 2001 VL 217 BP 23 EP 30 PG 8 WC Environmental Studies; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BT73S UT WOS:000173905100005 ER PT S AU Nauertz, EA Zasada, JC AF Nauertz, EA Zasada, JC GP USDA USDA TI Lycopodium: Growth form, morphology, and sustainability of a non-timber forest product SO FOREST COMMUNITIES IN THE THIRD MILLENNIUM: LINKING RESEARCH BUSINESS AND POLICY TOWARD A SUSTAINABLE NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCT SECTOR SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTH CENTRAL LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Forest Communities in the Third Millennium: Linking Research, Business, and Policy toward a Sustainable Non-Timber Forest Product Sector CY OCT 01-04, 1999 CL KENORA, CANADA SP Fed Nor, Indian & NO Affairs Canada First Nat Forestry Program, Lake Woods Business Incent Corp, Taiga Inst Land, Culture & Econ, Manitoba, Model Forest Network, North Cent Res Stat AB Several species of Lycopodium or clubmoss belong in the category of non-timber forest products and are often gathered for a variety of traditional uses. It is important to evaluate baseline information for these species, such as abundance and frequency of occurrence, before making any management decision. In addition, understanding the biology of the Lycopodium group as a whole, including growth form and morphology, may enable us to make better decisions about forest management practices used and harvesting quotas allowed for sustaining these species. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Nauertz, EA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 410 MacInnes Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV, N CENT RES STN PI ST PAUL PA 1992 FOLWELL AVENUE, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA SN 0363-616X J9 US FOR SERV T R NC PY 2001 VL 217 BP 110 EP 115 PG 6 WC Environmental Studies; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BT73S UT WOS:000173905100014 ER PT J AU Falk, RH Vos, DJ Cramer, SM English, BW AF Falk, RH Vos, DJ Cramer, SM English, BW TI Performance of fasteners in wood flour-thermoplastic composite panels SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID POLYPROPYLENE AB In the building community, there is a growing demand for high-performance, low-maintenance, and low-cost building products. To meet this demand, natural fiber thermoplastic composites are being used to produce such products as decking, window and door elements, panels, roofing, and siding. In spite of the rapid growth in the use of these composites, little is known about their fastener performance. In this study, experimental fastener tests were performed on wood flour-thermoplastic composite panels. Results are presented for screw withdrawal, nail withdrawal, nail head pull-through, and lateral nail resistance tests. These results indicate that screw withdrawal, nail withdrawal, and nail head pull-through capacity are relatively unaffected by wood flour content. However, wood flour content affected lateral nail resistance. The use of pilot holes (predrilling) was found to have little effect on fastener capacity. The screw withdrawal capacity of the tested wood flour-thermoplastic composite panels was found to be equal to or greater than that of conventional wood panel products. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. BERGER ABAM Engineers Inc, Federal Way, WA 98003 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Civil Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. English Engn & Consulting, Barneveld, WI 53507 USA. RP Falk, RH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 51 IS 1 BP 55 EP 61 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 395LL UT WOS:000166581800013 ER PT J AU Shupe, TF Hse, CY Price, EW AF Shupe, TF Hse, CY Price, EW TI Technical feasibility of structural flakeboard made from mixed hardwoods and cypress from northern Florida SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Homogeneous and 3-layer flakeboard panels were fabricated from mixed hardwood species and baldcypress grown in northern Florida. All panels yielded adequate bending strength and stiffness and dimensional stability. For the homogeneous panels, the study indicates that only one panel condition, i.e., 5.5 percent resin content (RC) and 45 pcf, yielded internal bond (IB) values greater than 75 psi and thickness swelling (TS) equal or less than 25 percent. When comparing homogenous panels to 3-layer panels at similar RC and panel target density, all mechanical and physical properties were slightly more favorable in the homogenous panels. However, linear expansion and TS were slightly more favorable for the homogenous panels at 5.5 percent RC and 45 pcf than 3-layer panels produced at identical RC and panel target density. For the 3-layer panels, the large increase in IB and decrease in TS in response to the slight change in RC should provide the margin to produce acceptable flakeboards in plant conditions. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Georgia Pacific Corp, Wood Prod Serv, Decatur, GA 30035 USA. RP Shupe, TF (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 51 IS 1 BP 62 EP 64 PG 3 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 395LL UT WOS:000166581800014 ER PT J AU Jensen, JM Effland, ABW AF Jensen, JM Effland, ABW TI Introduction SO FRONTIERS-A JOURNAL OF WOMEN STUDIES LA English DT Editorial Material ID RURAL AMERICA; FARM WOMEN; ENVIRONMENT; SEXUALITY; PRAIRIE; FAMILY; GENDER C1 New Mexico State Univ, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Jensen, JM (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 60 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV NEBRASKA PRESS PI LINCOLN PA 233 NORTH 8TH ST, LINCOLN, NE 68588-0255 USA SN 0160-9009 J9 FRONTIERS JI Frontiers-J. Women Stud. PY 2001 VL 22 IS 1 BP III EP XVII DI 10.1353/fro.2001.0009 PG 15 WC Women's Studies SC Women's Studies GA 470GK UT WOS:000170862400001 ER PT S AU Molina, R Pilz, D Smith, J Dunham, S Dreisbach, T O'Dell, T Castellano, M AF Molina, R Pilz, D Smith, J Dunham, S Dreisbach, T O'Dell, T Castellano, M BE Moore, D Nauta, MM Evans, SE Rotheroe, M TI Conservation and management of forest fungi in the Pacific Northwestern United States: an integrated ecosystem approach SO FUNGAL CONSERVATION: ISSUES AND SOLUTIONS SE BRITISH MYCOLOGICAL SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium of the British-Mycological-Society CY NOV 13, 1999 CL ROYAL BOTAN GARDENS, RICHMOND, ENGLAND SP British Mycol Soc HO ROYAL BOTAN GARDENS ID PINUS-MURICATA FOREST; DOUGLAS-FIR FOREST; ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; WESTERN MONTANA; GENE FLOW; SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; OLD-GROWTH; OREGON C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Molina, R (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM rmolina@fs.fed.us NR 132 TC 26 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA THE PITT BUILDING, TRUMPINGTON ST, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1RP, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0275-0287 BN 0-521-80363-2 J9 BR MYCOL SY JI Br. Mycol. Sy. PY 2001 VL 22 BP 19 EP 63 DI 10.1017/CBO9780511565168.004 PG 45 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA BV59X UT WOS:000179468300003 ER PT B AU Samuels, GJ Nirenberg, HI Seifert, KA AF Samuels, GJ Nirenberg, HI Seifert, KA BE Summerell, BA Leslie, JF Backhouse, D Bryden, WL Burgess, LW TI Perithecial species of Fusarium SO FUSARIUM: PAUL E. NELSON MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Paul E Nelson Memorial Symposium CY NOV, 1997 CL PENN STATE UNIV, STATE COLL, PA HO PENN STATE UNIV ID GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI; SECTION LISEOLA; SP-NOV; MATING POPULATION; COMPLEX C1 USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Samuels, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 42 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA BN 0-89054-268-6 PY 2001 BP 1 EP 14 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture; Mycology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Mycology GA BS56G UT WOS:000170335400001 ER PT B AU Desjardins, AE Proctor, RH AF Desjardins, AE Proctor, RH BE Summerell, BA Leslie, JF Backhouse, D Bryden, WL Burgess, LW TI Biochemistry and genetics of Fusarium toxins SO FUSARIUM: PAUL E. NELSON MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Paul E Nelson Memorial Symposium CY NOV, 1997 CL PENN STATE UNIV, STATE COLL, PA HO PENN STATE UNIV ID GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI; SECTION LISEOLA; MONILIFORMIN PRODUCTION; POTATO-TUBERS; ENNIATIN SYNTHETASE; MATING POPULATIONS; FILAMENTOUS FUNGI; FUMONISIN B-1; STRAINS; TRICHOTHECENES C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Desjardins, AE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 83 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA BN 0-89054-268-6 PY 2001 BP 50 EP 69 PG 20 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture; Mycology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Mycology GA BS56G UT WOS:000170335400004 ER PT B AU Kistler, HC AF Kistler, HC BE Summerell, BA Leslie, JF Backhouse, D Bryden, WL Burgess, LW TI Evolution of host specificity in Fusarium oxysporum SO FUSARIUM: PAUL E. NELSON MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Paul E Nelson Memorial Symposium CY NOV, 1997 CL PENN STATE UNIV, STATE COLL, PA HO PENN STATE UNIV ID F-SP LYCOPERSICI; VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY; NECTRIA-HAEMATOCOCCA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; GENETIC DIVERSITY; SP CUBENSE; SP MELONIS; TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS; PATHOGENICITY ISLANDS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Kistler, HC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, 1551 Lindig St, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 63 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA BN 0-89054-268-6 PY 2001 BP 70 EP 82 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture; Mycology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Mycology GA BS56G UT WOS:000170335400005 ER PT B AU Dwinell, LD Fraedrich, SW Adams, D AF Dwinell, LD Fraedrich, SW Adams, D BE Summerell, BA Leslie, JF Backhouse, D Bryden, WL Burgess, LW TI Diseases of pines caused by the pitch canker fungus SO FUSARIUM: PAUL E. NELSON MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Paul E Nelson Memorial Symposium CY NOV, 1997 CL PENN STATE UNIV, STATE COLL, PA HO PENN STATE UNIV ID F SP-PINI; FUSARIUM-SUBGLUTINANS; CALIFORNIA C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Dwinell, LD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA BN 0-89054-268-6 PY 2001 BP 225 EP 232 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture; Mycology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Mycology GA BS56G UT WOS:000170335400016 ER PT J AU Liu, C Russell, RM Seitz, HK Wang, XD AF Liu, C Russell, RM Seitz, HK Wang, XD TI Ethanol enhances retinoic acid metabolism into polar metabolites in rat liver via induction of cytochrome P4502E1 SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Article ID FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; VITAMIN-A; MESSENGER-RNA; FERRET LIVER; INHIBITION; OXIDATION; EXPRESSION; CANCER; IDENTIFICATION; CONSUMPTION AB Background & Aims: Long-term and excessive ethanol intake results in decreased plasma and hepatic levels of retinoic acid (RA), the most active derivative of vitamin A. The decrease of RA by ethanol treatment has been proposed to be a cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP)-dependent process. However, the role of the major ethanol-induced CYP, CYP2E1, in the metabolism of RA has not been defined. Methods: In vitro incubations of RA with microsomal fractions of liver tissue containing CYPs from either ethanol-exposed or non-ethanol-exposed rats were carried out using chemical inhibitors and antibodies against various CYPs, In vivo, both ethanol-exposed and non-ethanol-exposed rats were treated with or without chlormethiazole, a specific CYP2E1 inhibitor, for 1 month, RA and its catabolic metabolites were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and spectral analysis. Results: Incubation of RA with the liver microsomal fraction from ethanol-exposed rats resulted in greater disappearance of RA and increased appearance of 18-hydroxy-RA and 4-oxo-RA compared with control rat liver microsomal fractions, The enhancement of RA catabolism by ethanol was inhibited by both CYP2E1 antibody and specific inhibitors (allyl sulfide and chlormethiazole) in a dose-dependent fashion, whereas the metabolism of RA into polar metabolites was abolished completely by nonspecific CYP inhibitors (disulfiram and liarozole). Furthermore, treatment with chlormethiazole in ethanol-fed rats in vivo restored both hepatic and plasma RA concentrations to normal levels, Conclusions: Ethanol-induced CYP2E1 plays a major role in the degradation of RA, which may provide a possible biochemical mechanism for chronic and excessive ethanol intake as a risk for both hepatic and extrahepatic cell proliferation and carcinogenesis. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Gastrointestinal Nutr Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Salem Med Ctr, Dept Med, Heidelberg, Germany. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Wang, XD (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01CA49195] NR 51 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 3 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD JAN PY 2001 VL 120 IS 1 BP 179 EP 189 DI 10.1053/gast.2001.20877 PG 11 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA 392BM UT WOS:000166390800025 PM 11208727 ER PT J AU Campos, H D'Agostino, M Ordovas, JM AF Campos, H D'Agostino, M Ordovas, JM TI Gene-diet interactions and plasma lipoproteins: Role of apolipoprotein E and habitual saturated fat intake SO GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE polymorphism; LDL subclass; Hispanic; Latin American; heart disease; triglyceride; cholesterol; risk factor ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; HUMAN-E APOPROTEIN; E-POLYMORPHISM; E PHENOTYPE; PARTICLE-SIZE; CHOLESTEROL ABSORPTION; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; BIETHNIC POPULATION AB To test whether plasma lipoprotein levels and low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size are modulated by an interaction between habitual saturated fat intake and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, we studied 420 randomly selected free-living Costa Ricans. The APOE allele frequencies were 0.03 for APOE2, 0.91 for APOE3, and 0.06 for APOE4. The median saturated fat intake, 11% of energy, was used to divide the population into two groups, LOW-SAT (mean intake 8.6% energy) represents those below median intake, and HIGH-SAT (mean intake 13.5%) represents those above median intake. Significant interactions between APOE genotype and diet were found for VLDL (P = 0.03) and HDL cholesterol (P = 0.02). Higher saturated fat intake was associated with higher VLDL cholesterol (+29%) and lower HDL cholesterol (-22%) in APOE2 carriers, while the opposite association was observed in APOE4 carriers (-31% for VLDL cholesterol and +10% for HDL cholesterol). Higher saturated fat intake was associated with smaller LDL particles (-2%, P < 0.05) in APOE2 carriers, and larger LDL particles (+2%, P < 0.05) in APOE4 carriers, but the gene-diet interaction was not statistically significant (P = 0.09). Higher saturated fat intake was associated with higher LDL cholesterol in all genotypes (mean +/- SEM, LOW-SAT 2.61 +/- 0.05 vs. HIGH-SAT 2.84 +/- 0.05 mmol/L, P = 0.009). These data suggest that the APOE2 allele could modulate the effect of habitual saturated fat on VLDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in a population with an average habitual total fat intake of less than 30%. Genet. Epidemiol. 20:117-128, 2001. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA USA. RP Campos, H (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Blg 2,Room 353A, Boston, MA 02115 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 49086, HL54776] NR 57 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0741-0395 J9 GENET EPIDEMIOL JI Genet. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 1 BP 117 EP 128 DI 10.1002/1098-2272(200101)20:1<117::AID-GEPI10>3.0.CO;2-C PG 12 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA 385BX UT WOS:000165982700010 PM 11119301 ER PT J AU Decker-Walters, D Staub, J Lopez-Sese, A Nakata, E AF Decker-Walters, D Staub, J Lopez-Sese, A Nakata, E TI Diversity in landraces and cultivars of bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria; Cucurbitaceae) as assessed by random amplified polymorphic DNA SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE biogeography; bottle gourd; Cucurbitaceae; evolutionary history; Lagenaria siceraria; RAPDs ID CUCUMBER; L. AB Bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) is an African crop with an ancient pantropical distribution. Morphological analyses and archaeological evidence suggest the oceanic dispersals of wild bottle gourd fruits from Africa to Asia and the Americas by 10000-15000 B.P., followed by independent domestications on all three continents. Although African and New World landraces (ssp. siceraria) are morphologically distinct from Asian landraces (ssp. asiatica), siceraria-type morphological characters in New Guinea germplasm has raised questions concerning the origins of Asian landraces, including whether or not there was early germplasm exchange between Asia and the New World. Another area of confusion in bottle gourd systematics and evolution concerns the origins and circumscriptions of commercial cultivars, many of which have been subject to undocumented hybridization and selection practices over the past 100-200 years. To clarify the evolutionary histories of bottle gourd landraces and cultivars, 64 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers representing 30 primers were examined in 31 landraces and 43 cultivar accessions of L. siceraria, as well as in a wild relative, L. sphaerica. Principal component analyses of the correlation matrices of the band presence/absence data revealed the following: 1) southern African germplasm represents a divergent lineage from which several cultivars have been selected; 2) New World germplasm is distinct and primarily of African origin(s), but possesses Asian affinities as well; 3) landraces from New Guinea are not related to New World germplasm as previously hypothesized; 4) commercial cultivars are diverse in their geographic origins and genetic compositions; and 5) the integrity and circumscriptions of some cultivars have been confounded by production practices allowing gene flow among cultivars. C1 Cucurbit Network, Miami, FL 33256 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Unit, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Sakata Seed, Kakegawa, Shizuoka 4360115, Japan. RP Decker-Walters, D (reprint author), Cucurbit Network, POB 560483, Miami, FL 33256 USA. RI Lopez-Sese, Anabel/C-5085-2008 OI Lopez-Sese, Anabel/0000-0001-5686-0884 NR 25 TC 37 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PY 2001 VL 48 IS 4 BP 369 EP 380 DI 10.1023/A:1012079323399 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 483XT UT WOS:000171661700007 ER PT J AU Evans, JD Wheeler, DE AF Evans, Jay D. Wheeler, Diana E. TI Expression profiles during honeybee caste determination SO GENOME BIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Background: Depending on their larval environment, female honeybees develop into either queens or workers. As in other polyphenisms, this developmental switch depends not on genomic differences between queens and workers but on the differential expression of entire suites of genes involved with larval fate. As such, this and other polyphenic systems can provide a novel tool for understanding how genomes and environmental conditions interact to produce different developmental trajectories. Here we use gene-expression profiles during honeybee caste determination to present the first genomic view of polyphenic development. Results: Larvae raised as queens or workers differed greatly in their gene-expression patterns. Workers remained more faithful than queens to the expression profiles of younger, bipotential, larvae. Queens appeared to both downregulate many of the genes expressed by bipotential larvae and turn on a distinct set of caste-related genes. Queens overexpressed several metabolic enzymes, workers showed increased expression of a member of the cytochrome P450 family, hexameric storage proteins and dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, and young larvae overexpressed two putative heat-shock proteins (70 and 90 kDa), and several proteins related to RNA processing and translation. Conclusions: Large differences in gene expression between queens and workers indicate that social insect castes have faced strong directional selection pressures. Overexpression of metabolic enzymes by queen-destined larvae appears to reflect the enhanced growth rate of queens during late larval development. Many of the differently expressed genes we identified have been tied to metabolic rates and cellular responses to hormones, a result consistent with known physiological differences between queen and worker larvae. C1 [Evans, Jay D.] ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Wheeler, Diana E.] Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Evans, JD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM evansj@ba.ars.usda.gov RI Evans, Jay/C-8408-2012 OI Evans, Jay/0000-0002-0036-4651 NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 11 PU BIOMED CENTRAL LTD PI LONDON PA 236 GRAYS INN RD, FLOOR 6, LONDON WC1X 8HL, ENGLAND SN 1474-760X J9 GENOME BIOL JI Genome Biol. PY 2001 VL 2 IS 1 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA V12EW UT WOS:000207583500009 ER PT J AU Shaw, JN Bosch, DD West, LT Truman, CC Radcliffe, DE AF Shaw, JN Bosch, DD West, LT Truman, CC Radcliffe, DE TI Lateral flow in loamy to sandy Kandiudults of the Upper Coastal Plain of Georgia (USA) SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article DE vadose zone; coastal plains; hydraulic conductivity; lateral flow ID PREFERENTIAL FLOW; VADOSE ZONE; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; STORM EVENTS; WATER; SOIL; HILLSLOPE; TRANSPORT; MOVEMENT; PATTERNS AB Interest in site-specific agronomic management in intensively cropped regions necessitates characterization of subsurface water movement for efficient water management (irrigation timing) and central of off-site agrichemical movement. Soils formed in fluvial sediments in portions of the Upper Coastal Plain of Georgia (USA) are extensively used for peanut, cotton, and corn production. Certain proximate soils in this region possess contrasting subsoil properties, and it was hypothesized that these differences would have major effects on water redistribution across the landscape. This could be important in irrigation management, where soils possessing increased impedance to vertical flow could require decreased irrigation as opposed to soils without vertical flow restrictions. At a site near Plains, GA. (USA), hydraulic properties of soils with differences in overlying sand thickness and contrasting argillic horizon textures (sandy vs. loamy) were evaluated. The soils were predominantly in loamy and sandy families of Typic, Arenic, and Grossarenic Kandiudults. Laboratory measurements, field monitoring of matric potentials under simulated and natural rainfall, and modeling (VS2DT) were utilized to evaluate soil hydraulic properties. Reduction in Vertical K-s occurred in horizons containing higher clay (argillic horizon). Changes in tension and build ups in hydraulic gradients associated with infiltration and redistribution events existed above and within horizons with low K-s. Evidence suggested there was less groundwater recharge occurring in the loamy than in the sandy pedons, suggesting more pronounced lateral flow occurred in the loamier soils. Model simulations of water movement across a slightly sloping (1%) simulated landscape indicated lateral gradients of flow existed within the solum of these soils. Analyses of tracer (Br) movement suggested a very slight lateral redistribution occurred within a relatively short monitoring period within the sandy pedon's Bt1 horizon, and the Bt2 and Bt3 horizons of the loamy pedon. Evidence suggested both loamy and sandy argillic horizons slightly, but not overwhelmingly, induced lateral flow on these landscapes. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soils, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Shaw, JN (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, 202 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 36 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD JAN PY 2001 VL 99 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 25 DI 10.1016/S0016-7061(00)00061-6 PG 25 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 388WV UT WOS:000166206800001 ER PT S AU Kestler, MA Hanek, GL Truebe, MA AF Kestler, MA Hanek, GL Truebe, MA GP TRB TI Evaluating moisture sensors and monitoring seasonal moisture variation in low-volume roads SO GEOLOGY AND PROPERTIES OF EARTH MATERIALS 2001: SOILS, GEOLOGY, AND FOUNDATIONS SE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 80th Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board CY JAN, 2001 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Transportat Res Board AB For the past several years, the Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture has been evaluating a quantitative technique for the application and removal of load restrictions by observing relationships among pavement stiffness, pavement damage, soil moisture, and seasonal freezing and thawing. Laboratory tests of time-domain reflectometry (TDR) and radio frequency (RF) sensors showed them to be reasonably accurate and repeatable when compared with known moisture values in several soil types. Laboratory tests of the probes under repeated adverse freeze-thaw cycling showed the probes to be durable. Although the field survival rate of TDRs surpassed that of RFs, analysis of field data collected at seven locations in four national forests showed that permanently installed sensors strategically located on a forest road network can provide an affordable method for quantitatively determining the beginning and end of critical periods of pavement weakening associated with spring thaw. This information would be useful in administering periods of spring-thaw load restrictions. The laboratory and field test programs conducted are outlined. The field technique is applicable to any secondary road subjected to seasonal freezing. C1 USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Umpqua Natl Forest, Roseburg, OR 97470 USA. Willamette Natl Forest, Eugene, OR 97440 USA. RP Kestler, MA (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv WMNF, 719 N Main St, Laconia, NH 03246 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL PI WASHINGTON PA 500 FIFTH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001 USA SN 0361-1981 BN 0-309-07216-6 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC PY 2001 IS 1755 BP 97 EP 107 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Geology; Transportation GA BU63G UT WOS:000176560100011 ER PT J AU King, JS Pregitzer, KS Zak, DR Kubiske, ME Ashby, JA Holmes, WE AF King, JS Pregitzer, KS Zak, DR Kubiske, ME Ashby, JA Holmes, WE TI Chemistry and decomposition of litter from Populus tremuloides Michaux grown at elevated atmospheric CO2 and varying N availability SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE C/N ratio; carbohydrates; global change; microlysimeter; soil carbon; tannin ID PLANT SECONDARY METABOLITES; CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; LEAF-LITTER; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; GAS-EXCHANGE; PINUS-TAEDA; FINE ROOTS; NITROGEN; SOIL AB It has been hypothesized that greater production of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) in foliage grown under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) will result in higher concentrations of defensive compounds in tree leaf litter, possibly leading to reduced rates of decomposition and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems of the future. To evaluate the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on litter chemistry and decomposition, we performed a 111 day laboratory incubation with leaf litter of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michaux) produced at 36 Pa and 56 Pa CO2 and two levels of soil nitrogen (N) availability. Decomposition was quantified as microbially respired CO2 and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil solution, and concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates, N, carbon (C), and condensed tannins were monitored throughout the incubation. Growth under elevated atmospheric CO2 did not significantly affect initial litter concentrations of TNC, N, or condensed tannins. Rates of decomposition, measured as both microbially respired CO2 and DOC did trot differ between litter produced under ambient and elevated CO2. Total C lost from the samples was 38 mg g(-1) litter as respired CO2 and 138 mg g(-1) litter as DOC, suggesting short-term pulses of dissolved C in soil solution are important components of the terrestrial C cycle. We conclude that litter chemistry and decomposition in trembling aspen are minimally affected by growth under higher concentrations of CO2. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Nat Resources & Environm, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Forestry, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP King, JS (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. EM jsking@mtu.edu RI Zak, Donald/C-6004-2012 NR 63 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 20 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 7 IS 1 BP 65 EP 74 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00388.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 406UZ UT WOS:000167235600005 ER PT B AU Shands, H AF Shands, H BE Gerrard, CD Ferroni, M Mody, A TI The CGIAR at a crossroads? SO GLOBAL PUBLIC POLICIES AND PROGRAMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR FINANCING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Global Public Policies and Programs CY JUL 11-12, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP World Bank, UN Dev Programme Evaluat Off C1 USDA, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD BANK INST PI WASHINGTON PA 1818 H ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20433 USA BN 0-8213-4952-X PY 2001 BP 139 EP 144 PG 6 WC Business, Finance; Economics; Environmental Studies; Health Policy & Services SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Health Care Sciences & Services GA BU46D UT WOS:000176055600015 ER PT S AU Meydani, M AF Meydani, M BE Park, SC Hwang, ES Kim, HS Park, WY TI Nutrition interventions in aging and age-associated disease SO HEALTHY AGING FOR FUNCTIONAL LONGEVITY: MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR INTERACTIONS IN SENESCENCE SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Healthy Aging for Functional Longevity CY FEB, 2000 CL KYONGJU, SOUTH KOREA SP Federat Korean Gerontol Soc, Int Assoc BioMed Gerontol, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Res Fdn, Korea Res Fdn Hlth Sci, Seoul Natl Univ DE aging; antioxidants; degenerative diseases; green tea; nutrition; oxidative stress; vitamin E ID VITAMIN-E SUPPLEMENTATION; NEURONAL SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; HEALTHY ELDERLY SUBJECTS; 3RD NATIONAL-HEALTH; FREE-RADICAL THEORY; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; FATTY-ACIDS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION; CALORIC RESTRICTION; BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS AB The nutritional status and needs of elderly people are associated with age-related biological and often socioeconomic changes. Decreased food intake, a sedentary lifestyle, and reduced energy expenditure in older adults altogether become critical risk factors for malnutrition, especially protein and micronutrients. Surveys indicate that the elderly are particularly at risk for marginal deficiency of vitamins and trace elements. Changes in bodily functions, together with the malnutrition associated with advancing age, increase the risk of developing a number of age-related diseases. Chronic conditions pose difficulties for the elderly in carrying out the activities of daily living and may increase the requirements for certain nutrients due to changes in absorptive and metabolic capacity. Free radicals and oxidative stress have been recognized as important factors in the biology of aging and of many age-associated degenerative diseases. In this regard, modulation of oxidative stress by calorie restriction, as demonstrated in animal models, is suggested as one mechanism to slow the aging process and the decline of body functions. Therefore, dietary components with antioxidant activity have received particular attention because of their potential role in modulating oxidative stress associated with aging and chronic conditions. Several studies have indicated potential roles for dietary antioxidants in the reduction of degenerative disease such as vascular dementia, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In support of epidemiological studies, our recent studies indicate that the antioxidant properties of vitamin E and polyphenols present in green tea may contribute to reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, in part by reducing the susceptibility of low density lipoproteins to oxidation, decreasing the vascular endothelial cell expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and decreasing the expression of adhesion molecules and monocyte adhesion. Recently, we also demonstrated that these dietary antioxidants may have a preventive role in cancer, potentially through the suppression of angiogenesis by inhibiting interleukin-8 production and the cell junction molecule VE-cadherin. These findings concur with epidemiologic, clinical, and animal studies suggesting that the consumption of green tea and vitamin E is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer, the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among the elderly. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Vasc Biol Program, Medford, MA 02155 USA. RP Meydani, M (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vasc Biol Program, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM MMeydani@HNRC.TUFTS.edu NR 54 TC 119 Z9 122 U1 5 U2 22 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-285-1 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2001 VL 928 BP 226 EP 235 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BT10T UT WOS:000171969700022 PM 11795514 ER PT J AU Lopez, CG Banowetz, G Peterson, CJ Kronstad, WE AF Lopez, CG Banowetz, G Peterson, CJ Kronstad, WE TI Differential accumulation of a 24-kd dehydrin protein in wheat seedlings correlates with drought stress tolerance at grain filling SO HEREDITAS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Triticeae Symposium CY SEP, 2001 CL CORDOBA, SPAIN ID WATER-STRESS; FREEZING TOLERANCE; EXPRESSION; RESPONSES; CULTIVARS; TRAITS; SYSTEM AB The Pacific Northwest (PNW), an important region for wheat production in the USA, is often Subject to water deficits during sowing and grain filling. These deficits reduce the quality and yield of the crop. As a consequence, an important objective of breeding programs in the region is improving the genetic adaptation of wheat cultivars to drought stress. One response to dehydrative stresses is the accumulation of proteins called dehydrins, which are believed to protect membranes and macromolecules against denaturation. We characterized dehydrin accumulation in seedlings during drought stress and its correlation with stress tolerance during grain filling in seven wheat cultivars, 'Connie', 'Gene', 'TAM105', 'Rod', 'Hiller', 'Rhode', and 'Stephens'. A 24-kd dehydrin accumulated in seedlings under stress, but not in irrigated control plants. Connie, TAM105, and Gene started to accumulate dehydrins at the fourth day of stress, while the other cultivars showed dehydrins after twelve days of stress. This differential accumulation in seedlings was associated with stress tolerance at grain filling, characterized by a lower reduction in yield and in the rate of decrease in leaf water potential per day of stress. Connie, TAM105, Gene and Rod where the most tolerant cultivars. The results indicate that expression of this 24-kd dehydrin might serve as a rapid and non-destructive screening technique at the seedling stage. Even though the results are promising, selection experiments using a population segregating for stress tolerance are needed to test more conclusively whether this dehydrin can serve as a genetic marker for cultivars with tolerance to drought stress. C1 Univ Nacl Lomas Zamora, Fac Ciencias Agr, RA-1836 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Lopez, CG (reprint author), Univ Nacl Lomas Zamora, Fac Ciencias Agr, Ruta 4 Km 2, RA-1836 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0018-0661 J9 HEREDITAS JI Hereditas PY 2001 VL 135 IS 2-3 BP 175 EP 181 DI 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2001.00175.x PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 576CU UT WOS:000176985900013 PM 12152331 ER PT J AU Ibach, RE Rowell, RM AF Ibach, RE Rowell, RM TI Wood preservation based on in situ polymerization of bioactive monomers - Part 1. Synthesis of bioactive monomers, wood treatments and microscopic analysis SO HOLZFORSCHUNG LA English DT Article DE wood preservation; bioactive monomers; in situ polymerization; pentachlorophenolyl acrylate; tributyltin acrylate; 8-hydroxyquinolyl acrylate; 5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxy-quinolyl acrylate; Fyrol 6 acrylate; synthesis; Southern pine; scanning electron microscopy; X-ray analysis ID ORGANOTIN POLYMERS AB In situ polymerization of bioactive monomers was investigated as an alternative to conventional preservative treatments. The results are presented in a series of two papers. In Part 1 of the study, six acrylate monomers with covalently bonded, potentially bioactive moieties were synthesized: (1) pentachlorophenolyl acrylate (PCPA), (2) tributyltin acrylate (TBTA), (3) 8-hydroxyquinolyl acrylate (HQA), (4) 5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinolyl acrylate (DBHQA), (5) diethyl-N1N-bis(acryloxyethyl) aminomethyl phosphonate (Fyrol 6 acrylate, F6A), and (6) tetrabromobisphenol A acrylate (TBBPAA). All of these acrylates, except F6A, were purified. Southern pine sapwood samples were treated with acrylate solutions (except TBBPAA) at different retention levels and various amounts of crosslinker (trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, TMPTM), polymerized in situ, and then acetone leached. The relative amount and location of the polymer in earlywood and latewood of selected samples were determined by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray analysis. Distribution of the compounds varied with treatment. Biological and thermal properties of the treated wood are discussed in Part 2 of this series. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Ibach, RE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0018-3830 J9 HOLZFORSCHUNG JI Holzforschung PY 2001 VL 55 IS 4 BP 358 EP 364 DI 10.1515/HF.2001.060 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 460CY UT WOS:000170289300005 ER PT J AU Ibach, RE Rowell, RM AF Ibach, RE Rowell, RM TI Wood preservation based on in situ polymerization of bioactive monomers - Part 2. Fungal resistance and thermal properties of treated wood SO HOLZFORSCHUNG LA English DT Article DE wood preservation; bioactive polymers; pentachlorophenolyl acetate; tributyltin acrylate; 8-hydroxyquinolyl acrylate; 5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxy-quinolyl acrylate; Fyrol 6 acrylate; Gloeophyllum trabeum; brown-rot fungi AB This paper is the second in a two-part series on in situ polymerization of bioactive monomers as an alternative to conventional preservative treatments. In this part of the study, bioactive monomers were evaluated for their ability to provide resistance to decay and protection against fire. Five bioactive monomers were synthesized: (1) pentachlorophenolyl acrylate (PCPA), (2) tributyltin acrylate (TBTA), (3) 8-hydroxyquinolyl acrylate (HQA), (4) 5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinolyl acrylate (DBHQA), and (5) diethyl-N1N-bis (acryloxyethyl) aminomethyl phosphonate (Fyrol 6 acrylate, F6A). Southern pine sapwood samples were treated with acrylate solutions at different retention levels and with various amounts of crosslinker (trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, TMPTM), then polymerized in situ. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) was used as the control. Biological resistance to the brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum was determined on acetone-leached and unleached samples. PCPA showed some biological efficacy in the absence of crosslinker, but otherwise provided no more protection than did MMA alone. TBTA was biologically effective at all retention levels except with crosslinker concentration greater than or equal to 10%. HQA was biologically effective at greater than or equal to 2% retention. F6A was not biologically effective, although unleached wood treated with 10% F6A and 5% or no crosslinker showed some resistance to decay. The 5% DBHQA plus 5% crosslinker treatment was biologically effective in both leached and unleached wood. The effects of the highest treatment level of each monomer, after polymerization, were also evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. All treatments provided some resistance to fire. The best treatment was 10% F6A, which resulted in the lowest mass loss (67.0%) and the lowest maximum temperature of pyrolysis (308.5 degreesC). C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Ibach, RE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 8 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0018-3830 J9 HOLZFORSCHUNG JI Holzforschung PY 2001 VL 55 IS 4 BP 365 EP 372 DI 10.1515/HF.2001.061 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 460CY UT WOS:000170289300006 ER PT J AU Snell, R Groom, LH Rials, TG AF Snell, R Groom, LH Rials, TG TI Characterizing the surface roughness of thermomechanical pulp fibers with atomic force microscopy SO HOLZFORSCHUNG LA English DT Article DE atomic force microscopy (AFM); scanning electron microscopy (SEM); thermomechanical pulp (TMP); fiber surface morphology; surface roughness; refiner pressure; fractals ID WALL AB Loblolly pine, separated into mature and juvenile portions, was refined at various pressures (4, 8 and 12 bar). Fiber surfaces were investigated using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Refiner pressure had a significant effect on the fiber surfaces. SEM images showed an apparent increase in surface roughness with increased refiner pressure. This was shown quantitatively with data from the AFM that was analyzed using 5, 2.5 and 1.25 mum scan sizes. A scan size of 2.5 mum was found to be the most informative in terms of quantifying the effect of the different treatments on the two fiber types. The calculated surface roughness was greatest at 8 bar for both wood types. Juvenile fibers in general had higher surface roughness values than mature fibers. The results suggest that refining pressure may influence the failure mechanism of juvenile and mature wood differently. C1 Univ Wales, Biocomposite Ctr, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Snell, R (reprint author), Univ Wales, Biocomposite Ctr, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales. NR 16 TC 18 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0018-3830 J9 HOLZFORSCHUNG JI Holzforschung PY 2001 VL 55 IS 5 BP 511 EP 520 DI 10.1515/HF.2001.083 PG 10 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 477ZN UT WOS:000171317100010 ER PT J AU Shupe, TF Hse, CY Wang, WH AF Shupe, TF Hse, CY Wang, WH TI An investigation of selected factors that influence hardwood SO HOLZFORSCHUNG LA English DT Article DE contact angle; drying; hardwood; phenol formaldehyde resin; wettability ID WETTABILITY; WOOD AB Wettability of sanded and non-sanded transverse and tangential sections of 22 southern hardwoods species was judged by measurement of contact angles using phenol formaldehyde resins. As expected, contact angle values on transverse sections were higher than those on tangential sections for both sanded and non-sanded surfaces. On sanded surfaces, hackberry had the highest mean contact angle (64.7 degrees), and black oak had the lowest mean contact angle (50.1 degrees). On non-sanded surfaces, winged elm had the highest mean contact angle (59.1 degrees), and sweetgum had the lowest mean contact angle (45.9 degrees). In addition, 4 of the 22 species (southern red oak, sweetgum, white oak, and post oak) were selected to investigate the effect of oven-drying, air-drying, and free-drying on wettability. The mean transverse contact was 2.1 degrees -29.0 degrees and 5.1 degrees -31.5 degrees higher than radial and tangential values, respectively. The contact angle pattern typically displayed for a given species and plane was generally oven-dry > air-dry > freeze-dry. The species pattern for most methods and planes was: sweetgum > white oak > post oak > southern red oak. White oak and post oak gave similar contact angle values. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Nanjing Forestry Univ, Dept Wood Sci & Technol, Nanjing, Peoples R China. RP Shupe, TF (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 24 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0018-3830 J9 HOLZFORSCHUNG JI Holzforschung PY 2001 VL 55 IS 5 BP 541 EP 548 DI 10.1515/HF.2001.087 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 477ZN UT WOS:000171317100014 ER PT J AU Wood, BW AF Wood, BW TI Production unit trends and price characteristics within the United States pecan industry SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE industrialization; nut meats; yields; production; farms; acreage; locations; biennial bearing; price; trees AB The United States pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] industry is based on about 10,107,170 trees (about 15% nonbearing) comprising about 492,137 acres (199,168 ha) of orchards (34% in Texas, 27% Georgia, and 17% Oklahoma) dispersed among about 19,900 farm operations (36% in Texas, 16% Georgia, and 7% Oklahoma) in 24 states. Fifty-six percent of this acreage is on farms with greater than or equal to100 acres (40.5 ha) of trees (i.e., 5% of total farms). An evaluation of production related changes over the last decade indicate fundamental changes occurring in the nature of the U. S. industry. These include a) movement toward agricultural industrialization as reflected by fewer small-farms and more large-farms; b) reduced percentage of young (i.e,, nonbearing) trees in most major producing states; c) substantial decline in number of farms and acres in the southeastern region-historically the primary production area-yet substantial growth in the northern region of production; d) a national 3% increase in the number of pecan farms and 14% increase in acreage; and e) substantial demographic changes, such as the enhanced importance of the southwestern region including New Mexico with diminished importance of many southeastern states. States also drastically differ in degree of biennial bearing, as measured by the biennial bearing index (i.e,, K = 0.04 - 0.73; where 0 = no production variation and I = maximum variation), average production efficiency of both orchards [E - 192 - 1,224 lb/acre (215 1,974 kg.ha(-1))] and trees [E-pt = 19 - 60 lb/tree (8.6 kg/tree)], variation in grower prices (cv. 18 - 36%), and relationship between price and national supply of pecan (r(2) = 0.94 - 0.03). For the pecan industry as a whole, average price received for nut-meats is as closely associated with national supply of pecan nut-meats as that of almond and pistachio and is far better than that of walnut-pecan's primary competitor. The supply of pecan meats on-hand at the beginning of the season, plus supply from the current season's crop, plus the price of walnut meats accounts for 80% of price variation in average United States pecan meat price. C1 ARS, USDA, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RP Wood, BW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD JAN-MAR PY 2001 VL 11 IS 1 BP 110 EP 118 PG 9 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 519BY UT WOS:000173706100022 ER PT S AU Clapp, CE AF Clapp, CE BE Ghabbour, EA Davies, G TI An organic matter trail: Polysaccharides to waste management to nitrogen/carbon to humic substances SO HUMIC SUBSTANCES: STRUCTURES, MODELS AND FUNCTIONS SE Royal Society of Chemistry Special Publications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Humic Substances Seminar CY MAR 21-23, 2001 CL BOSTON, MA SP Arctech Inc, Luscar Ltd, Barnett Inst Chem & Biol Anal ID TILLAGE-RESIDUE MANAGEMENT; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; CONTINUOUS CORN; C-13 ABUNDANCE; SOIL; CARBON; MONTMORILLONITE; AVAILABILITY C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Clapp, CE (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0260-6291 BN 0-85404-811-1 J9 ROY SOC CH PY 2001 IS 273 BP 3 EP 17 DI 10.1039/9781847551085-00003 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Organic; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Agriculture GA BT75Y UT WOS:000173961300001 ER PT J AU Hanson, GJ Simon, A AF Hanson, GJ Simon, A TI Erodibility of cohesive streambeds in the loess area of the midwestern USA SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the American-Geophysical-Union CY MAR, 1998 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Geophys Union DE cohesive materials; erodibility; critical shear stress; jet-test device; midwestern USA ID JET AB Excess stress parameters, critical shear stress (tau (c)) and erodibility coefficient (k(d)), for degrading channels in the loess areas of the midwestern USA are presented based on lit situ jet-testing measurements. Critical shear stress and k(d) are used to define the erosion resistance of the streambed. The jet-testing apparatus applies hydraulic stresses to the bed and the resulting scour due to the impinging jet is related to the excess stress parameters. Streams tested were primarily silt-bedded in texture with low densities, which is typical of loess soils. Results indicate that there is a wide variation in the erosion resistance of streambeds, spanning six orders of magnitude for tau (c) and four orders of magnitude for k(d). Erosion resistance was observed to vary within a streambed, from streambed to streambed, and from region to region. An example of the diversity of materials within a river system is the Yalobusha River Basin in Mississippi. The median value of tau (c) for the two primary bed materials, Naheola and Porters Creek Clay Formations, was 1.31 and 256 Pa, respectively. Streambeds composed of the Naheola Formation are readily eroded over the entire range of shear stresses, whereas only the deepest flows generate boundary stresses great enough to erode streambeds composed of the Porters Creek Clay Formation. Therefore, assessing material resistance and location is essential in classifying and modelling streambed erosion processes of these streams. C1 USDA, ARS, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. USDA ARS, Oxford, MS USA. RP Hanson, GJ (reprint author), USDA, ARS, 1301 N Western St, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 19 TC 115 Z9 120 U1 0 U2 21 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 SI SI BP 23 EP 38 DI 10.1002/hyp.149 PG 16 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 405XJ UT WOS:000167185600004 ER PT J AU Wood, AL Simon, A Downs, PW Thorne, CR AF Wood, AL Simon, A Downs, PW Thorne, CR TI Bank-toe processes in incised channels: the role of apparent cohesion in the entrainment of failed bank materials SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the American-Geophysical-Union CY MAR, 1998 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Geophys Union DE bank stability; mean bed shear stress; critical shear stress; cohesion; matric suction ID STABILITY AB Numerous processes may instigate bank retreat and the consequent collection of failed cohesive materials at the bank toe. Cohesion between the failed material and the substrate can provide additional strength to resist direct fluvial entrainment. Failed, cohesive material can act as a form of natural bank-toe protection by consuming and diverting flow energy that may otherwise be used to further scour the basal zone of incising channels. Investigations in Goodwin Creek, Mississippi, have revealed the existence of apparent cohesion between failed, cohesive blocks and their underlying surface. The method used to assess this cohesion involved a pulley system mounted on a tripod and supporting a load cell. Mean and maximum apparent-cohesion values of 1.08 kPa and 2.65 kPa, respectively, were measured in this way, identifying a source that bonds blocks to the underlying surface. Cohesion values and types vary spatially and temporally. Tensiometric tests beneath blocks suggest that cohesion resulting from matric suction alone may be as much as 3.5 kPa in summer and 1.8 kPa in winter. Apparent cohesion is believed to have been sufficient to help prevent removal of the largest blocks by a peak flow of 66.4 m(3)/s on 23 September 1997. Maximum excess shear stress required to entrain a D-75 block can be augmented by as much as 97% by the presence of apparent cohesion at the block-substrate interface when compared with a condition with zero apparent cohesion at the block underside. Given these findings, it is no longer sufficient to estimate block entrainment in the basal area from block size or bed roughness alone, as in a Shields-type approach. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Nottingham, Dept Geog, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Wood, AL (reprint author), Univ Nottingham, Dept Geog, Univ Pk, Nottingham NG7 2RD, England. NR 38 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 SI SI BP 39 EP 61 DI 10.1002/hyp.151 PG 23 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 405XJ UT WOS:000167185600005 ER PT S AU Faller, RK Rosson, BT Ritter, MA Keller, EA Duwadi, SR AF Faller, RK Rosson, BT Ritter, MA Keller, EA Duwadi, SR GP TRB TI Development of two test level 2 bridge railings and transitions for use on transverse glue-laminated deck bridges SO HYDROLOGY, HYDRAULICS, AND WATER QUALITY; ROADSIDE SAFETY FEATURES: HIGHWAY AND FACILITY DESIGN SE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 80th Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board CY JAN, 2001 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Transportat Res Board AB The Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, in cooperation with the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory and FHWA, designed two bridge railing and approach guardrail transition systems for use on transverse glue-laminated timber deck bridges. The bridge railing and transition systems were developed and crash tested for use on medium-service roadways and evaluated according to the Test Level 2 safety performance criteria provided in NCHRP Report 350. The first railing system was constructed by using steel hardware, whereas the second railing system was built by using glulam timber components. Four full-scale crash tests were performed, and the bridge railing and transition systems were determined to be acceptable according to the current safety standards in NCHRP Report 350. C1 Univ Nebraska, Midwest Roadside Safety Facil, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Civil Engn, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. FHWA, Washington, DC 20590 USA. RP Faller, RK (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Midwest Roadside Safety Facil, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. OI Faller, Ronald/0000-0001-7660-1572 NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL PI WASHINGTON PA 500 FIFTH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001 USA SN 0361-1981 BN 0-309-07201-8 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC PY 2001 IS 1743 BP 126 EP 139 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Transportation; Water Resources GA BU61U UT WOS:000176514700017 ER PT J AU Jackson, TJ AF Jackson, TJ TI Multiple resolution analysis of L-band brightness temperature for soil moisture SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE field experiments; microwave radiometry; soil moisture; spatial heterogeneity ID MICROWAVE AB Passive microwave Earth observing systems provide coarse resolution data. Heterogeneity in physical characteristics will typically be present within footprints, especially over land. How this affects the development and validation of methods of retrieving soil moisture has not been verified. In this study, aircraft-based 1.4 GHz microwave radiometer data were collected at several altitudes over test sites where soil moisture was measured concurrently. The use of multiple flightlines at lower altitudes allowed the direct comparison of different spatial resolutions using independent samples over the same ground location. Results showed that the brightness temperature data from 1.4 GHz sensor in this study region provides the same mean values for an area regardless of the spatial resolution of the original data. The relationship between brightness temperature and soil moisture was similar at different resolutions. These results suggest that soil moisture retrieval methods developed using high resolution data can be extrapolated to satellite scales. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Jackson, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2001 VL 39 IS 1 BP 151 EP 164 DI 10.1109/36.898677 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 398CJ UT WOS:000166738100016 ER PT B AU Jackson, TJ Oldak, A Bindlish, R Gasiewski, A Klein, M Yevgrafov, A Christiani, S Njoku, EG AF Jackson, TJ Oldak, A Bindlish, R Gasiewski, A Klein, M Yevgrafov, A Christiani, S Njoku, EG GP IEEE IEEE TI Polarimetric scanning radiometer (PSR) C band soil moisture retrieval in the southern great plains 1999 experiment SO IGARSS 2001: SCANNING THE PRESENT AND RESOLVING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1-7, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 09-13, 2001 CL UNIV NEW S WALES, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP IEEE, IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmosphere Adm, CSA ASC, Off Naval Res, RSPAA, URSI HO UNIV NEW S WALES ID MICROWAVE AB The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) holds the great promise for soil moisture mapping in regions of low levels of vegetation. Soil moisture retrieval algorithms for AMSR have been proposed but have not been rigorously evaluated. The Southern Great Plains 1999 Experiment (SGP99) was designed to provide aircraft data sets for algorithm development and validation. Ground observations of soil moisture and related variables were collected in conjunction with aircraft measurements using the NOAA Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer C-band scanhead (PSR/C). The PSR/C operates at a band identical to that of the 6.92 GHz channel of AMSR. Flights were conducted under a wide range of soil moisture conditions, thus providing a robust data set for validation. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Jackson, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, 10 Bldg 007 BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7031-7 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2001 BP 19 EP 21 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BU88J UT WOS:000177297200006 ER PT B AU Schmugge, T French, A Ritchie, J Chopping, M Rango, A AF Schmugge, T French, A Ritchie, J Chopping, M Rango, A GP IEEE IEEE TI ASTER observations of the spectral emissivity for arid lands SO IGARSS 2001: SCANNING THE PRESENT AND RESOLVING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1-7, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 09-13, 2001 CL UNIV NEW S WALES, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP IEEE, IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmosphere Adm, CSA ASC, Off Naval Res, RSPAA, URSI HO UNIV NEW S WALES ID SPACEBORNE THERMAL EMISSION; REFLECTION RADIOMETER ASTER; TEMPERATURE AB On May 9, 2000 the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection radiometer (ASTER) on the Terra satellite obtained data over the Jornada Experimental Range test site along the Rio Grande river and the White Sand National Monument in New Mexico. ASTER has 14 channels from the visible (VNIR) through the thermal infrared (TIR) with 15 in resolution in the VNIR and 90 in in the TIR. The overpass time is approximately 11 AM. With 5 channels between 8 and 12 mum these multispectral TIR data from ASTER provide the opportunity to separate the temperature and emissivity effects observed in the thermal emission from the land surface. Ground measurements during these overflights included surface temperature, vegetation type and condition and limited surface emissivity measurements. There was also an aircraft flight with the MODIS/ASTER simulator on June 14, 2000, unfortunately not coincident with a satellite overpass. Preliminary results indicate good agreement between ASTER brightness temperatures and ground measures. Analysis of earlier aircraft data has shown that the multispectral TIR data are very effective for estimating both the surface temperature and emissivity. These results will be compared with those obtained from the ASTER data for this site. With multispectral thermal infrared observations provided by ASTER it is possible for the first time to estimate the spectral emissivity variation for these surfaces on a global basis at high spatial resolution. C1 USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Schmugge, T (reprint author), USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7031-7 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2001 BP 715 EP 717 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BU88J UT WOS:000177297200220 ER PT B AU French, AN Schmugge, TJ Kustas, WP AF French, AN Schmugge, TJ Kustas, WP GP IEEE IEEE TI Estimating evapotranspiration with ASTER thermal infrared imagery SO IGARSS 2001: SCANNING THE PRESENT AND RESOLVING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1-7, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 09-13, 2001 CL UNIV NEW S WALES, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP IEEE, IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmosphere Adm, CSA ASC, Off Naval Res, RSPAA, URSI HO UNIV NEW S WALES ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; EMISSIVITY; FLUXES; SOIL AB The recent availability of multi-band thermal infrared imagery from the ASTER sensor has made feasible spatial estimation of evapotranspiration at 90 meter resolution. One critical variable in evapotranspiration models is surface temperature. With ASTER the temperature can be reliably determined over a wide range of vegetative conditions. The requirements for accurate temperature measurement include minimization of atmospheric effects, correction for surface emissivity variations and sufficient resolution for the type of vegetative cover. When ASTER imagery are combined with meteorological observations, these requirements are usually met and result in surface temperatures accurate within 1-2degreesC. Other sensors, such as Landsat TM and AVHRR, do not meet these requirements because they either lack the resolution of ASTER, or because their broad-band radiometers cannot correct for surface emissivity. ASTER-based evapotranspiration estimates for a few days during 20002001 were made over the sub-humid grazing and wheat lands in central Oklahoma. Daily evapotranspiration was estimated by applying instantaneous ASTER surface temperatures, as well as ASTER-based vegetation indices from visible-near infrared bands, to a two-source energy flux model and combining the result with separately acquired hourly solar radiation data. ne estimates of surface fluxes show reasonable agreement (50-100 W/m(2)) with ground-based eddy-correlation measurements and illustrate how ASTER measurements can be applied to heterogeneous terrain. There are some discrepancies, however, and these may in part be due to difficulty quantifying fractional cover of senescent vegetation. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP French, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7031-7 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2001 BP 718 EP 720 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BU88J UT WOS:000177297200221 ER PT B AU Kustas, WP Bindlish, R French, AN Schmugge, TJ AF Kustas, WP Bindlish, R French, AN Schmugge, TJ GP IEEE IEEE TI Utility of coupling microwave-derived soil moisture and radiometric surface temperature in an energy balance modeling scheme SO IGARSS 2001: SCANNING THE PRESENT AND RESOLVING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1-7, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 09-13, 2001 CL UNIV NEW S WALES, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP IEEE, IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmosphere Adm, CSA ASC, Off Naval Res, RSPAA, URSI HO UNIV NEW S WALES ID VEGETATION INDEXES; FLUXES; SCALES AB Over the last several years a Two-Source (soil + vegetation) Energy Balance (TSEB) modeling scheme has been developed and tested using either microwave-derived near-surface soil moisture (TSEBSM) or radiometric surface temperature (TSEBTR) as the key surface boundary condition. Output of the surface heat fluxes from both schemes are compared using microwave and radiometric surface temperature observations collected during the 1997 Southern Great Plains experiment (SGP97) conducted in Oklahoma, USA. Results from the heat flux comparisons and simulated versus observed surface temperatures suggest revisions to the TSEBSM scheme are needed to better constrain flux predictions from the soil and vegetation In order to accommodate a wider range of environmental conditions. The revisions involve an adjustment to the soil evaporation algorithm for 'decoupling' effects and assimilation of the Priestley-Taylor coefficient estimated from the TSEBTR model. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kustas, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7031-7 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2001 BP 2130 EP 2133 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Geology; Remote Sensing GA BU88J UT WOS:000177297200683 ER PT S AU Nelson, SO Bartley, PG AF Nelson, SO Bartley, PG GP IEEE IEEE TI Measuring frequency- and temperature-dependent permittivities of food materials SO IMTC/2001: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 18TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3: REDISCOVERING MEASUREMENT IN THE AGE OF INFORMATICS SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (IMTC/2001) CY MAY 21-23, 2001 CL BUDAPEST, HUNGARY SP IEEE Instrument & Measurement Soc, Budapest Univ Technol & Econ, Int Measurement Confederat (IMEKO) DE permittivity; foods; frequency dependence; temperature dependence ID CEREAL GRAIN AB An open-ended coaxial-line probe was used with sample temperature control equipment designed for use with the probe to measure permittivities of some liquid, semisolid, and pulverized food materials as a function of frequency and temperature. Graphical data for the dielectric constant and loss factor of homogenized macaroni and cheese, ground whole-wheat flour, and apple juice illustrate the diverse frequency and temperature-dependent behavior of food materials and the need for measurements when reliable permittivity data are required. C1 USDA ARS, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Nelson, SO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Athens, GA 30613 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-6646-8 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 2001 BP 975 EP 978 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Computer Science; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BT30J UT WOS:000172550900186 ER PT S AU Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO AF Trabelsi, S Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO GP IEEE IEEE TI Determining bulk density of granular materials from microwave measurements of their dielectric properties SO IMTC/2001: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 18TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3: REDISCOVERING MEASUREMENT IN THE AGE OF INFORMATICS SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (IMTC/2001) CY MAY 21-23, 2001 CL BUDAPEST, HUNGARY SP IEEE Instrument & Measurement Soc, Budapest Univ Technol & Econ, Int Measurement Confederat (IMEKO) DE bulk density; granular materials; dielectric properties; permittivity; microwave frequencies; complex-plane representation; moisture content; temperature AB A dielectric method for determining bulk density of granular materials from measurement of their dielectric properties at microwave frequencies is presented. A complex-plane representation of the dielectric properties, normalized to bulk density, is used to generate calibration equations at 7 GHz for cereal grain and seed over wide ranges of moisture content and temperature. C1 USDA ARS, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Trabelsi, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Athens, GA 30613 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-6646-8 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 2001 BP 1887 EP 1892 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Computer Science; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BT30J UT WOS:000172550900350 ER PT J AU Isbell, TA Edgcomb, MR Lowery, BA AF Isbell, TA Edgcomb, MR Lowery, BA TI Physical properties of estolides and their ester derivatives SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE estolides; meadowfoam; crambe; oleic; viscosity; pour point ID ACID-CATALYZED CONDENSATION; FATTY-ACIDS; OLEIC-ACID; VEGETABLE-OILS; LUBRICANTS; BIODEGRADATION AB Vegetable oil based lubricants have good lubricity and biodegradability but often fail to meet viscosity requirements at cold temperatures. These properties for a lubricant are often evaluated by pour point (PP), the minimum temperature at which a liquid will pour. Viscosity and viscosity index also provide information about a fluid's properties where a high viscosity index denotes a fluid that has little viscosity change over a wide temperature range. In order to develop better quality vegetable based lubricants, pour point, melting point and viscosity (40 and 100 degreesC) were determined for a series of esters (methyl, butyl, decyl, oleyl, 2-propyl, 2-ethylhexyl, C18-Guerbet and C24-Guerbet) of meadowfoam, crambe and oleic fatty acids and estolides. Oleic estolide esters had the lowest melting points of all derivatives studied. Of the oleic estolide series the 2-ethylhexyl and C18-Guerbet esters had the lowest melting points, - 34 and - 43 degreesC, respectively. Similar melting point trends within the series of esters were observed for both fatty acids and estolides. Pour points of the oleic estolides were also determined on a series of both free acid estolides and their 2-ethylhexyl esters. The series compared the effect of oligomerization on pour point. Pour points of oleic estolides were 5-10 degreesC higher than the corresponding derivative's melting point. The extent of oligomerization (estolide number, EN) played a significant role in the pour point with higher oligomerization giving higher pour points (EN of 2.96 had a PP of 0 degreesC; EN of 1.1 had a PP of - 27 degreesC). In a similar fashion, viscosity increased with higher oligomerization and free acid estolides were generally several hundred centistokes (cSt) more viscous than the corresponding esters. Viscosity index ranged from 151 to 238 with the fatty acid esters giving slightly higher indices than estolide esters. Hydrogenation of the estolides resulted in a dramatic increase in the pour point but only changed viscosity slightly. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Isbell, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 21 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 1 BP 11 EP 20 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00045-5 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 419PU UT WOS:000167958300002 ER PT J AU Grieve, CM Poss, JA Suarez, DL Dierig, DA AF Grieve, CM Poss, JA Suarez, DL Dierig, DA TI Lesquerella growth and selenium uptake affected by saline irrigation water composition SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE drainage water reuse; ion partitioning; phytoremediation; salinity; sand culture ID INCREASING SODIUM; OIL CONTENT; PLANTS; PHYTOREMEDIATION; ACCUMULATION; SELENATE; MUSTARD AB A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effects of waters differing in salt composition on growth and selenium (Se) accumulation by lesquerella (Lesquerella fendleri Gray S. Wats.). Plants were established by direct seeding into sand cultures and irrigated with solutions containing either (a) Cl- as the dominant anion or (b) a mixture of salts of SO42- and Cl-. Four treatments of each salinity type were imposed. Electrical conductivities of the irrigation waters were 1.7, 4, 8, and 13 dS m(-1). Two months after salinization, Se (1 mg l(-1), 12.7 muM) was added to all solutions as Na2SeO4. Shoot growth was significantly reduced by increasing Cl-salinity. Regardless of salinity type, concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, total-S, and Se were higher in the leaves than the stems, whereas K+ and Na+ were higher in the stem. Leaf-Se concentrations were not significantly affected by Cl-based irrigation waters, averaging 503 mg Se kg(-1) dry wt across salinity levels, whereas leaf-Se decreased consistently and significantly from 218 to 13 mg kg(-1) as mixed salt salinity increased. The dramatic reduction in Se was attributed to SO42-:SeO42- competition during plant uptake. The strong Se-accumulating ability of lesquerella suggests that the crop should be further evaluated as a potentially valuable phytoremediator of Se-contaminated soils and waters of low to moderate salinity in areas where the dominant anion in the substrate is Cl-. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Grieve, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 1 BP 57 EP 65 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00053-4 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 419PU UT WOS:000167958300007 ER PT J AU Dickey, LC Parris, N Craig, JC Kurantz, MJ AF Dickey, LC Parris, N Craig, JC Kurantz, MJ TI Ethanolic extraction of zein from maize SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE extraction; precipitation; centrifugation; zein ID PROTEIN-RICH RESIDUE; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; DIELECTRIC-RELAXATION; CORN; FRACTIONATION; PRECIPITATION; CONFORMATION; SCATTERING; ACIDS; FILMS AB Zein can be extracted from maize (Zea mays) using ethanol solutions, and recovered from the extract by diluting with water. Dilution to 40% ethanol will precipitate a mixture of zein and maize lipid with similar to 15% lipid. For possible zein applications, such as film production. purer zein is required. Most of the lipid can be removed from the precipitate by selective re-extraction with hexane or ethanol, but this is expensive. A precipitate containing 90% or more of the protein in the extract, with less than 10% lipid. can be obtained by diluting the extract in stages. An initial dilution will precipitate a solid with 75% or more lipid, this precipitate can be centrifuged from the extract and the centrifugate diluted to precipitate a solid of 70% or more zein. The mass and composition of solid centrifuged from a maize extract that was diluted in several steps to characterize the composition of precipitates so formed. The lipid content of a zein product precipitated from an extract diluted from 55% ethanol to 50% is significantly lower than the content of precipitate of an extract diluted in a single step to 40% ethanol. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Dickey, LC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 30 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 1 BP 67 EP 76 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(00)00054-6 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 419PU UT WOS:000167958300008 ER PT B AU Eriksson, M AF Eriksson, M GP IABSE TI Considerations when paving treated timber bridge decks SO INNOVATIVE WOODEN STRUCTURES AND BRIDGES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IABSE Conference on Innovative Wooden Structures and Bridges CY AUG 29-31, 2001 CL Lahti, FINLAND SP Int Assoc Bridge & Structural Engn DE timber bridges; timber decks; treated timber; asphalt paving; paving membranes AB Increased awareness of the efficiencies of timber bridges has resulted in a surge of treated timber bridge construction in the United States. Asphalt pavement problems have appeared due to deck flexibility and/or shrinkage, excessive treatment, and treatment/paving system incompatibility. This paper discusses ways to economically ensure long term pavement performance, while minimizing negative environmental impacts. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Wood Transportat Program, Missoula, MT USA. RP Eriksson, M (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Wood Transportat Program, Missoula, MT USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IABSE-AIPC-IVBH PI ZURICH PA ETH HONGGERBERG, CH-8093 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND PY 2001 BP 101 EP 106 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA BAF25 UT WOS:000221951900013 ER PT B AU Cesa, ET Eriksson, M Tice, E Lemon, JL AF Cesa, ET Eriksson, M Tice, E Lemon, JL GP IABSE TI Commercializing proven technology through the USDA forest service wood in transportation program SO INNOVATIVE WOODEN STRUCTURES AND BRIDGES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IABSE Conference on Innovative Wooden Structures and Bridges CY AUG 29-31, 2001 CL Lahti, FINLAND SP Int Assoc Bridge & Structural Engn DE timber; bridge; glued-laminated; stress-laminated; cost; economics; commercialization; cottonwood; Douglas-fir; southern pine AB A significant opportunity exists in the United States to improve local transportation networks by using wood for bridges and other transportation structures. To address this issue, the United States Congress provided funding to the USDA Forest Service in 1989 for a National Timber Bridge Initiative. The program is now called Wood In Transportation. The program has three key components: (1) Demonstration Projects, (2) Research, and (3) Technology Transfer and Information. In 1996, the program redirected its demonstration project activities to fully focus on economy of scales and structural adequacy of demonstration structures. This paper highlights three demonstration "commercialization" projects, each resulting in the construction of three or more bridges. Project cooperators believe that these types of projects were more effective than single projects because they learned how to improve the process each time another bridge was built. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Morgantown, WV USA. RP Cesa, ET (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Morgantown, WV USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IABSE-AIPC-IVBH PI ZURICH PA ETH HONGGERBERG, CH-8093 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND PY 2001 BP 175 EP 180 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA BAF25 UT WOS:000221951900025 ER PT B AU Colbert, JJ Fekedulegn, D AF Colbert, JJ Fekedulegn, D GP USDA USDA USDA TI Effects of gypsy moth defoliation on tree growth preliminary models for effects of cumulative defoliation on individual host tree radial increment SO INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND DYNAMICS OF FOREST DEFOLIATING INSECTS , PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Integrated Management and Dynamics of Forest Defoliating Insects CY AUG 15-19, 1999 CL UNIV VICTORIA, VICTORIA, CANADA SP Int Union Forestry Res Org, Working Party 7 03 06, 7 03 07 HO UNIV VICTORIA AB Two hundred and one stands in the Ridge and Valley physiographic province of central Pennsylvania (USA) were followed from 1978 to 1985 and approximately one third of these stands were followed until 1995. Individual trees on three 0.10-acre (0.040 ha) plots per stand were visited each year. These stands experienced two major defoliation episodes by the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.), first from 1981 to 1982 and again from 1986 to 1987; some trees and stands also experienced significant defoliation in the early 1990s In 1995, increment core samples were collected from plot trees based on a matrix of species, stand defoliation history, and crown class (dominance). In this paper, we consider only core samples from the red oak and white oak species groups. We first examine the relationship between the sample population and the earlier classification of the forested area where the research sites are located. Results indicated that using these data, models can be developed across the site classification scheme. We then consider the appropriateness of developing a single model for both species groups. Finally, we consider a cumulative effects model with the data organized by severity of defoliation to individual trees over three years (current and the past two years' defoliation). Results provide reasonable individual tree growth effects for the species under consideration. In a forest model that uses individual tree lists to simulate forest stands, these growth effects models can be linked to population dynamics models for the gypsy moth to obtain a dynamic model for an individual stand or larger forested areas. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Colbert, JJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 180 Canfield St, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2001 VL 277 BP 16 EP 30 PG 15 WC Entomology; Forestry SC Entomology; Forestry GA BS41P UT WOS:000169777700003 ER PT B AU Dubois, NR McManus, ML Huntley, PJ Newman, D AF Dubois, NR McManus, ML Huntley, PJ Newman, D GP USDA USDA USDA TI Implementation of a program to optimize the use of Bacillus thuringiensis against the browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea) SO INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT AND DYNAMICS OF FOREST DEFOLIATING INSECTS , PROCEEDINGS SE USDA FOREST SERVICE GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENTAL STATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Integrated Management and Dynamics of Forest Defoliating Insects CY AUG 15-19, 1999 CL UNIV VICTORIA, VICTORIA, CANADA SP Int Union Forestry Res Org, Working Party 7 03 06, 7 03 07 HO UNIV VICTORIA AB Laboratory and field studies were conducted over a period of 3 years to develop formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that would be efficacious against the browntail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea), a serious pest of forest and shade trees and shrub vegetation in coastal areas of Maine and Massachusetts. Standard feeding bioassays and a novel electrophysiological procedure were used to determine the susceptibility of browntail moth larvae to the insecticidal crystal protein toxins that are incorporated into commercial formulations of Bt. The electrophysiological method, voltage/current clamp analysis, is discussed in detail. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Ctr Forest Hlth Res, Hamden, CT USA. RP Dubois, NR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Ctr Forest Hlth Res, 51 Mill Pond St, Hamden, CT USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV NE EXPTL STN PI RADNOR PA 5 RADNOR CORPORATE CTR, 100 MATSONFORD RD, STE 200, PO BOX 6775, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA J9 USDA NE EXP PY 2001 VL 277 BP 37 EP 44 PG 8 WC Entomology; Forestry SC Entomology; Forestry GA BS41P UT WOS:000169777700005 ER PT S AU Cooper, CM Testa, S Shields, FD AF Cooper, CM Testa, S Shields, FD BE Williams, WD TI Stream restoration: response of benthos to engineered stable riffle/pool habitat SO INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY, VOL 27, PT 3, PROCEEDINGS SE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED LIMNOLOGY - PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 27th Congress of the International-Association-of-Theoretical-and-Applied-Limnology CY 1998 CL DUBLIN, IRELAND SP Int Assoc Theoret & Appl Limnol ID INVERTEBRATE C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Cooper, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU E SCHWEIZERBART'SCHE VERLAGSBUCHHANDLUNG PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESTRASSE 3, W-7000 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0368-0770 BN 3-510-54054-9 J9 INT VER THEOR ANGEW PY 2001 VL 27 BP 1520 EP 1527 PN 3 PG 8 WC Limnology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BS48W UT WOS:000170061900073 ER PT J AU Diamond, MJ Freedman, B Garibaldi, JA AF Diamond, MJ Freedman, B Garibaldi, JA TI Biodegradable polyester films (Reprinted) SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Reprint AB Eight polyester films derived from C-2 to C-10 alpha, omega -aliphatic diols and C-4 to C-10 dicarboxylic acids were examined to determine differences in biodegradability. Two test procedures were used to evaluate degradation: agar plate cultures with a mixture of Aspergilli, and soil burial. After one mouth exposure of different polyester films to the agar culture test, there were large variations in microbial growth. In soil burial tests, weight loss of polymer from 3 to 40 per cent was obtained after burial for one month. The order of polyester degradability in the agar culture test differed from that found in the soil burial test. The relative degradability of the polymers examined seems to be related to the carbon chain spacing between ester groups. Mere physical blending of degradable vegetable oil with sta le vinyl plastics is insufficient to impart degradability to the polymer. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Lab, USDA, Berkeley, CA 94710 USA. RP Diamond, MJ (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Lab, USDA, Berkeley, CA 94710 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PY 2001 VL 48 IS 1-4 BP 219 EP 224 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(01)00085-3 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 498EC UT WOS:000172496000028 ER PT J AU Kartal, SN Clausen, CA AF Kartal, SN Clausen, CA TI Leachability and decay resistance of particleboard made from acid extracted and bioremediated CCA-treated wood SO INTERNATIONAL BIODETERIORATION & BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE treated-waste wood; remediation; acid extraction; bacterial fermentation; composite; Bacillus licheniformis; Gloeophyllum trabeum; Postia placenta; Trametes cersicolor ID BROWN-ROT DECAY; SOUTHERN PINE; OXALIC-ACID; LIGNOCELLULOSICS; COMPATIBILITY; PRESERVATIVES; REMOVAL AB Composite manufacturing appears to be one of the most suitable recycling options for chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated waste wood. However, in many applications it would be beneficial to remove much or all of the CCA from the wood prior to composite production. This paper evaluates the effect of remediation processes, namely oxalic acid (OA) extraction and Bacillus licheniformis fermentation, on leaching of copper, chromium. and arsenic from particleboard made from remediated wood particles and also investigates decay resistance of the particleboard. Oxalic acid extraction and bioremediation by B. licheniformis affected the chemical properties of wood particles and significantly increased leaching of elements from CCA-treated wood particles. The particleboard containing CCA-extracted and bioremediated particles showed generally high leaching losses of remaining elements. Exposure of particleboards to decay fungi in soil block tests indicated that boards containing CCA-treated particles were most resistant to fungal degradation. Also, for a given board type, Gloeophyllum trabeum resulted in greater weight losses than Postia placenta and Trametes versicolor after 12-week exposure. We concluded that bioremediation of CCA-treated wood is a promising method of safely reusing treated fiber, although chemical extraction diminished the properties of composites prepared from this material. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Forest Serv Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Kartal, SN (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RI Kartal, Nami/E-6516-2013 NR 38 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-8305 J9 INT BIODETER BIODEGR JI Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. PY 2001 VL 47 IS 3 BP 183 EP 191 DI 10.1016/S0964-8305(01)00047-6 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 441EY UT WOS:000169219100008 ER PT J AU Augustine, PC AF Augustine, PC TI Cell: sporozoite interactions and invasion by apicomplexan parasites of the genus Eimeria SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Review DE apicomplexa; Avian Eimeria; sporozoites; cell invasion; receptor molecules; immunity ID AVIAN EIMERIA; HOST-CELL; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; CULTURED-CELLS; MELEAGRIMITIS SPOROZOITES; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM; TURKEY COCCIDIA; IN-VITRO; TENELLA; IMMUNITY AB The site specificity that avian Eimeria sporozoites and, to a more limited degree, other apicomplexan parasites exhibit for invasion in vivo suggests that specific interactions between the sporozoites and the target host cells may mediate the invasion process. Although sporozoite motility and structural and secreted antigens appear to provide the mechanisms for propelling the sporozoite into the host cell, there is a growing body of evidence that the host cell provides characteristics by which the sporozoites recognise and interact with the host cell as a prelude to invasion. Molecules on the surface of cells in the intestinal epithelium, that act as receptor or recognition sites for sporozoite invasion. may be included among these characteristics. The existence of receptor molecules for invasion by apicomplexan parasites was suggested by in vitro studies in which parasite invasion was inhibited in cultured cells that were treated with a variety of substances designed to selectively alter the host cell membrane. These substance included cationic compounds or molecules, enzymes that cleave specific linkages, protease inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, etc. More specific evidence for the presence of receptors was provided by the binding of parasite antigens to specific host cell surface molecules. Analyses of host cells have implicated 22, 31, and 37 kDa antigens, surface membrane glycoconjugates, conserved epitopes of host cells and sporozoites, etc., but no treatment that perturbs these putative receptors has completely inhibited invasion of the cells by parasites. Regardless of the mechanism, sporozoites of the avian Eimeria also invade the same specific sites in foreign host birds that they invade in the natural host. Thus, site specificity for invasion may be a response to characteristics of the intestine that are shared by a number of hosts rather than to a unique trait of the natural host. Protective immunity elicited against avian Eimeria species is not manifested in a total blockade of parasite invasion. In fact, the effect of immunity on invasion differs according to the eliciting species and depends upon the area of the intestine that is invaded. Immunity produced against caecal species of avian Eimeria, for example Eimeria tenella and Eimeria adenoeides, inhibits subsequent invasion by homologous or heterologous challenge species, regardless of the area of the intestine that the challenge species invade. Conversely, in birds immunised with upper intestinal species, Eimeria acervulina and Eimeria melengrimitis, invasion by challenge species is not decreased and often is significantly increased. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. on behalf of the Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Augustine, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Bldg 1040,Room 103 BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 58 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 31 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(00)00150-8 PG 8 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 404GT UT WOS:000167089600001 PM 11286188 ER PT J AU Smith, AD Morris, VC Levander, OA AF Smith, AD Morris, VC Levander, OA TI Rapid determination of glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase activities using a 96-well microplate format: Comparison to standard cuvette-based assays SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR VITAMIN AND NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE glutathione peroxidase; thioredoxin reductase; microplate; selenium; assay ID ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; DIETARY SELENIUM; KAPPA-B; INHIBITION; LIVER; RAT; PURIFICATION; ERYTHROCYTE; CELLS AB Gluthatione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase are selenocysteine-containing enzymes that are constituents of the cellular antioxidant defense system. Conventional cuvette-based assays for glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase enzymes are laborious and ti me consuming. The ability to assay their activities rapidly in multiple samples would aid efforts focused on understanding the impact of these enzymes on the cellular antioxidant defense system. High throughput can be achieved with assays adapted to work in a clinical analyzer but require expensive equipment. Assays designed to work in a 96-well microplate reader provide an alternative methodology for high throughput with reduced instrumentation cost. However, due to differences in the light pathlength when using a 96-well format, the values obtained cannot be compared directly with-those obtained using a 1-cm cuvette. Described here are assays for glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase modified to work in a 96-well format that incorporates light pathlength determinations into-the assays. The values obtained using a high throughput 96-well format in conjunction with pathlength determinations;are in agreement with those obtained using a standard 1-cm cuvette. While spectrophotometrically derived pathlengths are the most accurate, calculated pathlengths based on assay Volume and well size can be used with only a small amount of error introduced. This method can also be applied to many other enzyme assays, thus allowing;the rapid analysis of large numbers of samples without the need for:expensive equipment. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutr Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Smith, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutr Requirements & Funct Lab, B-307,Rm 216,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 8 PU VERLAG HANS HUBER PI BERN 9 PA LANGGASS-STRASSE 76, CH-3000 BERN 9, SWITZERLAND SN 0300-9831 J9 INT J VITAM NUTR RES JI Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 71 IS 1 BP 87 EP 92 DI 10.1024/0300-9831.71.1.87 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 407HQ UT WOS:000167266500013 PM 11276929 ER PT J AU Lerch, RN Li, YX AF Lerch, RN Li, YX TI Analysis of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products in soils SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE atrazine metabolites; hydroxyatrazine; deethylhydroxyatrazine; deisopropylhydroxyatrazine; LC/MS/MS; LC/UV ID RESOLUTION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BOUND RESIDUE; S-TRIAZINES; HYDROXYATRAZINE; EXTRACTION; DEETHYLATRAZINE; DISAPPEARANCE; METOLACHLOR; ADSORPTION AB Hydroxylated atrazine degradation products (HADPs) have been shown to persist in soils and contaminate surface waters throughout the Midwestern United States, yet expedient analytical methods for their determination in soils are lacking. The developed method employs a mixed-mode extractant [3:1 0.5M KH2PO4, pH 7.5:CH3CN, v/v] designed to disrupt the two primary mechanisms of HADP sorption to soils: cation exchange and hydrophobic interactions. Strong anion exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) is used for sample clean-up followed by isolation and concentration using strong cation exchange SPE. HADPs were quantitated by LC/MS/MS and LC/UV. Method recoveries were determined by spiking C-14-HADPs into three soils with lengthy atrazine use histories. Recoveries ranged from 74-81% for C-14-hydroxyatrazine (HA), 79-88% for C-14-deethylhydroxyatrazine (DEHA), and 64-77% for C-14-deisopropylhydroxyatrazine (DIHA). HADP soil concentrations ranged from 66.9-178 mug kg(-1) for HA, 8.99-40.9 mug kg(-1) for DEHA, and 5.27-16.2 mug kg(-1) for DIHA. Utilization of the mixed-mode procedure, in conjunction with existing methodologies for analysis of atrazine and its chlorinated metabolites, enables a more complete and accurate quantitation of all the major stable atrazine residues in soils. HADPs comprised an average of 91% of the total atrazine residues in three agricultural surface soils, with HA the major constituent present in all soils. These data indicate that repeated atrazine use results in HADPs as the predominant atrazine residues in surface soils. C1 USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Ricerca Inc, Painesville, OH 44077 USA. RP Lerch, RN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 5 U2 12 PU GORDON BREACH PUBLISHING, TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, 8TH FL, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0306-7319 J9 INT J ENVIRON AN CH JI Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. PY 2001 VL 79 IS 3 BP 167 EP 183 DI 10.1080/03067310108044397 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 465HF UT WOS:000170583000001 ER PT J AU Fasina, O Tyler, B Pickard, M Zheng, GH Wang, N AF Fasina, O Tyler, B Pickard, M Zheng, GH Wang, N TI Effect of infrared heating on the properties of legume seeds SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemical; functional; mechanical; physical ID DRY BEANS; STARCH; COMPONENTS; PHASEOLUS; PROTEIN AB Five legume seeds (kidney beans, green peas, black beans, lentil and pinto beans) were heated by infrared to a surface temperature of 140 degreesC. The changes in chemical composition, physical, mechanical and functional properties of the processed seeds were measured and compared to those of the raw seeds. Significant changes in the properties of the seeds in terms of increased volume, lower rupture point and toughness, higher water uptake and higher leaching losses (when the seeds were soaked in water) were obtained. The changes in the physical and mechanical properties were attributed to possible cracking of the seed. Even though trypsin inhibitor activity was reduced, infrared heating did not significantly affect the starch and protein components of the seeds. The functional characteristics of flour from the infrared-heated seeds were superior to those of flour from untreated seeds. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Appl Microbiol & Food Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. InfraReady Ltd, Saskatoon, SK S7K 5Y8, Canada. RP Fasina, O (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 32 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-5423 J9 INT J FOOD SCI TECH JI Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 36 IS 1 BP 79 EP 90 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2621.2001.00420.x PG 12 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 383JL UT WOS:000165879300009 ER PT J AU Smith, D Pedro-Botet, J Cantuti-Castelvetri, I Shukitt-Hale, B Schaefer, EJ Joseph, J Ordovas, JM AF Smith, D Pedro-Botet, J Cantuti-Castelvetri, I Shukitt-Hale, B Schaefer, EJ Joseph, J Ordovas, JM TI Influence of photoperiod, laboratory caging and aging on plasma lipid response to an atherogenic diet among F1B hamsters SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE animal behavior; cholesterol; dietary fat; hamsters; lipids; photoperiod; triglyceride; aging ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; STRESSOR EXPOSURES; SEASONAL-VARIATION; ULTRADIAN RHYTHMS; CIRCADIAN-RHYTHMS; SOCIAL STRESS; RATS; CHOLESTEROL; PARAMETERS; PROTEIN AB The effects and interactions of photoperiod. animal caging, aging and diet on plasma lipid levels in male FIB hamsters were examined in the current study. Sixteen young acid sixteen old animals were housed one or four per cage. Eight young animals from each housing group were placed in an animal room with either 12/12 h (PT-12) or 10/14 h (PT-10) light/dark cycle while the sixteen old animals were maintained under a PT-12 light cycle. Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were determined in all animals after a 2-week period of acclimation on chow diet and following 4-week intervention on atherogenic diet, Baseline total cholesterol (TC) levels were 131 +/- 25 mg/ dl and 142 +/- 39 mg/dl for young and old animals, respectively. while baseline triglyceride (Tg) levels were 202 +/- 48 mg/dl and 160 +/- 37 mg/dl respectively for the same animals. Following 4-weeks on an atherogenic diet. single-caged PT 12 animals had elevated hut significantly lower TC levels than group-caged animals (161 +/- 30 mg/dl and 240 +/- 58 mg/dl, respectively) while single and group housed PT10 animals had TC levels of 296 +/- 75 mg/dl and 351 +/- 124 mg/dl. respectively. Similarly. plasma Tg levels rose to 330 +/- 100 mg/dl and 486 +/- 100 mg/dl in single and group housed PT12 animals (respectively) and to 668 +/- 270 mg/dl and 545 +/- 199 mg/dl in single and group housed PT10 animals (respectively). No significant changes related to atherogenic diet were observed in plasma TC or Tg levels in the older animals. Although caging conditions influence the cholesterol and triglyceride response to the atherogenic diet (p<.05). light cycle photoperiod seems to exert a greater effect (p<.005). In conclusion. photoperiod length dramatically affects diet-induced plasma lipid concentrations in young male FIB hamsters, and thus needs be considered in experimental designs of animal-housed lipid research. C1 Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Neurosci Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776] NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0020-7454 J9 INT J NEUROSCI JI Int. J. Neurosci. PY 2001 VL 106 IS 3-4 BP 185 EP 194 DI 10.3109/00207450109149748 PG 10 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 420MQ UT WOS:000168009100006 PM 11264919 ER PT J AU Lasat, MM Pence, NS Letham, DLD Kochian, LV AF Lasat, Mitch M. Pence, Nicole S. Letham, Deborah L. D. Kochian, Leon V. TI Zinc Phytoextraction in Thlaspi caerulescens SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION LA English DT Article DE Thlaspi caerulescens; phytoextraction; phytoremediation; Zn hyperaccumulation; Zn transport; ZNT1; Zn transport genes AB The existence of metal hyperaccumulator species demonstrates that plants have the genetic potential to remove toxic metals from contaminated soil. Possibly, one of the best-known hyperaccumulators is Thlaspi caerulescens. This species has been shown to accumulate very high Zn concentrations without manifesting any sign of toxicity. Thus, T. caerulescens represents an excellent experimental system for studying metal hyperaccumulation in plants as it relates to phytoremediation. In this article, we review the results of an investigation into the physiology, biochemistry, and molecular regulation of Zn transport and accumulation in T. caerulescens compared with a nonaccumulator relative T. arvense. Physiological studies focused on the use of Zn-65 radiotracer flux techniques to characterize zinc transport and compartmentation in the root, and translocation to the shoot. Transport studies indicated that a number of Zn transport sites were stimulated in T. caerulescens, contributing to the hyperaccumulation trait. Thus, Zn influx into root and leaf cells, and Zn loading into the xylem was greater in T. caerulescens compared with the nonaccumulator T. arvense. The 4.5-fold stimulation of Zn influx into the roots of T. caerulescens was hypothesized to be due to an overexpression of Zn transporters in this species. Additionally, compartmental analysis (radiotracer wash out or efflux techniques) was used to show that Zn was sequestered in the root vacuole of T. arvense inhibiting Zn translocation to the shoot in this nonaccumulator species. Molecular studies focused on the cloning and characterization of Zn transport genes in T. caerulescens. Functional complementation of a yeast Zn transport-defective mutant with a T. caerulescens cDNA library constructed in a yeast expression vector resulted in the cloning of a Zn transport cDNA, ZNT1. Expression of ZNT1 in yeast allowed for a physiological characterization of this transporter. ZNT1 was shown to encode a high-affinity Zn transporter that can also mediate low-affinity Cd transport. Biochemical analyses indicated that enhanced Zn transport in T. caerulescens results from a constitutively high expression of ZNT1 in roots and shoots. These results suggest that overexpression of ZNT1 may be linked to an alteration of the Zn tolerance mechanism in this species. C1 [Lasat, Mitch M.] US EPA, Technol Innovat Off, Amer Assoc Adv Sci Environm Fellow, Arlington, VA 22202 USA. [Pence, Nicole S.; Letham, Deborah L. D.; Kochian, Leon V.] Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Lasat, MM (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, Natl Ctr Environm Res, 8722R,1200 Pennsylvania Ave, Washington, DC 20460 USA. EM lasat.mitch@epa.gov OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 23 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 4 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1522-6514 EI 1549-7879 J9 INT J PHYTOREMEDIAT JI Int. J. Phytoremediat. PY 2001 VL 3 IS 1 BP 129 EP 144 DI 10.1080/15226510108500053 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V33JX UT WOS:000209016200007 ER PT J AU Britz, SJ Robinson, JM AF Britz, SJ Robinson, JM TI Chronic ozone exposure and photosynthate partitioning into starch in soybean leaves SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE air pollution; carbohydrate; ozone; photosynthesis; starch; translocation; Glycine max ID CROP YIELD; CARBOHYDRATE; SPINACH; PLANTS; CO2 AB Photosynthesis, photosynthate partitioning, and translocation are reportedly affected by ozone (O-3), but the sensitivity of these processes in relation to other potential targets is not known. In this study, rates of net photosynthetic CO2 assimilation (Pn) and carbohydrate accumulation in fully expanded leaves in soybean canopies in the field were examined following season-long exposure either to low-O-3 conditions (20-30 nL L-1 7-h daily average, charcoal-filtered air) or to chronic midlevel concentrations (50-60 nL L-1, ambient air plus supplemental O-3). O-3-sensitive (cv. Forrest) and less sensitive (cv. Essex) lines of soybean were compared at two growth stages corresponding to altered sink demand (i.e., vegetative and early pod fill). Starch was a significant sink for photosynthate, accounting for ca. 29% of carbon assimilation at the vegetative growth stage and 35% at the later reproductive stage. Effects of O-3 on Pn or the proportion of photosynthate partitioned into starch were not detected; differences on the order of 15% would have been significant. The lack of O-3 effects on partitioning indicates that translocation of photosynthate from the leaf was probably not altered by O-3 during the light in this study. Transient prior effects of O-3 on partitioning are not excluded since average starch levels were reduced-whereas average sucrose levels were increased-in leaves of Forrest exposed to elevated O-3. In contrast, leaf growth was affected by O-3 under these conditions for both cultivars, but growth was affected in different ways. Leaf area was reduced significantly at both growth stages for cv. Forrest, whereas specific leaf mass was increased significantly in cv. Essex. These results indicate that low levels of O-3 can affect leaf growth and development without producing long-term effects on photosynthesis or partitioning of photosynthate. C1 ARS, USDA, Climate Stress Lab, Nat Resources Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Robinson, JM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Climate Stress Lab, Nat Resources Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 046A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 162 IS 1 BP 111 EP 117 DI 10.1086/317916 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 388GL UT WOS:000166170100009 ER PT J AU Robinson, JM Britz, SJ AF Robinson, JM Britz, SJ TI Ascorbate-dehydroascorbate level and redox status in leaflets of field-grown soybeans exposed to elevated ozone SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE ascorbic acid; dehydroascorbate; ascorbate; dehydroascorate redox status; glucose; ozone; sucrose; starch; soybean cultivars ID PICEA-ABIES L; VITAMIN-C; L LEAVES; ACID; BIOSYNTHESIS; METABOLISM; SPINACH; STRESS; PLANTS; APOPLAST AB The purpose of this study was to examine and compare the kinetics of ascorbic acid (ASC) and dehydroascorbate (DHA) levels and the ASC : DHA redox status in leaflets of field-grown ozone (O-3)-treated soybean cultivars at various growth stages. From June through September 1995, two soybean cultivars, cv. Essex and cv. Forrest, were grown in the field within four carbon-filtered (CF), open-top chambers (average daytime O-3 level was 24 nL L-1 air) and four nonfiltered open-top chambers fumigated with environmentally relevant elevated O-3 levels (average daytime O-3 level was 58 nL L-1 air). Exposure of cv. Essex to elevated O-3 did not reduce mature leaflet area accretion at any growth stage. However, during the vegetative and reproductive stages in O-3-treated cv. Forrest, leaflet area was as much as 21% lower than in control plants. In both cultivars and at all growth stages, these moderately elevated O-3 levels did not cause necrosis in the mature leaflets, nor did O-3 inhibit CO2 photoassimilation per unit leaflet area. Leaf disk samples were excised from leaflets of control and O-3-treated plants during the vegetative stage (46 d postemergence [PE] and 28-d O-3 exposure), during the flowering stage (59 d PE and 41 d O-3 exposure), and during the early podding stage (74 d PE and 56-d O-3 exposure). Samples were taken from upper-canopy, mature leaflets of control and O-3-treated plants at ca. 0800, ca. 1200, and ca. 1500 hours; ASC and DHA levels were monitored by enzymatic analyses. At all growth stages, ASC level in leaflets of CF- and O-3-treated cv. Essex and CF-treated cv. Forrest rose continuously from the morning to the afternoon sampling period. In the vegetative and pod-fill stages of O-3 treated cv. Forrest, ASC level rose from the morning to the midday sampling, but by afternoon it had decreased below the level observed in the midday sample. At all growth stages, afternoon ASC levels in O-3-treated plants represented 90-93 mol% of the total ascorbate in cv. Essex leaflets and 86-87 mol% of the total ascorbate in cv. Forrest leaflets. The results suggest that ASC could contribute to soybean plant tolerance to elevated O-3. C1 ARS, USDA, Climate Stress Lab, Nat Resources Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Robinson, JM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Climate Stress Lab, Nat Resources Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 046A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 7 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 162 IS 1 BP 119 EP 125 DI 10.1086/317915 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 388GL UT WOS:000166170100010 ER PT J AU Young, JM Kuykendall, LD Martinez-Romero, E Kerr, A Sawada, H AF Young, JM Kuykendall, LD Martinez-Romero, E Kerr, A Sawada, H TI A revision of Rhizobium Frank 1889, with an emended description of the genus, and the inclusion of all species of Agrobacterium Conn 1942 and Allorhizobium undicola de Lajudie et al. 1998 as new combinations: Rhizobium radiobacter, R-rhizogenes, R-rubi, R-undicola and R-vitis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Rhizobiaceae; phenetic; phylogenetic; polyphasic; taxonomy ID ROOT-NODULE BACTERIA; LEGUMINOSARUM BIOVAR TRIFOLII; CICER-ARIETINUM L; AD-HOC-COMMITTEE; SP-NOV; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; SP. NOV.; CROWN-GALL; PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AB Rhizobium, Agrobacterium and Allorhizobium are genera within the bacterial family Rhizobiaceae, together with Sinorhizobium. The species of Agrobacterium, Agrobacterium tumefaciens (syn, Agrobacterium radiobacter). Agrobacterium rhizogenes, Agrobacterium rubi and Agrobacterium vitis, together with Allorhizobium undicola, form a monophyletic group with all Rhizobium species, based on comparative 16S rDNA analyses. Agrobacterium is an artificial genus comprising plant-pathogenic species. The monophyletic nature of Agrobacterium, Allorhizobium and Rhizobium and their common phenotypic generic circumscription support their amalgamation into a single genus, Rhizobium. Agrobacterium tumefaciens was conserved as the type species of Agrobacterium, but the epithet radiobacter would take precedence as Rhizobium radiobacter in the revised genus. The proposed new combinations are Rhizobium radiobacter, Rhizobium rhizogenes, Rhizobium rubi, Rhizobium undicola and Rhizobium vitis. C1 ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Landcare Res, Auckland, New Zealand. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Fijac Nitrogeno, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Natl Inst Agroenvironm Sci, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058604, Japan. RP Kuykendall, LD (reprint author), ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM dkuykend@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 119 TC 329 Z9 354 U1 4 U2 34 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 51 BP 89 EP 103 PN 1 PG 15 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 396MR UT WOS:000166641100013 PM 11211278 ER PT J AU Everett, KDE Andersen, AA AF Everett, KDE Andersen, AA TI Radical changes to chlamydial taxonomy are not necessary just yet - Reply SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; SP STRAIN TWAR; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; SP-NOV; PSITTACI; TRACHOMATIS; PNEUMONIAE; IDENTIFICATION; PHYLOGENY; PROPOSAL C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Microbiol & Parasitol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Everett, KDE (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Microbiol & Parasitol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 51 BP 251 EP 253 PN 1 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 396MR UT WOS:000166641100033 ER PT J AU Butler, BW Putnam, T AF Butler, BW Putnam, T TI Fire shelter performance in simulated wildfires an exploratory study SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE firefighter safety; flame temperatures; heat fluxes; protective equipment AB Fire shelters are required equipment for most wildland firefighters in the United States. In this study we report flame emissive power and temperatures inside and outside fire shelters placed in one prescribed fire, five experimental field fires, and one laboratory fire. Energy levels radiated by flames varied from 70 to 150 kW m(-2) and lasted less than 10 min. Maximum fire shelter internal air temperatures reached 250 degreesC and occurred during the test with the maximum external air temperatures (1000 degreesC). Air temperatures inside the fire shelters did not show a strong dependence on flame radiant power, rather they correlated most strongly with external air temperature. We compare measurements from these tests with results reported by others. The data clearly indicate (I) the capability of the fire shelter to protect the occupant from radiant heating; (2) the susceptibility of the current design to convective heating; and (3) the significant decrease in burn injury when fire shelters are used. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Fire Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Res Stn,Fire Behav Res Work Unit, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Butler, BW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Fire Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Res Stn,Fire Behav Res Work Unit, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC WILDLAND FIRE PI CLANCY PA PO BOX 2156, CLANCY, MT 59634-2156 USA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2001 VL 10 IS 1 BP 29 EP 44 DI 10.1071/WF01019 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 438EF UT WOS:000169040200004 ER PT J AU Conard, SG Hartzell, T Hilbruner, MW Zimmerman, GT AF Conard, SG Hartzell, T Hilbruner, MW Zimmerman, GT TI Changing fuel management strategies - The challenge of meeting new information and analysis needs SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crossing the Millennium: Integrating Spatial Technologies and Ecological Principles for a New Age in Fire Management CY JUN, 1999 CL BOISE, IDAHO ID FIRE AB Attitudes and policies concerning wildland fire, fire use, and fire management have changed greatly since early European settlers arrived in North America. Active suppression of wildfires accelerated early in the 20th Century, and areas burned dropped dramatically. In recent years, burned areas and cost of fires have begun to increase, in part due to fuel buildups resulting from fire suppression. The importance of fire as an ecosystem process is also being increasingly recognized. These factors are leading to changes in Federal agency fire and fuels management policies, including increased emphasis on use of prescribed fire and other treatments to reduce fuel loads and fire hazard. Changing fire management strategies have highlighted the need for better information and improved risk analysis techniques for setting regional and national priorities, and for monitoring and evaluating the ecological, economic, and social effects and tradeoffs of fuel management treatments and wildfires. The US Department of Interior and USDA Forest Service began the Joint Fire Science Program in 1998 to provide a sound scientific basis for implementing and evaluating fuel management activities. Development of remote sensing and GIS tools will play a key role in enabling land managers to evaluate hazards, monitor changes, and reduce risks to the environment and the public from wildland fires. C1 USDA, Forest Serv Vegetat Management & Protect Res, Washington, DC 20090 USA. RP Conard, SG (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv Vegetat Management & Protect Res, POB 96090, Washington, DC 20090 USA. RI Conard, Susan/H-8158-2013 NR 30 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2001 VL 10 IS 3-4 BP 267 EP 275 DI 10.1071/WF01027 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 489AK UT WOS:000171969500002 ER PT J AU Bobbe, T Lachowski, H Maus, P Greer, J Dull, C AF Bobbe, T Lachowski, H Maus, P Greer, J Dull, C TI A primer on mapping vegetation using remote sensing SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crossing the Millennium: Integrating Spatial Technologies and Ecological Principles for a New Age in Fire Management CY JUN, 1999 CL BOISE, IDAHO DE remote sensing; GIS; mapping; geospatial; project planning ID ACCURACY ASSESSMENT AB The use of information based upon remotely sensed data is a central factor in our 21 st Century society. Scientists in land management agencies especially require accurate and current geospatial information to effectively implement ecosystem management. The increasing need to collect data across diverse landscapes, scales, and ownerships has resulted in a wider application of remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and associated geospatial technologies for natural resource applications. This paper summarizes the use of digital remotely sensed data for vegetation mapping. Key steps in preparing vegetation maps are described. These steps include defining project requirements and classification schemes, use of reference data, classification procedures, and assessing accuracy. The role of field personnel and inventory data is described. Case studies and applications of vegetation mapping on national forest land are also included. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Remote Sensing Applicat Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. RP Bobbe, T (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Remote Sensing Applicat Ctr, 2222 W 2300 S, Salt Lake City, UT 84119 USA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2001 VL 10 IS 3-4 BP 277 EP 287 DI 10.1071/WF01029 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 489AK UT WOS:000171969500003 ER PT J AU Keane, RE Burgan, R van Wagtendonk, J AF Keane, RE Burgan, R van Wagtendonk, J TI Mapping wildland fuels for fire management across multiple scales: Integrating remote sensing, GIS, and biophysical modeling SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crossing the Millennium: Integrating Spatial Technologies and Ecological Principles for a New Age in Fire Management CY JUN, 1999 CL BOISE, ID DE fuel mapping; fire simulation; remote sensing; fuel modeling; gradient modeling ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; FOREST ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; SENSED DATA; REGIONAL APPLICATIONS; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; GRADIENT ANALYSIS; SATELLITE DATA; GENERAL-MODEL; CROWN FIRE AB Fuel maps are essential for computing spatial fire hazard and risk and simulating fire growth and intensity across a landscape. However, fuel mapping is an extremely difficult and complex process requiring expertise in remotely sensed image classification. fire behavior, fuels modeling, ecology, and geographical information systems (GIS). This paper first presents the challenges of mapping fuels: canopy concealment, fuelbed complexity, fuel type diversity, fuel variability, and fuel model generalization. Then, four approaches to mapping fuels are discussed with examples provided from the literature: (1) field reconnaissance; (2) direct mapping methods; (3) indirect mapping methods; and (4) gradient modeling. A fuel mapping method is proposed that uses current remote sensing and image processing technology. Future fuel mapping needs are also discussed which include better field data and fuel models, accurate GIS reference layers, improved satellite imagery, and comprehensive ecosystem models. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Keane, RE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM rkeane@fs.fed.us; jan_van_wagtendonk@usgs.gov NR 166 TC 147 Z9 161 U1 5 U2 49 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2001 VL 10 IS 3-4 BP 301 EP 319 DI 10.1071/WF01028 PG 19 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 489AK UT WOS:000171969500005 ER PT J AU Andrews, PL Queen, LP AF Andrews, PL Queen, LP TI Fire modeling and information system technology SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crossing the Millennium: Integrating Spatial Technologies and Ecological Principles for a New Age in Fire Management CY JUN, 1999 CL BOISE, IDAHO DE wildland fire; fuel management; fire spread; fuel models ID FUEL BURNOUT MODEL; CROWN FIRES; JACK PINE; CALIBRATION; SPREAD AB Fire modeling and information system technology play an important supporting role in fuel and fire management. Modeling is used to examine alternative fuel treatment options, project potential ecosystem changes, and assess risk to life and property. Models are also used to develop fire prescriptions, conduct prescribed fire operations, and predict fire behavior. Fire models and information systems have greatly influenced fuel assessment methods, As an example, we examine the evolution of technology used to put Rothermel's fire spread model into application. A review of fire and fuel modeling terminology is given, and the relationship between fire models and fuel models is explained. We review current fire modeling work and the influence that it will have on fuel characterization. Finally, we discuss opportunities and challenges involved in the use of advanced computers, the Internet, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and remote sensing in fire and fuel management. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Andrews, PL (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 65 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 10 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2001 VL 10 IS 3-4 BP 343 EP 352 DI 10.1071/WF01033 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 489AK UT WOS:000171969500008 ER PT J AU Hardy, CC Schmidt, KM Menakis, JP Sampson, RN AF Hardy, CC Schmidt, KM Menakis, JP Sampson, RN TI Spatial data for national fire planning and fuel management SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crossing the Millennium: Integrating Spatial Technologies and Ecological Principles for a New Age in Fire Management CY JUN, 1999 CL BOISE, IDAHO ID FOREST AB Spatial data products are most often developed to support resource management decisions. Rarely can the data stand by themselves as spatially-explicit risk assessments. We discuss the technical aspects of true risk assessments, and the contrast between risk assessments and the underlying spatial data that an agency might use to perform one. We then present the development methodology and results from a comprehensive, national effort at creating resource data products that may be useful in agency- or geographically-specific risk assessments. We have produced a suite of spatial data layers, each a continuous coverage for the conterminous United States, to support national-level, programmatic planning efforts for fire and fuel management. This document describes the development of seven data layers: (1) Potential Natural Vegetation Groups; (2) Current Cover Types; (3) Historical Natural Fire Regimes; (4) Current Condition Classes; (5) National Fire Occurrence; (6) Potential Fire Characteristics; and (7) Population Density Groups. This paper documents the methodology used to develop the spatial products. We used a Geographic Information System (GIS) to integrate biophysical and remote sensing products with disturbance and succession processes. We then assigned attributes developed from succession diagrams to combinations of biophysical, current vegetation, and historical fire regime data layers. Regional ecologists, silviculturists, and fire managers developed the succession diagrams, reviewed and refined the data layers, and assigned condition classes. None of these data layers were developed to stand alone as an integrated risk assessment. Technically-robust risk assessments require quantification not only of the probability of an event occurring-wildland fire in this case-but also of the values at risk of damage or loss. The 'values' component of a risk assessment is highly dependent on the resource management policies and objectives of the responsible agency. The data presented here were developed for integration by individual agencies into agency-specific plans and risk assessments. For example, planners will use the Current Condition Class data to allocate resources for fire and fuel management. These data are posted on the national. USDA Forest Service website http://fs.fed.us/fire/fuelman. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Menakis, JP (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 55 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 11 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2001 VL 10 IS 3-4 BP 353 EP 372 DI 10.1071/WF01034 PG 20 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 489AK UT WOS:000171969500009 ER PT J AU Reinhardt, ED Keane, RE Brown, JK AF Reinhardt, ED Keane, RE Brown, JK TI Modeling fire effects SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crossing the Millennium: Integrating Spatial Technologies and Ecological Principles for a New Age in Fire Management CY JUN, 1999 CL BOISE, ID DE simulation; modeling; fire effects; vegetation succession; smoke; scale ID SCALES; FUELS AB Fire effects are modeled for a variety of reasons including: to evaluate risk, to develop treatment prescriptions, to compare management options, and to understand ecosystems. Fire effects modeling may be conducted at a range of temporal and spatial scales. First-order fire effects are those that are the direct result of the combustion process such as plant injury and death, fuel consumption and smoke production. Modeling these effects provides an important cornerstone for models that operate at larger spatial and temporal scales. Detailed physical models of heat transfer and the combustion process under development should provide a vehicle for quantifying fire treatment and predicting fire effects. Second-order fire effects are indirect consequences of fire and other post-fire interactions such as weather. They may take place a few hours to many decades after a fire. Some important second-order fire effects are smoke dispersion, erosion, and vegetation succession. Many approaches have been used to model fire effects including empirical, mechanistic, stochastic, and combinations of all three. Selection of the appropriate model approach and scale depends on the objectives of the modeler, as well as the quality and quantity of available data. This paper is not meant to provide an exhaustive review of fire effects models. Instead, it presents a background in approaches to modeling fire effects to provide managers a basis for selecting and interpreting simulation tools. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Reinhardt, ED (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM ereinhardt@fs.fed.us NR 59 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 15 PU CSIRO PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2001 VL 10 IS 3-4 BP 373 EP 380 DI 10.1071/WF01035 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 489AK UT WOS:000171969500010 ER PT J AU Sandberg, DV Ottmar, RD Cushon, GH AF Sandberg, DV Ottmar, RD Cushon, GH TI Characterizing fuels in the 21st Century SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crossing the Millennium: Integrating Spatial Technologies and Ecological Principles for a New Age in Fire Management CY JUN, 1999 CL BOISE, IDAHO DE fuel classification; fuel models; fuel characteristics; FCC; fire management; fire modeling; fire behavior; fire effects; United States; Alaska AB The ongoing development of sophisticated fire behavior and effects models has demonstrated the need for a comprehensive system of fuel classification that more accurately captures the structural complexity and geographic diversity of fuelbeds. The Fire and Environmental Research Applications Team (FERA) of the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, is developing a national system of fuel characteristic classification (FCC). The system is designed to accommodate researchers and managers operating at a variety of scales, and who have access to a variety of kinds of input data. Users can generate fuel characteristics by accessing existing fuelbed descriptions (fuelbed prototypes) using generic information such as cover type or vegetation form. Fuelbed prototypes will provide the best available predictions of the kind, quality and abundance of fuels. Users can accept these default settings or modify some or all of them using more detailed information about vegetation structure and fuel biomass. When the user has completed editing the fuelbed data, the FCC system calculates or infers quantitative fuel characteristics (physical, chemical, and structural properties) and probable fire parameters specific to that fuelbed. Each user-described fuelbed is also assigned to one of approximately 192 stylized fuel characteristic classes. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Sandberg, DV (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 20 TC 79 Z9 94 U1 3 U2 11 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2001 VL 10 IS 3-4 BP 381 EP 387 DI 10.1071/WF01036 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 489AK UT WOS:000171969500011 ER PT J AU Hann, WJ Bunnell, DL AF Hann, WJ Bunnell, DL TI Fire and land management planning and implementation across multiple scales SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crossing the Millennium: Integrating Spatial Technologies and Ecological Principles for a New Age in Fire Management CY JUN, 1999 CL BOISE, IDAHO DE ecosystem management; landscape ecology; land management planning; fire management planning ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; NATURAL VARIABILITY; LANDSCAPE DYNAMICS; CLASSIFICATION; HABITATS; HEALTH AB Ecosystem conditions on Federal public lands have changed, particularly within the last 30 years. Wildfires in the west have increased to levels close to or above those estimated for historical conditions, despite increasing efforts and expertise in fire prevention and suppression capability. To reverse these trends, planning for fire and land management policies, budgets, and restoration must address multiple decision levels (national, regional, local, and project) and incorporate an improved understanding of conditions and their linkage across these scales. Three fundamental issues are identified and discussed that relate to traditional types of planning and the associated lack of achievement of multi-scale integrated resource and fire objectives. Various examples of planning that address these three fundamental issues at different scales are compared to traditional types of planning. Outcomes predicted for an example national scale landscape dynamics model are used to illustrate the differences between three different multi-scale management scenarios. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Washington Off Fire & Aviat Management, Leadville, CO 80461 USA. RP Hann, WJ (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Washington Off Fire & Aviat Management, 2015 N Poplar, Leadville, CO 80461 USA. NR 82 TC 46 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 11 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2001 VL 10 IS 3-4 BP 389 EP 403 DI 10.1071/WF01037 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 489AK UT WOS:000171969500012 ER PT J AU Riebau, AR Fox, D AF Riebau, AR Fox, D TI The new smoke management SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Crossing the Millennium: Integrating Spatial Technologies and Ecological Principles for a New Age in Fire Management CY JUN, 1999 CL BOISE, IDAHO ID EMISSIONS AB The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will implement new regulations for the management of atmospheric particulate matter 2.5 mum and less in diameter (PM2.5), tropospheric ozone, and regional haze in the next few years. These three air quality issues relate directly to forest and agriculture burning. Fire generates PM2.5 and ozone precursor gases that reduce visibility. Hence, wild and agricultural land managers will be subject to these air quality regulations much as industrial and mobile sources have been for the past 25 years. In addition, these new regulations come at a time when private as well as public land managers throughout the United States are developing plans to increase their application of fire as a management tool. Prescribed fire will remain viable as a tool for land managers with these new regulations but only under a responsible smoke management paradigm. This paradigm will include formal 'state-approved' Smoke Management Programs and will require the use of new and 'approved' technologies that have been subjected to public and stakeholder scrutiny as regulatory tools. These programs will acknowledge that wildland fire is different from conventional human-caused air pollution sources. They will recognize that the managed use of fire is a superior option to wildfire from public safety and health perspectives. But they will also require greater utilization of non-burning alternatives in all circumstances, especially where fire is used for economic rather than ecological reasons. Through better smoke management and greater use of non-burning alternatives, steadily reduced smoke emissions will likely result. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Washington, DC 20090 USA. RP Riebau, AR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, WFWAR 201 14th St SW,POB 96090, Washington, DC 20090 USA. RI Xiongfei, Zhao/G-7690-2015 NR 31 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PY 2001 VL 10 IS 3-4 BP 415 EP 427 DI 10.1071/WF01039 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 489AK UT WOS:000171969500014 ER PT B AU Eggleston, G AF Eggleston, G BE Hogarth, DM TI Sucrose losses in juice and during clarification: Experiences in the United States SO INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS, VOL I, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th Congress of the International-Society-of-Sugar-Cane-Technologists CY SEP 17-21, 2001 CL Brisbane, AUSTRALIA SP Int Soc Sugar Cane Technologists DE sugar losses; clarification; cold liming; hot liming AB Two major aims of an ongoing Agricultural Research Service project of the United States Department of Agriculture are: 1) to improve the measurement of industrial sucrose losses; and 2) to reduce sucrose losses. This paper briefly discusses sucrose losses in cane juice at ambient temperatures (similar to 27degreesC) and, at higher temperatures (55-115degreesC), during different clarification processes. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Eggleston, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AUSTRALIAN SOC SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS PI MACKAY PA BOX 5611, PRIVATE MAIL BAG, MACKAY, 4741, AUSTRALIA BN 0-949678-09-0 PY 2001 BP 358 EP 359 PG 2 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BY53F UT WOS:000189401800079 ER PT B AU Richard, EP Meyer, J Korndorfer, GH Kingston, G Dunckelman, JW AF Richard, EP Meyer, J Korndorfer, GH Kingston, G Dunckelman, JW BE Hogarth, DM TI Innovative approaches to sugarcane productivity in the new millennium: A review of the 2000 Agronomy Workshop SO INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS, VOL II, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th Congress of the International-Society-of-Sugar-Cane-Technologists CY SEP 17-21, 2001 CL Brisbane, AUSTRALIA SP Int Soc Sugar Cane Technologists DE cane residue management; environmental issues; green cane harvesting; nutrient management; precision agriculture; soil conservation; trash blankets AB This paper summarises the activities of the International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists' (ISSCT) Agronomy Workshop held 2 to 6 December 2000, in Miami, Florida, USA. The workshop began with a one-day field tour of the Florida sugar industry to acquaint the delegates with the industry from research to commercial production. Paper and poster presentations during the formal workshop were grouped under the general topic headings of: precision agriculture, soil conservation, green-cane harvest and trash management, innovative agricultural practices, and environmental and socio-political impacts on sugarcane agronomy. It was concluded that the continued elucidation of the sugarcane plant's response to nutrient levels, stress, and other variables and the integration of this knowledge with new electronic technologies will result in input reductions and the sustained or higher sugar yields necessary to insure profitability in the new millennium. C1 USDA ARS, Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70361 USA. RP Richard, EP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70361 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AUSTRALIAN SOC SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS PI MACKAY PA BOX 5611, PRIVATE MAIL BAG, MACKAY, 4741, AUSTRALIA BN 0-949678-10-4 PY 2001 BP 22 EP 26 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA BY53G UT WOS:000189401900004 ER PT B AU Lingle, SE Allen, AB Valdez-Garza, MI AF Lingle, SE Allen, AB Valdez-Garza, MI BE Hogarth, DM TI Comparison of sucrose metabolism and gene expression in two diverse Saccharum genotypes SO INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS, VOL II, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th Congress of the International-Society-of-Sugar-Cane-Technologists CY SEP 17-21, 2001 CL Brisbane, AUSTRALIA SP Int Soc Sugar Cane Technologists DE sugarcane; saccharum; invertase; sucrose synthase; sucrose-phosphate synthase; cDNA; RNA ID SYNTHASE; SUGARCANE AB Differences in sucrose metabolism may contribute to differences in sucrose accumulation among Saccharum genotypes. Gene expression and sucrose metabolism were studied in a high sucrose genotype, 'Green German' (GG), and a low sucrose genotype, 'IND81-146' (IND). Sucrose and total sugar concentrations of the two genotypes were similar in elongating internodes. Sucrose stopped accumulating during internode maturation in IND so that mature internodes of GG had much higher total sugar and sucrose concentrations than IND. Activities of soluble acid invertase, neutral invertase, sucrose synthase and sucrose-phosphate synthase were not different between genotypes. Analysis of gene transcription by northern analyses of total RNA showed that, in GG, transcripts of a soluble acid invertase gene disappeared after internode elongation, coincident with the onset of sucrose accumulation, while in IND expression of this gene persisted in all internodes. Northern analysis supports the hypothesis that differences in sucrose metabolism result in differences in sugar accumulation in Saccharum genotypes. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Lingle, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AUSTRALIAN SOC SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS PI MACKAY PA BOX 5611, PRIVATE MAIL BAG, MACKAY, 4741, AUSTRALIA BN 0-949678-10-4 PY 2001 BP 323 EP 326 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA BY53G UT WOS:000189401900073 ER PT B AU Pan, YB Burner, DM Wei, Q AF Pan, YB Burner, DM Wei, Q BE Hogarth, DM TI Developing species-specific DNA markers to assist in sugarcane breeding SO INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS, VOL II, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th Congress of the International-Society-of-Sugar-Cane-Technologists CY SEP 17-21, 2001 CL Brisbane, AUSTRALIA SP Int Soc Sugar Cane Technologists DE DNA marker; PCR; 5S rRNA; Erianthus spp.; Saccharum giganteum ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; RNA INTERGENIC SPACERS; XANTHOMONAS ALBILINEANS; ERIANTHUS-ARUNDINACEUS; GENETIC DIVERSITY; REGISTRATION; SACCHARUM; IDENTIFICATION; POLYMORPHISMS; ORGANIZATION AB Two species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers were developed to assist in sugarcane breeding. Marker Eri3/Eri4 is a 313 bp DNA product that is amplified specifically from the 5S rRNA locus of Erianthus spp. clones. Marker GigI/PII generates two DNA products. One is a 176 bp amplified DNA product from the 5S rRNA locus of S. giganteum, including all three known cytotypes (2n = 30, 60, and 90). The other is a DNA product of approximately 350 bp in size from Erianthus spp. clones, NG77-214 and IMP2886. Three cases are reported to demonstrate how these species-specific DNA markers could be applied in the conventional breeding program to identify sugarcane intergeneric hybrids. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70360 USA. RP Pan, YB (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Sugarcane Res Unit, 5883 USDA Rd, Houma, LA 70360 USA. NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AUSTRALIAN SOC SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS PI MACKAY PA BOX 5611, PRIVATE MAIL BAG, MACKAY, 4741, AUSTRALIA BN 0-949678-10-4 PY 2001 BP 337 EP 342 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA BY53G UT WOS:000189401900076 ER PT B AU Grisham, MP Pan, YB Legendre, BL Godshall, MA Eggleston, G AF Grisham, MP Pan, YB Legendre, BL Godshall, MA Eggleston, G BE Hogarth, DM TI Effect of sugarcane yellow leaf virus on sugarcane yield and juice quality SO INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS, VOL II, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th Congress of the International-Society-of-Sugar-Cane-Technologists CY SEP 17-21, 2001 CL Brisbane, AUSTRALIA SP Int Soc Sugar Cane Technologists DE sugarcane; yellow leaf syndrome; SCYLV; YLS AB In 1996, sugarcane plants infected with sugarcane yellow leaf virus (SCYLV), reported to cause yellow leaf syndrome (YLS), were discovered in Louisiana. Field experiments were established to assess the potential impact of the disease on the Louisiana sugarcane industry. In the first experiment, yield and juice quality of SCYLV-infected and non-infected plants of cultivar LCP82-89 were compared. Sugar yields per unit area were reduced 11% and 14% in the first ratoon and second ratoon crops respectively. Stalk number and tonnage were reduced in SCYLV-infected plants. Cane quality components, % brix, % sucrose, % fibre and % purity, did not differ between infected and non-infected plants. However, % brix, % sucrose, and % purity were higher in juice from virus-infected green leaf tissue compared with healthy leaf tissue. In a second experiment, juice from leaves and stalks of infected and non-infected plants collected from plant cane, first ratoon, and second ratoon crops of cultivars LCP82-89 and LHo83-153 was analysed. Cane quality components did not differ in either cultivar. In juice from SCYLV-infected leaves, % sucrose was higher in LCP82-89 and % purity and starch concentrations were higher in both cultivars, while differences in total polysaccharides and oligosaccharides were not detected. Dextran content was inconsistent. The uppermost green leaves are normally removed from the stalk during mechanical harvesting; however, they may not be removed if the cane is lodged. Leaves delivered to the mill containing elevated levels of starch might reduce processing efficiency. C1 USDA ARS, SRRC, Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70360 USA. RP Grisham, MP (reprint author), USDA ARS, SRRC, Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70360 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AUSTRALIAN SOC SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS PI MACKAY PA BOX 5611, PRIVATE MAIL BAG, MACKAY, 4741, AUSTRALIA BN 0-949678-10-4 PY 2001 BP 434 EP 438 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA BY53G UT WOS:000189401900097 ER PT B AU Grisham, MP AF Grisham, MP BE Hogarth, DM TI An international project on genetic variability within sugarcane smut SO INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS, VOL II, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th Congress of the International-Society-of-Sugar-Cane-Technologists CY SEP 17-21, 2001 CL Brisbane, AUSTRALIA SP Int Soc Sugar Cane Technologists DE sugarcane; smut; variability; Ustilago scitaminea AB An international project was conducted to identify races of the smut fungus, Ustilago scitaminea, among different sugarcane growing regions. A protocol was developed which comprised a common set of 11 cultivars of different reactions to smut distributed to participating countries, where reactions to indigenous populations of U. scitaminea were determined in field experiments. Each cultivar was propagated from a single bud and shipped to participants at 14 locations in 10 countries. The protocol outlined specific procedures for planting, inoculation, and evaluation of results. Some variability among populations of U. scitaminea was found. However, strong evidence for distinct races, where the response of highly susceptible or highly resistant cultivars to the pathogen differed from location to location, was observed only in Taiwan. C1 USDA ARS, SRRC, Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70360 USA. RP Grisham, MP (reprint author), USDA ARS, SRRC, Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70360 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AUSTRALIAN SOC SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS PI MACKAY PA BOX 5611, PRIVATE MAIL BAG, MACKAY, 4741, AUSTRALIA BN 0-949678-10-4 PY 2001 BP 459 EP 461 PG 3 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA BY53G UT WOS:000189401900102 ER PT B AU Comstock, JC Shine, JM Tai, PYP Miller, JD AF Comstock, JC Shine, JM Tai, PYP Miller, JD BE Hogarth, DM TI Breeding for ratoon stunting disease resistance: Is it both possible and effective? SO INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS, VOL II, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th Congress of the International-Society-of-Sugar-Cane-Technologists CY SEP 17-21, 2001 CL Brisbane, AUSTRALIA SP Int Soc Sugar Cane Technologists DE clavibacter xyli subsp; xyli; disease screening ID XYLI SUBSP XYLI; SUGARCANE; SUSCEPTIBILITY; COLONIZATION; SPREAD AB Sugarcane clones were screened in Florida for their ratoon stunting disease (RSD) reaction using a tissue blot immunoassay that detects Clavibacter xyli subsp. xyli (Cxx) colonised vascular bundles (cvb). The RSD reaction is on a continuous scale with the lowest average cvb in Cxx inoculated plants being the most resistant plant. Cultivars developed after the RSD screening program was initiated in 1989 are more resistant than cultivars grown in 1986. RSD reactions are repeatable but continued screening is necessary throughout the program. A heritability value of 0.53 was obtained by plotting parental mid-point average cvb against average progeny cvb. RSD resistance was effective in controlling disease incidence in growers' fields without using any other control methods. C1 USDA ARS, Sugarcane Field Stn, Canal Point, FL 33438 USA. RP Comstock, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Sugarcane Field Stn, HCR Box 8, Canal Point, FL 33438 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AUSTRALIAN SOC SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS PI MACKAY PA BOX 5611, PRIVATE MAIL BAG, MACKAY, 4741, AUSTRALIA BN 0-949678-10-4 PY 2001 BP 471 EP 476 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA BY53G UT WOS:000189401900107 ER PT B AU Pan, YB Grisham, MP Wei, QJ AF Pan, YB Grisham, MP Wei, QJ BE Hogarth, DM TI PCR diagnosis of sugarcane leaf scald and ratoon stunting disease SO INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS, VOL II, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th Congress of the International-Society-of-Sugar-Cane-Technologists CY SEP 17-21, 2001 CL Brisbane, AUSTRALIA SP Int Soc Sugar Cane Technologists DE PCR; diagnosis; leaf scald; ratoon stunting ID CHAIN-REACTION PROTOCOL; XYLI SUBSP XYLI; XANTHOMONAS-ALBILINEANS; CAUSAL BACTERIUM; CLAVIBACTER AB Two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols are described for the diagnosis of sugarcane leaf scald and ratoon stunting diseases. The PCR protocols are specific, sensitive, and rapid; both can accurately identify all serovars or strains from a worldwide collection. Application of these molecular diagnostic protocols in sugarcane quarantine and diagnostic laboratories should improve the ability to detect these bacterial pathogens in seed cane. Elimination of diseased seed cane is a critical step in controlling these diseases. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70360 USA. RP Pan, YB (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, Sugarcane Res Unit, 5883 USDA Rd, Houma, LA 70360 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AUSTRALIAN SOC SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS PI MACKAY PA BOX 5611, PRIVATE MAIL BAG, MACKAY, 4741, AUSTRALIA BN 0-949678-10-4 PY 2001 BP 607 EP 608 PG 2 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA BY53G UT WOS:000189401900144 ER PT S AU Van Donk, S Tollner, EW AF Van Donk, S Tollner, EW BE Hertog, MLA MacKay, BR TI Measuring and modeling heat transfer parameters in mulches SO INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON APPLICATIONS OF MODELLING AS AN INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY IN THE AGRI-FOOD-CHAIN - MODEL-IT SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Applications of Modelling as an Innovative Technology in the Agri-Food Chain (MODEL -IT) CY DEC 09-13, 2001 CL PALMERSTON NORTH, NEW ZEALAND SP Massey Univ, ATO, KULeuven, Int Soc Hort Sci DE mulch; thermal conductivity; convection coefficients; radiation heat transfer ID PARTIAL SURFACE MULCH; WATER-FLOW; SOIL HEAT; RESIDUE; TEMPERATURE; REGIMES AB The apparent thermal conductivity (k) of wheat straw, pine straw, tire chips, dry sandy soil, and the thermal resistance of Bermuda grass sods were measured using a guarded hot plate at air velocities between 0 and 5 m/s. For all mulch materials, k ranged between 0.1 and 0.6 W m(-1) C-0(-1), and increased with increasing air velocity, except the more compact materials such as soil and, to a lesser extent, small tire chips. We found a minimum in k around 1m/s for the thicker (>0.1 in) layers of wheat straw and pine straw, which we tentatively attributed to interactions between the straw and the convection (free versus forced convection at the 1m/s velocity). We created a model for predicting apparent thermal conductivity through mulches in thermally unstable environments. Using estimated mulch opacity parameters and fitting convection parameters, we obtained r2 values ranging from 0.72 to 0.99. The model may be used in field situations where the soil under mulch is warmer than the air above the mulch, which is a typical nighttime condition. C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Van Donk, S (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-755-6 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 566 BP 447 EP 453 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BU11P UT WOS:000175044200058 ER PT B AU Gupta, SC AF Gupta, SC BE Loaharanu, P Thomas, P TI Irradiation as an alternative treatment to methyl bromide for insect control SO IRRADIATION FOR FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Ensuring the Safety and Quality of Food through Radiation Processing CY OCT 19-22, 1999 CL ANTALYA, TURKEY SP Turkish Atom Energy Author ID GAMMA-RADIATION AB Methyl bromide is currently in widespread use as a fumigant. The environmental effects of using methyl bromide are being scrutinized by international, Federal, and State agencies. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), based on its evaluation of data concerning the ozone depletion potential of methyl bromide, published regulations in the Federal Register on December 10, 1993 (58 FR 65018-65082). That rule froze methyl bromide production in the United States at 1991 levels and required the phasing out of domestic use of methyl bromide by the year 2001. The EPA revised the accelerated phase-out regulations that govern the production, import, export, transformation and destruction of substances that deplete the ozone layer under authority of Title VI of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAA) and established a 25 percent reduction in the 1991 baseline levels of production allowances and consumption allowances for methyl bromide (class I, Group VI controlled substance) for the 1999 and 2000 control periods (Federal Register, June 1, 1999, 64 FR 29240-29245). This rule also allows the EPA to amend these regulations through notice and comment rule-making for a complete phase-out of production and consumption with processes for special exemptions permitted under the Montreal Protocol by the beginning of January 1, 2005. The EPA plans to publish a proposal that will describe a process for exempting quantities of methyl bromide used in the U.S. for quarantine and pre-shipment from the reduction steps in the phase-out schedule. The Agriculture, Rural Development, Food and Drug Administration, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1999 provides a quarantine-use exemption for the production, importation, consumption of methyl bromide to fumigate commodities entering or leaving the United States for purposes of complying with APHIS regulations. The EPA has also indicated that it will work closely with USDA, State agricultural departments, and other stakeholders to define the pre-shipment and quarantine uses of methyl bromide that will be exempt from the phase-out. The EPA's proposal assumes the continued availability of methyl bromide for use as a fumigant for at least the next few years. Nonetheless, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is studying the effectiveness and environmental acceptability of alternative treatments to prepare for the eventual unavailability of methyl bromide fumigation. The APHIS has been exploring alternatives to methyl bromide to remain in compliance with the regulations promulgated by the EPA. Researchers with the Agriculture Research Service of USDA and several academic institutions around the world are actively engaged in finding solutions to combat agriculture pests. Radiation treatment of many traded commodities represents a viable alternative to methyl bromide fumigation and has been found to be one of the best quarantine treatments in reducing and combating the entry of harmful pests into the United States. Scientists are actively investigating the tolerance doses for a number of tropical fruits, and the minimum doses for several pests of quarantine importance. This paper discusses the status, benefits and risks of irradiation over methyl bromide fumigation for controlling insects that infest plant and products. C1 USDA, Animal & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Unit 133, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. RP Gupta, SC (reprint author), USDA, Animal & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Unit 133, 4700 River Rd, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU TECHNOMIC PUBL CO INC PI LANCASTER PA 851 NEW HOLLAND AVE, BOX 3535, LANCASTER, PA 17604 USA BN 1-58716-081-1 PY 2001 BP 39 EP 49 PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA BS17K UT WOS:000168978100006 ER PT B AU Etzel, RA AF Etzel, RA BE Loaharanu, P Thomas, P TI Epidemiology of foodborne illness - Role of food irradiation SO IRRADIATION FOR FOOD SAFETY AND QUALITY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Ensuring the Safety and Quality of Food through Radiation Processing CY OCT 19-22, 1999 CL ANTALYA, TURKEY SP Turkish Atom Energy Author AB Foodborne illness is a serious problem throughout the world. In the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 76 million illnesses and almost 5,000 deaths per year can be attributed to food-related hazards. U.S. estimates of the annual cost of medical treatment and lost productivity vary widely, from $6.6 billion to $37.1 billion from the seven major foodborne pathogens. Only a fraction of the people who experience foodborne illness seek medical care. In those who do seek care, and who submit stool specimens, bacterial agents are most often determined to be the cause of the illness. The bacterial agents most often identified in patients with foodborne illness in the United States are Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Shigella species, although substantial variation occurs by geographic area and season. Although testing for viral etiologies of diarrheal disease is rarely done, viruses are considered to be the most common cause of foodborne illness in the United States. Irradiation of foods, approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1997 and by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service in 1999 far use on raw meat and meat products, has the potential to reduce the risk of foodborne illness in the United States. C1 USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Div Epidemiol & Risk Assessment, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Etzel, RA (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Div Epidemiol & Risk Assessment, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU TECHNOMIC PUBL CO INC PI LANCASTER PA 851 NEW HOLLAND AVE, BOX 3535, LANCASTER, PA 17604 USA BN 1-58716-081-1 PY 2001 BP 50 EP 54 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA BS17K UT WOS:000168978100007 ER PT J AU Harper, DP Wolcott, MP Rials, TG AF Harper, DP Wolcott, MP Rials, TG TI Evaluating cure of a pMDI-wood bondline using spectroscopic, calorimetric and mechanical methods SO JOURNAL OF ADHESION LA English DT Article DE polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate; dielectric analysis; differential scanning calorimetry; shear strength; wood flakes; saturated steam ID N-15 CP/MAS NMR; ADHESIVE BONDLINE; MOISTURE-CONTENT; TEMPERATURE; MAT AB The cure of polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI)/wood bondline in a controlled saturated steam environment was monitored using micro-dielectric analysis (mu DEA). Saturated steam environments were produced between 110 degrees and 140 degreesC. The degree of cure calculated from mu DEA was a basis for further spectroscopic, calorimetric, and mechanical evaluation. Interpretation of calorimetric and spectroscopic analysis revealed large consumption of isocyanate early in cure. However, mechanical strength, as revealed by lap-shear tests, did not develop until late in cure. Low lap-shear strengths and a plateau in conversion rates were detected for samples pressed at 110 degrees and 120 degreesC. Several components of the analysis suggest that low temperature cure may result in crystal formation, leading to diffusion controlled cure. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Wolcott, MP (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM wolcott@wsu.edu OI Harper, David/0000-0003-2783-5406 NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8464 J9 J ADHESION JI J. Adhes. PY 2001 VL 76 IS 1 BP 55 EP 74 DI 10.1080/00218460108029617 PG 20 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 472DK UT WOS:000170967900003 ER PT J AU Ralph, J Lapierre, C Lu, FC Marita, JM Pilate, G Van Doorsselaere, J Boerjan, W Jouanin, L AF Ralph, J Lapierre, C Lu, FC Marita, JM Pilate, G Van Doorsselaere, J Boerjan, W Jouanin, L TI NMR evidence for benzodioxane structures resulting from incorporation of 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol into lignins of O-methyltransferase-deficient poplars SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lignin; benzodioxane; 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol; lignan; O-methyltransferase; antisense; sense-upregulation; transgenic plants; NMR ID CYTOCHROME P450-DEPENDENT MONOOXYGENASE; FERULATE 5-HYDROXYLASE; BIOSYNTHESIS; LIGNIFICATION; ARABIDOPSIS; CONIFERYL; TOBACCO; DEHYDROGENASE; CONSTITUENTS; EXPRESSION AB Benzodioxane structures are produced in lignins of transgenic poplar plants deficient in COMT, an O-methyltransferase required to produce lignin syringyl units. They result from incorporation of 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol into the monomer supply and confirm that phenols other than the three traditional monolignols can be integrated into plant lignins. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Inst Natl Agron, Chim Biol Lab, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France. INRA Orleans, Unite Ameliorat Genet & Physiol Forestieres, F-45166 Olivet, France. Vlaams Interuniv Inst Biotechnol, Dept Plantengenet, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. INRA, Biol Cellulaire, F-78026 Versailles, France. RP Ralph, J (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Pilate, Gilles/D-1666-2011; Pilate, Gilles/E-8784-2017; OI Pilate, Gilles/0000-0003-4802-8849; Boerjan, Wout/0000-0003-1495-510X NR 44 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 49 IS 1 BP 86 EP 91 DI 10.1021/jf001042+ PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 397KP UT WOS:000166695100015 PM 11302112 ER PT J AU Kozukue, N Tsuchida, H Freidman, M AF Kozukue, N Tsuchida, H Freidman, M TI Tracer studies on the incorporation of [2-C-14]-DL-mevalonate into chlorophylls a and b, alpha-chaconine, and alpha-solanine of potato sprouts SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE alpha-chaconine; biosynthesis; chlorophyll; glycoalhaloid; HPLC; alpha-solanine; merralonate; potato sprouts; tracer studies ID LIGHT EXPOSURE; TUBEROSUM; GLYCOALKALOIDS; PATHWAY; GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE; BIOSYNTHESIS; EXPRESSION; STORAGE; CLONING; PLANTS AB Chlorophyll and glycoalkaloids are synthesized in different parts of the potato plant including leaves, tubers, and sprouts. Although light stimulates the biosynthesis of both constituents, the question of whether the two biosynthetic pathways are under the same genetic control has not been resolved. This study investigated the dynamics of incorporation of labeled [2-C-14] -DL-mavalonate into chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the glycoalkaloids alpha -chaconine and alpha -solanine in potato sprouts after 7 and 14 days of storage in the light and in the dark. No chlorophyll synthesis occurred in the dark. Fractionation of the "glycoalkaloid" extract followed by high-performance liquid chromatography produced four peaks. The fractions were collected and analyzed for radioactivity. About 80% of the radioactivity resided in fraction 1, the composition of which is unknown. Two of the fractions, with 1-14% of the original label, were alpha -chaconine and alpha -solanine. The radioactivity derived from mevalonate largely resides in unidentified compound(s) eluting as a single peak on the HPLC column before the peaks associated with the glycoalkaloids. The specific radioactivity of alpha -chaconine and a-solanine increased similar to2-fold in going from 7 to 14 days of exposure in the light and in the dark. These and additional observations point to the near identity of the dynamics of biosynthesis of the two glycoalkaloids. These data also implicate a non-mevalonate pathway for the synthesis of both chlorophylls and the glycoalkaloids and are consistent with independent genetic control of the concurrent formation of the two classes of compounds during greening of potatoes. C1 Kenmei Jr Coll, Dept Home Econ, Himeji, Hyogo 6700012, Japan. Kobe Univ, Fac Agr, Nada Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 6570013, Japan. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Kozukue, N (reprint author), Kenmei Jr Coll, Dept Home Econ, Himeji, Hyogo 6700012, Japan. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 49 IS 1 BP 92 EP 97 DI 10.1021/jf0003348 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 397KP UT WOS:000166695100016 PM 11170564 ER PT J AU Gengsheng, X Cui, KR Ji, L Wang, YF Li, ZX AF Gengsheng, X Cui, KR Ji, L Wang, YF Li, ZX TI Water stress and accumulation of beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid in grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE water stress; PEG; lipid peroxidation; hydrogen peroxide; ODAP; Lathyrus sativus ID SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; GLUTATHIONE-REDUCTASE; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; CATALASE; LEAVES; MAIZE; BIOSYNTHESIS; NEUROTOXIN; SENESCENCE AB Grass pea seedlings were grown in an irrigated field. Roots of 15-day-old seedlings were treated with PEG, and leaves were studied. With the duration of PEG treatment, changes in the lipid peroxidation and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and glutathione reductase as well as contents of hydrogen peroxide and beta -N-oxalyl-L-alpha,beta -diaminopropionic acid (ODAP) were assayed. The results indicate that with the duration of PEG treatment, activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase decreased, whereas contents of hydrogen peroxide and ODAP, extent of lipid peroxidation, and activity of glutathione reductase increased. Both diethyldithiocarbamate and aminotriazole strongly inhibit activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase, respectively. At same time, the extent of lipid peroxidation was obviously increased. However, mannitol decreased the extent of lipid peroxidation. Diethyldithiocarbamate, aminotriazole, and mannitol do not affect the accumulation of ODAP. The observations suggest that there is no direct relationship between the accumulation of ODAP and the metabolism of free radicals. In addition, the relationship between water stress and ODAP accumulation in grass pea is discussed. C1 Lanzhou Univ, State Key Lab Arid Agroecol, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. Lanzhou Univ, State Key Lab Appl Organ Chem, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. RP Cui, KR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Bldg 011A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 49 IS 1 BP 216 EP 220 DI 10.1021/jf000912k PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 397KP UT WOS:000166695100036 ER PT J AU Grimm, CC Bergman, C Delgado, JT Bryant, R AF Grimm, CC Bergman, C Delgado, JT Bryant, R TI Screening for 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline in the headspace of rice using SPME/GC-MS SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE solid phase microextraction (SPME); rice; volatiles; 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline; headspace; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ID COMPONENTS; SATIVA; AROMA AB Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is used to collect and concentrate the compounds in the headspace of rice. This research describes optimization parameters of temperature, moisture, and sampling time. Optimization was based upon the recovered-levels of 2-acetyl-1-pyrrooinn (2-AP), the popcorn aroma in aromatic rice. The method uses a sampling temperature of 80 degreesC and adds 100 muL of water to a 0.75 g sample of rice. The rice was preheated for 25 min, a carboxen/DVB/PDMS SPME fiber was exposed to the headspace for 15 min, and a subsequent GC-MS analysis took 35 min. Samples of rice can be analyzed as the flour, milled kernels, or brown rice.; Twenty-one experimental rice varieties were analyzed by the SPME method and compared to a wet technique. Recoveries of several nanograms of 2-AP from 0.75 g samples of aromatic rice were observed, whereas only trace amounts of 2-AP were recovered from nonaromatic rice. Recovery from a single SPME headspace analysis is calculated to be 0.3% of the total 2-AP in the sample. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. USDA ARS, Rice Res Unit, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Agr Expt Stn, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Natl Rice Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Grimm, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 9 TC 55 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 49 IS 1 BP 245 EP 249 DI 10.1021/jf0008902 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 397KP UT WOS:000166695100040 PM 11170584 ER PT J AU Goodner, KL Rouseff, RL AF Goodner, KL Rouseff, RL TI Using an ion-trap MS sensor to differentiate and identify individual components in grapefruit juice headspace volatiles SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE vanillin; mass spectrometry; flavor; electronic nose; statistical analysis; PCA; DFA; multivariate AB An ion-trap mass spectrometer chemical sensor has been utilized to differentiate between grapefruit juices that differ only in the concentration of a single component, and the sensor was able to identify that component. Grapefruit juice was fortified with 40 to 2000 ppm vanillin, a low-level naturally occurring compound in citrus juices. Principal components analysis and discriminant analysis of mass spectral data (m/z 50-200) provided clear separation of the grapefruit juice samples. Vanillin was observed in the juice headspace at the 40 ppm level, with identification possible at the 100 ppm level using either MS or MS/MS. C1 USDA ARS, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Res Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. RP Goodner, KL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Res Lab, 600 Ave S,NW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 49 IS 1 BP 250 EP 253 DI 10.1021/jf000867g PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 397KP UT WOS:000166695100041 PM 11170585 ER PT J AU Fan, XT Argenta, L Mattheis, J AF Fan, XT Argenta, L Mattheis, J TI Impacts of ionizing radiation on volatile production by ripening gala apple fruit SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE apple; ethylene; irradiation; 1-methylcyclopropene; volatile production ID GAMMA-IRRADIATION; DELICIOUS APPLES; AROMA COMPOUNDS; ETHYLENE; ALCOHOLS; 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE; CONSTITUENTS; METABOLISM; PROPYLENE; RESPONSES AB Apple (Malus x domestica Borkh., cv. Gala) fruit treated with 0.5 muL(.)L(-1) 1-methylcyclopropene (MCP) or air (non-MCP) for 12 h at 20 degreesC were exposed to gamma radiation at doses of 0, 0.44, 0.88, or 1.32 kGy at 23 degreesC and then stored at 20 degreesC. Production of volatile compounds was measured on the day of irradiation and 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after irradiation. Both MCP treatment and irradiation inhibited ethylene production. MCP treatment reduced production of all volatile esters and alcohols detected, whereas irradiation inhibited production of most, but not all, esters and some alcohols by non-MCP-treated fruit. The inhibition of volatile production following irradiation increased with dose. Production of methyl and propyl esters was inhibited more than that of other esters following irradiation or MCP treatment. The impact of irradiation on production of esters and alcohols by MCP-treated fruit was minimal. Non-MCP-treated fruit irradiated at 0.44 kGy produced the most esters during the 21-day period at 20 degreesC following irradiation, and the ester production rate in these fruit was comparable to that of the nonirradiated fruit 21 days after irradiation. Fruit treated with doses higher than 0.44 kGy did not recover their ability to produce volatile compounds. These results indicate both MCP and ionizing radiation inhibit production of many aroma compounds produced by ripening apple fruit. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Fan, XT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM xfan@arserrc.gov NR 38 TC 18 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 49 IS 1 BP 254 EP 262 DI 10.1021/jf0008994 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 397KP UT WOS:000166695100042 PM 11170586 ER PT J AU Byrdwell, WC Neff, WE List, GR AF Byrdwell, WC Neff, WE List, GR TI Triacylglycerol analysis of potential margarine base stocks by high-performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and flame ionization detection SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry; flame ionization detector; margarine base stocks; triacylglycerol analysis; triglyceride; triacylglycerol ID GENETICALLY-MODIFIED SOYBEANS; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; OILS; INTERESTERIFICATION; TRIGLYCERIDES; STABILITY; BLENDS AB Several margarine base stock candidates have previously been prepared for the purpose of finding better, more oxidatively stable food components: high-saturate vegetable oils, randomized vegetable oils, vegetable oil-hard stock blends, and interesterified vegetable oil-hard stock blends. Here are reported the triacylglycerol compositions of these products, determined using reverse-phase highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a flame ionization detector or a quadrupole mass spectrometer with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source. Triacylglycerol percent composition results for samples of known composition (randomized and interesterified samples) exhibited less average error by HPLC coupled with a quadrupole mass spectrometer with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source, after application of response factors, than the results by HPLC coupled with a flame ionization detector. The fatty acid compositions calculated from the mass spectrometric data exhibited less average error than the fatty acid compositions resulting from the flame ionization detector data. The average error of the fatty acid compositions by the mass spectrometer was lowest for interesterified blend samples, next lowest for randomized samples, then followed by high-saturated fatty acid oils, normal oils, and blends. Analysis of the vegetable oil-hard stock blends by mass spectrometer required special treatment for calculation of response factors. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Biochem & Chem, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. RP Neff, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Byrdwell, William/0000-0001-8241-428X NR 33 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 49 IS 1 BP 446 EP 457 DI 10.1021/jf0008801 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 397KP UT WOS:000166695100071 PM 11170612 ER PT J AU Kindler, SD Harvey, TL Wilde, GE Shufran, RA Brooks, HL Sloderbeck, PE AF Kindler, SD Harvey, TL Wilde, GE Shufran, RA Brooks, HL Sloderbeck, PE TI Occurrence of greenbug biotype K in the field SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE host plant resistance; intrinsic rate of increase; Schizaphis graminum; Sorghum bicolor; temperature ID APHIDIDAE BIOTYPE; RESISTANT SORGHUM; HOMOPTERA; OKLAHOMA; TEXAS; NEBRASKA; DAMAGE; KANSAS AB The success of managing greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), with plant resistance has been challenged by the repeated occurrence of resistance-breaking biotypes. Biotypes recognized as seriously damaging to sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, hybrids are C, E, I, and K. In 1995, biotype K, which damages sorghum resistant to biotype I, was first identified in a biotype I greenbug colony being reared in the greenhouse. This colony originated from greenbugs collected in a field of wheat in Haskell County, Kansas, in April 1992, and was maintained on susceptible sorghum. Documenting the presence of biotype K in the field was imperative. Field samples of greenbugs collected from wheat and sorghum in Kansas and Oklahoma from 1996 to 1998 were identified to biotypes. These samples indicated that biotype I was the dominant biotype on both crops. Biotypes E and K were present in about 21 and 12% of the samples collected from sorghum in 1998, respectively. Biotype K was identified in samples collected from 11 counties in Kansas and 10 counties in Oklahoma during the sampling period. It is a potential threat to future sorghum hybrids that may rely on PI 550610 for protection against greenbug damage. Studies conducted at constant temperatures of 22, 27, and 32 degreesC indicated that biotypes C, E, I, and K had similiar reproductive capacity and survival at 22 and 27 degreesC. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Kindler, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, 1301 N Western St, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 1523-5475 J9 J AGR URBAN ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Urban Entomol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 18 IS 1 BP 23 EP 34 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 455VK UT WOS:000170048300003 ER PT J AU Bejarano-Mendoza, CA Zapata, M Bosques, A Rivera-Amador, E AF Bejarano-Mendoza, CA Zapata, M Bosques, A Rivera-Amador, E TI Different levels of ploidy as a strategy for control of dry root rot in tanier (Xanthosoma spp.) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO LA English DT Article DE root rot; induced tetraploid; pentaploid; diploid; tuber; tanier AB The objective of this study was to evaluate the level of tolerance or susceptibility of different cultivars of tanier (Xanthosoma spp.) to root rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani, Pythium sp., two pathogenic bacteria, and the combination of all the above mentioned pathogens associated with the disease. Under greenhouse conditions, we studied tanier cultivars with different levels of natural and induced polyploidy. The cultivars used were Palma, natural tetraploid (2n = 52); Venezolana, natural pentaploid (2n = 65); Amarilla del Pais, artificial tetraploid induced with colchicine (2n = 52); and Amarilla del Pals, natural diploid (2n = 26). The artificial tetraploid developed from Amarilla del Pais showed the highest percentage of root rot for all the pathogen treatments, higher than that of the natural diploid from which it was originated. The cultivars Palma and Venezolana showed a lower percentage of infection than cultivar Amarilla del Pais (tetraploid). C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Protecc Cultivos, Mayaguez, PR USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Protect Cultivos, Mayaguez, PR 00680 USA. USDA ARS TARS, Estac Trop Invest Agricola, Serv Invest Agricola, Dept Agr Estados Unidos, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. USDA ARS TARS, Dept Hort, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. RP Zapata, M (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Protecc Cultivos, Mayaguez, PR USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 3 PU COLL AGRICULTURAL SCI, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STN PI RIO PIEDRAS PA UNIV PUERTO RICO, MAYAGUEZ CAMPUS, RIO PIEDRAS, PR 00928 USA SN 0041-994X J9 J AGR U PUERTO RICO JI J. Agric. Univ. P. R. PD JAN-APR PY 2001 VL 85 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 82 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 526YZ UT WOS:000174158400007 ER PT J AU Harnly, J Gilmutdinov, A Schuetz, M Murphy, J AF Harnly, J Gilmutdinov, A Schuetz, M Murphy, J TI Evaluation of photometric errors in absorption measurements using spatially resolved continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID INVESTIGATING ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIZATION; RADIANT INTENSITY; DYNAMICS; ALUMINUM; INDIUM; ANALYTE; GALLIUM; SURFACE; LAMPS; LAYER AB A continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry (CS-AAS) instrument consisting of a high-resolution echelle spectrometer and a two dimensional charge coupled device (2D-CCD) with a high frame rate was used to measure intensities as a function of height and time in the graphite furnace. The image of the furnace was reduced to a height less than that of the entrance slit to allow the full vertical profile of the furnace to be viewed. Spatially resolved absorbance, A(SR), was computed as the average of the computed absorbances for each of the vertical elements, or pixels. Spatially integrated absorbance, A(SI), was computed by summing the intensities for each of the vertical pixels and computing a single absorbance. A(SR) and A(SI) were computed for three viewing regions: the full image of the furnace (a 6 mm region), the image of the region above the platform (a 4 mm region) and a 2 mm region anywhere within the furnace, which corresponds to a sub-sample of the furnace image with a 2 mm slit height. Photometric errors induced by analyte non-homogeneity were greatest for platform atomization when the full furnace image was viewed and for either platform or wall atomization when a 2 mm sub-section of the furnace was viewed. These photometric errors had the potential for producing analytical errors only when a 2 mm sub-section was viewed. Analytical errors introduced by photometric errors for just four elements in a single standard reference material, Citrus Leaves, ranged from +5% to -15%. These results suggest that photometric error is problematic for conventional line source AAS. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA. Kazan VI Lenin State Univ, Dept Phys, Kazan 420008, Russia. RP Harnly, J (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Bldg 161,BARC E, Bethesda, MD 20817 USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PY 2001 VL 16 IS 11 BP 1241 EP 1252 DI 10.1039/b104784c PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 492WX UT WOS:000172191500001 ER PT J AU Geary, TW Whittier, JC Hallford, DM MacNeil, MD AF Geary, TW Whittier, JC Hallford, DM MacNeil, MD TI Calf removal improves conception rates to the Ovsynch and CO-Synch protocols SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE calf removal; insemination; synchronized females ovulation ID POSTPARTUM BEEF-COWS; ANOVULATION; HORMONE AB Beef cows (n = 473) from two locations were stratified by breed, postpartum interval, age, and AI sire and were randomly allotted to one of four treatments for synchronization of ovulation. Ovulation synchronization protocols included the Ovsynch protocol with (n = 114) or without (n = 123) 48-h calf removal from d 7 to 9 (d 0 = 1st GnRH injection) or the CO-Synch protocol with (n = 119) or without (n = 117) 48-h calf removal from d 7 to 9. The Ovsynch protocol included administration of GnRH (100 mug; i.m.) on d O, PCF2 alpha (25 mg; i.m.) on d 7, GnRH (100 mug; i.m.) on d 9, and timed insemination on d 10. The GO-Synch protocol included administration of GnRH (100 mug; i.m.) on d O, PGF(2 alpha) (25 mg; i.m.) on d 7, and GnRH (100 mug; i.m.) with timed insemination on d 9. Blood samples were collected from all cows on d -10 and d O for analysis of serum progesterone. Cows with at least one serum progesterone concentration greater than 1 ng/mL were considered to be cyclic at the time of treatment. Conception rates of cows that received the GO-Synch + calf removal, Ovsynch + calf removal, GO-Synch, or Ovsynch protocol (63, 61, 54, and 52%, respectively) were not different (P = 0.50). Conception rates were not different (P = 0.80) among CO-Synch- and Ovsynch-treated cows; however, both estrual status and 48-h calf removal affected conception rates. Conception rates of cyclic cows (66%) were greater (P = 0.01) than those of anestrous cows (53%), regardless of which synchronization protocol was used. When data were pooled across synchronization protocol, conception rates of cows with 48-h calf removal (62%) were greater (P = 0.09) than conception rates of cows without calf removal (53%). The GO-Synch + calf removal protocol induces a fertile ovulation in cyclic and anestrous cows, requires handling cattle just three times, results in high conception rates from timed insemination, and should be a useful program for synchronization of ovulation in beef cows. C1 USDA ARS, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Geary, TW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Route 1,Box 2021, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 17 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 79 IS 1 BP 1 EP 4 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 395AU UT WOS:000166557200001 PM 11204688 ER PT J AU Defoor, PJ Cole, NA Galyean, ML Jones, OR AF Defoor, PJ Cole, NA Galyean, ML Jones, OR TI Effects of grain sorghum planting density and processing method on nutrient digestibility and retention by ruminants SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE high density planting; ruminants; sorghum ID NITROGEN; GLUCOSE AB Grain sorghum grown in 38-cm rows (high density [HD]) or 76-cm rows (normal density [ND]) was treated as follows: steam-flaked (SF), high-moisture-harvested followed by rolling and ensiling (HM), or dry-rolled (DR). Resulting grains were evaluated using lambs in two 5 x 5 Latin square digestion trials. Treatment diets contained either SF-HD, SF-ND, HM-HD, HM-ND, or DR-ND grain sorghum in two trials; a 90 or a 60% concentrate diet was fed in each trial. High-density planting, increased (P < 0.10) the apparent absorption of P relative to ND planting for both 60 and 90% concentrate diets. Steam flaking decreased (P < 0.10) the apparent absorption of P in the 90% concentrate diet and decreased (P < 0.10) the apparent absorption of N in both the 90 and 60% concentrate diets. Despite differences in N digestibility, steam flaking and HM ensiling resulted in similar (P > 0.10) N retention as a percentage of N intake in both trials. However, changes in the distribution of N between feces and urine among processing methods could affect N content of manure and alter nutrient management strategies. These results indicate that both planting density and grain processing can alter the apparent absorption of grain sorghum P by ruminants. Furthermore, it seems that grain processing can alter the route of N excretion in ruminants without changing total N retention. C1 W Texas A&M Univ, Div Agr, Canyon, TX 79016 USA. USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Defoor, PJ (reprint author), Nutr Serv Assoc, 211 Pedigo Dr, Pratt, KS 67124 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 79 IS 1 BP 19 EP 25 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 395AU UT WOS:000166557200004 PM 11204700 ER PT J AU Thallman, RM Bennett, GL Keele, JW Kappes, SM AF Thallman, RM Bennett, GL Keele, JW Kappes, SM TI Efficient computation of genotype probabilities for loci with many alleles: I. Allelic peeling SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic analysis; genetic markers; pedigree; statistical genetics ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; COMPLEX PEDIGREES; SEGREGATION; LIKELIHOOD; ALGORITHM; LOOPS AB Genetic marker data are likely to be obtained from a relatively small proportion of the individuals in many livestock populations. Information from genetic markers can be extrapolated to related individuals without marker data by computing genotype probabilities using an algorithm referred to as peeling. However, genetic markers may have many alleles and the number of computations in traditional peeling algorithms is proportional to the number of alleles raised to the sixth or eighth power, depending on pedigree structure. An alternative algorithm for computing genotype probabilities of marker loci with many alleles in large, nonlooped pedigrees with incomplete marker data is presented. The algorithm is based on recursive computations depending on alleles instead of genotypes, as in traditional peeling algorithms. The number of computations in the allelic peeling algorithm presented here is proportional to the square of the number of alleles, which makes this algorithm more computationally efficient than traditional peeling for loci with many alleles. Memory requirements are roughly proportional to the number of individuals in the pedigree and the number of alleles. The recursive allelic peeling algorithm cannot be applied to pedigrees that include full sibs or loops. However, it is a preliminary step toward a more complex and encompassing iterative approach to be described in a companion paper. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Thallman, RM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 15 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 79 IS 1 BP 26 EP 33 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 395AU UT WOS:000166557200005 PM 11204709 ER PT J AU Thallmann, RM Bennett, GL Keele, JW Kappes, SM AF Thallmann, RM Bennett, GL Keele, JW Kappes, SM TI Efficient computation of genotype probabilities for loci with many alleles: II. Iterative method for large, complex pedigrees SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic analysis; genetic markers; pedigree; statistical genetics ID LOOPS; LIKELIHOOD; ALGORITHM; MODEL AB An algorithm for computing genotype probabilities for marker loci with many alleles in large, complex pedigrees with missing marker data is presented. The algorithm can also be used to calculate grandparental origin probabilities, which summarize the segregation pattern and are useful for mapping quantitative trait loci. The algorithm is iterative and is based on peeling on alleles instead of the traditional peeling on genotypes. This makes the algorithm more computationally efficient for loci with many alleles. The algorithm is approximate in pedigrees that contain loops, including loops generated by full sibs. The algorithm has no restrictions on pedigree structure or missing marker phenotypes, although together those factors affect the degree of approximation. In livestock pedigrees with dense marker data, the degree of approximation may be minimal. The algorithm can be used with an incomplete penetrance model for marker loci. Thus, it takes into account the possibility of marker scoring errors and helps to identify them. The algorithm provides a computationally feasible method to analyze genetic marker data in large, complex livestock pedigrees. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Thallmann, RM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 11 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 79 IS 1 BP 34 EP 44 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 395AU UT WOS:000166557200006 PM 11204712 ER PT J AU Bennett, GL Gregory, KE AF Bennett, GL Gregory, KE TI Genetic (co)variances for calving difficulty score in composite and parental populations of beef cattle: I. Calving difficulty score, birth weight, weaning weight, and postweaning gain SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dystocia; birth weight; weaning weight; heritability; genetic correlation ID ADVANCED GENERATIONS; DYSTOCIA; SELECTION; HETEROSIS; TRAITS AB Heritability of a-yr-old heifer calving difficulty score was estimated in nine purebred and three composite populations with a total of 5,986 calving difficulty scores from 520 sires and 388 maternal grandsires. Estimates were 0.43 for direct (calf) genetic effects and 0.23 for maternal (heifer) genetic effects. The correlation between direct and maternal effects was -0.26. Direct effects were strongly positively correlated with birth weight and moderately correlated with 200-d weight and postweaning gain. Smaller negative correlations of maternal calving difficulty with direct effects of birth weight, weaning weight, and postweaning gain were estimated. Calving difficulty was scored from 1 to 7. Predicted heritabilities using seven optimal scores were similar to those using four scores, The predicted heritability using only two categories was reduced 23%. Phenotypic and direct genetic variance increased with increasing average population calving difficulty score. The estimated direct and maternal heritabilities for 2-yr-old calving difficulty score were larger than many literature estimates. These estimates suggested substantial variance for direct and maternal genetic effects. The direct effects of 2-yr-old calving difficulty score seemed to be much more closely tied to birth weight than were maternal effects. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Bennett, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 15 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 79 IS 1 BP 45 EP 51 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 395AU UT WOS:000166557200007 PM 11204713 ER PT J AU Bennett, GL Gregory, KE AF Bennett, GL Gregory, KE TI Genetic (co)variances for calving difficulty score in composite and parental populations of beef cattle: II. Reproductive, skeletal, and carcass traits SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; dystocia; genetic correlation; growth; heritability; reproduction ID ADVANCED GENERATIONS; GESTATION LENGTH; BIRTH-WEIGHT; HIP HEIGHT; BREED; HETEROSIS; PARAMETERS; PUBERTY; GROWTH AB There is limited genetic information relating calving difficulty and body weights to other productive and reproductive traits. Such information is useful for specifying selection criteria and for predicting economic consequences of selection. Genetic, maternal, and environmental covariances of six productive and reproductive measurements with calving difficulty, birth weight, 200-d weight, and 168-d postweaning gain were estimated in 12 experimental populations of cattle. Calf(direct) genetic effects resulting in longer gestation length were associated with increased calving difficulty and birth weight. Maternal genetic effects of increased gestation length and heavier birth weight were significantly associated. Lighter birth weight and reduced calving difficulty were associated with earlier heifer age at puberty. Increases in direct genetic effects of calving difficulty, 200-d weight, and postweaning gain were associated with a small increase in direct effect of scrotal circumference. Increased direct genetic effects of scrotal circumference were correlated with maternal effects decreasing calving difficulty and increasing 200-d weight. Direct effects of the skeletal measurements, yearling hip height, and heifer pelvic area were positively correlated with direct effects of calving difficulty, birth weight, 200-d weight, and postweaning gain, positively correlated with maternal effects for birth weight and 200-d weight, and negatively correlated with maternal calving difficulty. Percentage of retail product was positively associated with calving difficulty and negatively associated with 168-d gain. Predicted genetic change in calving difficulty resulting from one standard deviation of selection for either calving difficulty score or birth weight was much larger than for any other traits. Selection for 200-d weight, 168-d postweaning gain, hip height, pelvic area, or scrotal circumference was predicted to have opposite effects on direct and maternal calving difficulty. Estimated genetic correlations indicate some small to moderate relationships between calving difficulty and the measured productive and reproductive traits. However, selection for reduced calving difficulty should be based on calving difficulty score and(or) birth weight because of their superiority in predicted genetic change. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Bennett, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 18 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 79 IS 1 BP 52 EP 59 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 395AU UT WOS:000166557200008 PM 11204715 ER PT J AU Grosz, MD MacNeil, MD AF Grosz, MD MacNeil, MD TI Putative quantitative trait locus affecting birth weight on bovine chromosome 2 SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; birth weight; dystocia; genetic markers; quantitative traits ID BEEF-CATTLE; SUBSEQUENT REPRODUCTION; CARCASS COMPOSITION; CALVING DIFFICULTY; POSTWEANING GROWTH; HEREFORD CATTLE; LINKAGE MAP; DYSTOCIA; POPULATIONS; SELECTION AB A genome scan for chromosomal regions influencing birth weight was performed using 151 progeny of a single Hereford x composite bull and 170 microsatellite markers spanning 2.497 morgans on 29 bovine autosomes. A QTL was identified at the telomeric end of bovine chromosome 2 (maximum effect at 114 cM) accounting for approximately 2.8 kg of birth weight or 0.64 residual standard deviations (after adjustment for sex of calf, age of dam, and breed of dam). No significant effect on growth from birth to weaning was detected in this region. The presence of this QTL within a resource herd composed of breeds common to the Northern Great Plains provides an opportunity to initiate marker-assisted selection to reduce birth weight with minimal effect on postnatal growth. Thus, potentially the amount and degree of dystocia can be reduced and the economic loss associated with calving difficulty lessened without compromise of subsequent growth performance. In addition, this finding indicates that significant genetic variation for birth weight (and presumably other production-related traits) exists within herds composed of commercially adapted Bos taurus germplasm. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RP Grosz, MD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Route 1 Box 2021, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 30 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 79 IS 1 BP 68 EP 72 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 395AU UT WOS:000166557200010 PM 11204717 ER PT J AU Vann, RC Althen, TG Solomon, MB Eastridge, JS Paroczay, EW Veenhuizen, JJ AF Vann, RC Althen, TG Solomon, MB Eastridge, JS Paroczay, EW Veenhuizen, JJ TI Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) increases size and proportion of fast-glycolytic muscle fibers in semitendinosus muscle of creep-fed steers SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE somatotropin; beef cattle; muscle fibers; calves ID GROWTH-HORMONE SOMAVUBOVE(R); SKELETAL-MUSCLE; VEAL CALVES; SHOT BIOPSY; PERFORMANCE; SYNOVEX-S(R); RESPONSES; ANIMALS; TISSUE; CATTLE AB The objective of this study was to determine the effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on muscle fiber histology and histochemistry in creep-fed beef steers. Crossbred steer calves were assigned to one of two treatment groups: control (sham-injected; n = 12) or rbST-injected (0.09 mg.kg(-1).d(-1); n = 12). Calves were injected every 14 d starting at d 28 of age until weaning at 205 d of age. Biopsies of the semitendinosus muscle were performed on d 100, and slaughter samples of semitendinosus muscle were collected for muscle fiber analyses on d 206. The rbST-treated calves had larger (P = 0.045) fast-twitch-glycolytic (FG) fibers [2,564 +/- 10 vs 2,351 +/- 11 mum(2) cross-sectional area, respectively] than controls. No differences (P = 0.36) between rbST-treated and control steers in cross-sectional area were detected for slow-twitch-oxidative (SO) [1,192 +/- 20 vs 1,148 +/- 22 mum(2), respectively] or fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers [1,484 +/- 35 vs 1,403 +/- 38 mum(2), respectively]. The percentage distribution for FOG fibers was greater for control calves than for the rbST-treated calves (38.4 vs 34.9 +/- 0.1%, respectively; P = 0.014), whereas the percentage distribution for FG fibers was greater in the rbST-treated calves than for control calves (53.5 vs 48.4 +/- 0.2%, respectively; P = 0.03). The percentage distribution for SO fibers tended to be greater for the control calves than for the rbST-treated calves (13.1 vs 11.7 +/- 0.1%, respectively; P = 0.07). The percentage of FG fibers increased with age (45.4 vs 56.6 +/- 0.8%, respectively; P = 0.001), whereas the percentage distribution of SO (14.3 vs 10.5 +/- 0.5%, respectively) and FOG fibers (40.3 vs 32.9 +/- 0.70/0, respectively) decreased (P = 0.901) from d 100 to d 206. The increased longissimus muscle area and dissectable lean tissue in rbST-treatcd calves are associated with a greater percentage of FG fibers, which possess larger cross-sectional areas than the other fibers. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Monsanto Co, Dairy Business Unit, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. RP Althen, TG (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Box 9815, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 35 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 79 IS 1 BP 108 EP 114 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 395AU UT WOS:000166557200015 PM 11204689 ER PT J AU Wise, T Klindt, J Howard, HJ Conley, AJ Ford, JJ AF Wise, T Klindt, J Howard, HJ Conley, AJ Ford, JJ TI Endocrine relationships of Meishan and White composite females after weaning and during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE FSH; hydrocortisone; LH; Meishan; ovulation rate; pigs ID FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING-HORMONE; MESSENGER-RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; GROWTH FACTOR-I; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; CHINESE MEISHAN; BETA-SUBUNIT; CORTICOSTEROID CONCENTRATIONS; PROLACTIN SECRETION; AROMATASE-ACTIVITY AB Endocrine differences between European crossbred and Chinese Meishan females have been somewhat modest. Indwelling jugular cannulas were placed in Meishan (n = 7) and White composite (n = 6) multiparous sows before weaning, and blood was sampled from 4 h before to 240 h after removal of litters. Temporal changes in FSH, triiodothyronine (T-3), and tetraiodothyronine (T-4) after weaning differed between Meishan and White composite sows. Plasma cortisol concentrations were higher in Meishan sows than in White composite sows (P < 0.01), but there were no temporal differences between breeds after weaning. Other hormones monitored (prolactin, GH, ICE-I, and inhibin) were not different between breeds. In the second experiment, Meishan gilts (n = 7) and sows (n = 7) and White composite sows (n = 9) were cannulated during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle and sampled after treatments consisting of GnRH (15 and 150 ng/kg BW), ovariectomy, estradiol cypionate challenge after ovariectomy (10 g/kg BW), and GnRH antagonist. In response to GnRH challenge, White composite sows had elevated (P < 0.05) concentrations of gonadotropins compared with Meishan. Cortisol concentrations were elevated in Meishan as compared with White composite females (P < 0.01) but unaffected by GnRH treatment. After ovariectomy, LH concentrations increased 3 h sooner in White composite than in Meishan females. After GnRH antagonist, declines in gonadotropins were comparable in both breeds, but LH increased in Meishan females by 20 h hut not until after 54 h in White composite females. White composite females demonstrated only a short decline in FSH in response to the GnRH antagonist, but Meishan females had a prolonged decline in FSH concentrations. Consistently elevated cortisol concentrations in Meishan females may positively impact ovarian function; thus, the assumption that high plasma cortisol concentration as an index of stress that impairs reproductive function should be reevaluated in swine. There were few endocrine differences that would relate to or explain increased ovulation rates found in the Meishan breed; thus, other mechanisms must exist to explain the increase in ovarian function in the Meishan breed. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Wise, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 46 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 79 IS 1 BP 176 EP 187 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 395AU UT WOS:000166557200023 PM 11204698 ER PT J AU Vallet, JL Christenson, RK Klemcke, HG Pearson, PL AF Vallet, JL Christenson, RK Klemcke, HG Pearson, PL TI Intravenous infusion of iron and tetrahydrofolate does not influence intrauterine uteroferrin and secreted folate-binding protein content in swine SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE folic acid; pigs; pregnancy; uterus ID FOLIC-ACID SUPPLEMENTATION; UTERINE; PERFORMANCE; PREGNANCY; CONCEPTUS; SOWS; TRANSFERRIN; GESTATION; PARITIES; ESTRONE AB The effect of exogenous iron and folate on reproductive performance in swine is equivocal. However, the effect of exogenous iron and folate on secretion of their respective uterine transport proteins has never been reported. Twenty gilts were infused (n = 5 per treatment) with either 1) saline, 2) alpha -tocopherol, 3) alpha -tocopherol plus iron citrate, or 4) alpha -tocopherol plus tetrahydrofolate on d 11 to 14 of pregnancy. Intravenous infusion of iron citrate and tetrahydrofolate increased (P < 0.05) plasma iron and folate, respectively, for 6 to 8 h after treatment. Treatments had no effect on uterine content of uteroferrin or secreted folate-binding protein in uterine flushings obtained on d 15 of pregnancy. These data suggest that uterine secretion of uteroferrin and secreted folate-binding protein are not influenced by plasma levels of iron and folate, respectively, and may provide an explanation for the equivocal effect of iron and folate treatment on reproductive performance in gilts. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Vallet, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 79 IS 1 BP 188 EP 192 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 395AU UT WOS:000166557200024 PM 11204699 ER PT J AU Burns, JC Fisher, DS Mayland, HF AF Burns, JC Fisher, DS Mayland, HF TI Preference by sheep and goats among hay of eight tall fescue cultivars SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dry matter; festuca; food preferences; goats; sheep ID FORAGES; CATTLE; FOODS AB Grazing ruminants use both visual cues and taste in selecting their diet. Preference during grazing may not; be the same when forage is dried for hay and cut into lengths-prior to feeding in confinement. Eight cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), previously evaluated for preference while grazed, were harvested three times over a period of 2 yr. The hays were air-dried, baled, and passed through a hydraulic bale processor prior to feeding. Five experiments were conducted. All three harvests were evaluated with sheep and the last two also with goats, using six animals each time. During an adaptation phase, hays were offered alone as meals. In the experimental phase, every possible pair of hays (28 pairs) was presented for a meal. Data were analyzed by multidimensional scaling and by traditional analyses. Preference was significant among cultivars in all experiments. Multidimensional scaling showed that selection was based on two criteria with two dimensions being significant. Sheep preferred KENHY followed by KENTUCKY 31 and STARGRAZER but preferenced against PARCEL. HIMAG, MO-96, and C1 were intermediate and MOZARK was variable. Goats were similar to sheep in preferring KENHY followed by STARGRAZER and selected against MOZARK and BARCEL. KENTUCKY 31, HIMAG, MO-96, and C1 were intermediate. In all five experiments, the general association was positive for available carbohydrate fractions and negative for fiber fractions that contribute to cell wall rigidity. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, JPCS Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Burns, JC (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 18 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 79 IS 1 BP 213 EP 224 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 395AU UT WOS:000166557200027 PM 11204703 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JO AF Schmidt, JO TI Pheromonal and hive odour attractants for honey bee swarms SO JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Tropical Bees/5th Asian-Apicultural-Association Conference CY MAR 19-25, 2000 CL CHIANG MAI, THAILAND SP Asian Apicltural Assoc AB Olfactory signals influence the selection of nest cavities by honey bee reproductive swarms. Nasonov pheromone produced by workers is the strongest attractant. A synthetic Nasonov pheromone blend consisting of citral, geraniol and nerolic acid is more attractive than a synthetic blend in which nerolic acid is omitted. Although less attractive than Nasonov pheromone, honey bee hive odours are attractive to swarms. Old dark brood combs were the most attractive of the tested hive odours, followed by odours from residual non-comb hive materials and propolis. Hive odours did not enhance the attractiveness of Nasonov pheromone. Thus, if Nasonov pheromone is available, addition of combs to trap hives will not enhance the capture rate of swarms and might create problems resulting from pest insects attacking the combs. If Nasonov pheromone is not available, the addition of combs and other hive materials, such as propolis, will enhance swarm capture. Plant materials that release odours similar to those found in Nasonov pheromone can serve as a poor substitute for pheromone and might enhance swarm capture if no pheromone is available. C1 ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, USDA, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Schmidt, JO (reprint author), ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, USDA, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT BEE RESEARCH ASSOC PI CARDIFF PA JOURNALS LIBRARIAN, 18 NORTH RD, CARDIFF CF1 3DY, WALES SN 0021-8839 J9 J APICULT RES JI J. Apic. Res. PY 2001 VL 40 IS 3-4 BP 7 EP 10 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 598PW UT WOS:000178286500008 ER PT J AU Harris, JW AF Harris, JW TI A technique for marking individual varroa mites SO JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Varroa destructor; varroa; mites; marking mites; glitter tags; cyanoacrylate glue ID JACOBSONI; HOST C1 USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. RP Harris, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT BEE RESEARCH ASSOC PI CARDIFF PA JOURNALS LIBRARIAN, 18 NORTH RD, CARDIFF CF1 3DY, WALES SN 0021-8839 J9 J APICULT RES JI J. Apic. Res. PY 2001 VL 40 IS 1 BP 35 EP 37 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 432DA UT WOS:000168672700006 ER PT J AU Elzen, PJ Baxter, JR Neumann, P Solbrig, A Pirk, C Hepburn, HR Westervelt, D Randall, C AF Elzen, PJ Baxter, JR Neumann, P Solbrig, A Pirk, C Hepburn, HR Westervelt, D Randall, C TI Behaviour of African and European subspecies of Apis mellifera toward the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida SO JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE behaviour; honey bee subspecies; small hive beetle; Aethina tumida; Apis mellifera; Apis mellifera capensis C1 USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Rhodes Univ, Dept Zool & Entomol, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. Florida Dept Agr, Gainesville, FL USA. Randalls Wax Works, Umatilla, FL USA. RP Elzen, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RI Pirk, Christian /E-4180-2010 OI Pirk, Christian /0000-0001-6821-7044 NR 5 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT BEE RESEARCH ASSOC PI CARDIFF PA JOURNALS LIBRARIAN, 18 NORTH RD, CARDIFF CF1 3DY, WALES SN 0021-8839 J9 J APICULT RES JI J. Apic. Res. PY 2001 VL 40 IS 1 BP 40 EP 41 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 432DA UT WOS:000168672700008 ER PT J AU Neumann, P Pirk, CWW Hepburn, R Elzen, PJ Baxter, JR AF Neumann, P Pirk, CWW Hepburn, R Elzen, PJ Baxter, JR TI Laboratory rearing of small hive beetles Aethina tumida (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae) SO JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Aethina tumida; Apis mellifera; honey bees; laboratory rearing; parasites; small hive beetle; sex ratio ID MURRAY COLEOPTERA C1 Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Zool, D-06099 Halle Saale, Germany. Rhodes Univ, Dept Zool & Entomol, ZA-6140 Grahamstown, South Africa. USDA, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Neumann, P (reprint author), Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Zool, Krollwitzerstr 44, D-06099 Halle Saale, Germany. RI Pirk, Christian /E-4180-2010 OI Pirk, Christian /0000-0001-6821-7044 NR 5 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT BEE RESEARCH ASSOC PI CARDIFF PA JOURNALS LIBRARIAN, 18 NORTH RD, CARDIFF CF1 3DY, WALES SN 0021-8839 J9 J APICULT RES JI J. Apic. Res. PY 2001 VL 40 IS 3-4 BP 111 EP 112 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 598PW UT WOS:000178286500005 ER PT J AU Zeller, K Zimmerman, G Hehn, T Donev, E Denny, D Welker, J AF Zeller, K Zimmerman, G Hehn, T Donev, E Denny, D Welker, J TI Analysis of inadvertent microprocessor lag time on eddy covariance results SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR; OPEN-PATH; FLUCTUATIONS; ANALYZERS; ACCURACY; FLUXES AB Researchers using the eddy covariance approach to measuring trace gas fluxes are often hoping to measure carbon dioxide and energy fluxes for ecosystem intercomparisons. This paper demonstrates a systematic microprocessor-caused lag of -0.1 to -0.2 s in a commercial sonic anemometer-analog-to-digital datapacker system operated at 10 Hz. The result of the inadvertent negative lag (i.e., the digitized analog concentration signal is received before its corresponding instantaneous wind and temperature signal) is a loss in the magnitude of the recorded measured flux. Based on raw field data specific to the system used in this study (2.6-m sample height; roughness length = 3 cm), errors in flux measurements due to a 0.2-s lag ranged from 10% to 31%. Theoretical flux errors, based on ideal near-neutral cospectra, for a 0.2-s phase shift range from 21% to 55% for neutral-stability wind speeds of 0.5-15 m s(-1). The application of a 0.2-s phase correction improved an early-summer, sage shrubland ecosystem energy balance by 29.5%. Correction equations for lag times of 0.1-0.4 s at the sample height of 2.6 m are provided. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Appl Technol Inc, Longmont, CO USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Sofia, Dept Meteorol, BU-1126 Sofia, Bulgaria. Univ Wyoming, Dept Math, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Zeller, K (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect St, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RI Welker, Jeffrey/C-9493-2013 NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PY 2001 VL 40 IS 9 BP 1640 EP 1646 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1640:AOIMLT>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 464WK UT WOS:000170554600008 ER PT J AU Su, Z Schmugge, T Kustas, WP Massman, WJ AF Su, Z Schmugge, T Kustas, WP Massman, WJ TI An evaluation of two models for estimation of the roughness height for heat transfer between the land surface and the atmosphere SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARTIAL CANOPY COVER; AERODYNAMIC ROUGHNESS; SEMIARID RANGELANDS; ARBITRARY STRUCTURE; VEGETATED SURFACES; SPARSE VEGETATION; PLANT CANOPIES; ENERGY FLUXES; 2-LAYER MODEL; TEMPERATURE AB Roughness height for heat transfer is a crucial parameter in estimation of heat transfer between the land surface and the atmosphere. Although many empirical formulations have been proposed over the past few decades, the uncertainties associated with these formulations are shown to be large, especially over sparse canopies. In this contribution, a simple physically based model is derived for the estimation of the roughness height for heat transfer. This model is derived from a complex physical model based on the "localized near-field'' Lagrangian theory. This model (called Massman's model) and another recently proposed model derived by fitting simulation results of a simple multisource bulk transfer model (termed Blumel's model) are evaluated using three experimental datasets. The results of the model performances are judged by using the derived roughness values to compute sensible heat fluxes with the bulk transfer formulation and comparing these computed fluxes to the observed sensible heat fluxes. It is concluded, on the basis of comparison of calculated versus observed sensible heat fluxes, that both the current model and Blumel's model provide reliable estimates of the roughness heights for heat transfer. The current model is further shown to be able to explain the diurnal variation in the roughness height for heat transfer. On the basis of a sensitivity analysis, it is suggested that, although demanding, most of the information needed for both models is amendable by satellite remote sensing such that their global incorporation into large-scale atmospheric models for both numerical weather prediction and climate research merits further investigation. C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Alterra Green World Res, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. ARS, Hydrol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Su, Z (reprint author), Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Alterra Green World Res, POB 47, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. RI Su, Z. (Bob)/D-4383-2009 NR 42 TC 125 Z9 146 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PY 2001 VL 40 IS 11 BP 1933 EP 1951 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<1933:AEOTMF>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 486BF UT WOS:000171798000009 ER PT J AU Spencer, DF Ryan, FJ Aung, L Ksander, GG AF Spencer, DF Ryan, FJ Aung, L Ksander, GG TI Soluble sugar concentrations associated with tuber and winter bud sprouting SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 40th Annual Meeting of the Aquatic-Plant-Management-Society CY JUL 16-20, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA DE hydrilla; pondweeds; physiological ecology; aquatic weeds ID AQUATIC PLANTS; CARBOHYDRATE AB Many aquatic weeds rely on vegetative structures for survival and propagation, rather than seeds. American pondweed (Potamogeton nodosus Poiret) winter buds, and hydrilla (Hydrib la verticillata (L.f.) Royle, monoecious and dioecious types) tubers were allowed to sprout in water in the dark. At two-to-three day intervals individual propagules and dependent shoots were analyzed for soluble sugars. There was a significant decline in propagule fresh weight over time indicating mobilization of stored materials. Sucrose was the most abundant in all the propagules, but found in higher soluble concentrations in American pondweed winter buds than in hydrilla propagules. Fructose, glucose, raffinose, and sucrose were present in American pondweed, and hydrilla. Stachyose was present in all except dioecious hydrilla and sorbitol was not detected. During sprouting, soluble sugar concentrations decreased within the original propagule and increased in shoots for hydrilla biotypes. Fructose and glucose concentrations were greater in newly formed shoots than in winter buds of American pondweed by day 14 and in hydrilla shoots versus propagules by day 22. The striking increases in concentrations of these soluble sugars in propagules and newly emergent leaf tissue suggest that starch hydrolysis is a key metabolic control point during sprouting. C1 USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Davis, CA USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA USA. RP Spencer, DF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Exot & Invas Weeds Res Unit, Davis, CA USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI LEHIGH ACRES PA PO BOX 1477, LEHIGH ACRES, FL 33970 USA SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 39 BP 45 EP 47 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 534BM UT WOS:000174564800012 ER PT J AU Whitford, WG Nielson, R de Soyza, A AF Whitford, WG Nielson, R de Soyza, A TI Establishment and effects of establishment of creosotebush, Larrea tridentata, on a Chihuahuan Desert watershed SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE aggregate stability; annual plants; creostebush; Larrea tridentata; overgrazing; soil chemistry; survivorship ID SOIL; NITROGEN; STEMFLOW AB Creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) seedlings were planted in plots that were irrigated, plots that were irrigated and fertilized with ammonium nitrate, and plots that were not amended in three plant communities on a Chihuahuan Desert watershed: ungrazed black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda) grassland, creosotebush shrubland, and overgrazed grassland. No seedlings were planted in one-half of the area of each plot. No seedlings survived in the black grama grassland or the creosotebush shrubland 2 years after planting. Growth of established creosotebush shrubs was highest in plots with the lowest grass cover. Fifteen years after the seedlings were planted in the overgrazed grassland, the area under the shrubs was nearly devoid of perennial grasses and forbs. The aggregate stability of the soils under the established creosotebush shrubs was significantly lower than the soils in the unplanted split-half of the plots. Electrical conductivity, calcium, and nitrate were significantly lower in soils under shrubs than soils in the unplanted split-half of the plots. There were also significant reductions in densities of annual plants growing under the shrubs than in the unplanted split-half of the plots. Successful establishment of creosotebush in desert grasslands is dependent upon the presence of large patches of soil with no perennial plant cover. Intense grazing by domestic livestock creates microsites and landscape characteristics favourable for seed dispersal, germination and establishment of creosotebush. Soil changes resulting from shrub establishment reduce the probability of re-establishing perennial grasses in creosotebush-dominated shrubland. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, ORD, NERL, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, POB 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 47 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1006/jare.2000.0702 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 397FF UT WOS:000166682100001 ER PT J AU Svejcar, T Sheley, R AF Svejcar, T Sheley, R TI Nitrogen dynamics in perennial- and annual-dominated arid rangeland SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE disturbance; invasive annuals; soil nitrogen; plant succession ID BROMUS-TECTORUM L; PLANT; THRESHOLDS; VIEWPOINT; GRADIENT; GRASSES; STATES AB It is often assumed that displacement of native perennial vegetation by exotic annuals will alter nutrient cycling. Nitrogen dynamics of native bunchgrass vegetation and adjacent stands of the exotic annual grass Bromus tectorum were compared on three sites in south-eastern Washington, U.S.A. The stands of B. tectorum had dominated the sites for at least 40 years. It should be emphasized that these sites were not prone to frequent wildfires as can be the case in some B. tectorum-dominated ecosystems. Over a 2-year period very few consistent differences were found between the two vegetation types in aboveground standing crop, root mass, in situ N mineralization, extractable soil N, or total soil C or N. Bromus tectorum above-ground plant mass and litter tended to have lower CIN ratios than did the native vegetation, but the results were not consistent over time or site. It appears that the exotic annual adapted to the resources on the site and, at least at the fairly gross level measured, had little impact on soil nitrogen. These results suggest that caution must be taken when assuming that a change in vegetation type and growth form will necessarily alter soil N levels. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Burns, OR 97720 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Land Resources & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Svejcar, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, HC 71 4-51 Hwy 205, Burns, OR 97720 USA. NR 37 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 47 IS 1 BP 33 EP 46 DI 10.1006/jare.2000.0703 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 397FF UT WOS:000166682100003 ER PT J AU Delaney, SM Mavrodi, DV Bonsall, RF Thomashow, LS AF Delaney, SM Mavrodi, DV Bonsall, RF Thomashow, LS TI phzO, a gene for biosynthesis of 2-hydrolyated phenazine compounds in Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84 SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; NEGATIVE BACTERIA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; FLUORESCENS 2-79; IN-VITRO; TAKE-ALL; AERUGINOSA; CLONING AB Certain strains of root-colonizing fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. produce phenazines, a class of antifungal metabolites that can provide protection against various soilborne root pathogens. Despite the fact that the phenazine biosynthetic locus is highly conserved among fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., individual strains differ in the range of phenazine compounds they produce. This study focuses on the ability of Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84 to produce 2-hydroxyphenazine-1-carboxylic acid (2-OH-PCA) and 2-hydroxyphenazine from the common phenazine metabolite phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA). P. aureofaciens 30-84 contains a novel gene located downstream from the core phenazine operon that encodes a 55-kDa aromatic monooxygenase responsible for the hydroxylation of PCA to produce 2-OH-PCA. Knowledge of the genes responsible for phenazine product specificity could ultimately reveal ways to manipulate organisms to produce multiple phenazines or novel phenazines not previously described. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Sch Mol Biosci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Thomashow, LS (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Unit, POB 646430, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Mavrodi, Dmitri/J-2745-2013 NR 55 TC 80 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 183 IS 1 BP 318 EP 327 DI 10.1128/JB.183.1.318-327.2001 PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 386UA UT WOS:000166078900038 PM 11114932 ER PT J AU Saadoun, I Schrader, KK Blevins, WT AF Saadoun, I Schrader, KK Blevins, WT TI Identification of geosmin as a volatile metabolite of Anabaena sp. SO JOURNAL OF BASIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE; LAKE BIWA; PURIFICATION; PONDS; WATER AB A cyanobacterial isolate recovered from Lake Ogletree, the principal drinking water supply for the city of Auburn, Alabama (USA) was identified as Anabaena sp. The isolate was shown to produce the most common off-flavor compound, geosmin. C1 Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Appl Biol, Irbid 22110, Jordan. USDA ARS, NPURU, Natl Ctr Dev Nat Prod, University, MS USA. Suncrest Labs, LLC, Notasulga, AL 36866 USA. RP Saadoun, I (reprint author), Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Appl Biol, POB 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0233-111X J9 J BASIC MICROB JI J. Basic Microbiol. PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 51 EP 55 DI 10.1002/1521-4028(200103)41:1<51::AID-JOBM51>3.0.CO;2-R PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 416YM UT WOS:000167808100007 PM 11314247 ER PT J AU Chen, JS Greenberg, AS Tseng, YZ Wang, SM AF Chen, JS Greenberg, AS Tseng, YZ Wang, SM TI Possible involvement of protein kinase C in the induction of adipose differentiation-related protein by sterol ester in RAW 264.7 macrophages SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lipid droplet accumulation; protein kinase C; adipose differentiation-related protein; macrophage ID INTRACELLULAR LIPID DROPLETS; OVARIAN GRANULOSA-CELLS; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; SCAVENGER RECEPTOR; CHOLESTEROL EFFLUX; PHORBOL ESTER; ACETYL-LDL; ADIPOCYTE PRECURSORS; ADRP EXPRESSION AB The accumulation of lipid droplets in macrophages contributes to the formation of foam cells, an early event in atherosclerosis. It is, therefore, important to elucidate the mechanisms by which lipid droplets accumulate and are utilized. Sterol ester (SE)-laden RAW 264.7 macrophages accumulated lipid droplets in a time-dependent manner up to 16 h, which was enhanced by cotreatment with 0.1 muM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) activity by cotreatment with 0.3 muM calphostin CCAL for 16 h resulted in coalescence of small lipid droplets into large ones and increased accumulation of lipid droplets, although to a lesser extent than after PMA cotreatment. Immunostaining for adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP) revealed a fluorescent rim at the surface of each medium to large lipid droplet. ADRP appearance correlated with lipid droplet accumulation and was regulated by PMA in a time-dependent manner. Induction of ADRP expression by PMA or CAL required SE, since ADRP levels in PMA- or CAL-treated non-SE-laden macrophages were comparable to those in untreated cells. Removal of SE from the incubation medium resulted in the concomitant dissolution of lipid droplets and down-regulation of ADRP. In conclusion, the above results suggest that ADRP may be an important protein in the regulation of lipid droplet metabolism in lipid-laden macrophages and that this regulation may be mediated by PKC activity. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Natl Taiwan Univ, Coll Med, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, Taipei 100, Taiwan. Natl Taiwan Univ, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Taipei 100, Taiwan. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Wang, SM (reprint author), Natl Taiwan Univ, Coll Med, Dept Anat & Cell Biol, 1-1 Jen Ai Rd, Taipei 100, Taiwan. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK50647, P30DK34928] NR 44 TC 32 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0730-2312 J9 J CELL BIOCHEM JI J. Cell. Biochem. PY 2001 VL 83 IS 2 BP 187 EP 199 DI 10.1002/jcb.1225 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 475BJ UT WOS:000171141500002 PM 11573236 ER PT J AU Graybosch, RA AF Graybosch, RA TI Uneasy unions: Quality effects of rye chromatin transfers to wheat SO JOURNAL OF CEREAL SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE wheat; rye; chromosomal translocations; processing quality ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; END-USE QUALITY; RED WINTER-WHEAT; 1B/1R CHROMOSOME-TRANSLOCATION; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT SUBUNITS; MILDEW RESISTANCE GENE; 1BL/1RS TRANSLOCATION; AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE; PROTEIN-COMPOSITION; DOUGH STICKINESS AB A number of genes of agronomic importance have been transferred from rye (Secale cereale L.) to its close relative, common bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Largely through the production of interspecific chromosomal translocation and substitution lines, rye chromatin now resides within the genome of a large number of wheat breeding lines and cultivars. Rye chromosomal materials have been used to transfer resistance genes to fungal pathogens, especially rusts and powdery mildew, resistance to insect peals, and, in some cases, may enhance grain yield, grain yield stability, and grain protein content. Unfortunately, the transfer of some rye chromosomal materials has resulted in deleterious effects on grain processing quality. This report reviews the use of various wheat-rye chromosomal translocations and substitutions in wheat breeding programs, examines the nature of the observed quality defects, and speculates as to their causes and possible means by which the quality effects might be ameliorated. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Graybosch, RA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 344 Keim, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 111 TC 76 Z9 126 U1 3 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0733-5210 J9 J CEREAL SCI JI J. Cereal Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 1 BP 3 EP 16 DI 10.1006/jcrs.2000.0336 PG 14 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 397ED UT WOS:000166679600002 ER PT J AU Peterson, DM Emmons, CL Hibbs, AH AF Peterson, DM Emmons, CL Hibbs, AH TI Phenolic antioxidants and antioxidant activity in pearling fractions of oat groats SO JOURNAL OF CEREAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE oat; phenolics; antioxidants; avenanthramides ID WHOLE-GRAIN INTAKE; AVENANTHRAMIDES; CANCER; HULLS AB To test the feasibility of dry milling oats (Avena sativa L.) to concentrate antioxidant activity and phenolic antioxidants, greats were pearled for 5 to 180 a. These treatments removed <1 to 15% of the weight. The material obtained from short pearling times was mostly bran. Longer pearling times increased the amount of starchy endosperm in the pearlings. Antioxidant activity of 80% ethanol extracts, measured by -carotene bleaching and by reduction of the free radical, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, was highest in the short-pearling-time fractions and decreased as more endosperm tissue was included. Likewise, there was a decreasing concentration of total phenolics, determined colorimetrically, and of several simple phenolic acids, determined by high performance liquid chromatography, as more material was pearled from the greats.-In contrast, concentrations of avenanthramides were not correlated with pearling time, indicating that they were more uniformly distributed in the greats. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 ARS, USDA, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Quaker Oats Co, Barrington, IL 60010 USA. RP Peterson, DM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cereal Crops Res Unit, 501 Walnut St, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 25 TC 73 Z9 89 U1 3 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0733-5210 J9 J CEREAL SCI JI J. Cereal Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 1 BP 97 EP 103 DI 10.1006/jcrs.2000.0347 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 397ED UT WOS:000166679600010 ER PT J AU Leskey, TC Prokopy, RJ Wright, SE Phelan, PL Haynes, LW AF Leskey, TC Prokopy, RJ Wright, SE Phelan, PL Haynes, LW TI Evaluation of individual components of plum odor as potential attractants for adult plum curculios SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Conotrachelus nenuphar; attractants; host plant volatiles; monitoring ID CABBAGE SEED WEEVIL; APPLE MAGGOT DIPTERA; CEUTORHYNCHUS-ASSIMILIS; OILSEED RAPE; CONOTRACHELUS-NENUPHAR; AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES; STICKY SPHERES; COLEOPTERA; VOLATILES AB We evaluated olfactory attraction of overwintered plum curculio (PC) adults, Conotrachelus nenuphar, to 16 individual volatile components of unripe plum odor in the laboratory using a still-air dual-choice bioassay system and in the field using baited cotton dental wicks attached to boll-weevil traps placed on the ground beneath the canopy of unsprayed apple trees. Two compounds, ethyl isovalerate and limonene, were significantly attractive in both laboratory bioassays and field experiments. In laboratory bioassays, as concentration was decreased across five orders of magnitude, a greater number of compounds elicited responses suggestive of attractancy (except at the lowest concentration). Even so, linalool, 2-hexanone, and 3-hydroxy-2-butanone were the only other compounds showing significant attractiveness in laboratory bioassays, but none of these (nor any other compounds) were significantly attractive in field assays. We suggest that the use of ethyl isovalerate and/or limonene as odor attractants offers potential to increase the efficacy of current traps for monitoring PCs immigrating into fruit orchards during spring. C1 OARDC, Dept Entomol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Coll Wooster, Dept Chem, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Leskey, TC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 37 TC 36 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 27 IS 1 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1023/A:1005667430877 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 416GM UT WOS:000167772000001 PM 11382056 ER PT J AU Ralphs, MH Gardner, DR AF Ralphs, MH Gardner, DR TI Influence of defoliation on toxic alkaloid concentration and alkaloid pools in tall larkspur SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tall larkspur; Delphinium barbeyi; norditerpenoid alkaloids; defoliation; cattle poisoning ID NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS; DELPHINIUM; PLANTS; CATTLE; RANGELAND; BIRCH AB This study was replicated at two locations in the mountains of central Utah. In 1997, ten uniform plants of tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi) in the early bud stage (40 cm in height) were selected at each site and clipped at 5 cm above soil level. In 1998, one stalk from each plant wan harvested on a weekly basis: in 1999, one stalk was harvested at four times during its phenological development. Toxic and total alkaloid concentrations were measured and alkaloid pools in the entire stalk were calculated. Clipping reduced stalk height to less than 50 cm in 1998 and 65 cm in 1999, compared to over 100 cm in unclipped control plants. Alkaloid concentration was similar to control plants, bur toxic alkaloid pools were 70% lower than control plants. because of the reduction in biomass of the stalks. Clipping reduced subsequent vigor and the amount of toxic and total alkaloids in tall larkspur. C1 USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Ralphs, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 North, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 29 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 27 IS 1 BP 151 EP 160 DI 10.1023/A:1005680319490 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 416GM UT WOS:000167772000012 PM 11382060 ER PT J AU Kim, CH Khan, M Morin, DE Hurley, WL Tripathy, DN Kehrli, M Oluoch, AO Kakoma, I AF Kim, CH Khan, M Morin, DE Hurley, WL Tripathy, DN Kehrli, M Oluoch, AO Kakoma, I TI Optimization of the PCR for detection of Staphylococcus aureus nuc gene in bovine milk SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE polymerase chain reaction; inhibitors; Staphylococcus aureus; mastitis ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; ENZYMATICALLY AMPLIFIED DNA; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; WHOLE-BLOOD; AMPLIFICATION; EXTRACTION; SAMPLES; DIAGNOSIS; MUTATIONS; ALLELES AB Staphylococcus aureus is an economically important and a major mastitis-causing pathogen that also poses food safety and antimicrobial resistance threats. Substances in mastitic milk inhibit the Tag DNA polymerase reaction (Taq PCR) making it of limited use for detecting S. aureus mastitis. In the study reported here, a set of oligonucleotide primers of 21 and 24 bases was used in Taq-PCR to amplify DNA from S. aureus (isolates from bovine mastitis). A specific amplicon of 270 bp was generated as predicted. Replacing Tag DNA polymerase with Thermus thermophilus (Tth) DNA polymerase alone (Tth-PCR) raised the sensitivity of S. aureus detection in milk from experimentally infected cows from 65 to 80%. Combining the use of Tth DNA polymerase and the purification of crude DNA extract using Chelex-100 before PCR raised the sensitivity to 100%. In a random survey involving 100 milk samples from cattle not infected with S. aureus, the test was 100% specific. With milk samples from clinical cases of bovine mastitis, 100% sensitivity and specificity were also observed. It is concluded that Tth-PCR on milk samples with the purification of crude DNA extracts using Chelex-100 is as sensitive as but faster than conventional milk bacteriological culture techniques and is highly specific. The modified PCR correlates with elevated somatic cell counts, detects evidence of chronic and resolving infection based on S. aureus-specific DNA and circumvents the endogenous inhibitory effects of milk. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Biosci, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Clin Med, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. ARS, USDA, NADC, Ames, IA USA. RP Kakoma, I (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Biosci, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. NR 44 TC 62 Z9 70 U1 4 U2 10 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 84 IS 1 BP 74 EP 83 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 395KG UT WOS:000166579100010 PM 11210052 ER PT J AU Musser, JMB Anderson, KL Rushing, JE Moats, WA AF Musser, JMB Anderson, KL Rushing, JE Moats, WA TI Potential for milk containing penicillin G or amoxicillin to cause residues in calves SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE penicillin; amoxicillin; residues; calves ID ANTIBIOTIC RESIDUES; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; DAIRY CALVES; VEAL CALVES; BEEF; AMPICILLIN; COLOSTRUM; TISSUES; ANIMALS; PLASMA AB The potential for antibiotic residues in calves from consuming milk containing penicillin G or amoxicillin was investigated. Six calves were fed milk replacer, 6% body weight twice daily, containing 0.293, 2.92, or 5.85 mug of penicillin/ml (ppm) G or 0.25, 1.0, or 2.0 mug of amoxicillin/ml for three consecutive feedings. Urine and blood samples were collected after each feeding. Serum and urine samples were tested with a microbial receptor assay and a microbial growth inhibition assay to indicate potential drug residues. Penicillin G and amoxicillin were detected in the serum and urine of several calves 3 h after drinking spiked milk replacer. Possible violative drug residues in the calves were detected by the microbial growth inhibition assay up to 15 h after drinking spiked milk replacer. Penicillin G, but not amoxicillin, could be detected in urine 24 h after the final feeding of spiked milk replacer. Subsequently, six calves were fed milk replacer containing 11.7 mug of penicillin G/ml (ppm) twice daily, 6% body weight per feeding. Calves were slaughtered 3 h after the final feeding. Mean (+/-SD) concentrations of penicillin G measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography in liver, kidney, muscle, and serum were 0.409 (+/-0.167) mug/g, 0.031 (+/-0.012) mug/g 0.008 (+/-0.002) mug/g, and 0.013 (+/-0.006) mg/ml, respectively. This study indicates that calves fed milk with amoxicillin or penicillin G could possibly have violative residues if slaughtered within 24 h after feeding. Violative drug residues in liver tissue were found in calves slaughtered 3 h after consuming milk replacer containing 11.7 mug of penicillin G/ml (ppm). C1 N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Farm Anim Hlth & Resource Management, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. USDA ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Musser, JMB (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Farm Anim Hlth & Resource Management, 4700 Hillsborough St, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 34 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 84 IS 1 BP 126 EP 133 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 395KG UT WOS:000166579100016 PM 11210024 ER PT J AU Klotz, JL Baldwin, RL Gillis, RC Heitmann, RN AF Klotz, JL Baldwin, RL Gillis, RC Heitmann, RN TI Refinements in primary rumen epithelial cell incubation techniques SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE heifers; cells; rumen epithelium; technique ID FATTY-ACID METABOLISM; KETONE-BODY; SHEEP; KETOGENESIS; BUTYRATE; GLUCOSE; TISSUES; LIVER AB The objectives of this study were to 1) determine if the number of rumen epithelial cells in primary cell incubation affects the rate of metabolite production, and 2) determine the optimum mode of data expression to standardize reporting criteria. Sections of rumen epithelial tissue were excised from five Holstein heifers and subjected to serial tryptic digestion to isolate cells. Isolated cells had a mean viability of 86% (+/- 1.29) and were incubated at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 20, and 40 million cells per flask. Oxidation of [1-C-14]butyrate to (CO2)-C-14 and production of acetoacetate (ACAC), beta -hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), lactate, and pyruvate were measured for cell dilution comparisons. Cell number, cell dry matter, cell crude protein, epithelial wet tissue weight, body weight, and metabolic body weight were measured to generate 12 different forms of data expression. Coefficients of variation were calculated for each type of expression. Expressing data per cell number resulted in the lowest variation. Oxidation of [1-C-14]butyrate to (CO2)-C-14 and pyruvate production per million cells did not significantly differ between treatments for 90-min incubation. Acetoacetate and lactate concentrations were greatest at 0.5 and 1 million cells/flask, respectively, with no differences between 5 to 40 million cells/flask. Production of BHBA for 1 million cells/flask was greater than 0.5 and 40 million cells/flask, but did not change between cell concentrations 5 to 20 million. The BHBA:ACAC concentration ratios for 0.5 and 1 million cell dilutions were both 1.1 to 1 indicating low mitochondrial redox potentials. Concomitantly, lactate:pyruvate ratios for 0.5 and 1 million cells were greater than other cell dilutions, indicating a high cytosolic redox potential. The suggested range of rumen epithelial cells to include in incubations is 5 to 20 million cells/flask. This will minimize experimental error associated with using low cell numbers and the potential for reduced metabolite production caused by incubating large cell quantities. When rumen tissue taken from animals of the same species, size, and stage of development; data adjusted by cell number is preferred. However, it is recommended that cell protein, cell DM, and animal metabolic weight be included to facilitate future comparison between species and laboratories. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Anim Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Heitmann, RN (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Anim Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 84 IS 1 BP 183 EP 193 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 395KG UT WOS:000166579100024 PM 11210032 ER PT J AU Boettcher, PJ Jairath, LK VanRaden, PM AF Boettcher, PJ Jairath, LK VanRaden, PM TI Evaluation of sire predicted transmitting abilities for evidence of X-chromosomal inheritance in North American sire families SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE x-linked inheritance; predicted transmitting abilities ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; MILK-PRODUCTION; DAIRY-CATTLE; POPULATION; PROGENY AB This study tested for differences between genetic merits of sons and daughters of sires and for evidence of segregating quantitative trait loci on the X chromosomes of North American Holsteins. Son PTA adjusted for sire PTA was used as the dependent variable to test for biases and for genes that were passed from sire to daughter but not to son. The test of variability across sires of sons merely indicated an unaccounted source of variation, for which genes on X chromosomes might be responsible. Critical values for this test and power were determined by simulation for a variety of populations and traits differing in heritability, size of the X chromosome effect, and allelic frequency. Simulated genes on the X chromosome were detected with high power at intermediate frequencies of the favorable allele. The power of the test increased as the size of the effect increased and as genetic variance attributed to autosomes decreased. The test was then applied to recently evaluated data from US and Canadian Holstein populations. Genetic evaluations for >17,000 bulls from the US and >9000 from Canada were included. Results suggested that little extra variation was present for some traits formally evaluated in North America, but that genes on the X chromosome were unlikely to be the cause. C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Ctr Genet Improvement Livestock, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Boettcher, PJ (reprint author), ANAFI, Via Bergamo 292, I-26100 Cremona, Italy. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 84 IS 1 BP 256 EP 265 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 395KG UT WOS:000166579100031 PM 11210040 ER PT J AU Greenberg, SM Legaspi, BC Jones, WA AF Greenberg, SM Legaspi, BC Jones, WA TI Comparison of functional response and mutual interference between two aphelinid parasitoids of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Encarsia pergandiella; Eretmocerus mundus; Bemisia argentifolii; Bemisia tabaci; mutual interference; functional response ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; EXOTIC PARASITOIDS; TABACI GENNADIUS; HOMOPTERA AB Functional responses and mutual interference were compared in an indigenous parasitoid, Encarsia pergandiella Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), with that of an exotic parasitoid, Eretmocerus mundus Mercet (Aphelinidae) from Spain, attacking the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Type II functional response curves were fitted to the data and were used to calculate handling time. Eretmocerus mundus attacked more whitefly nymphs than E. pergandiella. Handling times estimated from the functional responses were 72 min for E. pergandiella and 12 min for E. mundus, suggesting that lower attack rates for the former parasitoid may be attributed to longer handling times. The statistically estimated handling time for E. mundus was compared with an estimate derived from empirical observations of parasitoid behavior. Actual observations of handling time, defined as oviposition, host feeding and associated preening, yielded a mean handling time of <2 min, suggesting that functional response experiments may not produce reliable estimates of handling time. The mutual interference coefficient m of E. mundus was numerically higher than that for E. pergandiella (0.238 vs 0.184, respectively). Although there were no significant differences in m, the comparison raises the interesting question of whether parasitoids with higher attack rates may also have higher levels of mutual interference under conditions of high parasitoid density (e.g., mass rearing). C1 USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Greenberg, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. EM sgreenberg@weslaco.ars.usda.gov NR 20 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 36 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 413AX UT WOS:000167588700001 ER PT J AU Russelle, MP Lamb, JFS Montgomery, BR Elsenheimer, DW Miller, BS Vance, CP AF Russelle, MP Lamb, JFS Montgomery, BR Elsenheimer, DW Miller, BS Vance, CP TI Alfalfa rapidly remediates excess inorganic nitrogen at a fertilizer spill site SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SUBSOIL NITRATE; DRAINAGE; FIXATION AB By 1996, standard remediation techniques had significantly reduced the concentration of nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) in local ground water at the site of a 1989 anhydrous ammonia spill, but NO3--N concentrations in portions of the site still exceeded the public drinking water standard. Our objective was to determine whether local soil and ground water quality could be improved with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). A 3-yr study was conducted in replicated plots (24 by 30 m) located hydrologically upgradient of the ground water under the spill site, Three alfalfa entries ['Agate', Ineffective Agate (a non-N-2-fixing elite germplasm similar to Agate), and MWNC-4 (an experimental germplasm)] were seeded in the spring of 1996, Corn (Zea mays L,) or wheat (Triticum aestivum L,) was seeded adjacent to the alfalfa each year. Crops were irrigated with N-containing ground water to meet water demand. During the 3-yr period, about 540 kg of inorganic N was removed from the aquifer through irrigation of 4.9 million L water. Cumulative N removal from the site over 3 yr was 972 kg N ha (1) in Ineffective Agate alfalfa hay, compared with 287 kg N ha(-1) for the annual cereal grain. Soil solution NO3- concentrations were reduced to low and stable levels by alfalfa, but were mure variable under the annual crops. Ground water quality improved, as evidenced by irrigation water N concentration. We do not know how much N was removed by the N-2-fixing alfalfas, but it appears that either fixing or non-N-2-fixing alfalfa will effectively remove inorganic N from N-affected sites. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Dept Agr, St Paul, MN 55107 USA. HDR Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55416 USA. Dakota Growers Pasta Co, Carrington, ND 58421 USA. RP Russelle, MP (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, 439 Borlaug Hall, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 21 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 30 IS 1 BP 30 EP 36 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 396RB UT WOS:000166649400005 PM 11215664 ER PT J AU O'Connor, GA Granato, TC Dowdy, RH AF O'Connor, GA Granato, TC Dowdy, RH TI Bioavailability of biosolids molybdenum to corn SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE-SLUDGE APPLICATION; CADMIUM; COPPER AB This study was part of a larger effort to generate field data appropriate to the assessment of biosolids molybdenum (Mo) risk to ruminants. Corn (Zea mays L.) is an important component of cattle diet, and is a logical crop for biosolids amendment owing to its high N requirement. Paired soil and corn stover samples archived from two unique field experiments were analyzed to quantify the relationship (uptake coefficient, UC) between stover Mo and soil Mo load. Both studies used biosolids with total Mo concentrations typical of modern materials. Data from long-term (continuous corn) plots in Fulton County, IL confirm expected low Mo accumulation by corn stover, even at very high biosolids loads and soil Mo loads estimated to be near 18 kg Mo ha(-1). Uptake slopes were actually negative, but USEPA protocol would assign UC values of 0.001. Data from plots in Minnesota also suggested essentially no correlations between stover Mo and soil Mo loads for continuous corn, However, greater Mo accumulation in corn grown following soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] suggests the possibility of enhanced Mo bioavailability to corn in corn-soybean rotations. Nevertheless, molybdenosis risk to cattle consuming corn stover produced on biosolids-amended land is small as stover Mo concentrations were always low and stover Cu to Mo ratios exceeded 2:1, which avoids molybdenosis problems. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP O'Connor, GA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 30 IS 1 BP 140 EP 146 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 396RB UT WOS:000166649400017 PM 11215645 ER PT J AU Derby, NE Knighton, RE AF Derby, NE Knighton, RE TI Field-scale preferential transport of water and chloride tracer by depression-focused recharge SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID VADOSE ZONE; FLOW; SOIL AB A tracer study was initiated in November 1993 to investigate depression-focused recharge and to monitor solute movement through the vadose zone into the shallow ground water in southeastern North Dakota. Granular potassium chloride (KCI) was surface-applied to two areas overlying subsurface drains and to one area instrumented with soil solution samplers, ground water monitoring wells, time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes, and temperature probes. one of the subsurface drain tracer plots was located on level ground while the other two sites were in small topographic depressions. Formation of ground water mounds beneath the depressions indicated that these areas are recharge sites. The applied Cl- tracer was found to move rapidly to the shallow ground water under the depressional areas after infiltration of spring snowmelt in 1994, Excessive rainfall events were also responsible fur focused recharge and the rapid transport of the applied Cl tracer. Water now through partially frozen soil at the bottom of the depressions during thaw enhanced preferential movement of the tracer. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA, CSREES, NRE, Washington, DC USA. RP Derby, NE (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RI Verbist, Koen/B-3029-2009 NR 13 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 30 IS 1 BP 194 EP 199 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 396RB UT WOS:000166649400024 PM 11215653 ER PT J AU Sanderson, MA Jones, RM McFarland, MJ Stroup, J Reed, RL Muir, JP AF Sanderson, MA Jones, RM McFarland, MJ Stroup, J Reed, RL Muir, JP TI Nutrient movement and removal in a switchgrass biomass-filter strip system treated with dairy manure SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID RUNOFF; GRASS; MANAGEMENT; PHOSPHORUS; BIOENERGY; POLLUTION; SEDIMENT; NITROGEN; WATER AB Manure use on cropland has raised concern about nutrient contamination of surface and ground waters. Warm-season perennial grasses may be useful in Biter strips to trap manure nutrients and as biomass feedstock for nutrient removal, We explored the use of 'Alamo' switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) in a biomass production-filter strip system treated with dairy manure. We measured changes in extractable P in the soil, NO(3)-N in soil water, and changes in total reactive P and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of runoff water before and after a switchgrass filter strip. Five rates of dairy manure (target rates of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha(-1) from solid manure in 1995; 0, 75, 150, 300, and 600 Lg N ha(-1) from lagoon effluent in 1996 and 1997) were surface-applied to field plots of switchgrass (5.2 by 16.4 m) with a 5.2- by 16.4-m switchgrass filter strip below the manured area. Yield of switchgrass from the manured area increased linearly with increasing manure rate in each year. Soil water samples collected at 46 or 91 cm below the soil surface on 30 dates indicated <3 mg L(-1) of NO(3)-N in all plots. Concentrations of total reactive P in surface runoff water were reduced an average of 47% for the 150 kg N rate and 76% for the 600 kg N rate in 1996 and 1997 after passing through the strip. Manure could effectively substitute for inorganic fertilizer in switchgrass biomass production with dual use of the switchgrass as a vegetative filter strip. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Agr Res & Ext Ctr, Stephenville, TX 76401 USA. Angelo State Univ, San Angelo, TX 76909 USA. RP Sanderson, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Bldg 3702 Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM Mas44@psu.edu OI Muir, James/0000-0003-1775-8072 NR 39 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 30 IS 1 BP 210 EP 216 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 396RB UT WOS:000166649400026 PM 11215655 ER PT J AU Guest, CA Johnston, CT King, JJ Alleman, JE Tishmack, JK Norton, LD AF Guest, CA Johnston, CT King, JJ Alleman, JE Tishmack, JK Norton, LD TI Chemical characterization of synthetic soil from composting coal combustion and pharmaceutical by-products SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID AUSTRALIAN FLY ASHES; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; PLANT UPTAKE; MIX; RESIDUES AB Land application of coal combustion by-products (CCBs) mixed with solid organic wastes (SOWs), such as municipal sewage sludge, has become increasingly popular as a means of productively using what were once considered waste products. Although bulk chemical and physical properties of several of these CCB-SOW materials have been reported, detailed information about their synthesis and mineralogy of the CCB-SOW materials has not been reported. In this paper, chemical and mineralogical properties of a soil-like material obtained from composting a mixture of CCBs with a pharmaceutical fermentation by-product (FB) were investigated at the laboratory and field scale. All starting materials and products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and elemental analyses. The results showed that the FB was strongly bound to the CCBs and could not be removed by washing. Within 2 wit of the start of a composting study, there was a rapid drop in pH from 12 to 8, an increase in temperature to 70 degreesC, and a reduction in the dissolved oxygen content. attributed to the rapid establishment of a highly active microbial population. Composting produced a soil-like material with high levels of plant nutrients, a high nutrient retention capacity, and metal contents similar to median levels of those metals reported for soils. The levels of boron and soluble salts are such that sensitive plants may initially show toxicity symptoms. However, with adequate rainfall, leaching should rapidly remove most of the B and soluble salts. With care, the material produced is safe for use as a synthetic topsoil. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Civil Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Eli Lilly & Co, Tippecanoe Labs, Lafayette, IN 47902 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Johnston, CT (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RI Johnston, Cliff/B-2215-2009 OI Johnston, Cliff/0000-0002-8462-9724 NR 38 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 30 IS 1 BP 246 EP 253 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 396RB UT WOS:000166649400031 PM 11215661 ER PT J AU Flite, OP Shannon, RD Schnabel, RR Parizek, RR AF Flite, OP Shannon, RD Schnabel, RR Parizek, RR TI Nitrate removal in a riparian wetland of the Appalachian Valley and ridge physiographic province SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER NITRATE; WATER NITRATE; FOREST; DENITRIFICATION; PATCHINESS; DYNAMICS; INPUTS; ZONES; SOILS AB Riparian zones within the Appalachian Valley and Ridge physiographic province are often characterized by localized variability in soil moisture and organic carbon content, as well as variability in the distribution of soils formed from alluvial and colluvial processes. These sources of variability may significantly influence denitrification rates. This investigation studied the attenuation of nitrate (NO3--N) as wastewater effluent flowed through the shallow ground water of a forested headwater riparian zone within the Appalachian Valley and Ridge physiographic province. Ground water now and NO3--N measurements indicated that NO3--N discharged to the riparian zone preferentially flowed through the A and B horizons of depressional wetlands located in relic meander scars, with NO3--N decreasing from >12 to <0.5 mg L-1, Denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) attributable to riparian zone location, soil horizon, and NO3--N amendments was also determined. Mean DEA in saturated soils attained values as high as 210 mug N kg(-1) h(-1), and was significantly higher than in unsaturated soils, regardless of horizon (p < 0.001), Denitrification enzyme activity in the shallow A horizon of wetland soils was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in deeper soils. Significant stimulation of DEA (p = 0.027) by NO3--N amendments occurred only in the meander scar soils receiving low NO3--N (<3.6 mg L-1) concentrations. Significant denitrification of high NO3--N ground water can occur in riparian wetland soils, but DEA is dependent upon localized differences in the degree of soil saturation and organic carbon content. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Environm Pollut Control Program, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Shannon, RD (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, 233 Agr Engn Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Ducey, Thomas/A-6493-2011 NR 30 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 30 IS 1 BP 254 EP 261 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 396RB UT WOS:000166649400032 PM 11215662 ER PT J AU Mitchell, ER Mayer, MS AF Mitchell, ER Mayer, MS TI Spodoptera exigua: Mating disruption, measurement of airborne concentration of pheromone, and use of specialist receptor cell responses for comparison to female pheromone emission SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES LA English DT Article DE beet armyworm; sex pheromone gland; gas chromatography; olfaction; receptor cells; antenna; behavior ID MOTH LOBESIA-BOTRANA; EPIPHYAS-POSTVITTANA LEPIDOPTERA; PINK-BOLLWORM LEPIDOPTERA; NIGRICANA F LEPIDOPTERA; LONG-LASTING DISPENSERS; TRICHOPLUSIA-NI HUBNER; SEX-PHEROMONE; DIAMONDBACK MOTH; AERIAL CONCENTRATIONS; PEA MOTH AB Field experiments were conducted to evaluate Shin-Etsu Yoto-con-S(R) 'rope' pheromone dispensers applied at different site densities in cotton to determine efficacy in disrupting sexual communication and mating of beet armyworm moths, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner); obtain atmospheric measurements of the disruptant pheromone components in and away from treated areas; and relate this information to estimates of the concentration of pheromone in the near vicinity of a calling virgin female moth. The number of pheromone-dispensing sites/ha ranged from 25 with 20 ropes/site up to a total of 247 sites with 2 ropes each. A total of 112 g pheromone of a 70:30 blend of (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1- ol acetate (ZETA) and (Z)-tetradecen-1-ol (Z9-14:OH) was applied/ ha. As few as 25 sites/ha effectively disrupted sexual communication by 91%, as measured by reductions of moth captures in traps baited with pheromone lures, and mating by beet armyworm females by 94% for at least 10 weeks post-treatment. The results compared favorably to an earlier large-scale field experiment in which beet armyworm larval populations were reduced 95% using 500 pheromone-dispensing sites/ha (two ropes/site) and 160 g total pheromone/ha. The airborne concentration of ZETA and Z9-14:OH measured within the pheromone-treated plots that disrupted mating was 1.5 x 10(-13) M and 1.2 x 10(-13) M, respectively. The airborne concentration of ZETA and Z9-14:OH in the vicinity of a female was estimated (by excision and electrophysiological methods) to range between 2.1 x 10(-11) M and 2.4 x 10(-12) M, respectively, in a 1.6 km / h (1 mph) wind speed. Thus, the average ZETA concentration in the treated plots was about 140 times less than that expected from a single female; the average Z9-14:OH in the treated plots was about 20 times less. The data support an argument that disruption of mating by beet armyworm resulted from an imbalance in sensory input because mating was almost completely disrupted in all of the plots for at least 10 weeks with a mixture of ZETA:Z9-14:OH that differed significantly with that from excised female sex pheromone glands. Estimates of these parameters provide a benchmark for the requisite pheromone concentration in the atmosphere to achieve a high level of mating disruption for beet armyworm and possibly other insect pest species. C1 USDA ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Mitchell, ER (reprint author), USDA ARS, CMAVE, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 38 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 8 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0360-1234 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL B JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B-Pestic. Contam. Agric. Wastes PY 2001 VL 36 IS 4 BP 467 EP 488 DI 10.1081/PFC-100104190 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 458AK UT WOS:000170170900009 PM 11495024 ER PT J AU Mostafa, FIY Helling, CS AF Mostafa, FIY Helling, CS TI Isoproturon degradation as affected by the growth of two algal species at different concentrations and pH values SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES LA English DT Article DE isoproturon; phenylurea herbicides; biodegradation; Chlorella; Anabaena ID HERBICIDE ISOPROTURON; SOIL; METABOLISM; BACTERIA; CULTURES; SYSTEMS; DIURON; WATER AB Metabolism of [C-14-u-phenyl]isoproturon [3- (4-isopropylphenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea] by two soil and freshwater microorganisms, green alga Chlorella kesslerei and cyanobacterium Anabaena inaequalis, was studied as a function of pH, pesticide concentration, and incubation time. Metabolized isoproturon, in the media, ranged from 0% (Chlorella at pH 5.5 after I d) to 22% (Anabaena at pH 5.5 after 10 d). Twenty-five percent faster degradation of isoproturon by Anabaena occurred at pH 5.5 versus pH 7.5, when measured over 10 d. Increased C-14 incorporation into tissue, with time and at lower pH, was due mainly to bioaccumulation of [C-14]isoproturon and/or its metabolites in the cells. Metabolic degradation resulted in four identifiable (by TLC) metabolites. Based on this, a degradation pathway is proposed, involving mono- and di-N-demethylation, hydroxylation of the isopropyl moiety, and hydrolysis to 4-isopropylaniline. Similarity in the metabolites produced suggests that the enzyme systems responsible for metabolizing isoproturon are almost identical in both photosynthetic micro-algae. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mostafa, FIY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 40 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0360-1234 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL B JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B-Pestic. Contam. Agric. Wastes PY 2001 VL 36 IS 6 BP 709 EP 727 DI 10.1081/PFC-100107406 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 493FE UT WOS:000172210700001 PM 11757732 ER PT J AU Phelps, KK Lindsay, DS Sumner, SS Fayer, R AF Phelps, KK Lindsay, DS Sumner, SS Fayer, R TI Immunohistochemistry based assay to determine the effects of treatments on Cryptosporidium parvum viability SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Workshop on Opportunistic Protists CY JUN 13-16, 2001 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Soc Protozoologists, Univ Cincinnati DE Cryptosporidium parvum; cell culture; viability; HCT-8 cells ID OUTBREAK; OOCYSTS; INFECTION; SURVIVAL AB Cell culture infectivity assays can provide an accurate means of detecting viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from environmental samples or to test the effects of carious treatments on oocyst infectivity. Cell culture assays can also tie used to test candidate chemotherapeutic agents. The use of a human cell line provides a situation close to human inflection. The present assay uses an primary antibody. combined with a biotinylated secondary antibody. and an immunoperoxidase detection system. Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts excysted in vitro when placed on monolayers of HCT-8 cells and developmental stages including schizonts and merozoites were visualized using light microscopy of the immunoperoxidase stained slides and by transmission electron microscopy of infected HCT-8 cell cultures. Because the immunoperoxidase system used gives a permanent preparation, the cell cultures can be retained and examined later. Dose titration of oocysts indicated that as few as 50 inoculated oocysts could be detected. The activity of paromomycin was evaluated in this system and 500 mug/ml produced a 97.8% reduction in infection. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Lindsay, DS (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PY 2001 SU S BP 40S EP 41S PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 531MN UT WOS:000174419300016 ER PT J AU Li, XD Fayer, R Trout, J Jenkins, M Palmer, R AF Li, XD Fayer, R Trout, J Jenkins, M Palmer, R TI Effects of gamma irradiation on the survival of Encephalitozoon intestinalis spores SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Workshop on Opportunistic Protists CY JUN 13-16, 2001 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Soc Protozoologists, Univ Cincinnati C1 ARS, USDA, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PY 2001 SU S BP 91S EP 91S PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 531MN UT WOS:000174419300035 ER PT J AU Lindsay, DS Phelps, KK Smith, SA Flick, G Sumner, SS Dubey, JP AF Lindsay, DS Phelps, KK Smith, SA Flick, G Sumner, SS Dubey, JP TI Removal of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts from sea water by eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Workshop on Opportunistic Protists CY JUN 13-16, 2001 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Soc Protozoologists, Univ Cincinnati DE eastern oyster; Crassostrea virginica; Toxoplasma gondii; marine mammals; oocyst; zoonosis ID CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; DOLPHIN; CYSTS AB Toxoplasma gondii infections have been reported in a number of marine mammals. Presently it is not known how these animals acquire T. gondii from their aquatic environment. The eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, has been shown to remove Cryptosporidium oocysts from seawater and a similar phenomenon may be occurring with T. gondii oocysts and marine invertebrates. The present study was done to determine if eastern oysters could remove and retain T. gondii oocysts from seawater. Oocysts of the VEG strain of T. gondii (1 x 10(6) oocysts) were placed in seawater (32 ppt NaCl) containing live eastern oysters. The infected seawater was removed one day postinoculation (PI) and replaced with fresh seawater. Selected oysters were removed at 1, 3 and 6 days PI. Hemolymph, gill washes, and oyster tissue were collected separately at each observation time. The oyster tissue was homogenized and all 3 samples fed separately to mice. Toxoplasma gondii positive mice were observed at each time period. The results indicate that T. gondii oocysts can be removed from seawater by eastern oysters and retain their infectivity. Contaminated raw oysters may serve as a source of T. gondii infection for marine mammals and humans. C1 Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Tech, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lindsay, DS (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 15 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PY 2001 SU S BP 197S EP 198S PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 531MN UT WOS:000174419300086 ER PT J AU Vadez, V Sinclair, TR AF Vadez, V Sinclair, TR TI Leaf ureide degradation and N-2 fixation tolerance to water deficit in soybean SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE N-2 fixation; soybeans; soil water deficit; ureide degradation; tolerance ID NITROGEN-FIXATION; DROUGHT; LEAVES; INHIBITION; SOIL AB Accumulation of ureides in leaves is associated with the sensitivity of N-2 fixation in soybean to soil water deficit. Consequently, ureide degradation in leaves may be a key to increasing soybean tolerance to dry soils. Previous research indicated that allantoic acid degradation is catalysed by different enzymes in cultivars Maple Arrow and Williams, The enzyme found in Williams requires manganese as a cofactor. The first objective of this study was to determine if the two degradation pathways were associated with differences in N-2 sensitivity to soil water deficits. N-2 fixation of Williams grown on low-Mn soil was sensitive to stress, but it was relatively tolerant when grown on soil amended with Mn. N-2 fixation in Maple Arrow was relatively tolerant of soil drying regardless of the Mn treatment. The second objective of this study was to expand the study of the degradation pathway to nine additional genotypes, Based on ureide degradation in the presence and absence of Mn, these genotypes also segregated for the two degradation pathways. Those genotypes with the Mn-dependent pathway tended to have drought-sensitive N-2 fixation, but there was one exception, The genotypes not requiring Mn for ureide degradation were drought-tolerant except for one genotype, These results demonstrated the possibility for increasing N-2 fixation tolerance to soil water deficits in soybean by selection of lines with high ureide degradation rates, which were commonly associated with the Mn-independent pathway. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Agron Physiol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Agron Physiol Lab, IFAS Bldg 350,2005 SW 23rd St,POB 110965, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Vadez, Vincent/C-5310-2014 OI Vadez, Vincent/0000-0003-2014-0281 NR 17 TC 43 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 52 IS 354 BP 153 EP 159 DI 10.1093/jexbot/52.354.153 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 409GZ UT WOS:000167377200018 PM 11181724 ER PT J AU Wells, SJ Fedorka-Cray, PJ Dargatz, DA Ferris, K Green, A AF Wells, SJ Fedorka-Cray, PJ Dargatz, DA Ferris, K Green, A TI Fecal shedding of Salmonella spp. by dairy cows on farm and at cull cow markets SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID SWINE; TYPHIMURIUM; TRANSMISSION; CHOLERAESUIS; PREVALENCE; CATTLE; PERSISTENCE; OUTBREAK AB As part of a national study of the U,S. dairy cow population, fecal samples were collected from representative cows on 91 dairies and 97 cull dairy cow markets in 19 states. Salmonella spp. were recovered from 5.4% of milk cows, 18.1% of milk cows expected to be culled within 7 days, and 14.9% of culled dairy cows at markets. On a premise basis, Salmonella shedding in milk cows was detected on 21.1% of dairies and 66% of cull dairy cow markets. The percentage of herds with at least one cow with detectable Salmonella fecal shedding was higher during the sampling period from May through July, in herds with at least 100 milk cows, and in herds in the South region. The most common Salmonella serogroups isolated were E (30.8% of isolates) and C1 (28.6%); the most common serotypes isolated were Salmonella Montevideo (21.5% of isolates), Salmonella Cerro (13,3%), and Salmonella Kentucky (8.5%). Fecal shedding of Salmonella Typhimurium or Salmonella Typhimurium var. copenhagen was infrequent (2.8% of isolates). Most isolates (88.9%) were susceptible to all 17 antimicrobials evaluated; multiple resistance was an infrequent occurrence. This study provides information describing the distribution of Salmonella fecal shedding from dairy cows on farm and at markets and will serve as a baseline for future studies. C1 Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin & Populat Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ctr Epidemiol, USDA, Vet Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ctr Anim Hlth, USDA, Vet Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Vet Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Wells, SJ (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin & Populat Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 40 TC 120 Z9 130 U1 2 U2 11 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 64 IS 1 BP 3 EP 11 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 392LV UT WOS:000166413300002 PM 11198437 ER PT J AU Hume, ME Nisbet, DJ Buckley, SA Ziprin, RL Anderson, RC Stanker, LH AF Hume, ME Nisbet, DJ Buckley, SA Ziprin, RL Anderson, RC Stanker, LH TI Inhibition of in vitro Salmonella typhimurium colonization in porcine cecal bacteria continuous-flow competitive exclusion cultures SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID CHICKS; MICROFLORA; INFECTION; SWINE AB Continuous-flow (CF) chemostate cultures were used as models to determine the potential usefulness of undefined porcine cecal bacteria as competitive exclusion (CE) cultures against colonization by Salmonella Typhimurium. One culture, pCF1, was derived from cecal bacteria of an animal maintained on antibiotic-free feed, while the other culture, pCF4, was derived from cecal bacteria of an animal maintained on feed containing chlortetracycline. The effectiveness against a chlortetracycline-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium was examined in CF cultures maintained in the absence (pCF1 and pCF4) and presence (cpCF1 and cpCF4) of chlortetracycline. CF cultures were inoculated with each of 10(2), 10(4), and 10(6) Salmonella Typhimurium CFU/mL. Chemostat inocula of 10(2) Salmonella CFU/ml resulted in no Salmonella Typhimurium being detected at 2 and 3 days postinoculation in pCF1 and pCF4, respectively, and after 2 days in both cpCF1 and cpCF4. Inoculations of 104 Salmonella Typhimurium CFU/ml resulted in clearance from pCF1 and pCF4 within 4 days and within 3 days from cpCF1 and cpCF4. Following inoculation with 106 CFU/ml, no Salmonella Typhimurium were detected in all CF cultures by 6 days postinoculation. The results indicated that in vitro CF cultures of porcine cecal bacteria were able to inhibit the growth of Salmonella Typhimurium. The ability to Limit Salmonella Typhimurium growth was not restricted by prior exposure of the cecal bacteria to the feed additive chlortetracycline. The present study demonstrates the potential application of CF cultures as models to aid in the identification of CE cultures against salmonellosis in pigs. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Hume, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 64 IS 1 BP 17 EP 22 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 392LV UT WOS:000166413300004 PM 11198435 ER PT J AU Glassmoyer, KE Russell, SM AF Glassmoyer, KE Russell, SM TI Evaluation of a selective broth for detection of Staphylococcus aureus using impedance microbiology SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article AB Experiments were conducted to evaluate a selective nutrient broth containing acriflavine and nalidixic acid for detection of Staphylococcus aureus using an impedance microbiological method. Nine species of bacteria, other than S. aureus, were evaluated using the selective broth to determine if these species could be inhibited. A total of 10 ppm of nalidixic acid inhibited the gram-negative species tested, with the exception of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Similarly, 10 ppm of acriflavine suppressed the Staphylococcus spp. examined; however, S. aureus retained the ability to proliferate. Nutrient broth solution containing 10 ppm of nalidixic acid and 10 ppm of acriflavine (S. aureus impedance broth [SIB]) inhibited multiplication of most of the bacterial species tested and allowed S. aureus to be detected in an average of 16.4 h. Fresh chicken carcass rinses and cooked chicken rinses were inoculated with Escherichia coli and S. aureus and assayed using SLE in conjunction with impedance. Results demonstrated that S. aureus could be detected in less than 11.5 h, although the presence of a coli decreased detection times. Additionally, impedance assays were conducted using five different poultry products to evaluate the sensitivity of the broth for detecting S. aureus. S. aureus could be detected on poultry products when present at low levels (10(1) CFU/ml) in less than 24 h. These studies demonstrated that SIE may be used in conjunction with impedance for rapid detection of S. aureus. However, without further modification, this method should not be used for enumeration of S. aureus from samples containing mixed microflora. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Russell, SM (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 64 IS 1 BP 44 EP 50 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 392LV UT WOS:000166413300008 PM 11198440 ER PT J AU Kang, DH Koohmaraie, M Dorsa, WJ Siragusa, GR AF Kang, DH Koohmaraie, M Dorsa, WJ Siragusa, GR TI Development of a multiple-step process for the microbial decontamination of beef trim SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; HOT-WATER DECONTAMINATION; TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; ANIMAL CARCASSES; ORGANIC-ACIDS; ACETIC-ACID; SURFACES; REDUCTION; TISSUE AB A multiple-hurdle antimicrobial process for beef trim was developed. The microbial profiles of inoculated lean beef trim tissue (BTL) and fat-covered lean beef trim (BTF) were monitored during prolonged refrigerated storage following the application of successive multiple antimicrobial treatments applied to inoculated beef trim on a processing conveyor belt set at a belt speed of 1 cm/s. Beef trim (meat size approximately 15 by 15 cm) was preinoculated with bovine feces before all treatments that included the following: control, no treatment; water wash at 65 psi for five passes; water plus lactic acid (2% [vol/vol] room temperature lactic acid wash at 30 psi for three passes); combination treatment 1 (water plus 65 degreesC hot water at 30 psi for one pass plus hot air at 510 degreesC for four passes plus lactic acid), combination treatment 2 (water plus hot water at 82 degreesC for one pass plus hot air at 510 degreesC for five passes plus lactic acid), and combination treatment 3 (water plus hot water at 82 degreesC for three passes plus hot air at 510 degreesC for six passes plus lactic acid). The effects of treatments on bacterial populations were monitored by enumerating mesophilic aerobic bacteria (APC), presumptive lactic acid bacteria (PLAB), psychrotrophic bacteria (PCT), coliforms, and Escherichia coli biotype 1 on product stored for up to 7 days at 4 degreesC. In the case of BTL, the numbers of APC, PCT, and PLAB increased during storage at 5 degreesC, whereas the numbers of coliform and E. coli decreased on average by 1.8 log CFU/cm(2), then remained constant following the initial reduction. Negligible effects on color quality were observed from multihurdle treatment combination 1. In the case of the BTE the microbial reductions by treatments were much greater than the reduction on BTL. The pH of treated BTF increased more slowly than the pH of treated BTL, resulting in further reduction of the microflora on BTF. Except for control and water treatments, all sample treatments involving lactic acid resulted in continuously decreasing microbial populations. Based on microbial reduction and quality aspects, it was concluded that successively applied combination antimicrobial treatments for meat trim could offer potential food safety benefits. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Koohmaraie, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 31 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 64 IS 1 BP 63 EP 71 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 392LV UT WOS:000166413300011 PM 11198443 ER PT J AU Seo, KH Mitchell, BW Holt, PS Gast, RK AF Seo, KH Mitchell, BW Holt, PS Gast, RK TI Bactericidal effects of negative air ions on airborne and surface Salmonella enteritidis from an artificially generated aerosol SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; TRANSMISSION; TYPHIMURIUM; SURVIVAL; EGGS; CONTAMINATION; HATCHABILITY; DISINFECTION; IONIZATION; CHICKS AB The bactericidal effect of high levels of negative ions was studied using a custom-built electrostatic space charge device. To investigate whether the ion-enriched air exerted a bactericidal effect, an aerosol containing Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) was pumped into a sealed plastic chamber. Plates of XLT4 agar were attached to the walls, top, and bottom of the chamber and exposed to the aerosol for 3 h with and without the ionizer treatment. The plates were then removed from the chamber, incubated at 37 degreesC for 24 h, and colonies were counted. An average of greater than 10(3) CFU/plate were observed on plates exposed to the aerosol without the ionizer treatment (control) compared with an average of less than 53 CFU/plate on the ionizer-treated plates. in another series of experiments, the SE aerosol was pumped for 3 h into an empty chamber containing only the ionizer and allowed to collect on the internal surfaces. The inside surfaces of the chamber were then rinsed with 100 mi phosphate-buffered saline that was then plated onto XLT4 plates. While the rinse from the control chamber contained colony counts greater than 400 CFU/ml of wash, no colonies were found in the rinse from the ionizer-treatment chamber. These results indicate that high levels of negative air ions can have a significant impact on the airborne microbial load, and that most of this effect is through direct killing of the organisms. This technology, which also causes significant reduction in airborne dust, has already been successfully applied for poultry hatching cabinets and caged layer rooms. Other potential applications include any enclosed space such as food processing areas, medical institutions, the workplace, and the home, where reduction of airborne and surface pathogens is desired. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Holt, PS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 34 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 11 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 64 IS 1 BP 113 EP 116 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 392LV UT WOS:000166413300019 PM 11198431 ER PT J AU Shih, FF Daigle, KW Clawson, EL AF Shih, FF Daigle, KW Clawson, EL TI Development of low oil-uptake donuts SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE donut; low-oil uptake; firmness; moisture ID PROTEIN; BATTERS AB Reduced oil donuts are one goal of the donut industry. In this investigation, donuts were developed using wheat flour and various additives. Donut properties were analyzed including dough consistency (DC), firmness (FN), moisture content (MC), and oil uptake (OU). Replacement of wheat flour with long-grain or waxy rice hour resulted in lower DC and MC, and higher FN and OU. Replacement with gelatinized rice flour or acetylated rice starch resulted in generally higher DC, MC and FN and lower OU. Donuts formulated with wheat flour and up to 50% gelatinized rice flour were comparable to wheat donuts in general characteristics but as much as 64% lower in oil uptake. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Shih, FF (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 13 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 4 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 66 IS 1 BP 141 EP 144 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 413BR UT WOS:000167590500026 ER PT J AU Juneja, VK Eblen, BS Ransom, GM AF Juneja, VK Eblen, BS Ransom, GM TI Thermal inactivation of Salmonella spp. in chicken broth, beef, pork, turkey, and chicken: Determination of D- and Z-values SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE heat resistance; Salmonella; beef; pork; turkey; chicken ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; SENFTENBERG; ENZYMES; MEAT AB The heat resistance of 35 Salmonella strains was determined at 55 to 65 degreesC. No correlation between the heat resistance and the origin of the Salmonella spp. could be established. D-values in chicken broth, using a linear regression, of an 8 Salmonella serotype cocktail were 4.87, 2.72, 1.30, and 0.41 min at 55, 58, 60 and 62 degreesC, respectively. Using a linear model, the D-values ranged from 4.86 min at 55 degreesC to 0.38 min at 62 degreesC. When the 8 Salmonella serotype cocktail was heated in meat, D-values at the common test temperatures of 58 and 60 degreesC calculated by both approaches were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those observed in chicken broth. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. USDA, Food Safety Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Juneja, VK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 22 TC 84 Z9 87 U1 5 U2 17 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 66 IS 1 BP 146 EP 152 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 413BR UT WOS:000167590500027 ER PT J AU Lu, Z Fleming, HP McFeeters, RF AF Lu, Z Fleming, HP McFeeters, RF TI Differential glucose and fructose utilization during cucumber juice fermentation SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE lactic acid bacteria; lactic acid; cucumber; fermentable sugars ID LACTOBACILLUS-PLANTARUM; PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE SYSTEM; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE; GROWTH; BACTERIA; CULTURE; STRAINS; PH AB Glucose (32 mM) and fructose (36 mM) of cucumber juice were degraded simultaneously by Lactobacillus plantarum, but at different rates and extents. Glucose depletion was slightly more rapid than fructose during the exponential growth phase, but slower thereafter and stopped before exhaustion. In contrast, fructose degradation continued until all naturally present fructose was exhausted. When cucumber juice was supplemented with fructose and/or glucose, the starter culture continued to ferment fructose, but not glucose, resulting in an increase in lactic acid production and a decrease in terminal pH. Fructose utilization was not affected by the presence of glucose, but the presence of fructose reduced glucose utilization. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Fleming, HP (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 35 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 66 IS 1 BP 162 EP 166 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 413BR UT WOS:000167590500030 ER PT J AU Sanchez, FG Eaton, RJ AF Sanchez, FG Eaton, RJ TI Sequestering carbon & improving soils - Benefits of mulching and incorporating forest slash SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE carbon forestry; plantation forestry; soils ID MICROARTHROPODS AB Restoring the carbon and nutrient capital of degraded soils is an important goal for forest land managers in the southern United States. Models and preliminary field studies on loblolly pine indicate that incorporating slash into forest soil improves nutrients and carbon accumulation. Model simulations describe the potential to sequester carbon in soil, biomass, and wood products. The anticipated increases in carbon sequestered provide an opportunity for significant mitigation of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Moreover, the changes in soil properties, including better aeration, improved the environment for seed ring survival and growth. C1 US Forest Serv, Soils Res Unit, So Res Stn, USDA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Sanchez, FG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Soils Res Unit, So Res Stn, USDA, POB 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 99 IS 1 BP 32 EP 36 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 418PE UT WOS:000167899900007 ER PT J AU Li, H Keller, J Knowles, DP Crawford, TB AF Li, H Keller, J Knowles, DP Crawford, TB TI Recognition of another member of the malignant catarrhal fever virus group: an endemic gammaherpesvirus in domestic goats SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; OVINE HERPESVIRUS-2; PCR DETECTION; HERPES-VIRUS; SHEEP; RUMINANTS; ANTIBODY; DNA AB A novel gammaherpesvirus in goats that is herein tentatively designated as caprine herpesvirus-2 was identified based on the sequence of a fragment from the herpesvirus DNA polymerase gene. Sequence alignment analysis revealed that the virus sequence isolated from goats was 67% identical to the homologous sequence from alcelaphine herpesvirus-1, 71% identical to ovine herpesvirus-2 and 73% identical to a recently recognized herpesvirus causing malignant catarrhal fever in white-tailed deer. Combined serological and PCR-survey data demonstrated that this virus is endemic in goats and its transmission pattern may be similar to that of ovine herpesvirus-2 in sheep. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Inst, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Li, H (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Inst, 3003 ADBF, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 29 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 82 BP 227 EP 232 PN 1 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 388XP UT WOS:000166208600025 PM 11125175 ER PT J AU Birkeland, KW AF Birkeland, KW TI Spatial patterns of snow stability throughout a small mountain range SO JOURNAL OF GLACIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; AVALANCHE; INDEX AB This research investigates snow stability on the eastern side of a small mountain range in southwest Montana, U.S.A., on one mid-season clay arid one late-season day during the 1996/97 winter. Although previous research has addressed snow stability at smaller spatial scales, this is the first field-based study to investigate snow stability (as measured by stability tests) over a mountain range in order to better understand its spatial distribution and the implications for predicting dry-slab avalanches. Using helicopter access, six two-person sampling teams collected data from over 70 sites oil each of the two sampling days. Variables for terrain, snowpack, snow strength arid snow stability were generated from the field data, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis and multiple regression. Results from the First sampling day show stability is only weakly linked to terrain, snowpack and snow-strength variables due to consistently stormy weather conditions leading up to that day. The second Field day's results demonstrate a stronger relationship between stability and the other variables due to more variable weather conditions that ranged from periods of sunshine to storms. On both days stability decreased on high-elevation, northerly-facing slopes. The data-structure complexity provides insights into the difficulties faced by both scientists and conventional avalanche forecasters in predicting snow avalanches. C1 US Forest Serv, Natl Avalanche Ctr, Bozeman, MT 59771 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Birkeland, KW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Natl Avalanche Ctr, POB 130, Bozeman, MT 59771 USA. NR 38 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 6 PU INT GLACIOL SOC PI CAMBRIDGE PA LENSFIELD RD, CAMBRIDGE CB2 1ER, ENGLAND SN 0022-1430 J9 J GLACIOL JI J. Glaciol. PY 2001 VL 47 IS 157 BP 176 EP 186 DI 10.3189/172756501781832250 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 503DU UT WOS:000172783800002 ER PT J AU Dogramaci-Altuntepe, M Peterson, TS Jauhar, PP AF Dogramaci-Altuntepe, M Peterson, TS Jauhar, PP TI Anther culture-derived regenerants of durum wheat and their cytological characterization SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; SOMACLONAL VARIATION; MICROSPORE CULTURE; BARLEY MICROSPORES; HAPLOID PRODUCTION; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; MEDIA; RESPONSES; INDUCTION; POLLEN AB Anther culture is being increasingly used in cereal crop improvement both as a source of haploids and for inducing new genetic variation. We studied the androgenetic ability and regenerability of 10 cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L., 2n = 4x = 28; AABB), using three different growth conditions and four media, From a total of 86,400 anthers cultured, 324 plants were obtained: 248 green and 76 albino. Genotype, growth condition, and media significantly affected anther response and callus production; interactions were also significant. Green plant regeneration was influenced significantly by genotype and growth condition, as well as by genotype and growth condition interactions. Albino plant regeneration was significantly affected only by growth condition. Regenerants showed gametoclonal/ somaclonal variation. Differences in morphology, growth habit, adult plant height, spike size, and development of spikes at nodes were observed, Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes were studied by conventional staining and fluorescent genomic in situ hybridization techniques, Chromosome numbers of the regenerants ranged from 14 to 70. All 76 haploid plantlets (2n = 2x = 14; AB) were albino. Some of the 28-chromosome regenerants were also albino. Chromosome number in the green plantlets ranged from 28 to 70. Chromosome number also varied in regenerants originating from the same callus. Both intergenomic and intragenomic multivalents were observed. An interesting feature was the preferential multiplication of B-genome chromosomes, which formed multivalents (trivalents, quadrivalents, and hexavalents). We observed several chromosomal abnormalities, which seemed to increase with the level of polyploidy. Translocations, dicentric chromosomes, chromatid exchanges, and Robertsonian translocations involving the A- and B-genome chromosomes were observed. Chromosome breakages resulting in centric and acentric fragments, and telocentrics were observed. Chromosome multiplication and structural aberrations induced during culture may constitute the bases of gametoclonal and somaclonal variations. C1 ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, Dr Jauhars Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Jauhar, PP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, Dr Jauhars Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 35 TC 17 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 92 IS 1 BP 56 EP 64 DI 10.1093/jhered/92.1.56 PG 9 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 426GU UT WOS:000168342100009 PM 11336230 ER PT J AU Aung, LH Jenner, JF Houck, LG AF Aung, LH Jenner, JF Houck, LG TI Heat shock induced changes in exocarp soluble sugars of lemons from two climatic regions SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DESERT LEMONS; ABSCISIC-ACID; FRUITS; TEMPERATURE; PROTEINS; CITRUS; PLANTS AB Investigations were conducted to ascertain whether the 55 degreesC heat shock induced changes in soluble sugars of the exocarp (flavedo) of lemons, Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F., derived from two distinct climatic growing regions. The exocarp sugars of coastal- and desert-grown lemons were quantitatively different, but both geographically different lemons responded with sucrose increases to 55 degreesC heat shock of >3 min duration. However, the responses were influenced by fruit maturity and seasonal factors. When comparing the response of coastal- and desert-grown lemons to heat shock treatment, the exocarp sucrose levels were noteworthy. Heat shock significantly increased sucrose level of early-season coastal lemon more than mid- to late-season lemons. In contrast, late-season desert lemon showed a striking response to the heat shock treatment, with a greater increase in sucrose than mid- and early-season lemons. These results suggest a physiological basis for the differential responses to heat treatment of lemons from different geographical regions. The concomitant decreases of glucose and fructose and the sucrose increase with heat shock implied that the sucrose increase may be derived by synthesis from glucose and fructose. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Aung, LH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU HEADLEY BROTHERS LTD PI ASHFORD PA INVICTA PRESS, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN24 8HH SN 0022-1589 J9 J HORTIC SCI BIOTECH JI J. Horticult. Sci. Biotechnol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 76 IS 1 BP 107 EP 111 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 398ZW UT WOS:000166787200018 ER PT J AU Hanson, CL Burgess, MD Windom, JD Hartzmann, RJ AF Hanson, CL Burgess, MD Windom, JD Hartzmann, RJ TI New weighing mechanism for precipitation gauges SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB Recently developed integrated circuit technology and new reliable load-cell scales have made it possible to develop a battery-operated weighing system to measure and record precipitation electronically on a continuous basis. This system was developed to replace the spring scale and chart and/or potentiometer system that is generally used in the Universal Recording Rain gauge. The load-cell scale system records and stores the depth of water in the collecting receiver at least every 15 min, or as often as every 1 min if 0.25 nun of precipitation has fallen during the 1-min period. These data are later telemetered to a central data storage facility. A laboratory calibration of the load-cell scale showed a very good linear relationship between load-cell output voltage and the weight of water in the receiver. There was no apparent hysteresis shown in the output between loading and unloading the receiver. This load-cell scale is ideal for remote locations because the circuitry draws very little quiescent current and a small solar panel keeps the system's 12-V battery fully charged. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Hanson, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Park Blvd,Plaza IV,Ste 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 6 IS 1 BP 75 EP 77 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2001)6:1(75) PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 479YJ UT WOS:000171431500010 ER PT J AU Drusch, M Wood, EF Jackson, TJ AF Drusch, M Wood, EF Jackson, TJ TI Vegetative and atmospheric corrections for the soil moisture retrieval from passive microwave remote sensing data: Results from the Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment 1997 SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLOUD LIQUID WATER; INFRARED SATELLITE MEASUREMENTS; EMISSION; MODEL; GHZ AB A radiative transfer model and data from the Southern Great Plains 1997 Hydrology Experiment were used to analyze the dependency of surface emissivity retrieval at 19 GHz on atmospheric and vegetative effects. Volumetric soil moisture obtained from ground measurements in the Central Facility area that show a dynamic range of 25% was highly correlated with the corresponding L-band electronically steered thinned array radiometer (ESTAR) 1.4-GHz and Special Sensor Microwave Imager 19-GHz brightness temperatures. For the Little Washita area, only the ESTAR measurements were well correlated with volumetric soil moisture. Atmospheric corrections, which were calculated from collocated radiosonde measurements, did not improve the soil moisture retrieval significantly. However, a sensitivity study at 19 GHz using a larger dataset of 241 radiosonde ascents indicates that the variability in integrated atmospheric water vapor introduces variations of 0.023 in surface emissivity. This value is similar to 36% of the variability caused by changes in soil moisture. Therefore, atmospheric corrections should generally improve the soil moisture retrieval at 19 GHz. Different water vapor absorption schemes and absorption by nonraining clouds do not affect this result. Even for sparse vegetation (vegetation water content of 0.33 kg m(-2)), the effect on soil emissivity retrieval is significant. Because of the lack of appropriate data for vegetation cover and single scattering albedo, the effects of the vegetation had to be estimated. Within a reasonable parameter range they were comparable to the effects caused by soil moisture changes. To quantify the effect of surface emissivity changes on integrated water vapor retrieval, brightness temperatures were modeled using actual soil and atmospheric parameters. The radiative transfer equation was then inverted with respect to the atmospheric contribution using an average value for the surface emissivity. An uncertainty of 5% in volumetric soil moisture caused an error of 30 kg m(-2) in integrated water vapor. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Drusch, M (reprint author), Univ Bonn, Inst Meteorol, Hugel 20, D-53121 Bonn, Germany. OI Wood, Eric/0000-0001-7037-9675 NR 34 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PY 2001 VL 2 IS 2 BP 181 EP 192 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0181:VAACFT>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 418AT UT WOS:000167868200005 ER PT J AU Marks, D Winstral, A AF Marks, D Winstral, A TI Comparison of snow deposition, the snow cover energy balance, and snowmelt at two sites in a semiarid mountain basin SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID TEMPORALLY VARYING SNOWMELT; RESIDUE-SOIL SYSTEM; BOREAL FOREST; SUBSURFACE FLOW; SPECTRAL ALBEDO; ALPINE REGION; SIERRA-NEVADA; MODEL; SIMULATION; SURFACE AB Significant differences in snow deposition, development of the seasonal snow cover, and the timing of melt can occur over small spatial distances because of differences in topographically controlled wind exposure and canopy cover. To capture important intrabasin hydrological processes related to heterogeneous snow cover and energy inputs, models must explicitly account for these differences. The "SNOBAL'' point snow cover energy and mass balance model is used to evaluate differences in snow cover energy and mass balance at two sites in a small headwater drainage of the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed (RCEW) in the Owyhee Mountains of southwestern Idaho. Though these sites are separated by only 350 m, they are located in distinctly different snow cover regimes. The "ridge'' site (elevation 2097 m) is located on a broad shelf on the southern ridge of RCEW, and the "grove'' site (elevation 2061 m) is sheltered by topography and forest canopy in a grove of aspen and fir trees just in the lee of the ridge on which the ridge site is located. Precipitation and climate data from these sites were used to drive SNOBAL for three water years: the 1984 water year, the largest discharge year on record; the 1992 water year, the smallest discharge year on record; and the very windy 1999 water year. Simulated energy balance during meltout at the ridge site was dominated by sensible heat flux; at the grove site the primary energy input during meltout was net allwave radiation. Comparison of total annual snowmelt with measured stream discharge from this headwater drainage showed that neither site adequately represented the basin input of water in any of the model years. This analysis details the disparity in energy and mass fluxes during the snow accumulation and ablation cycle between two proximal sites, illustrating the importance of understanding and spatially accounting for variable energy inputs and snow deposition patterns. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Marks, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 43 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PY 2001 VL 2 IS 3 BP 213 EP 227 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0213:COSDTS>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 447DQ UT WOS:000169554900001 ER PT J AU Kustas, WP Jackson, TJ French, AN MacPherson, JI AF Kustas, WP Jackson, TJ French, AN MacPherson, JI TI Verification of patch- and regional-scale energy balance estimates derived from microwave and optical remote sensing during SGP97 SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOIL-WATER CONTENT; ESTIMATING SURFACE FLUXES; BARE-SOIL; SENSED DATA; HYDROLOGY EXPERIMENT; VEGETATION INDEXES; SEQUENTIAL ASSIMILATION; PENMAN-MONTEITH; AREA INDEX; WASHITA 92 AB The 1997 Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment (SGP97) was designed and conducted to extend surface soil moisture retrieval algorithms based on passive microwave observations to coarser resolutions, larger regions with more diverse conditions, and longer time periods. The L-band Electronically Scanned Thinned Array Radiometer (ESTAR) on an airborne platform was used for daily mapping of surface soil moisture over an area of approximately 40 km x 260 km for a 1-month period. Results showed that the soil moisture retrieval algorithm performed the same as in previous investigations, demonstrating consistency of both the retrieval and the instrument. This soil moisture product at 800-m pixel resolution together with land use and fractional vegetation cover information is used in a remote sensing model for computing spatially distributed fluxes over the SGP97 domain. Validation of the model output is performed at the patch scale using tower-based measurements and at regional scale using aircraft flux observations. Comparisons at the patch scale yielded discrepancies between model- and tower-based sensible and latent heat fluxes of 40% and 20%, respectively. At regional scales, differences between modeled and aircraft-based sensible and latent heat fluxes were less, on the order of 30% and 15%, respectively. A preliminary comparison of regional average energy fluxes with a model using remotely sensed temperatures was conducted and yielded good agreement. The utility of spatially distributed energy flux and model- simulated surface temperature maps over the SGP97 region is discussed. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Aerosp Res, Ottawa, ON, Canada. RP Kustas, WP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Bldg 007,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM bkustas@hydrolab.arsusda.gov NR 69 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X EI 1525-7541 J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PY 2001 VL 2 IS 3 BP 254 EP 273 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2001)002<0254:VOPARS>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 447DQ UT WOS:000169554900004 ER PT J AU Mayer, MS AF Mayer, MS TI Nomographic correspondence between specialist cell responses, electroantennograms and the probability of behavioral response: the importance of comparable stimuli and a benchmark SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cabbage looper; neurobiology; brain; olfaction; sex pheromone; antenna; EAG; behavior; single cell; electrophysiology ID MALE TRICHOPLUSIA-NI; INSECT SEX-PHEROMONES; CABBAGE-LOOPER MOTH; RECEPTOR NEURONS; RUBBER SEPTA; NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES; MULTICOMPONENT PHEROMONES; EVAPORATION RATES; ANTENNAL NEURONS; NOCTUID MOTHS AB Responses from single receptor cells, electroantennograms (EAGs) and the proportion of upwind flight in a wind tunnel elicited by graded stimulus strengths of (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (Z7-12:Ac) were measured from male cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). The approach that was taken to illustrate the relationship between these three measures on the same scale was to express the airborne stimulus strength for all three measures in molar units. A collateral discovery was finding a linear relationship between spiking activity in the receptor cells and the proportion of the first two stages of upwind flight behavior. Two validations corroborate the approach. The first of these demonstrates that, with only three exceptions, there is agreement between behavioral and electrophysiological measures from several laboratories. At the same time, there is a demonstration highlighting the importance of the use of a stimulus benchmark in establishing the relevancy of an experimental stimulus strength to a natural context. The second validation shows that both electrophysiological and behavioral data can be used to estimate the same emission rate of Z7-12:Ac at low dosages from filter paper. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Mayer, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 47 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 47 IS 1 BP 19 EP 29 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(00)00097-4 PG 11 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 374TU UT WOS:000165361100003 ER PT J AU Siegel, JP AF Siegel, JP TI The mammalian safety of Bacillus thuringiensis-based insecticides SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Bacillus thuringiensis; mammalian safety; infection of animals and man; Bacillus cereus enterotoxins; persistence of spores; clearance of spores ID CEREUS; STRAINS; MICE; ENTEROTOXIN; ISRAELENSIS; PESTICIDES; RESPONSES; INFECTION; TOXICITY AB United States Environmental Protection Agency between the years 1961 and 1995 registered 177 products containing viable Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Numerous laboratory studies have demonstrated that Bt and Bt products are noninfectious and are toxic to mammals only at a dose greater than or equal to 10(8) colony forming units (cfu) per mouse (a human equivalent based on the weight of >10(11) cfu), In contrast, as few as three vegetative cells of Bacillus anthracis can kill mice (a human equivalent of >10(3) cfu), There are only two literature reports of Bt infection in man between the year 1997 and the present, and all infected individuals had experienced either extensive burns or a blast injury, which predisposed them to infection. Two epidemiology studies conducted during large-scale aerial Bt serovar kurstaki spray campaigns reported no increased incidence of illness, Some recent papers have expressed concern about the production of Bacillus cereus enterotoxins by Bt isolates, Laboratory studies found no evidence of illness in rats and sheep fed Bt products, nor have epidemiology studies found increased incidence of diarrhea during Bt aerial spray campaigns, Increases in human antibody levels following exposure to Bt products have been reported but there was no increased incidence in asthma or other illness, Based on laboratory studies and field experience, Bt insecticides have an excellent safety record. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Ctr, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Siegel, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Ctr, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 42 TC 101 Z9 116 U1 1 U2 23 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 77 IS 1 BP 13 EP 21 DI 10.1006/jipa.2000.5000 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 402RH UT WOS:000167001600002 PM 11161988 ER PT J AU Hunter, WB Polston, JE AF Hunter, WB Polston, JE TI Development of a continuous whitefly cell line [Homoptera : Aleyrodidae : Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)] for the study of begomovirus SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia tabaci; B. argentifolii; begomovirus; cell culture; geminivirus; insect vector; whiteflies ID GEMINIVIRUSES; TOMATO; VIRUS AB The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a widely distributed pest of many important food and fiber crops, This whitefly is also a vector of more than 70 plant-infecting viruses. A cell line was established in vitro using embryonic tissues from the eggs of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), B biotype (pseudonym B, argentifolii Bellows & Perring), and referred to as 'Btb(Ba)97, Hunter-Polston', Cell cultures were successfully inoculated with begomovirus (BGMV and ToMoV)-infected tomato plant sap. Embryonic tissues were seeded into Kimura's modified medium and kept at a temperature of 24 degreesC. Continuous cell cultures were established and have since undergone 92 passages in 25-cm(2) flasks. Cell doubling time is approximately 3 days and the cells have been successfully revived after 1 year after storage at -80 degreesC, The cell population is monolayers of predominately fibroblast with some epithelial cells. Begomoviruses (bean golden mosaic begomovirus, BGMV, and tomato mottle begomovirus, ToMoV) were inoculated to the cell cultures independently and detected by labeling by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. The viruses were detected bound to the cell membranes and within the cell cytoplasm, This is the first report of a continuous cell line established from a species of whitefly and its inoculation with two begomoviruses. The successful inoculation of whitefly cell cultures with begomoviruses shown in our results represents great promise for the development of systems that allow researchers to achieve a better understanding of the complex relationship between begomoviruses and their whitefly vectors. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Univ Florida, Gulf Coast Res & Educ Ctr, Bradenton, FL 34203 USA. RP Hunter, WB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 77 IS 1 BP 33 EP 36 DI 10.1006/jipa.2000.4993 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 402RH UT WOS:000167001600005 PM 11161991 ER PT J AU Vogt, CA Stewart, SI AF Vogt, CA Stewart, SI TI Response problems in a vacation panel study SO JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE survey research; longitudinal research; attrition; non-response; travel diary ID RECREATION; EXPERIENCE; TIME AB This paper investigates response problems encountered in a panel study of travel behavior. Though the overall response rate to the three-wave panel study was acceptable lover 60%), three types of response problems were encountered: refusal, non-response, and attrition. In a follow-up phone survey, a sample of individuals from each problem response group was questioned about their study participation and travel behavior Results indicate that those who outright refused any participation in the study were most different from panel respondents and other partial-respondents, in terms of travel behavior. This study reveals problems that leisure researchers must address to generate high participation and response in panel studies. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Pk Recreat & Tourism Resources, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Vogt, CA (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Pk Recreat & Tourism Resources, 131 Nat Resources Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RECREATION PARK ASSN PI ARLINGTON PA 2775 S. QUINCY STREET SUITE 300, ARLINGTON, VA 22206-2204 USA SN 0022-2216 J9 J LEISURE RES JI J. Leis. Res. PY 2001 VL 33 IS 1 BP 91 EP 105 PG 15 WC Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Sociology SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Sociology GA 441MP UT WOS:000169234400005 ER PT J AU Farnell, MB Crippen, TC He, H Kogut, MH AF Farnell, MB Crippen, TC He, H Kogut, MH TI Oxidative burst by toll like receptors (TLR) and CD14 in avian heterophils stimulated with bacterial components SO JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, So Plains Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0741-5400 J9 J LEUKOCYTE BIOL JI J. Leukoc. Biol. PY 2001 SU S MA 84 BP 38 EP 38 PG 1 WC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology GA 480UY UT WOS:000171482200084 ER PT J AU He, H Farnell, MB Crippen, TL Kogut, MH AF He, H Farnell, MB Crippen, TL Kogut, MH TI Activation of chicken immune cells by unmethylated CpG dinucleotide motif of bacterial DNA SO JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Plain Agr Res Ctr, Food & Food Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0741-5400 J9 J LEUKOCYTE BIOL JI J. Leukoc. Biol. PY 2001 SU S MA 85 BP 38 EP 38 PG 1 WC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology GA 480UY UT WOS:000171482200085 ER PT J AU Crippen, TL Ripley, LH Farnell, MB Lowry, VK Sheffield, CL Kogut, MH AF Crippen, TL Ripley, LH Farnell, MB Lowry, VK Sheffield, CL Kogut, MH TI Differential nitric oxide production by immune cells of chickens SO JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, SPARC, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0741-5400 J9 J LEUKOCYTE BIOL JI J. Leukoc. Biol. PY 2001 SU S MA 115 BP 45 EP 45 PG 1 WC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology GA 480UY UT WOS:000171482200115 ER PT J AU Chitko-McKown, CG Laegreid, WW Heaton, MP AF Chitko-McKown, CG Laegreid, WW Heaton, MP TI Distribution of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) haplotypes in US beef cattle. SO JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0741-5400 J9 J LEUKOCYTE BIOL JI J. Leukoc. Biol. PY 2001 SU S MA 206 BP 65 EP 65 PG 1 WC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology GA 480UY UT WOS:000171482200206 ER PT J AU Swaggerty, CL Farnell, MB Kogut, MH AF Swaggerty, CL Farnell, MB Kogut, MH TI Differential bactericidal functions stimulated by the activation of Toll-like receptors in chicken heterophils SO JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, SPARC, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0741-5400 J9 J LEUKOCYTE BIOL JI J. Leukoc. Biol. PY 2001 SU S MA 208 BP 66 EP 66 PG 1 WC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology GA 480UY UT WOS:000171482200208 ER PT J AU Eicher, SD McKee, CA Carroll, JA Johnson, TR AF Eicher, SD McKee, CA Carroll, JA Johnson, TR TI Oral ascorbic acid and beta-glucan affect cytokine expression differently after an LPS challenge. SO JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0741-5400 J9 J LEUKOCYTE BIOL JI J. Leukoc. Biol. PY 2001 SU S MA 293 BP 85 EP 86 PG 2 WC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology GA 480UY UT WOS:000171482200293 ER PT J AU Neff, WE Byrdwell, WC List, GR AF Neff, WE Byrdwell, WC List, GR TI Triacylglycerol structures of food fats high in saturated acids by HPLC and mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CANOLA OIL TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; OXIDATIVE STABILITY; SOYBEAN OIL; MARGARINE; BLENDS; INTERESTERIFICATION; TRIGLYCERIDES AB Triacylglycerol (TAG) compositions by area percent were obtained by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) of highly saturated fatty acid fats, such as coconut, cocoa butter, palm, randomized palm, palm olein, and randomized palm olein oils. Accurate identification and quantitation of these TAG compositions were obtained and proved by comparison of the fatty acid composition calculated from the TAG composition obtained by APCI-MS with the fatty acid composition obtained by gas chromatography of the methyl esters of the transmethylated oils. Also, APCI-MS accuracy was proved by comparison of the experimental TAG composition with the predicted TAG composition for randomized oils. Average absolute errors, with respect to TAG quantitation and identification, were less than 1%. Our study identified and quantitated these TAGs present at greater than 0.1% (oil, number of TAGs): coconut, 99; palm, 27; randomized palm, 28; palm olein, 28; randomized palm olein, 29, and cocoa butter, 19. Concentrations of UUU, UUS, USS, and SSS TAGs, which can be determined accurately from RP-HPLC/APCI-MS of the actual TAG species, affected the physical properties of food formulation fats. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Neff, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Byrdwell, William/0000-0001-8241-428X NR 32 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 15 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1082-6076 J9 J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T JI J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. PY 2001 VL 24 IS 6 BP 837 EP 854 DI 10.1081/JLC-100103414 PG 18 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 439JM UT WOS:000169113400007 ER PT J AU Guraya, HS James, C Champagne, ET AF Guraya, HS James, C Champagne, ET TI Evaluation of debranched rice starch sample preparation methods for anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detector SO JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; AMYLOPECTIN; RETROGRADATION; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Rice starch was debranched with the debranching enzyme pullulanase. Anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (AEC-PAD) was used to study effect of time on the degree of enzyme catalyzed debranching. The stability of starch sample in different starch solvents during extended storage was evaluated. Lyphylized, non-debranched starch samples were prepared in 0.0375 M HCl, 0.0375 M NaOH and water, followed by heating at 121 degreesC for 30 min. Samples were stored for 21 days. HCl hydrolyzed the starch. Starch samples prepared in water were also unstable with progressively increasing peak areas up to 21 days. Starch samples prepared in NaOH are most stable on storage. Lower concentration (0.009, 0.0046, 0.0023, and 0.0012 M) of HCl hydrolyzed freshly prepared non-debranched starch autoclaved at 121 degreesC for 30 min in respective concentration of HCl to different degrees dependent on the concentration of HCl used. Starch samples prepared in water from freshly cooked or lypholized non-waxy and waxy starch samples were also unstable with progressively increasing peak areas up to 7 days of storage. To determine the effect of time on degree of enzyme catalyzed debranching, debranched starch samples were removed at various time intervals and analyzed immediately after sampling using water as the solvent. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Guraya, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1082-6076 J9 J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T JI J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. PY 2001 VL 24 IS 15 BP 2303 EP 2314 DI 10.1081/JLC-100105142 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 471AL UT WOS:000170904600007 ER PT J AU Eichhorn, SJ Baillie, CA Zafeiropoulos, N Mwaikambo, LY Ansell, MP Dufresne, A Entwistle, KM Herrera-Franco, PJ Escamilla, GC Groom, L Hughes, M Hill, C Rials, TG Wild, PM AF Eichhorn, SJ Baillie, CA Zafeiropoulos, N Mwaikambo, LY Ansell, MP Dufresne, A Entwistle, KM Herrera-Franco, PJ Escamilla, GC Groom, L Hughes, M Hill, C Rials, TG Wild, PM TI Review: Current international research into cellulosic fibres and composites SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID WOOD-PULP FIBERS; REINFORCED POLYESTER COMPOSITES; HALF-FRINGE PHOTOELASTICITY; NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; DEFORMATION PROCESSES; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; EPOXY COMPOSITES; WHISKERS; HEMP AB The following paper summarises a number of international research projects being undertaken to understand the mechanical properties of natural cellulose fibres and composite materials. In particular the use of novel techniques, such as Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron x-ray and half-fringe photoelastic methods of measuring the physical and micromechanical properties of cellulose fibres is reported. Current single fibre testing procedures are also reviewed with emphasis on the end-use in papermaking. The techniques involved in chemically modifying fibres to improve interfacial adhesion in composites are also reviewed, and the use of novel fibre sources such as bacterial and animal cellulose. It is found that there is overlap in current international research into this area, and that there are complementary approaches and therefore further combining of these may make further progress possible. In particular a need to measure locally the adhesion properties and deformation processes of fibres in composites, with different chemical treatments, ought to be a focus of future research. (C) 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 Univ Manchester, Inst Sci & Technol, Ctr Mat Sci, Manchester M1 7HS, Lancs, England. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Mat, London SW7 2BP, England. Univ Bath, Dept Engn & Appl Sci, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England. Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, CERMAV, Ctr Rech Macromol Vegetales, F-38041 Grenoble 9, France. Ctr Invest Cient Yucatan, Merida 97200, Yucatan, Mexico. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Univ Wales, Sch Agr & Forest Sci, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales. Queens Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. RP Univ Manchester, Inst Sci & Technol, Ctr Mat Sci, Grosvenor St, Manchester M1 7HS, Lancs, England. EM stephen.j.eichhorn@umist.ac.uk RI Baillie, Caroline/A-4376-2012; Zafeiropoulos, Nikolaos /E-9834-2012; Ansell, Martin/A-5987-2013; Eichhorn, Stephen/B-1302-2013; Hughes, Mark/G-2249-2013; OI Baillie, Caroline/0000-0001-5829-2526; Zafeiropoulos, Nikolaos /0000-0001-8107-0075; Eichhorn, Stephen/0000-0003-4101-273X; Dufresne, Alain/0000-0001-8181-1849 NR 100 TC 490 Z9 506 U1 11 U2 188 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2461 EI 1573-4803 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PY 2001 VL 36 IS 9 BP 2107 EP 2131 DI 10.1023/A:1017512029696 PG 25 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 426DD UT WOS:000168333800001 ER PT J AU Guerrero, FD Davey, RB Miller, RJ AF Guerrero, FD Davey, RB Miller, RJ TI Use of an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay to genotype pyrethroid resistant strains of Boophilus microplus (Acari : Ixodidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE polymerase chain reaction; resistance mechanism; diagnostic; sodium channel; mutation ID SODIUM-CHANNEL GENE; CATTLE TICK; HAEMATOBIA-IRRITANS; POINT MUTATIONS; KDR; IDENTIFICATION; INSECTICIDES; POPULATIONS; LEPIDOPTERA AB A polymerase chain reaction-based assay was developed to detect the presence of a pyrethroid resistance-associated amino acid substitution in Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). The assay uses a simple method for the extraction of genomic DNA from individual larvae and genotypes individuals for the presence of a Phe --> Ile amino acid substitution in the S6 transmembrane segment of domain III of the para-like sodium channel, clearly distinguishing heterozygotes from homozygotes. High frequencies for this amino acid substitution were found in the Corrales and San Felipe strains, which have target site insensitivity mechanisms for pyrethroid resistance. The Caporal resistant strain contained lower yet substantial numbers of amino acid-substituted alleles. Low amino acid substitution frequencies were found in the susceptible reference Gonzales strain and the Coatzacoalcos strain, which has metabolic esterase-mediated pyrethroid resistance. The amino acid substitution was not found in six other strains that were susceptible to pyrethroids. C1 ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, USDA, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Guerrero, FD (reprint author), ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, USDA, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 24 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 38 IS 1 BP 44 EP 50 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-38.1.44 PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 393EP UT WOS:000166456500008 PM 11268690 ER PT J AU Nunamaker, RA Lockwood, JA AF Nunamaker, RA Lockwood, JA TI Cryopreservation of embryos of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Culicoides sonorensis; cryopreservation; cryoprotectant; insect embryos ID VARIIPENNIS DIPTERA; BLUETONGUE VIRUS; GENETIC-VARIATION; POPULATIONS; INFECTION; VECTOR AB The successful long-term storage of insects that are used for research purposes can eliminate the need for ongoing colony maintenance on a large scale. In addition, rare and valuable genotypes of insects can be preserved. This study was conducted to determine whether cryopreservation is a suitable means of storing embryos of Culicoides sonorensis Wirth & Jones, an important vector of animal pathogens. We determined that eggs of C. sonorensis can withstand vigorous treatments of dechorionation, permeabilization, and loading with the cryoprotectant, elthylene glycol. Although their viability was reduced, an average of 80.3% of the embryos developed into larvae. Dehydration in vitrification solution caused a much greater reduction in egg viability (42.7% survival), and freezing in liquid propane further reduced the number of eggs that developed into larvae (40.1%), pupae (22.9%) and adults (18.8%). This work demonstrated that this procedure may prove useful for the cryopreservation of standard laboratory colonies and genetic lines of C. sonorensis. C1 ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, USDA, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Nunamaker, RA (reprint author), ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, USDA, POB 3965, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 38 IS 1 BP 55 EP 58 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-38.1.55 PG 4 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 393EP UT WOS:000166456500010 PM 11268692 ER PT J AU Carroll, JF AF Carroll, JF TI Interdigital gland substances of white-tailed deer and the response of host-seeking ticks (Acari : Ixodidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ixodes scapularis; Odocoileus virginianus; Amblyomma americanum kairomone; arrestant; bioassay ID IXODES-SCAPULARIS ACARI; DAMMINI ACARI; LYME-DISEASE AB Host-seeking male and female blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say, exhibited an arrestant response when contacting substances from front and rear interdigital glands of male and female white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann). Female I. scapularis responded positively to substances from interdigital glands on the fore legs and hind legs of female deer, whereas male I. scapularis responded only to samples from the fore legs of does. These results showed that previously reported responses of I. scapularis to residues from interdigital glands of hind legs of deer were independent of tarsal gland substances, which may contaminate interdigital gland substances on hind legs. Nymphs of I. scapularis and female lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.), did not show an arrestant response to substances from hind legs of does, but male A. americanum did. C1 ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Carroll, JF (reprint author), ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 38 IS 1 BP 114 EP 117 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-38.1.114 PG 4 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 393EP UT WOS:000166456500019 PM 11268681 ER PT J AU Nelson, SO AF Nelson, S. O. TI RADIO-FREQUENCY AND MICROWAVE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF INSECTS SO JOURNAL OF MICROWAVE POWER AND ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY LA English DT Article DE Dielectric properties; dielectric constant; loss factor; radio frequencies; microwaves; insects AB Basic principles and definitions of dielectric properties of materials are presented. Data from the literature on the dielectric properties of insects are briefly reviewed and discussed in relation to insect control by selective dielectric heating. Because early measurements of the dielectric properties of insects were taken an bulk samples of insects (insect and air-space dielectric mixtures), a means for converting the dielectric properties, or permittivities, of bulk samples of particulate materials to those of the solid particles is described. The technique uses the Landau & Lifshitz, Looyenga dielectric mixture equation and information on the bulk densities of air-insect mixtures used for dielectric properties measurements along with the densities of the insects. Such converted data for the dielectric constants and loss factors of the insects are presented and collected for comparison with other measurements of insect tissues and permittivity determinations from more recent microwave measurements of these same parameters. Resulting data are presented for reference, and comparisons are presented and discussed briefly. C1 ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30309 USA. RP Nelson, SO (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30309 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU INT MICROWAVE POWER INST PI MECHANICSVILLE PA PO BOX 1140, MECHANICSVILLE, VA 23111 USA SN 0832-7823 J9 J MICROWAVE POWER EE JI J. Microw. Power Electromagn. Energy PY 2001 VL 36 IS 1 BP 47 EP 56 PG 10 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA V40NP UT WOS:000209485600005 PM 15038553 ER PT J AU Reeves, JB McCarty, GW AF Reeves, JB McCarty, GW TI Quantitative analysis of agricultural soils using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and a fibre-optic probe SO JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE carbon; near infrared; near infrared reflectance spectroscopy; nitrogen; soils; fibre-optic probe ID SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; NITROGEN; ETHANOL AB The objective of this work was to investigate the usefulness of near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy in conjunction with a fibre-optic probe for determining various constituents (total N, organic C, active N, biomass and mineralisable N and pH) in agricultural soils. A NIRSystems model 6500 spectrometer equipped with a fibre-optic reflectance probe was used to scan soil samples (n = 180) obtained from experimental plots at two locations with three replicate plots under plow and no till practices at each location with three rates of NH4NO3 for each plot (2 x 3 x 2 x 3 = 36). For each of these, samples were taken from five depths for a total of 2 x 3 x 2 x 3 x 5 or 180 samples. Optimal calibrations were achieved using first derivative spectra, and only data from 1100 to 2300 nm, with every 20 data points averaged from 1900 to 2300 nm. Compared to results achieved using a spinning cup, the use of the probe resulted in more concentration outliers (up to 6% with probe and none with the spinning cup), the reason for which is unknown. Otherwise, the final calibration results were quite similar to those achieved using a spinning cup to obtain spectra, with calibration (outliers removed) R-2 and RMSD/Mean of 0.96, 6.6; 0.95, 6.5; 0.88, 15.3; and 0.80, 19.3; for organic C, total N, active N and biomass N, respectively. The R-2 and RMSD for pH were 0.80 and 4.5 pH units, respectively. In summary, the work presented here demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy, based on data obtained using a fibre-optic probe, can be successfully used to determine compositional parameters of agricultural soils (particularly organic C and total N). However, there appeared to be a greater problem with outliers when using a fibre-optic probe than was true when obtaining spectra using a spinning cup. C1 ARS, Anim Manure & By Prod Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Environm Qual Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Reeves, JB (reprint author), ARS, Anim Manure & By Prod Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 17 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 4 PU N I R PUBLICATIONS PI CHICHESTER PA 6 CHARLTON MILL, CHARLTON, CHICHESTER PO18 0HY, WEST SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0967-0335 J9 J NEAR INFRARED SPEC JI J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. PY 2001 VL 9 IS 1 BP 25 EP 34 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 433FR UT WOS:000168750000004 ER PT J AU Pasikatan, MC Steele, JL Spillman, CK Haque, E AF Pasikatan, MC Steele, JL Spillman, CK Haque, E TI Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for online particle size analysis of powders and ground materials SO JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Review DE near infrared; NIR; spectroscopy; reflectance; particle size; powders ID DIFFUSE-REFLECTANCE; WHEAT; SPECTRA; TRANSMITTANCE; TEXTURE; PROTEIN; FLOUR AB The cross-sensitivity of near infrared (NIR) reflectance to the particle size of powders or ground materials has long been documented but not fully exploited for particle size estimation. Diffuse reflectance of a powder sample is dependent on light scattering within its layers, and a powder's absorption and scattering coefficient are related to its particle size. This is the basis of NIR reflectance-particle size calibrations. The availability of fibre optic probes and the speed of NIR spectrometers make them suitable for remote and online sensing of particle size, in addition to providing chemical information of a powder sample. The basics of NIR reflectance spectroscopy relevant to particle size determination and its relation to sample preparations, methods of presentation, reference methods, calibration development and validation are reviewed in this paper. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Pasikatan, MC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. EM choypc@gmprc.ksu.edu NR 54 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 18 PU N I R PUBLICATIONS PI CHICHESTER PA 6 CHARLTON MILL, CHARLTON, CHICHESTER PO18 0HY, WEST SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0967-0335 J9 J NEAR INFRARED SPEC JI J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. PY 2001 VL 9 IS 3 BP 153 EP 164 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 497EG UT WOS:000172442000001 ER PT J AU Sofic, E Denisova, N Youdim, K Vatrenjak-Velagic, V De Filippo, C Mehmedagic, A Causevic, A Cao, G Joseph, JA Prior, RL AF Sofic, E Denisova, N Youdim, K Vatrenjak-Velagic, V De Filippo, C Mehmedagic, A Causevic, A Cao, G Joseph, JA Prior, RL TI Antioxidant and pro-oxidant capacity of catecholamines and related compounds. Effects of hydrogen peroxide on glutathione and sphingomyelinase activity in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells: potential relevance to age-related diseases SO JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION LA English DT Article DE catecholamines; dopamine; glutathione; antioxidant; pro-oxidant; oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay; Parkinson's disease; sphingomyelinase ID PARKINSONS-DISEASE; SUBSTANTIA-NIGRA; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; OXIDATIVE PATHWAYS; FREE-RADICALS; IRON CONTENT; BRAIN; FLAVONOIDS; DAMAGE; PROOXIDANT AB The antioxidant and pro-oxidant capacity of catecholamines (CA) and related compounds were analyzed using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. In the assay 2,2 ' -azobis (2-amidino-propane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), a peroxyl radical generator, ROOo; H2O2-Cu2+, mainly a hydroxyl radical generator, (OH)-O-o; and Cu2+ a transition metal were used. The antioxidant effect of CA and its related compounds were in the order: neurotransmitters: dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) > metabolites > amino acid precursors as measured by using AAPH. The antioxidant effect of CA and related compounds as measured by using AAPH were linearly correlated with concentration, while the antioxidant effect of CA in scavenging (OH)-O-o produced by H2O2-Cu2+ increased proportionally to concentration at low concentration, but after reaching a maximum declined with increasing concentration. In the presence of Cu2+, CA acted as pro-oxidant. Glutathione (GSH) acted as a pro-oxidant when H2O2-Cu2+ or when CU2+ alone was used as an oxidant and showed much higher pro-oxidant effect than DA, which could have relevance in the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to oxidative stress in the aging and aging related diseases. The antioxidant capacity of CA and many related compounds seems to be correlated with the numbers of hydroxyl groups and their position on the benzoic ring. The 0-methylation and sulfate conjugation of the hydroxyl substitution inactivates both the antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of CA. Our results show that oxidative stress induced by low (5 muM) or high (300 muM) doses H2O2 in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells significantly up-regulate the activity of Mg-dependent neutral sphingomyelinase (Sase), and significantly decreased GSH. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Phytochem & Neurosci Labs, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Harvard Univ, HSPH, Dept Cand Cell Biol, Div Toxicol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Florence, Dept Pharmacol, I-50121 Florence, Italy. Univ Sarajevo, Fac Pharm, Dept Biochem, Sarajevo 71000, Bosnia & Herceg. RP Sofic, E (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Mol & Cellular Toxicol, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RI De Filippo, Carlotta/B-4786-2012; OI De Filippo, Carlotta/0000-0002-2222-6524 NR 53 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0300-9564 J9 J NEURAL TRANSM JI J. Neural Transm. PY 2001 VL 108 IS 5 BP 541 EP 557 DI 10.1007/s007020170055 PG 17 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 435DR UT WOS:000168862600004 PM 11459075 ER PT J AU Butte, NF Wong, WW Hopkinson, JM AF Butte, NF Wong, WW Hopkinson, JM TI Energy requirements of lactating women derived from doubly labeled water and milk energy output SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE lactation; breastfeeding; energy requirements; doubly labeled water; humans ID HEALTHY SWEDISH WOMEN; BODY-COMPOSITION; CARBON-DIOXIDE; INDIAN WOMEN; EXPENDITURE; PREGNANCY; DEUTERIUM; INFANTS; BALANCE; PLASMA AB Instead of using an incremental approach to assess the energy requirements of lactation, a more comprehensive approach may be taken by measuring total energy expenditure (TEE), milk energy output and energy mobilization from tissue stores. The latter approach avoids assumptions regarding energetic efficiency and changes in physical activity and adiposity. The purpose of this study was threefold: to assess the energy requirements of lactation; to compare these estimates with energy requirements in the nonpregnant, nonlactating state and to test for energetic adaptations in basal metabolic rate (BMR) and physical activity during the energy-demanding process of lactation. Milk production and composition, body weight and composition, TEE, BMR and physical activity levels were measured in 24 well-nourished women during exclusive breastfeeding at 3 mo postpartum and after the cessation of breastfeeding at 18 or 24 mo postpartum. TEE was measured by the doubly labeled water method, milk production by 3-d test-weighing, milk energy by bomb calorimetry on a 24-h milk sample, body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and BMR by room respiration calorimetry. TEE, BMR and physical activity level (physical activity level = TEE/BMR) did not differ between the lactating and nonlactating state (TEE 10.0 +/- 1.5 versus 10.6 +/- 2.1 MJ/d). Mean milk energy output was equivalent to 2.02 +/- 0.33 MJ/d. Total energy requirements were greater during lactation than afterward (12.0 +/- 1.4 versus 10.6 +/- 2.1 MJ/d, P = 0.002). Energy mobilization from tissue stores (-0.65 +/- 0.97 MJ/d) resulted in net energy requirements during lactation of 11.4 +/- 1.8 MJ/d. Because adaptations in basal metabolism and physical activity were not evident in these well-nourished women, energy requirements during lactation were met primarily from the diet and only partially by mobilization of tissue stores. C1 USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Butte, NF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 39 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 131 IS 1 BP 53 EP 58 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 394AD UT WOS:000166501100009 PM 11208938 ER PT J AU Weimer, J McKinney, P Benning, LK AF Weimer, J McKinney, P Benning, LK TI Tools to assess nutrition education with low-income families SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. USDA, Food & Nutr Serv, Alexandria, VA 22302 USA. Natl Assoc State Univ & Land Grant Coll, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Weimer, J (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU B C DECKER INC PI HAMILTON PA 20 HUGHSON ST SOUTH, PO BOX 620, L C D 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 0022-3182 J9 J NUTR EDUC JI J. Nutr. Educ. PY 2001 VL 33 SU 1 BP S1 EP S1 DI 10.1016/S1499-4046(06)60063-8 PG 1 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Education & Educational Research; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 480VF UT WOS:000171482900002 ER PT J AU Jaksic, T Shew, SB Keshen, TH Dzakovic, A Jahoor, F AF Jaksic, T Shew, SB Keshen, TH Dzakovic, A Jahoor, F TI Do critically ill surgical neonates have increased energy expenditure? SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC SURGERY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 31st Annual Meeting of the American-Pediatric-Surgical-Association CY MAY 25-29, 2000 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Pediat Surg Assoc DE energy expenditure; neonates; critical illness; extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; extracorporeal life support ID INDIRECT CALORIMETRY; PROTEIN-METABOLISM; INFANTS; EXTRACORPOREAL; INJURY; CO2 AB Background/Purpose: Adult metabolic studies suggest that critically ill patients have increased energy expenditures and thus require higher caloric allotments. To assess whether this is true in surgical neonates the authors utilized a validated, gas leak-independent, nonradioactive, isotopic technique to measure the energy expenditures of a stable postoperative group and a severely stressed cohort. Methods: Eight (3.46 +/- 1.0 kg), hemodynamically stable, total parenteral nutrition (TPN)-fed, nonventilated, surgical neonates (5 with gastroschisis, 2 with intestinal atresia, and 1 with intestinal volvulus) were studied on postoperative day 15.5 +/- 11.9. These were compared with 10 (BW = 3.20 +/- 0.2 kg). TPN-fed, extracorporeal life support (ECLS)-dependent neonates, studied on day of life 7.0 +/- 2.8. Energy expenditure was obtained using a primed, 3-hour infusion of (NaHCO3)-C-13, breath (CO2)-C-13 enrichment determination by isotope ratio mass spectroscopy, and the application of a standard regression equation. Interleukin (IL)-6 levels and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were measured to assess metabolic stress. Comparisons between groups were made using 2 sample Student's t-tests. Results: The mean energy expenditure was 53 +/- 5.1 kcal/kg/d (range, 45.6 to 59.8 kcal/kg/d) for the stable cohort and 55 +/- 20 kcal/kg/d (range, 32 to 79 kcal/kg/d) for the ECLS group (not significant, P =.83). The IL-6 and CRP levels were significantly higher in the ECLS group (29 +/- 11.5 v 0.7 +/- 0.6 pg/mL [P <.001], and 31 +/- 22 v 0.6 +/- 1.3 mg/L [P <.001], respectively). Mortality rate was 0% for the stable postoperative patients and 30% for the ECLS group. Conclusions: Severely stressed surgical neonates, compared with controls, generally do not show increased energy expenditures as assessed by isotopic dilution methods. These data suggest that the routine administration of excess calories may not be warranted in critically ill surgical neonates and support the hypothesis that neonates obligately redirect energy, normally used for growth, to fuel the stress response. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use. C1 Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Surg,Div Pediat Surg, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Baylor Coll Med, Dept Surg, USDA ARS,Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS,Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Surg, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Jaksic, T (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Surg,Div Pediat Surg, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NR 28 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0022-3468 J9 J PEDIATR SURG JI J. Pediatr. Surg. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 36 IS 1 BP 63 EP 67 DI 10.1053/jpsu.2001.20007 PG 5 WC Pediatrics; Surgery SC Pediatrics; Surgery GA 388KW UT WOS:000166180500011 PM 11150439 ER PT J AU Peterson, CJ Binder, BF Coats, JR AF Peterson, CJ Binder, BF Coats, JR TI Effects of two isoflavonoids, osajin and pomiferin, from Maclura pomifera for growth and feeding disruption in Ostrinia nubilalis SO JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Maclura pomifera; Ostrinia nubilalis; osajin; pomiferin; isoflavone; antifeedant ID EUROPEAN CORN-BORER; LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Entomol, Pesticide Toxicol Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Peterson, CJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Entomol, Pesticide Toxicol Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU PESTICIDE SCI SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA TOKYO UNIV AGR DEPT OF AGR CHEM, TOKYO, 156, JAPAN SN 0385-1559 J9 J PESTIC SCI JI J. Pestic. Sci. PY 2001 VL 26 IS 3 BP 261 EP 265 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 466DL UT WOS:000170629000007 ER PT J AU Baligar, VC Grunes, DL Belesky, DP Clark, RB AF Baligar, VC Grunes, DL Belesky, DP Clark, RB TI Mineral composition of forage legumes as influenced by aluminum SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID EFFICIENCY RATIOS; GROWTH; MAGNESIUM; CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; POTASSIUM; VARIETIES; TOLERANCE; WHEAT; COWS AB The nutritional quality of plants is primarily controlled by concentrations of essential nutrients and potentially detrimental substances, and these are influenced to a great extent by phytotoxic aluminum (Al). Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), cultivars were grown in nutrient solution culture under controlled conditions and the effects of Al on growth and mineral composition of plants were evaluated. With a few exceptions, Al significantly reduced shoot and root dry weights, and generally increased the concentrations of elements in shoots. Further increases in Al tended to reduce mineral concentrations in each species and cultivar. This was probably related to root injury, reduced dry matter accumulation at higher Al, and reduced nutrient demand at higher Al levels. In alfalfa and red clover cultivars, elemental equivalency ratios for K/Mg and K/(Ca + Mg) increased, and ratios for Ca/P decreased in plants grown with Al. Forage with low Ca/P indicates poor quality, and high K/Mg and K/(Ca + Mg) ratios indicates higher grass tetany hazard to animals. Most of the elemental concentrations and nutrient ratios were similar for Al-sensitive and At-tolerant cultivars of alfalfa and red clover. The species and cultivars used in this study had inter- and intraspecific differences in growth and nutrient concentrations, both in the presence and absence of phytotoxic levels of Al. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Baligar, VC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 2001 VL 24 IS 2 BP 215 EP 227 DI 10.1081/PLN-100001383 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 445CL UT WOS:000169440500001 ER PT J AU Caldwell, CR AF Caldwell, CR TI Effect op elevated copper on the ultraviolet light-absorbing compounds of cucumber cotyledon and leaf tissues SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; TRANSPORT SYSTEMS; B DAMAGE; FLAVONOIDS; PLANTS; CHLOROPLASTS; ANTIOXIDANT; MEMBRANES; EXCESS AB The effect of copper [Cu(II)] on the ultraviolet light-absorbing compounds of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L., cv Poinsett 76) leaf and cotyledon tissues was investigated. Tissue disks (7 mm) were exposed to CuSO4. 5H(2)O concentrations from 50 muM (12.5 ppm) to 2.5 mM (625 ppm) at either pH 6.0 or 4.5 for up to 48 h in both light and dark. Acidified, aqueous methanol extracts (flavonoid-rich fraction) were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Copper(II) altered the levels of the UV-absorbing compounds (340 nm), increasing the levels of some compounds at low Cu(II) concentrations and decreasing the levels of the UV-absorbing compounds at higher Cu(II) levels. In most cases, the magnitude of the Cu(II)-induced changes in cucumber phenolics was dependent upon tissue type, light condition, pH, and treatment duration. Since plant leaf phenolic compounds extracted under these conditions may have antioxidative activity, the ability to chelate prooxidative minerals and protect against ultraviolet B radiation, the Cu(II)induced changes in phenolic compounds may modify plant responses to environmental stresses and alter the nutritional values of certain vegetable crops. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Caldwell, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Bldg 046A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 2001 VL 24 IS 2 BP 283 EP 295 DI 10.1081/PLN-100001388 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 445CL UT WOS:000169440500006 ER PT J AU Caldwell, CR AF Caldwell, CR TI Effect of elevated iron on ultraviolet light-absorbing compounds of cucumber cotyledon and leaf tissues SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID FLAVONOIDS; PLANTS; REDUCTION; TOXICITY; STRESS; OXYGEN; ANTIOXIDANT; TOLERANCE; MANGANESE; DAMAGE AB The effect of iron [Fe(II)] on ultraviolet light-absorbing phenolic compounds of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv Poinsett 76) leaf and cotyledon tissues was investigated. Tissue disks (7 mm) were exposed to increasing FeSO4. 7H(2)O concentrations from 25 muM (7 ppm) to 500 muM (143 ppm) at pH 4.0-7.0 for 24 h in both light and dark. Acidified, aqueous methanol extracts that contain various phenolic compounds were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Depending upon the treatment pH, Fe(II) altered the levels of the UV light-absorbing compounds measured at both 270 and 340 nm, increasing the levels of some compounds at low Fe(II) concentrations, which were subsequently reduced at higher Fe(II) levels. In most cases, the Fe(II)-induced change in phenolic compound concentration was dependent upon tissue type, light condition, and pH. The dose-response relations and pH dependencies for the Fe(II)-induced changes were complex. These results suggest that the FeSO4. 7H(2)O treatments may specifically alter certain metabolic processes and do not simply produce reactive oxygen, which degrade the phenolic compounds. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Caldwell, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Bldg 046A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 2001 VL 24 IS 2 BP 297 EP 311 DI 10.1081/PLN-100001389 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 445CL UT WOS:000169440500007 ER PT J AU Sistani, KR Mays, DA AF Sistani, KR Mays, DA TI Nutrient requirements of seven plant species with potential use in shoreline erosion control SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article AB Many factors contribute to shoreline erosion including a lack of vegetation that can survive under periods of flooding, drying, and wave action. Biotechnical methods of shoreline erosion control seem to be a low cost alternative to conventional methods. This study was an attempt, first, to evaluate the feasibility of several breakwater materials for controlling wave action; and secondly, to study the growth response of seven wetland and terrestrial plant species for potential use in biotechnical methods of shoreline erosion control. The site for the field experiment was Water E George Reservoir located on the Chattahoochee River between Alabama and Georgia. In a greenhouse experiment, plants were evaluated at different fertility levels. Results of the field experiments indicated that wire-wrapped square straw bales, coconut fiber logs, and pine logs were effective in controlling wave action and trapping sand. Round hay bales were less effective breakwater materials. Greenhouse data indicated that cattail, soft rush, soft stem bulrush, and maidencane responded significantly to nitrogen fertilizer up to 50 kg ha(- 1). This rate was also optimum for bahiagrass, switchgrass, and marsh hay cordgrass. No significant increase in dry matter yield or stem count was observed by the addition of N up to 100 kg ha(- 1). Most of these plant species did not significantly respond to the addition of micronutrients. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Waste Management & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Mays, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Waste Management & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 459 EP 467 DI 10.1081/PLN-100104972 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 445CN UT WOS:000169440700005 ER PT J AU Bidlack, JE Rao, SC Demezas, DH AF Bidlack, JE Rao, SC Demezas, DH TI Nodulation, nitrogenase activity, and dry weight of chickpea and pigeon pea cultivars using different Bradyrhizobium strains SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID SHORT-DURATION PIGEONPEA; CAJANUS-CAJAN; SEED YIELD; INOCULATION; FIXATION; RHIZOBIA; SOIL AB Chickpea [Cicer arietinum (L.)] and pigeon pea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] were grown outside in large clay pots from 1992 to 1995 in Edmond, Oklahoma. Plants were studied to evaluate nodulation, nitrogenase activity, and shoot dry weight (DW) of 'ICCV-2' and 'Sarah' chickpea inoculated with multistrain, TAL 1148, and TAL 480 Bradyrhizobium, as well as 'Georgia-1' and 'ICPL-87', pigeon pea inoculated with multistrain TAL 1127, and TAL 1132 Bradyrhizobium. Following wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Thell.] harvests in the spring, legumes were planted in the summer and harvested at three successive dates during the following months. Leaves and stems fi om remaining plants were incorporated into the soil after the last harvest. Across year, chickpea measurements were sensitive to temperature and precipitation whereas pigeon pea measurements were sensitive to length of growing season as well as climate. Pigeon pea consistently demonstrated higher nitrogen-fixing capacity and shoot DW compared with chickpea. Nodule and shoot DW of both species increased with plant age whereas nodule count and nitrogenase activity generally increased with plant age and leveled off or decreased at flowering. Sarah chickpea demonstrated higher nodule count and nodule DW than ICCV-2, as did the Georgia-1 pigeon pea compared with ICPL-87. Shoot DW of Georgia-1 pigeon pea was generally higher than that of ICPL-87. Multistrain inoculum improved nodulation and shoot DW of chickpea, and TAL 1127 improved nodulation of pigeon pea compared with other treatments. These results indicate that specific chickpea and pigeon pea cultivars, along with appropriate Bradyrhizobium strains, may improve nitrogen fixation and DW of these species. C1 Univ Cent Oklahoma, Dept Biol, Edmond, OK 73034 USA. USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Mol Genet, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Bidlack, JE (reprint author), Univ Cent Oklahoma, Dept Biol, Edmond, OK 73034 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 549 EP 560 DI 10.1081/PLN-100104979 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 445CN UT WOS:000169440700012 ER PT J AU Alva, AK Paramasivam, S Hostler, KH Easterwood, GW Southwell, JE AF Alva, AK Paramasivam, S Hostler, KH Easterwood, GW Southwell, JE TI Effects of nitrogen rates on dry matter and nitrogen accumulation in citrus fruits and fruit yield SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID SEASONAL DYNAMICS; MINERAL NUTRIENTS; ROOTSTOCKS; KIWIFRUIT; QUALITY AB Fruit growth patterns and nitrogen (N) accumulation in fruit over the growth period were studied on 'Valencia', 'Parson Brown','Hamlin', and 'Sunburst' cultivars which received either 168, 224, or 280 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) as broadcast applications of N:P:K dry soluble granular fertilizer. Over a 4-year period, fruit yields of all cultivars did not respond to N rates during low production years. The effects of fertilizer rates were non-significant on either fruit diameter, dry weight, or fruit N content. Fruit weight and fruit diameter increased rapidly from June to Aug. or Sept., followed by a slow increase during the remainder of the fruit development period. Fruit size of 'Sunburst' was significantly smaller than that of the other three cultivars, which showed no differences in fruit diameter or dry weight. Nitrogen accumulation in the fruit increased rapidly between June and Aug., followed by marginal or no increase during the remainder of the growth period. Thus, most of the N accumulation occurred prior to Aug., for all cultivars. Nitrogen content of mature fruit (fresh weight basis) followed the order: 'Valencia' > 'Parson Brown' ='Hamlin' > 'Sunburst'. Total N content of the fruit at a given fruit yield level followed the order: 'Sunburst' = 'Valencia' > 'Parson Brown' > 'Hamlin'. This study has clearly demonstrated that adequate availability of N is critical during the initial fruit development and growth stages. Application of N later during the growing period will have minimal impact on the fruit yield. However, it could contribute to N reserve in the tree, which may be utilized for fruit production the following year. C1 USDA ARS, PWA, Vegetable & Forage Crops Res Unit, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. Hydro Agri N Amer Inc, Tampa, FL 33602 USA. RP Alva, AK (reprint author), USDA ARS, PWA, Vegetable & Forage Crops Res Unit, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 2001 VL 24 IS 3 BP 561 EP 572 DI 10.1081/PLN-100104980 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 445CN UT WOS:000169440700013 ER PT J AU Ponder, F Jones, JE AF Ponder, F Jones, JE TI Annual applications of N, P, and K interrupt alternate-year nut crops in black walnut SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID GROWTH; PECAN AB Nut production and diameter growth at breast height of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) were measured for 5 years to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilization separately, in combination, and with and without phosphorus (P) broadcast annually for 4 years at two rates. Fertilization significantly (P > 0.05) increased nut production and diameter growth. Treatments containing P with N and/or K were most effective for increasing nut production, and treatments containing N were most effective for increasing diameter growth. Doubling the rate of application did not cause a corresponding increase in nut production or diameter growth. Leaf levels of N, P, and K were within the adequate range, and the addition of N increased leaf N, but not P and K. The alternate bearing tendency that was present in year 3 of the study was not apparent in years 4 and 5. C1 Lincoln Univ, USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. Ctr Advancement Amer Black Walnut, Stockton, MO 65785 USA. RP Ponder, F (reprint author), Lincoln Univ, USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 208 Foster Hall, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 2001 VL 24 IS 4-5 BP 661 EP 670 DI 10.1081/PLN-100103660 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 445CP UT WOS:000169440800005 ER PT J AU Allen, BL Jolley, VD Robbins, CW Freeborn, LL AF Allen, BL Jolley, VD Robbins, CW Freeborn, LL TI Fallow versus wheat cropping of unamended and manure-amended soils related to mycorrhizal colonization, yield, and plant nutrition of dry bean and sweet corn SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID UNTREATED TOPSOIL; ORGANIC-MATTER; INFECTION; GROWTH; FUNGI; ZINC; PHOSPHORUS; SUBSOIL; PRODUCTIVITY; INOCULATION AB Previous studies reported manure application to eroded Portneuf silt loam soil (Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid) improved dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Viva) yield to levels of topsoil. These yield increases only correlated with whole-plant zinc (Zn) concentration and soil organic matter. This might be related to enhanced arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization stimulated by manure application. A greenhouse study with dry bean suggested a relationship between manure application, increased AM colonization, and whole-plant Zn uptake, while field studies with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and sweet corn (Zea mays L.) did not. To clarify the apparent contradiction of manure application on AM relationships, the present field study with dry bean and sweet corn was conducted in subsoils on the same experimental site established in 1991 and used in previous studies. The existing rotation also allowed the study of the effects of previously fallowed versus wheat cropped subsoils on yield, AM colonization and nutrition of dry bean and sweet corn. Average mycorrhizal root colonization in dry bean was greater on unamended than on manure-amended soils but was not related to increases in yield, Zn concentration. or Zn uptake. Average colonization of sweet corn roots was generally greater in unamended than manure-amended soils, but yields were greater in manure-amended soils. Colonization of sweet corn roots measured over time was consistently greater in subsoils previously cropped to wheat than fallowed, but yields were similar. Previous wheat-cropping resulted in leveling off of colonization beginning 7 July (second sampling) in dry bean, while previous fallow resulted in continuously increasing colonization throughout the five sampling periods. Bean yields were greater on subsoils previously cropped than fallowed; thus yields were generally not related to AM colonization. Results of our study confirm other field results where AM colonization was greater in unamended than manure-amended soils and in cropped than in fallowed soils. Any yield increases observed were not closely related to AM colonization. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Provo, UT 84602 USA. USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Allen, BL (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 41 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 10 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 2001 VL 24 IS 6 BP 921 EP 943 DI 10.1081/PLN-100103782 PG 23 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 453FE UT WOS:000169905200009 ER PT J AU Krizek, DT Middleton, EM Sandhu, RK Kim, MS AF Krizek, DT Middleton, EM Sandhu, RK Kim, MS TI Evaluating UV-B effects and EDU protection in cucumber leaves using fluorescence images and fluorescence emission spectra SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blue, green, red and far-red fluorescence; cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.); EDU; fluorescence imaging; fluorescence ratios red/green; blue/far-red; UV/blue; far-red/red; plant stress; UV-B ID CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; RATIO F690/F730; SOYBEAN LEAVES; PISUM-SATIVUM; PLANT-LEAVES; GROWTH; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; STRESS; OZONE; ETHYLENEDIUREA AB A newly developed laboratory fluorescence imaging system was used to obtain fluorescence images (Flmage) of freshly excised cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) leaves in spectral bands centered in the blue (F450), green (F550), red (F680), and far-red (F730) spectral regions that resulted from a broad-band (300-400 nm) excitation source centered at 360 nm. Means of relative fluorescence intensities (RFI) from these spectral fluorescence images were compared with spectral fluorescence emission data obtained from excitation wavelengths at 280 nm (280EX, 300-550 nm) and 380 nm (380EX, 400-800 nm) of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extracts from these leaves. All three fluorescence data types (Flmage, 280EX, 380 EX) were used to assess ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280-320 nm) induced physiological changes and the possible use of N-[2-(2-oxo-1-imidazolidinyl) ethyl]-N'-phenylurea (EDU or ethylenediurea) as a chemical protectant against UV-B damage. Plants exhibited well known foliar growth and pigment responses to UV-B exposure (e.g., increased UV-B absorbing compounds and decreased leaf area, chlorophyll a content; and and lower chlorophyll a/b and chlorophyll/carotenoid pigment ratios). Since EDU alone had no effect on foliar variables, there was no evidence that EDU afforded protection against UV-B. Instead, EDU augmented some UV-B effects when provided in conjunction with UV-B irradiation (e.g., reductions in the chlorophyll/carotenoid ratio, total photosynthetic pigments, and chlorophyll b content). Relative fluorescence intensities (RFI) in the longer visible wavelengths (green, red, and far-red) were uncorrelated for comparisons between the Flmage and 380EX data sets. However, blue and green RFI were significantly correlated (0.8>r>0.6; P<0.002) for comparisons between Flmage and 280EX data sets. UV-B treatment caused an increase in blue RFI (e.g., F450) in both images and 280EX measurements. One explanation is that the UV-B excitation of both 280EX and Flmage stimulates processes that produce excess blue fluorescence The molecules that produce the excess blue fluorescence in both the 280EX and the Flmage data are different electron transfer agents that operate in parallel. For Flmage, the UV excitation penetrates leaf surface layers to stimulate fluorescence from compounds in mesophyll and epidermal tissues las occurs for the extracts of leaf discs),whereas emissions captured at longer, less energetic wavelengths, were primarily from the epidermal layer UV-B irradiated leaves showed much greater heteorgeneity of RFI in both the green (F550(Flmag)) and the red (F680(Flmag)) bands than unirradiated leaves; this was true irrespective of EDU treatment. Although qualitative responses in individual bands differed between Flmage and 380EX data, similar results were obtained in the detection of UV-B induced effects when the red/green and blue/far-red fluorescence ratios of these data were compared. The red/green ratio (either F680/F550(Flmage) or F675/F525(380EX)) was lower for UV-B exposed plants in both images and 380EX data. UV-B exposure also significantly enhanced the blue/far-red ratio of images (F450/F740(Flmage)) and the comparable 380EX ratio (F450/F730(380EX)) for the combined UV-B/EDU group, The far-red/red ratios were not useful in separating treatment effects in images or 380EX. Although comparable ratios were not available in 280EX data, the UV/blue ratio (F315/F420(280EX)) was substantially reduced by UV-B exposure and was inversely related to total photosynthetic pigment content. These findings suggest that the red/green ratio (Flmage, 380EX) and the UV/blue ratio (280EX) may be as useful as the blue/far-red ratio (380EX) reported previously in detection of UV-B stress. Furthermore, the results support the validity of the imaging technique as a non-destructive diagnostic tool for assessing UV-8 stress damage in plants. C1 USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Terr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Troy State Univ, Dept Environm Anal & Management, Troy, AL 36092 USA. RP Krizek, DT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM dkrizek@asrr.arsusda.gov RI Strid, Ake/E-5309-2012 OI Strid, Ake/0000-0003-3315-8835 NR 46 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, 07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 158 IS 1 BP 41 EP 53 DI 10.1078/0176-1617-00226 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 401PY UT WOS:000166938400006 ER PT J AU Lingle, SE Dyer, JM AF Lingle, SE Dyer, JM TI Cloning and expression of sucrose synthase-1 cDNA from sugarcane SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Saccharum sp.; cDNA cloning; sucrose synthase AB Sucrose synthase (SuSy, EC 2.4.1.13) is a major enzyme of sucrose metabolism in sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) internodes. Most plants have at least two differentially expressed, nonallelic SuSy genes. A cDNA of the entire coding sequence of sucrose synthase-l was isolated from total RNA from an elongating sugarcane internode. Primers designed from published sequences of SuSy-1 from maize (Zea mays), wheat(Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa) amplified a 627-bp product through RT-PCR. This was followed by 5'- and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The cDNA is 2717bp long. The nucleotide sequence is similar to that of cDNAs for SuSy-1 from maize (91%), rice (89%) and barley (87%). The putative protein is 802 amino acids long, and 97% identical to the sh I SuSy protein from maize. An antisense riboprobe of the PCR product detected SuSy-1 transcripts in Northern blots of RNA from immature and mature leaf sheaths, the apex and immature leaf roll, immature and mature internodes, sett roots, and germinating vegetative bud. Expression in mature and immature leaf lamina was slight but detectable. This is the first report of a full-length cDNA of SuSy-1 from sugarcane. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Lingle, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 7 TC 20 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 158 IS 1 BP 129 EP 131 DI 10.1078/0176-1617-00266 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 401PY UT WOS:000166938400017 ER PT J AU Ball, VE Bureau, JC Butault, JP Nehring, R AF Ball, VE Bureau, JC Butault, JP Nehring, R TI Levels of farm sector productivity: An international comparison SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTIVITY ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE agricultural productivity; multilateral comparisons; production accounts; purchasing power parities ID SEMI-LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS; DUMMY VARIABLES; OUTPUT; INPUT AB This article focuses on the relative levels of farm sector productivity for the United States and nine European countries for the period 1973 to 1993. At the beginning of the period, Belgium had the highest level of productivity relative to the United States at 1.689. Ireland had the lowest relative productivity at 0.759. By 1993, the range of levels of productivity had narrowed significantly, from 0.709 for Ireland to 1.392 for the Netherlands. Further evidence of convergence can be seen in the coefficient of variation, which fell steadily from 0.261 in 1973 to 0.227 in 1993. Results based on regression analysis show a highly significant inverse relation between the rate of productivity convergence and the initial level of productivity, consistent with the "catch-up'' hypothesis. The results generally support the existence of a positive interaction between capital accumulation and productivity growth, suggesting embodiment. C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. INRA, INAGP Econ Publ, UMR, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France. RP Ball, VE (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 22 TC 37 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0895-562X J9 J PROD ANAL JI J. Prod. Anal. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 15 IS 1 BP 5 EP 29 DI 10.1023/A:1026554306106 PG 25 WC Business; Economics; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Business & Economics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 390VU UT WOS:000166319200001 ER PT J AU Vermeire, LT Gillen, RL AF Vermeire, LT Gillen, RL TI Estimating herbage standing crop with visual obstruction in tallgrass prairie SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE non-destructive sampling; ocular estimation; prescribed burning; Robel pole ID BIOMASS AB We evaluated the visual obstruction method as a non-destructive means of estimating herbage standing crop in tallgrass prairie. Prediction models were developed for both plot-level and pasture-level estimates by regressing standing crop from clipped plots on visual obstruction measurements (VOM) from 48, 20-sample trials. Trials were conducted year-round on burned and non-burned sites in different seral stages and with various levels of productivity and grazing pressure. Separate models were required for burned and non-burned pastures, but both applied across all other variables and were unaffected by community heterogeneity. Coefficients of determination were 0.95 and 0.90 for burned and non-burned pastures, respectively. Use of a more precise measurement scale for visual obstruction did not improve the prediction models, Models for standing crop based on individual quadrats explained less variation than models based on transect averages, The highest correlations with visual obstruction were obtained with 20 x 50 cm quadrats placed adjacent to the measurement pole and oriented toward the observer. The visual obstruction method required little training and mean deviations of student readings from those of the trainer were less than 1 cm, Sampling efficiency is improved with the visual obstruction method because it is reasonably accurate and 6 times faster than clipping. Standing crop estimates can be calculated immediately and less field equipment is needed. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Vermeire, LT (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 13 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 54 IS 1 BP 57 EP 60 DI 10.2307/4003528 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 392LA UT WOS:000166411500010 ER PT J AU Kuehl, RO McClaran, MP Van Zee, J AF Kuehl, RO McClaran, MP Van Zee, J TI Detecting fragmentation of cover in desert grasslands using line intercept SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE fetch length; monitoring; simulation ID INDICATORS; SOIL AB Changes in the amount or spatial distribution of grass plants are thought to be indicative of the stability of desert grasslands. This study assessed, through simulation, the sensitivity of statistical properties for distance between plants (fetch length), measured with a line intercept transect, to changes in the spatial distribution and amount of plant cover. Monitoring plots, 30 X 30 m, were simulated for 1, 2,5, 5, 10 and 15% grass cover with random and fragmented spatial distribution. Fetch lengths were measured on 2 randomly placed 30 m transects, In addition to the median and interquartile range, the asymmetry of the sampling distributions was measured with a ratio [(maximum-median)/(median-minimum)] that would identify the presence of at least 1 large open space. The accuracy of the fetch length method was confirmed by the similarity of its sampling distribution to that for the well known random point-to-plant sampling procedure. In both the fetch length and the point-to-plant measures, the median and interquartile range increased with decreasing cover for random and fragmented distribution. The asymmetry estimate increased sharply with increasing cover for the fragmented distribution but asymmetry was nearly constant with increasing cover for the random distribution. The results suggest that the evaluation of changes over time at a monitoring site could use fetch lengths measured along a line intercept transect to detect changes in both absolute and spatial arrangement of cover. C1 Univ Arizona, Coll Agr, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Kuehl, RO (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Coll Agr, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 54 IS 1 BP 61 EP 66 DI 10.2307/4003529 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 392LA UT WOS:000166411500011 ER PT J AU Grings, EE Short, RE Haferkamp, MR Heitschmidt, RK AF Grings, EE Short, RE Haferkamp, MR Heitschmidt, RK TI Animal age and sex effects on diets of grazing cattle SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE diet selection; beef cattle; calf; steer; heifer ID HERBAGE INTAKE; BEHAVIOR; CALVES; FORAGE AB The effects of animal age and sex on chemical and botanical composition of diets of cattle grazing native rangelands were evaluated in a 2-year study. Samples were collected monthly from June through October using esophageally cannulated suckling calves, yearling heifers, mature cows, and mature steers. Dietary crude protein and digestibility differed among animal classes, but these differences varied over time. These 2 diet quality indicators did not vary in the same manner over time for all animal classes, Dietary crude protein varied from a low of 7.2% for steers in August 1994 to a high of 14.3% for heifers in June 1993, In vitro digestibility varied from a low of 50.7% for cows in October 1993 to a high of 74.3% for calves in June 1993, Botanical composition of diets varied with animal class and sampling date with interactions among these. Cool-season grasses accounted for an average of 70% of the diet with a range of 33 to 90%, Shrubs varied from 1 to 61% of the diet. Differences in chemical composition among age and sex classes of cattle grazing native rangeland during the growing season may be partially related to differences in botanical composition of diets. Animals used to obtain diet samples should, therefore, be of similar physiological state and age as animals being monitored for performance. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RP Grings, EE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 54 IS 1 BP 77 EP 81 DI 10.2307/4003532 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 392LA UT WOS:000166411500014 ER PT J AU Fritsche, J Yurawecz, MP Pawlosky, R Flanagan, VP Steinhart, H Ku, Y AF Fritsche, J Yurawecz, MP Pawlosky, R Flanagan, VP Steinhart, H Ku, Y TI Spectroscopic characterization of unusual conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers SO JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CLA; GC-MS; Ag-HPLC; fatty acids ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SEPARATION C1 US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fritsche, J (reprint author), Unilever Res Labs Vlaardingen, NL-3130 AC Vlaardingen, Netherlands. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1615-9314 J9 J SEP SCI JI J. Sep. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 24 IS 1 BP 59 EP 61 DI 10.1002/1615-9314(20010101)24:1<59::AID-JSSC59>3.0.CO;2-Z PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 410TC UT WOS:000167454400010 ER PT J AU Torbert, HA Johnson, HB AF Torbert, HA Johnson, HB TI Soil of the Intensive Agriculture Biome of Biosphere 2 SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; RESIDUE DECOMPOSITION; CO2; AGROECOSYSTEMS C1 ARS, USDA, Nat Resources Syst Res Unit, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76503 USA. ARS, USDA, Grassland Protect Res Unit, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX USA. RP Torbert, HA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Nat Resources Syst Res Unit, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76503 USA. NR 35 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 1 BP 4 EP 11 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 403YW UT WOS:000167071500002 ER PT J AU Powell, JM Wu, Z Satter, LD AF Powell, JM Wu, Z Satter, LD TI Dairy diet effects on phosphorus cycles of cropland SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE dairy diet; manure; P cycling; phosphorus; P supplementation; soil P ID AGRICULTURAL PHOSPHORUS; SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; MANAGEMENT AB The long term importation of feed and fertilizer has resulted in soil nutrient accumulation and subsequent loss from many dairy farms. This study examines how excessive supplementation of dairy cow diets with inorganic P affects the land required for recycling manure P through crops and the ability of dairy farms to recycle manure P in view of new federal guidelines that limit land application of manure based on crop P requirements. Approximately 0.71 ha of cropland is required to recycle manure P excreted by a lactating cow fed a P adequate diet. Addition of supplemental P to raise dietary P from 3.8 g kg(-1) of diet dry matter, a level adequate for lactating cows, to 4.8 g kg(-1), typical of diets currently fed in North America, increases the area of cropland needed for recycling manure by 39%. For a representative Wisconsin dairy farm having 78.3 ha of tillable land, 9.5 ha of which already has excessive P, the annual addition of 8.1 kg P per row to increase dietary P from 3.8 to 4.8 g kg(-1) for a 90 cow herd would create excessive soil test P levels in all fields within 11 years. More strategies for integrating feed, manure, fertilizer, and land management are needed to decrease environmental risks while maintaining farm profits. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. ARS, USDA, Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI USA. RP Powell, JM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 27 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 1 BP 22 EP 26 PG 5 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 403YW UT WOS:000167071500004 ER PT J AU Wienhold, BJ Hendrickson, JR Karn, JF AF Wienhold, BJ Hendrickson, JR Karn, JF TI Pasture management influences on soil properties in the Northern Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE grazing management; microbe numbers; mixed grass prairie; N mineralization; North Dakota; organic C; soil quality ID WATER-USE; NITROGEN; FERTILIZATION; WHEATGRASS; GROWTH; CARBON AB The effect of management practices associated with livestock grazing on soil properties are largely unknown. Several physical, chemical and biological soil properties were compared for soil from a native vegetation exclosure, a moderately grazed native vegetation pasture stocked at 2.6 ha (6.4 ac) steer(-1), a heavily grazed native vegetation pasture stocked at 0.9 ha steer(-1), and and a fertilized crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum L. Gaertn.) pasture stocked at 0.9 ha steer(-1) near Mandan, North Dakota. The three native vegetation pastures were established in 1916 and the crested wheatgrass pasture was seeded in 1932. Soil properties varied in sensitivity to the management practices. Measures of vegetation and animal production, combined with assessment of soil properties suggest that moderate grazing and fertilization of crested wheatgrass are viable management options that appear to be sustainable while providing good and services needed by society. Range and pasture assessment should include soil assessment to more completely determine management effects on pastoral ecosystems. C1 ARS, USDA, Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. ARS, USDA, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND USA. RP Wienhold, BJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. NR 21 TC 29 Z9 46 U1 4 U2 25 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 1 BP 27 EP 31 PG 5 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 403YW UT WOS:000167071500005 ER PT J AU Pote, DH Reed, BA Daniel, TC Nichols, DJ Moore, PA Edwards, DR Formica, S AF Pote, DH Reed, BA Daniel, TC Nichols, DJ Moore, PA Edwards, DR Formica, S TI Water-quality effects of infiltration rate and manure application rate for soils receiving swine manure SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE runoff; swine manure; water quality ID LAGOON EFFLUENT; POULTRY LITTER; RUNOFF; IMPACTS; PLOTS AB We investigated the effects of rain infiltration rate and manure application rate on the quality of leachate and runoff from four soils. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber) plots received swine (Sus scrofa L) manure slurry at 1 or 2 Mg (dry weight) ha(-1) to provide N at 78.4 or 156.8 kg ha(-1). Simulated rain (75 mm hr(-1)) applied 24 hr after slurry application produced 30 min of runoff from each plot. Mean infiltration rates ranged from 7.7 to 60.6 mm hr(-1). Concentrations and mass losses of total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), NH4-N, dissolved reactive P (DRP), and total P in runoff increased significantly (alpha = 0.05) following slurry applications, and doubled when slurry application doubled. High infiltration rates reduced runoff volumes and runoff concentrations of Cl, total dissolved solids, DRP, TKN, and NH4-N. Concentrations of NO3-N and NH4-N in leachate water, collected at 0.4 m depth by suction cup lysimeters, did not increase following slurry applications. C1 USDA, NRCS, Lebanon, MO USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA USA. ARS, USDA, Fayetteville, AR USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. Arkansas Dept Environm Qual, Little Rock, AR USA. NR 22 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 1 BP 32 EP 37 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 403YW UT WOS:000167071500006 ER PT J AU Laboski, CAM Lamb, JA Dowdy, RH Baker, JM Wright, J AF Laboski, CAM Lamb, JA Dowdy, RH Baker, JM Wright, J TI Irrigation scheduling for a sandy soil using mobile frequency domain reflectometry with a checkbook method SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE checkbook method; corn; irrigation scheduling; mobile FDR; soybean; water quality; wheat ID WATER; TDR; CORN AB Time domain reflectometry (TDR) has changed the way researchers measure soil water content A technology similar to TDR, called frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) can now be applied to practical field situations, such dr irrigation scheduling. Far this study, mobile FDR probes were inserted into the soil vertically and measured soil moisture in the upper 0.6 m of soil in two 0.3 m increments. The mobile FDR was used to measure soil moisture in many locations in thm crops (corn, soybean, spring wheat) on selected days for two growing seasons. This information war used to update a checkbook method of irrigation scheduling and proved to be easy. Quick, mobile FDR measurements in several locations provided sound estimates of soil moisture throughout a field and allowed for enhanced water use efficiency and reduced leaching potential. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Biosyst & Agr Engn, W Cent Expt Stn, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Laboski, CAM (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 10 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 2 BP 97 EP 100 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 437JT UT WOS:000168989100005 ER PT J AU Gilley, JE Doran, JW Eghball, B AF Gilley, JE Doran, JW Eghball, B TI Tillage and fallow effects on selected soil quality characteristics of former conservation reserve program sites SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE conservation benefits; grassland; land management; soil organic matter; soil properties ID ORGANIC-MATTER; EROSION; CARBON; CULTIVATION; GRASSLAND; CROPLAND; PLAINS; RUNOFF; LANDS AB Tillage and fallow have been suggested as management options for converting Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) areas to cropland This study was conducted to measure selected soil quality characteristics of former CRP sites in Mississippi, Nebraska, and South Dakota that were tilled and then left fallow for 21 or 22 months. Soil samples from depth intervals of 0-7.6 cm and 0-30.5 cm were collected for laboratory assessment of the following soil quality indicators: bulk density, EC, pH, total C, organic C, total N NO3-N, NH4-N, PO4-P, biomass C, biomass N, anaerobic NH4-N, lab respiration 0-10 days and lab respiration 10-20 days. When compared to undisturbed CRP, increased NO3-N values on the tillage and fallow plots suggest that under the extreme renditions employed in this study, organic residues were being mineralized. Re a result, significant reductions in organic C and total N were found at the 0-7.6 cm depth on each of the fallow plots. Thus, to reduce soil quality degradation, use of minimum-till or no-till management systems may be best suited for CRP areas which are converted to cropland. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Gilley, JE (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 2 BP 126 EP 132 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 437JT UT WOS:000168989100010 ER PT J AU Liu, G Lindstrom, MJ Zhang, X Li, Y Zhang, J AF Liu, G Lindstrom, MJ Zhang, X Li, Y Zhang, J TI Conservation management effects on soil erosion reduction in the Sichuan Basin, China SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE China; contour management; Sichuan province; soil erosion; water runoff AB Water erosion is a serious production problem in the Sichuan province of southwest China. Landscapes are topographically complex with slope gradients up to 40% used for crop production. The present recommended procedure for controlling soil erosion has been through terrace construction. However as slope gradients become greater than 10%, construction rests become prohibitive. Prior research hac shown a reduction in water runoff and soil erosion using contour management. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of two contour management systems with the customary up and downslope tillage and planting (ST) on water runoff soil erosion, and crop production. Experimental sites were established at five locations in Sichuan province. The two contour systems evaluated were a ridge and furrow system established every three years with a no-till planting on the ridge (CTN) for the summer crop and a ridge and furrow system established annually (CT) for the summer crop. The CTN treatment was more effective than CT in reducing water runoff (P = 0.05) at all locations but only significantly more effective in reducing soil erosion at three of the five rites. The contour management systems (CTN and CT) show a significant reduction in water runoff and soil erosion when compared to ST. An estimated practice (P) factor of 0.31 and 0.50 was calculated for the CTN and CT treatments. However, two of the five sites were still experiencing a high rate of soil erosion with contour management indicating that further erosion control measures may be required. C1 CAS, Inst Mt Hazards & Environm, Chengdu, Sichuan, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, Morris, MN USA. RP Liu, G (reprint author), CAS, Inst Mt Hazards & Environm, Chengdu, Sichuan, Peoples R China. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 2 BP 144 EP 147 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 437JT UT WOS:000168989100013 ER PT J AU Truman, CC Williams, RG AF Truman, CC Williams, RG TI Effects of peanut cropping practices and canopy cover conditions on runoff and sediment yield SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE cover factor; crop canopy; rainfall simulation; RUSLE; southeastern US; USLE ID C-FACTORS; CORN; LOSSES; SOIL AB Runoff and sediment yields were measured from eight field plots (40 m(2)) over a three year period to determine the effect of peanut cropping practices and canopy cover conditions on runoff and sediment loss. Plots were located on a Tifton loamy sand, and were exposed to four 30 min simulated rainfall sequences (I = 63.5 mm h(-1)) four to eight times per growing season. Runoff and sediment losses were measured from four soil cover conditions: continuous fallow, bare bedded, single row peanuts (Arachis hypogea L), and twin row peanuts (2 to 4 peanut rows per 2 m wide bed). percent cover (PC) and leaf area index (LAI) increased to a maximum then leveled off as plants matured or were harvested. PC for single and twin row peanuts was related to days since planting (DSP) (r - 0.96 for single row peanuts and r = 0.98 for twin row peanuts). LAI values for single and twin row peanuts were related to PC (r = 0.98 for single row peanuts and r = 0.94 for twin row peanuts). Single and twin row peanut plots had as much as eight times less runoff and as much as 63 times less sediment loss than continuous fallow or bare bedded plots. Twin row peanut plots had as much as three times less runoff and sediment loss than single row peanut plots. Sequence-based erodibility values calculated from continuous fallow plots (K-FC) and bare bedded plots (K-BB) ranged from 4-24 (3 yr mean = 11.3, s.d. = 5.3) and 2-36 kg ha h MJ(-1) ha(-1) mm(-1) (3 yr mean = 12.9, s.d. = 11.6), respectively. Soil loss ratios (SLR) ranged from 0.001-2.61. SLRs decrease to a low for cropstage 3 when percent canopy cover was greatest (DSP = 81-107), then increased as peanut plants mature or were harvested. Results show how management practices, such as twin row peanuts, can maximize peanut canopy development early in the growing season and minimize the time in which bare soil is vulnerable to a runoff producing rainstorm, thus reducing runoff and soil loss and conserving valuable natural resources. C1 USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Truman, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 2 BP 152 EP 159 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 437JT UT WOS:000168989100015 ER PT J AU Kaspar, TC Radke, JK Laflen, JM AF Kaspar, TC Radke, JK Laflen, JM TI Small grain cover crops and wheel traffic effects on infiltration, runoff, and erosion SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE cover crops; erosion; infiltration; interrill; no-till; rainfall simulator; residue cover; rill; runoff; sedimen ID SOIL LOSSES; TILLAGE; CORN AB Oat and rye cover crops have the potential to reduce erosion when following soybean crops in Iowa. Oat and rye cover crops were overseeded into no-till soybeans in August of 1995, 1996, and 1997 on a sloping site. Infiltration, runoff, and interrill erosion were measured in April of 1996, 1997, and 1998 using an oscillating sprinkler head rainfall simulator that applied water at approximately 125 mm hr-1 Rill erosion was measured by making flow, additions to the upslope end of plots. All measurements were made concurrently on tracked and untracked interrows. Cover crops had no effect on infiltration and erosion in 1996 In 1997, both oat and rye cover crops reduced interrill erosion, but in 1998 only rye increased infiltration and reduced interrill erosion and runoff. Untracked interrows had less interrill erosion and runoff, and more infiltration than tracked interrows. In 1997 and 1998, both oat and rye cover crops reduced rill erosion, but wheel traffic had no measurable effect on rill erosion. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Kaspar, TC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 26 TC 82 Z9 85 U1 5 U2 49 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 2 BP 160 EP 164 PG 5 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 437JT UT WOS:000168989100016 ER PT J AU Arndt, C Fecso, B Preckel, PV Stoneman, B AF Arndt, C Fecso, B Preckel, PV Stoneman, B TI Soil selection for use in environmental analysis SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Gaussian quadrature; sampling; soil sampling; statistical subset AB Estimating variables, such as erosion rates, across a diverse soil and water resource base is a problem of interest in natural resource management. Here, we propose an alternative to the predominant soils (PS) approach of Stoneman, Brown, and Spivey. Our method, called Gaussian quadrature (GQ) is adapted from the numerical integration literature. Two experiments compare GQ with PS. The first plugs sample input into a simulation model to approximate erosion rates, surface runoff, and crop yield for a region. The second estimates erosion in three regions using the Universal Sail Loss Equation (USLE). Results for the GQ samples are compared to results for the full population and results from random samples. GQ sampling tend to he more effective, particularly with respect to measures related to the heterogeneity of the population, such as the variance and skewness, than PS or random sampling. Judiciously used, GQ sample selection permits reductions in the number of soils sampled with only a moderate loss of accuracy. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Agr Econ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. USDA, Conservat Operat Div, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Richmond, VA USA. RP Arndt, C (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Agr Econ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RI Preckel, Paul/A-9365-2009 NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 2 BP 165 EP 171 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 437JT UT WOS:000168989100017 ER PT J AU Eghball, B Gilley, JE AF Eghball, B Gilley, JE TI Phosphorus risk assessment index evaluation using runoff measurements SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE animal waste; erosion; eutrophication; fertilizer; P loss; runoff; water quality ID AGRICULTURAL RUNOFF; SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; ASSESSMENT-TOOL; NITROGEN; MANURE; MANAGEMENT; FIELD AB An index to evaluate the phosphorus (P) pollution potential of agricultural fields was proposed by Lemunyon and Gilbert in 1993. Data from three rainfall simulation studies were used to evaluate the relative importance of the variables in the P index. These studies included plots containing sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L), and corn (Zea mays L) residues on which chemical fertilizer and composted or noncomposted beef cattle feedlot manure were applied under no-till and disked conditions. The factors of erosion, runoff, soil P level, P application source, and method and rate of P addition were weighted and considered in the index calculation. Measured soil erosion accounted for 78% and 88% of the variability in total and particulate P losses, respectively, indicating the importance of erosion in the loss of sediment hound P. Bioavailable and dissolved P losses were unrelated to measured soil erosion but were influenced by tillage, runoff amount, and P source. The P index of Lemunyon and Gilbert was modified based on the results of these experiments. The correlation coefficient value (r) between total P loss and the modified P index values, was 0.74 as compared to 0.52 for the Lemunyon and Gilbert P index Additive index values were more closely correlated with total P loss than the index values calculated by multiplying the weight of each factor. If erosion and runoff are accurately predicted, the P index can serve as a useful tool for identifying sites where transport of P to surface water can be a potential concern. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Eghball, B (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 23 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 14 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 3 BP 202 EP 206 PG 5 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 505WJ UT WOS:000172938300009 ER PT J AU Nearing, MA AF Nearing, MA TI Potential changes in rainfall erosivity in the US with climate change during the 21(st) century SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE atmosphere-ocean global climate models; precipitation; RUSLE; soil erosion ID GREENHOUSE-GAS; EROSION MODEL; IMPACT; CIRCULATION; SIMULATION; GCM AB The erosive power of rainfall can be expected to change as climate changes. Such erosive changes are likely to have significant impacts on local and national soil conservation strategies. This study uses results of climate change scenarios from two coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Global Climate Models to investigate the possible levels and patterns of change that might be expected over the 21st century. Results of this study suggest the potential for changes in rainfall erosivity across much of the continental United States during the coming century. The magnitude of change (positive or negative) across the country over an 80 year period averaged between 16-58%, depending upon the method used to make the predictions. Some areas of the country showed increases and others showed decreases in erosivity. Spatial distributions of calculated erosivity changes indicated areas of both consistency and inconsistency between the two climate models. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Nearing, MA (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 21 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 16 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 3 BP 229 EP 232 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 505WJ UT WOS:000172938300013 ER PT J AU Potter, KN Daniel, JA Altom, W Torbert, HA AF Potter, KN Daniel, JA Altom, W Torbert, HA TI Stocking rate effect on soil carbon and nitrogen in degraded soils SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE grazing; organic carbon; sequestration ID DRY COMBUSTION; ORGANIC-CARBON; GREAT-PLAINS; CLIMATE; GRASSLANDS; MANAGEMENT AB Stocking rate (SR) effects on soil organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen content resulting from 10 year continuous management were determined. Treatments were rotational grazing with four SR levels: light, moderate, heavy and non grazed. Two soils, a Durant loam (Udertic Argiustolls) and a Teller silt loam (Udic Argiustolls) located within common paddocks were sampled. Total OC mass in the surface 60 cm of the Durant soil averaged across treatments, was 95.7 t ha(-1) compared to 56.7 t ha(-1) in the Teller soil In the Durant soil, OC decreased as SR increased, with the non grazed exclosure having the greatest amount of soil OC In contrast, the Teller soil had similar amounts of OC in the soil profile with all grazing treatments, but less without grazing. Total soil nitrogen followed similar trends as the soil OC Soil properties should be considered to accurately assess the potential of grazing lands to sequester carbon. C1 USDA ARS, Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX USA. USDA ARS, Grazing Lands Res Lab, El Reno, OK USA. Samuel Roberts Noble Fdn Inc, Ardmore, OK USA. USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Potter, KN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 11 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 3 BP 233 EP 236 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 505WJ UT WOS:000172938300014 ER PT J AU Rickman, RW Douglas, CL Albrecht, SL Bundy, LG Berc, JL AF Rickman, RW Douglas, CL Albrecht, SL Bundy, LG Berc, JL TI CQESTR: a model to estimate carbon sequestration in agricultural soils SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE carbon storage; crop residue; greenhouse gasses; organic matter; soil amendments ID LONG-TERM EXPERIMENTS; STRAW DECOMPOSITION; NO-TILL; WHEAT; RESIDUE; PLACEMENT; NITROGEN AB The PC-based model for predicting tillage and crop rotation effects on organic carbon decomposition and storage in the soil as organic matter (OM) uses crop residue and root biomass production, tillage type and timing, and average temperature from existing c-factor files, created with the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE). Residue nitrogen content and soil layering information-including layer thickness, organic matter content, and bulk density complete the input requirements for the model. Short-term trends of surface and remaining buried residue and long-term trends in soil organic matter content, are computed for individual fields and cropping practices. The model was calibrated with soil organic carbon observations (converted to equivalent OM values) from plots with over 60 years of recorded management history including wheat/fallow with manure additions and wheat/fallow with stubble removal Computations have a 95% confidence interval of +/- 3.3 g OM kg(-1) soil (0.33% OM). Comparison of OM calculations from the calibrated model with observed values from Lancaster, Wisconsin, and Lexington, Kentucky, produced mean residual errors ranging from -3.0 to +0.2 g OM kg(-1) soil (-0.3 to +0.02% OM). C1 USDA ARS, Pendleton, OR USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Washington, DC USA. RP Rickman, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pendleton, OR USA. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 3 BP 237 EP 242 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 505WJ UT WOS:000172938300015 ER PT J AU Truman, CC Wauchope, RD Sumner, HR Davis, JG Gascho, GJ Hook, JE Chandler, LD Johnson, AW AF Truman, CC Wauchope, RD Sumner, HR Davis, JG Gascho, GJ Hook, JE Chandler, LD Johnson, AW TI Slope length effects on runoff and sediment delivery SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE scaling; rainfall simulation; transport capacity ID LABORATORY DETERMINATION; SOIL; EROSION AB Lab studies provide an opportunity to isolate processes influencing water sediment, and agrichemical transport under standard conditions. However, extending this information to field or watershed scales is often difficult. We compared runoff (R) and sediment (E) losses from a lab study with field data from a Tifton loamy sand (3% slope). Three plot scales/length-rainfall simulator methodologies were used: 1.) 0.32 m(2) lab pan (L = 0.6 m) under an oscillating nozzle rainfall simulator; 2.) 5.5 m(2) field plot (L = 3 m) under a Wobbler nozzle rainulator and 3.) 600 m(2) field plots (L = 43 in) under the same rainulator used in method 2. For field plots (Methods 2 and 3), R and E losses were measured from six simulated rainfall events (I = 25.4 mm hr(-1), 2 hr duration) during two corn growing seasons (five days before agrichemical application and 1, 14, 29, 49, and 108 days after agrichemical application). Similar rainfall intensity and duration were used in the lab study. R and E losses from lab pan (method 1) and 5.5 m, field plots (method 2) were measured at 5 minute intervals, whereas R and E delivery for 600 m(2) plots (method 3) were measured continuously and at selected times, respectively. R and E rates from all methods generally increased during each event with similar maximum rates. Total R and E for method 2 was at least an order of magnitude greater than those for method 1, and total R and E for method 3 were at least I order of magnitude greater than those for method 2. R and E were related to slope length (R-2 = 0.94-0.99). Exponents (b) for R and E were 0.50-1.63. Detachment and transport processes varied spatially. Once a critical slope length was exceeded, rilling occurred. Rilling was non existent in method I and was present but not dominant in method 2. For method 3, slope length was sufficient to cause rilling, therefore E was greater than that for methods 1 and 2. C1 USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Georgia, Tifton, GA USA. USDA ARS, Brookings, SD USA. RP Truman, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RI Davis, Jessica/C-1903-2013 NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 7 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 3 BP 249 EP 256 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 505WJ UT WOS:000172938300017 ER PT J AU Doolittle, J Petersen, M Wheeler, T AF Doolittle, J Petersen, M Wheeler, T TI Comparison of two electromagnetic induction tools in salinity appraisals SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE apparent conductivity; electrical conductivity; electromagnetic induction; salinity; salinity mapping; soil conductivity; soil salinity ID SOIL ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; WATER-CONTENT; DEPTH AB Electromagnetic induction (EMI) is a relatively low cost and rapid method for measuring and mapping soil salinity over broad areas. This study compares apparent conductivity (ECa) data obtained with single-frequency (EM38 meter) and multi-frequency (GEM300 sensor) EMI instruments and relates apparent conductivity measured by these instruments with the more conventional conductivity of saturated extract (ECe). Correlation coefficients between the ECa data sets obtained with the two instruments were 0.80 and 0.86 in the horizontal and vertical dipole orientations, respectively. Although the GEM300 sensor produced higher apparent conductivity measurements and also predicted somewhat less accurately the conductivity of soil samples, spatial patterns of apparent and electrical conductivity produced by the two instruments were similar and reasonable. Multifrequency sounding with the easier-to-operate GEM300 sensor was found to provide no additional information and did not improve interpretations over single frequency sounding. C1 Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Newtown Sq, PA USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Greeley, CO USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Lakewood, CO USA. RP Doolittle, J (reprint author), Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Newtown Sq, PA USA. NR 24 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 3 BP 257 EP 262 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 505WJ UT WOS:000172938300018 ER PT J AU Zhao, SL Dorsey, EC Gupta, SC Moncrief, JF Huggins, DR AF Zhao, S. L. Dorsey, E. C. Gupta, S. C. Moncrief, J. F. Huggins, D. R. TI Automated water sampling and flow measuring devices for runoff and subsurface drainage SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE flow measurement; non-point source pollution; pollutant measurement; runoff; sediment; tile drainage; tile flow; tipping bucket; water quality; water pollution AB Inexpensive devices that characterize water flow rates as well as take samples either during runoff or subsurface drainage are needed especially for developing countries where the commercially available equipment may be cost prohibitive. Event in the developed countries, these devices could save considerable money especially if a large number of louts are needed such as in replicated plot experiments. This paper describes the design, construction and testing of such devices for characterizing flow rates and also for collecting water samples from surface the inlets (runoff) and subsurface the drains. For runoff, the tipping bucket device (about 4 L (1.06 gallon) per tip) sits on top of a sample holder. Flow rates, ranging front 1 to 116 L min(-1) (0.26 to 30.68 gallon min(-1)) are measured by recording the number of tips and time between two consecutive tips. The maximum error in flow measurement is 0.4%. Water samples are collected by catching about 20 mL (0.68 oz) offlow every outer tip (all equivalent to about 0.25% of the total runoff) in a polyethylene bottle ill the sample holder. The sample holder houses 20 bottles, 19 are for sample collection. After a specific number of pre-programmed tips, the bottle is advanced so that the next empty bottle is under the sampling port. The device cart be programmed to catch volume distributed or time distributed samples. The subsurface drainnge measuring and sampling device consists of a tipping bucket (410 mil (13.85 oz) per tip) and a tygon tube connected to the sampling port at the base of the tipping bucket. A small fraction (3 ml (0.1 oz)) of the water collects in the tygon tube every other tip. The tube is emptied each day and the sample represents the daily composite drainage. A CR-10 data logger provides the electronic controls for automating the system. C1 Resource 21, Englewood, CO USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Zhao, SL (reprint author), Resource 21, Englewood, CO USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 4 BP 299 EP 306 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA V43RB UT WOS:000202951100006 ER PT J AU McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN Beegle, DB Weld, JL AF McDowell, R. W. Sharpley, A. N. Beegle, D. B. Weld, J. L. TI Comparing phosphorus management strategies at a watershed scale SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Animal Feeding Operations; CAFO strategies; eutrophication; fertilizer management; manure management; nonpoint source pollution; nutrient management planning; phosphorus index; phosphorus runoff; risk assessment; water quality; watershed runoff AB The persistence of water quality problems has directed attention toward reduction of agricultural non-point sources of phosphorus (P). We assessed the practical impact of three management scenarios of the USDA-EPA Strategy for Animal Feeding Operations to reduce P losses from a watershed. Using an agronomic threshold of 50 mg Mehlich-3 P kg(-1) soil, 55% of our watershed would receive no P as fertilizer or manure. An environmental threshold of 190 mg Mehlich-3 P kg(-1) soil, above which P loss in runoff increases, restricts future P inputs to less than crop removal on 32% of the watershed. Finally, a site assessment P index, which accounts for likely source and transport risks was used. This showed none of the watershed was at high risk of P loss and that areas of medium risk (where remedial treasures should be considered) were near the stream channel. In the watershed studied, the P index was the best method to target remedial management to minimize P export and impacted less land area than the other strategies. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv Pasture Syst, University Pk, PA USA. USDA, Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP McDowell, RW (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv Pasture Syst, University Pk, PA USA. OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 27 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 10 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 2001 VL 56 IS 4 BP 306 EP 315 PG 10 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA V43RB UT WOS:000202951100007 ER PT J AU Allaire, F Stinner, B Stinner, D Hartzler, J Moore, R Hoy, C Dorsey, J Hitzhusen, F Weaver, M AF Allaire, F Stinner, B Stinner, D Hartzler, J Moore, R Hoy, C Dorsey, J Hitzhusen, F Weaver, M TI Learning sustainable development with a farm enterprise and its community SO JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Biennial Meeting of the North American Chapter of the International-Farming-Systems-Association CY OCT, 1999 CL UNIV GUELPH, GUELPH, CANADA SP Int Farming Syst Assoc, N Amer Chapter HO UNIV GUELPH DE sustainable development; team learning; geographic information systems; systemic learning; environmental benefit of agriculture; value added agriculture AB Model social processes useful in facilitating sustainable development are advanced from our team experiences with a case study. The processes are: learn how to learn as a team and community, use a model process that reveals shared interests anti leverageable points, and then facilitate local stakeholders in developmental action. The case provided the team the opportunity to learn to describe and comprehend the case agroecosystem as a whole-natural elements and social relationships. Dialogue among stakeholders created an awareness and clarity of leverageable issues. Team engagement with local stakeholders facilitated efforts to organize, integrate information and motivate developmental action. Case issue lessons were: farmers need information to transition to more sustainable forms of agriculture, institutional mechanisms are needed to support the development of new markets, consumers need information on the benefits of using agricultural products that enhance their environment, and the public needs to share responsibility for food safety and health rather than generating more governmental regulation. This sustainable development model process is presented to inform other farm-community change efforts. C1 Coll Woster, Dept Anim Sci, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Dept Entomol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Hartzier Family Farms & Dairy, Smithville, OH 44677 USA. Dept Human Community Resource Dev, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. USDA ARS, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Dept Food Agr & Biol Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Dept Agr Environm & Dev Econ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Coll Wooster, Dept Polit Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Allaire, F (reprint author), Coll Woster, Dept Anim Sci, 2027 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 8 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 1044-0046 J9 J SUSTAIN AGR JI J. Sustain. Agric. PY 2001 VL 19 IS 1 BP 65 EP 83 DI 10.1300/J064v19n01_06 PG 19 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 494RX UT WOS:000172300600006 ER PT J AU Buhler, DD Kohler, KA Foster, MS AF Buhler, DD Kohler, KA Foster, MS TI Corn, soybean, and weed responses to spring-seeded smother plants SO JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE cover crops; clover; integrated weed management; intercropping; medic; mustard ID ZEA-MAYS; TILLAGE AB Field and greenhouse research was conducted to better define the characteristics of a spring-seeded smother plant system for weed control in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). In the greenhouse, emergence and early growth of two medic (Medicago) species was greatest when planted 1.5 cm deep. In the field, Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), four medic species, and yellow mustard (Brassica hirta Moench) were planted immediately after corn or soybean planting in a 25-cm-wide band centered over the crop row. All species achieved 45% or more ground cover by 72 days after planting and yellow mustard often generated ground cover more quickly than other species. Weed suppression varied, with yellow mustard and Sava medic (Medicago scutellata L.) often providing greater weed suppression than other species. However, weed suppression was highly variable and crop yields were usually reduced compared with weed-free plots. Killing Sava medic 30 days after planting reduced weed suppression and did not increase corn yield compared with allowing the medic to survive until maturity. Delaying seeding of Sava medic until rotary hoeing increased weed suppression compared with rotary hoeing alone. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Buhler, DD (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 1044-0046 J9 J SUSTAIN AGR JI J. Sustain. Agric. PY 2001 VL 18 IS 4 BP 63 EP 79 DI 10.1300/J064v18n04_08 PG 17 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 484CX UT WOS:000171673600007 ER PT J AU Gao, FF Jin, Y Yates, SR Papiernik, S Anderson, MA Yates, MV AF Gao, FF Jin, Y Yates, SR Papiernik, S Anderson, MA Yates, MV TI Theory and laboratory study of a tall passive chamber for measuring gas fluxes at soil surface SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID NITROUS-OXIDE; FIELD MEASUREMENT; EMISSIONS; N2O; NO AB A tall passive flux chamber with a height significantly greater than its horizontal dimensions is proposed for measuring fluxes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at the soil surface. The main feature of this tall chamber is the presence of a vertical concentration gradient of the target gas in the chamber. The emission and transport behavior of the target gas in the soil-chamber system are analyzed using the diffusion theory. A mathematical model is developed to estimate the flux from the soil into the tall chamber, providing the target gas establishes a detectable vertical concentration gradient in the chamber. To obtain the data required for calculating flux, only two gas concentrations (C(1) and C(2)) at two heights (h(1) and h(2)) within the chamber need to be measured at the end of a short chamber placement time (t(p)). To evaluate the applicability of the tall chamber for measuring flux, several laboratory tests have been conducted, using CH(2)Cl(2) and CH(3)Br as the target gases. The results indicate that the proposed tall chamber has promising potential as a method for measuring fluxes of VOCs at the soil surface. C1 Delaware Dept Nat Resources & Environm Control, Div Air & Waste Management, Air Qual Management Sect, Dover, DE 19901 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE USA. USDA, Salin Lab, Soil Phys & Pesticide Res Unit, Riverside, CA USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA USA. RP Gao, FF (reprint author), Delaware Dept Nat Resources & Environm Control, Div Air & Waste Management, Air Qual Management Sect, 156 S State St, Dover, DE 19901 USA. EM fgao@state.de.us NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 51 IS 1 BP 49 EP 59 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 395LA UT WOS:000166580800008 PM 11218425 ER PT J AU Hunt, J Dwyer, J AF Hunt, J Dwyer, J TI Position of the American Dietetic Association: Food fortification and dietary supplements SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HEALTH INTERVIEW SURVEY; BODY-COMPOSITION; CHROMIUM PICOLINATE; BETA-CAROTENE; CONTROLLED TRIAL; UNITED-STATES; VITAMIN-A; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; HEMOCHROMATOSIS GENE; MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS AB Wise food choices provide the necessary foundation for optimal nutrition. Science has not fully identified the specific chemical components that account for the benefits of healthy eating patterns. Selection of a variety of foods, using tools such as the USDA/HHS Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the USDA Food Guide Pyramid, is the best way to provide a desirable balance, without excessive intakes of macronutrients, micronutrients and other beneficial components of foods. Nevertheless, for certain nutrients and some individuals, fortification, supplementation, or both may also be desirable. Nutrient intakes from all these sources should be considered in dietary assessments, planning and recommendations. The recommendations of the National Academy of Sciences' Food and Nutrition Board provide a sound scientific basis for vitamin and mineral intakes. Intakes exceeding those recommendations have no demonstrated benefit for the normal, healthy population. Dietetics professionals should base recommendations for use of fortified foods or supplements on individualized assessment and sound scientific evidence of efficacy and safety. It is the position of the American Dietetic Association that the best nutritional strategy for promoting optimal health and reducing the risk of chronic disease is to wisely choose a wide variety of foods. Additional vitamins and minerals from fortified foods and/or supplements can help some people meet their nutritional needs as specified by science-based nutrition standards such as the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Frances Stern Nutr Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Hunt, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. OI Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769 NR 89 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 13 U2 16 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 101 IS 1 BP 115 EP 125 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 460MR UT WOS:000170311800021 ER PT J AU Ma, JZ Yang, ZS Liu, CK Wang, W AF Ma, JZ Yang, ZS Liu, CK Wang, W TI Effects of the composition of vinyl polymer tannages on the physical properties of leather SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ENERGY AB The effects of the composition of vinyl polymer tannages on the physical properties of leather have been systematically studied with a statistical two-power regression orthogonal design(1). Fracture energy was measured along with tensile strength, elongation and tensile modulus for a wide variety of syntan treated pigskin leathers. Eight monomers: acrylonitrile (AN), acrylamide (AM), methyl acrylic acid (MAA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), vinyl acetate (VAc), methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), and butyl acrylate (BA) were chosen respectively to copolymerize with acrylic acid (AA) to form the corresponding copolymers. Tests showed the excellent physical properties of leather treated by the hexa-copolymer composed of AA, AN, AM, MMA, VAc and EA. After performing the retanning application test by using these copolymers as tannages, the physical properties of the retanned leather samples, such as tensile strength, elongation at break, toughness (fracture energy), and stiffness (Young's modulus) were measured. The results showed the comonomer ratio of vinyl polymer tannages can greatly affect the physical properties of leather. If the comonomer ratio of the hexa-copolymer composed of AA, AN, AM, MMA, VAc and EA is optimized, the hexa-copolymer tannages can offer significant improvements in the tensile strength, elongation at break, toughness (fracture energy), and softness of the leather samples. C1 NW Inst Light Ind, Dept Leather Engn, Xianyang City 712081, Shaanxi Prov, Peoples R China. ARS, USDA, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Zhejiang Univ, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Hangzhou 310027, Peoples R China. RP Ma, JZ (reprint author), NW Inst Light Ind, Dept Leather Engn, Xianyang City 712081, Shaanxi Prov, Peoples R China. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 96 IS 1 BP 14 EP 22 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 394BB UT WOS:000166503200003 ER PT J AU Compton, DL King, JW AF Compton, DL King, JW TI Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of triolein-based sunscreens in supercritical CO2 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE ethyl ferulate; lipase; Novozym (R) 435; sunscreen; supercritical CO2; triolein ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; ENZYMES; FLUIDS; OILS AB Novozyme(R) 435-catalyzed transesterification of ethyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy cinnamate (ethyl ferulate, EF) with triolein to form the ultraviolet (UV)-absorbing lipids monoferuloylmonooleoyl-glycerol (FMO) and feruloyl-diolcoyl-glycerol (FDO) has been conducted using supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) batch reactions. The alcoholysis of 0.1 M EF with 0.1 M 1-octanol in SC-CO2 to form octyl ferulate was used as a model reaction to optimize pressure and temperature conditions. Conditions ranging from 45 to 80 degreesC and 10.3 to 34.5 MPa (1,500 to 5,000 psi) were tested with a maximal conversion of 53% of the EF being achieved at 13.8 MPa (2,000 psi) and 80 degreesC after 24 h. These optimized conditions applied to the transesterification of ET with triolein effected a combined FMO and FDO yield of 69%. Triolein exhibits higher solubilities in SC-CO2 at higher pressures; therefore, the transesterification was performed at 80 degreesC over a range of pressures from 13.8 to 34,5 MPa (2,000 to 5,000 psi). Results showed that a maximal yield of 74% of FMO and FDO was reached at 80 degreesC and 24,1 MPa (3,500 psi) after 48 h. Compared to the FMO and FDO synthesis conducted neat or in toluene, the synthesis of the UV-absorbing lipids in SC-CO2 affords higher yields within a shorter amount of time. Therefore, the transesterification of E with triolein in a SC-CO2 batch reaction is a viable route to UV-absorbing lipids that could be used as active ingredients in sunscreen formulations. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Compton, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 14 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1 BP 43 EP 47 DI 10.1007/s11746-001-0217-z PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 395HG UT WOS:000166574500008 ER PT J AU List, GR Pelloso, T Orthoefer, F Warner, K Neff, WE AF List, GR Pelloso, T Orthoefer, F Warner, K Neff, WE TI Soft margarines from high stearic acid soybean oils SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Letter C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Beatrice Foods, Indianapolis, IN USA. AC Humko, Cordova, TN USA. RP List, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 78 IS 1 BP 103 EP 104 DI 10.1007/s11746-001-0227-x PG 2 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 395HG UT WOS:000166574500018 ER PT J AU Lester, GE Arias, LS Gomez-Lim, M AF Lester, GE Arias, LS Gomez-Lim, M TI Muskmelon fruit soluble acid invertase and sucrose phosphate synthase activity and polypeptide profiles during growth and maturation SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cucumis melo; sugars; immunodetection ID PLANT DEVELOPMENT; TOMATO FRUIT; EXPRESSION; ACCUMULATION; METABOLISM; CLONING; CUCUMIS AB Muskmelon [Cucumis melo L. (Reticulatus Group)] fruit sugar content is the single most important consumer preference attribute. During fruit ripening, sucrose accumulates when soluble acid invertase (AI) activity is less then sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity. To genetically heighten fruit sugar content, knowledge of sugar accumulation during fruit development in conjunction with AI and SPS enzyme activities and their peptide immunodetection profiles, is needed. Two netted muskmelon cultivars, Valley Gold a high sugar accumulator, and North Star a low sugar accumulator, with identical maturity indices were assayed for fruit sugars, Al and SPS activity, and immunodetection of Al and SPS polypeptides 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 (abscission) days after anthesis (DAA). Both cultivars, grown in the Fall, 1998 and Spring, 1999, showed similar total sugar accumulation profiles. Total sugars increased 1.5 fold, from 2 through 5 DAA, then remained unchanged until 30 DAA. From 30 DAA until abscission, total sugar content increased, with 'Valley Gold' accumulating significantly more than 'North Star'. During both seasons, sucrose was detected at 2 DAA, which coincided with SPS activity higher than Al activity, at 5 through 25 DAA, no sucrose was detected which coincided with SPS activity less than Al activity. At 30 DAA when SPS activity was greater than Al activity, increased sucrose accumulation occurred. 'Valley Gold' at abscission had higher total sugar content and SPS activity, and lower AI activity than 'North Star','North Star' had Al isoforms at 75, 52, 38, and 25 kDa (ku) that generally decreased with maturation, although the isoform at 52 ku remained detectable up to anthesis (30 DAA). 'Valley Gold' had the same four Al isoforms, all decreased with maturation and became undetectable by. 20 DAA, Both 'Valley Gold' and 'North Star' had one SPS band at 58 ku that increased with DAA, and coincided with SPS activity. 'Valley Gold' had a more intense SPS polypeptide band at al,abscission than 'North Star'. Thus, netted muskmelon fruit sugar accumulation may be increased, either hy genetic manipulation or by selecting for cultivars with a specific number of down-regulated AI isoforms, and higher SPS activity during Fruit ripening. C1 USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. IPN, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Dept Ingn Genet, Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato 36500, Gto, Mexico. RP Lester, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Bus Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 22 TC 28 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 126 IS 1 BP 33 EP 36 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 384YC UT WOS:000165974000005 ER PT J AU Navazio, JP Simon, PW AF Navazio, JP Simon, PW TI Diallel analysis of high carotenoid content in cucumbers SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE quantitative inheritance; vegetable breeding; vitamin A; Cucumis sativus ID CARROTS AB Three orange-mesocarp derivatives of the xishuangbannan cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. xishuangbannanesis Qi et Yuan), P100, P101, and P104; and NP1 (P105), an unrelated cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.,reported to have orange flesh, were selected as parents for a diallel experiment to evaluate inheritance of orange cucumber mesocarp pigment over 3 years. Visual color intensity and carotenoid content were closely related. A preponderance of additive genetic effects for cucumber mesocarp pigmentation was observed in grade size 2 fruit (immature fruit used for pickling). Both additive and nonadditive genetic effects were important in grade size 4 fruit (mature), Years and year x genotype interactions tr ere highly significant for pigmentation of size 2 fruit, indicating the importance of environment on the expression of pigmentation in this size class, In contrast, color development was stable among years for size 3 fruit. PIG-I exhibited high general combining ability (GCA) estimates for size 1 fruit pigmentation across years, while P101 had high GCA estimates for size 2 fruit. The diallel analysis illustrated high fruit carotene content of parents per se. However, most hybrid combinations of the diallel reduced carotenoid content relative to parents, indicating both dominance for low carotenoid content for both fruit sizes and lack of genetic complementation among parents to enhance fruit color. Genetic control of pigmentation in size 2 fruit appeared to be independent of that for size 4 fruit. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Simon, PW (reprint author), Alf Christianson Seed Co, POB 1788, Mt Vernon, WA 98273 USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 126 IS 1 BP 100 EP 104 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 384YC UT WOS:000165974000016 ER PT J AU Malundo, TMM Shewfelt, RL Ware, GO Baldwin, EA AF Malundo, TMM Shewfelt, RL Ware, GO Baldwin, EA TI Sugars and acids influence flavor properties of mango (Mangifera indica) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE descriptive sensory panel; total soluble solids; titratable acidity ID RESPONSE-SURFACE METHODOLOGY; SENSORY EVALUATION; LIQUID WHITENER; ORGANIC-ACIDS; PEANUT; OPTIMIZATION; AROMA; FRUIT; FORMULATION; CONSTITUENTS AB Information on important flavor components for fruit and vegetables is lacking and would be useful for breeders and molecular biologists. Effects of sugar and acid levels on mango (Mangifera indica L.) flavor perception were analyzed. Twelve treatments, identified using a constrained simplex lattice mixture design, were formulated by adding sugar (60%), citric acid (40%), and water to an equal, volume of mango homogenate. Using 150-mm nonstructured line scales, a trained panel evaluated the treatments according to II flavor descriptors. Titratable acidity (TA), pH, and total soluble solids (TSS) nt re also determined, Acid concentration affected ratings for sweet, sour, peachy, pine/terpentine, astringent, and biting. Except for sour taste, all descriptors were affected by sugar content while increasing water increased intensities of all flavor notes. TA, pH, and TSS/TA correlated (P < 0.01) with and were useful predictors (r > 0.80) of sour taste and chemical feeling descriptors astringent and biting. TSS, however, was not a particularly good indicator of sweetness (r = 0.72) or any other descriptor except possibly peachy (r = 0,79). It is evident from this study that sugars and acids enhance human perception of specific flavor notes in mango, including aromatics. C1 USDA ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Agr & Environm Sci, Dept Expt Stat, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Distilled Prod, Princeton, MN 55371 USA. RP Baldwin, EA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, 600 Ave SNW,POB 1909, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. NR 50 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 126 IS 1 BP 115 EP 121 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 384YC UT WOS:000165974000019 ER PT J AU Marita, JM Ralph, J Lapierre, C Jouanin, L Boerjan, W AF Marita, JM Ralph, J Lapierre, C Jouanin, L Boerjan, W TI NMR characterization of lignins from transgenic poplars with suppressed caffeic acid O-methyltransferase activity SO JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY-PERKIN TRANSACTIONS 1 LA English DT Article ID WOOD LIGNIN; BIOSYNTHESIS; LIGNIFICATION; SPECTROSCOPY; SENSITIVITY; IDENTIFICATION; METHYLATION; EXPRESSION; VIEW; GENE AB Perturbing the lignin biosynthetic pathway provides a tool for understanding the complex process of lignification. Caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT) is required to produce syringyl units in lignins. Down-regulating the expression of its gene in poplar dramatically affects the lignin composition. 2D and 3D NMR investigations detail structural differences between lignins from a control and COMT-deficient poplars obtained by means of two independent transformation techniques. This rst application of 3D NMR to natural abundance lignins reveals the full side-chain network and provides diagnostic evidence for the intimate incorporation of 5-hydroxyconiferyl alcohol into the lignins to form novel benzodioxanes as major structures. The flexibility of a plant to utilize novel monomers to produce functional lignins provides opportunities for engineering the structure and affecting the consequent properties of lignins. C1 ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Inst Natl Agron Paris Grignon, Chim Biol Lab, F-78850 Thiverval Grignon, France. Vlaams Interuniv Inst Biotechnol, Dept Plantengenet, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. RP Ralph, J (reprint author), ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. OI Boerjan, Wout/0000-0003-1495-510X NR 47 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 15 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1472-7781 J9 J CHEM SOC PERK T 1 JI J. Chem. Soc.-Perkin Trans. 1 PY 2001 IS 22 BP 2939 EP 2945 DI 10.1039/b107219f PG 7 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 496VZ UT WOS:000172418900010 ER PT J AU Johnson, MP Freytag, PH AF Johnson, MP Freytag, PH TI Metallic wood borers (Coleoptera : Buprestidae) and spittlebugs (Homoptera : Cercopidae) on pin oak in Kentucky SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB We determined the presence of metallic wood borers and spittlebugs on pin oak, Quercus palustris L., and followed adult seasonal occurrence and activity patterns in relation to height in tree canopy. During the 1993 and 1994 growing seasons, ten pin oaks in Lexington, Kentucky were monitored weekly for adult metallic wood borers and spittlebugs at two or three height levels. Numbers of individuals captured were large enough to allow examination of seasonal occurrence and revealed significant differences in canopy height preferences. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Entomol, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RP Johnson, MP (reprint author), USDA, CSREES, PAS, Waterfront Bldg,1400 Independence Ave SW,Stop 222, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 74 IS 1 BP 28 EP 31 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 487GA UT WOS:000171864200004 ER PT J AU Wilson, TA Wilson, RL AF Wilson, TA Wilson, RL TI Leaf extracts from Peruvian maize affect larval feeding and development of European corn borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS; RESISTANCE AB The main chemical involved in leaf-feeding resistance to European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), in Midwest-adapted maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars has been linked to 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA). But, 11 accessions of Peruvian maize have been identified as having non-DIMBOA resistance to European corn borer leaf feeding. Methanol extracts of leaf material from the 11 accessions of maize were evaluated in laboratory bioassays to measure differences in mortality, larval or pupal weight, and developmental times. Larvae reared on diets with leaf extracts from accessions PI 503720, PI 503725, PI 503728, and PI 503731 were significantly smaller than larvae reared on controls. These data suggest that a biochemical product responsible for resistance can be extracted from some of the maize accessions. C1 Iowa State Univ, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Wilson, TA (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 74 IS 1 BP 32 EP 39 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 487GA UT WOS:000171864200005 ER PT J AU Schneeman, BO AF Schneeman, BO TI Linking agricultural production and human nutrition SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE food; nutrient deficiency; health; policy; biotechnology ID FOOD STAPLES; MICRONUTRIENT AB The adequacy of nutritional status in a population depends on an effective food and agricultural sector. The development of agriculture: in relation to nutrition has occurred in 3 phases: 1) improving yield to provide adequate energy from food, 2) improving efficiency of production to diversify the sources of nutrients in the food supply, and 3) targeted efforts to improve the nutritional profile of foods that will help lower the risk of disease and promote health. Success in maintaining yield and efficiency while improving the ability of the food supply to provide good nutrition will require a multi-discipline effort of nutrition, food, plant and animal scientists in order that the most effective strategies are targeted. (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Schneeman, BO (reprint author), USDA ARS, 351A Whitten Bldg,1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD JAN 1 PY 2001 VL 81 IS 1 BP 3 EP 9 DI 10.1002/1097-0010(20010101)81:1<3::AID-JSFA743>3.3.CO;2-H PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 395CK UT WOS:000166561000002 ER PT J AU Hampton, R Small, E Haunold, A AF Hampton, R Small, E Haunold, A TI Habitat and variability of Humulus lupulus var. lupuloides in upper midwestern North America: a critical source of American hop germplasm SO JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE native hop; hops; riparian habitats; associated (companion) species; Souris River; Qu'Appelle River; Missouri River; southwest Manitoba; North Dakota; southeast Saskatchewan AB Well-drained terraces of river basins in Midwestern North America are home to the purest stands of the native hop, Humulus lupulus var. lupuloides. Plants of H. lupulus var. lupuloides are of exceptional significance, because they have contributed germplasm to prominent international hop cultivars. The ecology, traits, and survival status of this taxonomic variety are the subjects of this study. Native Humulus populations were typically associated with only a few tree and shrub species, notably Acer negundo L. [box elder], Crategus spp. [hawthorn], Fraxinus nigra Marsh. [black ash], F. pennsylvanica Marsh. [green ash], Populus balsamifora L. [balsam poplar], P. deltoides Marsh. [cottonwood], Prunus americana Marsh. [wild plum], P, pensylvanica L. [pin cherry], P. virginiana L. [choke cherry], Quercus macrocarpa Michx. [bur oak], Ribes spp. [wild currant], Rosa spp. [wild rose], Salix spp. [willow], Sambucus canadensis L. [elder], Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook. [snowberry], and Viburnum opulus var. americanum Ait. [highbush cranberry]. Cone (strobilus) variations, exceeding those of leaves and vines, included size (15 mm to 45 mm long), shape (globose to ovoid-conical), and compactness (loose vs. imbricated bracts). Trait diversity of seedling progenies exceeded that of each native population from which they originated. Traits of genetically potential usefulness included dwarf plant habit, precocious cone production, early season flowering, pest repellence, frost resistance, potential drought resistance, and commercially desirable cone structure. Both native-plant and progeny populations were generally free of diseases common to commercial hops, thus offering germplasm that is compatible with institutional hop breeding programs. Persistence of native hop populations from 1989 to 1999 was problematic, with five of 11 selected study sites sustaining complete loss or serious damage. Protection of sensitive riparian habitats occupied by this genetic resource may be warranted, particularly until adequate germplasm sources are secured and reposited for further investigation and use. C1 Oregon State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Eastern Cereal & Oilseed Res Ctr, Cent Expt Farm, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada. RP Hampton, R (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 21 PU TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0040-9618 J9 J TORREY BOT SOC JI J. Torrey Bot. Soc. PD JAN-MAR PY 2001 VL 128 IS 1 BP 35 EP 46 DI 10.2307/3088658 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 416RN UT WOS:000167794100005 ER PT J AU Goebel, PC Palik, BJ Kirkman, LK Drew, MB West, L Pederson, DC AF Goebel, PC Palik, BJ Kirkman, LK Drew, MB West, L Pederson, DC TI Forest ecosystems of a lower gulf coastal plain landscape: multifactor classification and analysis SO JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE ecosystem classification; geomorphology; longleaf pine (Pinus Palustris Mill.); wiregrass (Aristida stricta Michx.); ground-flora ID ECOLOGICAL LAND CLASSIFICATION; LONGLEAF PINE; MICHIGAN; USA AB The most common forestland classification techniques applied in the southeastern United States are vegetation-based. While not completely ignored, the application of multifactor, hierarchical ecosystem classifications are limited despite their widespread use in other regions of the eastern United States. We present one of the few truly integrated ecosystem classifications for the southeastern Coastal Plain. Our approach is iterative, including reconnaissance, plot sampling, and multivariate analysis. Each ecosystem is distinguished by differences in physiographic setting, landform, topographic relief, soils, and vegetation. The ecosystem classification is ground-based, incorporating easily observed and measured factors of landform, soil texture, and vegetative cover associated into ecological species groups identified by two-way indicator species analysis. Canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) that measure the degree of distinctness among ecosystems using different combinations of physiographic, soil, and vegetation datasets are used to verify the classification. The hierarchical ecosystem classification provides a framework for sustainable resource management of our study landscape as an alternative to traditional cover-type or vegetation-based classifications in the southeastern Coastal Plain. This ecosystem classification provides a structural framework that mimics biological organization, by physical drivers, ensuring that information on various ecosystem components are available to assist management decisions made at the ecosystem level. C1 Joseph W Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Goebel, PC (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 1831 Highway 169E, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RI Goebel, Patrick/B-3657-2012 NR 44 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 7 PU TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0040-9618 J9 J TORREY BOT SOC JI J. Torrey Bot. Soc. PD JAN-MAR PY 2001 VL 128 IS 1 BP 47 EP 75 DI 10.2307/3088659 PG 29 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 416RN UT WOS:000167794100006 ER PT J AU Buser, MD Abbas, HK AF Buser, MD Abbas, HK TI Mechanically processing cottonseed to reduce gossypol and aflatoxin levels SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY-TOXIN REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID CORN GRITS; FUMONISIN B-1; EXTRUSION; CLEARANCE; STABILITY; TISSUES; DIET; COWS AB Cottonseed is an economical source of protein and is commonly used in balancing livestock rations; however, its use is typically limited by protein level, fat content, gossypol, and the potential for aflatoxin contamination. There are numerous studies in the literature discussing gossypol and aflatoxin toxicities in livestock and processing methods for reducing gossypol levels in cottonseed. However, there is very limited information in the literature within the last 30 years on how aflatoxin is affected by processing. Evaluation studies were conducted to determine if an extrusion process affected gossypol and aflatoxin levels in cottonseed without negatively impacting the nutritional value of the product, and if these reductions were consistent with the literature. Results from the gossypol study showed a 71 to 78% decrease in free gossypol levels due to the extrusion process, which were lower than some reported methods of processing and consistent with others. Results from the aflatoxin studies showed reductions of 50% when thematerial was processed by two stages of extrusion at a temperature of 132degreesC. Similar reductions have been reported on roasting corn at temperatures of 140 to 143degreesC. The extrusion temperatures used in the evaluation studies did not significantly alter most of the nutritional values analyzed in the study. However, soluble protein was decreased at the higher temperatures. There were no significant differences in analyzed nutritional values based on multiple stages of processing. Results from the evaluation study indicate that extruding cottonseed to reduce gossypol and aflatoxin levels is an area of research that should be further explored, primarily due to the advances made in the aflatoxin and gossypol testing methods during the last 30 years. C1 ARS, USDA, Cotton Ginning Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. ARS, USDA, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Buser, MD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cotton Ginning Res Unit, POB 256, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 60 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0731-3837 J9 J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV JI J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev. PY 2001 VL 20 IS 3-4 BP 179 EP 208 PG 30 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 509LP UT WOS:000173149500002 ER PT J AU Uthus, EO AF Uthus, EO TI High dietary arsenic exacerbates copper deprivation in rats SO JOURNAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE toxicity; deficiency; arsenic; copper ID SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; DEFICIENT RATS; ZINC; METALLOTHIONEIN; CERULOPLASMIN; CARBOHYDRATE; INDUCTION; TOXICITY; KIDNEY AB Pharmacologic or toxicologic amounts of dietary arsenic are known to cause the accumulation of copper in kidneys of rats. Because of the known toxicity of arsenic and the fact that there is considerable evidence from studies in rats, hamsters, chicks, minipigs, and goats that arsenic is an essential element, more detailed studies of the effect of arsenic on copper seemed appropriate. Therefore, an experiment was designed to study the possible interaction between arsenic and copper. The experiment used male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats in a two factor, three-by-three design with dietary variables arsenic (supplemented as As2O3 at 0, 0.5, or 50 mug/g) and copper (supplemented as cupric carbonate at 1, 6, or 25 mug/g). At 62 days, various parameters were measured. The results confirm earlier findings showing that high dietary arsenic causes a marked accumulation of copper in the kidney of rats. Additionally, the results suggest that high dietary arsenic can exacerbate signs of copper deficiency. For example, heart weight/body weight ratio and the concentration of liver iron were increased by copper deprivation, and both parameters were further increased in rats fed 50 mug arsenic/g diet. Also, in rats fed high dietary arsenic, ceruloplasmin wax markedly decreased in rats fed 1 or 6 mug copper/g diet compared to rats fed 25 mug copper/g. The mechanism for the apparent exacerbation of copper deficiency by high;arsenic is not known. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 14:43-55, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Uthus, EO (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, 2420 2nd Ave N, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0896-548X J9 J TRACE ELEM EXP MED JI J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. PY 2001 VL 14 IS 1 BP 43 EP 55 DI 10.1002/1520-670X(2001)14:1<43::AID-JTRA1007>3.3.CO;2-R PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 396RW UT WOS:000166651200008 ER PT J AU Fields, M Lewis, CG AF Fields, M Lewis, CG TI Anemia is associated with hypercholesterolemia in rats only when liver iron is elevated SO JOURNAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE iron deficiency anemia; topper deficiency anemia; hypercholesterolemia; hypertriglyceridemia; liver iron ID COPPER-DEFICIENT RATS; ISCHEMIC-HEART-DISEASE; DIETARY IRON; LIPID-METABOLISM; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; ACCUMULATION; PATHOLOGY; OVERLOAD; FRUCTOSE AB The objective of this study was designed to answer the question whether anemia per sc is a potential inducer of hyperlipidemia. For this purpose, two types of anemia were induced; copper-deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. Seventy-two weanling male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned randomly to 12 dietary groups differing in the levels of copper, iron, and the types of dietary carbohydrates. The rats were fed either a copper-deficient (0.6 mug Cu/g) or adequate (6.0 mug Cu/g) diets containing either low (5), adequate (50), or high (500) mug Fe/g The diets also contained fructose or starch as the sole source of dietary carbohydrate. All iron-deficient rats became anemic. Copper-deficient rats developed anemia only when they consumed the diet containing fructose and when they consumed the high levels of dietary iron. Anemia, per se, was not associated with elevated levels of blood cholesterol or triglycerides unless the diet consumed was deficient in copper and was either high in iron or contained fructose. The most severe hypercholesterolemia developed in rats fed the copper-deficient diet, which contained high levels of iron. These rats also exhibited high levels of liver iron. The highest degree of hypertriglyceridemia developed in copper deficient rats fed the fructose-based diet. Data show that anemia per se was not associated with hypercholesterolemia. Similarly, excess liver iron by itself was not accompanied with hypercholesterolemia. The combination of anemia with excess liver iron was instrumental in raising blood cholesterol. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 14:81-87, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 ARS, USDA, BHNRC, NRFL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fields, M (reprint author), ARS, USDA, BHNRC, NRFL, Bldg 307,Rm 330,BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0896-548X J9 J TRACE ELEM EXP MED JI J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. PY 2001 VL 14 IS 1 BP 81 EP 87 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 396RW UT WOS:000166651200012 ER PT J AU Swenson, SL Vincent, LL Lute, BM Janke, BH Lechtenberg, KF Landgraf, JG Schmitt, BJ Kinker, DR McMillen, JK AF Swenson, SL Vincent, LL Lute, BM Janke, BH Lechtenberg, KF Landgraf, JG Schmitt, BJ Kinker, DR McMillen, JK TI A comparison of diagnostic assays for the detection of type A swine influenza virus from nasal swabs and lungs SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID DIRECTIGEN FLU-A; RAPID DETECTION; H1N1 VIRUS; PIGS; TRANSMISSION; OUTBREAKS; STRAINS; ENGLAND; DISEASE; SUBTYPE AB Nasal swabs and lung samples from pigs experimentally infected with H1N1 swine influenza virus (SIV) were examined for the presence of SIV by the indirect fluorescent antibody assay, immunohistochemistry, cell culture virus isolation, egg inoculation, and 2 human enzyme immunoassays (membrane enzyme immunoassay, microwell enzyme immunoassay). Egg inoculation was considered to be the gold standard for assay evaluation. The 2 human enzyme immunoassays (EIA) and egg inoculation agreed 100% for the prechallenge nasal swabs. Agreement on SIV identification in nasal swabs with egg inoculation following challenge was considered to be good to excellent for membrane EIA (kappa = 0.85) and microwell EIA (kappa = 0.86). Agreement on SIV identification in lung tissue with egg inoculation following challenge was good to excellent for membrane EIA (kappa = 0.75), fair for microwell EIA, fluorescent antibody, and cell culture virus isolation (kappa = 0.48, 0.64, 0.62, respectively), and poor for immunohistochemistry (kappa = 0.36). No assay was 100% accurate, including the "gold standard," egg inoculation. In light of this information, it is important to consider clinical signs of disease and a thorough herd history in conjunction with diagnostic results to make a diagnosis of SIV infection. C1 Vet Diagnost Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Midwest Vet Serv, Oakland, NE 68045 USA. APHIS, NVSL, Diagnost Virol Lab, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Swenson, SL (reprint author), SyntroVet, Lenexa, KS 66219 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 1 BP 36 EP 42 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 458XP UT WOS:000170221000007 PM 11243361 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Hanlon, CA Rupprecht, CE AF Hamir, AN Hanlon, CA Rupprecht, CE TI Prevalence of psammoma bodies in meninges and choroid plexuses of raccoons (Procyon lotor) from Parramore Island, Virginia SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article AB Microscopic evidence of multifocal mineralizations (psammoma bodies) were seen in brains of 33/53 (62%) raccoons (Procyon lotor) necropsied on Parramore Island, Virginia. Most mineralized foci had concentric laminations and were present in small capillaries of meninges of the brain (15/33), in choroid plexus (3/33), or at both these sites (13/33). In 2 raccoons, the lesions were confined to the meninges of the proximal cervical spinal cord. In most cases, the affected vessels appeared to have been completely occluded. However, no evidence of ischemic changes in the brain parenchyma was seen, and none of the raccoons had abnormal neurologic signs prior to euthanasia. The condition appears to be a common incidental histopathologic finding in raccoons from the eastern United States. Although the exact cause of this condition is not known, a primary vascular insult with resultant dystrophic mineralization of the affected vessels is suspected. C1 Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ctr Neurovirol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. Univ Penn, New Bolton Ctr, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Kennett Sq, PA 19348 USA. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 1 BP 76 EP 79 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 458XP UT WOS:000170221000015 PM 11243369 ER PT J AU Bradway, DS de Echaide, ST Knowles, DP Hennager, SG McElwain, TF AF Bradway, DS de Echaide, ST Knowles, DP Hennager, SG McElwain, TF TI Sensitivity and specificity of the complement fixation test for detection of cattle persistently infected with Anaplasma marginale SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID CARRIER CATTLE; CYCLIC RICKETTSEMIA; BOVINE ANAPLASMOSIS; ANTIBODY; TRANSMISSION; DIAGNOSIS; PROBE; TICK AB The complement fixation (CF) test commonly is used to identify cattle infected with Anaplasma marginale prior to interstate or international movement. Estimates of the accuracy of the CF test in detecting animals persistently infected with A. marginale vary widely. In this study, the sensitivity and specificity of the CF test for detection of carrier animals was determined using serum from 232 cattle previously defined as A. marginale positive or negative by nested polymerase chain reaction methods and hybridization. Considering results from 2 independent laboratories and interpreting a 1:5 suspect reaction as positive, the best estimate of CF test sensitivity was 20%, with a specificity of 98%. Using a 1:10 cutoff, sensitivity decreased to 14% and specificity increased to 99%. Results of this study indicate that the CF test is ineffective for identifying cattle persistently infected with A. marginale and thus is inadequate for anaplasmosis regulatory and surveillance programs. C1 Washington Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EEA Rafaela, Inst Nacl Tecnol Agropecuaria, Santa Fe, Argentina. ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Vet Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Bradway, DS (reprint author), Washington Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Coll Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 25 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 1 BP 79 EP 81 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 458XP UT WOS:000170221000016 PM 11243370 ER PT J AU Katz, J Geer, P AF Katz, J Geer, P TI An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the convenient serodiagnosis of contagious equine metritis in mares SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article AB An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the serodiagnosis of contagious equine metritis (CEM), a sexually transmitted disease caused by Taylorella equigenitalis. Antigen preparation was simple, and antigens derived from both classical and atypical forms of T. equigenitalis enabled detection of antibody responses elicted in horses experimentally exposed to either form of the bacterium. Sera serially obtained from these horses from 0 to 63 days postexposure were tested by the traditional complement fixation test (CFT) for CEM and with the ELISA, using both antigens separately. There was close agreement between CFT and ELISA methodologies during the postexposure time period used to detect CEM serodiagnostically in regulatory animal health testing programs. Unlike the CFT, which requires an overnight incubation step, the ELISAs are more convenient and can be completed in 3 hours. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Diagnost Bacteriol Lab, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA,Vet Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Katz, J (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Diagnost Bacteriol Lab, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA,Vet Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 1 BP 87 EP 88 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 458XP UT WOS:000170221000018 PM 11243372 ER PT J AU Kim, H O'Rourke, KI Walter, M Purchase, HG Enck, J Shin, TK AF Kim, H O'Rourke, KI Walter, M Purchase, HG Enck, J Shin, TK TI Immunohistochemical detection of scrapie prion proteins in clinically normal sheep in Pennsylvania SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID NATURAL SCRAPIE; PRPSC-DETECTION; DIAGNOSIS AB Following diagnosis of scrapie in a clinically suspect Suffolk sheep, 7 clinically normal flockmates were purchased by the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture to determine their scrapie status using an immunohistochemical procedure. Two of the 7 euthanized healthy sheep had positive immunohistochemical staining of the prion protein of scrapie (PrP-Sc) in their brains, nictitating membranes, and tonsils. The PrP-Sc was localized in the areas of the brain where, histopathologically, there was neurodegeneration and astrocytosis. The PrP-Sc occurred within germinal centers of the affected nictitating membranes and tonsils and was located in the cytoplasm of the dendrite-like cells, lymphoid cells, and macrophages. These results confirm that immunohistochemical examination of the nictitating membrane can be used as a screen for the presence of scrapie infection in clinically normal sheep at a capable veterinary diagnostic laboratory. In sheep with a PrP-Sc-positive nictitating membrane, the diagnosis of scrapie should be confirmed by histopathology and immunohistochemical examination of the brain following necropsy. Following full validation, immunohistochemistry assays for detection of PrP-Sc in nictitating membrane lymphoid tissues can improve the effectiveness of the scrapie control and eradication program by allowing diagnosis of the disease in sheep before the appearance of clinical signs. C1 Penn Anim Diagnost Lab Syst, Penn Vet Lab, Harrisburg, PA 17025 USA. USDA, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Cheju Natl Univ, Dept Vet Med, Cheju 690796, South Korea. RP Kim, H (reprint author), Penn Anim Diagnost Lab Syst, Penn Vet Lab, Harrisburg, PA 17025 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 1 BP 89 EP 91 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 458XP UT WOS:000170221000019 PM 11243373 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Cutlip, RC Miller, JM Williams, ES Stack, MJ Miller, MW O'Rourke, KI Chaplin, MJ AF Hamir, AN Cutlip, RC Miller, JM Williams, ES Stack, MJ Miller, MW O'Rourke, KI Chaplin, MJ TI Preliminary findings on the experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease agent of mule deer to cattle SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID ROCKY-MOUNTAIN ELK; BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; CERVUS-ELAPHUS-NELSONI; WHITE-TAILED DEER; PRION PROTEIN; ODOCOILEUS-HEMIONUS; FIXED BRAIN; SCRAPIE; DIAGNOSIS AB To determine the transmissibility of chronic wasting disease (CWD) to cattle and to provide information about clinical course, lesions, and suitability of currently used diagnostic procedures for detection of CWD in cattle, 13 calves were inoculated intracerebrally with brain suspension from mule deer naturally affected with CWD. Between 24 and 27 months postinoculation, 3 animals became recumbent and were euthanized. Gross necropsies revealed emaciation in 2 animals and a large pulmonary abscess in the third. Brains were examined for protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres) by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting and for scrapie-associated fibrils (SAFs) by negative-stain electron microscopy. Microscopic lesions in the brain were subtle in 2 animals and absent in the third case. However, all 3 animals were positive for PrPres by immunohistochemistry and Western blot, and SAFs were detected in 2 of the animals. An uninoculated control animal euthanized during the same period did not have PrPres in its brain. These are preliminary observations from a currently in-progress experiment. Three years after the CWD challenge, the 10 remaining inoculated cattle are alive and apparently healthy. These preliminary findings demonstrate that diagnostic techniques currently used for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) surveillance would also detect CWD in cattle should it occur naturally. C1 ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Vet Sci, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. Vet Labs Agcy, Weybridge KT15 3NB, Surrey, England. Colorado Div Wildlife, Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RI Chaplin, Melanie/C-7218-2011; Stack, Michael/C-7590-2011 NR 20 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 1 BP 91 EP 96 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 458XP UT WOS:000170221000020 PM 11243374 ER PT J AU Cameron, K Zhang, XX Seal, B Rodriguez, M Njenga, MK AF Cameron, K Zhang, XX Seal, B Rodriguez, M Njenga, MK TI Antigens to viral capsid and non-capsid proteins are present in brain tissues and antibodies in sera of Theiler's virus-infected mice SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus; encephalitis; recombinant proteins; antibody ID MURINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUSES; II-DEFICIENT MICE; DEMYELINATING DISEASE; EPITOPES; LOCALIZATION; PERSISTENCE; INHIBITION; ABSENCE AB Recombinant proteins to the LP, VP1, VP2, VP3, VP4, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, and 3D genes of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) were generated and antibodies were produced against them Tot use in analysis of the TMEV epitopes responsible for eliciting the antibody responses observed during acute and chronic disease. Antibodies against recombinant VPI, VP2, and VP3 recognized the corresponding proteins from purified TMEV particles. In immunohistochemical analysis, antibodies against recombinant capsid (VPI, VP2, and VP3), and non-capsid (2A, 2C, 3A) proteins were reactive with PO-2D cells (astrocytes) infected with TMEV in vitro and with brain tissues of acutely infected mice. Antibodies against VP4, 2B, and 3D antigens were not reactive with corresponding viral proteins in infected astrocytes cells or brain tissues, but they reacted with TMEV precursor proteins produced during the early viral replication phase. Sera from SJL/J mice infected with TMEV acutely (14 days) and chronically (45 days) reacted with VP1, VP2, VP4, 2A, and 2C proteins. In an in vitro assay for neutralization, only anti-VP1 antibodies neutralized TMEV infection. These findings suggest that both capsid and non-capsid proteins of TMEV play a role in the immunopathology of the TMEV disease in the central nervous system. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet Pathobiol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Dept Immunol, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. RP Njenga, MK (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Vet Pathobiol, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. OI Rodriguez, Moses/0000-0001-6328-6497 NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD JAN PY 2001 VL 91 IS 1 BP 11 EP 19 DI 10.1016/S0166-0934(00)00246-9 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 388UT UT WOS:000166202000003 PM 11164481 ER PT J AU Neff, S Baxt, B AF Neff, S Baxt, B TI The ability of integrin alpha(v)beta(3) to function as a receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus is not dependent on the presence of complete subunit cytoplasmic domains SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMINO-ACID MOTIFS; LIGAND-BINDING; ADENOVIRUS INTERNALIZATION; TYROSINE PHOSPHORYLATION; TRANSMEMBRANE DOMAINS; CULTURED-CELLS; BETA(3); TAIL; INFECTION; CONFORMATION AB The integrin alpha (nu)beta (3) has been shown to function as one of the integrin receptors on cultured cells for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), and high-efficiency utilization of the bovine homolog of this integrin is dependent on the cysteine-rich repeat region of the bovine beta (3) subunit. In this study we have examined the role of the cytoplasmic domains of the alpha (nu) and beta (3) subunits in FMDV infection. We have found that truncations or extensions of these domains of either subunit, including deletions removing almost all of the cytoplasmic domains, had little or no effect on the ability of the integrin to function as a receptor for FMDV. The lysosomotropic agent monensin inhibited viral replication in cells transfected with either intact or cytoplasmic domain-truncated alpha (nu)beta (3). In addition, viral replication in transfected cells was inhibited by an alpha (nu)beta (3) function-blocking antibody but not by function-blocking antibodies to three other RGD-directed integrins, suggesting that these integrins are not involved in the infectious process. These results indicate that alterations to the cytoplasmic domains of either subunit, which lead to the inability of the integrin receptor to function normally, do not abolish the ability of the integrin to bind and internalize this viral ligand. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Foot & Mouth Dis Res Unit, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Baxt, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Foot & Mouth Dis Res Unit, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 54 TC 27 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 75 IS 1 BP 527 EP 532 DI 10.1128/JVI.75.1.527-532.2001 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA 383BR UT WOS:000165863000056 PM 11119622 ER PT J AU Afonso, CL Tulman, ER Lu, Z Zsak, L Rock, DL Kutish, GF AF Afonso, CL Tulman, ER Lu, Z Zsak, L Rock, DL Kutish, GF TI The genome of turkey herpesvirus SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MAREKS-DISEASE VIRUS; SHORT UNIQUE REGION; OPEN READING FRAMES; INVERTED REPEAT SEQUENCES; VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS; SERIAL INVITRO PASSAGE; SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; DNA-SEQUENCE; PHOSPHOLIPASE A(1); GENE ORGANIZATION AB Here we present the first complete genomic sequence of Marek's disease virus serotype 3 (MDV3), also known as turkey herpesvirus (HVT). The 159,160-bp genome encodes an estimated 99 putative proteins and resembles alphaherpesviruses in genomic organization and gene content, HVT is very similar to MDV1 and MDV2 within the unique long (UL) and unique short (US) genomic regions, where homologous genes share a high degree of colinearity and their proteins share a high level of amino acid identity. Within the UL region, HVT contains 57 genes with homologues found in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), six genes with homologues found only in MDV, and two genes (HVT068 and HVT070 genes) which are unique to ENT. The HVT US region is 2.2 kb shorter than that of MDV1 (Md5 strain) due to the absence of an MDV093 (SORF4) homologue and to differences at the UL/short repeat (RS) boundary. HVT lacks a homologue of MDV087, a protein encoded at the UL/RS boundary of MDV1 (Md5), and it contains two homologues of MDV096 (glycoprotein E) in the RS. HVT RS are 1,039 bp longer than those in MDV1, and with the exception of an ICP 1 gene homologue, the gene content is different from that of MDV1. Six unique genes, including a homologue of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl-2, are found in the RS. This is the first reported Bcl-2 homologue in an alphaherpesvirus. HVT long repeats (RL) are 7,407 bp shorter than those in MDV1 and do not contain homologues of MDV1 genes with functions involving virulence, oncogenicity, and immune evasion. HVT lacks homologues of MDV1 oncoprotein MEQ, CxC chemokine, oncogenicity-associated phosphoprotein pp24, and conserved domains of phosphoprotein pp38. These significant genomic differences in and adjacent to RS and RL regions likely account for the differences in host range, virulence, and oncogenicity between nonpathogenic HVT and highly pathogenic MDV1. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Kutish, GF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. EM gkutish@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 88 TC 81 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X EI 1098-5514 J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 75 IS 2 BP 971 EP 978 DI 10.1128/JVI.75.2.971-978.2001 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 385QK UT WOS:000166015000043 PM 11134310 ER PT J AU Lopes, VL Ffolliott, PF Baker, MB AF Lopes, VL Ffolliott, PF Baker, MB TI Impacts of vegetative practices on suspended sediment from watersheds of Arizona SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article ID RATING CURVES; LOADS AB Effects of vegetative practices on suspended sediment discharge from ponderosa pine forests and pinon-juniper woodlands in north-central Arizona are examined. Sediment-rating curves were developed to analyze the impacts. Disturbance from vegetative practices generally increased suspended sediment transport above those of control (reference) watersheds. Completely cleared and strip-cut ponderosa pine watersheds produced higher sediment concentrations than did a control watershed. Likewise, cabled and herbicide-treated pinon-juniper watersheds yielded higher sediment-laden streamflows than did a control. Sediment transport regimes are also related to streamflow-generation mechanisms and hydrograph stages. Although about 85% of the data analyzed represented snowmelt-runoff events in both vegetative types, derivation of sediment-rating curves based on streamflow-generation mechanisms improved the sensitivity of the analysis. Sediment data collected during rising and falling hydrograph stages varied between the two vegetative types. Sediment concentrations were generally higher in the rising stage than in the falling stage for ponderosa pine watersheds. There was no clear evidence of higher sediment concentrations in the rising stage of the hydrograph as compared to the falling stage in the pinon-juniper watersheds. C1 Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Lopes, VL (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NR 38 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 127 IS 1 BP 41 EP 47 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(2001)127:1(41) PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 383FU UT WOS:000165873100007 ER PT J AU Zarnke, RL Dubey, JP Ver Hoef, JM McNay, ME Kwok, OCH AF Zarnke, RL Dubey, JP Ver Hoef, JM McNay, ME Kwok, OCH TI Serologic survey for Toxoplasma gondii in lynx from interior Alaska SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Felis lynx; lynx; serology; survey; Toxoplasma gondii ID BEARS URSUS-AMERICANUS; GRIZZLY-BEARS; PREVALENCE; ANTIBODIES AB Two hundred fifty-five lynx (Felis lynx) carcasses were collected from trappers in Interior Alaska (USA). Serosanguinous fluids were collected from the chest cavity of each carcass. These fluids were tested for evidence of exposure to Toxoplasma gondii by means of a modified agglutination test using formalin fixed tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol. Thirty-nine of the samples had titers greater than or equal to the threshold (greater than or equal to 25). Antibody prevalence differed between areas, and was directly related to age of the host. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Zarnke, RL (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, 1300 Coll Rd, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. OI Ver Hoef, Jay/0000-0003-4302-6895 NR 12 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 1 BP 36 EP 38 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 402WR UT WOS:000167011600005 PM 11272502 ER PT J AU Bruning-Fann, CS Schmitt, SM Fitzgerald, SD Fierke, JS Friedrich, PD Kaneene, JB Clarke, KA Butler, KL Payeur, JB Whipple, D Cooley, TM Miller, JM Muzo, DP AF Bruning-Fann, CS Schmitt, SM Fitzgerald, SD Fierke, JS Friedrich, PD Kaneene, JB Clarke, KA Butler, KL Payeur, JB Whipple, D Cooley, TM Miller, JM Muzo, DP TI Bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging carnivores from Michigan SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE coyote (Canis latrans); raccoon (Procyon lotor); black bear (Ursus americanus); bobcat (Felis rufus); red fox (Vulpes vulpes); Mycobacterium bovis; survey; tuberculosis ID MYCOBACTERIUM-BOVIS; INFECTIONS; BADGERS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FERRETS; ANIMALS; CATTLE AB During a survey of carnivores and omnivores for bovine tuberculosis conducted in Michigan (USA) since 1996, Mycobacterium bovis was cultured from lymph nodes pooled from six coyotes (Canis latrans) (four adult female, two adult male), two adult male raccoons (Procyon lotor), one adult male red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and one 1.5-yr-old male black bear (Ursus americanus). One adult, male bobcat (Felis rufus) with histologic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis was negative on culture but positive for organisms belonging to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex when tested by polymerase chain reaction. All the tuberculous animals were taken from three adjoining counties where M. bovis is known to be endemic in the free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) population. There were two coyotes, one raccoon, one red fox, and one bobcat infected in Alpena county. Montmorency County had two coyotes and one raccoon with M. bovis. Two coyotes and a bear were infected from Alcona County. These free-ranging carnivores/omnivores probably became infected with M. bovis through consumption of tuberculous deer. Other species included in the survey were opossum (Didelphis virginiana), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), and badger (Taxidea taxus); these were negative for M. bovis. C1 USDA, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Rose Lake Wildlife Res Stn, Wildlife Dis Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Populat Med Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA, ARS, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Agr & Nat Resources, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Bruning-Fann, CS (reprint author), USDA, Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 26 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 1 BP 58 EP 64 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 402WR UT WOS:000167011600008 PM 11272505 ER PT J AU Rhyan, JC Gidlewski, T Roffe, TJ Aune, K Philo, LM Ewalt, DR AF Rhyan, JC Gidlewski, T Roffe, TJ Aune, K Philo, LM Ewalt, DR TI Pathology of brucellosis in bison from Yellowstone National Park SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE bison; Bison bison; cattle; Brucella abortus; brucellosis; abortion; pathology; bacteriology; disease ID ABORTUS BIOVAR-1; SEROLOGY AB Between February 1995 and June 1999, specimens from seven aborted bison (Bison bison) fetuses or stillborn calves and their placentas, two additional placentas, three dead neonates, one e-wk-old calf, and 35 juvenile and adult female bison from Yellowstone National Park (USA) were submitted for bacteriologic and histopathologic examination. One adult animal with a retained placenta had recently aborted. Serum samples from the 35 juvenile and adult bison were tested for Brucella spp, antibodies. Twenty-six bison, including the cow with the retained placenta, were seropositive, one was suspect, and eight were seronegative. Brucella abortus biovar 1 was isolated from three aborted fetuses and associated placentas, an additional placenta, the 2-wk-old calf, and II of the seropositive female bison including the animal that had recently aborted. Brucella abortus biovar 2 was isolated from one additional seropositive adult female bison. Brucella abortus was recovered from numerous tissue sites from the aborted fetuses, placentas and 2-wk-old calf. In the juvenile and adult bison, the organism was more frequently isolated from supramammary (83%), retropharyngeal (67%), and iliac (58%) lymph nodes than from other tissues cultured. Cultures from the seronegative and suspect bison were negative for B. abortus. Lesions in the B. abortus-infected, aborted placentas and fetuses consisted of necropurulent placentitis and mild bronchointerstitial pneumonia. The infected 2-wk-old calf had bronchointerstitial pneumonia, focal splenic infarction, and purulent nephritis. The recently-aborting bison cow had purulent endometritis and necropurulent placentitis. Immunohistochemical staining of tissues from the culture-positive aborted fetuses, placentas, 2-wk-old calf, and recently-aborting cow disclosed large numbers of B. abortus in placental trophoblasts and exudate, and fetal and calf lung. A similar study with the same tissue collection and culture protocol was done using six seropositive cattle from a B. abortus-infected herd in July and August, 1997. Results of the bison and cattle studies were similar. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, US Dept Interior, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Montana Dept Fish Wildlife & Parks, Res & Tech Serv Bur, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Western Reg, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. RP Rhyan, JC (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 Laporte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 24 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 1 BP 101 EP 109 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 402WR UT WOS:000167011600013 PM 11272483 ER PT J AU Woods, LW Lehmkuhl, HD Swift, PK Chiu, PH Hanley, RS Nordhausen, RW Stillian, MH Drew, ML AF Woods, LW Lehmkuhl, HD Swift, PK Chiu, PH Hanley, RS Nordhausen, RW Stillian, MH Drew, ML TI Experimental adenovirus hemorrhagic disease in white-tailed deer fawns SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE adenovirus; experimental infection; hemorrhagic disease; hemorrhagic enteropathy; Odocolieus virginianus; pulmonary edema; white-tailed deer AB Infection with a newly described endotheliotropic adenovirus was the cause of a 1993 epizootic reminiscent of hemorrhagic disease in California mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus and O, hemionus hemionus). Pulmonary edema and intestinal luminal hemorrhage, or necrotizing stomatitis associated with systemic or localized vasculitis, respectively, were common lesions seen in animals that died during the epizootic. In order to determine if white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) also are susceptible to infection and fatal disease with the deer adenovirus, eight white-tailed deer fawns (4- to 6-mo-old) were inoculated with purified deer adenovirus. Four were inoculated intravenously and four were inoculated through the mucous membranes. Seven days post-inoculation, one of the fawns inoculated intravenously died. Pulmonary edema and hemorrhagic enteropathy were associated with pulmonary and intestinal vasculitis with systemic multiorgan distribution of endotheliotropic adenovirus as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Adenovirus was reisolated from lung homogenates of the fawn that died of adenovirus hemorrhagic disease. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Calif Anim Hlth & Food Safety Lab Syst, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Calif Dept Fish & Game, Wildlife Invest Lab, Rancho Cordova, CA 95670 USA. Idaho Dept Fish & Game, Caldwell, ID 83706 USA. RP Woods, LW (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Calif Anim Hlth & Food Safety Lab Syst, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 1 BP 153 EP 158 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 402WR UT WOS:000167011600019 PM 11272490 ER PT J AU White, TH Bowman, JL Jacobson, HA Leopold, BD Smith, WP AF White, TH Bowman, JL Jacobson, HA Leopold, BD Smith, WP TI Forest management and female black bear denning SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE batture; black bear; denning; elevation; flooding; forest management; Misissippi Alluvial Valley; reproduction; topography; Ursus americanus ID TENNESSEE; ECOLOGY AB Most habitats available to black bear (Ursus americanus) in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley (MAV) consist of seasonally flooded commercial forests where lack of suitable dens may limit population growth. We studied interactions between forest management and flooding relative to female black bear denning. Denning behavior differed between commercial and noncommercial forests. Females used tree dens exclusively on noncommercial forests, whereas on commercial forests, most (83%) were ground dens. Variations in ground den elevation resulted in differing inundation probabilities, altering survival probabilities for neonates. On commercial forests, ground dens with similar inundation probabilities as tree dens allowed successful reproduction to occur. Management practices that enhance suitable cover in areas of minimal inundation probability may mitigate for lack of den trees in hood-prone landscapes. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. US Forest Serv, So Hardwoods Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP White, TH (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Puerto Rican Parrot Recovery Program, POB 1600, RO Grande, PR 00745 USA. NR 30 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 65 IS 1 BP 34 EP 40 DI 10.2307/3803274 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 402XL UT WOS:000167013400006 ER PT J AU Castleberry, SB Ford, WM Wood, PB Castleberry, NL Mengak, MT AF Castleberry, SB Ford, WM Wood, PB Castleberry, NL Mengak, MT TI Movements of Allegheny woodrats in relation to timber harvesting SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Allegheny woodrat; clearcutting; diameter-limit; foraging movements; forest management; habitat selection; hard mast; home range; Neotoma magister; radiotelemetry; West Virginia ID HOME-RANGE; SMALL MAMMALS; MICROHABITAT USE; TAMIAS-STRIATUS; NORTHERN MAINE; AVAILABILITY; ABUNDANCE; RESPONSES; DEER; PEROMYSCUS AB The Allegheny woodrat (Neotoma magister) occurs in the Appalachian Mountains, forming colonies in rock outcrops, cliffs, and caves. Populations on the northern and western peripheries of the range have experienced drastic declines in the past 20-30 years. Dependence upon rock outcrops makes Allegheny wood-rats vulnerable to land-use practices that alter habitats surrounding colonies. To examine the impacts of timber harvesting on Allegheny woodrat behavior, we radiotracked 37 adults during summer 1998 and 1999 in clearcut, diameter-limit, and intact forest stands in the central Appalachians of West Virginia. Home range size and foraging movements generally were greatest at diameter-limit sites and smallest in intact forests in 1998, following a poor mast crop. We detected no differences among han est methods in 1999 when mast was abundant. We believe that when hard mast was scarce, woodrats increased foraging movements and home range size to locate mast or sufficient alternative foods. Additionally, woodrats used clearcut and adjacent forested areas in proportion to availability. Our results suggested tl;at clearcutting has minimal impact on woodrat movements, home range, and habitat use if sufficient intact forest is retained adjacent to colonies. Harvesting methods that selectively remove important mast-producing species may represent the greatest disturbance to Allegheny woodrats from forest management. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Parsons, WV USA. Ferrum Coll, Environm Sci Program, Ferrum, VA 24088 USA. RP Castleberry, SB (reprint author), Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 70 TC 32 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 65 IS 1 BP 148 EP 156 DI 10.2307/3803288 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 402XL UT WOS:000167013400020 ER PT J AU Landucci, LL Ralph, SA AF Landucci, LL Ralph, SA TI Reaction of p-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols with transition metal salts. IV. Tailored syntheses of beta-O-4 trimers SO JOURNAL OF WOOD CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NMR CHARACTERIZATION; C-13 NMR; LIGNIN; ETHER; SPECTROSCOPY; CONIFERYL; SYRINGYL; DHPS AB Reaction of coniferyl alcohol or sinapyl alcohol with beta -O-4 dimeric model compounds in the presence of manganese(III), copper(II), or vanadium(V) gave trimeric compounds that served as superior models for C chemical shift assignments in natural and synthetic lignins. By appropriate choice of dimer and monomer, seven of the eight possible sequences of guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) units were prepared: GGG, GGS, GSG, CSS, SSS, SSG, and SGG. Preparaton of the missing sequence (SGS) by this method was not successful, so it was obtained by conventional synthetic techniques. Stereochemistry in the trimers was also controlled to some extent by utilizing dimers that were predominantly erythro (e) or threo (t), and by performing the oxidative coupling under conditions of high stereo-selectivity. The maximum number of geometric isomers in beta -O-4 trimers is eight tone pair each of ee, et, re, tt). In this study the GGG and GGS trimers contained all eight isomers, the SGG trimer contained four isomers, and GSG, GSS, SSS, SSG, and SCS (synthetic) each contained only two isomers. The chemical shifts of the sidechain carbons in the trimers were compared with corresponding chemical shifts in natural lignins isolated from spruce (Picea mariana), birch (Betula papyrifera), and hickory (Carya ovata). The comparison indicated that GG and SG entities in lignin had e/t ratios ranging from 2/1 to 1/1, but GS and SS entities were predominantly e. This observation was consistent with the isomer composition of linkages formed by oxidative coupling of coniferyl alcohol or sinapyl alcohol with dimers. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Landucci, LL (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 14 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0277-3813 J9 J WOOD CHEM TECHNOL JI J. Wood Chem. Technol. PY 2001 VL 21 IS 1 BP 31 EP 52 PG 22 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA 455RJ UT WOS:000170041500003 ER PT B AU Lewis, J Mori, SR Keppeler, ET Ziemer, RR AF Lewis, J Mori, SR Keppeler, ET Ziemer, RR BE Wigmosta, MS Burges, SJ TI Impacts of logging on storm peak flows, flow volumes and suspended sediment loads in Caspar Creek, California SO LAND USE AND WATERSHEDS: HUMAN INFLUENCE ON HYDROLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY IN URBAN AND FOREST AREAS SE WATER SCIENCE AND APPLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Fall Meeting of the American-Geophysical-Union CY 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Amer Geophys Union ID OREGON COAST RANGE; NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA; YIELD; REGRESSION; STREAMFLOW; RESPONSES; RUNOFF AB Models are fit to 11 years of storm peak flows, flow volumes, and suspended sediment loads on a network of 14 stream gaging stations in the North Fork Caspar Creek, a 473-ha coastal watershed bearing a second-growth forest of redwood and Douglas-fir. For the first 4 years of monitoring, the watershed was in a relatively undisturbed state, having last been logged prior to 1904, with only a county road traversing the ridgetops. Nearly half the watershed was clear-cut over a period of 3 years, and yarded primarily using uphill skyline cable systems to spur roads constructed high on the slopes. Three tributaries were maintained as controls and left undisturbed. Four years of data were collected after logging was completed. Exploratory analysis and model fitting permit characterization and quantification of the effects of watershed disturbances, watershed area, antecedent wetness, and time since disturbance on storm runoff and suspended sediment. Model interpretations provide insight into the nature of certain types of cumulative watershed effects. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Lewis, J (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 57 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA BN 0-87590-351-7 J9 WATER SCI APPL PY 2001 VL 2 BP 85 EP 125 PG 41 WC Forestry; Geography, Physical; Water Resources SC Forestry; Physical Geography; Water Resources GA BV90T UT WOS:000180359000007 ER PT B AU Luce, CH Black, TA AF Luce, CH Black, TA BE Wigmosta, MS Burges, SJ TI Spatial and temporal patterns in erosion from forest roads SO LAND USE AND WATERSHEDS: HUMAN INFLUENCE ON HYDROLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY IN URBAN AND FOREST AREAS SE WATER SCIENCE AND APPLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Fall Meeting of the American-Geophysical-Union CY 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Amer Geophys Union ID SOIL LOSS EQUATION; SEDIMENT PRODUCTION; ERODIBILITY; NETWORKS; DRAINAGE; MODEL; IDAHO AB Erosion from forest roads is an important contribution to the sediment budget of many forested basins, particularly over short time scales. Sediment production from 74 road segments was measured over three years to examine how road slope, segment length, cutslope height, and soil texture affect sediment production and how these relationships change with time. In the first year, differences in sediment production between plots could be explained by differences in sediment transport capacity of the plots. With time, differences between plots of different slope, length, cutslope height, and soil were reduced as all plots produced less and less sediment. Recovery was rapid with around 70% recovery between by the second year and 90% recovery by the third year. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID USA. RP Luce, CH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID USA. NR 50 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA BN 0-87590-351-7 J9 WATER SCI APPL PY 2001 VL 2 BP 165 EP 178 PG 14 WC Forestry; Geography, Physical; Water Resources SC Forestry; Physical Geography; Water Resources GA BV90T UT WOS:000180359000010 ER PT J AU Shaw, PE Lebrun, M Dornier, M Ducamp, MN Courel, M Reynes, M AF Shaw, PE Lebrun, M Dornier, M Ducamp, MN Courel, M Reynes, M TI Evaluation of concentrated orange and passionfruit juices prepared by osmotic evaporation SO LEBENSMITTEL-WISSENSCHAFT UND-TECHNOLOGIE-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Citrus sinensis; Passiflora edulis; gas chromatography; sensory evaluation; membrane concentration technique ID FLAVOR; FRESH AB A pilot scale process involving microfiltration followed by osmotic evaporation was used to prepare concentrated orange and passionfruit juices. Both juices were concentrated 3-fold to 33.5 and 43.5 degrees Brix, respectively. Quantitative headspace gas chromatographic analysis of 20-35 volatile components showed a loss of about 32% of the volatile components in orange and about 39% in passionfruit juices. For both orange and passionfruit, sensory evaluations using triangle difference tests showed a significant difference between the initial juice and the reconstituted concentrate. In orange juice, a trained taste panel was used to evaluate six specific flavour characteristics in the two juices. The characteristics evaluated were green, fresh orange, fruity/floral, peel oil, cooked/processed and terpene. There were no significant differences found by the panel between the juices in any one characteristic but the average flavour score for each characteristic was slightly lower in juice from concentrate that in the initial juice. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using osmotic evaporation combined with microfiltration to prepare concentrated orange and passionfruit juices of intermediate concentration degree with high flavour quality. C1 ARS, USDA, SAA Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. Ctr Int Rech Agron, Fruits Dept, CIRAD, FLHOR, F-34032 Rennes 1, France. Ecole Natl Super Ind Alimentaires, Trop Food Dept, SIARC, F-34033 Montpellier 1, France. RP Shaw, PE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SAA Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, 600 Ave SNW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. RI DORNIER, Manuel/A-1312-2009 OI DORNIER, Manuel/0000-0003-1106-5873 NR 21 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0023-6438 J9 LEBENSM-WISS TECHNOL JI Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol.-Food Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 34 IS 2 BP 60 EP 65 DI 10.1006/fstl.2000.0715 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 422CP UT WOS:000168100600002 ER PT J AU Kuakpetoon, D Flores, RA Milliken, GA AF Kuakpetoon, D Flores, RA Milliken, GA TI Dry mixing of wheat flours: Effect of particle properties and blending ratio SO LEBENSMITTEL-WISSENSCHAFT UND-TECHNOLOGIE-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE wheat flour; mixing; blending; drum mixer; double-ribbon mixer; uniformity AB A study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of physical and morphological characteristics of soft and hard wheat flours on dry mixing. Two soft wheat flours with different particle size ranges (< 38 mum and > 38 mum SWF) were mixed with each of three hard wheat flours with different particle size ranges (< 38 mum, 38-75 mum, and > 75 mum HWF) at three ratios (20 : 80, 50 : 50 and 80 : 20, w : w) in a laboratory drum mixes. At set intervals, mixtures were sampled from 10 points in the mixer to measure the degree of mixing. The shape and surface of flour particles were examined with a scanning electron microscopy. Flour mixing in a double ribbon mixer also was investigated in the same manner. In both mixing studies, the mixture containing smaller, smoother, more spherical, flour particles achieved a higher degree of uniformity (p < 0.05) and required longer mixing time than the mixture containing bigger, rougher, more irregular, flour particles. The mixing ratio of SWF : HWF 50 : 50 (w : w) required a significantly longer mixing time than the mixing ratio of SWF : HWF 80 : 20 (w : w). The dry mixing of both soft and hard wheat flours was well explained by the exponential decay model. The mixing mechanism for both mixers were identified, and a predictive integrated model for mixture uniformity was developed. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Stat, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Flores, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0023-6438 J9 LEBENSM-WISS TECHNOL JI Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol.-Food Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 34 IS 3 BP 183 EP 193 DI 10.1006/fstl.2001.0756 PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 443BW UT WOS:000169320300009 ER PT J AU Gonzalez-Aguilar, GA Wang, CY Buta, JG AF Gonzalez-Aguilar, GA Wang, CY Buta, JG TI Inhibition of browning and decay of fresh-cut radishes by natural compounds and their derivatives SO LEBENSMITTEL-WISSENSCHAFT UND-TECHNOLOGIE-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE radish; fresh-cut; N-acetylcysteine; potassium sorbate; 4-hexylresorcinol; isoascorbic acid ID PRODUCTS; PEARS AB Treatments with inhibitors of enzymatic activity or microbial growth to retard browning and decay of fresh-cut radish slices were evaluated. Slices were dipped in solutions of natural products and their derivatives, 4-hexylresorcinol, isoascorbic acid, N-acetylcysteine and potassium sorbate alone or in combination prior to storage in air for up to 14 days at 10 degreesC Inhibition of browning and deterioration without affecting texture of slices was achieved during 14 days, in cold storage. From the different solutions evaluated, the combination of 4-hexylresorcinol (0.001 g/L), potassium sorbate (0.05 g/L) and N-acetylcysteine (0.025 g/L) was most effective in preventing browning and deterioration of radish slices for zip to 18 days at 10 degreesC. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ctr Invest Alimentac & Desarrollo AC, Direcc Tecnol Alimentos Origen Vegetal, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 14 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0023-6438 J9 LEBENSM-WISS TECHNOL JI Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol.-Food Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 34 IS 5 BP 324 EP 328 DI 10.1006/fstl.2000.0780 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 457UM UT WOS:000170155300009 ER PT J AU Onwulata, CI Konstance, RP Smith, PW Holsinger, VH AF Onwulata, CI Konstance, RP Smith, PW Holsinger, VH TI Co-extrusion of dietary fiber and milk proteins in expanded corn products SO LEBENSMITTEL-WISSENSCHAFT UND-TECHNOLOGIE-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corn; fiber; breaking strength; extrusion; expansion; whey products; water absorption; texture ID TWIN-SCREW EXTRUSION; SUGAR-BEET FIBER; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; RICE FLOUR; STARCH; EXTRUDATE; BLENDS; SPEED; MEAL; WHEY AB To improve the nutrient-density of snack products, milk proteins (casein, whey protein concentrate or whey protein isolate) and wheat fiber were co-extruded with corn meal,flour, in a twin screw extruder under high shear and high temperature processing conditions. Co-extruding corn products and fiber resulted in the reduction of specific mechanical energy while increasing the expansion and breaking strength of the extrudate. Fiber added at 125 g/kg increased expansion and breaking strength. Whey products alone, at a concentration of 250 g/kg reduced expansion and water absorption properties, but the incorporation of fiber reversed this effect and improved expansion. The negative textural indicators associated with the inclusion of whey products can be improved significantly ht, adding wheat bran,fiber at 125 g/kg. Adding,fiber, improved specific mechanical energy (SME) along with product quality characteristics. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Onwulata, CI (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 26 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0023-6438 J9 LEBENSM-WISS TECHNOL JI Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol.-Food Sci. Technol. PY 2001 VL 34 IS 7 BP 424 EP 429 DI 10.1006/fstl.2000.0742 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 492YB UT WOS:000172194200002 ER PT J AU Heaton, MP Grosse, WM Kappes, SM Keele, JW Chitko-McKown, CG Cundiff, LV Braun, A Little, DP Laegreid, WW AF Heaton, MP Grosse, WM Kappes, SM Keele, JW Chitko-McKown, CG Cundiff, LV Braun, A Little, DP Laegreid, WW TI Estimation of DNA sequence diversity in bovine cytokine genes SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID OLIGO BASE EXTENSION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; LINKAGE MAP; MUTATION DETECTION; CATTLE; IDENTIFICATION; ARRAYS; GENOME; DEFICIENCY; PRODUCTS AB DNA sequence variation provides the fundamental material for improving livestock through selection. In cattle, single nucleotide polymorphisms and small insertions/deletions (collectively referred to here as SNPs) have been identified in cytokine genes and scored in a reference population to determine linkage map positions. The aim of the present study was twofold: first, to estimate the SNP frequency in a reference population of beef cattle, and second, to determine cytokine haplotypes in a group of sires from commercial populations. Forty-dye SNP markers in DNA segments from nine cytokine gene loci were analyzed in 26 reference parents. Comparison of all 52 haploid genomes at each PCR amplicon locus revealed an average of one SNP per 143 bp of sequence, whereas comparison of any two chromosomes identified heterozygous sites, on average, every 443 bp. The combination of these 45 SNP genotypes was sufficient to uniquely identify each of the 26 animals. The average number of haplotype alleles (4.4) per PR amplicon (688 bp) and the percentage heterozygosity among founding parents (50%) were similar to those for microsatellite markers in the same population. For 49 sires from seven common breeds of beef cattle, SNP genotypes (1225 total) were obtained by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) at three amplicon loci. All three of the amplicon haplotypes were correctly deduced for each sire without the use of parent or progeny genotypes. The latter allows a wide range of genetic studies in commercial populations of cattle where genotypic information from relatives may not be available. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Sequenom Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. RP Heaton, MP (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, State Spur 18D,POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 30 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD JAN PY 2001 VL 12 IS 1 BP 32 EP 37 DI 10.1007/s003350010223 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 388FP UT WOS:000166167000006 PM 11178741 ER PT J AU Witter, RL AF Witter, RL TI Protective efficacy of Marek's disease Vaccines SO MAREK'S DISEASE SE CURRENT TOPICS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID TURKEY HERPESVIRUS VACCINE; HIGHLY VIRULENT-STRAINS; PATHOGEN-FREE CHICKENS; RECOMBINANT HERPESVIRUS; MATERNAL ANTIBODIES; VIRUS-STRAIN; AFFECTING SUSCEPTIBILITY; EMBRYO VACCINATION; LYMPHOID LEUKOSIS; OVO VACCINATION C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Witter, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 183 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0070-217X J9 CURR TOP MICROBIOL JI Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. PY 2001 VL 255 BP 57 EP 90 PG 34 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA BT44S UT WOS:000173043100003 PM 11217428 ER PT J AU Bacon, LD Hunt, HD Cheng, HH AF Bacon, LD Hunt, HD Cheng, HH TI Genetic resistance to Marek's disease SO MAREK'S DISEASE SE CURRENT TOPICS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; ENDOGENOUS VIRAL GENES; PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS; PATHOGEN-DERIVED RESISTANCE; WHITE LEGHORN CHICKENS; SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE-1; EGG-PRODUCTION; RFP-Y; B-HAPLOTYPE; TRANSDOMINANT INHIBITION C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Bacon, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 112 TC 47 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0070-217X J9 CURR TOP MICROBIOL JI Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. PY 2001 VL 255 BP 121 EP 141 PG 21 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA BT44S UT WOS:000173043100005 PM 11217420 ER PT J AU Silva, RF Lee, LF Kutish, GF AF Silva, RF Lee, LF Kutish, GF TI The genomic structure of Marek's disease virus SO MAREK'S DISEASE SE CURRENT TOPICS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS; FEATHER FOLLICLE EPITHELIUM; RESTRICTION ENZYME MAP; SERIAL INVITRO PASSAGE; DNA-BINDING-PROTEIN; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; GLYCOPROTEIN-D; COLLINEAR RELATIONSHIP; TRANSFORMED-CELLS; GENE FAMILY C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Silva, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 53 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0070-217X J9 CURR TOP MICROBIOL JI Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. PY 2001 VL 255 BP 143 EP 158 PG 16 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA BT44S UT WOS:000173043100006 PM 11217421 ER PT J AU Lupiani, B Lee, LF Reddy, SM AF Lupiani, B Lee, LF Reddy, SM TI Protein-coding content of the sequence of Marek's disease virus serotype 1 SO MAREK'S DISEASE SE CURRENT TOPICS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS; LYMPHOBLASTOID CELL-LINE; THYMIDINE KINASE GENE; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCES; IMMEDIATE-EARLY GENE; UNIQUE SHORT REGION; RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; GLYCOPROTEIN-B; DNA-POLYMERASE C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Lupiani, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RI Lupiani, Blanca/A-5267-2011 NR 114 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0070-217X J9 CURR TOP MICROBIOL JI Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. PY 2001 VL 255 BP 159 EP 190 PG 32 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA BT44S UT WOS:000173043100007 PM 11217422 ER PT J AU Kung, HJ Xia, L Brunovskis, P Li, D Liu, JL Lee, LF AF Kung, HJ Xia, L Brunovskis, P Li, D Liu, JL Lee, LF TI Meq: An MDV-specific bZIP transactivator with transforming properties SO MAREK'S DISEASE SE CURRENT TOPICS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS; MAREKS-DISEASE VIRUS; RING FINGER DOMAIN; RNA-BINDING; RETROVIRUS INSERTION; ACTIVATION DOMAIN; BASIC DOMAIN; P53 PROTEIN; REV PROTEIN; CELL-LINES C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Canc, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Microbiol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Kung, HJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Med, Dept Biol Chem, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Kung, Hsing-Jien/C-7651-2013 NR 56 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0070-217X J9 CURR TOP MICROBIOL JI Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. PY 2001 VL 255 BP 245 EP 260 PG 16 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA BT44S UT WOS:000173043100010 PM 11217425 ER PT J AU Tadmor, Y Tracy, WF Yousef, GG Juvik, JA Raboy, V AF Tadmor, Y Tracy, WF Yousef, GG Juvik, JA Raboy, V TI low phytic acid1-1 does not affect sugar metabolism in sugary1 kernels SO MAYDICA LA English DT Article DE carbohydrate; phytoglycogen; starch; sucrose; myo-inositol hexakisphosphate; sweet corn; flavor taste ID SWEET CORN; MAIZE ENDOSPERM; QUALITY; PHOSPHORUS; PHYTASE; SEEDS; GENE AB Sweet corn (Zen mays L.) kernel sucrose concentration is determined by genetic and physiological factors that affect carbohydrate metabolism during kernel development. Phosphorus homeostasis via phytic acid metabolism may play a role in carbohydrate metabolism Isolines and isohybrids that were homozygous sugary1 and either homozygous for the wild-type Low phytic acid 1 (LPa1) allele, or the recessive lpa1-1 allele, R ere produced. As originally observed in starchy genetic backgrounds, seed phytic acid was greatly reduced and inorganic P greatly increased, both during development and at maturity, in su1:lpa1-1 as compared with su1:Lpa1 grain. This perturbation in kernel P metabolism had little discernable effect on kernel sugar and water-insoluble starch concentrations during development and at maturity. However mature kernel phytoglycogen (soluble starch) concentration was 43% greater in lpa1-1/su1 grain as compared with Lpa1/su1 grain. These results support the conclusion that normal seed phytic acid metabolism plays a relatively miner role in P homeostasis during development. No preference difference between these two su1 types was detected by a trained taste panel. This supports the possibility that the "low phytic acid" trait, of possible value in improving the nutritional quality of staple foods, can be introduced into food corns without having a large affect on their acceptability. C1 ARS, USDA, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Agr Res Org, Newe Yaar Res Ctr, IL-30095 Ramat Yishay, Israel. Univ Illinois, Dept Hort, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Raboy, V (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. EM vraboy@uidaho.edu NR 33 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU MAYDICA-IST SPER CEREALICOLTUR PI BERGAMO PA SEZ DI BERGAMO VIA STEZZANO, 24, 24100 BERGAMO, ITALY SN 0025-6153 J9 MAYDICA JI Maydica PY 2001 VL 46 IS 1 BP 11 EP 19 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 449QV UT WOS:000169699400002 ER PT J AU Butron, A Li, RG Guo, BZ Widstrom, NW Snook, ME Cleveland, TE Lynch, RE AF Butron, A Li, RG Guo, BZ Widstrom, NW Snook, ME Cleveland, TE Lynch, RE TI Molecular markers to increase corn earworm resistance in a maize population SO MAYDICA LA English DT Article DE maysin-apimaysin-3 '-methoxymaysin chloro-genic acid-flavonoid-RFLP markers-Zea mays-Helicoverpa Zea-husk tightness ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; LARVAE LEPIDOPTERA; ZEA-MAYS; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION; METABOLIC PATHWAYS; GENETIC MECHANISMS; NOCTUIDAE LARVAE; HELICOVERPA-ZEA; SILK MAYSIN AB Maysin and related compounds, such as apimaysin, 3 ' -methoxymaysin, and chlorogenic acid, have been determined to be important maize (Zea mays L.) produced antibiotic compounds against corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie), but, to be effective under field conditions, silk antibiotics should be accompanied by good husk coverage. The objective of this work was to identify molecular markers associated with synthesis of maysin and related compounds in a maize Population and determine if the markers could be linked to the genes which affect husk tightness. A total of 113 probes were used to screen for RFLP polymorphisms and the 53 probes that were polymorphic between the parents were used as codominant markers to genotype 205 F-2 individuals. Silks and husks of F-2:3 families were evaluated. Two major QTL were identified for the synthesis of maysin and related compounds, the already known pl, on the short arm of chromosome 1, and a novel one on the interval csu1066-umcl76 on genomic region 2C-2L. A QTL for husk tightness was located near pl. The functional allele for pi and the favorable allele for husk tightness were in repulsion linkage. in a marker-assisted selection program for increasing resistance to corn earworm, markers for silk antibiotic synthesis should be accompanied by markers for husk tightness. Efforts Should be made to convert the RFLP-markers into PCR-based markers for user friendly application in marker-assisted breeding. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Richard Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Guo, BZ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Protect & Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 50 TC 10 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU MAYDICA-IST SPER CEREALICOLTUR PI BERGAMO PA SEZ DI BERGAMO VIA STEZZANO, 24, 24100 BERGAMO, ITALY SN 0025-6153 J9 MAYDICA JI Maydica PY 2001 VL 46 IS 2 BP 117 EP 124 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 466KR UT WOS:000170645200007 ER PT J AU Landi, P Giuliani, MM Darrah, LL Tuberosa, R Conti, S Sanguineti, MC AF Landi, P Giuliani, MM Darrah, LL Tuberosa, R Conti, S Sanguineti, MC TI Variability for root and shoot traits in a maize population grown in hydroponics and in the field and their relationships with vertical root pulling resistance SO MAYDICA LA English DT Article DE root strength; seedling traits; seminal roots; corn; Zea mays ID INBRED LINES; F1 HYBRIDS; CULTURE; SYSTEM AB Strength of maize (Zea mays L.) root system can be estimated by vertical root pulling resistance. However, this Measurement is both laborious and destructive. Hence, it Would be desirable to identify related traits whose measurements are easier and non-destructive. objectives of this research were to study the variability of a population for root and shoot traits in hydroponic culture and in the field and to evaluate their relationships with vertical root pulling resistance. F-3 families derived from the single cross Lo964 x Lo1016 were evaluated together with the two parental inbreds in hydroponic culture (171 families) and in three field environments ( 118 families). In hydroponic culture, differences among F3 families were highly significant for all traits and transgressive segregation,vas always found. Heritability ranged from 50 to 85%. A statistically significant association was observed only between seminal root weight and shoot weight (r = 0.72**). In the field, differences among F3 families across environments were highly significant for all traits and transgressive segregation was always found except for plant height and pollen shedding date. Heritability for vertical root pulling resistance was 72%, while for other traits heritability ranged from 56 to 91%. Associations of vertical root pulling resistance vs. both hydroponic and other field traits were biologically negligible even when statistically significant. It can be concluded that, despite the large variability available in the Population, indirect selection for hydroponic traits would not be of benefit in improving vertical root pulling resistance under the field conditions studied. C1 Univ Bologna, Dept Agroenvironm Sci & Technol, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. Univ Missouri, USDA, Agr Res Serv, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agronomy, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Landi, P (reprint author), Univ Bologna, Dept Agroenvironm Sci & Technol, Via F Re 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. RI Tuberosa, Roberto/A-2781-2016 OI Tuberosa, Roberto/0000-0001-9143-9569 NR 15 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU MAYDICA-IST SPER CEREALICOLTUR PI BERGAMO PA SEZ DI BERGAMO VIA STEZZANO, 24, 24100 BERGAMO, ITALY SN 0025-6153 J9 MAYDICA JI Maydica PY 2001 VL 46 IS 3 BP 177 EP 182 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 506QT UT WOS:000172983800005 ER PT J AU Butron, A Widstrom, NW AF Butron, A Widstrom, NW TI Mass selection for agronomic performance and resistance to ear-feeding insects in three corn populations SO MAYDICA LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; Helicoverpa zea; Spodoptera frugiperda; tropical germplasm ID RECURRENT SELECTION; MAIZE POPULATIONS; CYCLES; BORER AB Tropical and sub-tropical corn (Zea mays L.) germplasm from Central and South America and the Southern United States is a promising Source for corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) resistance. This germplasm, however, possesses undesirable alleles for other important traits that Cause poor agronomic performance. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of 10 cycles of mass selection for improving agronomic performance and maintaining insect resistance in three populations that include exotic and southern U.S. germplasm. Selected populations were tested for selection responses in a two-year experiment with two planting dates in each year at Tifton, Georgia. Linear regression coefficients were used as estimates of the average rates of selection response per cycle. Yield increased after two cycles of mass selection, hut yield was either maintained or reduced in Subsequent cycles, Resistance to corn earworm and fall armyworm and lodging remained unchanged in the three Populations Studied. Days to pollen shed, plant height and ear height were all significantly greater after selection. A few cycles of mass selection seemed Useful in purging these populations of deleterious alleles. Second cycles of each Population might be the most useful Sources of germplasm because they had the greatest improvement for yield when compared with the original populations. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Breeding Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Butron, A (reprint author), CSIC, Mis Biol Galicia, Apartado 28, Pontevedra, Spain. NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 3 PU MAYDICA-IST SPER CEREALICOLTUR PI BERGAMO PA SEZ DI BERGAMO VIA STEZZANO, 24, 24100 BERGAMO, ITALY SN 0025-6153 J9 MAYDICA JI Maydica PY 2001 VL 46 IS 3 BP 207 EP 212 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 506QT UT WOS:000172983800009 ER PT J AU Chen, JQ Weimer, PJ AF Chen, JQ Weimer, PJ TI Competition among three predominant ruminal cellulolytic bacteria in the absence or presence of non-cellulolytic bacteria SO MICROBIOLOGY-UK LA English DT Article DE cellobiose; cellulose; competition; Fibrobacter succinogenes; Ruminococcus ID TARGETED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; SUBSTRATE-LIMITED CONDITIONS; RUMINOCOCCUS-FLAVEFACIENS; RUMEN BACTERIA; SELENOMONAS-RUMINANTIUM; FIBROLYTIC BACTERIA; LACTATE PRODUCTION; CELLODEXTRINS; STREPTOCOCCUS; SUCCINOGENES AB Competition among three species of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria-Fibrobacter succinogenes 585, Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 and Ruminococcus albus 7 was studied in the presence or absence of the non-cellulolytic ruminal bacteria Selenomonas ruminantium or Streptococcus bovis, Go-cultures were grown under either batch or continuous conditions and populations were estimated using species-specific oligonucleotide probes to 16S rRNA. The three cellulolytic species co-existed in cellobiose batch co-culture, but inclusion of either Sel, ruminantium or Str. bovis yielded nearly a monoculture of the non-cellulolytic competitor. In cellobiose chemostats, R. albus completely dominated the triculture, but R. flavefaciens became predominant over F. succinogenes and R. albus when Sel. ruminantium was co-inoculated into the chemostats. Similar effects on competition were observed in the presence of Str. bovis at a lower (0.021 h(-1)). but not at a higher (0.045 h(-1)) dilution rate. In cellulose batch co-cultures, R, albus was more abundant than both F. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens, regardless of the presence of the non-cellulolytic species. Go-existence among the three cellulolytic species was observed in almost all cellulose chemostats, but Sel, ruminantium altered the relative proportions of the cellulolytic species. R. albus and R. flavefaciens were found to produce inhibitors that suppressed growth of R. flavefaciens and F. succinogenes, respectively. These data indicate that interactions among cellulolytic bacteria, while complex, can be modified further by non-cellulolytic species. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Weimer, PJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 32 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1350-0872 J9 MICROBIOL-UK JI Microbiology-(UK) PD JAN PY 2001 VL 147 BP 21 EP 30 PN 1 PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 392RB UT WOS:000166424500005 PM 11160797 ER PT J AU Lawson, EC Weiss, JD Thomas, PE Kaniewski, WK AF Lawson, EC Weiss, JD Thomas, PE Kaniewski, WK TI NewLeaf Plus (R) Russet Burbank potatoes: replicase-mediated resistance to potato leafroll virus SO MOLECULAR BREEDING LA English DT Article DE leafroll; potato; replicase; resistance; transgenic; virus ID VIRAL REPLICASE; MOSAIC-VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; SMALL SUBUNIT; PROTEIN GENE; X INFECTION; EXPRESSION; DNA; RNA AB Potato leafroll poleovirus and the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)) are major pests of potato in the USA. The US Department of Agriculture estimates that over 50% of annual insecticide use on potato is applied to control the Colorado potato beetle and aphids that transmit potato leafroll virus (PLRV). To address this issue, Russet Burbank potatoes have bee genetically modified for a high level of resistance to infection and the resulting disease symptoms caused by PLRV and to feeding damage caused by the Colorado potato beetle. This resistance was achieved by the expression of the unmodified full-length replicase gene of PLRV and the cry3A insect control protein gene from Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis. Plant expression constructs containing various modifications of the PLRV replicase gene were produced during the development of this product. The genes in these constructs were a full-length unmodified replicase (open reading frame 2a/2b), an antisense orientation of the full-length cDNA, an open reading frame 1 translation of the full-length gene, and a gene truncation containing the 3' sense coding portion of the replicase gene. Growth chamber experiments demonstrated that transformation of plants with the full-length and 3' sense coding constructs substantially protected these potato plants from infection and disease symptoms caused by PLRV. The Russet Burbank potato expressing the full-length PLV replicase gene and the cry3A gene is a new potato product from NatureMark called NewLeaf Plus(R). C1 Monsanto Co, Ag Res, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. ARS, USDA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Kaniewski, WK (reprint author), Monsanto Co, Ag Res, 700 Chesterfield Pkwy N, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. NR 47 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1380-3743 J9 MOL BREEDING JI Mol. Breed. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 7 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1023/A:1009637325028 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 415TD UT WOS:000167738000001 ER PT B AU Barker, RE Warnke, SE AF Barker, RE Warnke, SE BE Spangenberg, GC TI Application of molecular markers to genetic diversity and identity in forage crops SO MOLECULAR BREEDING OF FORAGE CROPS SE DEVELOPMENTS IN PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Molecular Breeding of Forage Crops CY NOV 19-24, 2000 CL LORNE, AUSTRALIA SP Nat Resources & Environm, Australian Cooperat Res Ctr Molec Plant Breeding, Dairy Res & Dev Corp, Heritage Seeds Pty Ltd, Appl Biosyst, AgResearch Ltd, Qiagen, Qiagen Genomics, Genset Pacific, Adv Labs, Seedco DE genetic integrity outcrossed species; genetic diversity; genetic identity; cultivar identity; grasses; legumes; DNA markers ID CREEPING BENTGRASS CULTIVARS; PERENNIAL RYEGRASS; LOLIUM-PERENNE; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; RAPD MARKERS; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; ELECTROPHORESIS; GRASSES; POLYMORPHISMS AB Molecular genetic tools have been utilised at a much slower pace for forage crops than for the human food crops. Recently, however, molecular marker systems have been incorporated in Forage crop breeding to assist in selecting desirable genotypes, to examine genetic diversity and cultivar stability, and to be used for cultivar identification. Molecular tests range from ploidy determination using flow cytometry to exact DNA sequence identification of specific genes. Isozyme studies have shown that Forage crops are complex genetically and not only have multiloci, but have multiallelic genetic systems. The PGI 2 locus, for example, has at least seven different allelic forms. Because of the genetic complexity, cultivars and germplasm should be characterised by allelic frequency differences. The AMOVA is a statistical tool that provides relative measures of within accession, among accession, and among broad groupings of genotypes. Choice of molecular test that can be analysed by AMOVA can be determined by the information desired. RAPDs are easy to implement on an individual plant basis and are relatively inexpensive. AFLPs at-e more expensive, but much more definitive than RAPDs. SSRs measure rather minute genetic changes that can be correlated to evolutionary or genealogical relatedness. Future implementation of ESTs, or SNPs identified by DNA sequence arrays will be used to separate accessions based on actual gene differences. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Barker, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 48 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-6881-9 J9 DEV PLANT BREED PY 2001 VL 10 BP 135 EP 148 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA BS43U UT WOS:000169858400008 ER PT S AU Pursel, VG Mitchell, AD Wall, RJ Solomon, MB Coleman, ME Schwartz, RJ AF Pursel, VG Mitchell, AD Wall, RJ Solomon, MB Coleman, ME Schwartz, RJ BE Toutant, JP Balazs, E TI Transgenic research to enhance growth and lean carcass composition in swine SO MOLECULAR FARMING SE SCIENCE UPDATE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT OECD Workshop on Molecular Farming CY SEP 03-06, 2000 CL GRANDE MOTTE, FRANCE SP Management Comm Programme, Org Econ Co-Operat & Dev ID HORMONE FUSION GENES; FACTOR-I; MICE AB Although growth hormone is considered the primary growth-promoting hormone in mammals, many of its effects are mediated by insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Founder transgenic pigs were produced with a fusion gene composed of avian skeletal a-actin regulatory sequences and a cDNA encoding IGF-I. For the study reported here one transgenic boar was mated to non-transgenic gilts to produce sibling transgenic (TG) and control (CT) pigs. Daily gain did not differ for TG and CT pigs up to 90 kg, then the TG pigs gained significantly faster. At 90 and 120 kg, pigs were anesthetized and scanned by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to estimate fat and lean composition. Between the first and second DXA scans, the rates of lean tissue accretion was 30.3 and 31.6 % higher, and conversely, rates of fat accretion were 20.7 and 23.7 % lower in TG gilts and barrows than in CT pigs. Pigs were sacrificed the day after the second DXA scan, the right half of each carcass was scanned by DXA, and measurements were taken. Transgenic gilts and barrows, respectively, had 36 and 29% larger loin eye areas, 9 and 12% more carcass lean tissue, and 18 and 23% less total carcass fat than CT pigs (P < .001, for each). Individual muscles dissected from the left carcass half were significantly heavier for the TG pigs than for CT pigs. Our results confirm our earlier findings that the targeting of IGF-I expression to striated muscles clearly had a major impact on carcass composition. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pursel, VG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 200,Rm 8,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST NATL RECHERCHE AGRONOMIQUE PI PARIS PA 147 RUE DE L'UNIVERSITE, 75007 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1159-554X BN 2-7380-0953-0 J9 SCI UPDATE PY 2001 BP 77 EP 86 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA BS11Z UT WOS:000168726100008 ER PT S AU Schepers, JS AF Schepers, JS BE Toutant, JP Balazs, E TI Molecular farming - Foreword SO MOLECULAR FARMING SE SCIENCE UPDATE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT OECD Workshop on Molecular Farming CY SEP 03-06, 2000 CL GRANDE MOTTE, FRANCE SP Management Comm Programme, Org Econ Co-Operat & Dev C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Schepers, JS (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, East Campus,113 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST NATL RECHERCHE AGRONOMIQUE PI PARIS PA 147 RUE DE L'UNIVERSITE, 75007 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1159-554X BN 2-7380-0953-0 J9 SCI UPDATE PY 2001 BP 277 EP 277 PG 1 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA BS11Z UT WOS:000168726100028 ER PT S AU Schepers, J Lynch, J AF Schepers, J Lynch, J BE Toutant, JP Balazs, E TI Sharing the wealth from molecular farming SO MOLECULAR FARMING SE SCIENCE UPDATE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT OECD Workshop on Molecular Farming CY SEP 03-06, 2000 CL GRANDE MOTTE, FRANCE SP Management Comm Programme, Org Econ Co-Operat & Dev C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Schepers, J (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, East Campus,113 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST NATL RECHERCHE AGRONOMIQUE PI PARIS PA 147 RUE DE L'UNIVERSITE, 75007 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1159-554X BN 2-7380-0953-0 J9 SCI UPDATE PY 2001 BP 317 EP 319 PG 3 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA BS11Z UT WOS:000168726100033 ER PT J AU Cole, AB Kiraly, L Ross, K Scheolz, JE AF Cole, AB Kiraly, L Ross, K Scheolz, JE TI Uncoupling resistance from cell death in the hypersensitive response of Nicotiana species to Cauliflower mosaic virus infection SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE; PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS; DISEASE RESISTANCE; SALICYLIC-ACID; HOST-RANGE; DEFENSE RESPONSES; TOBACCO PLANTS; GENE; EXPRESSION; POTATO AB Cauliflower mosaic virus strain W260 elicits a hypersensitive response (HR) in leaves of Nicotiana edwardsonii, an interspecific hybrid derived from a cross between N, glutinosa and N, clevelandii. Interestingly, we found that N. glutinosa is resistant to W260, but responds with local chlorotic lesions rather than necrotic lesions. In contrast, N. clevelandii responds to W260 with systemic cell death. The reactions of the progenitors of N. edwardsonii to W260 infection indicated that each contributed a factor toward the development of HR. In this study, we present two lines of evidence to show that the resistance and cell death that comprise the HR elicited by W260 can indeed be uncoupled. First, we showed that the non-necrotic resistance response of N. glutinosa could be converted to HR when these plants were crossed with N, clevelandii. Second, we found that cell death and resistance segregated independently in the Fz population of a cross between N. edwardsonii and N. clevelandii. We concluded that the resistance of N. edwardsonii to W260 infection was conditioned by a gene derived from N, glutinosa, whereas cell death was conditioned by a gene derived from N. clevelandii, An analysis of pathogenesis-related (PR) protein expression in response to W260 infection revealed that elicitation of PR proteins was associated with resistance rather than with the onset of cell death. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA ARS, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Scheolz, JE (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 51 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 14 IS 1 BP 31 EP 41 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.1.31 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 384JH UT WOS:000165938700003 PM 11194869 ER PT J AU Vaghchhipawala, Z Bassuner, R Clayton, K Lewers, K Shoemaker, R Mackenzie, S AF Vaghchhipawala, Z Bassuner, R Clayton, K Lewers, K Shoemaker, R Mackenzie, S TI Modulations in gene expression and mapping of genes associated with cyst nematode infection of soybean SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE cytology; gene mapping; Glycine max; plant-nematode interactions ID HETERODERA-GLYCINES ICHINOHE; DISEASE-RESISTANCE GENES; DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; LOCI; MARKERS; TRANSCRIPTS; RACE-3; GENOME; SYNTHETASE AB Infection of the soybean root by the soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) induces a well-documented, yet poorly understood, response by the host plant. The plant response, involving the differentiation of a feeding structure, or "syncytium," facilitates the feeding and reproduction of the nematode to the detriment of the host. We used a genetic system involving a single dominant soybean gene conferring susceptibility to an inbred nematode strain, VL1, to characterize the nematode-host interaction in susceptible line PI 89008, The restriction fragment length polymorphism marker pB053, shown to map to a major SCN resistance locus, cosegregates with resistance among F-2 progeny from the PI 89008 x PI 88287 cross. Cytological examination of the infection process confirmed that syncytium development in this genetic system is similar to that reported by others who used noninbred nematode lines. Our study of infected root tissue in the susceptible line PI 89008 revealed a number of genes enhanced in expression. Among these are catalase, cyclin, elongation factor 1 alpha, beta -1,3-endoglucanase, hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, heat shock protein 70, late embryonic abundant protein 14, and formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide synthase, all of which we have genetically positioned on the public linkage map of soybean, Formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide synthase was found to be tightly linked with a major quantitative trait locus for SCN resistance. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis proposed by others that feeding site development involves the dramatic modulation of gene expression relative to surrounding root cells. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Mackenzie, S (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Beadle Ctr Genet Res N305, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NR 55 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 14 IS 1 BP 42 EP 54 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2001.14.1.42 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 384JH UT WOS:000165938700004 PM 11194870 ER PT J AU Grubisha, LC Trappe, JM Molina, R Spatafora, JW AF Grubisha, LC Trappe, JM Molina, R Spatafora, JW TI Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus Rhizopogon. V. Phylogenetic relationships in the Boletales inferred from LSU rDNA sequences SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Alpova; Melanogaster; phylogeny; Rhizopogonaceae; Suillus ID RIBOSOMAL DNA-SEQUENCES; IDENTIFICATION; MUSHROOMS; EVOLUTION; NUCLEAR AB The phylogenetic relationship between Alpova, Chroogomphus, Gomphidius, Rhizopogon, Suillus, and Truncocolumella and their placement in the Boletales was tested through maximum parsimony analyses of large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Taxon sampling included representatives of the genera Alpova, Boletellus, Boletus, Chroogomphus, Gomphidius, Melanogaster, Paragyrodon, Phylloporus, Rhizopogon, Suillus, Truncocolumella, Tylopilus, and Xerocomus, as well as species from the Agaricales, Russulales, and Polyporales. The order Boletales was strongly supported as monophyletic. Furthermore, within this order, two major groups emerged: the boletoid radiation and a Melanogastraceae/Paragyrodon sphaerosporus paraphyletic assemblage, and the suilloid radiation. The boletoid radiation and a Melanogastraceae/Paragyrodon sphaerosporus assemblage was strongly supported. Although the boletoid radiation was not strongly supported by bootstrap analysis, the clade did not collapse in the strict consensus topology. This clade comprised species from the genera Boletellus, Boletus, Phylloporus, Tylopilus, and Xerocomus. The Boletaceae sensu Singer was not monophyletic. Although species relationships within the boletoid radiation were not well resolved, the genus Boletus did not appear to be monophyletic. Alpova diplophloeus, A. trappei, Melanogaster tuberiformis, and Paragyrodon sphaerosporus formed a paraphyletic assemblage basal to the boletoid radiation clade. The suilloid clade was strongly supported and included Alpova olivaceotinctus, Chroogomphus, Gomphidius, Rhizopogon, Suillus and Truncocolumella citrina. Species in the genus Alpova therefore were grouped both within and outside the suilloid radiation. Within the suilloid radiation, Suillus was inferred to be more closely related to Truncocolumella citrina and the Gomphidiaceae than to Rhizopogon, suggesting a more distant relationship between Suillus and Rhizopogon than previously hypothesized. Rhizopogon was not supported as monophyletic, although its monophyly could not be rejected by the data. Alpova olivaceotinctus grouped within the genus Rhizopogon, consistent with previous classifications, and is returned to that genus. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Grubisha, LC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, 111 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 43 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 11 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 82 EP 89 DI 10.2307/3761607 PG 8 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 395VL UT WOS:000166601900009 ER PT J AU Sullivan, R Bergen, MS Patel, R Bills, GF Alderman, SC Spatafora, JW White, JF AF Sullivan, R Bergen, MS Patel, R Bills, GF Alderman, SC Spatafora, JW White, JF TI Features and phylogenetic status of an enigmatic clavicipitalean fungus Neoclaviceps monostipa gen. et sp nov. SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Ascomycetes; Balansia; Claviceps; Clavicipitaceae; Costa Rica; phylogeny; systematics ID ENDOPHYTE-HOST ASSOCIATIONS; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; EPICHLOE-TYPHINA; RIBOSOMAL DNA; MATING SYSTEM; GRASSES; ACREMONIUM AB A new species and genus of the graminicolous Clavicipitaceae are described. Neoclaviceps monostipa infects individual florets in the same way as species of genus Claviceps hut does not produce sclerotia. In culture it shows dimorphism in production of a yeast-like microcyclic conidiation (ephelidial) phase and a mycelial phase. Phylogenetic analysis of the 26S large subunit rDNA suggests that Neoclaviceps along with genus Myriogenospora are evolutionarily intermediate between Claviceps and Balansia. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Plant Pathol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Merck Res Labs, Rahway, NJ 07065 USA. ARS, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP White, JF (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Plant Pathol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RI White, James/C-2280-2009 NR 31 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 90 EP 99 DI 10.2307/3761608 PG 10 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 395VL UT WOS:000166601900010 ER PT J AU Rossman, AY McKemy, JM Pardo-Schultheiss, RA Schroers, HJ AF Rossman, AY McKemy, JM Pardo-Schultheiss, RA Schroers, HJ TI Molecular studies of the Bionectriaceae using large subunit rDNA sequences SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Bionectria; Euascomycetes; Fungi; Hypocreales; Hydropisphaera; 18S rDNA; Kallichroma; molecular phylogeny; Myrothecium; Ochronectria; systematics ID POLYPHYLETIC ORIGINS; RIBOSOMAL DNA; FUNGI; HYPOCREALES; PHYLOGENY; CLASSIFICATION; GENUS AB Holomorphic species of fifteen genera in the family Bionectriaceae, Hypocreales, and related anamorph species were studied using nuclear large subunit rDNA sequences. Most elements of the Bionectriaceae are shown to form a monophyletic group closely related to representatives of two other families in the Hypocreales, namely the Clavicipitaceae/Hypocreaceae, which is distinct from the Nectriaceae. The genus Bionectria, represented by B. ochroleuca ccn and its anamorph, Clonostachys rosea, and B. cf. aureofulva, appears as a monophyletic lineage that groups with three other species that may also belong to Bionectria. The Bionectria clade is distinct from a second major lineage that includes the perithecial genera Hydropisphaera, Nectriopsis, Ochronectria and Selinia, as well as two cleistothecial genera, Heleococcum and Roumegueriella. Within this lineage the cleistothecial genera, Heleococcum, represented by the nontype species, H. japonense, and the monospecific genus, Roumegueriella, group with the paraphyletic genus Hydropisphaera, including H. peziza, the type species, and H. erubescens. Another lineage includes six cleistothecial genera, namely Bulbithecium, Emericellopsis, Hapsidospora, Leucosphaerina, Mycoarachis, and Nigrosabulum, most of which have Acremonium anamorphs. These genera cluster with the type of Acremonium, A. alternatum, and two anamorph genera, Geosmithia, and Stanjemonium. Both species of Kallichroma, K tethys and K. glabrum, form a separate lineage within the Bionectriaceae. Kallichroma is the first genus from marine habitats to be confirmed as a member of the Hypocreales. Although classified in the Bionectriaceae based on morphological evidence, species of the tropical genus Peethambara and their Didymostilbe anamorphs and the morphologically similar anamorph genera, Albosynnema and Myrothecium, fall outside of any of the supported clades. These species form a paraphyletic group at the base to the Hypocreaceae/Clavicipitaceae. C1 ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Cent Bur Schimmelcultures, NL-3740 AG Baarn, Netherlands. RP Rossman, AY (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 10 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 93 IS 1 BP 100 EP 110 DI 10.2307/3761609 PG 11 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 395VL UT WOS:000166601900011 ER PT J AU Camara, MPS Palm, ME van Berkum, P Stewart, EL AF Camara, MPS Palm, ME van Berkum, P Stewart, EL TI Systematics of Paraphaeosphaeria: a molecular and morphological approach SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB The genus Paraphaeosphaeria (Loculoascomycetes) was described as a segregate of Leptosphaeria for species producing brown, usually punctate ascospores with rounded ends, a submedian primary septum, an inflated cell above the primary septum, and a Coniothyrium sensu lato anamorph. This study evaluated the taxonomic value of the morphological characters, host range, ecology, and anamorphs in relation to DNA sequence data in order to determine the relationship between species described in Paraphaeosphaeria. Nine species were characterized morphologically and the ITS and 18S regions of the rDNA were sequenced and a phylogeny was inferred. Morphological studies and results of the sequence analyses provide strong support for polyphyly of this genus. Based on these analyses, the concept of Paraphaeosphaeria should be narrowed to reflect a monophyletic generic concept. Characters such as spore septation and method of conidiogenesis were found to predict relatedness. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. ARS, USDA, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Palm, ME (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 47 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-4930 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 105 BP 41 EP 56 DI 10.1017/S0953756200003233 PN 1 PG 16 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 409XQ UT WOS:000167411300008 ER PT J AU Bono, JL Jaber, B Fisher, MA Abuodeh, RO O'Leary-Jepson, E Scalarone, GM Smith, LH AF Bono, JL Jaber, B Fisher, MA Abuodeh, RO O'Leary-Jepson, E Scalarone, GM Smith, LH TI Genetic diversity and transcriptional analysis of the bys1 gene from Blastomyces dermatitidis SO MYCOPATHOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Blastomyces dermatitidis; bys1; dimorphism; phase-specific gene expression ID MESSENGER-RNA DEGRADATION; NORTH CENTRAL WISCONSIN; 3' UNTRANSLATED REGION; YEAST-PHASE; HISTOPLASMA-CAPSULATUM; EPIDEMIOLOGY; DROSOPHILA; FUNGI; SIZE AB Blastomyces dermatitidis, a pathogenic fungal organism, is able to exist in two different morphologies, a multicellular mycelium or a unicellular yeast, according to temperature, 25 degreesC and 37 degreesC respectively. The switching between morphologies must be accompanied by a cascade of signaling events in which expression of genes responsible for the change of morphology is increased or decreased. bys1, a gene from B. dermatitidis isolate #58, is expressed at high levels in the unicellular yeast, but gradually diminishes as the temperature is lowered and the organism converts to the mycelial phase; where there is no transcription of bys1. We explored if bys1 homologs are found in other B. dermatitidis isolates and if the transcription of the homologs were regulated by temperature. bys1 was identified in all B. dermatitidis isolates tested and could be grouped into two classes by Southern blot, PCR, and DNA sequence. Although the: bys1 transcripts of both classes were regulated by temperature, transcription rates varied between the three isolates tested. C1 Idaho State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Baylor Univ, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Sharjah, Coll Hlth Sci, Sharjah, U Arab Emirates. RP Smith, LH (reprint author), Idaho State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Campus Box 8007, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. FU PHS HHS [A123140, A1 39711] NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-486X J9 MYCOPATHOLOGIA JI Mycopathologia PY 2001 VL 152 IS 3 BP 113 EP 123 PG 11 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 511CP UT WOS:000173247300002 PM 11811639 ER PT J AU Brandhorst, T Dowd, PF Kenealy, WR AF Brandhorst, T Dowd, PF Kenealy, WR TI The effect of fungal ribosome inactivating proteins upon feeding choice in C-freemani, and indications of a mutualistic relationship with A-restrictus. Environmental Mycology SO MYCOPATHOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus; Carpophilus; restrictocin; ribonuclease; feeding; inhibition ID ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS; EXPRESSION; TOXINS AB Carpophilus freemani beetles' feeding on the fungus Aspergillus nidulans was substantially inhibited when A. nidulans was transformed and induced to secrete the ribosome inactivating protein, restrictocin (genetic source: Aspergillus restrictus). No inhibition of feeding was observed when A. nidulans was transformed and induced to produce an inactive form of restrictocin with a single amino-acid substitution in the active site. Similarly, there was no inhibition of feeding upon transgenic strains when the production of restrictocin was not induced. Feeding inhibition of C. freemani by restrictocin requires that the ribonuclease be active and is not due to other characteristics of the protein or the transgenic host fungus. C1 Univ Wisconsin Hosp & Clin, Univ Wisconsin Med Sch, Dept Pediat, Madison, WI 53792 USA. ARS, USDA, NCAUR, Dept Pediat, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. J Whittier Biol, Dept Pediat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Brandhorst, T (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Pediat, 600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM52706-01] NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-486X J9 MYCOPATHOLOGIA JI Mycopathologia PY 2001 VL 152 IS 3 BP 155 EP 158 DI 10.1023/A:1013131930192 PG 4 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 511CP UT WOS:000173247300007 PM 11811644 ER PT J AU Poprawski, TJ Jones, WJ AF Poprawski, TJ Jones, WJ TI Host plant effects on activity of the mitosporic fungi Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus against two populations of Bemisia whiteflies (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) SO MYCOPATHOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE allelochemicals; antibiosis; cuticle; entomopathogenic fungi; gossypol; third trophic level; tri-trophic interactions ID POTATO BEETLE COLEOPTERA; ARGENTIFOLII HOMOPTERA; DEUTEROMYCOTINA; PATHOGENICITY; COTTON AB Laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine the effect of host plant on mycosis in two geographically distinct populations of early 2nd-instar nymphs of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring from the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown & Smith. Mycosis in B. argentifolii nymphs varied according to the host plant on which the nymphs were reared but not according to the population. Both populations of whiteflies reared on cotton were consistently significantly less susceptible to infection by either fungus than when reared on melon. We hypothesized that the cotton plant produced a fungal inhibitor that may confer protection on whiteflies feeding (and possibly sequestering) upon it. Germination of conidia of both fungi was strongly inhibited (below 12% germination) on the cuticle of nymphs reared on cotton but was over 95% on the cuticle of nymphs reared on melon. We further hypothesized that the terpenoid gossypol, produced by many cultivars of cotton, might have been involved in antibiosis. Gossypol mixed with Noble agar at five concentrations was tested for its effects on germination of conidia of both fungi. P. fumosoroseus was highly tolerant of gossypol, even at the relatively high concentration of 1000 ppm, while B. bassiana tolerated gossypol at concentrations up to 500 ppm and strong inhibition only occurred in presence of gossypol at 1000 ppm. Our in vivo findings on cotton and on the insect's cuticle pointed at a potential host plant-mediated antibiosis. The in vitro tolerance of P. fumosoroseus and partial tolerance of B. bassiana to gossypol disagreed with our in vivo data. Gossypol concentrations higher than 1000 ppm might have increased the sensitivity of the fungi in our in vitro tests. Sequestered gossypol (and/or other cotton plant allelochemicals) by B. argentifolii nymphs would explain, at least partially, the insect's defense against the pathogens. C1 ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, USDA, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Jones, WJ (reprint author), ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, USDA, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 35 TC 18 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-486X J9 MYCOPATHOLOGIA JI Mycopathologia PY 2001 VL 151 IS 1 BP 11 EP 20 DI 10.1023/A:1010835224472 PG 10 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 446MN UT WOS:000169517200004 PM 11502058 ER PT J AU Horn, BW Greene, RL Sorensen, RB Blankenship, PD Dorner, JW AF Horn, BW Greene, RL Sorensen, RB Blankenship, PD Dorner, JW TI Conidial movement of nontoxigenic Aspergillus flavus and A-parasiticus in peanut fields following application to soil SO MYCOPATHOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin; Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus parasiticus; biological control; spore dispersal; peanuts ID PREHARVEST AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION; DROUGHT-STRESSED PEANUTS; VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY; ATOXIGENIC STRAIN; UNITED-STATES; DISPERSAL; POPULATIONS; INOCULUM; CORN; TEMPERATURE AB The use of nontoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavusand A. parasiticus in biological control effectively reduces aflatoxin in peanuts when conidium-producing inoculum is applied to the soil surface. In this study, the movement of conidia in soil was examined following natural rainfall and controlled precipitation from a sprinkler irrigation system. Conidia of nontoxigenic A. flavus and A. parasiticus remained near the soil surface despite repeated rainfall and varying amounts of applied water from irrigation. In addition, rainfall washed the conidia along the peanut furrows for up to 100 meters downstream from the experimental plot boundary. The dispersal gradient was otherwise very steep upstream along the furrows and in directions perpendicular to the peanut rows. The retention of biocontrol conidia in the upper soil layers is likely important in reducing aflatoxin contamination of peanuts and aerial crops such as corn and cottonseed. C1 ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, USDA, Dawson, GA USA. RP Horn, BW (reprint author), 1011 Forrester Dr SE,POB 509, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. NR 40 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-486X J9 MYCOPATHOLOGIA JI Mycopathologia PY 2001 VL 151 IS 2 BP 81 EP 92 DI 10.1023/A:1010913420834 PG 12 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 457YD UT WOS:000170164900005 PM 11554582 ER PT J AU Roy, KW Baird, RE Abney, TS AF Roy, KW Baird, RE Abney, TS TI A review of soybean (Glycine max) seed, pod, and flower mycofloras in north america, with methods and a key for identification of selected fungi SO MYCOPATHOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE soybean; mycofloras; plant parts ID SUDDEN-DEATH SYNDROME; HETERODERA-GLYCINES; FUSARIUM-SOLANI; PHOMOPSIS; SEVERITY AB A review of the fungi associated with soybean seeds, pods, or flowers was conducted in North America. Species of Deuteromycetes are the most common fungi in each of the soybean flower organs followed by the Ascomycetes and Phycomycetes which comprise about one-fourth of the total mycoflora. Eighty genera and about 135 or more species occur in seeds, pods, or flowers. With regard to numbers of taxa from separate mycofloras, 63 genera and about 108 or more species occur in seeds, 65 genera and about 88 or more species occur in pods, and 36 genera and approximately 47 or more species occur in flowers. Most of the fungi which occur in flowers can be cultured from pods, and the majority of those fungi occur in seeds. Methods for and a key are provided for the identification of the 30 most important selected fungi. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi Agr & Forestry Expt Stn, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Crop Prod & Pathol Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Baird, RE (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi Agr & Forestry Expt Stn, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, POB 9655, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 61 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-486X J9 MYCOPATHOLOGIA JI Mycopathologia PY 2001 VL 150 IS 1 BP 15 EP 27 DI 10.1023/A:1010805224993 PG 13 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 421GQ UT WOS:000168057000004 PM 11392564 ER PT J AU Imm, DW Shealy, HE McLeod, KW Collins, B AF Imm, DW Shealy, HE McLeod, KW Collins, B TI Rare plants of southeastern hardwood forests and the role of predictive modeling SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Carex chapmanii; Habenaria lacera; Nestronia umbellula; Rhododendron flammeum; southeastern hardwood forests AB Southeastern hardwood forests burn infrequently and are characterized by high habitat and microsite diversity. Rare plants of these forests are mostly herbs associated with specific habitats (e.g., hardwood coves, wetlands) or other geographic regions. Habitat prediction models for rare plants can be useful when large areas must be surveyed or populations must be established. We developed a habitat prediction model for four species of southeastern hardwood forests: Nestronia umbellula, Carex chapmanii, Rhododendron flammeum, and Habenaria lacera. The model suggests that the Carer has strong affinity to habitat resource and vegetation conditions. In contrast, Nestronia umbellula is not strongly associated with habitat characteristics. The model did not accurately predict N. umbellula habitat, possibly because it did not account for this plant's clonal and partially parasitic habit or its tolerance of periodic burning. Rhododendron flammeum is strongly associated with specific topographic variables, and the model fairly accurately predicted its habitat. Although H. lacera is strongly associated with habitat resources and vegetation, its habitat is small in area and was not well predicted by the GIS-based model. These four examples suggest that models based on resource and vegetation characteristics can accurately predict habitat, but only when plants are strongly associated with these variables and the scale of modeling coincides with habitat size. Habitat prediction models can be useful tools for managing rare plants of southeastern hardwood forests, especially when combined with information gained through research and monitoring. C1 US Forest Serv, Savannah River, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. RP Imm, DW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Savannah River, POB 700, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 21 IS 1 BP 36 EP 49 PG 14 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 397WD UT WOS:000166720100004 ER PT J AU Birkeland, KW Mock, CJ AF Birkeland, KW Mock, CJ TI The major snow avalanche cycle of February 1986 in the western United States SO NATURAL HAZARDS LA English DT Article DE avalanches; snow avalanches; avalanche forecasting; avalanche climatology ID CLIMATOLOGY; USA AB Snow avalanches are a significant hazard in mountainous environments around the world. This paper investigates the major February 1986 avalanche cycle that occurred in the western United States, and broadly analyzes the avalanche, snowpack, and weather conditions at twenty sites. These analyses suggest that the avalanche cycle resulted from the interaction of a relatively `normal' snowpack with an exceptional storm event, which was particularly noteworthy for the amount of precipitation it produced. Composited 500-hPa anomaly maps show the event resulted from an uncommonly persistent blocking pattern that resulted in a strong zonal flow and copious moisture being funneled over the western United States. Understanding severe and widespread avalanche cycles may improve our long-term forecasting of these events, and help mitigate the resulting avalanche activity. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. US Forest Serv, Natl Avalanche Ctr, Bozeman, MT USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Geog, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Birkeland, KW (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 49 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-030X J9 NAT HAZARDS JI Nat. Hazards PY 2001 VL 24 IS 1 BP 75 EP 95 DI 10.1023/A:1011192619039 PG 21 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 441EC UT WOS:000169217200004 ER PT J AU Cornish, K AF Cornish, K TI Biochemistry of natural rubber, a vital raw material, emphasizing biosynthetic rate, molecular weight and compartmentalization, in evolutionarily divergent plant species SO NATURAL PRODUCT REPORTS LA English DT Review ID MODULAR POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE; SACCHAROPOLYSPORA-ERYTHRAEA STREPTOMYCES; PRECURSOR-DIRECTED BIOSYNTHESIS; FATTY-ACID SYNTHASE; CARRIER PROTEIN TRANSACYLASE; BETA-KETOREDUCTASE DOMAINS; ERYTHROMYCIN BIOSYNTHESIS; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; ENGINEERED BIOSYNTHESIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI C1 ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Cornish, K (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Cornish, Katrina/A-9773-2013 NR 146 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 13 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0265-0568 J9 NAT PROD REP JI Nat. Prod. Rep. PY 2001 VL 18 IS 2 BP 182 EP 227 DI 10.1039/a902191d PG 46 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA 415NP UT WOS:000167727900004 PM 11336288 ER PT J AU Kerr, DE Plaut, K Bramley, AJ Williamson, CM Lax, AJ Moore, K Wells, KD Wall, RJ AF Kerr, DE Plaut, K Bramley, AJ Williamson, CM Lax, AJ Moore, K Wells, KD Wall, RJ TI Lysostaphin expression in mammary glands confers protection against staphylococcal infection in transgenic mice SO NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mastitis; animal biotechnology; antibacterial protein; Staphylococcus aureus ID SOMATIC-CELL COUNT; HUMAN LYSOZYME; PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR; DAIRY SCIENCE; CHEESE YIELD; MOUSE MILK; MASTITIS; AUREUS; PROTEIN; GENE AB Infection of the mammary gland, in addition to causing animal distress, is a major economic burden of the dairy industry. Staphylococcus aureus is the major contagious mastitis pathogen, accounting for approximately 15-30% of infections, and has proved difficult to control using standard management practices. As a first step toward enhancing mastitis resistance of dairy animals, we report the generation of transgenic mice that secrete a potent anti-staphylococcal protein into milk. The protein, lysostaphin, is a peptidoglycan hydrolase normally produced by Staphylococcus simulans. When the native form is secreted by transfected eukaryotic cells it becomes glycosylated and inactive. However, removal of two glycosylation motifs through engineering asparagine to glutamine codon substitutions enables secretion of Gln(125,232)-lysostaphin, a bioactive variant. Three lines of transgenic mice, in which the 5'-flanking region of the ovine beta -lactoglobulin gene directed the secretion of Gln(125,232)-lysostaphin into milk, exhibit substantial resistance to an intramammary challenge of 10(4) colony-forming units (c.f.u.) of S. aureus, with the highest expressing line being completely resistant. Milk protein content and profiles of transgenic and nontransgenic mice are similar. These results clearly demonstrate the potential of genetic engineering to combat the most prevalent disease of dairy cattle. C1 Univ Vermont, Dept Anim Sci, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. Inst Anim Hlth, Compton Lab, Newbury RG20 7NN, Berks, England. ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kerr, DE (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Dept Anim Sci, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. NR 34 TC 91 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 11 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1087-0156 J9 NAT BIOTECHNOL JI Nat. Biotechnol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 19 IS 1 BP 66 EP 70 DI 10.1038/83540 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 389WJ UT WOS:000166261400022 PM 11135555 ER PT J AU Handoo, ZA Carta, LK Skantar, AM AF Handoo, ZA Carta, LK Skantar, AM TI Morphological and molecular characterisation of Pratylenchus arlingtoni n. sp., P convallariae and P-fallax (Nematoda : Pratylenchidae) SO NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Festuca arundinacea; lesion nematode; pathogenicity; Poa pratensis; Pratylenchus crenatus; quarantine ID CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; SEQUENCE; RDNA AB Pratylenchus arlingtoni n. sp. from the rhizosphere of grasses Poa pratensis and Festuca arundinacea at Arlington National Cemetery, VA, USA is characterised by six to eight lines in the lateral field, and pyriform to slightly overlapping pharyngeal glands. Morphological comparisons are made with lesion nematodes having similar morphometrics. six lateral lines, or crenate tail tips. Molecular sequences of the LS 28S rDNA were generated for the new species as well as P. fallax and P. convallariae. The new species differs by only 1% from identical sequences found in P. fallax and P. convallariae. C1 ARS, USDA, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Carta, LK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 1388-5545 J9 NEMATOLOGY JI Nematology PY 2001 VL 3 BP 607 EP 618 DI 10.1163/156854101753389220 PN 6 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 510TR UT WOS:000173223800014 ER PT J AU Inserra, RN Duncan, LW Troccoli, A Dunn, D dos Santos, JM Kaplan, D Vovlas, N AF Inserra, RN Duncan, LW Troccoli, A Dunn, D dos Santos, JM Kaplan, D Vovlas, N TI Pratylenchus jaehni sp n. from citrus in Brazil and its relationship with P-coffeae and P-loosi (Nematoda : Pratylenchidae) SO NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lesion nematode; mating; taxonomy AB A lesion nematode population infecting citrus in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil is described and named Pratylenchus jaehni sp. n. Biological, molecular and morphological characteristics of this new species are compared with those of the morphologically similar P. coffeae and P. loosi. Results of mating experiments showed that R jaehni is reproductively isolated from P coffeae. Molecular (D2/D3 DNA sequences) dissimilarities among P. jaehni sp, n., P. coffeae and P. loosi were documented in a previous study. The morphology of seven R coffeae populations from tropical America and eastern Java and a P loosi population from Sri Lanka is used for comparison with the morphology of P. jaehni sp. n. Pratylenchus jaehni differs from R coffeae and P. loosi by only a few morphological ;characters of the females. The mean values of stylet length, stylet knob height, and vulva position are smaller (less than or equal to15 vs greater than or equal to15 mum, less than or equal to2.7 vs greater than or equal to2.7 mum, less than or equal to79 vs greater than or equal to79%) than those in P coffeae and P loosi. The tail terminus is usually subhemispherical and smooth in P jaehni sp. n.. whereas it is commonly truncate and indented in most P. coffeae populations and bluntly or finely pointed in P. loosi. Because of the morphological similarities among P. jaehni sp. n., P. coffeae and P. loosi, examination of at least ten specimens is required to obtain a reliable diagnosis based on morphology. Nineteen morphometric parameters for P. jaehni sp. n. and P. coffeae ranged from 0-13% smaller in fixed than in live specimens. C1 Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. Florida Dept Agr & Consumer Serv, Div Plant Ind, Gainesville, FL 32614 USA. CNR, Ist Nematol Agr, I-70126 Bari, Italy. UNESP, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Duncan, LW (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, 700 Expt Stn Rd, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. RI Troccoli, Alberto/C-5811-2015 OI Troccoli, Alberto/0000-0002-3582-8209 NR 18 TC 19 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 4 PU BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 1388-5545 J9 NEMATOLOGY JI Nematology PY 2001 VL 3 BP 653 EP 665 DI 10.1163/156854101753536028 PN 7 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 531XJ UT WOS:000174442300004 ER PT J AU Joseph, J Shukitt-Hale, B Denisova, NA Martin, A Perry, G Smith, MA AF Joseph, J Shukitt-Hale, B Denisova, NA Martin, A Perry, G Smith, MA TI Copernicus revisited: amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease SO NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING LA English DT Editorial Material ID SYNAPTIC PLASMA-MEMBRANES; NEURONAL SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; K-M GTPASE; PRECURSOR PROTEIN; NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; APOLIPOPROTEIN-E; TRANSGENIC MICE; RAT-BRAIN; OXIDATIVE STRESS AB The beta-amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) has dominated the thinking and research in this area for over a decade and a half. While there has been a great deal of effort in attempting to prove its centrality in this: devastating disease, and while an enormous amount has been learned about its properties (e.g.. putative toxicity, processing and signaling), A beta has not proven to be both necessary and sufficient for the development, neurotoxicity, and cognitive deficits associated with this disease. Instead, the few treatments that are available have emerged from aging research and are primarily directed toward modification of acetylcholine levels. Clearly, it is time to rethink this position and to propose instead that future approaches should focus upon altering the age-related sensitivity of the neuronal environment to insults involving such Factors as inflammation and oxidative stress. In other words "solve the problems of aging and by extension those of AD will also be reduced." This review is being submitted as a rather Lutherian attempt to "nail an alternative thesis" to the gate of the Church of the Holy Amyloid to open its doors to the idea that aging is the most pervasive element in this disease and A beta is merely one of the planets. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Inst Pathol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Joseph, J (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Smith, Mark/A-9053-2009; Perry, George/A-8611-2009 OI Perry, George/0000-0002-6547-0172 NR 189 TC 129 Z9 133 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0197-4580 J9 NEUROBIOL AGING JI Neurobiol. Aging PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 22 IS 1 BP 131 EP 146 DI 10.1016/S0197-4580(00)00211-6 PG 16 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Neurosciences SC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 397ZK UT WOS:000166728900019 PM 11164287 ER PT J AU Joseph, JA Perry, G Shukitt-Hale, B Denisova, NA Martin, A Smith, MA AF Joseph, JA Perry, G Shukitt-Hale, B Denisova, NA Martin, A Smith, MA TI A diet at amyloid beta? SO NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING LA English DT Editorial Material ID C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; TRANSGENIC MICE; PHAGOCYTOSIS; RISK C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Inst Pathol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Joseph, JA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Smith, Mark/A-9053-2009; Perry, George/A-8611-2009 OI Perry, George/0000-0002-6547-0172 NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0197-4580 J9 NEUROBIOL AGING JI Neurobiol. Aging PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 22 IS 1 BP 161 EP 163 DI 10.1016/S0197-4580(00)00206-2 PG 3 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Neurosciences SC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 397ZK UT WOS:000166728900025 ER PT J AU Zipf, A Diner, AM Ward, R Bharara, S Brown, G Nagmani, R Pareek, LK Sharma, GC AF Zipf, A Diner, AM Ward, R Bharara, S Brown, G Nagmani, R Pareek, LK Sharma, GC TI Evaluation of promoters and visual markers for transformation of eastern white pine SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE biolistics; GFP; GUS; Pinus strobus L.; transient gene expression ID ABIES L KARST; TRANSIENT GENE-EXPRESSION; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; MICROPROJECTILE BOMBARDMENT; PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; PICEA-GLAUCA; EMBRYOGENIC CULTURES; REPORTER GENE; NORWAY SPRUCE AB This report serves to evaluate possible promoters for use in the production of transgenic eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Embryogenic cultures of eastern white pine were bombarded with gold particles coated separately with a variety of gene constructs containing the UidA beta -glucuronidase (GUS) or green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene. Transient expression of the UidA gene, driven by a novel algal virus adenine methyl transferase gene promoter, as well as five other promoters used in angiosperm transformation, were evaluated. The maize alcohol dehydrogenase promoter was not effective in eastern white pine cultures. The construct with the doubled Cauliflower Mosaic Virus 35S promoter plus Alfalfa Mosaic Virus enhancer showed the highest levels of expression. GUS expression was detected within 24 hours, but decreased after 5 days and was not detectable 15 days after bombardment. Expression of GUS activity was recorded mainly in somatic embryonal heads of various stages of development and occasionally in suspensor cells. Similar to GUS expression, modified green fluorescent protein (GFP) was detected in the embryonal head cells 24 hours after bombardment. GFP-expressing suspensor cells were both more infrequent and difficult to detect, as their highly vacuolate nature rendered the GFP presence less visible against the yellow background autofluorescence. C1 Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Normal, AL 35762 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Inst Forest Genet, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Surg, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ Rajasthan, Dept Bot, Jaipur 302004, Rajasthan, India. RP Zipf, A (reprint author), Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Normal, AL 35762 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 21 IS 1 BP 45 EP 58 DI 10.1023/A:1010689405069 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 430CE UT WOS:000168555300004 ER PT J AU Scagel, CF Linderman, RG AF Scagel, CF Linderman, RG TI Modification of root IAA concentrations, tree growth, and survival by application of plant growth regulating substances to container-grown conifers SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE alginate; Douglas-fir; Englemann spruce; ethylene; IAA lodgepole pine ID DOUGLAS-FIR; ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; SPRUCE SEEDLINGS; PINE SEEDLINGS; COLD-STORAGE; ETHYLENE; AUXIN; ACID; CUTTINGS; REGENERATION AB Tree survival after planting is partially a function of the tree's capacity to produce new roots. In a field trial we assessed the potential to modify the IAA concentration in roots, root growth responses, and plant survival by root application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) such as IBA, NAA, and ethylene, or alginate, a moisture retention material. Container-grown Douglas-fir, Englemann spruce, and lodgepole pine were lifted before and during prescribed lifting windows and treated with Stim-root (R), Ethrel (R), Hormogel (R), or alginate before or after cold-storage, then planted in a clearcut. Lifting trees outside of the prescribed lifting window decreased IAA concentrations in roots of Douglas-fir, Englemann spruce, and lodgepole pine. Treating plants with different PGRs after cold storage increased root IAA concentrations and root growth after planting compared to treating plants prior to cold storage. Root growth and above ground plant growth and survival were well correlated to IAA concentrations in roots of Douglas-fir and Englemann spruce. IAA concentrations in roots of lodgepole pine correlated with root growth, but did not correlate with survival. A cost analysis of treatment effects on growth and survival showed that certain post-cold storage PGR treatments can decrease the cost necessary to attain target stocking and increase the size of the trees. Our results suggest that application of PGRs or other root-promoting materials to tree roots before planting has the potential to be a cost-beneficial method for increasing root growth and tree survival. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Scagel, CF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. EM scagelc@ucs.orst.edu NR 46 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2 BP 159 EP 186 DI 10.1023/A:1011869411552 PG 28 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 472GW UT WOS:000170976400005 ER PT J AU Bago, B Pfeffer, P Shachar-Hill, Y AF Bago, B Pfeffer, P Shachar-Hill, Y TI Could the urea cycle be translocating nitrogen in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis? SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Letter ID FUNGUS GLOMUS INTRARADICES; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; NEUROSPORA-CRASSA; EXTERNAL HYPHAE; ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; COCCIDIOIDES-IMMITIS; CARBON TRANSFER; TRANSPORT; ARGININE; ARGINASE C1 New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88001 USA. CSIC, Estac Expt Zaidin, Dpto Microbiol Suelo & Sistemas Simbiot, E-18008 Granada, Spain. ARS, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Shachar-Hill, Y (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88001 USA. RI Shachar-Hill, Yair/B-6165-2013; Bago, Alberto/H-9683-2015 OI Shachar-Hill, Yair/0000-0001-8793-5084; NR 48 TC 47 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 11 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 149 IS 1 BP 4 EP 8 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2001.00016.x PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 388NZ UT WOS:000166188900003 ER PT J AU Straus, DL Griffin, BR AF Straus, DL Griffin, BR TI Prevention of an initial infestation of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in channel catfish and blue tilapia by potassium permanganate treatment SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID COPPER; PUNCTATUS; TOXICITY; CALCIUM AB Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) has been used to control infestations of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, but its effectiveness has not been reported from controlled efficacy studies. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute toxicity of KMnO4 to the I. multifiliis theront and the concentration needed to prevent an initial infestation of I. multifiliis in juvenile channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and blue tilapia Tilapia aurea. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis theronts were exposed to concentrations of KMnO4 in 100 muL of well water in 96-well plates and observed for 4 h to determine the acute toxicity. A concentration of 0.9 mg KMnO4/L caused greater than 95% mortality of the theronts in 4 h in well water; the 4-h LC50 (concentration lethal to 50% of test animals) value was estimated to be 0.77 mg/L. Juvenile channel catfish were exposed to 10,000 theronts/L of well water and immediately treated with a single dose of KMnO4. Infestation occurred in controls 6 d after exposure. The lowest effective dose of KMnO4 was 1.0 mg/L. Juvenile blue tilapia were exposed and treated in the same manner as the channel catfish. Infestation occurred in controls by day 8 after exposure. The lowest effective dose of KMnO4 was 0.5 mg/L. An additional experiment (without KMnO4) indicated that channel catfish were 33-fold more susceptible to I. multifiliis infestation than blue tilapia. These results indicate that KMnO4 is toxic to I. multifiliis theronts at low concentrations in clean water. However, effective treatment of pond water will be strongly influenced by detoxication of KMnO4 (based on the concentration of easily oxidizable substances in the water) and water temperatures controlling the lifecycle of the parasite. C1 ARS, USDA, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Straus, DL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, POB 860, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RI Straus, David/A-9218-2009 NR 26 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 63 IS 1 BP 11 EP 16 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(2001)063<0011:POAIIO>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 419JC UT WOS:000167944700002 ER PT J AU Brooks, RT Doyle, KL AF Brooks, RT Doyle, KL TI Shrew species richness and abundance in relation to vernal pond habitat in southern New England SO NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID SMALL MAMMALS AB Vernal ponds are important aquatic habitat for many species of amphibians and invertebrates. While many aspects of such ponds have been investigated, small mammal populations in the adjacent upland [catchment] habitat are largely unstudied. We selected three ponds in central Massachusetts to determine whether the presence of vernal ponds in forested habitat influences shrew species composition and abundance. Pitfall-trap arrays were installed in pond catchment basins and in adjacent upland forest habitat. A total of 2124 small mammals of nine species were captured during 3880 trap nights, Of these, 341 were shrews of three species. We found no significant differences in abundance between pond-side and upland habitat for any shrew species. In addition, no differences were found in structural and vegetation characteristics between habitats. While there may be some indication that vernal ponds provide some residual effects during dry periods, vernal ponds in the northeastern United States are small and highly variable in hydroperiod, apparently providing an unreliable resource for shrews. C1 Univ Massachusetts, USDA Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Nat Resources Ctr, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Brooks, RT (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, USDA Forest Serv, Northeastern Res Stn, Nat Resources Ctr, 201 Holdworth, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RI Brooks, Robert/E-9955-2011 NR 28 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 8 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1092-6194 J9 NORTHEAST NAT JI Northeast. Nat PY 2001 VL 8 IS 2 BP 137 EP 148 DI 10.2307/3858367 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 528JH UT WOS:000174240300002 ER PT J AU Hemstrom, MA AF Hemstrom, MA TI Vegetative patterns, disturbances, and forest health in eastern Oregon and Washington SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; LAND CLASSIFICATION; LODGEPOLE PINE; FIRE; ECOSYSTEM; SCALE; VARIABILITY; DISEASES; ECOLOGY; STATES AB Vegetation patterns in eastern Oregon and Washington are largely a result of environmental conditions, species distributions, plant ecology, and disturbances operating at multiple scales and in different environments. In turn, vegetative patterns strongly influence the amount, severity, and distribution of disturbances generated by various agents. This paper focuses on the latter-the relations between vegetation pattern, disturbance, and forest health and productivity. At all scales, vulnerability to disturbance appears to increase when vegetation condition and pattern differs from the historical or expected range for a given environment. Generally, forests that are older, composed of larger trees, denser, more homogeneous, or more contiguous than would be expected under natural or historical disturbance regimes are more vulnerable to mortality from insects and disease. Factors related to vulnerability include site potential, host abundance, canopy structure, host size, patch vigor, patch density, patch connectivity, topography, and logging disturbance. Mortality from insects and disease contributes to diverse habitat, but current levels of tree mortality from insects and disease are often outside the historical or expected range given site environment. High levels of mortality may continue because many forests have become more homogeneous, contiguous, and dominated by shade-tolerant species owing to fire suppression and management. Uncharacteristically severe fires will likely increase in the next 100 years even with restoration management because of changed vegetation patterns and other factors. Information at stand or site scales is relatively abundant in the scientific and management literature. Much broad-scale information is based on models and expert opinion. Research at broad scales is scanty and difficult. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosyst Management Projec, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Hemstrom, MA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosyst Management Projec, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. EM mhemstrom@fs.fed.us NR 100 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PY 2001 VL 75 SI SI BP 91 EP 109 PG 19 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505BY UT WOS:000172892400012 ER PT J AU Well, R Augustin, J Davis, J Griffith, SM Meyer, K Myrold, DD AF Well, R Augustin, J Davis, J Griffith, SM Meyer, K Myrold, DD TI Production and transport of denitrification gases in shallow ground water SO NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE denitrification; ground water; hydromorphic soils; nitrous oxide; simulation ID NITROUS-OXIDE PRODUCTION; N2O EMISSIONS; SOIL AB The contribution of potentially intense denitrification in the saturated zone of hydromorphic soils to atmospheric N2O levels is poorly understood because few data exist on shallow ground water N2O production, consumption and transport to the atmosphere. The objective of the present study was to investigate the contribution of the saturated zone to surface N2O emission for two fen soils and a Gleyic Luvisol with ground water tables at the surface during the experimental period. Total denitrification, denitrifier N2O production, ground water dissolved N-2 and/or N2O, and surface N2O emissions were measured in situ. Concentrations of dissolved gases and surface emissions were also simulated with a simple process-based model assuming measured rates of N(2)and N2O production or constant profiles of dissolved N2O concentration. NO3- and N2O were abundant in all samples of the three sites. Substantial N2O surface emission originating from the saturated zone was measured at both fen sites. Total denitrification ranged from 0.9 to 1.58 mg N l(-1) day(-1) in the 15 - 35-cm layer of the fen soils and from 0.005 to 0.13 mg N l(-1) day(-1) in the 50 - 100-cm layer of the Gleyic Luvisol. The ratio of N2O production to total denitrification ranged from 0.07 to 0.32 in the fen soils and from 0.06 to 0.08 in the Gleyic Luvisol. The ratio of N2O production to total denitrification ranged from 0.07 to 0.32, and from 0.06 to 0.08, respectively. Concentrations of dissolved N2O measured at the fen sites were 1 to 2 orders of magnitude lower than simulated concentrations. In contrast, measured N2O emissions were within the order of magnitude of emissions simulated assuming measured N-2 and N2O production rates. The agreement between measured and simulated N2O concentrations and surface emissions was satisfactory when gas diffusivity was multiplied by 10 and N2O reduction rate was multiplied by 20 in the simulation. Simulation of diffusive N2O emission assuming constant values of measured N2O concentration profiles resulted in emissions approximately one order of magnitude lower than the measured values. At the Lake Creek site, the measured peak concentration of dissolved N-2 and the concentration simulated assuming measured values of N-2 production were relatively close with values of 2.4 and 3.5 times the atmospheric equilibrium concentration, respectively. It was concluded that the disagreements between measured and simulated values of N2O concentrations and emissions resulted from the underestimation of model parameters for gas transfer and/or for N2O reduction to N-2,which were not measured. Future modeling attempts should include use of measured values for all model parameters to obtain a more realistic description of the dynamics of N2O emission from the saturated zone. C1 Inst Bodenwissensch, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany. ZALF eV, Inst Primarprod & Mikrobielle Okol, D-15374 Muncheberg, Germany. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR USA. Geries Ingn Bur Standorterkundung, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany. RP Well, R (reprint author), Inst Bodenwissensch, Von Siebold Str 4, D-37075 Gottingen, Germany. RI Myrold, David/E-1813-2011; Augustin, Juergen/C-3588-2013 OI Myrold, David/0000-0001-6418-226X; Augustin, Juergen/0000-0002-8560-2814 NR 35 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1314 J9 NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYS JI Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. PY 2001 VL 60 IS 1-3 BP 65 EP 75 DI 10.1023/A:1012659131811 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 490VC UT WOS:000172073600008 ER PT J AU Weld, JL Sharpley, AN Beegle, DB Gburek, WJ AF Weld, JL Sharpley, AN Beegle, DB Gburek, WJ TI Identifying critical sources of phosphorus export from agricultural watersheds SO NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE eutrophication; nonpoint source pollution; risk assessment; soil phosphorus; surface runoff; water quality ID EXTRACTABLE SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; RUNOFF AB Surface runoff accounts for much of the phosphorus (P) input to and accelerated eutrophication of the fresh waters. Several states have tried to establish general threshold soil P levels above which the enrichment of surface runoff P becomes unacceptable. However, little information is available on the relationship between soil and surface runoff P, particularly for the northeastern United States. Further, threshold soil P criteria will be of limited value unless they are integrated with site potential for runoff and erosion. In response, the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) developed a P Index (PI), which ranks the vulnerability of fields as sources of P loss in runoff, based on soil P, hydrology, and land use. This study evaluated the relationship between soil and surface runoff P in a study watershed in central Pennsylvania. The relationship was then incorporated into the (PI), and its impact on the identification of critical source areas within the watershed was examined. Using simulated rainfall (6.5 cm h(-1) for 30 min), the concentration of dissolved P in surface runoff (0.2-2.1 mg l(-1)) from soils was related (r(2)=0.67) to Mehlich-3 extractable soil P (30-750 mg kg(-1)). Using an environmentally based soil P threshold level of 450 mg kg(-1) determined from the soil-runoff P relationship, the PI identified and ranked areas of the watershed Vulnerable to P loss. The vulnerable areas were located along the stream channel, where areas of runoff generation and areas of high soil P coincide, and where careful management of P fertilizers and manure should be targeted. C1 ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Agron, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sharpley, AN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 20 TC 30 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 18 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1314 J9 NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYS JI Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 59 IS 1 BP 29 EP 38 DI 10.1023/A:1009838927800 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 410GZ UT WOS:000167433400004 ER PT J AU Marshall, SB Mullen, MD Cabrera, ML Wood, CW Braun, LC Guertal, EA AF Marshall, SB Mullen, MD Cabrera, ML Wood, CW Braun, LC Guertal, EA TI Nitrogen budget for fescue pastures fertilized with broiler litter in Major Land Resource Areas of the southeastern US SO NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE ammonia volatilization; broiler litter; denitrification; leaching; nitrogen budget; plant uptake ID POULTRY LITTER; AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION; CATTLE SLURRY; DENITRIFICATION; MANURE; SOILS; NITRATE; TRANSFORMATIONS; ACETYLENE; GRASS AB The southeast US produces a tremendous number of broiler chickens (Gallus gallus), which in turn produce massive quantities of litter (manure and bedding materials). In the Southeast, litter is most often disposed of via land application to pastures, however, the ultimate fate of much of the applied nitrogen (N) is not known. We have constructed N budgets for three sites across the southeastern U.S. in an effort to determine how much of the applied N is useful for plant production and how much is left to be absorbed by the environment. Study sites were located in the Coastal Plain (Alabama), Piedmont (Georgia), and Cumberland Plateau (Tennessee) Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA) of the southeastern US. Litter was applied in the Spring of two consecutive years at a rate to supply 70 kg of available N ha(-1). The total amount of N applied ranged from 103 to 252 kg N ha(-1) depending on site and year. Nitrogen fluxes monitored in this study were broiler litter N, ammonia (NH3) volatilization, denitrification, plant uptake, and leaching. Plant uptake represented the largest flux of applied N, averaging 43% of applied N. Losses due to NH3 volatilization and denitrification combined were only 6% of applied N on average. Loss of N due to NO3-N leaching appeared to be significant only at the Coastal Plain site where NO3-N concentrations in the groundwater peaked at 38 mg N l(-1). We believe the majority of excess N shown in these budgets is likely accounted for by leaching losses and soil accumulation. Regardless of these assumptions and low gaseous losses, it is apparent that on average, 57% of applied N is destined for a fate other than plant uptake. The results of this study indicate that land-application of broiler litter at currently recommended rates has the potential for negative impacts on the environment of the southeastern U.S. in the long-term. C1 ARS, USDA, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Marshall, SB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 115 Plant Sci Bldg, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 53 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1314 J9 NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYS JI Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 59 IS 1 BP 75 EP 83 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 410GZ UT WOS:000167433400008 ER PT J AU McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN Condron, LM Haygarth, PM Brookes, PC AF McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN Condron, LM Haygarth, PM Brookes, PC TI Processes controlling soil phosphorus release to runoff and implications for agricultural management SO NUTRIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Review DE agricultural management; agricultural runoff; animal manures; eutrophication; phosphorus; subsurface flow; surface runoff ID BIOAVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS; DESORPTION-KINETICS; SURFACE WATERS; POULTRY MANURE; FESCUE PLOTS; FOREST SOILS; PHOSPHATE; GRASSLAND; LOSSES; PLANT AB Phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural land to surface waters is well known as an environmental issue because of the role of P in freshwater eutrophication. Much research has been conducted on the erosion and loss of Pin sediments and surface runoff. Recently, P loss in sub-surface runoff via agricultural drainage has been identified as environmentally significant. High soil P levels are considered as a potential source of P loss. However, without favourable hydrological conditions P will not move. In this paper, we review the basis of soil P release into solution and transport in surface and sub-surface runoff. Our objectives are to outline the role of soil P and hydrology in P movement and management practices that can minimize P loss to surface waters. Remedial strategies to reduce the risk of P loss in the short-term are discussed, although it is acknowledged that long-term solutions must focus on achieving a balance between P inputs in fertilizers and feed and P outputs in production systems. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Cambridge, Dept Geog, Cambridge CB2 3EN, England. Lincoln Univ, Soil Plant & Ecol Sci Div, Canterbury, New Zealand. Inst Grassland & Environm Res, Okehampton EX20 2SB, Devon, England. IACR Rothamsted, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England. RP Sharpley, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Condron, Leo/E-9458-2013; Haygarth, Philip/F-6790-2014; OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 108 TC 96 Z9 107 U1 7 U2 72 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1314 J9 NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYS JI Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. PY 2001 VL 59 IS 3 BP 269 EP 284 DI 10.1023/A:1014419206761 PG 16 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 492BW UT WOS:000172148200008 ER PT J AU Lukaski, HC AF Lukaski, HC TI Body mass index, bioelectrical impedance, and body composition SO NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID DISEASE; MORTALITY; WEIGHT; RISK; MEN C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Lukaski, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD JAN PY 2001 VL 17 IS 1 BP 55 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00499-8 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 393XW UT WOS:000166495800012 PM 11165891 ER PT J AU Tang, FY Meydani, M AF Tang, FY Meydani, M TI Green tea catechins and vitamin E inhibit angiogenesis of human microvascular endothelial cells through suppression of IL-8 production SO NUTRITION AND CANCER-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HEALTHY ELDERLY SUBJECTS; NF-KAPPA-B; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; GENE-EXPRESSION; TUMOR-GROWTH; E SUPPLEMENTATION; HUMAN-MELANOMA; BREAST-CANCER; ADHESION; OXYGEN AB Epidemiological and animal studies have indicated that consumption of green tea and high vitamin E intake are associated with a reduced risk of developing certain forms of cancer. However, the inhibitory mechanism of green tea catechins and vitamin E in angiogenesis, an important process in tumor growth, has not been well established. In the present study, a-tocopherol and several major catechins of green tea (catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin, and epigallocatechin gallate) were tested for their ability to inhibit tube formation in vitro using a model in which human microvascular endothelial cells were exposed to a constant rate of a physiologically low level of H2O2. In this model, the production of interleukin (IL)-8 by human microvascular endothelial cells at a low level of H2O2 was required for angiogenesis, as assessed by tube formation in three-dimensional gel in culture. Vitamin E (d-alpha-tocopherol, 40 muM) in the culture media significantly reduced IL-8 production and angiogenesis. Among the green tea catechins, epigallocatechin (0.5-1 muM) was the most effective in reducing IL-8 production and inhibiting angiogenesis. These results suggest that consumption of green tea catechins or supplemental intake of vitamin E may have preventive effects on tumor development, mediated, at least in part, through inhibition of angiogenesis via suppression of IL-8 production. C1 Tufts Univ, Vasc Biol Lab, JM USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, M (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Vasc Biol Lab, JM USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 52 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 0 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 0163-5581 J9 NUTR CANCER JI Nutr. Cancer PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1-2 BP 119 EP 125 DI 10.1207/S15327914NC41-1&2_17 PG 7 WC Oncology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Oncology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 565FN UT WOS:000176358900017 PM 12094614 ER PT S AU Meydani, SN Fawzi, WW Han, SN AF Meydani, SN Fawzi, WW Han, SN BE Suskind, RM Tontisirin, K TI The effect of vitamin deficiencies (E and a) and supplementation on infection and immune response SO NUTRITION, IMMUNITY AND INFECTION IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN SE NESTLE NUTRITION WORKSHOP SERIES PEDIATRIC PROGRAM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 45th Nestle Nutrition Workshop on Nutrition, Immunity, and Infection in Infants and Children CY 1999 CL BANGKOK, THAILAND SP Mahidol Univ, WHO ID SYNCYTIAL VIRUS-INFECTION; RESPIRATORY-TRACT INFECTIONS; CELL-MEDIATED-IMMUNITY; ESCHERICHIA-COLI INFECTION; CONTROLLED CLINICAL-TRIAL; HEALTHY ELDERLY SUBJECTS; A SUPPLEMENTATION; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; DOUBLE-BLIND; SERUM LEVELS C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutrit Immunol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Meydani, SN (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutrit Immunol Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 149 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0742-2806 BN 0-7817-3079-1 J9 NESTLE NUTR WORKS SE PY 2001 VL 45 BP 213 EP 241 PG 29 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics GA BV44T UT WOS:000179009200011 ER PT J AU Smith, D Ahn, YS Pedro-Botet, J Osada, J Mata, P Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM AF Smith, D Ahn, YS Pedro-Botet, J Osada, J Mata, P Schaefer, EJ Ordovas, JM TI Dietary fat saturation distinctly affects apolipoprotein gene expression and high density lipoprotein size distribution in two strains of Golden Syrian hamsters SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE apolipoproteins; dietary fat; hamsters; high density; lipoproteins; gene expression ID A-I; TRANSGENIC MICE; HEPATIC LIPASE; PLASMA; METABOLISM; TRIGLYCERIDE; CHOLESTEROL; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FRAMINGHAM; INTESTINE AB Plasma lipoprotein levels, high density lipoprotein (HDL) particle size distribution and tissue mRNA levels for several apolipoproteins were determined in two strains of Golden Syrian hamsters characterized as high (F1B) or low (LVG) responders to atherogenic diets. Twenty-four male hamsters per strain were fed semipurified diets containing 0.2 g/100 g diet cholesterol and 15 g/100 g diet fat enriched (13 g/100 g) with either coconut oil or soybean oil for 18 weeks. HDL size was analyzed by non-denaturing gradient (4-30%) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and categorized into four HDL subspecies according to Stoke's diameter. Hepatic and intestinal mRNA apolipoprotein concentrations were measured using solution hybridization/ribonuclease protection assay. Compared to F1B hamsters, the LVG hamsters showed a less atherogenic lipoprotein profile; with lower triglycerides (P < 0.01) and higher HDL cholesterol (P < 0.01) levels. Consumption of a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) diet induced the decrease in triglyceride levels (42% in LVG, P < 0.05 and 51% in F1B, P < 0.01) and in HDL cholesterol (15% in LVG, P < 0.05 and 28% in F1B, P < 0.01). LVG animals had a greater proportion of larger HDL particles than F1B animals regardless of the diet (P < 0.01). Consumption of the soybean oil diet, compared with coconut oil diet, lowered the proportion of HDL2b and increased the proportion of HDL2a and HDL3 in LVG animals. However, F1B animals consuming the PUFA diet had a decrease in the percentage of HDL2b and HDL2a and a marked increase in HDL3. ApoA-I mRNA levels were higher in F1B animals (P < 0.01), and were not affected by dietary fat saturation in either strain of hamsters. ApoA-II mRNA levels were higher in the LVG strain (P < 0.001), and increased with fat saturation of both strains (P < 0.05). The average ratio of intestinal apoC-II/C-III mRNA was 3.2 times higher in LVG animals (P < 0.05) as compared with F1B animals. This is consistent with a higher lipolytic activity in LVG animals that will result in lower triglyceride concentrations and increased HDL particle size. Dietary induced effects on HDL particle size may be attributed to the higher levels of apoA-II mRNA as well as an increased neutral lipid exchange between HDL and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins due to the elevated triglyceride levels in animals fed on saturated diet. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 21 IS 1-2 BP 215 EP 228 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(00)00265-7 PG 14 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 411ZC UT WOS:000167528700021 ER PT J AU Rudolph, IL Kelley, DS Klasing, KC Erickson, KL AF Rudolph, IL Kelley, DS Klasing, KC Erickson, KL TI Regulation of cellular differentiation and apoptosis by fatty acids and their metabolites SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE long chain fatty acids; prostaglandins; leukotrienes; differentiation; apoptosis ID GAMMA-LINOLENIC ACID; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; HL-60 CELLS; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; PROSTAGLANDIN E(2); CANCER CELLS; U937 CELLS; EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; INDUCE APOPTOSIS; LEUKEMIA-CELLS AB We have reviewed the literature regarding the effects of fatty acids and their metabolites on cellular differentiation and apoptosis. Results obtained in different studies have been variable, but some generalizations can be made. Differentiation was increased by incubation of cells with arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), prostaglandin E1 (PGE(1)), prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)), or leukotriene D4 (LTD4). Effects of these agents on differentiation could be magnified with the simultaneous addition of other differentiation-inducing agents like dimethylsulfoxide or retinoic acid. AA and gamma-linolenic acid increased apoptosis while the effects of n-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and of eicosanoids varied from stimulation to inhibition. These inconsistencies are attributed to the differences in methods used to evaluate differentiation and apoptosis, concentrations of fatty acids and serum, exposure time and the cell models used. Studies using the physiological concentrations of the fatty acids and standardized experimental conditions need to be conducted to establish effects of fatty acids and their metabolites on these cellular processes. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, ARS, USDA,Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Med, Dept Cell Biol & Human Anat, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Kelley, DS (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, ARS, USDA,Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 40 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD JAN-FEB PY 2001 VL 21 IS 1-2 BP 381 EP 393 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(00)00285-2 PG 13 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 411ZC UT WOS:000167528700031 PM 12749359 ER PT J AU McCrory, MA Mayer, J AF McCrory, MA Mayer, J TI Does dieting during lactation put infant growth at risk? SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID BREAST-MILK INTAKE; WEIGHT-LOSS; PERFORMANCE; WOMEN; ENERGY; PROLACTIN AB For some women, postpartum retention of weight gained during pregnancy may contribute to obesity. A recent 10-week randomized intervention showed that infants of initially overweight, lactating mothers who exercised and dieted to lose an average of 0.5 kg/week grew normally. The findings of this study support the Institute of Medicine guidelines for weight loss in overweight women who are exclusively breast-feeding their child. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP McCrory, MA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 59 IS 1 BP 18 EP 21 PN 1 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 409ZQ UT WOS:000167415900003 PM 11281248 ER PT J AU Cordell, S Goldstein, G Meinzer, FC Vitousek, PM AF Cordell, S Goldstein, G Meinzer, FC Vitousek, PM TI Regulation of leaf life-span and nutrient-use efficiency of Metrosideros polymorpha trees at two extremes of a long chronosequence in Hawaii SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE leaf life-span; nutrient limitation; Metrosideros polymorpha; photosynthetic nutrient-use efficiency; nutrient resorption ID SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA; NITROGEN AVAILABILITY; PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS; PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATES; CONSTRUCTION COST; DECIDUOUS SHRUBS; TROPICAL FORESTS; PLANT-GROWTH; CARBON GAIN; LONGEVITY AB Leaf traits related to life-span and nutrient-use efficiency were studied in the dominant Hawaiian tree species, Metrosideros polymorpha, at both ends of a natural fertility gradient, from young, nitrogen-poor soils to older, phosphorus-poor soils. The main objective of this study was to understand how nutrient limitations affect leaf-level attributes that ultimately play a mechanistic role in regulating whole-ecosystem function. Different types of adjustments to removal of nutrient limitation by long-term fertilization (9-15 years) with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and a combined treatment of N plus P were observed at each site. Nitrogen fertilization at the young, mostly N-limited site did not significantly affect net CO2 assimilation (A), foliar N content, or N resorption. The primary response to N fertilization was a decrease in average leaf life span to approximately 553 days compared with 898 days in the control plot. Significantly shorter average leaf life-span coupled with constant A and foliar N content resulted in reduced integrated photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE: A summed over the life-span of a leaf divided by foliar N) in the fertilized plots. In contrast, removal of nutrient limitations at the old, mostly P-limited site resulted in increased A, and increased foliar P concentration which also resulted in reduced integrated photosynthetic phosphorus-use efficiency (PPUE). P resorption was also reduced at this site, yet leaf life-span remained constant. When results from both sites and all treatments were combined, statistically significant relationships between leaf life-span, and A, leaf mass per area (LMA), and the cost of leaf construction per unit carbon gain (cost of construction determined by combustion of leaf samples divided by A) were found. As leaf life-span increased, A decreased asymptotically, and LMA and the carbon cost per carbon gain increased linearly. It appears that the balance between leaf carbon cost and carbon uptake is a major determinant of leaf longevity in M, polymorpha despite contrasting responses to removal of N and P limitations by long-term fertilization. Removal of the main nutrient limitations at both sites also resulted in reduced integrated nutrient use efficiency. However, the regulatory mechanisms were different depending on the site limitations: a shorter leaf life-span in the young, N-limited site and substantially higher foliar P concentration in the P-fertilized plots at the old, P-limited site. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Cordell, S (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 23 E Kawili St, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RI Meinzer, Frederick/C-3496-2012 NR 54 TC 95 Z9 119 U1 5 U2 23 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PY 2001 VL 127 IS 2 BP 198 EP 206 DI 10.1007/s004420000588 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 427GC UT WOS:000168395600007 PM 24577650 ER PT J AU Melcher, PJ Goldstein, G Meinzer, FC Yount, DE Jones, TJ Holbrook, NM Huang, CX AF Melcher, PJ Goldstein, G Meinzer, FC Yount, DE Jones, TJ Holbrook, NM Huang, CX TI Water relations of coastal and estuarine Rhizophora mangle: xylem pressure potential and dynamics of embolism formation and repair SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Rhizophora mangle; mangrove; water relations; cryo-scanning electron microscopy; embolism refilling ID PINUS-SYLVESTRIS L; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; TURGOR PRESSURE; WOODY-PLANTS; LEAVES; STRESS; CAVITATION; VULNERABILITY; MANGROVE; TENSION AB Physiological traits related to water transport were studied in Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) growing in coastal and estuarine sites in Hawaii. The magnitude of xylem pressure potential (P-x), the vulnerability of xylem to cavitation, the frequency of embolized vessels in situ, and the capacity of R. mangle to repair embolized vessels were evaluated with conventional and recently developed techniques. The osmotic potential of the interstitial soil water (pi (sw)) surrounding the roots of R. mangle was c. -2.6 +/- 5.52 x 10(-3) and -0.4 +/- 6.13 x 10(-3) MPa in the coastal and estuarine sites, respectively. Midday covered (non-transpiring) leaf water potentials (Psi (L)) determined with a pressure chamber were 0.6-0.8 MPa more positive than those of exposed, freely-transpiring leaves, and osmotic potential of the xylem sap (pi (x)) ranged from -0.1 to -0.3 MPa. Consequently, estimated midday values of P-x (calculated by subtracting pi (x) from covered Psi (L)) were about 1 MPa more positive than Psi (L) determined on freely transpiring leaves. The differences in Psi (L) between covered and transpiring leaves were linearly related to the transpiration rates. The slope of this relationship was steeper for the coastal site, suggesting that the hydraulic resistance was larger in leaves of coastal R. mangle plants. This was confirmed by both hydraulic conductivity measurements on stem segments and high-pressure flowmeter studies made on excised leafy twigs. Based on two independent criteria, loss of hydraulic conductivity and proportions of gas- and liquid-filled vessels in cryo-scanning electron microscope (cryo-SEM) images, the xylem of R. mangle plants growing at the estuarine site was found to be more vulnerable to cavitation than that of plants growing at the coastal site. However, the cryo-SEM analyses suggested that cavitation occurred more readily in intact plants than in excised branches that were air-dried in the laboratory. Cryo-SEM analyses also revealed that, in both sites, the proportion of gas-filled vessels was 20-30% greater at midday than at dawn or during the late afternoon. Refilling of cavitated vessels thus occurred during the late afternoon when considerable tension was present in neighboring vessels. These results and results from pressure-volume relationships suggest that R. mangle adjusts hydraulic properties of the water-transport system, as well as the leaf osmotic potential, in concert with the environmental growing conditions. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Biol Labs 395, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Phys & Astron, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Carleton Univ, Dept Biol, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. RP Melcher, PJ (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Bot, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RI Meinzer, Frederick/C-3496-2012 NR 59 TC 75 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 20 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JAN PY 2001 VL 126 IS 2 BP 182 EP 192 DI 10.1007/s004420000519 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 393XK UT WOS:000166494800005 ER PT J AU Graham, JH McArthur, ED Freeman, DC AF Graham, JH McArthur, ED Freeman, DC TI Narrow hybrid zone between two subspecies of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata : Asteraceae) - XII. Galls on sagebrush in a reciprocal transplant garden SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE plant-insect interaction; narrow hybrid zone; genotype-environment interaction; plant galls; reciprocal transplant experiment ID HERBIVORE COMMUNITY; VARIABLE RESPONSES; INSECT HERBIVORES; HYBRIDIZATION; RESISTANCE; PLANTS; TEPHRITIDAE; ENVIRONMENT; COTTONWOOD; DIPTERA AB Several species of gall-forming insects specialize on big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), a species that shows much clinal and subspecific variation throughout its geographic range. Two of those subspecies, basin big sagebrush (A. t. ssp. tridentata) and mountain big sagebrush (A. t, ssp. vaseyana), form a narrow hybrid zone at Salt Creek, Utah. Reciprocal transplant experiments have shown that the hybrid big sagebrush at Salt Creek are more fit than either parental subspecies, but only in the hybrid zone. Do genotype and environment influence the density and distribution of galls on big sagebrush? We counted galls on parental and hybrid big sagebrush in three reciprocal transplant gardens at Salt Creek. Gardens were in each of the two parental zones and in the hybrid zone. Transplanted seedlings came from five source populations: two parental and three hybrid populations. We identified seven kinds of gall-forming flies (Rhopalomyia midges and Eutreta fruitflies) that produced identifiable galls. Densities of galls varied among the three gardens and five source populations, and there was also a significant garden by source interaction in gall density. In general, variation in gall density among gardens (i.e., environments) was much greater than the variation among source populations (i.e., genotypes). Nevertheless, significant genotype-environment interactions were observed for five of the seven kinds of galls. Overall density of galls, mostly due to Rhopalomyia ampullaria, was greatest in the high-elevation (mountain) garden and least in the low-elevation (basin) garden. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reciprocal transplant experiment addressing herbivore richness in a hybrid zone. C1 Berry Coll, Dept Biol, Mt Berry, GA 30149 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. Wayne State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. RP Graham, JH (reprint author), Berry Coll, Dept Biol, POB 490446, Mt Berry, GA 30149 USA. EM jgraham@berry.edu OI Graham, John/0000-0003-1974-132X NR 49 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JAN PY 2001 VL 126 IS 2 BP 239 EP 246 DI 10.1007/s004420000520 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 393XK UT WOS:000166494800012 ER PT J AU Chen, NH Bianchi, TS McKee, BA Bland, JM AF Chen, NH Bianchi, TS McKee, BA Bland, JM TI Historical trends of hypoxia on the Louisiana shelf: application of pigments as biomarkers SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hypoxia; anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria; green sulfur bacteria; Mississipi river plume; Louisiana shelf; carbon cycling; pigment biomarkers ID LONG-ISLAND SOUND; GULF-OF-MEXICO; SEDIMENT-WATER INTERFACE; MISSISSIPPI RIVER DELTA; ORGANIC-MATTER; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; BLACK-SEA; TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS; SIMULATED SEDIMENTATION; BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA AB Increases in the deposition of phytoplankton-derived organic carbon resulting from increases in nutrient inputs through the Mississippi-Atchafalaya system since the early 1950s has been speculated as the primary reason for the occurrence of hypoxic events in this region (Rabalais, N.N., Wiseman, W.J., Turner, R.E., Sen Gupta, B.K., Dortch, Q., 1996. Nutrient changes in the Mississippi river and system responses on the adjacent continental shelf. Estuaries 19(2B), 386-407). However, due to the lack of long-term measurements of oxygen in this region it is unclear if hypoxia events occurred prior to anthropogenic inputs of nutrients from the Mississippi river. In this study, we used naturally occurring radionuclides and plant pigment biomarkers to document changes in hypoxia events over the past 100 years. Specifically, we used pigments derived from the anoxygenic phototrophic brown-pigmented green sulfur bacteria Chlorobium phaeovibroides and C. phacobacteroides. In sediments, at a hypoxic site west of the Mississippi plume, we observed high concentrations (52 nmol/g OC) of bacteriochlorophyll-e along with the specific decay product homologues of bacteriopheophytin-e (15 nmol/g OC). The down-core distribution of bacteriochlorophyll-c and bacteriopheophytin-e homologues (in particular the more stable bacteriopheohytin-e) indicated that the highest concentrations occurred between 1960 and the present, coinciding with increased nutrient loading from the Mississippi river. These bacteriopigments were not detected prior to the early 1900s. These results are consistent with the view that increases in riverine nutrient loadings is likely the major cause of increasing trends in hypoxic events along the Louisiana coast over the past 50 years. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tulane Univ, Dept EE Biol, Inst Earth & Ecosyst Sci, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Tulane Univ, Dept Geol, Inst Earth & Ecosyst Sci, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. RP Bianchi, TS (reprint author), Tulane Univ, Dept EE Biol, Inst Earth & Ecosyst Sci, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. EM tbianch@tulane.edu NR 69 TC 89 Z9 99 U1 5 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 4 BP 543 EP 561 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00194-7 PG 19 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 421XT UT WOS:000168089400007 ER PT J AU Pinckney, JL Richardson, TL Millie, DF Paerl, HW AF Pinckney, JL Richardson, TL Millie, DF Paerl, HW TI Application of photopigment biomarkers for quantifying microalgal community composition and in situ growth rates SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE HPLC; phytoplankton; nutrient; estuary; growth rate; carotenoid; chlorophyll; mesocosm; eutrophication; North Carolina ID NEUSE-RIVER ESTUARY; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM DYNAMICS; HPLC PIGMENT ANALYSIS; NORTH-CAROLINA; NUTRIENT-LIMITATION; CHLOROPHYLL-A; IRRADIANCE RELATIONSHIPS; NATURAL PHYTOPLANKTON; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON AB In estuarine waters, phytoplankton are exposed to rapidly changing conditions that may affect community structure acid function. In this study we determined the effects of mixing, turbidity, and limiting nutrient (N) additions on natural phytoplankton growth rates and algal group-specific biomass changes. Mesocosm bioassays were used to quantify the short-term (2-3 day) responses of phytoplankton from the Neuse river estuary, NC. Growth rates were higher under static conditions in N-amended tanks, while biomass of most algal groups was higher under mixed, turbid conditions with N additions. Shifts in community composition did not Follow any consistent pattern but each factor influenced phytoplankton growth, biomass, and community composition. Differing growth responses to nutrient additions, mixing, and turbidity resulted in taxonomically-distinct communities. These results highlight the complexity of phytoplankton community structuring processes in estuarine waters. The combination of biomarker quantifications and the radiolabeling method is a useful tool for assessing phytoplankton responses and offers insights into the mechanisms driving blooms and bloom species in estuarine waters. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. RP Pinckney, JL (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 51 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 2001 VL 32 IS 4 BP 585 EP 595 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00196-0 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 421XT UT WOS:000168089400009 ER PT J AU Blum, M Harris, SS Must, A Phillips, SM Rand, WM Dawson-Hughes, B AF Blum, M Harris, SS Must, A Phillips, SM Rand, WM Dawson-Hughes, B TI Weight and body mass index at menarche are associated with premenopausal bone mass SO OSTEOPOROSIS INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 21st Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research CY SEP 29-OCT 04, 1999 CL ST LOUIS, MISSOURI SP Amer Soc Bone & Mineral Res DE adolescence; body mass index; bone mass; menarche; weight ID CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN GIRLS; X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; MINERAL DENSITY; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; HIP FRACTURE; FEMORAL-NECK; MUSCLE STRENGTH; PERIMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; ADOLESCENT GROWTH; CHILDHOOD GROWTH AB Adolescence is a critical time for skeletal growth and mineralization. Exposure to protective or detrimental factors during this period may influence peak bone mass attainment and subsequent development of osteoporosis. In order to evaluate the association of body size during adolescence with subsequent adult bone mass, we conducted a follow-up study of a community-based cohort of girls who participated in a growth and sexual maturation study 30 years ago. Data from the original study included age at menarche, height at menarche and weight at menarche. Follow-up evaluation of 119 subjects, now premenopausal women ages 40-45 years, included bone mineral density (BMD) measurements of the total body, lumbar spine, femoral neck, total hip, and ultradistal radius by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. After adjustment for current adult weight and other factors related to bone mass, weight at menarche was found to be positively associated with subsequent adult BMD. Similarly, body mass index (BMI) at menarche was positively associated with adult BMD. In contrast, age at menarche was not found to predict adult BMD. When the subjects were divided into quartiles based on their BMI at menarche, subjects in the lowest quartile of BM at menarche had adult mean BMD that was 8-15% lower at the measured sites compared with subjects in the highest quartile of BMI at menarche. In conclusion, low body weight and low BMI at menarche appear to be significant predictors of reduced bone mass in healthy premenopausal women ages 40-45 years. C1 Tufts Univ, Calcium & Metab Bone Lab, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Blum, M (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Calcium & Metab Bone Lab, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 47 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL ROAD, GODALMING GU7 3DJ, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 0937-941X J9 OSTEOPOROSIS INT JI Osteoporosis Int. PY 2001 VL 12 IS 7 BP 588 EP 594 DI 10.1007/s001980170082 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 467CJ UT WOS:000170682700011 PM 11527058 ER PT J AU Miliczky, ER Calkins, CO AF Miliczky, ER Calkins, CO TI Prey of the spider, Dictyna coloradensis, on apple, pear, and weeds in Central Washington (Araneae : Dictynidae) SO PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Arachnida; Araneae; spider; Dictyna; prey use; apple; pear AB The cribellate spider, Dictyna coloradensis Chamberlin, constructed webs on the upper surface of apple and pear leaves (trees not treated with insecticide), and on weeds in adjacent, uncultivated ground, at a site in south central Washington. Prey found in D. coloradensis webs were assigned to one of three categories: pests, predators and parasitoids, or neutral in impact with respect to fruit trees. Pest taxa comprised 32%, predators and parasitoids 24%, and neutral groups 44% of 18,314 prey. Most prey were small, winged insects (length < 5 mm). Insects from 58 families in 10 orders were represented and small spiders in four families were occasionally trapped. Sciaridae and Chironomidae (Diptera) were the most numerous prey and made up 37% of the total. Most webs contained one or more of these flies and occasionally 25 or more were trapped. Alate aphids were the most frequently captured pest insects. Other pests included adults of the white apple leafhopper, the pear psylla, and thrips. Relatively non-mobile stages of the pests (leafhopper and pear psylla nymphs and apterous aphids) were less commonly found in the webs. Nineteen percent of all prey were parasitoid wasps, 14 families of which were identified. Known parasitoids of apple and pear pests were included. The only other predator or parasitoid taxon that comprised more than 1% of total prey was the Empididae (3%). C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Miliczky, ER (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOL SOC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA CALIFORNIA ACAD OF SCIENCES GOLDEN GATE PARK, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94118 USA SN 0031-0603 J9 PAN-PAC ENTOMOL JI Pan-Pacific Entomol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 77 IS 1 BP 19 EP 27 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 391RM UT WOS:000166369000003 ER PT J AU Field, AE Camargo, CA Taylor, CB Berkey, CS Roberts, SB Colditz, GA AF Field, AE Camargo, CA Taylor, CB Berkey, CS Roberts, SB Colditz, GA TI Peer, parent, and media influences on the development of weight concerns and frequent dieting among preadolescent and adolescent girls and boys SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE dieting; adolescents; parents; peers; media ID MIDDLE SCHOOL GIRLS; EATING DISORDERS; BODILY ATTRACTIVENESS; DIETARY RESTRAINT; POTENTIAL RISK; LOSS BEHAVIORS; THIN STANDARD; OVERWEIGHT; CHILDREN; WOMEN AB Objective. To assess prospectively the influence of peers, parents, and the media on the development of weight concerns and frequent dieting. Design. Prospective cohort study. Setting. Questionnaires mailed annually to participants throughout the United States. Participants. One-year follow-up of 6770 girls and 5287 boys who completed questionnaires in 1996 and 1997 and were between 9 and 14 years of age in 1996. Main Outcome Measure. Onset of high levels of concern with weight and dieting frequently to control weight. Results. During 1 year of follow-up, 6% of girls and 2% of boys became highly concerned with weight and 2% of girls and 1% of boys became constant dieters. Peer influence was negligible. Independent of age and body mass index, both girls (odds ratio [OR]): 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-3.1) and boys (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.1-6.4) who were making a lot of effort to look like same-sex figures in the media were more likely than their peers to become very concerned with their weight. Moreover, both girls (OR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-5.0) and boys (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.1-6.0) who reported that their thinness/lack of fat was important to their father were more likely than their peers to become constant dieters. Conclusions. Our results suggest that parents and the media influence the development of weight concerns and weight control practices among preadolescents and adolescents. However, there are gender differences in the relative importance of these influences. C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Dept Emergency Med, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, Energy Metab Lab, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Field, AE (reprint author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Dept Med, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RI Colditz, Graham/A-3963-2009 OI Colditz, Graham/0000-0002-7307-0291 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R 29 HL 57871-01]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 46200, DK-46834] NR 42 TC 283 Z9 291 U1 12 U2 84 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 2001 VL 107 IS 1 BP 54 EP 60 DI 10.1542/peds.107.1.54 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 387YL UT WOS:000166150600022 PM 11134434 ER PT J AU Coon, KA Goldberg, J Rogers, BL Tucker, KL AF Coon, KA Goldberg, J Rogers, BL Tucker, KL TI Relationships between use of television during meals and children's food consumption patterns SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE television; food consumption patterns; dietary patterns ID PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; DIETARY INTERVENTION; EATING BEHAVIOR; UNITED-STATES; BODY-FAT; OBESITY; PREFERENCES; NUTRITION; RISK; PREVENTION AB Objective. We examined relationships between the presence of television during meals and children's food consumption patterns to test whether children's overall food consumption patterns, including foods not normally advertised, vary systematically with the extent to which television is part of normal mealtime routines. Methods. Ninety-one parent-child pairs from suburbs adjacent to Washington, DC, recruited via advertisements and word of mouth, participated. Children were in the fourth, fifth, or sixth grades. Socioeconomic data and information on television use were collected during survey interviews. Three nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls, conducted with each child, were used to construct nutrient and food intake outcome variables. Independent sample t tests were used to compare mean food and nutrient intakes of children from families in which the television was usually on during 2 or more meals (n = 41) to those of children from families in which the television was either never on or only on during one meal (n = 50). Multiple linear regression models, controlling for socioeconomic factors and other covariates, were used to test strength of associations between television and children's consumption of food groups and nutrients. Results. Children from families with high television use derived, on average, 6% more of their total daily energy intake from meats; 5% more from pizza, salty snacks, and soda; and nearly 5% less of their energy intake from fruits, vegetables, and juices than did children from families with low television use. Associations between television and children's consumption of food groups remained statistically significant in multiple linear regression models that controlled for socioeconomic factors and other covariates. Children from high television families derived less of their total energy from carbohydrate and consumed twice as much caffeine as children from low television families. There continued to be a significant association between television and children's consumption of caffeine when these relationships were tested in multiple linear regression models. Conclusion. The dietary patterns of children from families in which television viewing is a normal part of meal routines may include fewer fruits and vegetables and more pizzas, snack foods, and sodas than the dietary patterns of children from families in which television viewing and eating are separate activities. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr Sci & Policy, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tucker, KL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr Sci & Policy, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010 NR 57 TC 197 Z9 199 U1 2 U2 36 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 2001 VL 107 IS 1 AR e7 DI 10.1542/peds.107.1.e7 PG 9 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 387YL UT WOS:000166150600007 PM 11134471 ER PT J AU Shimabukuro, RH Davis, DG Hoffer, BL AF Shimabukuro, RH Davis, DG Hoffer, BL TI The effect of diclofop-methyl and its antagonist, vitamin E, on membrane lipids in oat (Avena sativa L.) and leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COENZYME-A CARBOXYLASE; TRANSMEMBRANE PROTON GRADIENT; FATTY-ACID SYNTHESIS; WILD OAT; HERBICIDE-RESISTANT; TARGET SITE; H+-ATPASE; BIOTYPES; PLANTS; WHEAT AB Diclofop-methyl (DM) increased the total and unsaturated free fatty acid content (FFA) in leaves of oat (Avena sativa L.), a DM-susceptible monocotyledon, and in mature leaves of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.), a dicotyledonous perennial weed whose mature leaves are killed by DM. In oat the total and unsaturated FFAs increased 9.0- and 17.4-fold over control levels, respectively In leafy spurge these fractions increased 5.7- and 7.2-fold over control levels, respectively. Linolenic acid, the major component of the free polyunsaturated fatty acid fraction, increased dramatically in both oat and leafy spurge. The DM-induced increase in the FFA fraction was accompanied by decreases in both the total and unsaturated polar lipid fatty acid (PL-FA) fractions to approximately 25 and 60% of control in oat and leafy spurge, respectively. The PL fraction contains phospholipids and glycolipids and is likely the source of the the FFAs. DM treatment increased the total and unsaturated neutral lipid fatty acid fraction 1.9- and 2.2-fold over controls, respectively, in oat. The effect on leafy spurge was negligible. A protective effect of vitamin E, a free radical scavenger, against membrane deterioration (as indicated by changes in lipid profiles) caused by DM was apparent in both oat and leafy spurge. The total and unsaturated FFA levels of oat leaves treated with a vitamin E+DM combination increased 4.5- and 8.4-fold over those of controls, respectively. In leafy spurge these fractions increased 4.2- and 5.1-fold over those of controls. These increases were significantly lower than the levels reported for DM alone. The total and unsaturated PL-FA fraction of oat increased from approximately 25% with DM alone to 47% with the vitamin E+DM combination. The constitutive enzyme phospholipase D (PLD), involved with membrane disassembly, and lipoxygenase (LOX), involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species, were assayed. The activity of PLD was high in both controls and DM-treated oat at pH 6.0, with little activity above pH 7.0. Lipoxygenase activity was unaffected by either DM or vitamin E. However, 2,4-D (shown by others to protect against DM treatment in the field) decreased LOX activity approximately 50% in etiolated oat leaves in vitro. Taken collectively, the lipid analysis and enzymatic data support the hypothesis that the primary lethal mechanism of DM is accelerated senescence via membrane disassembly, membrane lipid catabolism, and oxidative stress that is mediated by metabolically induced active oxygen species. C1 ARS, Biosci Res Lab, USDA, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Shimabukuro, RH (reprint author), ARS, Biosci Res Lab, USDA, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 59 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 69 IS 1 BP 13 EP 26 DI 10.1006/pest.2000.2513 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 406BM UT WOS:000167195100002 ER PT J AU Grant, RH Heisler, GM AF Grant, RH Heisler, GM TI Multi-waveband solar irradiance on tree-shaded vertical and horizontal surfaces: Cloud-free and partly cloudy skies SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICALLY-ACTIVE RADIATION; AMBIENT ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; SKY RADIANCE DISTRIBUTIONS; ANGULAR-DISTRIBUTION; PLANT CANOPIES; EXPOSURE AB Irradiance measurements of short wave (SW), photosynthetically active (PAR), ultraviolet-A (UVA) and ultraviolet-B (UVB) solar radiations were made on horizontal and vertical surfaces in the shade of trees under cloud-free and partly cloudy skies. All measurements were referenced to the irradiance of a horizontal surface above the canopy, For horizontal shaded surfaces under cloud-free skies, the values of the ratio (R-h) of below- to above-canopy horizontal irradiance were similar for the UVA and UVB wavebands and for the SW and PAR wavebands. However, R-h for the UV wavebands differed from that for the PAR and SW wavebands, Overall, values of R-h in the shade typically varied as PAR < SW << UVA UVB. The irradiance ratios for vertical surface in the shade typically varied as UVB > UVA = SW > PAR. In absolute terms, UVB irradiance (I-h) on tree-shaded horizontal surfaces increased relative to a cloud-free sky when a translucent cirroform cloud was in front of the sun, but decreased when the cloud was in a region of sky away from the sun. Translucent cirroform cloud cover also tended to decrease the UVB irradiance (I-v) for a shaded vertical surface (either facing the sun or south) relative to that under cloud-free skies, regardless of where the clouds were in the sky. In all other wavebands the shaded I-h and I-v, increased under translucent cirroform cloud cover relative to cloud-free skies, regardless of where the clouds were in the sky. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Syracuse, NY USA. RP Grant, RH (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. NR 41 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 73 IS 1 BP 24 EP 31 DI 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0024:MWSIOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 396VE UT WOS:000166656500005 PM 11202362 ER PT S AU Tu, SI Uknalis, J Irwin, P Yu, LSL AF Tu, SI Uknalis, J Irwin, P Yu, LSL BE Chen, YR Tu, SI TI The use of light addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) to detect magnetically captured Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in ground beef SO PHOTONIC DETECTION AND INTERVENTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SAFE FOOD SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photonic Detection and Intervention Technologies for Safe Food CY NOV 05-06, 2000 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE bacterial detection; E. coli O157 : H7; light addressable potentiometric sensor; immunomagnetic beads; urease-conjugated antibody ID SALMONELLA; BACTERIA; ASSAY; BEADS AB An improved process using magnetic capture of antibody-conjugated bacteria for light addressable potentiometric sensor detection by the Threshold instrument was developed. Cells of Escherichia coli O157:H7 were captured by the biotinylated anti-E. coli O157 antibodies conjugated to streptavidin coated magnetic beads. Magnetically concentrated bacteria were further labeled with by fluorescein-conjugated anti-E. coli O157 antibodies that were bound to urease-conjugated antifluorescein antibody. The whole bacteria-containing complex was then immobilized on 0.45 mu biotinylated nitro-cellulose membranes via streptavidin-biotin interactions. The rates of pH change associated with the production of NH3 by conjugated urease were measured by a LAPS technique incorporated in the Threshold instrument. This approach allowed us to detect similar to 10(4) CFU of cultured E. coli O157:H7 in tris-buffered saline (TBS). The same approach was applied to detect the E. coli in beef hamburger spiked with the bacteria. After a 5 to 6-hour enrichment, as low as 1 CFU/g of E. coli O157:H7 in the hamburger could be detected. In addition, the immobilized bacterial complexes on the nitro-cellulose membranes exhibited a stability longer than 48 h at 4 and 22 degreesC in TBS allowing the possibility of conveniently shipping collected samples rather than raw beef to testing laboratories. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tu, SI (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3871-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2001 VL 4206 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1117/12.418716 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BS18W UT WOS:000169001700001 ER PT S AU Lehotay, SJ AF Lehotay, SJ BE Chen, YR Tu, SI TI Need for rapid screening methods to detect chemical residues in food SO PHOTONIC DETECTION AND INTERVENTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SAFE FOOD SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photonic Detection and Intervention Technologies for Safe Food CY NOV 05-06, 2000 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE pesticides; veterinary drugs; environmental contaminants; residues; rapid methods; foods AB Although chemical residues do not have the same type of health consequences as microbiological pathogens, the regulation of hazardous chemicals in foods is an integral component of food safety programs worldwide. Analytical methods to monitor chemical residues are essential to help protect human health and support the compliance and enforcement of laws and regulations, but many current analytical approaches are too time-consuming, expensive, laborious, and waste resources that could be used more judiciously to improve food safety. Rapid and reliable approaches for the detection of multiple analytes at low and/or high concentrations in the field and/or laboratory are needed to reduce costs and/or increase benefits in the detection of hazardous chemicals in foods. The implementation of such approaches will (a) increase productivity and/or decrease costs of analysis, (b) provide more statistically valid and accurate results for risk assessment and other purposes, (c) overcome trade barriers associated with the analysis of chemical residues, (d) provide more information to understand the effects and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and endocrine disruption; (e) allow for better verification of organic food labeling, (f) improve possible industrial HACCP programs, and (g) reduce the potential for food that has been deliberately or accidentally adulterated by toxic chemicals to reach the consumer. This paper is meant to provide an overview of current analytical capabilities and the needs for improved analytical screening methods to detect chemical residues in foods, and describes how rapid and reliable monitoring approaches can benefit regulatory agencies, industry, and consumers alike. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Lehotay, SJ (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3871-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2001 VL 4206 BP 112 EP 122 DI 10.1117/12.418720 PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BS18W UT WOS:000169001700014 ER PT S AU Garber, EAE Erb, JL Downward, JG Priuska, EM Wittliff, JL Feng, WK Magner, J Larsen, GL AF Garber, EAE Erb, JL Downward, JG Priuska, EM Wittliff, JL Feng, WK Magner, J Larsen, GL BE Chen, YR Tu, SI TI Biosensor, ELISA, and frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX) analysis of water associated with frog malformations in Minnesota SO PHOTONIC DETECTION AND INTERVENTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SAFE FOOD SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photonic Detection and Intervention Technologies for Safe Food CY NOV 05-06, 2000 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE frog malformations; biosensor; estrogen; endocrine disrupters; FETAX; estradiol; minnesota; Rana ID AMPHIBIAN POPULATION DECLINES; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION SYSTEM; INTERLABORATORY VALIDATION; PHASE-III; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; RANA-PIPIENS; DEFORMITIES; LAEVIS; LIGANDS; ANURANS AB Between 1995 and 1997 over 62% of the counties in Minnesota reported the presence of malformed frogs. While most sites have recently shown a decline in malformed frog populations, one site in northeastern Minnesota with no prior history of malformed frogs was recently discovered to contain > 67% malformed Rana pipiens (northern leopard frogs). As part of an effort to study the presence of hormonally active agents in fresh water sources, water samples were collected from lakes in Minnesota containing malformed frogs and analyzed for the presence of biologically active compounds using a novel evanescent field fluorometric biosensor and the frog embryo teratogenesis assay: Xenopus (FETAX) bioassay. The waveguide based biosensor developed by Threefold Sensors (TFS biosensor, Ann Arbor, MI) monitors the interaction between free human ER-alpha and an estrogen immobilized on a sensor fiber. Inhibition of the interaction reflects the presence of estrogenic compounds. The FETAX bioassay is a developmental assay, which measures teratogenicity, mortality, and inhibition of growth during the first 96 hours of organogenesis and thereby provides a universal screen for endocrine disrupters. TFS biosensor and FETAX screening of the water samples suggest a relationship between estrogenic activity, mineral supplementation, and the occurrence of malformed frogs. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Garber, EAE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, 1605 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3871-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2001 VL 4206 BP 147 EP 158 DI 10.1117/12.418737 PG 12 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BS18W UT WOS:000169001700018 ER PT S AU Williams-Campbell, AM Solomon, MB AF Williams-Campbell, AM Solomon, MB BE Chen, YR Tu, SI TI New non-thermal postharvest technology to improve food safety: hydrodynamic pressure processing SO PHOTONIC DETECTION AND INTERVENTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SAFE FOOD SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photonic Detection and Intervention Technologies for Safe Food CY NOV 05-06, 2000 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE meats; temperature abuse; spoilage microorganisms; reduction; hydrodynamic pressure processing; non-thermal ID HIGH HYDROSTATIC-PRESSURE; PORK; INACTIVATION; QUALITY; LIFE; MEAT AB Hydrodynamic pressure processing (HDP) was investigated as an alternative non-thermal preservation technique to reduce microorganisms found in/on meat products. Pork /beef stew pieces and ground beef(GB) were examined. All meat samples were stored at room temperature (23 degreesC) for 22 h representing temperature abuse (TA) conditions. Following storage, samples were divided in lots for controls and HDP-treatment. Meat samples were vacuum packaged for HDP treatment (binary explosive placed 6 or 12 " from meat surface; 54-L steel shock wave container), Pork/beef stew pieces were treated with 100 g @ 12 ". GB was treated with 25, 50, 75, or 100 g @ 12 " and 75 @ 6 ". Samples were assayed for total aerobic plate counts (APC; log,, CFU/g) after treatment. Microorganisms were reduced (2 log; P <0.05) in pork / beef stew pieces using 100 g @ 12 ". A reduction (2-3 log; P <0.05) was found in GB using 50, 75, or 100 g @ 12 ". There was no decrease in bacteria after using 25 g @ 12 ". An inconsistent and diminished effect on bacteria was found using 75 g @ 6 ". It can be concluded from these studies that HDP has the capability of reducing microorganisms found on the surface (whole stew pieces) and throughout (ground beef) meat products. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Solomon, MB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3871-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2001 VL 4206 BP 167 EP 173 DI 10.1117/12.418726 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BS18W UT WOS:000169001700020 ER PT S AU Kim, MS Chao, K Chen, YR Chan, D Mehl, P AF Kim, MS Chao, K Chen, YR Chan, D Mehl, P BE Chen, YR Tu, SI TI Hyperspectral imaging system for food safety: Detection of fecal contamination an apples SO PHOTONIC DETECTION AND INTERVENTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SAFE FOOD SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photonic Detection and Intervention Technologies for Safe Food CY NOV 05-06, 2000 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE hyperspectral imaging; reflectance; fluorescence; fecal contamination ID REFLECTANCE AB We examined fecal contamination on apples, as part of on-going food safety research, with the use of the recently developed hyperspectral imaging system that has a spectral range spanning the VIS to NIR region of the spectrum from 400 to 900 nm. Both reflectance and fluorescence techniques for detection of exogenous fecal contamination on four apple varieties, 'Red Delicious', 'Gala', 'Fuji' and 'Golden Delicious' were evaluated. Thick patches and thin, transparent smear spots of fresh dairy cow manure were empirically created on these apples to emulate fecal contamination. In addition, these spots were created on sun-exposed side and shaded side surfaces to account for natural color variations due to environmental growth conditions and ripeness. Spectral features from both reflectance and fluorescence spectra of samples including fecal contaminated spots were evaluated to determine wavelengths where minima, maxima, and plateau occur. Images at these wavelengths were used to create combinations of simple two band ratios, second differences, normalized differences, and absorption depth images. Preliminary results of these simplistic multispectral approaches indicated that the reflectance method can differentiate thick patches of manure from regions of normal apple surfaces using a two NIR band ratio (R850/R800) with a simple threshold. However, for the detection of thin manure spots, the reflectance method may require more complicated image processing approaches. Fluorescence techniques with a simple two band ratio (F680/F450) differentiated normal apple surfaces from contaminated spots regardless of apple skin coloration and thickness of manure treatments. These results will be further refined to develop a rapid on-line multispectral detection system. C1 USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kim, MS (reprint author), USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3871-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2001 VL 4206 BP 174 EP 184 DI 10.1117/12.418727 PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BS18W UT WOS:000169001700021 ER PT S AU Mehl, PM Chao, K Kim, M Chen, YR AF Mehl, PM Chao, K Kim, M Chen, YR BE Chen, YR Tu, SI TI Detection of contamination on selected apple cultivars using reflectance hyperspectral and multispectral analysis SO PHOTONIC DETECTION AND INTERVENTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SAFE FOOD SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photonic Detection and Intervention Technologies for Safe Food CY NOV 05-06, 2000 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE food safety; fruit juice; machine vision; spectroscopy ID BRUISES AB Contamination of apples is a food safety concern touching the general public and strongly affecting this commodity market. Accumulations of human pathogens are usually observed on surface lesions of commodities. Detection of lesions and pathogens is essential for assuring the quality and safety of commodities. We are presenting the application of hyperspectral image analysis towards the development of multispectral techniques for the detection of defects on three apple cultivars, Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, and Gala. Separate apple cultivars possess different spectral characteristics leading to different approaches for analysis. General preprocessing analysis with morphological treatments is followed by different image treatments and condition analysis for highlighting lesions and contaminations. Good isolation of scabs, fungal and soil contaminations, and bruises is observed with hyperspectral imaging processing either using principal component analysis or utilizing the chlorophyll absorption peak. Applications of hyperspectral results to a multispectral detection are limited by the spectral capabilities of our RGB camera using either specific band pass filters. Good separation of defects is obtained for Gala (95%) and Golden Delicious (85%) apples. However, separations are limited for Red Delicious (76%). Having an extra near infrared channel will increase the detection level utilizing the chlorophyll absorption band for detection as demonstrated by the present hyperspectral imaging analysis. C1 USDA, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mehl, PM (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Vitreous State Lab, Biomagnetism Dept, Michigan Av NE, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3871-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2001 VL 4206 BP 201 EP 213 DI 10.1117/12.418731 PG 13 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BS18W UT WOS:000169001700024 ER PT S AU Chao, K Mehl, PM Kim, M Chen, YR AF Chao, K Mehl, PM Kim, M Chen, YR BE Chen, YR Tu, SI TI Detection of chicken skin tumors by multispectral imaging SO PHOTONIC DETECTION AND INTERVENTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SAFE FOOD SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photonic Detection and Intervention Technologies for Safe Food CY NOV 05-06, 2000 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE food safety inspection; fuzzy logic; machine vision; pattern classification; poultry ID SYSTEM AB Hyperspectral and multispectral imaging techniques were used to detect chicken skin tumors. Hyperspectral images of eight tumorous chickens were taken in the spectral range of 420-850 nm. Principle component analysis was applied to select useful wavelength bands (465, 575, 705 nm) from the tumorous chicken images. A multispectral imaging system capable of simultaneously capturing three registered images was used to image 60 tumorous and 20 normal chickens. Multispectral image analysis was performed to generate ratioed images, which were then divided into regions of interest (ROI's) classified as either tumorous or normal by a veterinarian. Image features for each ROI (coefficient of variation, skewness and kurtosis) were extracted for use as inputs to fuzzy classifiers. The fuzzy classifiers were able to separate normal from tumorous skin with increasing accuracies as more features were used. In particular, use of all three features gave successful detection rates of 91 % and 86% for normal and tumorous tissue, respectively. C1 USDA, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chao, K (reprint author), USDA, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 303,BARC East, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3871-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2001 VL 4206 BP 214 EP 223 DI 10.1117/12.418732 PG 10 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BS18W UT WOS:000169001700025 ER PT S AU Schatzki, TF Haddon, WF AF Schatzki, TF Haddon, WF BE Chen, YR Tu, SI TI Rapid, non-destructive selection of peanuts for high aflatoxin content by soaking and tandem mass spectrometry SO PHOTONIC DETECTION AND INTERVENTION TECHNOLOGIES FOR SAFE FOOD SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Photonic Detection and Intervention Technologies for Safe Food CY NOV 05-06, 2000 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE non-destructive analysis; MS-MS without clean-up; spatial distribution of aflatoxin in peanuts; aflatoxin extraction by dipping; high-speed analysis; elimination of interfering peaks by statistics; peanut training set for aflatoxin sorting ID FARMERS STOCK PEANUTS; PISTACHIOS; LOTS AB Peanut lots are subject to aflatoxin levels high enough to cause concern to health agencies and trade channels. A possible solution would be to mechanically sort out high aflatoxin nuts from the process stream. Only highly contaminated nuts need be removed. However, there exists at present no sorting mechanism which meets commercial needs of adequate reduction and product preservation. To build such a sorter requires knowledge of the properties which can be used for sorting. The first step in the design is to select of order of one hundred undamaged contaminated nuts which can be compared with non-contaminated ones. Because contaminated nuts are rare, a very large number of nuts need to be examined non-destructively. We present a method to rapidly carry out such a selection. The method is based on dipping nuts into extraction fluid and examining the resulting fluid by MS-MS without preliminary clean-up. This method has been applied to examine over 65,000 nuts, yielding approximately 120 nuts, each containing more than 250-8000 ng/g aflatoxin (depending on process stream). C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Schatzki, TF (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3871-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2001 VL 4206 BP 235 EP 247 DI 10.1117/12.418734 PG 13 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BS18W UT WOS:000169001700027 ER PT J AU Zhang, N Schurmann, P Portis, AR AF Zhang, N Schurmann, P Portis, AR TI Characterization of the regulatory function of the 46-kDa isoform of Rubisco activase from Arabidopsis SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE carbon metabolism; redox regulation; thioredoxin ID CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE ACTIVASE; NADP-MALATE-DEHYDROGENASE; THIOREDOXIN-F; RIBULOSE 1,5-BISPHOSPHATE; REDUCTIVE ACTIVATION; CHLOROPLAST ENZYMES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BINDING DOMAIN; LIGHT; SPINACH AB Arabidopsis Rubisco activase was recently shown to be regulated by redox changes in the larger (46-kDa) isoform specifically mediated by thioredoxin-f [Zhang and Portis (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 9438-9443]. Reduction greatly increases the activity of the 46-kDa isoform and the native protein at physiological ATP/ADP ratios. In this study we conducted additional experiments to characterize the regulation of Rubisco activase by thioredoxin-f. The K m for both ATP hydrolysis and Rubisco activation by the 46-kDa isoform was lowered by 4 to 5-fold after reduction, but the maximum activity was increased by only 10%. Only 0.35 muM thioredoxin-f was required for a half-maximal activity change after a 10 min preincubation and activation with 1 muM was complete after 10 min. Equal amounts of 46-kDa and 43-kDa isoforms were required for a complete inhibition of the Rubisco activation activity after a reduction-oxidation cycle and assay at an ATP/ADP ratio of 3:1, whereas activity was only inhibited by 50% at a 2:1 ratio (43-/46-kDa) of the isoforms. This requirement is consistent with the fact that Arabidopsis normally contains about a 1:1 ratio of the two isoforms at both the mRNA and protein levels. Redox titrations indicated a midpoint potential of -344 mV for the 46-kDa isoform as compared to -342 mV for spinach fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase at pH 7.9, consistent with previous reports indicating that these proteins are co-regulated by light intensity in a similar manner. C1 USDA, Photosynth Res Unit, Agr Res Serv, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Program Physiol & Mol Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Neuchatel, Lab Biochim Vegetale, CH-2000 Neuchatel, Switzerland. RP Portis, AR (reprint author), USDA, Photosynth Res Unit, Agr Res Serv, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 36 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PY 2001 VL 68 IS 1 BP 29 EP 37 DI 10.1023/A:1011845506196 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 472GA UT WOS:000170974200002 ER PT J AU Sicher, RC AF Sicher, RC TI Responses of nitrogen metabolism in N-sufficient barley primary leaves to plant growth in elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE barley (Hordeum vulgare); elevated carbon dioxide; leaf yellowing; nitrate reductase activity; nitrogen limitation; photosynthetic acclimation ID NITRATE REDUCTASE; CO2 ENRICHMENT; PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACCLIMATION; TOBACCO; NUTRITION; LIGHT; WHEAT; TRANSCRIPTION; MODULATION; CHLOROSIS AB Effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide enrichment on nitrogen metabolism were studied in barley primary leaves (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Brant). Seedlings were grown in chambers under ambient (36 Pa) and elevated (100 Pa) carbon dioxide and were fertilized daily with complete nutrient solution providing 12 millimolar nitrate and 2.5 millimolar ammonium. Foliar nitrate and ammonium were 27% and 42% lower (P less than or equal to 0.01) in the elevated compared to ambient carbon dioxide treatments, respectively. Enhanced carbon dioxide affected leaf ammonium levels by inhibiting photorespiration. Diurnal variations of total nitrate were not observed in either treatment. Total and Mg2+ inhibited nitrate reductase activities per gram fresh weight were slightly lower (P less than or equal to 0.01) in enhanced compared to ambient carbon dioxide between 8 and 15 DAS. Diurnal variations of total nitrate reductase activity in barley primary leaves were similar in either treatment except between 7 and 10 h of the photoperiod when enzyme activities were decreased (P less than or equal to 0.05) by carbon dioxide enrichment. Glutamate was similar and glutamine levels were increased by carbon dioxide enrichment between 8 and 13 DAS. However, both glutamate and glutamine were negatively impacted by elevated carbon dioxide when leaf yellowing was observed 15 and 17 DAS. The above findings showed that carbon dioxide enrichment produced only slight modifications in leaf nitrogen metabolism and that the chlorosis of barley primary leaves observed under enhanced carbon dioxide was probably not attributable to a nutritionally induced nitrogen limitation. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sicher, RC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Room 116,Bldg 007,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PY 2001 VL 68 IS 3 BP 193 EP 201 DI 10.1023/A:1012951708207 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 496EZ UT WOS:000172384400002 ER PT J AU Bunce, JA AF Bunce, JA TI Seasonal patterns of photosynthetic response and acclimation to elevated carbon dioxide in field-grown strawberry SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE acclimation; elevated carbon dioxide; feed-back inhibition; photosynthesis; stomatal conductance; strawberry; temperature; water stress ID AIR CO2 ENRICHMENT; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; LEAF PHOTOSYNTHESIS; C-3 PLANTS; TEMPERATURE; WHEAT; LEAVES; NITROGEN AB Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) plants were grown in field plots at the current ambient [CO2], and at ambient + 300 and ambient + 600 mu mol mol(-1) [CO2]. Approximately weekly measurements were made of single leaf gas exchange of upper canopy leaves from early spring through fall of two years, in order to determine the temperature dependence of the stimulation of photosynthesis by elevated [CO2], whether growth at elevated [CO2] resulted in acclimation of photosynthesis, and whether any photosynthetic acclimation was reduced when fruiting created additional demand for the products of photosynthesis. Stimulation of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation by short-term increases in [CO2] increased strongly with measurement temperature. The stimulation exceeded that predicted from the kinetic characteristics of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase at all temperatures. Acclimation of photosynthesis to growth at elevated [CO2] was evident from early spring through summer, including the fruiting period in early summer, with lower rates under standard measurement conditions in plants grown at elevated [CO2]. The degree of acclimation increased with growth [CO2]. However, there were no significant differences between [CO2] treatments in total nitrogen per leaf area, and photosynthetic acclimation was reversed one day after switching the [CO2] treatments. Tests showed that acclimation did not result from a limitation of photosynthesis by triose phosphate utilization rate at elevated [CO2]. Photosynthetic acclimation was not evident during dry periods in midsummer, when the elevated [CO2] treatments conserved soil water and photosynthesis declined more at ambient than at elevated [CO2]. Acclimation was also not evident during the fall, when plants were vegetative, despite wet conditions and continued higher leaf starch content at elevated [CO2]. Stomatal conductance responded little to short-term changes in [CO2] except during drought, and changed in parallel with photosynthetic acclimation through the seasons in response to the long-term [CO2] treatments. The data do not support the hypothesis that source-sink balance controls the seasonal occurrence of photosynthetic acclimation to elevated [CO2] in this species. C1 ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bunce, JA (reprint author), ARS, Inst Plant Sci, ACSL,USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PY 2001 VL 68 IS 3 BP 237 EP 245 DI 10.1023/A:1012928928355 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 496EZ UT WOS:000172384400006 ER PT J AU Bunce, JA Sicher, RC AF Bunce, JA Sicher, RC TI Water stress and day-to-day variation in apparent photosynthetic acclimation of field-grown soybeans to elevated carbon dioxide concentration SO PHOTOSYNTHETICA LA English DT Article DE chlorophyll; Glycine max; leaf protein; ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; saccharides; starch ID HIGH ATMOSPHERIC CO2; RUBISCO ACTIVITY; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTANCE; NITROGEN NUTRITION; GLYCINE-MAX; LEAF; PLANTS; CO2-ENRICHMENT; TRANSPIRATION; ENRICHMENT AB Midday measurements of single leaf gas exchange rates of upper canopy leaves of soybeans grown in the field at 350 (AC) and 700 (EC) mu mol(CO2) mol(-1) in open topped chambers sometimes indicated up to 50% higher net photosynthetic rates (PN) measured at EC in plants grown at AC compared to EC. On other days mean PN were nearly identical in the two growth [CO2] treatments. There was no seasonal pattern to the variable photosynthetic responses of soybean to growth [CO2]. Even on days with significantly lower PN in the plants grown at EC, there was no reduction in ribulose1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, chlorophyll, or soluble protein contents per unit of leaf area. Over three years, gas exchange evidence of acclimation occurred on days when either soil was dry or the water vapor pressure deficit was high (n = 12 d) and did not occur on days after rain or on days with low water vapor pressure deficit (n = 9 d). On days when photosynthetic acclimation was evident, midday leaf water potentials were consistently 0.2 to 0.3 MPa lower for the plants grown at EC than at AC. This suggested that greater susceptibility to water stress in plants grown at EC caused the apparent photosynthetic acclimation. In other experiments, plants were grown in well-watered pots in field chambers and removed to the laboratory early in the morning for gas exchange measurements. ln these experiments, the amount of photosynthetic acclimation evident in the gas exchange measurements increased with the maximum water vapor pressure deficit on the day prior to the measurements, indicating a tag in the recovery of photosynthesis from water stress. The apparent increase in susceptibility to water stress in soybean plants grown at EC is opposite to that observed in some other species, where photosynthetic acclimation was evident under wet but not dry conditions, and may be related to the observation that hydraulic conductance is reduced in soybeans when grown at EC. The day-to-day variation in photosynthetic acclimation observed here may account for some of the conflicting results in the literature concerning the existence of acclimation to EC in field-grown plants. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bunce, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBLIC, INST EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY PI PRAGUE 6 PA NA KARLOVCE 1A, PRAGUE 6 CZ-160 00, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0300-3604 J9 PHOTOSYNTHETICA JI Photosynthetica PY 2001 VL 39 IS 1 BP 95 EP 101 DI 10.1023/A:1012452120840 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 459TM UT WOS:000170267600014 ER PT J AU Rabin, BM Shukitt-Hale, B Joseph, JA Denissova, N AF Rabin, BM Shukitt-Hale, B Joseph, JA Denissova, N TI Effects of exposure to Fe-56 particles on the acquisition of a conditioned place preference in rats SO PHYSICA MEDICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the 1st Interenational Workshop on Space Radiation Research/11th Annual NASA Space Radiation Health Investigators Workshop CY MAY 27-31, 2000 CL ARONA, ITALY SP Italian Space Agcy, European Sci Inst, NASA DE iron-56; behavior; place preference; reinforcement; dopamine; irradiation ID RADIATION; DOPAMINE AB Exposure to low doses of Fe-56 particles produces changes in neural function and behavior. The present experiments were designed to examine the effects of irradiation on the acquisition of a dopamine-mediated conditioned place preference (CPP). In the CPP procedure, rats are given an injection of the dopamine agonist amphetamine in one distinctive compartment and a saline injection in a different compartment of a three-compartment apparatus. Control rats develop a preference for the amphetamine-paired compartment. In contrast, rats exposed to I Gy of Fe-56 particles fail to develop a similar preference. The results of the experiment indicate that exposure to low doses of heavy particles can disrupt the neural mechanisms that mediate the reinforcement of behavior. C1 UMBC, Dept Psychol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ISTITUTI EDITORIALI E POLGRAFICI INTERNAZIONALI PI PISA PA CASELLA POSTALE N 1, SUCCURSALE N 8, 56123 PISA, ITALY SN 1120-1797 J9 PHYS MEDICA JI Phys. Medica PY 2001 VL 17 SU 1 BP 196 EP 197 PG 2 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 480LB UT WOS:000171461900053 PM 11776260 ER PT S AU Pachepsky, Y Timlin, D Benson, DA AF Pachepsky, Y Timlin, D Benson, DA BE Selim, HM TI Transport of water and solutes in soils as in fractal porous media SO PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES OF WATER AND SOLUTE TRANSPORT/RETENTION TO SOILS, PROCEEDINGS SE SSSA Special Publications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY OCT 18-22, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Soil Sci Soc Amer, Div S-1, Soil Sci Soc Amer, Div S-2 ID PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; RAY COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; ANOMALOUS DIFFUSION; UNSATURATED SOIL; MASS-TRANSFER; AGGREGATE FRAGMENTATION; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; MULTISCALE SOURCES; SURFACE-ROUGHNESS C1 USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP USDA ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Benson, David/J-2683-2013 NR 141 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOIL SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0081-1904 BN 0-89118-835-5 J9 SSSA SPEC PUBL JI SSSA Spec. Publ. PY 2001 VL 56 BP 51 EP 75 PG 25 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA BW13Z UT WOS:000180979800002 ER PT J AU Zartl, AS Klik, A Huang, C AF Zartl, AS Klik, A Huang, C TI Soil detachment and transport processes from interrill and rill areas SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH PART B-HYDROLOGY OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Article AB The objective of this work is to investigate effects of rainfall intensity, slope steepness and soil surface condition on soil detachment and transport. All experiments were conducted in the laboratory using programmable rainfall simulation troughs equipped with oscillating nozzles. Interrill soil erosion experiments were conducted in Austria for six different soils. Sediment transport processes in a rill channel were studied for an Ava silt loam at the NSERL, USA. Experiments were conducted for different soil hydrologic conditions, rainfall intensities and slope steepness. Data showed the importance of raindrop impact as well as slope steepness, hydrologic conditions, and their complex interactions on erosion processes from interrill and rill areas. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Agr Sci BOKU Vienna, Inst Hydraul & Rural Water Management, Vienna, Austria. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Zartl, AS (reprint author), Univ Agr Sci BOKU Vienna, Inst Hydraul & Rural Water Management, Vienna, Austria. NR 3 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1464-1909 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH PT B JI Phys. Chem. Earth Pt B-Hydrol. Oceans Atmos. PY 2001 VL 26 IS 1 BP 25 EP 26 DI 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)85009-7 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA 390HZ UT WOS:000166290800005 ER PT J AU Jacques, D Mohanty, B Timmerman, A Feyen, J AF Jacques, D Mohanty, B Timmerman, A Feyen, J TI Study of time dependency of factors affecting the spatial distribution of soil water content in a field-plot SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH PART B-HYDROLOGY OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 25th General Assembly of the European-Geophysical-Society CY APR, 2000 CL NICE, FRANCE SP European Geophys Soc ID VARIABILITY; SCALE; MOISTURE; STABILITY AB Temporal and spatial variability of water content in soil results from a complex interaction of different factors such as duration and frequency of rainfall, soil layering, vegetation, and topography. The objectives of this study were (i) to use a resistant median-polishing scheme to quantify the temporal variability of a depth and a horizontal location factor in an additive model, and (ii) to investigate the lime stability of those two factors at a detailed temporal scale during different infiltration and redistributions cycles. Time series of water content were measured at 5 depths and 12 locations along a transect of 6 m using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). Measurements were repeated every 2-hours for 168 days under natural boundary conditions. At each time step, the mean water content of the soil profile. 5 depth factors and 12 location factors were estimated. The time series of these factors were qualitatively interpreted and related to the atmospheric and prevailing soil conditions. It was found that micro-heterogeneity plays an important role, even at this small plot-scale. The relative contributions of the factors were dependent on the antecedent soil moisture conditions. Also, the ratio of the deterministic variance, i.e., variance explained by the deterministic factors, of water content to the observed variance is variable in time, (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Soil & Water, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. US Salin Lab, USDA ARS, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. CEN SCK, B-2400 Mol, Belgium. RP Jacques, D (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Soil & Water, Vital Decosterstr 102, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. RI Jacques, Diederik/C-5887-2009; OI Jacques, Diederik/0000-0001-9393-2963 NR 19 TC 10 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1464-1909 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH PT B JI Phys. Chem. Earth Pt B-Hydrol. Oceans Atmos. PY 2001 VL 26 IS 7-8 BP 629 EP 634 DI 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00060-0 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA 450YA UT WOS:000169771400021 ER PT J AU Rossel, F Garbrecht, J AF Rossel, F Garbrecht, J TI Spatial variability and downscalling of precipitation SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH PART B-HYDROLOGY OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Article AB To fully take advantage of regional climate forecast information for agricultural applications, the relationship between regional and station scale precipitation characteristics must be quantified. The spatial variability of precipitation within a region is defined by differences between station and regional standardised values. The spatial variability is quantified at the monthly, seasonal and yearly time scales for the central Oklahoma "super climate division" and the four "climate divisions" included in. For the super climate division, the standard deviation of the differences between station and regional standardised values ranges from minimum values during the winter around 0,55 to maximum values during the summer around 0,80. The decrease of the spatial variability associated with the increase of the time scale is of about 35% from month to season, of about 45% from season to year. Whereas the decrease of spatial variability associated with the decrease in space scale is of about 35% from super-climate division to climate division. An analysis of the distribution of the differences allows to define confidence envelope for local precipitation around the regional value. This study clearly demonstrates the critical influence of the spatial variability of precipitation and the additional uncertainty it introduces in the downscaling of regional information to local applications. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Grazingland Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Rossel, F (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grazingland Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1464-1909 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH PT B JI Phys. Chem. Earth Pt B-Hydrol. Oceans Atmos. PY 2001 VL 26 IS 11-12 BP 863 EP 867 DI 10.1016/S1464-1909(01)00098-3 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA 488VF UT WOS:000171956200003 ER PT J AU Nielsen, NC Beilinson, V Bassuner, R Reverdatto, S AF Nielsen, NC Beilinson, V Bassuner, R Reverdatto, S TI A G(beta)-like protein from soybean SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID BETA-SUBUNIT; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; REGULATORY SUBUNIT; GENE; IDENTIFICATION; FAMILY; PHOSPHATASE-2A; RESOLUTION; HOMOLOGY; MEMBERS AB A cDNA clone that encodes a G(beta)-like protein was isolated from germinating soybeans. The deduced amino acid sequence for this protein is similar to other G(beta)-like proteins isolated from plants and animals and contains 7 copies of the WD-40 repeat. RNA blots and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed that mRNA for the soybean G(beta)-like protein is present during seed development and germination, periods during seed ontogeny that are associated with high levels of biosynthetic activity. DNA blot analysis suggested there are only one or two copies of this gene in the soybean genome. Antibodies were raised against recombinant soybean G(beta)-like protein expressed in bacteria. The antibodies reacted with a 35-kDa soybean protein that was present in minor amounts in developing seeds. The precise functions of G(beta)-like proteins are unknown, but there are indications that they are involved in signal transduction pathways and in this way participate in control of seed growth and development. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Biochem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM nnielsen@purdue.edu NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0031-9317 EI 1399-3054 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 111 IS 1 BP 75 EP 82 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2001.1110110.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 391VV UT WOS:000166377700010 ER PT J AU Pritsch, C Vance, CP Bushnell, WR Somers, DA Hohn, TM Muehlbauer, GJ AF Pritsch, C Vance, CP Bushnell, WR Somers, DA Hohn, TM Muehlbauer, GJ TI Systemic expression of defense response genes in wheat spikes as a response to Fusarium graminearum infection SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum L.; Fusarium graminearum; Fusarium head blight; defense response genes; systemic response; beta-glucuronidase; SAR ID HEAD BLIGHT RESISTANCE; F-SP HORDEI; ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE; DISEASE RESISTANCE; GIBBERELLA-ZEAE; SALICYLIC-ACID; 2,6-DICHLOROISONICOTINIC ACID; PLANTS; INDUCTION; ARABIDOPSIS AB Wheal spikes infected by Fusarium graminearum result in Fusarium head blight, a devastating disease of wheat. The spikes respond to infection by inducing a set of defense response genes in infected spikelets much as has been shown in other plant-pathogen interactions. To determine whether defense response genes are expressed systemically within F. graminearum-inoculated wheat spikes, we examined transcript accumulation of four defense response genes (peroxidase, PR-1, PR-3 and PR-5) in colonized and uncolonized portions of wheat spikes of resistant and susceptible genotypes. We determined whether sampled regions of point-inoculated wheat spikes were colonized or not using a Fusarium spp.-specific plate assay and an F. graminearum isolate expressing beta -glucuronidase (GUS). The GUS-expressing F. graminearum isolate proved particularly useful for visualizing and following the spread of the fungus and for measuring the amount of fungal biomass in spike tissues. We found that transcripts of the four defense response genes accumulated in both colonized and uncolonized regions of spikes of resistant and susceptible genotypes at 48 h after inoculation. These results demonstrate that direct contact with the pathogen is not required for induction of defense response genes and that these genes are activated in both susceptible and resistant genotypes. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Muehlbauer, GJ (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM muehl003@tc.umn.edu NR 65 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 58 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.1006/pmpp.2000.0308 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 402NA UT WOS:000166993900001 ER PT J AU Sawaya, AL Fuss, PJ Dallal, GE Tsay, R McCrory, MA Young, V Roberts, SB AF Sawaya, AL Fuss, PJ Dallal, GE Tsay, R McCrory, MA Young, V Roberts, SB TI Meal palatability, substrate oxidation and blood glucose in young and older men SO PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE meal palatability; substrate oxidation; blood glucose ID DIET-INDUCED THERMOGENESIS; CEPHALIC PHASE; GLYCEMIC INDEX; FOOD-INTAKE; HIGH-FAT; OBESITY; CONSUMPTION; HUMANS; RATINGS; INSULIN AB We investigated the effects of food palatability on the thermic effect of feeding (TEF), substrate oxidation and circulating glucose and insulin. Healthy young men (23.4 +/- 1.0, SD, years, n = 10) and older men (69.4 +/- 1.3, years, n = 9) were resident in a metabolic unit for two 2-day study periods. On the second day of each period, they consumed in random order either a palatable test meal containing 2.93 MJ or a nonpalatable control meal containing the same foods in identical amounts but blended and freeze-dried into biscuit form. TEF and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured over 6 h and blood samples were taken for measurement of glucose and insulin. Age group had no effect on TEF, RQ or circulating glucose other than to delay the time of peak TEF (P < 0.002 for both meals). There was no significant effect of meal type on TEF, but RQ and circulating glucose were higher following consumption of the palatable meal (P < 0.001 for both parameters). These results suggest that over 6 h postprandial, consumption of palatable foods does not increase TEF, but is instead associated with increased glycemic response and increased carbohydrate oxidation. These changes, combined with previous work on the glycemic index, predict an accelerated return of hunger and increased energy intake at subsequent meals following consumption of palatable vs. control foods. Further studies are needed to examine the possible mechanism for this previously suggested "second meal" effect of diet palatability on energy intake. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. MIT, Clin Res Ctr, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Energy Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Sawaya, Ana/D-3845-2014 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [F32-DK09747] NR 46 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9384 J9 PHYSIOL BEHAV JI Physiol. Behav. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 72 IS 1-2 BP 5 EP 12 DI 10.1016/S0031-9384(00)00292-4 PG 8 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences GA 407BL UT WOS:000167251500002 PM 11239975 ER PT J AU Margosan, DA Aung, LH Wergin, WP Erbe, EF AF Margosan, DA Aung, LH Wergin, WP Erbe, EF TI The nature of the oil gland and its associated tissues in the pericarp of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. by confocal microscopy SO PHYTON-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Citrus limon; oil gland; exocarp; confocal microscopy ID SECRETORY CAVITIES; BIOSYNTHESIS AB Fresh lemon exocarp (flavedo) and mesocarp (albedo) sections stained with Nile red were examined by confocal microscopy. The exocarp consisted of one-cell thick layer of thick-walled pigmented epidermal cells and a multicell-thick hypodermal layer of thin-walled pigmented cells that increased in size centripetally from the epidermis. Vascular bundles were found dispersed throughout the exocarp, among randomly occurring oil glands. The glands, which varied in size and shape, were bounded by several layers of radially flattened cells, that surrounded large thin-walled cells during early glandular development. Developed glands have a cavity formed by the processes of schizogeny and lysigeny of the thin-walled cells. Relatively large oil bodies were found within the glandular cavity and were associated with cells that delimit the gland, as well as smaller oil bodies of varying sizes in interglandular cells of the exocarp. Optical sectioning showed that these oil bodies consist of numerous small spherical sub-units. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Postharvest Qual & Genet Res Unit, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Margosan, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Postharvest Qual & Genet Res Unit, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU FUNDACION ROMULO RAGGIO PI VICENTE LOPEZ (BA) PA GASPAR CAMPOS 861, 1638 VICENTE LOPEZ (BA), ARGENTINA SN 0031-9457 J9 PHYTON-INT J EXP BOT JI Phyton-Int. J. Exp. Bot. PY 2001 SI SI BP 107 EP 119 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 528NM UT WOS:000174249900012 ER PT J AU Aung, LH Jenner, JF Margosan, DA AF Aung, LH Jenner, JF Margosan, DA TI The occurrence of pressure in the oil glands of lemon exocarp SO PHYTON-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE oil glands; Citrus limon; lemon; exocarp; glandular pressure; cell pressure probe ID CITRUS AB Examination of the oil glands in the exocarp, of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. by: a) insertion of micropipettes precoated with a lipophilic Nile red dye followed by measurement of epifluorescence, and b) direct measurement of glandular pressure with the cell pressure probe shows the occurrence of pressure within the glands. A 0.35 +/- 0.14 MPa internal pressure was detected in the oil glands of mature fruit. Based upon consideration of the lemon oil chemical composition, and the oil gland structure shown by confocal microscopy, it is proposed that the glandular pressure results from the partial pressures of the volatile oil components in equilibrium with the fluid oil bodies resident within the glands. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Aung, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FUNDACION ROMULO RAGGIO PI VICENTE LOPEZ (BA) PA GASPAR CAMPOS 861, 1638 VICENTE LOPEZ (BA), ARGENTINA SN 0031-9457 J9 PHYTON-INT J EXP BOT JI Phyton-Int. J. Exp. Bot. PY 2001 SI SI BP 121 EP 126 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 528NM UT WOS:000174249900013 ER PT J AU Zeringue, HJ Shih, BY Bhatnagar, D AF Zeringue, HJ Shih, BY Bhatnagar, D TI Effects of clarified neem oil on growth and aflatoxin B-1 formation in submerged and plate cultures of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. SO PHYTOPARASITICA LA English DT Article DE clarified neem oil; Azadirachta indica; Aspergillus flavus; Aspergillus parasiticus; aflatoxin ID AZADIRACHTA-INDICA; LEAF VOLATILES; SEED OIL; PARASITICUS; IDENTIFICATION AB An increase of 11-31% of dry mycelial mass was observed along with a slight decrease (5-10%) in aflatoxin B-1 production in 5-day-old aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp, submerged cultures containing either 0.5 ml or 1.0 mi clarified neem oil (CNO) in 0.1% Triton solution. Fungal growth and aflatoxin B-1 production were also determined in potato-dextrose-agar petri plate cultures inoculated with aflatoxigenic Aspergillus spp. containing an atmosphere of volatiles emitted from 0.25 ml, 0.5 ml, and 1.0 ml CNO added to the plates. After 5 days' incubation, fungal radial growth was reduced by 7-29% and aflatoxin B-1 production by 0-67%. GC/MS analysis of the head space volatiles of the CNO indicated that the reduction of fungal growth and aflatoxin B-1 was probably due to low molecular weight hydrocarbons, aldehydes, alcohols, and sulfur compounds emitted at 30 degreesC in the dry culture. These results suggest that volatiles emitted from CNO at 30 degreesC in plate cultures were more fungistatic and consequently inhibited aflatoxin production more than neem oil added in liquid cultures. C1 ARS, USDA, SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Zeringue, HJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU PRIEL PUBL PI REHOVOT PA PO BOX 2385, REHOVOT 76120, ISRAEL SN 0334-2123 J9 PHYTOPARASITICA JI Phytoparasitica PY 2001 VL 29 IS 4 BP 361 EP 366 DI 10.1007/BF02981850 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 465YY UT WOS:000170618600008 ER PT J AU Schnell, RJ Kuhn, DN Olano, CT Quintanilla, WE AF Schnell, RJ Kuhn, DN Olano, CT Quintanilla, WE TI Sequence diversity among avocado sunblotch viroids isolated from single avocado trees SO PHYTOPARASITICA LA English DT Article DE viroids; capillary electrophoresis; sequence variants; quasispecies ID VARIANTS; DISEASE AB In previous studies we developed an avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) specific reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol and tested all avocado germplasm accessions in the U.S. National Germplasm Repository (NGR) for ASBVd. It was found that 19% of the accessions were infected with the viroid. To characterize the population of sequence variants, single trees of seven accessions with a history of infection were selected. RT-PCR products were cloned and sequenced from these trees and a total of 60 sequence variants were identified from 122 clones. Most of the variants were found to be unique to the individual tree from which they were isolated. The fraction of unique variants was 81% in 'Lima Late', 81% in 'Aycock Red', 67% in 'Hawaii', and 60% in 'Young Special'. Analysis of the sequence data suggests that variants evolved within a tree rather than arising from multiple infection events, supporting the quasispecies concept for ASBVd. Changes in the right terminal loop (RTL), previously associated with leaf variegation and bleaching, were found in all variants isolated from bleached tissue; however, 16 clones isolated in nonsymptomatic tissue also had changes in the RTL. The addition of a U between bases 115 and 118 was found in 21 of the 23 clones isolated from the bleached tissue but not found in the 99 clones isolated from green tissue, These data suggest that the insertion of a U between bases 115 and 118 is responsible for the bleaching condition. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Miami, FL 33158 USA. Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Miami, FL 33199 USA. RP Schnell, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. EM miars@ars-grin.gov NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0334-2123 J9 PHYTOPARASITICA JI Phytoparasitica PY 2001 VL 29 IS 5 BP 451 EP 460 DI 10.1007/BF02981864 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 487BX UT WOS:000171854700010 ER PT J AU Gottwald, TR Hughes, G Graham, JH Sun, X Riley, T AF Gottwald, TR Hughes, G Graham, JH Sun, X Riley, T TI The citrus canker epidemic in Florida: The scientific basis of regulatory eradication policy for an invasive species SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Univ Florida, IFAS, Lake Alfred, FL USA. Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Florida Dept Agr & Consumer Serv, Div Plant Ind, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Gottwald, TR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RI Graham, James/B-7049-2008 NR 20 TC 90 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JAN PY 2001 VL 91 IS 1 BP 30 EP 34 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.1.30 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 385WC UT WOS:000166027300002 PM 18944275 ER PT J AU Mavrodi, OV Gardener, BBM Mavrodi, DV Bonsall, RF Weller, DM Thomashow, LS AF Mavrodi, OV Gardener, BBM Mavrodi, DV Bonsall, RF Weller, DM Thomashow, LS TI Genetic diversity of phlD from 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTIBIOTIC 2,4-DIACETYLPHLOROGLUCINOL; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BIOCONTROL AGENT; PLANT-GROWTH; ROOT-ROT; TAKE-ALL; RHIZOSPHERE; BIOSYNTHESIS; SUPPRESSION; BACTERIA AB Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. that produce 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) have biocontrol activity against damping-off, root rot, and wilt diseases caused by soilborne fungal pathogens, and play a key role in the natural suppression of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, known as take-all decline. Diversity within phlD, an essential gene in the biosynthesis of 2,4-DAPG, was studied by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of 123 2,4-DAPG-producing isolates from six states in the United States and six other:locations worldwide. Clusters defined by RFLP analysis of phlD correlated closely with clusters defined previously by BOX-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genomic fingerprinting, indicating the usefulness of phlD as a marker of genetic diversity and population structure among 2,4-DAPG producers. Genotypes defined by RFLP analysis of phlD were conserved among isolates from the same site and cropping history. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses of genomic DNA revealed a higher degree of polymorphism than RFLP and BOX-PCR analyses. Genotypic diversity in a subset of 30 strains representing all the phlD RFLP groups did not correlate with production in vitro of monoacetylphloroglucinol, 2,4-DAPG, or total phloroglucinol compounds. Twenty-seven of the 30 representative strains lacked pyrrolnitrin and pyoluteorin biosynthetic genes as determined by the use of specific primers and probes. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA, ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Thomashow, LS (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA, ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI McSpadden Gardener, Brian/C-9844-2009; Mavrodi, Dmitri/J-2745-2013 NR 37 TC 104 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JAN PY 2001 VL 91 IS 1 BP 35 EP 43 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.1.35 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 385WC UT WOS:000166027300003 PM 18944276 ER PT J AU Gardener, BBM Mavrodi, DV Thomashow, LS Weller, DM AF Gardener, BBM Mavrodi, DV Thomashow, LS Weller, DM TI A rapid polymerase chain reaction-based assay characterizing rhizosphere populations of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing bacteria SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS PF-5; RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; BLACK ROOT-ROT; BIOCONTROL AGENT; TAKE-ALL; SUPPRESSION; IDENTIFICATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; STRAIN; AUREOFACIENS AB Pseudomonas species that produce 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) play a significant role in the suppression of fungal root pathogens in the rhizosphere of crop plants. To characterize the abundance and diversity of these functionally important bacterial populations, we developed a rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assay targeting phlD, an essential gene in the phloroglucinol biosynthetic pathway. The phlD gene is predicted to encode a polyketide synthase that synthesizes monoacetylphloroglucinol, the immediate precursor to 2,4-DAPG. A major portion of the phlD open reading frame was cloned and sequenced from five genotypically distinct strains, and the sequences were screened for conserved regions that could be used as gene-specific priming sites for PCR amplification. Several new phlD-specific primers were designed and evaluated. Using the primers B2BF and BPR4, we developed a PCR-based assay that was robust enough to amplify the target gene from a diverse set of 2,4-DAPG producers and sensitive enough to detect as few as log 2.4 cells per sample when combined with enrichment from a selective medium. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the amplified phlD sequence allows for the direct determination of the genotype of the most abundant 2,4-DAPG producers in a sample. The method described was useful for characterizing both inoculant and indigenous phlD(+) pseudomonads inhabiting the rhizosphere of crop plants. The ability to rapidly characterize populations of 2,4-DAPG-producers will greatly enhance our understanding of their role in the suppression of root diseases. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA, ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Gardener, BBM (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RI McSpadden Gardener, Brian/C-9844-2009; Mavrodi, Dmitri/J-2745-2013 NR 46 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JAN PY 2001 VL 91 IS 1 BP 44 EP 54 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 385WC UT WOS:000166027300004 ER PT J AU Seebold, KW Kucharek, TA Datnoff, LE Correa-Victoria, FJ Marchetti, MA AF Seebold, KW Kucharek, TA Datnoff, LE Correa-Victoria, FJ Marchetti, MA TI The influence of silicon on components of resistance to blast in susceptible, partially resistant, and resistant cultivars of rice SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPHAEROTHECA-FULIGINEA; PYRICULARIA-GRISEA; EASTERN COLOMBIA; SOLUBLE SILICON; CUCUMIS-SATIVUS; LEAF; SPOT; DISEASE; BARLEY; YIELDS AB The application of silicon (Si) fertilizers reduces the severity of blast, caused by Magnaporthe grisea, in irrigated and upland rice; however, little research has been conducted to examine the epidemiological and etiological components of this reduction. Four cultivars of rice with differential susceptibilities to race IB-49 of M. grisea were fertilized with three rates of a calcium silicate fertilizer and inoculated with the pathogen to test the effects of Si on the following components of resistance to blast: incubation period, latent period, infection efficiency, lesion size, rate of lesion expansion, sporulation per lesion, and diseased leaf area. For each cultivar, the incubation period was lengthened by increased rates of Si, and the numbers of sporulating lesions, lesion size, rate of lesion expansion, diseased leaf area, and number of spores per lesion were reduced. Lesion size and sporulation per lesion were lowered by 30 to 45%, and the number of sporulating lesions per leaf and diseased leaf area were significantly reduced at the highest rate of Si. The net effect of Si on these components of resistance is an overall reduction in the production of conidia on plants infected with M. grisea, thereby slowing the epidemic rate of blast. C1 Univ Florida, Everglades Res & Educ Ctr, IFAS, Dept Plant Pathol, Belle Glade, FL 33430 USA. Univ Florida, IFAS, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Ctr Int Agr Trop, Cali, Colombia. ARS, USDA, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. RP Datnoff, LE (reprint author), Univ Florida, Everglades Res & Educ Ctr, IFAS, Dept Plant Pathol, Belle Glade, FL 33430 USA. NR 44 TC 62 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JAN PY 2001 VL 91 IS 1 BP 63 EP 69 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.1.63 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 385WC UT WOS:000166027300006 PM 18944279 ER PT J AU Scherm, H Savelle, AT Pusey, PL AF Scherm, H Savelle, AT Pusey, PL TI Interactions between chill-hours and degree-days affect carpogenic germination in Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE thermal time; Vaccinium ashei ID BLUEBERRY CULTIVARS; RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY; LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY; INFECTION AB The relationship of cumulative chill-hours (hours with a mean temperature <7.2C) and heating degree-days (base 7.2 degreesC) to carpogenic germination of pseudosclerotia of Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi, which causes mummy berry disease of blueberry, was investigated. In two laboratory experiments, pseudosclerotia collected from rabbiteye blueberry in Georgia were conditioned at 5 to 6 degreesC for 26 to 1,378 h prior to placement in conditions favorable for germination and apothecium development. The number of chill-hours accumulated during the conditioning period affected the subsequent proportion of pseudosclerotia that germinated and produced apothecia, with the greatest incidence of carpogenic germination occurring after intermediate levels of chilling (approximate to 700 chill-hours) The minimum chilling requirement for germination and apothecium production was considerably lower than that reported previously for pseudosclerotia from highbush blueberry in northern production regions. The rate of carpogenic germination was strongly affected by interactions between the accumulation of chill-hours and degree-days during the conditioning and germination periods; pseudosclerotia exposed to prolonged chilling periods, once transferred to suitable conditions, germinated and produced apothecia more rapidly (after fewer degree-days had accumulated) than those exposed to shorter chilling periods. Thus, pseudosclerotia of M. vaccinii-corymbosi are adapted to germinate carpogenically following cold winters thigh chill-hours, low degree-days) as well as warm winters (low chill-hours, high degree-days). Results were validated in a combined field-laboratory experiment in which pseudosclerotia that had received various levels of natural chilling were allowed to germinate in controlled conditions in the laboratory, and in two field experiments in which pseudosclerotia were exposed to natural chilling and germination conditions. A simple model describing the timing of apothecium emergence in relation to cumulative chill-hours and degree-days was developed based on the experiments. The model should be useful for better timing of field scouting programs for apothecia to aid in management of primary infection by M. vaccinii-corymbosi. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, USDA, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Scherm, H (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 31 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JAN PY 2001 VL 91 IS 1 BP 77 EP 83 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.1.77 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 385WC UT WOS:000166027300008 PM 18944281 ER PT J AU Pfender, WF AF Pfender, WF TI A temperature-based model for latent-period duration in stem rust of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Festuca arundinacea; Lolium perenne ID PUCCINIA-RECONDITA; RESISTANCE; WHEAT; COMPONENTS AB A temperature-response curve for latent-period duration in stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola) on perennial ryegrass and tall fescue was developed from constant-temperature experiments with inoculated plants and evaluated in field experiments. Under constant-temperature conditions, time from infection to 50% of pustules erupted for perennial ryegrass ranged from 54 days at 3.5 degreesC to 5.9 days at 26.5 degreesC. The latent period (LP50) duration of tall fescue was 69 and 8.5 days at these respective temperatures. The dependence of latent-period completion rate on temperature was best described as a linear increase in rate with temperature up to approximately 26 degreesC, then an exponential decline with temperature up to the maximum (lethal) temperature of approximately 35.5 degreesC. LP20, the time required for 20% of open pustules to appear, was used as an estimator of latent-period duration for field observations. Percentage of one latent period completed per half hour (half-hourly rate), for perennial ryegrass was modeled as (0.0156T - 0.0206) {1 - exp[0.497(T - 35.5)]}, where T = average temperature (degreesC) during the half-hour period. For tall fescue the modeled rate was (0.0109T - 0.00214) (1 - exp[0.417(T - 35.5)]}. Latent periods modeled by these equations were compared with observed latent periods in field experiments with potted plants, where half-hourly temperatures were measured. Linear regressions of modeled Versus observed latent periods had adjusted r(2) values of 0.96 for perennial ryegrass and 0.93 for tall fescue. The latent-period equations could be used as components of a weather-based disease advisory model to optimize fungicide use in stem-rust management on these crops. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Pfender, WF (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 16 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JAN PY 2001 VL 91 IS 1 BP 111 EP 116 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.1.111 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 385WC UT WOS:000166027300012 PM 18944285 ER PT J AU Samac, DA Kinkel, LL AF Samac, DA Kinkel, LL TI Suppression of the root-lesion nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) by Streptomyces spp. SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE antibiosis; biological control; lucerne; plant growth promoting bacteria; rhizosphere bacteria ID PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; POTATO SCAB; SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE; BIOCONTROL AGENTS; FORAGE GRASSES; ANTAGONISM; BACTERIA; STRAINS; DENSITY AB Strains of Streptomyces were tested for their ability to reduce population densities of the root-lesion nematode (RLN), Pratylenchus penetrans, in roots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in growth chamber assays. Previously, these strains were shown to suppress potato scab disease, caused by Streptomyces scabies, in field experiments and to inhibit in vitro growth of a wide range of plant-pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Inoculation with Streptomyces at planting significantly reduced RLN population densities in roots of both susceptible and resistant alfalfa varieties grown in either heat-treated or untreated soil. Reductions in RLN population densities were observed 6 weeks after nematode inoculation. Shoot dry matter was not affected by any treatment; root dry weight was reduced in Streptomyces plus nematode treatments compared to the nematode inoculation alone in some experiments but was not affected by Streptomyces when RLN was absent. Mutant strains not producing antibiotics in vitro also reduced RLN population densities in alfalfa roots and all strains maintained high population densities after inoculation into heat-treated soil and on alfalfa roots. These strains may be useful in multi-crop, multi-pathogen management programs to augment genetic resistance to plant diseases. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Samac, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 41 TC 29 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2001 VL 235 IS 1 BP 35 EP 44 DI 10.1023/A:1011820002779 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 472FX UT WOS:000170973800005 ER PT J AU Sikora, LJ Enkiri, NK AF Sikora, LJ Enkiri, NK TI Uptake of N-15 fertilizer in compost-amended soils SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE ammonium nitrate; biosolids; efficiency; mineralization; urea ID SEWAGE-SLUDGE COMPOST; MUNICIPAL SOLID-WASTE; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; TALL FESCUE; CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES; HEAVY-METALS; CARBON; GROWTH; RATES AB Composts are considered low analysis fertilizers because their nitrogen and phosphorus content are around 1% and the organic nitrogen mineralization rate is near 10%. If compost is added to agricultural land at the N requirement of grain crops (40 - 100 kg N ha(-1)), application rates approach 40-100 mg ha(-1). Much lower rates may be advisable to avoid rapid accumulation of growth limiting constituents such as heavy metals found in some composts. Combining low amendment rates of composts with sufficient fertilizer to meet crop requirements is an appealing alternative which (a) utilizes composts at lower rates than those needed to supply all the crop N requirement, (b) reduces the amount of inorganic fertilizer applied to soils, and (c) reduces the accumulation of non-nutrient compost constituents in soils. A study was conducted to compare the effects of blends of biosolids compost (C) with N-15 urea(U) or (15)NH4 (15)NO3 (N) fertilizers to fertilizer alone on tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea L.) growth and N uptake. Blends which provided 0, 20, 40 or 60 mg N kg(-1) application rate as compost N and 120, 100, 80 or 60 mg N kg(-1) as fertilizer N, respectively, were added to Sassafras soil (Typic Hapludults). Fescue was grown on the blends in a growth chamber for 98 days. Fescue yields recorded by clippings taken at 23, 46 and 98 days and roots harvested after the 98-day clipping increased with increasing fertilizer level for both NH4NO3 and urea and with or without compost. Nitrogen uptake by fescue responded similarly to yield with increases recorded with increasing fertilizer levels with or without compost. Paired comparisons based on cumulative 98-day clippings data showed that yields from blends were equal to yields from fertilizer treatments containing the same percentage of fertilizer as the blends. These data indicated that compost did not provide sufficient plant-available N to increase yields or N uptake. None of the blends equaled 120 mg N kg(-1) fertilizer rate except for 100 mg NH4NO3-or urea-N kg(-1) -20 mg compost-N kg(-1)blends. The data suggest that biosolids compost blended with fertilizer at a rate of 2-6 mg ha(-1) did not supply sufficient additional available N to increase yields or N uptake over those of fertilizer alone. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim Manure & Byprod Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sikora, LJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim Manure & Byprod Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2001 VL 235 IS 1 BP 65 EP 73 DI 10.1023/A:1011855431544 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 472FX UT WOS:000170973800008 ER PT J AU Kinraide, TB Sweeney, BK AF Kinraide, TB Sweeney, BK TI Buffered, phosphate-containing media suitable for aluminum toxicity studies SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE aluminum; buffer; homopipes; phosphate; root; succinic acid; toxicity ID CALCIUM; SULFATE; GROWTH AB Studies of Al rhizotoxicity sometimes require the use of well-defined rooting media. For that reason, buffers and phosphate are often omitted from Al solutions for which species composition must be determined precisely. Homopipes and succinate appear to be suitable buffers for short-term studies with seedlings of an Al-sensitive wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Scout 66) and white clover (Trifoliau repens L. cv. Huia). In the case of homopipes (homopiperazine-N,N'-bis-2-[ethane-sulfonic acid]), a slight inhibition of root elongation must be taken into account, but no binding of Al3+ was observed. In the case of succinate, no inhibition of root elongation was observed, but Al3+ binding must be considered. Phosphate-containing media remain free of solid-phase or polynuclear species whenever {Al3+}(2){HPO42-}{OH-}(3) < 10(-47.0) (or {Al3+}{HPO42-}{OH-} < 10(-22.7)) and when {Al3+}(3)/{H+}(3) < 10(8.8). These ion activity products, that define stable Al solutions in the laboratory, appear to apply in soils also, according to an analysis of published data. The published equilibrium values {AlH2PO42+}/({Al3+}{H2PO4-}) = 10(3.0), {AlHPO4+}/({Al3+}{HPO42-}) = 10(7.0), and {Alsuccinate(+)}/({Al3+}{succinate(2-)}) = 10(4.62) appear to be suitable, because solution toxicity could be accounted for entirely on the basis of computed Al3+ even in solutions containing high levels of Alsuccinate(+) and AlHPO4+ (in every case {AlHPO4+} > > {AlH2PO42+}). Thus, AlHPO4+ and Alsuccinate(+) were not toxic at achieved concentrations. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Kinraide, TB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 2001 VL 235 IS 1 BP 75 EP 83 DI 10.1023/A:1011941729727 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 472FX UT WOS:000170973800009 ER PT J AU Mosier, AR AF Mosier, AR TI Exchange of gaseous nitrogen compounds between agricultural systems and the atmosphere SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Nitrogen Workshop CY AUG 23-26, 1999 CL ROYAL AGR & VET UNIV, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP Riso Natl Lab HO ROYAL AGR & VET UNIV DE ammonia; nitric oxide; nitrous oxide; NOx; N-deposition ID NITRIC-OXIDE EMISSIONS; GLOBAL N2O BUDGET; DEPOSITION; INVENTORY; SOILS; NOX; FIXATION; WOODLAND; AMMONIA; GROWTH AB Crop and livestock agricultural production systems are important contributors to local, regional and global budgets of NH3, NOx (NO + NO2) and N2O. Emissions of NH3 and NOx (which are biologically and chemically active) into the atmosphere serve to redistribute fixed N to local and regional aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems that may otherwise be disconnected from the sources of the N gases. The emissions of NOx also contribute to local elevated ozone concentrations while N2O emissions contribute to global greenhouse gas accumulation and to stratospheric ozone depletion. Ammonia is the major gaseous base in the atmosphere and serves to neutralize about 30% of the hydrogen ions in the atmosphere. Fifty to 75% of the approximate to 55 Tg N yr(-1) NH3 from terrestrial systems is emitted from animal and crop-based agriculture from animal excreta and synthetic fertilizer application. About half of the 50 Tg N yr(-1) of NOx emitted from the earth surface annually arises from fossil fuel combustion and the remainder from biomass burning and emissions from soil. The NOx emitted, principally as nitric oxide (NO), reacts rapidly in the atmosphere and in a complex cycle with light, ozone and hydrocarbons, and produces nitric acid and particulate nitrate. These materials can interact with plants and the soil locally or be transported form the site and interact with atmospheric particulate to form aerosols. These salts and aerosols return to fertilize terrestrial and aquatic systems in wet and dry deposition. A small fraction of this N may be biologically converted to N2O. About 5% of the total atmospheric greenhouse effect is attributed to N2O from which 70% of the annual global anthropogenic emissions come from animal and crop production. The coupling of increased population with a move of a large sector of the world population to diets that require more energy and N input, will lead to continued increases in anthropogenic input into the global N cycle. This scenario suggests that emissions of NH3, NOx and N2O from agricultural systems will continue to increase and impact global terrestrial and aquatic systems, even those far removed from agricultural production, to an ever growing extent, unless N resources are used more efficiently or food consumption trends change. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Mosier, AR (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 29 TC 66 Z9 76 U1 3 U2 36 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JAN PY 2001 VL 228 IS 1 BP 17 EP 27 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 391NV UT WOS:000166362800003 ER PT J AU Galvez, L Douds, DD Drinkwater, LE Wagoner, P AF Galvez, L Douds, DD Drinkwater, LE Wagoner, P TI Effect of tillage and farming system upon VAM fungus populations and mycorrhizas and nutrient uptake of maize SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE sustainable agriculture; tillage; VAM fungi; Zea mays ID SOIL DISTURBANCE; PHOSPHORUS ABSORPTION; REDUCED TILLAGE; COLONIZATION; FERTILIZATION; GROWTH; FIELD; AGRICULTURE; SYMBIOSIS; INFECTION AB Low-input agricultural systems that do not rely on fertilizers may be more dependent on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal [VAM] fungi than conventionally managed systems. We studied populations of spores of VAM fungi, mycorrhiza formation and nutrient utilization of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in moldboard plowed, chisel-disked or no-tilled soil under conventional and low-input agricultural systems. Maize shoots and roots were collected at four growth stages. Soils under low-input management had higher VAM fungus spore populations than soils under conventional management. Spore populations and colonization of maize roots by VAM fungi were higher in no-tilled than in moldboard plowed or chisel-disked soil. The inoculum potential of soil collected in the autumn was greater for no-till and chisel-disked soils than for moldboard plowed soils and greater for low-input than conventionally farmed soil. The effects of tillage and farming system on N uptake and utilization varied with growth stage of the maize plants. The effect of farming system on P use efficiency was significant at the vegetative stages only, with higher efficiencies in plants under low-input management. The effect of tillage was consistent through all growth stages, with higher P use efficiencies in plants under moldboard plow and chisel-disk than under no-till. Plants grown in no-tilled soils had the highest shoot P concentrations throughout the experiment. This benefit of enhanced VAM fungus colonization, particularly in the low-input system in the absence of effective weed control and with likely lower soil temperatures, did not translate into enhanced growth and yield. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Rodale Inst Expt Farm, Kutztown, PA 19530 USA. RP Douds, DD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 50 TC 86 Z9 98 U1 3 U2 40 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JAN PY 2001 VL 228 IS 2 BP 299 EP 308 DI 10.1023/A:1004810116854 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 398VG UT WOS:000166776700014 ER PT J AU Hubbard, RM Ryan, MG Stiller, V Sperry, JS AF Hubbard, RM Ryan, MG Stiller, V Sperry, JS TI Stomatal conductance and photosynthesis vary linearly with plant hydraulic conductance in ponderosa pine SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE hydraulic conductivity; leaf specific hydraulic conductance; leaf water potential; stomatal control; stomatal regulation ID XYLEM CAVITATION; BETULA-OCCIDENTALIS; ABSCISIC-ACID; WATER STATUS; DROUGHT TOLERANCE; GROWING SUGARCANE; DOUGLAS-FIR; TREES; SOIL; TRANSPIRATION AB Recent work has shown that stomatal conductance (g(s)) and assimilation (A) are responsive td changes in the hydraulic conductance of the soil to leaf pathway (K-L), but no study has quantitatively described this relationship under controlled conditions where steady-state flow is promoted. Under steady-state conditions, the relationship between g(s), water potential (Psi) and K-L can be assumed to follow the Ohm's law analogy for fluid flow. When boundary layer conductance is large relative to g(s), the Ohm's law analogy leads to g(s) = K-L (Psi (soil) - Psi (leaf))/D, where D is the vapour pressure deficit. Consequently, if stomata regulate Psi (leaf) and limit A, a reduction in K-L will cause g(s) and A to decline. We evaluated the regulation of Psi (leaf) and A in response to changes in K-L in well-watered ponderosa pine seedlings (Pinus ponderosa). To vary K-L, we systematically reduced stem hydraulic conductivity (k) using an air injection technique to induce cavitation while simultaneously measuring Psi (leaf) and canopy gas exchange in the laboratory under constant light and D. Short-statured seedlings (< 1 m tall) and hourlong equilibration times promoted steady-state flow conditions. We found that (leaf) remained constant near - 1.5 MPa except at the extreme 99% reduction of k when Psi (leaf) fell to - 2.1 MPa. Transpiration, g(s), A and K-L all declined with decreasing k (P < 0.001). As a result of the near homeostasis in bulk (leaf), g(s) and A were directly proportional to K-L (R-2 > 0.90), indicating that changes in K-L may affect plant carbon gain. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Hubbard, RM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Coweeta Lab Rd 3160, Otto, NC 28763 USA. RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008; Hubbard, Robert/J-6059-2012 OI Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738; NR 53 TC 335 Z9 359 U1 13 U2 87 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 24 IS 1 BP 113 EP 121 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2001.00660.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 399CU UT WOS:000166794200010 ER PT J AU Compton, ME Pierson, BL Staub, JE AF Compton, ME Pierson, BL Staub, JE TI Micropropagation for recovery of Cucumis hystrix SO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE LA English DT Article DE cucurbitaceae; germplasm conservation; tissue culture ID IN-VITRO RESEARCH; STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS; PROPAGATION; WATERMELON AB A micropropagation protocol that allows for the efficient cloning of C. hystrix was developed using 1 mm shoot-tip explants prepared from plants grown in the greenhouse. Establishment of Stage I cultures was greatest (83%) when shoot tips were cultured in modified MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) medium containing (per liter) 30 g sucrose, 0.1 g myo-inositol, and 5 g Agargel plus 1.7 muM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 0.5 muM kinetin and 0.3 muM gibberillic acid (GA(3)) (IKG). Benzyladenine (BA, 5 muM) proved best for Stage II shoot proliferation. Over 35 shoots were obtained per vessel (five shouts per vessel) when explants were cultured in medium containing BA. Less than 10 shoots were obtained per vessel when kinetin (0.5-5 muM) and IKG were used. Stage II cultures established from 1 cm shoot tips obtained from Stage I shoots produced more shoots (1.3-fold) than single node explants. Rooting and plantlet acclimatization were best when shoots greater than 1.5 cm were incubated in MS medium containing 0.5 muM naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Higher NAA concentrations stimulated rooting but inhibited shoot elongation and reduced the ability of plantlets to survive acclimatization to ambient conditions. Plantlet height influenced acclimatization. Over 72% of plantlets survived acclimatization if they were at least 4.6 cm when transferred to soilless growing medium. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Sch Agr, Platteville, WI 53818 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Compton, ME (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Sch Agr, 1 Univ Plaza, Platteville, WI 53818 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6857 J9 PLANT CELL TISS ORG JI Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. PY 2001 VL 64 IS 1 BP 63 EP 67 DI 10.1023/A:1010645206280 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 427WV UT WOS:000168429200010 ER PT J AU Jauhar, PP AF Jauhar, PP TI Genetic engineering and accelerated plant improvement: Opportunities and challenges SO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE LA English DT Editorial Material DE alien gene transfer; Bt crops; chromosome-mediated gene transfers; genetic engineering; genetic transformation; genetically modified foods; hybridization; in vitro regeneration; microprojectile bombardment; molecular markers; transgenic technology ID INCREASED NUTRITIVE-VALUE; SEED ALBUMIN GENE; RESISTANCE; WHEAT; MONARCH C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Jauhar, PP (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6857 J9 PLANT CELL TISS ORG JI Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. PY 2001 VL 64 IS 2-3 BP 87 EP 91 DI 10.1023/A:1010645813427 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 434NB UT WOS:000168821300002 ER PT J AU Repellin, A Baga, M Jauhar, PP Chibbar, RN AF Repellin, A Baga, M Jauhar, PP Chibbar, RN TI Genetic enrichment of cereal crops via alien gene transfer: New challenges SO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE LA English DT Review DE alien gene transfer; barley; fluorescent in situ hybridization; genetic engineering; homoeologous chromosome pairing; in vitro regeneration; maize; oat; pearl millet; sorghum; transformation; wheat; wide hybridization ID TRANSGENIC RICE PLANTS; YELLOW STEM BORER; ORYZA-SATIVA L; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; STILBENE SYNTHASE GENE; DISCHARGE PARTICLE-ACCELERATION; WHISKER-MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION; ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME LIBRARY; MATRIX ATTACHMENT REGIONS; SYNTHETIC CRYIA(B) GENE AB Genetic improvement of crops has traditionally been achieved through sexual hybridization between related species, which has resulted in numerous cultivars with high yields and superior agronomic performance. Conventional plant breeding, sometimes combined with classical cytogenetic techniques, continues to be the main method of cereal crop improvement. More recently, through the introduction of new tools of biotechnology, crossing barriers have been overcome, and genes from unrelated sources have become available to be introduced asexually into plants. Cereal crops were initially difficult to genetically engineer, mainly due to their recalcitrance to in vitro regeneration and their resistance to Agrobacterium infection. Systematic screening of cultivars and explant tissues for regeneration potential, development of various DNA delivery methods and optimization of gene expression cassettes have produced transformation protocols for the major cereals, although some elite cultivars still remain recalcitrant to transformation. Most of the transgenic cereals developed for commercial purpose exhibit herbicide and/or insect resistance; traits that are often controlled by a single gene. In recent years, more complex traits, such as dough functionality in wheat and nutritional quality of rice have been improved by the use of biotechnology. The current challenges for genetic engineering of plants will be to understand and control factors causing transgene silencing, instability and rearrangement, which are often seen in transgenic plants and highly undesirable in lines to be used for crop development. Further improvement of current cereal cultivars is expected to benefit greatly from information emerging from the areas of genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics. C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Plant Biotechnol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Chibbar, RN (reprint author), Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Plant Biotechnol, 110 Gymnasium Pl, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9, Canada. EM ravi.chibbar@nrc.ca RI Chibbar, Ravindra/A-4787-2008 OI Chibbar, Ravindra/0000-0002-2282-5236 NR 243 TC 51 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6857 EI 1573-5044 J9 PLANT CELL TISS ORG JI Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. PY 2001 VL 64 IS 2-3 BP 159 EP 183 DI 10.1023/A:1010633510352 PG 25 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 434NB UT WOS:000168821300007 ER PT J AU Krupa, S McGrath, MT Andersen, CP Booker, FL Burkey, KO Chappelka, AH Chevone, BI Pell, EJ Zilinskas, BA AF Krupa, S McGrath, MT Andersen, CP Booker, FL Burkey, KO Chappelka, AH Chevone, BI Pell, EJ Zilinskas, BA TI Ambient ozone and plant health SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE; CARBON-DIOXIDE CO2; UV-B RADIATION; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE; BEAN CULTIVARS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; AIR-POLLUTION; UNITED-STATES; STRESS C1 Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Cornell Univ, Riverhead, NY USA. US EPA, Corvallis, OR USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Air Qual Res Unit, Raleigh, NC USA. Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Krupa, S (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM mtm3@cornell.edu NR 47 TC 98 Z9 120 U1 4 U2 33 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 85 IS 1 BP 4 EP 12 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.1.4 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 385AU UT WOS:000165980100002 ER PT J AU Stretch, AW Ehlenfeldt, MK Brewster, V Vorsa, N Polashock, J AF Stretch, AW Ehlenfeldt, MK Brewster, V Vorsa, N Polashock, J TI Resistance of diploid Vaccinium spp. to the fruit rot stage of mummy berry disease SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE screening ID HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY CULTIVARS; BLIGHT RESISTANCE; CORYMBOSI AB Mummy berry disease caused by Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi is the most widespread economically important problem of cultivated blueberry in North America. In an attempt to identify new sources of resistance to the fruit rot (mummification) phase of mummy berry, 140 accessions from a total of 21 populations from seven wild diploid species of blueberry were evaluated for resistance under greenhouse conditions. Six isolates of M. vaccinii-corymbosi from three states were used as inoculum. A highly resistant response to mummy berry fruit rot was exhibited by all accessions of Vaccinium boreale, V. myrtilloides, V. pallidum, and V. tenellum, and by most accessions of V. darrowi. Most of the V. corymbosum and V. elliottii accessions were moderately to highly susceptible. Introgression of the resistance found in the wild diploid species into horticulturally desirable cultivars could significantly improve available resistance. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Philip E Marucci Ctr Blueberry & Cranberry Res &, USDA ARS, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Philip E Marucci Ctr Blueberry & Cranberry Res &, Dept Hort, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. RP Ehlenfeldt, MK (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Philip E Marucci Ctr Blueberry & Cranberry Res &, USDA ARS, Chatsworth, NJ 08019 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 85 IS 1 BP 27 EP 30 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.1.27 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 385AU UT WOS:000165980100006 ER PT J AU Biernacki, M Bruton, BD AF Biernacki, M Bruton, BD TI Quantitative response of Cucumis melo inoculated with root rot pathogens SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE cantaloupe; Cucurbitaceae; vine decline ID CAUSAL AGENT; MUSKMELON; COLLAPSE; DISEASE; FUNGI AB This experiment quantified the effects of three root rot pathogens on muskmelon (Cucumis melo L., var. cantalupensis) growth traits using computerized image analysis. Plants were grown from seed in sand infested with the soilborne pathogen Monosporascus cannonballus, Acremonium cucurbitacearum, or Rhizopycnis vagum. After 28 days in the growth chamber, images of plants were analyzed to quantify their response. Compared to noninoculated muskmelons, inoculated plants had significantly increased mean root diameter (45%), decreased root length (26%, primarily in roots of <0.5 mm diameter), decreased number of root tips (27%), decreased rhizosphere volume (40%), and decreased cumulative and mean surface area of leaves (24%). Effects of M. cannonballus on muskmelon growth were significantly different compared to A. cucurbitacearum and R. vagum. Isolate effects manifested a greater magnitude of difference on muskmelon traits than those observed at the species level. Multivariate analyses of plant responses were more powerful than univariate analyses to differentiate among effects of pathogen species and pathogen isolates. Discriminant analysis were useful to identify groups of plant traits modified by each fungal species or isolate at low disease levels. Digital image analyses proved to be a useful technique in quantitative assessment of plant damage caused by soilborne root rot pathogens. C1 USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Lane, OK 74555 USA. RP Bruton, BD (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 85 IS 1 BP 65 EP 70 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2001.85.1.65 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 385AU UT WOS:000165980100012 ER PT J AU Srivastava, V Ow, DW AF Srivastava, V Ow, DW TI Single-copy primary transformants of maize obtained through the co-introduction of a recombinase-expressing construct SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cre-lox; site-specific recombination; transgenic corn ID CRE-LOX; INTEGRATION; PLANTS; TRANSGENE; WHEAT; DNA; BOMBARDMENT; SYSTEM; GENE; DS AB We describe a variation of the method to generate single-copy transgenic plants by recombinase-mediated resolution of multiple insertions. In this study, a transgene construct flanked by oppositely oriented lox sites was co-bombarded into maize cells along with a cre-expressing construct. From analysis of the regenerated plants, a high percentage of the primary transformants harbored a single copy of the introduced transgene, and among these, a majority also lacked the cre construct. We deduce that the expression of cre must have contributed to resolving concatemeric molecules either prior to or after DNA integration into the maize genome. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ow, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 19 TC 50 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PY 2001 VL 46 IS 5 BP 561 EP 566 DI 10.1023/A:1010646100261 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 452PC UT WOS:000169865900007 PM 11516149 ER PT B AU Loper, JE Whistler, CA Henkels, MD Stockwell, VO Brodhagen, M Chaney, N AF Loper, JE Whistler, CA Henkels, MD Stockwell, VO Brodhagen, M Chaney, N BE DeBoer, SH TI Molecular approaches for elucidating the in situ activities of bacterial biological control agents SO PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria CY JUL 23-27, 2000 CL CHARLOTTETOWN, CANADA ID PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS PF-5; SIGMA-FACTOR SIGMA(S); ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION; IRON; GENE; RHIZOSPHERE C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Loper, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 3420 NW Orchard Ave, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-7110-0 PY 2001 BP 56 EP 59 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BT94T UT WOS:000174534000010 ER PT B AU Cintas, NA Koike, ST Bull, CT AF Cintas, NA Koike, ST Bull, CT BE DeBoer, SH TI Emerging bacterial pathogens of crucifers in the Salinas Valley of California. SO PLANT PATHOGENIC BACTERIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria CY JUL 23-27, 2000 CL CHARLOTTETOWN, CANADA ID PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE C1 USDA ARS, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Cintas, NA (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-7110-0 PY 2001 BP 272 EP 274 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BT94T UT WOS:000174534000063 ER PT J AU Ort, DR AF Ort, DR TI When there is too much light SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; ZEAXANTHIN FORMATION; GREEN PLANTS; CHLOROPLASTS; LEAVES; ENERGY; PHOTOPROTECTION; PHOTOINHIBITION; VIOLAXANTHIN; DISSIPATION C1 USDA ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Ort, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 22 TC 162 Z9 181 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 125 IS 1 BP 29 EP 32 DI 10.1104/pp.125.1.29 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 412FP UT WOS:000167544600007 PM 11154289 ER PT J AU Coruzzi, G Bush, DR AF Coruzzi, G Bush, DR TI Nitrogen and carbon nutrient and metabolite signaling in plants SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID NITRATE ASSIMILATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; ARABIDOPSIS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TRANSCRIPTION; TRANSDUCTION; SUCROSE C1 NYU, Dept Biol, New York, NY 10003 USA. USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Coruzzi, G (reprint author), NYU, Dept Biol, 100 Washington Sq E, New York, NY 10003 USA. NR 26 TC 164 Z9 181 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 125 IS 1 BP 61 EP 64 DI 10.1104/pp.125.1.61 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 412FP UT WOS:000167544600015 PM 11154297 ER PT J AU Pineros, MA Kochian, LV AF Pineros, MA Kochian, LV TI A patch-clamp study on the physiology of aluminum toxicity and aluminum tolerance in maize. Identification and characterization of Al3+-induced anion channels SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; GUARD-CELLS; WHEAT ROOTS; XYLEM PARENCHYMA; ION CHANNELS; VICIA-FABA; ARABIDOPSIS HYPOCOTYLS; DEPENDENT REGULATION; VOLTAGE REGULATION AB The presence of Al3+ in the rhizosphere induces citrate efflux from the root apex of the Al-tolerant maize (Zea mays) hybrid South American 3, consequently chelating and reducing the activity of toxic Al3+ at the root surface. Because citrate is released from root epical cells as the deprotonated anion, we used the patch-clamp technique in protoplasts isolated from the terminal 5 mm of the root to study the plasma membrane ion transporters that could be involved in Al-tolerance and Al-toxicity responses. Acidification of the extracellular environment stimulated inward K+ currents while inhibiting outward K+ currents. Addition of extracellular Al3+ inhibited the remaining KC outward currents, blocked the Ki inward current, and caused the activation of an inward Cl- current (anion efflux). Studies with excised membrane patches revealed the existence of Al-dependent anion channels, which were highly selective for anions over cations. Our success in activating this channel with extracellular Al3+ in membrane patches excised prior to any Al3+ exposure indicates that the machinery required for Al3+ activation of this channel, and consequently the whole root Al3+ response, is localized to the root-cell plasma membrane. This Al3+-activated anion channel may also be permeable to organic acids, thus mediating the Al-tolerance response (i.e. Al-induced organic acid exudation) observed in intact maize root apices. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Kochian, LV (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X; Pineros, Miguel/0000-0002-7166-1848 NR 50 TC 103 Z9 118 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 125 IS 1 BP 292 EP 305 DI 10.1104/pp.125.1.292 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 412FP UT WOS:000167544600059 PM 11154337 ER PT J AU Hacisalihoglu, G Hart, JJ Kochian, LV AF Hacisalihoglu, G Hart, JJ Kochian, LV TI High- and low-affinity zinc transport systems and their possible role in zinc efficiency in bread wheat SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEAVY-METAL TRANSPORT; DEFICIENCY; SEEDLINGS; CULTIVARS; PLANTS; HYPERACCUMULATOR; CHLORSULFURON; TRANSLOCATION; NUTRITION; THLASPI AB There is considerable variability among wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in their ability to grow and yield well in soils that contain very low levels of available Zn. The physiological basis for this tolerance, termed Zn efficiency, is unknown We investigated the possible role of Zn(2+) influx across the root cell plasma membrane in conferring Zn efficiency by measuring short-term (65)Zn(2+) uptake in two contrasting wheat cultivars, Zn-efficient cv Dagdas and Zn-inefficient cv BDME-10. Plants were grown hydroponically under sufficient and deficient Zn levels, and uptake of (65)Zn(2+) was measured over a wide range of Zn activities (0.1nM-80 muM). Under low-Zn conditions, cv BDME-10 displayed more severe Zn deficiency symptoms than ev Dagdas. Uptake experiments revealed the presence of two separate Zn transport systems mediating high- and low-affinity Zn influx. The low-affinity system showed apparent K(m) values similar to those previously reported for wheat (2-5 muM). Using chelate buffered solutions to quantify Zn(2+) influx in the nanomolar activity range, we uncovered the existence of a second, high-affinity Zn transport system with apparent K(m) values in the range of 0.6 to 2 nM. Because it functions in the range of the low available Zn levels found in most soils, this novel high-affinity uptake system is likely to be the predominant Zn2+ uptake system. Zn(2+) uptake was similar for cv Dagdas and cv BDME-10 over both the high- and low-affinity Zn(2+) activity ranges, indicating that root Zn(2+) influx does not play a significant role in Zn efficiency. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Hart, JJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM jjh16@cornell.edu RI Hacisalihoglu, Gokhan/M-3760-2013; OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 27 TC 63 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 23 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 125 IS 1 BP 456 EP 463 DI 10.1104/pp.125.1.456 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 412FP UT WOS:000167544600075 PM 11154353 ER PT J AU O'Mahony, PJ Oliver, MJ AF O'Mahony, PJ Oliver, MJ TI The effect of desiccation and rehydration on the integrity of small subunit ribosomal RNAs in desiccation tolerant and intolerant plants SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE desiccation; grass; moss; rehydration; ribosomal RNA; Sporobolus stapfianus; Tortula ruralis ID MOSS TORTULA-RURALIS; VEGETATIVE DESICCATION; SPOROBOLUS-STAPFIANUS; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; DEHYDRATION; EXPRESSION; GRASS AB The integrity of small subunit rRNAs during a desiccation/rehydration event in desiccation tolerant and intolerant plants was determined. Ribosomal RNAs were stable in the fully tolerant Tortula ruralis, underwent ordered breakdown in the modified desiccation tolerant Sporobolus stapfianus, and were completely degraded in the desiccation sensitive S. pyramidalis. USDA-ARS (C) 2001 Published by Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. C1 ARS, Plant Stress & Germplasm Unit, USDA, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. RP Oliver, MJ (reprint author), ARS, Plant Stress & Germplasm Unit, USDA, 3801 4th, Lubbock, TX 79415 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU GAUTHIER-VILLARS/EDITIONS ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75015 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0981-9428 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL BIOCH JI Plant Physiol. Biochem. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 39 IS 1 BP 67 EP 71 DI 10.1016/S0981-9428(00)01214-6 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 403WR UT WOS:000167066100009 ER PT J AU Imam, SH Gordon, SH Mao, LJ Chen, L AF Imam, SH Gordon, SH Mao, LJ Chen, L TI Environmentally friendly wood adhesive from a renewable plant polymer: characteristics and optimization SO POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Polymer Modification, Degradation and Stabilisation CY SEP 03-07, 2000 CL PALERMO, ITALY DE plant polymer; starch; wood; adhesive; glue; renewables ID EXTENDER; PLYWOOD AB A wood adhesive was prepared from a natural renewable resource. The characteristics and optimization of starch and polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH)-based crosslinked adhesive suitable for wood-to-wood bonding in interior applications are described. The crosslinker, hexamethoxymethylmelamine (Cymel 323) produced effective crosslinking through a transetherification reaction between methoxy groups in Cymel 323 and hydroxyl groups in starch, PVOH and wood, where hydroxyl groups replaced methoxy groups forming ether bonds with the crosslinker. Optimal viscosity of the adhesive was obtained at 27% solid content. Addition of latex in the formulation increased moisture resistance. The optimum cure temperature and cure time were 175 degreesC and 15 min. Wood samples conditioned at 93 % RH for two months exhibited > 95% failure in wood but little in adhesive joints. Scanning electron microscopy revealed no visible growth of fungi or other microorganisms on the adhesive after two months exposure of samples at 97% RH followed by 1 year at 50% RH. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Imam, SH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 18 TC 56 Z9 71 U1 6 U2 35 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-3910 J9 POLYM DEGRAD STABIL JI Polym. Degrad. Stabil. PY 2001 VL 73 IS 3 SI SI BP 529 EP 533 DI 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00114-8 PG 5 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 469QB UT WOS:000170825400026 ER PT J AU Smilanick, JL Sorenson, D AF Smilanick, JL Sorenson, D TI Control of postharvest decay of citrus fruit with calcium polysulfide SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Penicillium digitatum; green mold; Geotrichum citri-auranti; Geotrichum candidum; sour rot; liquid lime sulfur ID GREEN MOLD; REDUCTION; SULFUR AB Incidence of green mold of citrus, caused by Penicillium digitatum, was reduced by 80% or more by the immersion of lemons or oranges for 1-4 min in warm (40.6-43.3 degreesC) 'liquid lime-sulfur' (LLS) solution that contained 0.75% (wt vol(-1)) calcium polysulfide. The incidence of sour rot, caused by Geotrichum cirri-aurantii, was reduced 35-70% by this treatment. LLS was similar in effectiveness to other treatments employed to control postharvest decay. Effectiveness was higher on lemons than oranges, and on green compared to yellow lemons. LLS did not stop sporulation, a benefit now obtained with some fungicides. The sulfide content of oranges, lemons, and grapefruit after LLS treatment was 31.9, 33.1, and 36.3 mug g(-1), respectively. Rigorous cleaning of fruit with water applied at high pressure after LLS treatment slightly improved LLS efficacy; conversely, similar cleaning reduces the efficacy of sodium carbonate or borax-boric acid solutions now in use. The risk of injury to fruit by LLS was low. Fruit of one lemon and five navel orange cultivars were not visibly injured after LLS treatment for 3 min at 40.6 degreesC followed by storage for 7 weeks at 10 degreesC. After LLS treatment at 48.9 degreesC, 5 degreesC higher than needed for effective LLS use, only Lisbon lemons and Bonanza navel oranges were slightly injured. Sulfide concentration in LLS solution declined at a rate of about 7% every 24 h, this rate was similar between 25 and 65 degreesC, and it was accompanied by the appearance of resistant deposits on the equipment. Additional losses would occur when some LLS solution is carried on fruit out of the tank. Although H2S in the air above LLS solution in pilot tests was less than 1 mu1 l(-1) and below the worker safety threshold of 10 mu1 l(-1), LLS solution has an odor of H2S that can be a nuisance to workers. The disposal of used LLS solutions is more readily accomplished than other tank treatments whose disposal can be difficult because they contain synthetic fungicides, are caustic, or have a high salt concentration. Because LLS improves water penetration in soils and is commonly used for this purpose, in many locations it can be disposed of by application to agricultural soils. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Sunkist Growers, Tech Serv, Lindsay, CA 93247 USA. RP Smilanick, JL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 20 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 21 IS 2 BP 157 EP 168 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00142-3 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 389WX UT WOS:000166262600002 ER PT J AU Zhu, JJ Lillehoj, HS Cheng, HH Pollock, D Sadjadi, M Emara, MG AF Zhu, JJ Lillehoj, HS Cheng, HH Pollock, D Sadjadi, M Emara, MG TI Screening for highly heterozygous chickens in outbred commercial broiler lines to increase detection power for mapping quantitative trait loci SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE DNA marker; heterozygosity; polymorphism information content; broiler chicken; quantitative trait loci mapping ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; WHOLE GENOME SCAN; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; MAREKS-DISEASE; AFFECTING SUSCEPTIBILITY; IDENTIFICATION; POLYMORPHISM AB Two commercial broiler lines were used in an experiment to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting disease resistance. Chickens from these lines were genotyped with 27 microsatellite markers to estimate heterozygosity and polymorphism information content (PIC), the probability that one parent is heterozygous at a marker locus and the other has a different genotype. Heterozygosity estimated from allelic frequencies was 0.52 for the two lines; however, heterozygosity calculated from actual counts of heterozygous loci was much lower (0.36) than the estimated heterozygosity. The PIC was 0.45 in these lines, and average allele number per marker locus was about 3.5. Twenty-five males produced from a cross between these two lines were screened with the DNA markers to select birds with high heterozygosity at marker loci. Mating simulation showed that uninformative matings could be reduced by about 5% if 12 pairs of males and females with the highest heterozygosity at marker loci were selected, which was about a 25% reduction in total uninformative matings. This experiment demonstrated that the heterozygosity and PIC in commercial broiler lines were low and selection for the birds with high heterozygosity at marker loci could increase informative content in chickens used in the experiments of QTL mapping, thus increasing detection power for QTL mapping. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Anim & Food Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. Perdue Farms Inc, Salisbury, MD 21802 USA. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 80 IS 1 BP 6 EP 12 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 395LE UT WOS:000166581200002 PM 11214337 ER PT J AU Yonash, N Cheng, HH Hillel, J Heller, DE Cahaner, A AF Yonash, N Cheng, HH Hillel, J Heller, DE Cahaner, A TI DNA microsatellites linked to quantitative trait loci affecting antibody response and survival rate in meat-type chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE disease; microsatellite marker; quantitative trait loci; immune response; genetic map ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI VACCINATION; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; WHOLE GENOME SCAN; MAREKS-DISEASE; SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES; DIVERGENT SELECTION; RESISTANCE; LINKAGE; GROWTH; MAP AB Selection for immune response parameters may lead to improved general disease resistance. Because disease resistance and immune response are hard-to-measure quantitative traits with low to moderate heritability, they may respond more efficiently to marker-assisted selection (MAS) than to phenotypic selection. To detect DNA markers linked to quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with immune response, a resource half-sib family of 160 backcross (BC1) and intercross (F-2) birds was derived from a cross between two meat-type lines divergently selected for high or low antibody (Ab) response to Escherichia coli. By using 25 microsatellite DNA markers covering similar to 25% of the chicken genome, initial genotyping of 40% of the resource family was followed by complete genotyping of the entire family with four suggestive markers. Three of these markers exhibited significant association with immune response: (1) ADL0146 on Chromosome 2 associated with Ab to SRBC and Newcastle disease virus (NDV), (2) ADL0290 on linkage group 31 affecting Ab to NDV, and (3) ADL0298 on linkage group 34 associated with Ab to E. coli and survival. The family was also genotyped with five linked markers from two of the suggested regions, and interval mapping was applied. The results confirmed the significant effects, suggested the location of the QTL, and confirmed the genetic association between immune responses and disease resistance. These findings support the idea of improving poultry immunocompetence by MAS. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fac Agr Food & Environm Qual Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. ARS, USDA, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Yonash, N (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Anim Sci, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. NR 37 TC 43 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 4 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 80 IS 1 BP 22 EP 28 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 395LE UT WOS:000166581200004 PM 11214332 ER PT J AU Savary, BJ AF Savary, BJ TI Perfusion chromatography separation of the tomato fruit-specific pectin methylesterase from a semipurified commercial enzyme preparation SO PREPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-WALLS; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; METHYL ESTERASE; ACTION PATTERNS; PECTINESTERASE; EXPRESSION; POLYGALACTURONASES; PURIFICATION; GENE AB A rapid and simple method was developed, using perfusion chromatography media, to separate the fruit-specific pectin methylesterase (PME) isoform from the depolymerizing enzyme polygalacturonase (PG) and other contaminating pectinases present in a commercial tomato enzyme, preparation. Pectinase activities were adsorbed onto a Poros HS (a strong cation exchanger) column in 20 M HEPES buffer at pH 7.5. The fruit-specific PME was eluted from the column with 80 mM NaCl, followed by a step to 300 mM NaCl to elute PG activity. Rechromatography of the PME activity peak with a linear gradient further resolved two PME isoenzymes and removed residual traces of PG activity. The PG activity peak was further treated with lectin affinity chromatography to provide purified PG enzyme, which was separated from a salt-dependent PME (tentatively identified as a "ubiquitous-type" isoform), and a pectin acetylesterase. The later enzyme has not been reported previously in tomato. This method provides monocomponent enzymes that will be useful for studying enzyme mechanisms and for modifying pectin structure and functional properties. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Savary, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 40 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1082-6068 J9 PREP BIOCHEM BIOTECH JI Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol. PY 2001 VL 31 IS 3 BP 241 EP 258 DI 10.1081/PB-100104907 PG 18 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 469LB UT WOS:000170815900004 PM 11513090 ER PT B AU Graham, RT Bollenbacher, B AF Graham, RT Bollenbacher, B GP USDA USDA TI The role of the silviculturist at multiple scales SO PROCEEDINGS: NATIONAL SILVICULTURAL WORKSHOP SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Silvicultural Workshop CY OCT 05-07, 1999 CL KALISPELL, MT AB Traditionally, silviculturists have been involved with fine resolution landscape assessments. Today, silviculturists are asked to go beyond that scale to look at a wide range of objectives (including wildlife, commodities, sustainability, diversity, and ecosystem resilience) on scales ranging from landscape to adjacent stands, watershed, regions, and sub-regions. As the issues facing natural resource management become more complex, more contentious, and more political, assessments will become an integral part of management, putting the silviculturist in a vital role of looking over a broad range of temporal and spatial scales. C1 Rocky Mt Res Stn, US Forest Serv, Moscow, ID USA. RP Graham, RT (reprint author), Rocky Mt Res Stn, US Forest Serv, 1221 South Main, Moscow, ID USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2001 IS 19 BP 3 EP 7 PG 5 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BT73U UT WOS:000173906500001 ER PT B AU Harvey, A Morgan, P AF Harvey, A Morgan, P GP USDA USDA TI Disturbance ecology in the Northern Rockies: One perspective SO PROCEEDINGS: NATIONAL SILVICULTURAL WORKSHOP SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Silvicultural Workshop CY OCT 05-07, 1999 CL KALISPELL, MT ID HISTORY; FORESTS AB Since early 1900s forestry, ecology and related professions have been aware that external disturbances had important effects on the development of vegetation. However, the integral part they play in ecosystem development and sustainability across time and space was largely underappreciated. Failure to provide appropriate disturbances can place stable and productive species and ecosystems at great risk. Seral western white pine and ponderosa pine are prime examples. Solutions to several critical problems are available and must be more widely implemented, with the support ;of all parties...soon. It is already too late to prevent significant losses. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Moscow, ID USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P JI USDA For. Ser. Rocky Mt. Res. Stat. Proc. PY 2001 IS 19 BP 8 EP 10 PG 3 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BT73U UT WOS:000173906500002 ER PT B AU McDonald, PM Fiddler, GO AF McDonald, PM Fiddler, GO GP USDA USDA TI Changes in plant communities after planting and release of conifer seedlings: Early findings SO PROCEEDINGS: NATIONAL SILVICULTURAL WORKSHOP SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Silvicultural Workshop CY OCT 05-07, 1999 CL KALISPELL, MT ID DISTURBANCE; VEGETATION; FORESTS; OREGON AB Plant diversity, density, and development data from an extensive research program in conifer plantations in northern California suggest changes in plant community composition after site preparation and many kinds of release. Based on 17 studies, the average number of species per study area after 10 years was 25 with composition of 1 conifer, 1 hardwood, 8 shrubs, 12 forbs, and 3 graminoids. Species ranged from 13 to 46. Density, foliar cover, and height varied by treatment and type of vegetation present. Density in a mixed shrub community, for example, ranged from 902 to 18,168 plants/acre after 10 years and in a mixed shrub-grass community from 147,400 to 254,900 plants/acre. Additional data are presented on the fate of a serious invader, side-by-side development comparison of two vigorous shrubs, and changes in species composition in several vegetation density classes in a plantation after 27 years. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redding, CA 96001 USA. RP McDonald, PM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, 2400 Washington Ave, Redding, CA 96001 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2001 IS 19 BP 26 EP 31 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BT73U UT WOS:000173906500005 ER PT B AU McNab, WH Lloyd, FT AF McNab, WH Lloyd, FT GP USDA USDA TI Preliminary evaluation of environmental variables affecting diameter growth of individual hardwoods in the Southern Appalachian Mountains SO PROCEEDINGS: NATIONAL SILVICULTURAL WORKSHOP SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Silvicultural Workshop CY OCT 05-07, 1999 CL KALISPELL, MT ID MODEL AB The value of environmental variables as measures of site quality for individual tree growth models was determined for 12 common species of eastern hardwoods in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. Periodic diameter increment was modeled as a function of size, competition and environmental variables for 1,381 trees in even-aged stands of mixed-species. Resulting species models explained from 46 to 78 percent of total variation in diameter increment, of which environment accounted for 3 to 17 percent of the total explained. In similar model formulations where site index replaced environmental variables, it accounted for only 0.01 to 3.6 percent of variation. An important finding was the significant relationship of growing season length and precipitation with diameter increment. Results of testing a selected model with an independent data set indicate that environmental variables are useful as measures of site quality. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. RP McNab, WH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 1577 Brevard Rd, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P JI USDA For. Ser. Rocky Mt. Res. Stat. Proc. PY 2001 IS 19 BP 71 EP 77 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BT73U UT WOS:000173906500010 ER PT B AU Lightner, G Schreuder, HT Bollenbacher, B McMenus, K AF Lightner, G Schreuder, HT Bollenbacher, B McMenus, K GP USDA USDA TI Integrated inventory and monitoring SO PROCEEDINGS: NATIONAL SILVICULTURAL WORKSHOP SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Silvicultural Workshop CY OCT 05-07, 1999 CL KALISPELL, MT ID SATELLITE AB Understanding and inventorying our ecological systems is key to addressing how issues, questions, and management actions will affect the composition, structure, and function of these systems. Taking an ecological systems approach to the inventory and monitoring framework, is one which we feel will allow answers to currently identified management questions and new ones as they develop. More efficient ways to delineate polygons and a more credible method to attribute the polygons from a sample design are needed. Small area estimation such as the k-nearest neighbor or most similar neighbor, currently being evaluated, could be useful in mapping structural characteristic statistical data in a more defensible manner than methods used in the past. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Lightner, G (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, No Reg, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2001 IS 19 BP 78 EP 83 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BT73U UT WOS:000173906500011 ER PT B AU DeMarco, L Stout, SL AF DeMarco, L Stout, SL GP USDA USDA TI Use of monitoring and adaptive management to promote regeneration on the Allegheny National Forest SO PROCEEDINGS: NATIONAL SILVICULTURAL WORKSHOP SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT National Silvicultural Workshop CY OCT 05-07, 1999 CL KALISPELL, MT AB Forest regeneration in the Allegheny Plateau Region of Pennsylvania is a continual challenge due to an overabundance of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman) and the resulting density of interfering plants on the forest floor. Guidelines developed to establish regeneration on the Allegheny National Forest rely on the silvical characteristics of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.). Following these guidelines increased the regeneration success at the stand level, but led to less desirable outcomes at the Forest-level scale. Allegheny National Forest managers undertook a special inventory to verify this observation, based on early monitoring results, and then adopted an adaptive management strategy for each of the main forest types to change regeneration outcomes. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Alegheny Natl Forest, Warren, PA 16365 USA. RP DeMarco, L (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Alegheny Natl Forest, POB 847, Warren, PA 16365 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 2001 IS 19 BP 84 EP 88 PG 5 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BT73U UT WOS:000173906500012 ER PT S AU Damsteegt, VD Stone, AL Luster, DG Levy, L Gildow, FE Welliver, R AF Damsteegt, VD Stone, AL Luster, DG Levy, L Gildow, FE Welliver, R BE Clark, MF TI Preliminary characterization of a North American isolate of Plum pox virus from naturally infected peach and plum orchards in Pennsylvania, USA SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 18TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS & VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS - TOP FRUIT DISEASES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops CY JUL 09-15, 2000 CL CANTERBURY, ENGLAND SP Hort Res Int, Int Soc Hort Sci, HortiTech AB A Plum pox virus isolate (PPV) was identified infecting peach (Prunus persica) and plum (P. domestica) orchards in Adams Co., Pennsylvania (USA), in 1999. To verify PPV infection in overwintering trees and to characterize the virus isolates involved in the outbreak, samples were analyzed by combinations of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, and budwood from field-infected P. persica cv Encore and P. domestica was grafted onto the woody indicator species P. tomentosa and P. persica ev GF305. Diagnostic symptoms of PPV infection in grafted tissues were evident on both species in six weeks and ELISA results were positive for PPV, confirming early survey results from the previous season. Twenty-one young peach trees from infected orchards were transplanted into a pathogen containment facility for indepth study of virus epidemiology. Immunotrapping and antibody decoration with PPV polyclonal antiserum revealed flexuous rods (730 X 13 nm) in leaf extracts from infected plum leaves growing on the indicator plants. Attempts to transmit PPV from tissues from field infected stone fruit trees or from infected woody indicator tissues by mechanical inoculations and aphid vectors were successful only from one field-infected source. C1 USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP Damsteegt, VD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, 1301 Ditto Ave, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-814-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 550 BP 145 EP 152 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Plant Sciences; Agriculture GA BS65W UT WOS:000170707200021 ER PT S AU Scorza, R Callahan, AM Levy, L Damsteegt, V Ravelonandro, M AF Scorza, R Callahan, AM Levy, L Damsteegt, V Ravelonandro, M BE Clark, MF TI Resistance to plum pox potyvirus in a transgenic woody perennial fruit tree, European plum (Prunus domestica L.) results from post-transcriptional gene silencing SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 18TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS & VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS - TOP FRUIT DISEASES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops CY JUL 09-15, 2000 CL CANTERBURY, ENGLAND SP Hort Res Int, Int Soc Hort Sci, HortiTech DE RNA-mediated resistance; transgene silencing; post-transcriptional gene silencing ID MEDIATED VIRUS-RESISTANCE; EXPRESSION; INFECTION; PLANTS AB Transgenic plums containing the plum pox potyvirus coat protein (PPV-CP) gene were inoculated with PPV. Infection was monitored by evaluating symptoms, ELISA, and IC-RT-PCR. Transgenic clone C5 was highly resistant to PPV and displayed characteristics typical of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) as described in herbaceous species, including a high level of transgene transcription in the nucleus, low levels of transgene mRNA in the cytoplasm, and a complex multicopy transgene insertion. C1 USDA ARS, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Scorza, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-814-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 550 BP 425 EP 430 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Plant Sciences; Agriculture GA BS65W UT WOS:000170707200063 ER PT S AU Kinard, GR Waterworth, HE Mock, RG AF Kinard, GR Waterworth, HE Mock, RG BE Clark, MF TI Advances in quarantine testing of temperate fruit tree germplasm at USDA SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 18TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON VIRUS & VIRUS-LIKE DISEASES OF TEMPERATE FRUIT CROPS - TOP FRUIT DISEASES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Symposium on Virus and Virus-like Diseases of Temperate Fruit Crops CY JUL 09-15, 2000 CL CANTERBURY, ENGLAND SP Hort Res Int, Int Soc Hort Sci, HortiTech DE bioassay; hybridisation; plum pox; PCR ID RAPID DETECTION; APPLE; HOMOLOGY; VIROIDS; PEAR AB Approximately 150 accessions of temperate fruit tree germplasm are imported annually into the USA through the US Department of Agriculture's National Plant Germplasm Quarantine Center in Beltsville, MD. These accessions are destined for USDA and university researchers, commercial interests, national repositories, and private citizens. A wide range of tests is conducted for viral and sub-viral pathogens. A recent advance is the incorporation of PCR techniques with nested, broad-spectrum primers to test for phytoplasmas such as apple proliferation, pear decline, and peach X diseases. The procedure is applied to extracts from both dormant budwood and leaf midribs. Use of the former allows for rapid testing before the germplasm is established and, in the case of ponies, before it is grown in the field. Tissue or dot blot hybridisations with cRNA probes are used to test for several viroids, including peach latent mosaic, apple scar skin, and pear blister canker viroids. The incorporation of molecular procedures has resulted in changes in USDA regulations, so that accessions received as dormant budwood may be eligible for provisional release after about one year in quarantine. During this period, the accessions are tested for all described quarantine pathogens at least once, and twice for some, such as plum pox virus and phytoplasmas. Efforts continue to incorporate procedures that improve the reliability of quarantine testing and reduce the time accessions are held in quarantine. Notably, experiments are in progress to introduce PCR testing for cherry green ring mottle virus and the apple latent viruses. Infected accessions are usually subjected to therapeutic procedures. Electronic records are maintained on all accessions, which are publicly available on the world wide web in the germplasm resources information network (GRIN). Germplasm released from USDA quarantine is generally available upon request, free of charge, to scientists in the USA and throughout the world. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Plant Germplasm Quarantine Off, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kinard, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Plant Germplasm Quarantine Off, Bldg 580,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-814-5 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 550 BP 441 EP 445 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Plant Sciences; Agriculture GA BS65W UT WOS:000170707200066 ER PT B AU Carll, C AF Carll, C GP FPS FPS TI Rainwater intrusion in light-frame building walls SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON DURABILITY AND DISASTER MITIGATION IN WOOD-FRAME HOUSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Conference on Durability and Disaster Mitigation in Wood-Frame Housing CY NOV 06-08, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP PATH Consortium Wood-Frame Housing, Forest Prod Soc AB The design of light-frame buildings to resist damage from rainwater intrusion is an art guided by the knowledge, experience, and opinions of practitioners. Confusion encountered by designers could be reduced by developing a consensus on the terms relating to rainwater management in building walls and by developing an engineering approach to the design of light-frame buildings with respect to preventing leakage-induced damage. Development of an engineering approach will require consensus on 1) means to characterize rain/wind exposure for design purposes, 2) means to evaluate the leak resistance, moisture tolerance, and moisture dissipation potential of constructions, 3) ways to determine or estimate reasonable limit states, and 4) identification of a desirable level of "robustriess" for light-frame buildings with regard to their ability to resist water-induced damage. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Carll, C (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA BN 1-892529-16-5 PY 2001 BP 33 EP 40 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BW03H UT WOS:000180674500006 ER PT B AU TenWolde, A AF TenWolde, A GP FPS FPS TI Mold and decayin TriState homes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON DURABILITY AND DISASTER MITIGATION IN WOOD-FRAME HOUSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Conference on Durability and Disaster Mitigation in Wood-Frame Housing CY NOV 06-08, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP PATH Consortium Wood-Frame Housing, Forest Prod Soc AB This paper examines the potential merits of two new approaches to building design for more durable buildings: moisture engineering design analysis and the use of a durability assessment protocol. Discussed is whether these approaches could have prevented-mold and decay in plywood sheathing of exterior-walls that occurred in Tri-State homes, a group of manufactured modular homes in the Midwest, in the mid- 1980s. An exterior weather barrier that probably acted as an exterior vapor retarder and the lack of whole-house ventilation were identified as the main culprits behind decay. Decay could have been prevented by replacing the,plywood with a. more "durable" material such as treated plywood, but most likely this would not have eliminated the mold problems. Analysis with the computer program MOIST, using proposed interior moisture design loads, revealed a potential for mold and decay in the walls, especially with penetration of indoor air into the walls. Removal of the exterior vapor retarder or substantially increased Whole-house ventilation could not completely eliminate the potential for mold. Only a combination of whole-house ventilation, a permeable exterior weather barrier, and elimination of indoor air leakage through the wall appeared to eradicate all potential for decay and mold growth. Providing more durable materials-might-have alleviated structural damage but it would not have addressed problems with mold and indoor environmental quality. Moisture-engineering analysis, using design moisture loads, would have alerted the building designer. that the existing design had a high potential for decay-and mold and would have enabled the designer to make effective changes to the building design and operation. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP TenWolde, A (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA BN 1-892529-16-5 PY 2001 BP 53 EP 57 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BW03H UT WOS:000180674500009 ER PT B AU Falk, RH Lundin, T Felton, C AF Falk, RH Lundin, T Felton, C GP FPS FPS TI The effects of weathering on wood-thermoplastic composites intended for outdoor applications SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON DURABILITY AND DISASTER MITIGATION IN WOOD-FRAME HOUSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Conference on Durability and Disaster Mitigation in Wood-Frame Housing CY NOV 06-08, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP PATH Consortium Wood-Frame Housing, Forest Prod Soc AB Development of the wood-thermoplastic composite market has been hampered by a lack of data on durability and reluctance by homebuilders to utilize undemonstrated products. This paper presents an overview of research at the Forest Products Laboratory to evaluate the durability performance of natural fiber-thermoplastic composites intended for use in roofing applications. An accelerated aging device was used to evaluate the effect of ultraviolet fight exposure on the fading of various composites as well as the effect of weathering on the degradation of engineering properties. The results indicate low variability in fading and mechanical properties. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Falk, RH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA BN 1-892529-16-5 PY 2001 BP 175 EP 179 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BW03H UT WOS:000180674500029 ER PT B AU Yang, VW Nelson, WJ Illman, BL Ross, RJ AF Yang, VW Nelson, WJ Illman, BL Ross, RJ GP FPS FPS TI Nondestructive evaluation of biodegraded oriented strandboard: Laboratory results SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON DURABILITY AND DISASTER MITIGATION IN WOOD-FRAME HOUSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Conference on Durability and Disaster Mitigation in Wood-Frame Housing CY NOV 06-08, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP PATH Consortium Wood-Frame Housing, Forest Prod Soc ID BIOLOGICALLY DEGRADED WOOD AB The durability of oriented strandboard (OSB) against biological degradation has not been clearly determined nor has an in-place assessment method been developed for OSB. The objectives of this research were to investigate the durability of OSB when exposed to wood decay fungi and to develop an in-place method for evaluating biological decay of this composite material. Southern yellow pine OSB specimens were exposed to 14 brown-rot and 8 white-rot decay fungi. Results of our initial screening revealed that the brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum (Mad-617) degraded OSB to a greater extent than solid southern yellow pine wood. Stress wave nondestructive evaluation (NDE) and strength loss procedures were used to evaluate decay of OSB stakes by G. trabeum. Specimens showed a decrease in NDE stress wave and centerpoint flexure (modulus of rupture) values before they exhibited weight loss. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Yang, VW (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA BN 1-892529-16-5 PY 2001 BP 227 EP 230 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BW03H UT WOS:000180674500041 ER PT B AU Clausen, CA AF Clausen, CA GP FPS FPS TI Recognize, remove, and remediate mold and mildew SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON DURABILITY AND DISASTER MITIGATION IN WOOD-FRAME HOUSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Conference on Durability and Disaster Mitigation in Wood-Frame Housing CY NOV 06-08, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP PATH Consortium Wood-Frame Housing, Forest Prod Soc AB Mold and mildew cause no structural damage to wood other than unsightly discoloration. Nevertheless, mold fungi are still cause for concern to the homeowner. Mold on the exterior of a home is indicative of inadequate surface drying of condensation. This condition is typically observed on north-facing walls or caused by overhanging tree branches or shrubbery planted too close to the structure.. Mold on interior walls, joists, or ceiling of the basement, attic, or bathroom is typically due to high humidity and poor ventilation. Leaks in pipes and foundations supply the constant source of moisture necessary for mold growth and may eventually encourage more destructive decay fungi to colonize wood. Mold fungi produce copious, spore clusters that can have an adverse effect on individuals with allergies. Minimizing moisture and using paints containing mildewcide are effective methods for controlling mold fungi on wood. Efforts to recognize, remove, and remediate mold and mildew are preventative measures that will discourage colonization of decay fungi and lower the homeowner's exposure to spores. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Clausen, CA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA BN 1-892529-16-5 PY 2001 BP 231 EP 234 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BW03H UT WOS:000180674500042 ER PT B AU Green, F Crawford, D Lebow, S Yoshimura, T AF Green, F Crawford, D Lebow, S Yoshimura, T GP FPS FPS TI Relative toxicity of N'N-napthaloylhydroxamine (NHA) toxicity against eastern subterranean and Formosan subterranean termites in southern yellow pine SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON DURABILITY AND DISASTER MITIGATION IN WOOD-FRAME HOUSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Conference on Durability and Disaster Mitigation in Wood-Frame Housing CY NOV 06-08, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP PATH Consortium Wood-Frame Housing, Forest Prod Soc ID RHINOTERMITIDAE; PROTECTION; ISOPTERA AB Economic losses to homeowners by termites are second only to fungal wood decay, especially in the south where infestations of the Formosan subterranean termite (Coptotermesformosanus Shiraki) account for similar to$200 million of damage to wood structures and living trees annually. The calcium precipitating agent N'N-hapthaloylhydroxamine (NHA) has been shown to protect southern yellow pine (SYP) from wood decay and termite damage by eastern subterranean termites (Reticulotermes flavipes Kollar) comparable to chromated copper arsenate (CCA) in field tests in Gulfport, Mississippi. SYP blocks vacuum treated with three concentrations of N'N-napthaloylhydroxamine (NHA), leached and unleached, were exposed in a no-choice test to eastern subterranean termites at Forest Products Laboratory, USA and Formosan subterranean termites at the Wood Research Institute, Japan for 3 to 4 weeks. Mean weight losses of wood blocks after termite exposure ranged from 0 to 18 percent for R. flavipes and 6 to 20 percent for C. formosanus. Threshold levels of NHA (0.5% and 1%) offered complete protection against R. flavipes, but for similarly treated blocks challenged by C. formosanus had weight losses of 6.0 percent and 6.2 percent, respectively. C. formosanus caused approximately 2.5 times more weight loss than R. flavipes in leached NHA blocks at 0.5 percent and 1.0 percent. One-half percent NHA is an effective termiticide for R. flavipes, but only C. formosanus soldiers are preferentially killed at this concentration. The threshold level of NHA for C. formanosus was not achieved in this study. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Green, F (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA BN 1-892529-16-5 PY 2001 BP 235 EP 238 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BW03H UT WOS:000180674500043 ER PT B AU Williams, RS White, CC AF Williams, RS White, CC GP FPS FPS TI Service life prediction of sealants: Linking results from field and laboratory studies SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON DURABILITY AND DISASTER MITIGATION IN WOOD-FRAME HOUSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Conference on Durability and Disaster Mitigation in Wood-Frame Housing CY NOV 06-08, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP PATH Consortium Wood-Frame Housing, Forest Prod Soc C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Williams, RS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA BN 1-892529-16-5 PY 2001 BP 239 EP 239 PG 1 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BW03H UT WOS:000180674500044 ER PT B AU Micales, JA Burdsall, HH AF Micales, JA Burdsall, HH GP FPS FPS TI Modern techniques of fungal identification - Wood decay SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON DURABILITY AND DISASTER MITIGATION IN WOOD-FRAME HOUSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Conference on Durability and Disaster Mitigation in Wood-Frame Housing CY NOV 06-08, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP PATH Consortium Wood-Frame Housing, Forest Prod Soc C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Micales, JA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA BN 1-892529-16-5 PY 2001 BP 247 EP 247 PG 1 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BW03H UT WOS:000180674500048 ER PT B AU Winandy, JE Clausen, CA Curling, SF AF Winandy, JE Clausen, CA Curling, SF GP FPS FPS TI Predicting the effects of decay on wood properties and modeling residual service-life SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2ND ANNUAL CONFERENCE ON DURABILITY AND DISASTER MITIGATION IN WOOD-FRAME HOUSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Annual Conference on Durability and Disaster Mitigation in Wood-Frame Housing CY NOV 06-08, 2000 CL MADISON, WI SP PATH Consortium Wood-Frame Housing, Forest Prod Soc AB One method of extending our existing forest resources is to prolong the service life of the wood currently in-service. It is estimated that over 7 x 10(9) m(3) (3 trillion bd.ft) of wood is now in service within the United States of America. This work evaluates the effects-of biological decay on the mechanical properties of wood. We will eventually use this information to develop progressive decay-strength loss models. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Winandy, JE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA BN 1-892529-16-5 PY 2001 BP 261 EP 263 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BW03H UT WOS:000180674500052 ER PT S AU Wisniewski, M Wilson, C El Ghaouth, A Droby, S AF Wisniewski, M Wilson, C El Ghaouth, A Droby, S BE BenArie, R PhilosophHadas, S TI Non-chemical approaches to postharvest disease control SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON POSTHARVEST SCIENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Postharvest Science CY MAR 26-31, 2000 CL JERUSALEM, ISRAEL SP European Commiss Res Directorate Gen, ISHS Commiss Postharvest DE heat treatments; salt solutions; induced resistance; microbial antagonists; yeast; bacteria; chitosan ID CITRUS-FRUIT; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; PICHIA-GUILLIERMONDII; BIOCONTROL ACTIVITY; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; CANDIDA-SAITOANA; ESSENTIAL OILS; GREEN MOLD; DECAY AB The past ten years has seen a steady increase in the interest of finding alternatives to the use of synthetic fungicides for postharvest disease control. In particular, this has led to considerable research on the use of microbial antagonists as protective agents in much the same way as packing houses use synthetic fungicides for disease control. Biological products such as Aspire, BioSave, and Yield Plus, based on either yeast or bacteria, are now available in the marketplace and several new products are in various stages of development. The success of these products, however, remains limited. This is for several reasons, among which are the variability experienced in the efficacy of these products, and the lack of understanding how to adapt "biological approaches" to a commercial setting. Researchers and industry have responded by trying to find "super" antagonists, which may result in the use of particular strains for particular commodities or even cultivars, finding additives that may enhance the performance of the selected antagonists, or integrating the use of their products with other "physical" treatments that induce resistance in the selected commodity. Examples of these approaches are: using combinations of different antagonists; combining antagonists with chitosan; combining antagonists with additives such as sodium bicarbonate, calcium chloride, EDTA, potassium sorbate, calcium propionate, etc.; and, pre-treatment of produce with UV-C light or heat. Gamma-irradiation of produce has also been demonstrated as a feasible approach, especially with concerns about food contamination, but has met with consumer resistance. Genetic engineering of microbial antagonists to enhance performance, or of the commodity itself to enhance disease resistance is also being explored but may meet with consumer resistance. While it is not possible to determine which of these approaches will lead to widespread, commercial application, it is apparent that the interest in reducing the use of synthetic chemicals has led to the discovery of creative alternatives that have strong potential. Successful adaptation of these alternatives may require a more integrated and holistic understanding of postharvest disease management. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Wisniewski, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 33 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-844-7 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 2001 IS 553 BP 407 EP 412 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BS96Q UT WOS:000171523700093 ER EF