FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Renschler, CS Harbor, J AF Renschler, CS Harbor, J TI Soil erosion assessment tools from point to regional scales-the role of geomorphologists in land management research and implementation SO GEOMORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 30th Annual Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium CY NOV 12-14, 1999 CL BINGHAMTON, NEW YORK DE soil erosion modeling; soil conservation policy; assessment; irnplemcntation; scale GIS ID WEPP WATERSHED MODEL; GLOBAL CHANGE; LOSS EQUATION; PLOT DATA; VARIABILITY; RUNOFF; RUSLE; PREDICTION; CONSERVATION; AGRICULTURE AB Geomorphological research has played an important role in the development and implementation of soil erosion assessment tools, Because policy and management approaches include the use of soil erosion assessment tools, soil erosion research directly affects the public in terms of providing information on natural hazards and human impacts, and also as the basis for regulatory policy on land management. For example, soil loss calculations and geomorphological expertise are used to support soil conservation planning, both through agricultural legislation that defines maximum tolerable soil loss rates, and through federal and local legislation that requires soil erosion controls on many construction sites. To be useful for decision makers, soil erosion models must have simple data requirements, must consider spatial and temporal variability in hydrological and soil erosion processes, and must be applicable to a variety of regions with minimum calibration. The growing use of erosion models and Geographic Information Systems (IS) in local to regional scale soil and water conservation raises concerns about how models are used. This has prompted interest in methods to assess how models function at management scales and with the types of data that are commonly available to users. A case study of a GIS-based soil erosion assessment toot using the process-based Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) shows that using commonly available data rather than research grade data can have (predictably) a significant impact on model results. If model results are then used in management decisions, it is critical to assess whether the scale and direction of variation in results will affect management and policy decisions. Geomorphologists provide unique perspectives on soil erosion and can continue to affect policy through soil erosion research, This research should focus on fundamental processes, but equally important is continued development and evaluation of models that are matched to real world data availability, geomorphic settings, and information needs. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, NSERL, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Renschler, CS (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geog, 105 Wilkeson Quad, Buffalo, NY 14261 USA. RI Namikawa, Laercio/C-5559-2013; OI Namikawa, Laercio/0000-0001-7847-1804; Harbor, Jonathan/0000-0001-5129-0229; Renschler, Chris S./0000-0002-7462-6386 NR 90 TC 117 Z9 129 U1 5 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-555X J9 GEOMORPHOLOGY JI Geomorphology PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 47 IS 2-4 BP 189 EP 209 AR PII S0169-555X(02)00082-X DI 10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00082-X PG 21 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 596LW UT WOS:000178167200007 ER PT J AU Chen, C Milbury, P Kwak, H O'Leary, J Collins, F Blumberg, J AF Chen, C Milbury, P Kwak, H O'Leary, J Collins, F Blumberg, J TI Antioxidant capacity and bioavailability of oat polyphenolics SO GERONTOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA HNRC Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 0016-9013 J9 GERONTOLOGIST JI Gerontologist PD OCT PY 2002 VL 42 SI 1 BP 9 EP 9 PG 1 WC Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 620PH UT WOS:000179541400033 ER PT J AU Tucker, K Spiro, A McDonald, IR AF Tucker, K Spiro, A McDonald, IR TI Homocysteine, B vitamins and cognitive function among men in the normative aging study SO GERONTOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. VA Boston Healthcare Syst, Boston, MA USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 0016-9013 J9 GERONTOLOGIST JI Gerontologist PD OCT PY 2002 VL 42 SI 1 BP 30 EP 30 PG 1 WC Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 620PH UT WOS:000179541400114 ER PT J AU Joseph, J Cristofalo, V AF Joseph, J Cristofalo, V TI 2002 Glenn Award Lecture SO GERONTOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, HNRCA, Boston, MA USA. Lankenau Inst Med Res, Wynnewood, PA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 0016-9013 J9 GERONTOLOGIST JI Gerontologist PD OCT PY 2002 VL 42 SI 1 BP 169 EP 169 PG 1 WC Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 620PH UT WOS:000179541400596 ER PT J AU Aiken, J Joseph, J Van Remmen, H Cadenas, E AF Aiken, J Joseph, J Van Remmen, H Cadenas, E TI Oxidative stress and aging SO GERONTOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA,HNRCA, Boston, MA USA. Audie L Murphy Mem Vet Adm Med Ctr, San Antonio, TX USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. Univ So Calif, Los Angeles, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 0016-9013 J9 GERONTOLOGIST JI Gerontologist PD OCT PY 2002 VL 42 SI 1 BP 204 EP 204 PG 1 WC Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 620PH UT WOS:000179541400724 ER PT J AU Kehayias, J Valtuena, S Sheahan, C O'Neill, M AF Kehayias, J Valtuena, S Sheahan, C O'Neill, M TI Validation of bedside methods for assessing body composition and fraility in nursing home residents SO GERONTOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 0016-9013 J9 GERONTOLOGIST JI Gerontologist PD OCT PY 2002 VL 42 SI 1 BP 241 EP 241 PG 1 WC Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 620PH UT WOS:000179541400855 ER PT J AU Sceppa, CC Ordovas, J Nino, L Roubenoff, R AF Sceppa, CC Ordovas, J Nino, L Roubenoff, R TI Genotypic markers associated with the metabolic syndrome among Hispanic elders with type 2 diabetes SO GERONTOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, JM HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 0016-9013 J9 GERONTOLOGIST JI Gerontologist PD OCT PY 2002 VL 42 SI 1 BP 300 EP 301 PG 2 WC Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 620PH UT WOS:000179541401072 ER PT J AU Roubenoff, R Sacheck, J Janssen, I Harris, T AF Roubenoff, R Sacheck, J Janssen, I Harris, T TI Sarcopenia in the 21st century SO GERONTOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, HNRCA, Boston, MA USA. NIH, Natl Inst Aging, Bethesda, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 0016-9013 J9 GERONTOLOGIST JI Gerontologist PD OCT PY 2002 VL 42 SI 1 BP 317 EP 317 PG 1 WC Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 620PH UT WOS:000179541401126 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, A Rasmussen, H Russell, R Simonsick, E Newman, A Visser, M Goodpaster, B Kritchevsky, S Rubin, S Nevitt, M Harris, T AF Lichtenstein, A Rasmussen, H Russell, R Simonsick, E Newman, A Visser, M Goodpaster, B Kritchevsky, S Rubin, S Nevitt, M Harris, T TI Modified food pyramid for older adults: Guidance to meet their unique nutrient requirements SO GERONTOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NIA, IRP, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 0016-9013 J9 GERONTOLOGIST JI Gerontologist PD OCT PY 2002 VL 42 SI 1 BP 333 EP 333 PG 1 WC Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 620PH UT WOS:000179541401165 ER PT J AU Cherubini, A Martin, A Lacueva, CA Grossi, E Di Iorio, A Paniagua, M Senin, U Ferrucci, L AF Cherubini, A Martin, A Lacueva, CA Grossi, E Di Iorio, A Paniagua, M Senin, U Ferrucci, L TI Low vitamin e plasma levels are associated with higher risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly: The InCHIANTI study SO GERONTOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Perugia, I-06100 Perugia, Italy. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Bracco Pharmaceut Co, Milan, Italy. Lab Clin Epidemiol, Florence, Italy. Inst Gerontol & Geriatr, Perugia, Italy. Lab Clin Epidemiol, Florence, Italy. RI Andres-Lacueva, Cristina/J-3377-2012 OI Andres-Lacueva, Cristina/0000-0002-8494-4978 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 0016-9013 J9 GERONTOLOGIST JI Gerontologist PD OCT PY 2002 VL 42 SI 1 BP 334 EP 334 PG 1 WC Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 620PH UT WOS:000179541401167 ER PT J AU Hughes, V Zoico, E Akos, R Wood, M Frontera, W Singh, MF Roubenoff, R AF Hughes, V Zoico, E Akos, R Wood, M Frontera, W Singh, MF Roubenoff, R TI Musculoskeletal endurance is associated with functional status in the elderly SO GERONTOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, HNRLA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Spaulding Rehab Hosp, Boston, MA USA. Univ Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 0016-9013 J9 GERONTOLOGIST JI Gerontologist PD OCT PY 2002 VL 42 SI 1 BP 354 EP 354 PG 1 WC Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 620PH UT WOS:000179541401245 ER PT J AU Palm, CA Alegre, JC Arevalo, L Mutuo, PK Mosier, AR Coe, R AF Palm, CA Alegre, JC Arevalo, L Mutuo, PK Mosier, AR Coe, R TI Nitrous oxide and methane fluxes in six different land use systems in the Peruvian Amazon SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE agroforestry; fertilizers; secondary forest; methane production; plantation; shifting cultivation ID WESTERN PUERTO-RICO; BIOGEOCHEMICAL CONTROLS; EASTERN AMAZONIA; BRAZILIAN AMAZON; SOIL EMISSIONS; HUMID TROPICS; FOREST SOILS; COSTA-RICA; CH4; PASTURE AB The contribution of different land-use systems in the humid tropics to increasing atmospheric trace gases has focused on forests, pastures, and crops with few measurements from managed, tree-based systems that dominate much of the landscape. This study from the Peruvian Amazon includes monthly nitrous oxide and methane fluxes from two cropping systems, three tree-based systems, and a 23-year secondary forest control. Average N(2)O fluxes from the cropping systems were two to three times higher than the secondary forest control (9.1 mug N m(-2) h(-1)), while those of the tree-based systems were similar to the secondary forest. Increased fluxes in the cropping systems were attributed to N fertilization, while fluxes from the tree-based systems were related to litterfall N. Average CH(4) consumption was reduced by up to half that of the secondary forest (-30.0 mug C m(-2) h(-1)) in the tree-based and low-input cropping systems. There was net CH(4) production in the high-input cropping system. This switch to net production was a result of increased bulk density and increased soil respiration resulting in anaerobic conditions. Reduced rates of N(2)O emissions, similar CH(4) consumption, and high C sequestration rates in these tree-based systems compared with mature forests, coupled with the large area of these systems in the humid tropics, may partially offset the past effects of deforestation on increased atmospheric trace gas concentrations. In contrast, cropping systems with higher N(2)O emissions, substantially reduced CH(4) consumption or even net CH(4) emissions, and little C sequestration exacerbate those effects. C1 Trop Soil Biol & Fertil Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. Int Ctr Res Agroforestry, Lima 12, Peru. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Palm, CA (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, 151 Hilgard Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM C.Palm@cgiar.org; J.Alegre@cgiar.org; L.Arevalo@cgiar.org; P.Mutuo@cgiar.org; amosier@lamar.colostate.edu; R.Coe@cgiar.org NR 49 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 AR 1073 DI 10.1029/2001GB001855 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643RK UT WOS:000180874100021 ER PT J AU Reiners, WA Liu, S Gerow, KG Keller, M Schimel, DS AF Reiners, WA Liu, S Gerow, KG Keller, M Schimel, DS TI Historical and future land use effects on N(2)O and NO emissions using an ensemble modeling approach: Costa Rica's Caribbean lowlands as an example SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE land use change; nitrous oxide; nitric oxide; Costa Rica; greenhouse gases; scaling up ID NITROGEN-OXIDE EMISSIONS; TROPICAL AGRICULTURAL SOILS; COLORADO SHORTGRASS STEPPE; RAIN-FOREST SOILS; ATLANTIC ZONE; NITRIC-OXIDE; CONTINENTAL-SCALE; HUMID TROPICS; PASTURE; FLUXES AB The humid tropical zone is a major source area for N(2)O and NO emissions to the atmosphere. Local emission rates vary widely with local conditions, particularly land use practices which swiftly change with expanding settlement and changing market conditions. The combination of wide variation in emission rates and rapidly changing land use make regional estimation and future prediction of biogenic trace gas emission particularly difficult. This study estimates contemporary, historical, and future N(2)O and NO emissions from 0.5 million ha of northeastern Costa Rica, a well-documented region in the wet tropics undergoing rapid agricultural development. Estimates were derived by linking spatially distributed environmental data with an ecosystem simulation model in an ensemble estimation approach that incorporates the variance and covariance of spatially distributed driving variables. Results include measures of variance for regional emissions. The formation and aging of pastures from forest provided most of the past temporal change in N(2)O and NO flux in this region; future changes will be controlled by the degree of nitrogen fertilizer application and extent of intensively managed croplands. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Raytheon STC Corp, EROS Data Ctr, Dept Sci, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Stat, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Forest Serv, USDA, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR USA. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Terr Sci Climate & Global Dynam Div, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Reiners, WA (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. EM reiners@uwyo.edu; sliu@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov; gerow@uwayo.edu; michael@kaos.sr.unh.edu; schimel@ucar.edu RI Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012 OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359 NR 87 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 AR 1068 DI 10.1029/2001GB001437 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643RK UT WOS:000180874100016 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Li, CS Trettin, CC Li, H Sun, G AF Zhang, Y Li, CS Trettin, CC Li, H Sun, G TI An integrated model of soil, hydrology, and vegetation for carbon dynamics in wetland ecosystems SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE wetland; model; carbon cycles; methane emissions; hydrology ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; METHANE EMISSIONS; NORTHERN WETLANDS; DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; RICE PADDIES; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; MINNESOTA PEATLAND; NATURAL WETLANDS; EDDY-CORRELATION; BOREAL FOREST AB Wetland ecosystems are an important component in global carbon (C) cycles and may exert a large influence on global climate change. Predictions of C dynamics require us to consider interactions among many critical factors of soil, hydrology, and vegetation. However, few such integrated C models exist for wetland ecosystems. In this paper, we report a simulation model, Wetland-DNDC, for C dynamics and methane (CH4) emissions in wetland ecosystems. The general structure of Wetland-DNDC was adopted from PnET-N-DNDC, a process-oriented biogeochemical model that simulates C and N dynamics in upland forest ecosystems. Several new functions and algorithms were developed for Wetland-DNDC to capture the unique features of wetland ecosystems, such as water table dynamics, growth of mosses and herbaceous plants, and soil biogeochemical processes under anaerobic conditions. The model has been validated against various observations from three wetland sites in Northern America. The validation results are in agreement with the measurements of water table dynamics, soil temperature, CH4 fluxes, net ecosystem productivity (NEP), and annual C budgets. Sensitivity analysis indicates that the most critical input factors for C dynamics in the wetland ecosystems are air temperature, water outflow parameters, initial soil C content, and plant photosynthesis capacity. NEP and CH4 emissions are sensitive to most of the tested input variables. By integrating the primary drivers of climate, hydrology, soil and vegetation, the Wetland-DNDC model is capable of predicting C biogeochemical cycles in wetland ecosystems. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Forest Serv, Ctr Forested Wetlands Res, USDA, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. N Carolina State Univ, So Global Change Program, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Zhang, Y (reprint author), Canada Ctr Remote Sensing, Environm Monitoring Sect, 588 Booth St, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y7, Canada. NR 70 TC 115 Z9 125 U1 9 U2 118 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 AR 1061 DI 10.1029/2001GB001838 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 643RK UT WOS:000180874100009 ER PT J AU Abdul-Baki, AA Teasdale, JR Goth, RW Haynes, KG AF Abdul-Baki, AA Teasdale, JR Goth, RW Haynes, KG TI Marketable yields of fresh-market tomatoes grown in plastic and hairy vetch mulches SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lycopersicon esculentum; Vicia villosa; Alternaria solani; no-till production; sustainable agriculture; cover crop mulches; early blight ID CONSERVATION TILLAGE; BLACK POLYETHYLENE; PRODUCTION SYSTEMS; COVER CROPS; DISEASES AB The use of mulches in vegetable production is undergoing a radical change away from high-input, nonrenewable resources, such as plastic, to the use of high-residue organic mulches from cover crops. The purpose of this study was to compare the marketable yield of various fresh-market tomato genotypes when grown under plastic and hairy vetch mulches. In 1996 and 1997, 12 fresh-market tomato genotypes were evaluated for yield on the North Farm of the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), MD in a randomized split-plot design. Tomatoes were grown in conventional tillage plastic mulch (PM) and no-till hairy vetch mulch (HVM). Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani Sor., developed naturally in the plots both years and was recorded over time. All 12 genotypes were susceptible to early blight. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated for each plot. AUDPC was similar both years. However, the year x mulch and year x mulch x genotype interactions were significant for AUDPC. Adjusting yields for AUDPC had a minimal effect on the data. Overall, yields were similar in PM and HVM both before and after adjusting for AUDPC. However, the mulch x genotype interaction was significant. The yield of eight of the genotypes was significantly higher in the HVM than in the PM system both years, ranging from 12% to 57% higher in 1996 and 10% to 48% higher in 1997. There was no yield difference for one genotype in HVM as compared to PM. The yield in the remaining three genotypes was either higher under HVM than PM or there was no difference. As yields from the HVM system are greater than or equal to yields in the PM system, soil compaction is reduced and nitrogen inputs are lower. The no-till HVM system is at least as good, and often better, than the conventional tillage PM system. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Abdul-Baki, AA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2002 VL 37 IS 6 BP 878 EP 881 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 608DV UT WOS:000178830600003 ER PT J AU Abdul-Baki, AA Wilson, C Brown, GE Carrera, LM Aslan, S Cobb, S Burke, T AF Abdul-Baki, AA Wilson, C Brown, GE Carrera, LM Aslan, S Cobb, S Burke, T TI Browning and dieback of distal parts of fruit-bearing strands in date palms SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Phoenix dactylifera; mineral content; physiological disorders; magnesium accumulation ID NA+/H+ ANTIPORT AB The mineral concentration of bearing 'Mejhool' date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) trees was investigated with the objective of identifying the cause of browning and dieback of distal parts of the fruit-bearing strands. Tissue analyses of leaves, fruits, healthy and dead portions of fruit-bearing strands indicated that tissue browning and dieback appeared to be associated with a high concentration of certain mineral elements. A comparison of mineral concentration between healthy and dead tissue of the fruit-bearing strands showed no significant increase in K, Cu, B, Zn, and Na, but very high increases in the concentrations of P, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, and Fe. The levels of P, Ca, Mg, S, Mn, and Fe in the distal part of the fruit-bearing strand over a 3-year average were 5, 18, 12, 3, 11, and 2 times, respectively, higher than those in the healthy, proximal part of the strand. Mineral concentrations of leaves and mature fruits were determined for comparison with those in fruit-bearing strands. C1 USDA ARS, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Indio, CA 92201 USA. Oasis Date Gardens, Thermal, CA 92274 USA. RP Abdul-Baki, AA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2002 VL 37 IS 6 BP 882 EP 884 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 608DV UT WOS:000178830600004 ER PT J AU Shellie, KC Mangan, RL AF Shellie, KC Mangan, RL TI Cooling method and fruit weight: Efficacy of hot water quarantine treatment for control of Mexican fruit fly in mango SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE phytosanitary; disinfestation; heat; pest; hydrocool; Mangifera indica; Anastrepha ludens; Diptera : Tephritidae ID TEPHRITIDAE; DIPTERA; GRAPEFRUIT AB The objective of this research was to determine whether immediate cooling of mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) in water or air affected survival of Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens Loew) larvae. Two tests were conducted with mortality of late third instar Mexican fruit fly larvae evaluated after infested mangoes were immersed in 46.1 degreesC water for 65, 75, or 90 minutes depending on fruit weight and immediately cooled in water or air at 22 to 26.5 degreesC. Results suggest a need to amend the current hot water quarantine dip treatment schedule to require cooling of fruit for 30 minutes in air. We suggest a 25-g allowance in maximum permitted fruit weight be established for the 65-, 75-, and 90-minute dips and a monitoring system used to ensure compliance. Synchronization between maximum permitted fruit weight for each hot water dip duration and commercial sizing practices would facilitate monitoring of fruit weight. We also recommend confirmation of efficacy for the 75-minute treatment of flat-elongated mangoes that weigh 375-570 g. C1 USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Crop Qual & Fruit Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Shellie, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parma Res & Extens Ctr, 29603 Univ Idaho Lane, Parma, ID 83660 USA. NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2002 VL 37 IS 6 BP 910 EP 913 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 608DV UT WOS:000178830600011 ER PT J AU Dumroese, RK James, RL Wenny, DL AF Dumroese, RK James, RL Wenny, DL TI Hot water and copper coatings in reused containers decrease inoculum of Fusarium and Cylindrocarpon and increase Douglas fir seedling growth SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE root disease; integrated pest management; fungicide; Pseudotsuga menziesii ID OXYSPORUM; ESTABLISHMENT; DISEASES; ROOTS; FUNGI; PINE AB Inoculum of Douglas fir root diseases caused by the fungi Fusarium and Cylindrocarpon is carried from crop to crop in reused containers. Soaking containers for 90 seconds in 80 T water removed approximate to99% of Fusarium and 100% of Cylindrocarpon inoculum between growing cycles. Overall seedling growth was also improved: seedlings grown in containers soaked between growing cycles were 10% taller and had 20% more biomass than seedlings grown in nonsoaked containers. We obtained a 13% increase in the number of deliverable seedlings from containers soaked in hot water between crops, from the use of copper coated containers, or from both practices combined. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Coeur Dalene, ID USA. Univ Idaho, Forest Res Nursery, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Dumroese, RK (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, 1221 S Main St, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 60 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2002 VL 37 IS 6 BP 943 EP 947 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 608DV UT WOS:000178830600019 ER PT J AU Castillon, J Kamo, K AF Castillon, J Kamo, K TI Maturation and conversion of somatic embryos of three genetically diverse rose cultivars SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE carbohydrate; embryogenic callus; osmoticum; regeneration; Rosa hybrida ID HYBRIDA L; PLANT-REGENERATION; EMBRYOGENESIS; TRANSFORMATION; TOLERANCE; CULTURES; MANNITOL; CALLI; TEA AB Embryogenic callus cultures of three genetically diverse cultivars of rose (Rosa hybrida L.), the floribunda 'Trumpeter', the multiflora 'Dr. Huey', and the hybrid tea 'Tineke', were used to study the effect of various carbohydrates and osmotically active compounds on somatic embryo maturation and conversion. Cotyledonary-stage embryos were produced by dispersing callus in liquid medium followed by filtration to isolate globular-stage embryos. Quantitative experiments were conducted to determine maturation and conversion of the three rose cultivars in response to medium with sucrose, glucose, fructose, or maltose as the primary carbon source and also in response to various concentrations of either myo-inositol, polyethylene glycol, or mannitol in combination with 3% sucrose. Conversion of 27% was achieved for 'Trumpeter' embryos following their maturation on 3% fructose. 'Dr. Huey' embryos required maturation on medium containing 3% sucrose supplemented with either 2.5% or 5% mannitol for 36% and 61% conversion, respectively. Maturation of 'Tineke' embryos on either 3% sucrose, 3% glucose, or 3% fructose resulted in a maximum 12% conversion. C1 USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kamo, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Kamo, Kathryn/0000-0001-6862-2410 NR 27 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2002 VL 37 IS 6 BP 973 EP 977 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 608DV UT WOS:000178830600027 ER PT J AU Fery, RL Thies, JA AF Fery, RL Thies, JA TI 'Charleston Nemagreen', a root-knot nematode resistant, cream-type southernpea with a green cotyledon phenotype SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vigna unguiculata; cowpea; soil-borne pathogen; Meloidogyne; disease resistance; vegetable breeding ID UNGUICULATA L WALP C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Fery, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2002 VL 37 IS 6 BP 988 EP 990 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 608DV UT WOS:000178830600031 ER PT J AU Fery, RL AF Fery, RL TI 'DoubleGreen Delight', a cream-type southernpea with an enhanced persistent green seed phenotype SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vigna unguiculata; cowpea; vegetable breeding C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Fery, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2002 VL 37 IS 6 BP 991 EP 992 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 608DV UT WOS:000178830600032 ER PT J AU Bohac, JR Jackson, DM Mueller, JD Dukes, PD AF Bohac, JR Jackson, DM Mueller, JD Dukes, PD TI 'Ruddy': A multiple-pest-resistant sweetpotato SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE vegetable breeding; Ipomoea batatas; disease resistance; nematode resistance; soil insect resistance C1 USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. Clemson Univ, S Carolina Agr & Forestry Res Syst, Clemson, SC 29817 USA. RP Bohac, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 7 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 2002 VL 37 IS 6 BP 993 EP 994 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 608DV UT WOS:000178830600033 ER PT J AU Durner, EF Poling, EB Maas, JL AF Durner, EF Poling, EB Maas, JL TI Recent advances in strawberry plug transplant technology SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fragaria; soilborne disease; fumigant; pesticide; conditioned; mechanical planting; greenhouse forcing; plasticulture AB Plugs are rapidly replacing fresh-dug bare-root and cold-stored frigo plants as transplants for strawberry (Fragaria xananassa) production worldwide. Plugs have many advantages over these other types of propagules. They are grown in controlled environments (greenhouses, tunnels) in less time than field produced bare-root transplants, and are not exposed to soilborne pathogens. Plugs afford greater grower control of transplanting dates, provide mechanical transplanting opportunities and allow improved water management for transplant establishment relative to fresh bare-root plants. New uses for plugs have been identified in recent years; for example, photoperiod and temperature conditioned plugs flower and fruit earlier than traditional transplants and plugs have been used for programmed greenhouse production. Tray plants have superior cold storage characteristics relative to bareroot, waiting-bed transplants. Both fresh and frozen plugs are used in a number of indoor and outdoor growing conditions and cultural systems. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Plant Biol & Pathol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Hort Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Durner, EF (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Plant Biol & Pathol, 59 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NR 23 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 5 U2 12 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 12 IS 4 BP 545 EP 550 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 592JY UT WOS:000177935600002 ER PT J AU Black, BL Enns, JM Hokanson, SC AF Black, BL Enns, JM Hokanson, SC TI A comparison of temperate-climate strawberry production systems using eastern genotypes SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fragaria ananassa; annual hill; plasticulture; matted row; sustainability; cover crops ID COLLETOTRICHUM-ACUTATUM; DISPERSAL; FRUIT; RAIN AB Anticipating the phaseout of methyl bromide, the USDA-ARS small fruit breeding program at Beltsville, Md., discontinued soil fumigation in strawberry breeding and selection trials in the mid 1990s. To address resulting weed and pathogen pests, a modified or advanced matted row system was developed. This system uses matted row-type culture, established on raised beds with subsurface drip irrigation and organic mulch. The mulch is the residue of a killed cover crop that fixes some nitrogen and provides an economical, biodegradable mulch for suppressing weeds and reducing erosion. Since 1996, the small fruit breeding program has conducted replicated performance trials on both advanced matted row and a regional adaptation of annual hill plasticulture. Both of these systems were managed without methyl bromide fumigation or fungicide application. Data from these trials were used to compare advanced matted row and plasticulture for yield, fruit quality and harvest season. Yield for the two systems was genotype dependent, and the advanced matted row system had later production and slightly lower fruit quality. C1 USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Black, BL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Black, Brent/A-8822-2008 NR 23 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 12 IS 4 BP 670 EP 675 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 592JY UT WOS:000177935600027 ER PT J AU Drake, SR Elfving, DC AF Drake, SR Elfving, DC TI Indicators of maturity and storage quality of 'Lapins' sweet cherry SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Prunus avium; fruit maturity AB Three commercial 'Lapins' sweet cherry (Prunus avium) orchards were used for this study during three crop seasons. Orchards were selected based on the historical average date of commercial harvest. The difference in commercial harvest date among the three orchards was 5 to 7 days. Three harvests were carried out in each orchard each year: 1) beginning 4 to 5 days before commercial harvest, 2) at commercial harvest, and 3) 4 to 5 days after commercial harvest. Fruit quality was determined after 0, 7, 14, and 21 days of storage. Harvesting fruit up to 5 days later than normal commercial harvest resulted in increases in fruit weight and soluble solids content along with no loss of firmness or change in acidity. Pedicel color did not change as harvest was delayed. Changes in visual ratings of both fruit and pedicel appearance with delayed harvest were detectable in only 1 of 3 years. Neither pitting nor bruising was influenced by harvest date. The amount of pitting or bruising present was related more to the year of harvest than to harvest date. Delaying harvest a short time beyond the normal commercial harvest date could enhance consumer appeal and increase fruit value. Storage time after harvest resulted in reduced fruit and pedicel appearance, but only beyond 14 days of storage. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. Washington State Univ, Ctr Tree Fruit Res & Extens, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Drake, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 13 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 12 IS 4 BP 687 EP 690 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 592JY UT WOS:000177935600031 ER PT J AU Beaulieu, JC Marsh, DB AF Beaulieu, JC Marsh, DB TI Influence of bed cover types on production time and quality of sweetpotato slips SO HORTTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Carver; Centennial; bed cover; growth; Jewel; Potojam; slip production; sprout production; sweetpotato; Ipomoea batatas ID SWEET-POTATO AB Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) cultivars, Carver, Potojam, Jewel and Centennial were evaluated for slip production, using topsoil, sawdust, sand and a general-purpose peat-based commercial growing media as bed covers. Temperature measured 2 inches (5.1 cm) below the surface of the hot bed varied with covers and date measured. Sand maintained the highest bed temperature, 77 degreesF (25.0 degreesC) at 0800 HR and 79 degreesF (26.1 degreesC) at 1400 HR, throughout the growing season. Peat-covered roots produced the maximum number of slips/plot (111), while roots covered with topsoil and sawdust produced comparable yields, 55 and 45 slips/plot, respectively. Slip production varied according to harvest date, with the third harvest producing the most slips/plot (83 and 153, in year I and year 2, respectively), which, was likely related to increased temperatures. Cultivar significantly influenced number of slips, length of slips, and number of roots per slip. 'Potojam' was the most prolific slip producer for both early and mid season production under all bed covers. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Lincoln Univ Cooperat Extens, Jefferson City, MO 65102 USA. RP Beaulieu, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. OI Beaulieu, John/0000-0001-7767-5901 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 1063-0198 J9 HORTTECHNOLOGY JI HortTechnology PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 12 IS 4 BP 691 EP 694 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 592JY UT WOS:000177935600032 ER PT J AU Jackson, TJ Gasiewski, AJ Oldak, A Klein, M Njoku, EG Yevgrafov, A Christiani, S Bindlish, R AF Jackson, TJ Gasiewski, AJ Oldak, A Klein, M Njoku, EG Yevgrafov, A Christiani, S Bindlish, R TI Soil moisture retrieval using the C-band polarimetric scanning radiometer during the Southern Great Plains 1999 Experiment SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 09-13, 2001 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA DE advanced microwave scanning radiomete (AMSR); passive microwave; soil moisture ID MICROWAVE EMISSION AB The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) holds promise for retrieving soil moisture in regions with low levels of vegetation. Algorithms for this purpose have been proposed, but none have been rigorously evaluated due to a lack of datasets. Accordingly, the Southern Great Plains 1999 Experiment (SGP99) was designed to provide C-band datasets for AMSR algorithm development and validation. Ground observations of soil moisture and related variables were collected in conjunction with aircraft measurements using a C-band radiometer similar to the AMSR sensor (6.92 GHz), the Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer with its C-band scanhead (PSR/C). The study region has been the focus of several previous remote sensing field experiments and contains vegetation conditions compatible with the expected capabilities of C-band for soil moisture retrieval. Flights were conducted under a Aide range of soil moisture conditions, thus providing a robust dataset for validation. A significant issue found in data processing was the removal of anthropogenic radio-frequency interference. Several approaches to estimating the parameters of a single-channel soil moisture retrieval algorithm were used. PSR/C soil moisture images show spatial and temporal patterns consistent with meteorological and soil conditions, and the dynamic range of the PSR/C observations indicates that the AMSR instrument can provide useful soil moisture information. C1 USDA ARS, ARS Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Shure Europe GMBH, Heilbronn, Germany. Syst Sci & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Jackson, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, ARS Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD OCT PY 2002 VL 40 IS 10 BP 2151 EP 2161 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2002.802480 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 625CC UT WOS:000179798500006 ER PT J AU Handler, AM AF Handler, AM TI Use of the piggyBac transposon for germ-line transformation of insects SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE piggyBac transposon; transposable elements; insect transgenesis; germline transformation; fluorescent protein marker; horizontal transmission ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; NON-DROSOPHILID INSECTS; ORIENTAL FRUIT-FLY; AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA; GENETIC-TRANSFORMATION; TRANSGENIC INSECTS; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE; PRECISE EXCISION AB Germ-line transformation of insects is now possible with four independent transposable element vector systems. Among these, the TTAA-insertion site specific transposon, piggyBac, discovered in Trichoplusia ni, is one of the most widely used. Transformations have been achieved in a wide variety of dipterans, lepidopterans, and a coleopteran, and for many species, piggyBac transposition was first tested by plasmid-based mobility assays in cell lines and embryos. All plasmid and genomic insertions are consistent with the duplication of a TTAA insertion site, and most germ-line integrations appear to be stable, though this is largely based on stable marker phenotypes. Of the vector systems presently in use for non-drosophilids, piggyBac is the only one not currently associated with a superfamily of transposable elements, though other elements exist that share its TTAA insertion site specificity. While functional piggyBac elements have only been isolated from T ni, nearly identical elements have been discovered in a dipteran species, Bactrocera dorsalis, and closely related elements exist in another moth species, Spodoptera frugiperda. It appears that piggyBac has recently traversed insect orders by horizontal transmission, possibly mediated by a baculovirus or other viral system. This interspecies movement has important implications for the practical use of piggyBac to create transgenic insect strains for field release. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomonol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Handler, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomonol, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 56 TC 111 Z9 129 U1 0 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 32 IS 10 BP 1211 EP 1220 AR PII S0965-1748(02)00084-X DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00084-X PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 603QD UT WOS:000178570300004 PM 12225912 ER PT J AU Yu, XQ Zhu, YF Ma, C Fabrick, JA Kanost, MR AF Yu, XQ Zhu, YF Ma, C Fabrick, JA Kanost, MR TI Pattern recognition proteins in Manduca sexta plasma SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE C-type lectin; immulectin; hemolymph; peptidoglycan-binding protein; beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein; hemolin; phenoloxidase ID GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; C-TYPE LECTIN; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE-BINDING PROTEIN; PROPHENOLOXIDASE ACTIVATING SYSTEM; SOLUBLE PEPTIDOGLYCAN FRAGMENTS; BOMBYX-MORI; IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPERFAMILY; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; SERINE-PROTEASE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS AB Recognition of nonself is the first step in mounting immune responses. In the innate immune systems of both vertebrates and arthropods, such recognition, termed pattern recognition, is mediated by a group of proteins, known as pattern recognition proteins or receptors. Different pattern recognition proteins recognize and bind to molecules (molecular patterns) present on the surface of microorganisms but absent from animals. These molecular patterns include microbial cell wall components such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan, and fungal beta-1,3-glucans. Binding of pattern recognition proteins to these molecular patterns triggers responses such as phagocytosis, nodule formation, encapsulation, activation of protemase cascades, and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides. In this article, we describe four classes of pattern recognition proteins, hemolin, peptidoglycan recognition protein, beta-1,3-glucan recognition proteins, and immulectins (C-type lectins) involved in immune responses of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Biochem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Kanost, MR (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Biochem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM kanost@ksu.edu FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI31084]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM41247, R37 GM041247] NR 67 TC 135 Z9 153 U1 0 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 EI 1879-0240 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 32 IS 10 BP 1287 EP 1293 AR PII S0965-1748(02)00091-7 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00091-7 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 603QD UT WOS:000178570300011 PM 12225919 ER PT J AU Lorenzen, MD Brown, SJ Denell, RE Beeman, RW AF Lorenzen, MD Brown, SJ Denell, RE Beeman, RW TI Transgene expression from the Tribolium castaneum Polyubiquitin promoter SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ubiquitin; marker gene; tryptophan oxygenase; Tribolium; transformation ID DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; GENETIC-TRANSFORMATION; TRANSPOSON VECTOR; WHITE GENE; FRUIT-FLY; PIGGYBAC; INSECTS; MARKER; VERMILION; SEQUENCES AB The highly conserved Ubiquitin proteins are expressed from genes with strong, constitutively active promoters in many species, making these promoters attractive candidates for use in driving transgene expression. Here we report the cloning and characterization of the Tribolium castaneum Polyubiquitin (TcPUb ) gene. We placed the TcPUb promoter upstream of the coding region of the T. castaneum eye-colour gene Tc vermilion (Tcv ) and injected this construct into embryos from a Tcv -deficient strain. Transient expression of Tcv during embryogenesis resulted in complete rescue of the larval mutant phenotype. We then incorporated the TcPUb-Tcv chimera into a piggyBac donor. Resulting germline transformants were easily recognized by rescue of eye pigmentation, illustrating the potential of the TcPUb promoter for use in driving transgene expression. C1 ARS, USDA, GMPRC, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Beeman, RW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, GMPRC, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD029594, R01 HD029594-11, R01-HD29594] NR 30 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 11 IS 5 BP 399 EP 407 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2002.00349.x PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 593RZ UT WOS:000178007400002 PM 12230539 ER PT J AU Zarlenga, DS Boyd, P Lichtenfels, JR Hill, D Gamble, HR AF Zarlenga, DS Boyd, P Lichtenfels, JR Hill, D Gamble, HR TI Identification and characterisation of a cDNA sequence encoding a glutamic acid-rich protein specifically transcribed in Trichinella spiralis newborn larvae and recognised by infected swine serum SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Trichinella; nematode; newborn larvae; cDNA library; cloning; glutamic acid-rich ID STAGE TRYPANOSOMA-CONGOLENSE; ERYTHROCYTE SURFACE-ANTIGEN; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; MUSCLE-CELLS; MEMBRANE; EXPRESSION; GENE; GLYCOPROTEIN; PARASITE AB Presently, little is known of the mechanism by which Trichinella penetrates and modulates reprogramming of muscle cells. In light of evidence demonstrating strong protective characteristics of antigens derived from this stage, understanding this process may shed light on potential targets for effective abatement of infection. To this end, a PCR-derived cDNA expression library was constructed using 0.5 mug of total RNA from Trichinella spiralis newborn larvae. The library consisted of >125,000 insert-containing clones. Approximately 4050 X 103 clones were screened immunologically using sera from pigs experimentally infected with 7,000 Trichinella L1. Multiple clones reacting positively with the swine infection serum and encoding portions of a glutamic acid-rich protein were identified. Northern and Southern blots indicated at least two distinct genes that encoded the glutamic acid-rich proteins and that these genes were transcribed specifically in the newborn larvae stage. cDNA sequence data predicted open reading frames of 1,497 and 1,716 bp generating proteins of 498 amino acids and 571 amino acids, respectively. Both sequences consisted of approximately 39% glutamic acid and 16% serine residues, and differed by the presence of a 219 bp fragment present in the 1,716 bp sequence that was absent from the 1,497 bp sequence. PCR data indicated that additional isoforms exist within this gene family that are different in length from those described above. In addition, it was found that more than one isoform can exist within a single worm and that this pattern can vary between individual worms within a population. Mouse antibodies to recombinant antigen localised the glutamic acid-rich proteins to the periphery of the developing stichocyte cells within the newborn larvae consistent with the hypothesis that the newborn larval antigens are secreted. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. C1 ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, ANRI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, USDA, ANRI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. CNR, Washington, DC 20418 USA. RP ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, ANRI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 39 TC 12 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 EI 1879-0135 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 32 IS 11 BP 1361 EP 1370 AR PII S0020-7519(02)00127-3 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00127-3 PG 10 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 612KK UT WOS:000179073800003 PM 12350371 ER PT J AU Mendoza, C AF Mendoza, C TI Effect of genetically modified low phytic acid plants on mineral absorption SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE low phytate; low phytic acid; mineral absorption ID PRENATAL IRON; LOW-PHYTATE; ZINC; PHOSPHORUS; MAIZE; PREGNANCY; GRAINS; CORN AB The reduction of phytic acid content in grains by genetic manipulation is a novel approach to increase mineral absorption from food based diets. Low phytic acid corn (Zea mays), rice (Oryza sativa), barley (Hordeum vulgare) and soybean (Gycine max) genotypes have been generated and mineral absorption has been evaluated. Genetically modified low phytic acid plants could be a novel contribution to the reduction of micronutrient malnutrition and animal waste phosphorus. Nevertheless, additional research needs to be done to understand the molecular biology and genetics of phytic acid accumulation during seed development, the negative and positive roles of dietary phytic acid in human health and the feasibility and effectiveness of the sustainable implementation of this approach at the community level. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Mendoza, C (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 43 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-5423 J9 INT J FOOD SCI TECH JI Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 37 IS 7 BP 759 EP 767 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2621.2002.00624.x PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 595RE UT WOS:000178121900005 ER PT J AU Oldak, A Jackson, TJ Pachepsky, Y AF Oldak, A Jackson, TJ Pachepsky, Y TI Using GIS in passive microwave soil moisture mapping and geostatistical analysis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SPATIAL VARIABILITY; HYDROLOGY EXPERIMENT; WATER-CONTENT; RESOLUTION; PATTERN; SCALE; AUTOCORRELATION; DEPENDENCE; IMAGES AB Soil moisture is an important hydrologic variable in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Recent experiments, based on remote sensing data, provided observations of soil moisture distributions at a regional scale. One of the instruments is the Electronically Scanned Thinned Array Radiometer (ESTAR). Deployed on the aircraft, it measures brightness temperature (with the spatial resolution about 400 m) that can be converted into estimates of volumetric soil moisture. The soil moisture retrieval algorithm requires additional data layers (like soil physical temperature, land cover, and soil texture) that come from different sources and have to be combined together in a uniform GIS. The objective of this paper is to report results of the GIS use to map soil surface moisture from passive microwave measurements and to quantify spatial structure of soil moisture distributions. The data were collected across a 10000 km(2) area in Oklahoma during June and July 1997. The precipitation data and ground measurements from the test sites were also incorporated into GIS. The GIS data layers enable soil moisture distribution analysis with geostatistical tools. Semivariograms of soil moisture were nested and showed the presence of two scales. Rainfall was the dominant factor influencing soil moisture distribution at the regional scale, whereas soil texture was important at the local scale. Information about soil moisture, obtained with remote sensing techniques over space and time, and organized in a GIS with complementary environmental data layers, can be used in landscape pattern analysis, landscape models, land use assessment and management. C1 ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, USDA, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Oldak, A (reprint author), ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, USDA, BARC W, Bldg 007, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 47 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1365-8816 J9 INT J GEOGR INF SCI JI Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 16 IS 7 BP 681 EP 698 DI 10.1080/13658810210149407 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Geography; Geography, Physical; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Geography; Physical Geography; Information Science & Library Science GA 598TD UT WOS:000178291800004 ER PT J AU Seamans, TW Blackwell, BF Cepek, JD AF Seamans, TW Blackwell, BF Cepek, JD TI Coyote hair as an area repellent for white-tailed deer SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEST MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Canis latran; coyote; deterrent; hair; Odocoileus virginianus; white-tailed deer ID REDUCE FEEDING DAMAGE; PREDATOR ODORS; WILDLIFE; HERBIVORES; URINES AB Increasing white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations create numerous conflicts with agricultural production and transport safety. Lethal control is not always an option and area repellents, such as predator waste products, have generally shown limited effectiveness. We tested coyote (Canis latrans) hair as a repellent at feeding stations during the winters of 2000 and 2001 and along established deer trails during the summer of 2000 in northern Ohio. Feeding station experiments were conducted in which five treatment sites received one or three bags containing 17 g of coyote hair placed adjacent to or in front of a trough of whole kernel corn and five control sites received empty bag(s). In all feeding trials, corn consumption decreased at treated sites from 59 to 91%. Intrusions by deer at treated sites decreased by 48-96% in three tests, but did not vary in the first 3-week test when coyote hair was adjacent to the corn. Corn consumption and deer intrusions at control sites generally remained constant or showed an increase over the test period. In the deer trail test, use of trails did not differ between the pre-treatment and treatment periods for the control or treated trails. Coyote hair therefore served as an effective repellent to keep deer from a desired food source and should have use in protecting limited, discrete sites. However, coyote hair did not deter deer from moving along established trails. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Seamans, TW (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 6100 Columbus Ave, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. NR 42 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK,, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0967-0874 J9 INT J PEST MANAGE JI Int. J. Pest Manage. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 48 IS 4 BP 301 EP 306 DI 10.1080/09670870210149853 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 623GR UT WOS:000179695400006 ER PT J AU Love, JM AF Love, JM TI The outlook for US and world sugar markets in 2002/03 SO INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The paper discusses recent changes in the U.S. and world sugar markets. Forecast 2002/03 world production is higher than consumption, creating pressure on prices. Exports from both Brazil and the EU are forecast up 20 percent, China's domestic supplies are higher, Thailand will struggle to lower stocks, and Russia will limit imports to protect domestic producers. Additional pressure likely will come from Brazil's weakening real and market confidence following October elections. The outlook for 2002/03 U.S. sugar markets is given in the context of new program options authorized under the 2002 Farm Act. Whether marketing allotments are effective in maintaining the no-cost provisions in the law will be determined in part by resolution of the U.S.-Mexico sweetener dispute and imports of non-program sugar. C1 USDA, World Agr Outlook Board, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Love, JM (reprint author), USDA, World Agr Outlook Board, 1400 Independence Ave,SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT SUGAR JOURNAL LTD PI KENT PA 80 CALVERLEY, TUNBRIDGE WELLS, KENT TN1 2UN, WALES SN 0020-8841 J9 INT SUGAR J JI Int. Sugar J. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 104 IS 1246 BP 438 EP + PG 3 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 609KN UT WOS:000178902700006 ER PT J AU Hummer, KE Lagerstedt, H AF Hummer, KE Lagerstedt, H TI 'Ennis' hazelnut SO JOURNAL AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB The hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) industry in the Pacific Northwest can be traced to one leading cultivar: 'Barcelona', and its pollinizer 'Daviana'. In 1980 Dr. Harry Lagerstedt, a U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Horticulturist, now retired, introduced C. avellana 'Ennis' hazelnut as a replacement for 'Barcelona'. 'Ennis' now comprises more than 15 % of the Oregon hazelnut crop - despite the encroachment of eastern filbert blight [Anisogrammina anomala (Pk.) Muller], a fungal disease to which this cultivar is highly susceptible. This cultivar was co-released with 'Butler'(1). C1 USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hummer, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 102 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 1527-3741 J9 J AMER POMOLOG SOC JI J. Amer. Pomolog. Soc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 56 IS 4 BP 194 EP 196 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 612JG UT WOS:000179070500001 ER PT J AU Stover, E Lin, YJ Rosskopf, E Sonoda, R AF Stover, E Lin, YJ Rosskopf, E Sonoda, R TI Assessing the potential for Colletotrichum acutatum as a biological thinning agent for Florida citrus SO JOURNAL AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID POSTBLOOM FRUIT DROP; DISEASE; FLOWER AB Colletotrichum acutatum, causal agent of postbloom fruit drop of citrus, and two induced C. acutatum mutants (3-3 and 3-2) were tested as potential agents for reducing fruit load on 'Valencia' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and 'Temple' tangor (C. reticulata x C. sinensis). Wild-type C. acutatum RST and a C. gloesporioides isolate were applied as conidial suspensions while induced mutants of C. acutatum (3-3 and 3-2), which produced few conidia in culture, and the wild-type isolate RST resulted in the characteristic blossom infection and persistent enlarged calyxes ("buttons") associated with postbloom fruit drop. The bloom period in 1999 was extremely dry and only the mycelial suspensions of RST resulted in significant formation of PFD buttons. In 2000, some rain occurred during bloom, and conidial suspensions of RST resulted in greater button formation than did the mycelial suspensions. No other treatments resulted in greater button formation than was observed in non-inoculated controls, and little natural PFD was observed. At harvest, there were no differences in fruit load or fruit size among trees inoculated with wild-type C. acutatum, mutant C. acutatum isolates, the C. gloeosporioides isolate and non-inoculated controls. C1 Univ Florida, Indian River Res & Educ Ctr, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. USDA, Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Stover, E (reprint author), Univ Florida, Indian River Res & Educ Ctr, 2199 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 102 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 1527-3741 J9 J AMER POMOLOG SOC JI J. Amer. Pomolog. Soc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 56 IS 4 BP 230 EP 234 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 612JG UT WOS:000179070500010 ER PT J AU Charlet, LD AF Charlet, LD TI Sunflower beetle (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) oviposition, overwintering, and impact of cultivation on adult survival in cultivated sunflower SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae; Zygogramma exclamationis; sunflower; Helianthus; biology; oviposition; pest management; overwintering; tillage ID COLORADO POTATO BEETLE; NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; EMERGENCE AB The sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis (Fitch), is the most damaging defoliator of sunflower, Helianthus spp., in North America. Studies were conducted from 1995 to 1997 in North Dakota to determine beetle oviposition period, fecundity, and adult longevity in the laboratory. Viability of field-laid eggs, within-field location and soil depth of overwintering adults, and impact of cultivation as a management tactic to reduce beetle numbers also were examined. Females oviposited over a period of 39 to 60 days. An average of 90, 438, and 854 eggs per female were laid in 1995, 1996, and 1997, respectively. Total production ranged from 15 to 1981 eggs per female and over 70% hatched each year. Number of eggs laid per female per day increased from 2.3 in 1995 to over 14 in 1997. Males survived 44 days in 1995 and 99 days in 1997 and females lived 49 days in 1995 and 86 days in 1997 (range, 19-163 days and 14-167 days for males and females, respectively). Percentage egg survival in the field increased from mid- to late-June 1995, primarily associated with a reduction in desiccated eggs. In 1996 results were reversed, and in 1997 viability was high with no difference among collection dates. A combination of infertility, weather extremes (temperature, humidity, or rainfall), or predation could explain the different percentage of desiccated eggs between the intervals when eggs were recovered. Soil samples collected both spring and fall 1996 and 1997 showed that adults move into the soil directly under sunflower plants to overwinter. Data did not show significant differences among the different soil depths at which adults were sampled, but there was an indication that adults move up in the soil in the spring prior to emergence. Neither fall nor spring tillage affected adult emergence. Thus, disturbing adults by field tillage either in the fall or spring does not have a negative impact on overwintering sunflower beetles in the soil. C1 ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, USDA, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Charlet, LD (reprint author), ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, USDA, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 1523-5475 J9 J AGR URBAN ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Urban Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 19 IS 4 BP 185 EP 195 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 776KD UT WOS:000189114400001 ER PT J AU Williams, WP Windham, GL Buckley, PM Daves, CA AF Williams, WP Windham, GL Buckley, PM Daves, CA TI Aflatoxin accumulation in conventional and transgenic corn hybrids infested with southwestern corn borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus flavus; aflatoxin; corn; Zea mays L.; southwestern corn borer; Diatraea grandiosella; Crambidae; Lepidoptera; Bacillus thuringiensis ID FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; MAIZE HYBRIDS; KERNEL INFECTION; INSECT DAMAGE; RESISTANCE; CONTAMINATION; MYCOTOXINS; NOCTUIDAE; GEORGIA AB Aflatoxin is a potent carcinogen produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus Link:fr. Aflatoxin contamination of corn greatly diminishes its value and is a major impediment to profitable corn production in the South. Aflatoxin contamination is frequently linked with drought, high temperatures, and insect damage. The effects of southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, damage on aflatoxin contamination were investigated. Aflatoxin contamination levels in conventional nonBt corn hybrids and transgenic Bt hybrids after inoculation with A. flavus and infestation with southwestern corn borer were compared. Aflatoxin contamination was highest when hybrids were inoculated with A. flavus using a technique that wounded the kernels. Aflatoxin contamination was significantly greater in nonBt than in Bt hybrids when ears were inoculated by spraying with an A. flavus conidial suspension and concurrently infesting with southwestern corn borer. Infesting conventional nonBt hybrids with southwestern corn borer resulted in significant leaf feeding, stalk tunneling, stunting, yield loss, and aflatoxin contamination. Losses were significantly reduced in transgenic Bt hybrids. C1 Mississippi State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Williams, WP (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 1523-5475 J9 J AGR URBAN ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Urban Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 19 IS 4 BP 227 EP 236 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 776KD UT WOS:000189114400005 ER PT J AU McGuire, MR AF McGuire, MR TI Prevalence and distribution of naturally occurring Beauveria bassiana in San Joaquin Valley populations of Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera : Miridae) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lygus hesperus; Heteroptera : Miridae; Beauveria bassiana; Deuteromycotina : Moniliales; alfalfa; cotton; epizootiology ID HEMIPTERA; TEMPERATURE; MYCOSIS AB Lygus hesperus Knight is a particularly damaging pest of cotton, and control methods rely on synthetic chemical pesticides. A brief survey in November 2000 revealed the presence of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in L. hesperus populations. To determine the extent of B. bassiana prevalence, both geographically and seasonally, samples of L. hesperus were obtained several times through the spring, summer, and fall of 2001 from six counties in the San Joaquin Valley, California. Lygus hesperus were held live to determine percentage infection. B. bassiana was found in all counties throughout the sampling period except for a spring sample in one county. Prevalence of B. bassiana ranged from 0-50%, and no other pathogens or parasites of L. hesperus were found. In addition, weekly samples were obtained from each of several alfalfa fields in Kern County, California, over a 2-year period. In 2001, six fields were sampled, and in 2002, four fields were sampled. Beauveria bassiana was present in all fields but at different levels. In 2001, significant differences existed with respect to prevalence of B. bassiana and L. hesperus. Fields in their first year of production had lower levels of B. bassiana than fields in their second or third year of production, In 2002, these differences were not present. Linear regressions showed a positive but weak relationship between infection level and L. hesperus density in 2001. In 2002, a significant linear relationship existed between sample date and percentage infection suggesting a buildup of pathogen over time. A significantly higher percentage of adults were infected than nymphs. These data suggest that B. bassiana is present throughout the San Joaquin Valley and exists in the environment even in the hottest part of summer when temperatures routinely exceed 40degreesC. C1 USDA ARS, Shafter, CA 93263 USA. RP McGuire, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, 17053 N Shafter Ave, Shafter, CA 93263 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 1523-5475 J9 J AGR URBAN ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Urban Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 19 IS 4 BP 237 EP 246 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 776KD UT WOS:000189114400006 ER PT J AU Turner, KE McClure, KE Weiss, WP Borton, RJ Foster, JG AF Turner, KE McClure, KE Weiss, WP Borton, RJ Foster, JG TI Alpha-tocopherol concentrations and case life of lamb muscle as influenced by concentrate or pasture finishing SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE color; lambs; pastures; tocopherols; vitamin E ID DIETARY VITAMIN-E; LIPID STABILITY; BEEF QUALITY; FROZEN BEEF; SUPPLEMENTATION; HOLSTEIN; ACETATE; STEERS; COLOR; IMPROVEMENT AB Two experiments were conducted to evaluate alpha-tocopherol accumulation in muscle of lambs finished on pasture or concentrates. The objective for Exp. 1 was to compare accumulation of alpha-tocopherol in the longissimus muscle of pasture-fed lambs to that of lambs fed three concentrations (15, 150, and 300 IU/kg of DM) of supplemental vitamin E (all rac alpha-tocopheryl acetate) in all-concentrate diets. The objective in Exp. 2 was to investigate the effect of duration of supplemental vitamin E feeding on alpha-tocopherol content and color change during display case storage of lamb muscle. Treatments evaluated in Exp. 2 were: 15 IU of supplemental vitamin E/kg DM fed to finish; 15 IU/kg followed by 300 IU/kg of DM during the last 21 d; and 15 IU/kg DM until 7 d prior to finish, then 300 IU/kg DM. In Exp. 1, alpha-tocopherol concentration of rotational grazed alfalfa and perennial ryegrass averaged 137 and 169 mg/kg of DM. Vitamin E treatments for lambs fed concentrate diets did not affect ADG (P > 0.15), but ADG was greater (P < 0.01) for concentrate-fed lambs than for grazing lambs. For the concentrate-fed lambs, α-tocopherol. in longissimus muscle increased quadratically (P < 0.05) as dietary concentrations of vitamin E increased. Predicted maximum alpha-tocopherol concentration in muscle occurred at about 400 IU/kg of diet DM. Longissimus muscle from lambs grazing alfalfa or ryegrass had similar (P > 0.50) alpha-tocopherol concentrations, and those concentrations were similar to values obtained when the concentrate diet supplemented with 150 IU of vitamin E/kg was fed. In Exp. 2, no differences (P > 0.10) in ADG were observed. Concentrations of longissimus alpha-tocopherol were highest when 300 IU supplemental vitamin E was fed for 21 d prior to slaughter. During a 6-d display period, semimembranosus steaks from lambs fed 300 IU of supplemental vitamin E/kg for either 7 or 21 d had higher a* and b* color readings than steaks from lambs fed 15 IU/kg of supplemental vitamin E. Increased consumption of vitamin E either via pasture or supplementation results in higher alpha-tocopherol concentrations in meat. C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Anim Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Agr Tech Inst, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Turner, KE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 27 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 80 IS 10 BP 2513 EP 2521 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 601UT UT WOS:000178467300002 PM 12413072 ER PT J AU Brown, MA Brown, AH AF Brown, MA Brown, AH TI Relationship of milk yield and quality to preweaning gain of calves from Angus, Brahman and reciprocal-cross cows on different forage systems SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Aberdeen Angus; beef cattle; Brahman; crossbreeding; forage; genotype environment ID CALF WEANING WEIGHT; COMMON BERMUDAGRASS; FESCUE; TRAITS AB Interactions of the regression of preweaning ADG on dam milk yield and quality with breed group and forage environment were evaluated in a two-phase study. Phase I consisted of milk yield and quality and calf gain records from 1989 to 1991 for purebred Angus (n = 64) and Brahman (n = 62) cows mated to sires of both breeds. Phase II consisted of milk yield and quality and calf gain records from 1991 to 1997 for Angus (n = 94), Brahman (n = 85), Angus x Brahman (n =-86) and Brahman x Angus (n = 93) mated to Polled Hereford sires. In Phase I, forage environments included common bermudagrass and endophyte-infected tall fescue. In Phase II, forage environments included common bermudagrass andendophyte-infected tall fescue (1991 to 1995) and a rotational system of both forages (1995 to 1997) in which each forage was grazed during its appropriate growing season, usually June through October for bermudagrass and November through May for tall fescue. Milk yield was estimated monthly six times during lactation from spring through fall and converted to a 24-h basis. Milk fat, milk protein, and somatic cell count were analyzed by a commercial laboratory. In Phase I, the relation of preweaning ADG to milk yield, milk fat yield, and protein yield was greater (P < 0.05) in Brahman cows on bermudagrass than Angus on bermudagrass. The regression of preweaning ADG on milk yield in Phase I was greater (P < 0.05) for cows on tall fescue than cows which grazed bermudagrass. In Phase II, the relation of preweaning ADG to milk yield, milk fat yield, and milk protein yield was greater or tended to be greater (P < 0.01, P < 0.11, P < 0.01, respectively) in purebred cows compared to reciprocal-cross cows. The regression of preweaning ADG on milk yield and milk protein yield was greater (P < 0.05) on tall fescue than bermudagrass in Phase II. These results suggest that the influence of milk yield and quality on calf growth may differ among breed types and production system, and the efficacy of genetic improvements in milk traits may depend on the breed type and forage environment. C1 ARS, USDA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Anim Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Brown, MA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grazinglands Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 14 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 80 IS 10 BP 2522 EP 2527 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 601UT UT WOS:000178467300003 PM 12413073 ER PT J AU Stellflug, JN Berardinelli, JG AF Stellflug, JN Berardinelli, JG TI Ram mating behavior after long-term selection for reproductive rate in Rambouillet ewes SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE libido; reproduction; selection; sheep ID SEXUAL PERFORMANCE; ESTROUS EWES; CAPACITY AB Mating behavior is known to be heritable in several species, but it is not known if selection schemes for ewe reproductive traits affect mating behavior of rams. Therefore, our objectives were to determine if divergent (high vs low index) selection of a female reproductive trait (lambs born divided by age of ewe minus one) affects mating behavior patterns of male offspring during training to service an artificial vagina (AV) in a less than natural setting (Exp. 1) or during serving capacity tests (SCT) in simulated natural mating conditions (Exp. 2). The method for evaluating male mating behavior was a series of serving capacity tests to estimate sexual performance. For Exp. 1, five, 30-min observations were conducted to assess the mating behavior of 29 rams (22 mo old) being trained to service an AV. In Exp. 1, percentages of rams mounting (73 vs 36%) and ejaculating (67 vs 29%) differed (P < 0.05) between rams from high and low Rambouillet ewe selection lines, respectively. In Exp. 2, ram classification consisted of exposing each 22- to 24-mo-old ram (n = 48) to three unrestrained ewes in estrus for 18, 30-min tests. Any ram that had not mounted or ejaculated during SCT was evaluated for sexual orientation in a 30-min preference test in which each ram had access to both restrained estrual ewes and restrained rams. In Exp. 2, there was no difference (P > 0.2) in percentages of rams mounting (92 vs 78%) and ejaculating (88 vs 74%) between rams from high and low Rambouillet ewe selection lines, respectively. There was no difference (P > 0.33) between high and low ewe selection line rams for mounts or ejaculations for 18 SCT. Only one male-oriented ram was identified, which was from the high line. In Exp. 2, six SCT were necessary to obtain 95% reliability in sexual performance scores. Results of these studies indicate that long-term selection of ewes for litter size did not alter ram sexual performance after SCT under simulated natural mating conditions or affect incidence of male-oriented rams. Mating behavior observed during training to service an AV was lower for rams from ewes of the low selection line than for rams from ewes of the high selection line. We concluded that long-term selection for reproductive rate in ewes did not alter mating behavior patterns of male offspring; however, test conditions, such as restrained and unrestrained ewes and number of serving capacity tests, may affect conclusions in studies that evaluate sexual performance of rams. C1 ARS, USDA, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. RP Stellflug, JN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. NR 22 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 80 IS 10 BP 2588 EP 2593 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 601UT UT WOS:000178467300010 PM 12413080 ER PT J AU Guzik, AC Southern, LL Bidner, TD Kerr, BJ AF Guzik, AC Southern, LL Bidner, TD Kerr, BJ TI The tryptophan requirement of nursery pigs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; requirements; tryptophan ID DIGESTIBLE TRYPTOPHAN; YOUNG-PIGS AB Five experiments were conducted to determine the true digestible Trp (dTrp) requirement of nursery pigs. Treatments were replicated with four or five pens of five or six pigs each. Pigs were weaned at 21 (Exp. 1, 2, and 5) or 19 d (Exp 3 and 4), and fed common diets for various times and then experimental diets for 8 (Exp. 1), 13 (Exp. 2 and 3), or 14 d (Exp. 4 and 5). Experiment 1 (160 pigs, initial and final BW of 8.4 and 11.4 kg) evaluated six protein sources low in Trp relative to a positive control diet to identify the protein source to be used in subsequent experiments. The results indicated that a diet with Canadian field peas (CFP) supplemented with Trp resulted in ADG, ADFI, and gain:feed (GF) equal to (P > 0.10) the positive control diet. In Ex. 2, 75 pigs (initial and final BW of 13.2 and 19.2 kg) were fed 1) Trp-deficient diet (0.13% dTrp) with CFP, 2) Diet 1 with added Trp (0.23% dTrp), or 3) positive control diet (0.22% dTrp). Daily gain, ADFI, and GF were decreased (P < 0.01) in pigs fed Diet 1 compared with pigs fed Diets 2 and 3, but ADG, ADFI, and GF were equal (P > 0.10) in pigs fed Diets 2 and 3. Experiments 3 (180 pigs, initial and final BW of 5.2 and 7.3 kg), 4 (1.20, pigs initial and final BW of 6.3 and 10.2 kg), and 5 (144 pigs, initial and final BW of 10.3 and 15.7 kg) were conducted to estimate the dTrp requirement of nursery pigs with diets using CFP as a primary protein source. The diets used in Exp. 3, 4, and 5 contained 1.35, 1.19., or 1.01% dLys, respectively, and other amino acids were provided at 105% the ratio relative to Lys. Response variables were ADG, ADFI, GF, and plasma urea N concentrations, and data were analyzed using the broken-line model. The levels of dTrp in the diets for Exp. 3 (Phase 1, 5.2 to 7.3 kg) were 0.14, 0.17, 0.20, 0.23, 0.26, and 0.29%. The average dTrp requirement was estimated to be 0.21% (0.24% total Trp). The levels of dTrp in the diets for Exp. 4 (Phase II, 6.3 to 10.2 kg) were 0.13, 0.16, 0.19, 0.22, 0.25, and 0.28%. The average dTrp requirement was estimated to be 0.20% (0.23% total Trp). The levels of dtrp in the diets for Exp. 5 (Phase III, 10.3 to 15.7 kg) were 0.130, 0.155, 0.180, 0.205, 0.230, and 0.255%. The average dTrp requirement was estimated to be 0.18% (0.22% total Trp). These results indicate that the true dTrp requirement is 0.21, 0.20, and 0.18% for Phase I (5.2 to 7.3 kg), II (6.3 to 10.2 kg), and III (10.3 to 15.7 kg) nursery pigs, respectively. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Anim Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. ARS, USDA, SOMMRU, Natl Swine Res & Informat Ctr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Southern, LL (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Anim Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 15 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 80 IS 10 BP 2646 EP 2655 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 601UT UT WOS:000178467300017 PM 12413087 ER PT J AU Veum, TL Ledoux, DR Bollinger, DW Raboy, V Cook, A AF Veum, TL Ledoux, DR Bollinger, DW Raboy, V Cook, A TI Low-phytic acid barley improves calcium and phosphorus utilization and growth performance in growing pigs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE barley; calcium; phosphorus; phytic acid; pigs ID SOYBEAN MEAL DIETS; MICROBIAL PHYTASE; CORN; BIOAVAILABILITY; SWINE; AVAILABILITY; INCREASES; EFFICACY AB Thirty-five crossbred barrows averaging 13.5 kg starting BW were used in a 35-d experiment to compare the availability of P and the nutritional genic progeny of the barley cultivar value of two near-isogenic progeny of the barley cultivar 'Harrington'. Low-phytic acid barley (LPB, 0.35% total P, 0.14% phytic acid P) was homozygous for the low-phytic acid 1-1 allele, and the normal barley (NB, 0.35% total P, 0.24% phytic acid P) was homozygous for the normal allele of that gene. Pigs were fed individually twice daily in metabolism pens. Barley was the only source of phytate in. semipurified diets, 1 to 3. Diet 1 contained 75% NB, 0.14% estimated available P (aP), and 0.50% Ca. Diet 2 contained 75% LPB, 0.22% aP, and 0.50% Ca. No inorganic P (iP) was added to Diets 1 and 2 in order to measure the animal response to the different concentrations of aP in these cultivars. Diet 3 was NB Diet 1 supplemented with iP to equal the concentration of aP in LPB Diet 2. Practical barley-soybean meal (SBM)-type diets, NB Diet 4 and LPB Diet 5, were formulated to meet all minimum nutrient requirements, and contained 0.30% aP and 0.65% Ca. For the semipurified diets, pigs fed LPB Diet 2 had higher (P less than or equal to 0.05) bone ash weight, bone breaking strength, P absorption and retention, and Ca absorption and retention compared,with pigs fed NB Diet 1, with a trend.(P = 0.10) for pigs fed LPB Diet 2 to have a higher ADG and gain:feed ratio than pigs fed NB Diet 1. However, pigs fed LPB Diet 2 or NB Diet 3 were not different (P greater than or equal to 0.3) in growth performance, fresh bone weight, fat-free dry bone weight, bone ash, bone breaking strength, or N utilization. This indicates that LPB and NB were equal in nutritional value after. supplementation of NB with iP to equal the estimated aP in LPB. For the practical barley SBM diets, there were no differences (P greater than or equal to 0.4) between pigs fed NB Diet 4 or LPB Diet 5 for growth performance, fresh bone weight, bone breaking strength, the percentages of P and Ca utilization, or N, DE, and ME utilization. The use of LPB in pig diets reduced P excretion in swine waste by 55% and 16% in our semipurified and practical diets, respectively, compared with NB. Using our in vitro procedure designed to mimic the digestive system of the pig, the availability of P for pigs was estimated at 52% for LPB and 32% for NB. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Anim Sci Ctr 112, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Veum, TL (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Anim Sci, Anim Sci Ctr 112, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 30 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 80 IS 10 BP 2663 EP 2670 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 601UT UT WOS:000178467300019 PM 12413089 ER PT J AU Groothuis, PG McGuire, WJ Vallett, JL Grieger, DM Davis, DL AF Groothuis, PG McGuire, WJ Vallett, JL Grieger, DM Davis, DL TI Retinol and estradiol regulation of retinol binding protein and prostaglandin production by porcine uterine epithelial cells in vitro SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE endometrium; estradiol; pigs; prostaglandins; retinol binding protein ID PIG ENDOMETRIUM; CATECHOL ESTROGEN; SECRETION; PREGNANCY; ACID; PROGESTERONE; BLASTOCYSTS; METABOLISM; INVITRO; UTERUS AB Secretion into the uterine lumen follows a precise pattern during early pregnancy. Near the end of the second week of pregnancy and coincident with elongation of conceptuses, retinol, retinol binding protein (RBP), estradiol (E2), and prostaglandins E (PGE) and F. (PGF) increase in the uterine lumen, and RBP mRNA increases in the endometrium. In the present studies the potential for E2 (0.1 KM) and retinol (10 muM to regulate RBP and, PG production by cultured luminal (LEC) and glandular (GEC) epithelial cells collected from postpubertal females and LEC from prepubertal gilts was examined. Endometrial tissue was collected surgically from cyclic and pregnant females (n = 8) on d 10 and 13 postestrus (first day of estrus = d 0) and from 120- and 150-d-old prepubertal gilts that were treated with progesterone (P4) (2.2 mg.kg(-1).d(-1), n = 6) or corn oil (n = 6) for 14 d prior to tissue collection. The LEC from postpubertal females responded to retinol with increased (P < 0.05) RBP, PGE, and PGF in culture medium and increased (P < 0.07) RBP mRNA but E2 decreased (P < 0;05) RBP and RBP mRNA and had no effect on prostaglandins. No E2 or retinol effects on secretions of GEC occurred in vitro, but a day x pregnancy status interaction (P < 0.06) affected PGE output by the GEC. Secretion of PGE was greater when GEC were collected on d 10 of pregnancy than from d-10 cyclic or d-13 pregnant or cyclic females. Both E2 and retinol stimulated (P < 0.05) secretion of RBP by LEC isolated from prepubertal gilts, but their effects were not additive. In vivo treatment of prepubertal gilts with P4 increased (P < 0.05) RBP and decreased (P < 0.05) PG production by LEC in vitro. Therefore responses to E2 and retinol differ between pre- and post-pubertal females, and retinol may function in the regulation of endometrial RBP and PG secretion. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. ARS, USDA, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE USA. RP Davis, DL (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Ind, 256 Weber Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 80 IS 10 BP 2688 EP 2694 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 601UT UT WOS:000178467300022 PM 12413092 ER PT J AU Freetly, HC Nienaber, JA Brown-Brandl, TM AF Freetly, HC Nienaber, JA Brown-Brandl, TM TI Relationship between aging and nutritionally controlled growth rate on heat production of ewe lambs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE energy; growth; maintenance; sheep ID OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; SHEEP AB The hypothesis of this study is that ewes that have equal body weights, but differ in chronological age. due to nutrient restriction, do not differ in metabolic rate. The objective of this study was to determine how reducing growth rate nutritionally alters the relationship between heat production per unit body weight and aging. Fasting heat production of 12 Dorset ewe lambs at 114 +/- 2 d of age was determined, and ewes Were assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of two different feeding levels of the same diet (ME = 2.5 Mcal/kg DM and 16.6% CP). The High treatment was offered 4.5% of their weekly BW per day, and the Low treatment was offered 2.5% of their weekly BW per day. Each. treatment consisted of six animals that remained within treatment for the remainder of the study. Indirect-calorimetry measurements were repeated every 6 wk. Treatments differed in both the linear and quadratic term for fasted BW on age (P < 0.001). The rate of BW gain decreased as ewes aged in the High treatment,. and the rate of BW gain increased as ewes aged in the Low treatment. The heat production:BW (HP:BW) ratio decreased in the High treatment as ewes aged and was described well by a previously reported prediction equation, but the ratio in, the Low treatment was not described by this same equation. Describing the HP:BW ratio on age response with treatment-specific decay functions fit the data better than the pooled treatment function (P < 0.001). The HP:BW ratio decreased rapidly in the Low treatment following feed restriction, but remained elevated compared to the High treatment as animals aged. After excluding the initial measurements in the Low treatment that were taken before nutritional treatments were imposed, the, HP:BW ratio was best described by a linear decrease. In conclusion, this study suggests that a previous model taking,into account proportion of mature body size is a reasonable predictor for heat production across breeds of sheep growing in nutritionally adequate environments; however, it cannot be extended. to,sheep that are proportionally smaller in their mature BW due to nutritional restriction. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Freetly, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 80 IS 10 BP 2759 EP 2763 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 601UT UT WOS:000178467300030 PM 12413100 ER PT J AU Dayan, FE AF Dayan, FE TI Octan-1-ol/water partition coefficients of p-benzo- and p-naphthoquinones corrected for pH effect SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH-S LA English DT Article DE logP; pH effect; k(OW); quinones; octanol/water coefficient ID ELECTRON-TRANSFER AB A method was developed to quench the effect of pH on the determination of octan-1-ol/water partition coefficients (k(ow)) of p-benzo- and p-naphthoquinones by using a mildly buffered aqueous phase. C1 USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Dayan, FE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SCIENCE REVIEWS LTD PI NORTHWOOD PA 40 THE FAIRWAY, NORTHWOOD HA6 3DY, MIDDX, ENGLAND SN 0308-2342 J9 J CHEM RES-S JI J. Chem. Res.-S PD OCT PY 2002 IS 10 BP 518 EP 519 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 623DD UT WOS:000179687200019 ER PT J AU Sanchez, S Stevenson, MAM Hudson, CR Maier, M Buffington, T Dam, Q Maurer, JJ AF Sanchez, S Stevenson, MAM Hudson, CR Maier, M Buffington, T Dam, Q Maurer, JJ TI Characterization of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates associated with nosocomial infections in dogs SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; AMPC BETA-LACTAMASE; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; SALMONELLA-ENTERICA; FLORFENICOL RESISTANCE; KLEBSIELLA-PNEUMONIAE; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; POLYMORPHIC DNA; GENE CASSETTES; FOOD ANIMALS AB Multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogens have become endemic to the veterinary hospital environment. Escherichia coli isolates resistant to 12 antibiotics were isolated from two dogs that were housed in the intensive care unit at The University of Georgia Veterinary Teaching Hospital within 48 It of each other. Review of 21 retrospective and prospective hospital-acquired E. coli infections revealed that the isolates had similar antibiotic resistance profiles, characterized by resistance to most cephalosporins, beta-lactams, and the beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid as well as resistance to tetracycline, spectinomycin, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin. E. coli isolates with similar resistance profiles were also isolated from the environment in the intensive care unit and surgery wards. Multiple E. coli genetic types were endemic to the hospital environment, with the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis fingerprint identified among E. coli isolates from diseased animals and the hospital environment matching. The extended-spectrum cephalosporin resistance in these nosocomial E. coli isolates was attributed to the cephamycinase-encoding gene, bla(CMY2). Chloramphenicol resistance was due in part to the dissemination of the florfenicol resistance gene, flo, among these isolates. Resistance encoded by both genes was self-transmissible. Although bla(CMY2) and flo were common to the polyclonal, nosocomial E. coli isolates, there was considerable diversity in the genetic compositions of class 1 integrons, especially among isolates belonging to the same genetic type. Two or more integrons were generally present in these isolates. The gene cassettes present within each integron ranged in size from 0.6 to 2.4 kb, although a 1.7-kb gene cassette was the most prevalent. The 1.7-kb gene cassette contained spectinomycin resistance gene aadA5 and trimethoprim resistance gene dfrA17. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Avian Med, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens Diagnost Lab, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Med Microbiol, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Parasitol, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Small Anim Med, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Maurer, JJ (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Avian Med, Coll Vet Med, 953 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 67 TC 79 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 40 IS 10 BP 3586 EP 3595 DI 10.1128/JCM.40.10.3586-3595.2002 PG 10 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 600MP UT WOS:000178394800006 PM 12354850 ER PT J AU Boonchit, S Xuan, XN Yokoyama, N Goff, WL Wagner, G Igarashi, I AF Boonchit, S Xuan, XN Yokoyama, N Goff, WL Wagner, G Igarashi, I TI Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with recombinant rhoptry-associated protein 1 antigen against Babesia bovis for the detection of specific antibodies in cattle SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VACCINE; ANAPLASMOSIS; ORGANELLES; CABALLI; ELISA AB The gene encoding Babesia bovis rhoptry-associated protein I (RAP-1) was used to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure specific antibodies against B. bovis. The B. bovis RAP-1 gene was subcloned into a baculovirus transfer vector, and the RAP-1 protein was expressed in insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus. The recombinant B. bovis RAP-1 of 65 kDa was detected with anti-RAP-1 mouse serum by Western blotting, and this recombinant RAP-1 was used as an antigen in the ELISA. The ELISA was able to differentiate between B. bovis-infected sera and B. bigemina-infected sera or noninfected normal bovine sera. The results demonstrate that the recombinant RAP-1 expressed in insect cells might be a useful antigen for the detection of antibodies to B. bovis. C1 Obihiro Univ Agr & Vet Med, Natl Res Ctr Protozoan Dis, Obihiro, Hokkaido 0808555, Japan. USDA, ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Coll Vet Med, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Igarashi, I (reprint author), Obihiro Univ Agr & Vet Med, Natl Res Ctr Protozoan Dis, Inada Cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 0808555, Japan. NR 31 TC 27 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 40 IS 10 BP 3771 EP 3775 DI 10.1128/JCM.40.10.3771-3775.2002 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 600MP UT WOS:000178394800035 PM 12354879 ER PT J AU Pilcher, CD Rice, ME Higgins, RA Steffey, KL Hellmich, RL Witkowski, J Calvin, D Ostlie, KR Gray, M AF Pilcher, CD Rice, ME Higgins, RA Steffey, KL Hellmich, RL Witkowski, J Calvin, D Ostlie, KR Gray, M TI Biotechnology and the European corn borer: Measuring historical farmer perceptions and adoption of transgenic Bt corn as a pest management strategy SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE European corn borer; maize; transgenic corn; Bt corn; biotechnology; survey ID FIELD CORN; RESISTANCE; KERNELS AB A 3-yr, multi-state survey of farmers who had planted transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn was conducted to evaluate perceptions of Bt corn performance and its utility as a management option for European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). A questionnaire was sent to farmers in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Pennsylvania who had grown Bt corn during the growing seasons of 1996, 1997, or 1998. There were 7,427 usable questionnaires returned with the following response percentages: 1996 (42.1%), 1997 (35.0%), and 1998 (22.6%). Adoption rates, based on percentage of acreage planted to Bt corn, increased dramatically from 1996 (10.5%) to 1998 (40.7%). The states growing the highest percentage of Bt corn were Minnesota, Iowa, and then Nebraska. However, Illinois, was adopting Bt corn at the fastest rate. Historical use of insecticides did not influence the adoption of Bt corn. In addition, of those farmers who used insecticides to control European corn borer, the percentage that decreased their use of insecticides nearly doubled from 13.2% (1996) to 26.0% (1998) over this 3-yr period. The primary reason farmers planted Bt corn was to eliminate the yield loss caused by European corn borer. Scouting for European corn borers decreased from 91% (scouting 2.2 times a year) in 1996 to 75% (scouting 1.8 times a year) in 1998. The percentage of farmers not scouting for European corn borers increased from 9.6% (1996) to 25% (1998). Most farmers believed yields of Bt hybrids were either similar to or greater than the yields of non-Bt hybrids. Minnesota farmers perceived the greatest yield advantages. Farmers are becoming more aware of insect resistance management guidelines; however, they also clearly show preferences for having the flexibility to use different spatial plantings of Bt and non-Bt corn. Finally, after having planted Bt corn and obtained excellent control of European corn borer, most farmers believed that this insect had been causing more yield loss than they previously had suspected in their non-Bt corn. The data represented here provide an historical foundation for how transgenic Bt corn was used by farmers during the first 3 yr of commercial availability, their initial perceptions on the performance of this technology, and their attitudes regarding management of the European corn borer. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Nebraska, Haskell Agr Lab, Concord, NE 68728 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Entomol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Pilcher, CD (reprint author), 9820 McWilliams Dr,Corn States Hybrids, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. NR 30 TC 25 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 9 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 95 IS 5 BP 878 EP 892 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.5.878 PG 15 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 603GF UT WOS:000178550000002 PM 12403412 ER PT J AU Hallman, GJ Loaharanu, P AF Hallman, GJ Loaharanu, P TI Generic ionizing radiation quarantine treatments against fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) proposed SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fruit flies; gamma radiation; disinfestation; phytosanitary treatment; commodity treatment; postharvest ID GAMMA-IRRADIATION; FLY DIPTERA; MEXICAN; CHERRIES AB Tephritid fruit flies comprise the most important group of quarantined pests of fresh produce. Most quarantine treatments of fresh agricultural commodities are directed against these pests, and considerable effort in detection, trapping, and population control is expended worldwide to prevent these pests from invading new territories. Ionizing radiation has been studied for 70 yr for its possible use as a quarantine treatment against fruit flies, but has only been applied commercially on a limited basis since 1995. The treatment has great potential and will probably be used extensively in the future as it is tolerated by more species of fruits than any other major treatment. The U.S. Department Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service only recently proposed allowing irradiation for fresh agricultural imports from other countries, and other countries are studying proposals to do likewise. In 1991, the International Consultative Group on Food Irradiation recommended a generic dose against all tephritid fruit flies of 150 Gy. This article examines the literature dealing with irradiation quarantine treatments against fruit flies and recommends minimum absorbed doses of 70 Gy for Anastrepha spp., 101 Gy for Bactrocera jarvisi and B. tryoni, and 150 Gy for all Tephritidae except when fruits have been stored in hypoxic atmospheres. C1 USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Hallman, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. EM ghallman@weslaco.ars.usda.gov NR 51 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 10 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 95 IS 5 BP 893 EP 901 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.5.893 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 603GF UT WOS:000178550000003 PM 12403413 ER PT J AU Shapiro, JP Ferkovich, SM AF Shapiro, JP Ferkovich, SM TI Yolk protein immunoassays (YP-ELISA) to assess diet and reproductive quality of mass-reared Orius insidiosus (Heteroptera : Anthocoridae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; IMMUNOLOGICAL DETECTION; VITELLIN CONTENT; TOBACCO BUDWORM; HELICOVERPA-ZEA; BEMISIA-TABACI; LEPIDOPTERA; VITELLOGENIN; NOCTUIDAE; HEMIPTERA AB A yolk protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (YP-ELISA) was developed for the predator Orius insidiosus (Say). The YP-ELISA is intended to assess reproductive response to dietary and other rearing conditions, and to assist in quality control and diet development for mass rearing. Hybridomas and monoclonal antibodies were produced against homogenates of eggs dissected from females. Hybridomas were selected for secretion of IgG that reacted with extracts of both females and their eggs, and that did not react with male extracts. Each cloned hybridoma produced a monoclonal antibody that specifically reacted on western blots against one of the two major yolk polypeptides, apoVn-I (180,000 molecular weight) or apoVn-II (40,000). Yolk protein ELISAs were developed with these antibodies to assess yolk protein content of female O. insidiosus as a measure of reproductive fitness and as a potential predictor of fecundity. Protocols for an indirect antigen ELISA and double antibody sandwich ELISA were developed to assess yolk protein contents of eggs and total contents in whole body homogenates. ELISA standards consisted of homogenates of eggs collected 0-24 h following oviposition. As determined with the sandwich ELISA, yolk protein contents of eggs declined with age before batch, with a half-life of 32-34 b. Results were similar whether the detecting antibody-enzyme conjugate was anti-apoVn-I or anti-apoVn-II. Optimal conditions and sampling parameters were developed for the sandwich ELISA, which demonstrated minimal nonspecific interference in whole-insect extracts. In an initial application of the YP-ELISA, oviposition rates over a 10-d period were compared with yolk protein contents at the end of that period, dependent on diets of differing nutritional composition and quality. High and low yolk protein contents correlated with oviposition rates on respective diets, though oviposition showed more graded response to diets than did yolk protein. Improvements in sampling methods are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Shapiro, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 24 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 95 IS 5 BP 927 EP 935 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.5.927 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 603GF UT WOS:000178550000008 PM 12403418 ER PT J AU Mankin, RW Osbrink, WL Oi, FM Anderson, JB AF Mankin, RW Osbrink, WL Oi, FM Anderson, JB TI Acoustic detection of termite infestations in urban trees SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Reticulitermes flavipes; Reticulitermes virginicus; Coptotermes formosanus; acoustics ID EMISSIONS DETECTOR; ISOPTERA; RHINOTERMITIDAE; KALOTERMITIDAE; WOOD; POPULATIONS; SOUND; GRAIN; BAIT; SOIL AB A portable, low-frequency acoustic system was used to detect termite infestations in urban trees. The likelihood of infestation was rated independently by a computer program and an experienced listener that distinguished insect sounds from background noises. Because soil is a good insulator, termite sounds could be detected easily underneath infested trees, despite the presence of high urban background noise. Termite sounds could be detected also in trunks, but background noise often made it difficult to identify termite signals unambiguously. High likelihoods of termite infestation were predicted at four live oak (Quercus virginiana Mill, Fagacae), two loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L., Pinacae), and two baldeypress (Taxodium distichum Rich. Pinacae) trees that wood-baited traps bad identified as infested with Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Infestations also were predicted at two pine trees with confirmed recoveries of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar). Low likelihoods of infestation were predicted in four oak trees where no termites were found. Additional tests were conducted in anechoic environments to determine the range of acoustic detectability and the feasibility of acoustically estimating termite population levels. There was a significant regression between the activity rate and the number of termites present in a wood trap block, with a minimum detectable number of approximate to50 workers per liter of wood. The success of these field tests suggests that currently available acoustic systems have considerable potential to detect and monitor hidden infestations of termites in urban trees and around building perimeters in addition to their present uses to detect and monitor termite infestations in buildings. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Mankin, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. EM rmankin@gainesville.usda.ufl.edu NR 27 TC 47 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 8 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 95 IS 5 BP 981 EP 988 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.5.981 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 603GF UT WOS:000178550000015 PM 12403425 ER PT J AU Osbrink, WLA Lax, AR AF Osbrink, WLA Lax, AR TI Effect of tolerance to insecticides on substrate penetration by Formosan subterranean termites (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Coptotermes formosanus; termite; insecticide; resistance ID GERMAN COCKROACHES DICTYOPTERA; SOIL TERMITICIDES; FIELD POPULATIONS; GLUCOSE AVERSION; REMEDIAL CONTROL; TREATED SOIL; BLATTELLIDAE; EASTERN; FORMULATION; THICKNESSES AB Seven selected insecticides were applied to three substrates and bioassayed for barrier efficacy and toxicity against the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, originating from colonies that differed in their tolerance to the insecticides. A profound substrate effect was seen with all insecticides tested. Sand was the most difficult substrate to penetrate and caused faster and greater mortality of C. formosanus. Increased tolerance in C. formosanus was accompanied by a decrease in penetration of treated substrata with chlordane, methoxychlor, chlorpyrifos, and deltamethrin. The opposite was true in the case of permethrin and bendiocarb. More tolerance C. formosanus displayed decreased mortality in the presence of chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, bendiocarb, and fipronil. The opposite was true for permethrin. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Osbrink, WLA (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 48 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 95 IS 5 BP 989 EP 1000 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.5.989 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 603GF UT WOS:000178550000016 PM 12403426 ER PT J AU Pruett, JH Guerrero, FD Hernandez, R AF Pruett, JH Guerrero, FD Hernandez, R TI Isolation and identification of an esterase from a Mexican strain of Boophilus microplus (Acari : Ixodidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carboxylesterase; insecticide resistance; permethrin detoxification ID SOUTHERN CATTLE TICK; POINT MUTATION; RESISTANCE; GENE AB A strain of Mexican Boophilus microplus (Cz) collected near Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico, exhibits a moderate, but significant, level of permethrin. resistance. Unlike other highly permethrin resistant strains, the Cz strain does not have a mutation within the sodium channel gene that results in target-site insensitivity. However, the Cz strain possesses a substantial increase in general and permethrin esterase activity relative to highly permethrin resistant and control strains suggesting the involvement of a metabolic esterase(s) in the expression of permethrin resistance. We report the isolation of a 62.8 kDa protein from Cz strain larvae that we think is the esterase previously reported as Cz EST9. In addition, internal amino acid sequence data obtained from the 62.8 kDa protein suggest that it is the gene product of a previously reported B. microplus carboxylesterase cDNA. We propose that the 62.8 kDa protein (Cz EST9) has permethrin hydrolytic activity and as a result plays an important role in Cz strain resistance to permethrin. C1 USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, SPA, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Pruett, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, SPA, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 16 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 95 IS 5 BP 1001 EP 1007 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.5.1001 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 603GF UT WOS:000178550000017 PM 12403427 ER PT J AU Livingston, MJ Carlson, GA Fackler, PL AF Livingston, MJ Carlson, GA Fackler, PL TI Use of mathematical models to estimate characteristics of pyrethroid resistance in tobacco budworm and bollworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) field populations SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Heliothis virescens; Helicoverpa zea; pyrethroid resistance; mathematical model; relative fitness estimates; fitness cost ID HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS F; HELICOVERPA-ZEA LEPIDOPTERA; GATED SODIUM-CHANNEL; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; MALATHION RESISTANCE; TRANSGENIC COTTON; EVOLUTION; MANAGEMENT; MUTATION; GENETICS AB Genetic models have been used to examine the evolution of insecticide resistance in pest species subject to data and assumptions regarding genetic, biological, and operational parameters. We used time-series data on pyrethroid tolerance and simple genetic models to estimate underlying genetic and biological parameters associated with resistance evolution in tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), and bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), Louisiana field populations. Assuming pyrethroid resistance is conferred by one gene at one locus in both species, inheritance of pyrethroid resistance was partially dominant in the tobacco budworm and partially recessive in the bollworm. Relative fitness estimates indicated that fitness costs associated with resistance selected against resistance alleles in the absence of selection pressure in the tobacco budworm, but not in the bollworm. In addition, relative fitness estimates obtained using the indirect method outlined in this study were similar in magnitude to estimates obtained using traditional direct approaches. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Unit 119, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Livingston, MJ (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Unit 119, 4700 River Rd, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 71 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 95 IS 5 BP 1008 EP 1017 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.5.1008 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 603GF UT WOS:000178550000018 PM 12403428 ER PT J AU Williams, WP Buckley, PM Windham, GL AF Williams, WP Buckley, PM Windham, GL TI Southwestern corn borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) damage and aflatoxin accumulation in maize SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE southwestern corn borer; aflatoxin; corn; plant resistance ID ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; KERNEL INFECTION; GERMPLASM LINE; CONTAMINATION; REGISTRATION; RESISTANCE; MYCOTOXINS; HYBRIDS; GRAIN; FOODS AB Aflatoxin, a potent carcinogen, is produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus Link: Fr. Drought, high temperatures, and insect damage contribute to increased levels of aflatoxin contamination in corn, Zea mays L. Plant resistance is widely considered a desirable method of reducing aflatoxin contamination. Germplasm lines with aflatoxin resistance have been developed. This investigation was undertaken to determine whether crosses among these lines exhibited resistance to southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, and to assess the effects of southwestern corn borer feeding on aflatoxin accumulation. Differences in ear damage among southwestern corn borer infested hybrids were significant. Estimates of general combining ability effects indicated that the lines Mp80:04, Mp420, and Mp488 contributed to reduced ear damage, and SC213 and T165 contributed to greater damage when used in hybrids. Mean aflatoxin levels were 254 ng/g for hybrids infested with southwestern corn borer larvae and 164 ng/g for noninfested hybrids in 2000 when environmental conditions were conducive to aflatoxin production. In contrast, the overall mean aflatoxin level for southwestern corn borer infested hybrids was only 5 ng/g in 1999 when environmental conditions did not favor aflatoxin accumulation. Crosses that included lines selected for aflatoxin resistance as parents (Mp,80:04 and Mp313E) exhibited lower levels of aflatoxin contamination both with and without southwestern corn borer infestation in 2000. Only the experimental line Mp80:04 contributed significantly to both reduced southwestern corn borer damage and reduced aflatoxin contamination. C1 USDA ARS, Corn Hosp Plant Resistanc Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Williams, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Corn Hosp Plant Resistanc Res Unit, Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 95 IS 5 BP 1049 EP 1053 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.5.1049 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 603GF UT WOS:000178550000023 PM 12403433 ER PT J AU Lapointe, SL Bowman, KD AF Lapointe, SL Bowman, KD TI Is there meaningful plant resistance to Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) in citrus rootstock germplasm? SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE citrus; host plant resistance; Diaprepes root weevil; Diaprepes abbreviatus; Poncirus trifoliata ID ROOT WEEVIL; CURCULIONIDAE; COLEOPTERA; MARKERS; IDENTIFICATION; CULTIVARS; RUTACEAE AB Host plant resistance to the Diaprepes root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) was assessed for seedlings of 54 Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. selections and two families of progeny from crosses between Citrus and P. trifoliata. Weight gain was consistently lower when larvae were reared in pots containing the progeny of Citrus reticulata Blanco 'Sunki' x P. trifoliata 'Flying Dragon' compared with larvae reared on progeny of 'Pearl' (C. reticulata x C. paradisi Macf.) x 'Flying Dragon'. This is the first evidence of genetic control of resistance to the Diaprepes root weevil within sexually compatible citrus rootstock germplasm. There was a significant positive correlation between percentage root loss and larval weight gain within the resistant progeny, indicating a possible antixenotic effect. Two varieties of P. trifoliata were identified as more resistant than 'Flying Dragon' based on larval weight gain. C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Lapointe, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 95 IS 5 BP 1059 EP 1065 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.5.1059 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 603GF UT WOS:000178550000025 PM 12403435 ER PT J AU Campbell, JF Mullen, MA Dowdy, AK AF Campbell, JF Mullen, MA Dowdy, AK TI Monitoring stored-product pests in food processing plants with pheromone trapping, contour mapping, and mark-recapture SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Trogoderma variabile; Lasioderma serricorne; Tribolium castaneum; Plodia interpunctella; monitoring; integrated pest management ID PLODIA-INTERPUNCTELLA LEPIDOPTERA; TRIBOLIUM-CASTANEUM; INSECT POPULATIONS; HUBNER LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE; TRAPS; BOSTRICHIDAE; COLEOPTERA; WAREHOUSE; FLIGHT AB Distribution and movement patterns of several species of stored-product pests in a food processing plant were investigated. The objectives of this study were to determine the temporal and spatial variation in abundance of stored-product pests using pheromone traps; assess the effectiveness of trap type, location, and number on monitoring insect populations; and to evaluate the nature of pheromone trap capture hot spots by measuring patterns of insect movement. We determined that the distributions of Trogoderma variabile Ballion, Lasioderma serricorne (F.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) within the facility were typically clumped and that foci of high trap captures, based on visual observation of contour maps, varied among species and over time. Trap type and location influenced the number of T variabile captured: traps on the floor and along walls captured more individuals than hanging traps and traps next to support pillars. T variabile was the predominant insect pest at this facility and from mark-recapture studies, we found that individual beetles moved across multiple floors in the facility and from 7 to 216 in though the warehouse. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Campbell, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RI Campbell, James/J-9901-2012 NR 55 TC 70 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 12 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 95 IS 5 BP 1089 EP 1101 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.5.1089 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 603GF UT WOS:000178550000029 PM 12403439 ER PT J AU Hogsette, JA Carlson, DA Nejame, AS AF Hogsette, JA Carlson, DA Nejame, AS TI Development of granular boric acid sugar baits for house flies (Diptera : Muscidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE house fly; Musca domestica; boric acid; granular baits; repellency ID AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; ORAL TOXICITY; REPELLENCY AB Freeze-dried, granular sugar baits containing boric acid as the toxicant were evaluated against house flies, Musca domestica L., in two bioassays with toxicant dose ranges of 3, 5, 7, 8, and 12%, and 3, 5, 9, 17, and 33% boric acid, respectively, calculated and expressed on a dry weight basis. Flies in bioassay 1 were mixed sex and unstarved and flies in bioassay 2 were females only and starved 4 h before testing began. LC(50)s were 8.97 and 14.33%, and LT(50)s were 59.75 and 53.34 h in bioassays 1 and 2, respectively. Baits were tested at concentrations as high as 33%, however there was no indication of repellency as seen previously with liquid baits. Reasons for lack of repellency and potential uses for baits are discussed. Development of efficacious granular baits would allow the presentation of higher levels of boric acid in volumes much smaller than required for liquid baits. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Hogsette, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 95 IS 5 BP 1110 EP 1112 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-95.5.1110 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 603GF UT WOS:000178550000031 PM 12403441 ER PT J AU Alverson, J AF Alverson, J TI Effects of Aspergillus niger contamination on biological fitness of Lygus hesperus (Heteroptera : miridae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE plant bugs; mass rearing; artificial diet; Aspergillus niger AB The effect of Aspergillus niger (USDA, ARS Robert T. Gast Rearing Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS isolate) contaminated artificial diet on Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae) is described. A standard number of A. niger spores was inoculated into an artificial diet used to rear L. hesperus, and the effect on biological fitness of the insect was measured. Biological fitness was defined as total number of surviving adults, mean biomass (dry weight) accumulated per cage over the total test period, egg production, time to adult emergence, and time to the beginning of egg laying. These measurements were all significantly different for insects reared on the inoculated diet from those reared on the control diet. The insects reared on the diet inoculated with A. niger showed a high mortality of nymphs, a decrease in mean biomass, delayed development time, and a decrease in egg production. This study demonstrates the devastating effect A. niger diet contamination can have on a laboratory colony of L. hesperus and emphasizes the need for constant vigilance and adherence to strict sanitation methods in an insect rearing facility. C1 USDA ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Alverson, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 37 IS 4 BP 338 EP 344 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 617PW UT WOS:000179370900007 ER PT J AU Baker, JE Fabrick, JA AF Baker, JE Fabrick, JA TI Unusual responses of indianmeal moth larvae (Lepidoptera : pyralidae) to envenomation and parasitization by a braconid ectoparasitoid SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Habrobracon; Plodia; ectoparasitoid; host response; immune response; immunosuppressant C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Baker, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 37 IS 4 BP 370 EP 374 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 617PW UT WOS:000179370900012 ER PT J AU Moore, S Vrebalov, J Payton, P Giovannoni, J AF Moore, S Vrebalov, J Payton, P Giovannoni, J TI Use of genomics tools to isolate key ripening genes and analyse fruit maturation in tomato SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE ESTs; map-based cloning; microarrays; mutant complementation ID NEVER-RIPE; CAROTENOID BIOSYNTHESIS; DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY; EXPRESSION PATTERNS; ETHYLENE; MUTANT; MICROARRAY; PLANTS; DNA; IDENTIFICATION AB Development, maturation and ripening of fruits has received considerable experimental attention, primarily due to the uniqueness of such processes to plant species and the importance of fruit as a significant aspect of human dietary intake and nutrition. Molecular and genetic analysis of fruit development, and especially ripening of fleshy fruits, has resulted in significant gains in knowledge over recent years, especially with respect to understanding ethylene biosynthesis and response, cell wall metabolism and, to a lesser extent, environmental cues which impact ripening. Tomato has proved to be an excellent model system for the analysis of fruit ripening and development, in part due to the availability of well characterized ripening mutants. Especially interesting are the non-allelic ripening-inhibitor (rin) and non-ripening (nor) mutations which result in non-ripening fruit. Fruit from both mutants are deficient in climacteric respiration and the associated burst in ethylene biosynthesis. Exogenous ethylene does not restore ripening yet does induce expression of ethylene-regulated ripening genes, suggesting both mutations block necessary aspects of ripening outside the realm of ethylene's influence. Both mutations therefore represent genes upstream of ethylene control and additional non-ethylene mediated aspects of ripening. Both genes have recently been isolated through positional cloning strategies and it was shown that ripening is regulated, in part, by a MADS-box transcription factor at the rin locus. Recent development of tools for tomato genomics summarized here have further expanded the potential of the tomato system for the elucidation of genetic regulatory components impacting fruit development, ripening and nutritional quality. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Giovannoni, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd,Cornell Campus, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 62 TC 81 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 13 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 53 IS 377 BP 2023 EP 2030 DI 10.1093/jxb/erf057 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 598BB UT WOS:000178254300003 PM 12324526 ER PT J AU Fasina, OO Fleming, HP McFeeters, RF AF Fasina, OO Fleming, HP McFeeters, RF TI Thermal and rheological properties of brine from fermented and sulfite-preserved cucumbers SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID LACTOBACILLUS-PLANTARUM; SODIUM-CHLORIDE; GROWTH AB Pickling cucumbers may be temporarily preserved by fermentation in brine (6-8% NaCl) or without fermentation in salt-free, sulfite solution (300 ppm sulfite, pH 3.5). Brines obtained from preservation processes are often discarded. Due to environmental concerns, there is increasing consideration for further use of the brine solutions by recycling for use in bulk storage or filtration and incorporation into finished products. Thermal and rheological properties are fundamental to the reuse of the brine. The effect of temperature was determined on the rheological (5-45C) and thermal properties (5-75C) of brine. The properties of the brine samples were found to be significantly different (P < 0.05) from each other and from water. Salt content was the most important factor affecting the thermal and rheological properties of brine. At the same conditions, the values of the properties (thermal conductivity, specific heat, and thermal diffusivity, viscosity) were about 5 to 23% less than the corresponding values for water. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, N Carolina Agr Res Serv, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Fasina, OO (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, N Carolina Agr Res Serv, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8876 J9 J FOOD PROCESS ENG JI J. Food Process Eng. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 25 IS 4 BP 307 EP 322 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2002.tb00568.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Chemical; Food Science & Technology SC Engineering; Food Science & Technology GA 611GZ UT WOS:000179009300004 ER PT J AU Barkocy-Gallagher, GA Berry, ED Rivera-Betancourt, M Arthur, TM Nou, XW Koohmaraie, M AF Barkocy-Gallagher, GA Berry, ED Rivera-Betancourt, M Arthur, TM Nou, XW Koohmaraie, M TI Development of methods for the recovery of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and Salmonella from beef carcass sponge samples and bovine fecal and hide samples SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-ENRICHMENT; IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; SELECTIVE ENRICHMENT; FECES; FOODS; PCR; CULTURE; MEDIA; IDENTIFICATION AB Culture methods were developed for the concurrent recovery of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella from bovine carcass, hide, and fecal samples. Several enrichment conditions were tested for the overall growth of pure cultures; tryptic soy broth for 2 It at 25degreesC and then for 6 h at 42degreesC was the protocol selected for use. Immunomagnetic separation (IMS) was incorporated for sensitivity and selectivity, along with a post-IMS enrichment for the recovery of Salmonella as recommended by the manufacturer. Selective agars for plating after IMS were chosen on the basis of ease of target colony identification. Sorbitol MacConkey agar supplemented with cefixime and potassium tellurite and Rainbow agar supplemented with novobiocin and potassium tellurite were chosen for the recovery of E. coli O157:H7. Brilliant green agar with sulfadiazine and Hektoen enteric agar supplemented with novobiocin were selected for the recovery of Salmonella. The resulting methods were evaluated along with standard or previously used methods for the recovery of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella from bovine hide and fecal samples and carcass sponge samples. The Meats Research Unit (MRU) methods performed at least as well as the established methods, except that a secondary enrichment in tetrathionate (TT) broth prior to IMS was required for the optimal recovery of Salmonella from feces. Thus, the MRU and MRU-TT methods are effective in the recovery of both E. coli O157: H7 and Salmonella from a single bovine carcass, hide, or fecal sample. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Barkocy-Gallagher, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM gallagher@email.marc.usda.gov RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 31 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 65 IS 10 BP 1527 EP 1534 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 602DK UT WOS:000178490300001 PM 12380735 ER PT J AU Tamplin, ML AF Tamplin, ML TI Growth of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in raw ground beef stored at 10 degrees C and the influence of competitive bacterial flora, strain variation, and fat level SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID VEROTOXIN PRODUCTION; TEMPERATURES; MEAT AB Pure-culture broth-based models of the growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 have been used to estimate its behavior in ground beef, even though these models have not been adequately validated for this food product. This situation limits accurate estimates of the behavior of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef and introduces uncertainties in risk assessments. In the present study, the growth of single and multiple strains of E. coli O157:H7 were measured in retail ground beef stored at 10degreesC for up to 12 days, and the results were compared with estimates generated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Pathogen Modeling Program (PMP; version 5.1). At pH 5.9, the PMP predicted a maximum population density (MPD) of 9.13 log(10) CFU/g, an exponential growth rate (EGR) of 0.052 log(10) CFU/h, and a lag time of 56.3 h. Similar parameter values were observed for sterilized ground beef; however, no lag phase was observed. In contrast, the mean MPD and EGR for retail ground beef were 5.09 log(10) CFU/g and 0.019 log(10) CFU/h, respectively, and no lag phase was observed. Both the EGR and the MPD increased with decreasing fat levels. There was low variation in the MPD and EGR parameters for the nine E. coli O157:H7 ground beef isolates. Two isolates of competitive native flora were separately added to sterilized ground beef, and the EGR and MPD decreased as the ratio of competitive flora to E. coli O157:H7 increased. For one strain, at ratios of 1:1, 10:1, and 100:1, the EGRs were 0.033, 0.025, and 0.018 log(10) CFU/h, respectively, and the MPDs were 6.14, 5.08, and 4.84 log(10) CFU/g, respectively. These results demonstrate that existing broth-based models for E. coli O157:H7 must be validated for food and that models should consider the effects of the food matrix, the competitive microflora, and potential pathogen strain variation. C1 USDA ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tamplin, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM mtamplin@arserrc.gov NR 16 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 65 IS 10 BP 1535 EP 1540 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 602DK UT WOS:000178490300002 PM 12380736 ER PT J AU Calicioglu, M Faith, NG Buege, DR Luchansky, JB AF Calicioglu, M Faith, NG Buege, DR Luchansky, JB TI Viability of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 during manufacturing and storage of a fermented, semidry soudjouk-style sausage SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID VALIDATION AB Soudjouk-style batter was inoculated with a five-strain mixture of Escherichia coli O157:H7 at about 7.6 log(10) CFU/g in each of two trials. The sticks were fermented and dried at 22degreesC and 50% relative humidity (RH) for 3 days and then at 9degreesC and 40% RH for 18 h. After being flattened to about 1.25 cm, the sticks were conditioned at 38degreesC and 70% RH or at 22degreesC and 50% RH for about 3 days. After the latter conditioning treatment, sticks either were cooked to an internal temperature of 63degreesC or received no heat treatment. Final mean pH values after conditioning at 22degreesC and 50% RH for soudjouk manufactured with a starter culture and dextrose (1.0%) and for soudjouk manufactured without a starter culture were about 4.9 and 6.0, respectively. For soudjouk produced with a starter culture, pathogen numbers were reduced by 4.53 and 0.88 log(10) CFU/g after conditioning at 38degreesC and 70% RH and at 22degreesC and 50% RH, respectively. For soudjouk produced via natural fermentation, pathogen numbers were reduced by 1.39 and 0.09 log(10) CFU/g after conditioning at 38degreesC and 70% RH and at 22degreesC and 50% RH, respectively. Cooking reduced pathogen numbers to below the levels detectable by direct plating (<1.0 log(10) CFU/g) and by enrichment for soudjouk produced with a starter culture and also reduced pathogen numbers by 6.28 log(10) CFU/g for soudjouk produced via natural fermentation. However, cooking also resulted in an unacceptable product. In general, the reduction in pathogen numbers achieved by storage at ambient temperature (25degreesC) was greater than that achieved by storage at cooler temperatures (4 and 15degreesC), particularly for soudjouk prepared with a starter culture (for which a final pH value of 4.8 and a 6.4-log(10) reduction were obtained after 21 days at 25degreesC) rather than for that prepared without a starter culture (for which a final pH value of 6.1 and a 2.6-log(10) reduction were obtained after 21 days at 25degreesC). These results indicate that naturally fermented old-country-type sausage may allow the survival of E. coli O157:H7 in the absence of controlled fermentation, postfermentation cooking, and/or an ambient-storage processing step. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Meat Sci & Muscle Biol Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Food Res Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Mirobial Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Luchansky, JB (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Meat Sci & Muscle Biol Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 12 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 10 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 65 IS 10 BP 1541 EP 1544 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 602DK UT WOS:000178490300003 PM 12380737 ER PT J AU Friedman, M Henika, PR Mandrell, RE AF Friedman, M Henika, PR Mandrell, RE TI Bactericidal activities of plant essential oils and some of their isolated constituents against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID OREGANO ESSENTIAL OIL; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; SUSPENSION TEST; VOLATILE OILS; FOOD; PATHOGENS; GROWTH; TYPHIMURIUM AB An improved method of sample preparation was used in a microplate assay to evaluate the bactericidal activity levels of 96 essential oils and 23 oil compounds against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica obtained from food and clinical sources. Bactericidal activity (BA50) was defined as the percentage of the sample in the assay mixture that resulted in a 50% decrease in CFU relative to a buffer control. Twenty-seven oils and 12 compounds were active against all four species of bacteria. The oils that were most active against C. jejuni (with BA50 values ranging from 0.003 to 0,009) were marigold, ginger root, jasmine, patchouli, gardenia, cedarwood, carrot seed, celery seed, mugwort, spikenard, and orange bitter oils; those that were most active against E. coli (with BA50 values ranging from 0.046 to 0.14) were oregano, thyme, cinnamon, palmarosa, bay leaf, clove bud, lemon grass, and allspice oils; those that were most active against L. monocytogenes (with BA50 values ranging from 0.057 to 0.092) were gardenia, cedarwood, bay leaf, clove bud, oregano, cinnamon, allspice, thyme, and patchouli oils; and those that were most active against S. enterica (with BA50 values ranging from 0.045 to 0.14) were thyme, oregano, cinnamon, clove bud, allspice, bay leaf, palmarosa, and marjoram oils, The oil compounds that were most active against C. jejuni (with BA50 values ranging from 0.003 to 0.034) were cinnamaldehyde, estragole, carvacrol, benzaldehyde, citral, thymol, eugenol, perillaldehyde, carvone R, and geranyl acetate; those that were most active against E. coli (with BA50 values ranging from 0.057 to 0.28) were carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, eugenol, salicylaldehyde, geraniol, isoeugenol, citral, perillaldehyde, and estragole; those that were most active against L. monocytogenes (with BA50 values ranging from 0.019 to 0.43) were cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, thymol, carvacrol, citral, geraniol, perillaldehyde, carvone S, estragole, and salicylaldehyde; and those that were most active against S. enterica (with BA50 values ranging from 0.034 to 0.21) were thymol, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, eugenol, salicylaldehyde, geraniol, isoeugenol, terpineol, perillaldehyde, and estragole. The possible significance of these results with regard to food microbiology is discussed. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Friedman, M (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 45 TC 495 Z9 523 U1 9 U2 100 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 65 IS 10 BP 1545 EP 1560 PG 16 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 602DK UT WOS:000178490300004 PM 12380738 ER PT J AU Murphy, RY Berrang, ME AF Murphy, RY Berrang, ME TI Thermal lethality of Salmonella senftenberg and Listeria innocua on fully cooked and vacuum packaged chicken breast strips during hot water pasteurization SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID MONOCYTOGENES; INACTIVATION; MEAT; INDICATOR AB Seven log(10) CFU of Salmonella Senftenberg or Listeria innocua were surface inoculated on fully cooked chicken breast strips. The inoculated strips (227 or 454 g) were vacuum packaged in 0.2-mm-thick pouches (114 by 114 nun and 241 by 114 mm, respectively). The products were then heat treated in a hot water cooker at 88degreesC for 0 to 40 min. After heat treatment, Salmonella Senftenberg and L. innocua survivors were enumerated. Increasing treatment time increased the thermal lethality for Salmonella Senftenberg and L. innocua. The effect of treatment time interacted with product size. To achieve a 7-log(10) reduction for Salmonella Senftenberg and L. innocua, the 454-g packages needed to be heat treated for 34 min and the 227 g packages needed to be treated for 20 min. Models were developed to correlate treatment time with bacterial survival rate and could be used to predict up to a 7-log(10) reduction of Salmonella Senftenberg or L. innocua for similar products. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Murphy, RY (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 12 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 65 IS 10 BP 1561 EP 1564 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 602DK UT WOS:000178490300005 PM 12380739 ER PT J AU Berrang, ME Meinersmann, RJ Northcutt, JK Smith, DP AF Berrang, ME Meinersmann, RJ Northcutt, JK Smith, DP TI Molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from a poultry further processing facility and from fully cooked product SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; PRINCIPAL SOURCES; MEAT; PLANT; CONTAMINATION; ENVIRONMENT AB This study was undertaken to explore environmental sources of Listeria monocytogenes in a commercial chicken further processing facility and to compare the isolates obtained from this facility with others obtained from fully cooked product. In a survey conducted at the processing facility, 40 environmental sites (encompassing two production lines and representing areas in which raw and cooked products are processed) were cultured for L. monocytogenes. The resulting isolates were subjected to molecular subtyping by ribotyping, and these isolates were compared with 25 isolates collected by plant personnel from product contact surfaces and from fully cooked product. Eighty-nine environmental and product isolates were divided into 15 distinct ribogroups. Two ribogroups included isolates from fully cooked product; the members of these two ribogroups were subjected to further analysis by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, resulting in four clusters. L monocytogenes isolates from fully cooked product produced on line 1 were found to be indistinguishable from isolates collected from (i) drains on the raw-product side of line 1 and (ii) the floor surface in the cooked-product area of line 1. L monocytogenes isolates from fully cooked product from line 2 were found to be indistinguishable from isolates collected from (i) the spiral freezer exit conveyor on line 2, (ii) raw product contact surfaces on line 1, and (iii) drains in the cooked-product area of line 1. These data suggest that L monocytogenes can colonize a poultry further processing facility and eventually be transfer-red to fully cooked product. C1 USDA ARS, Agr Res Serv, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Berrang, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Agr Res Serv, Russell Res Ctr, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 18 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 65 IS 10 BP 1574 EP 1579 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 602DK UT WOS:000178490300007 PM 12380741 ER PT J AU Kingsley, DH Hoover, DG Papafragkou, E Richards, GP AF Kingsley, DH Hoover, DG Papafragkou, E Richards, GP TI Inactivation of hepatitis A virus and a calicivirus by high hydrostatic pressure SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID A-VIRUS; FELINE CALICIVIRUS; SHELLFISH; OYSTER; DEPURATION; ROTAVIRUS; MUSSELS; SYSTEM; HEAT AB Potential application of high hydrostatic pressure processing (HPP) as a method for virus inactivation was evaluated. A 7-log(10) PFU/ml hepatitis A virus (HAV) stock, in tissue culture medium, was reduced to nondetectable levels after exposure to more than 450 MPa of pressure for 5 min. Titers of HAV were reduced in a time- and pressure-dependent manner between 300 and 450 MPa. In contrast, poliovirus titer was unaffected by a 5-min treatment at 600 MPa. Dilution of HAV in seawater increased the pressure resistance of HAV, suggesting a protective effect of salts on virus inactivation. RNase protection experiments indicated that viral capsids may remain intact during pressure treatment, suggesting that inactivation was due to subtle alterations of viral capsid proteins. A 7-log(10) tissue culture infectious dose for 50% of the cultures per ml of feline calicivirus, a Norwalk virus surrogate, was completely inactivated after 5-min treatments with 275 MPa or more. These data show that HAV and a Norwalk virus surrogate can be inactivated by HPP and suggest that HPP may be capable of rendering potentially contaminated raw shellfish free of infectious viruses. C1 Delaware State Univ, USDA ARS, WW Baker Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Dover, DE 19901 USA. Univ Delaware, Coll Agr & Nat Resources, Dept Anim & Food Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RP Kingsley, DH (reprint author), Delaware State Univ, USDA ARS, WW Baker Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Dover, DE 19901 USA. NR 26 TC 131 Z9 135 U1 1 U2 15 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 65 IS 10 BP 1605 EP 1609 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 602DK UT WOS:000178490300012 PM 12380746 ER PT J AU Kang, DH Arthur, TM Siragusa, GR AF Kang, DH Arthur, TM Siragusa, GR TI Gas formation in ground beef chubs due to Hafnia alvei is reduced by multiple applications of antimicrobial interventions to artificially inoculated beef trim stock SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; VACUUM-PACKED BEEF; MICROBIAL DECONTAMINATION; CLOSTRIDIUM; SPOILAGE; GROWTH; MEAT; PCR AB Gas-forming microorganisms were isolated from gas-swollen ground beef chubs obtained from a commercial source and were phenotypically identified as Hafnia alvei. In in situ experiments, the isolated H. alvei strains produced gas in inoculated irradiation-sterilized ground beef chubs. A five-strain cocktail of H. alvei isolates was inoculated on beef trim. The inoculated beef trim samples were treated with either a water wash (W) at 65 psi for five passes (a pass refers to the application of successive multiple antimicrobial treatments to inoculated beef trim on a moving processing conveyor belt at a speed of I cm/s under heat ducts or oscillating spray nozzles), W plus a 2% (vol/vol) lactic acid wash (L) at room temperature at 30 psi for three passes (W/L), or a combination treatment (COMB) consisting of W plus 82degreesC water for three passes plus 510degreesC hot air for six passes plus L, or were not treated (control). After treatment, the beef trim was ground and vacuum packaged. The numbers of H. alvei were reduced with water alone and with the aforementioned antimicrobial intervention treatments. For the untreated and inoculated control samples, the numbers of H. alvei increased from 7.03 to 8.40 log CFU/g after 7 days of incubation at 4degreesC. However, the numbers of H. alvei treated by successive antimicrobial interventions (COMB) were initially reduced to 5.25 log CFU/g and increased to just 6.9 log CFU/g after 7 days of incubation at 4degreesC. Gas was produced in untreated control samples after 3 days at 15degreesC (15 of 15 inoculated chubs). However, in meat treated with W, W/L, and COMB, gas was produced after 4 to 5, 7 to 8, and 9 to 10 days of storage at 15degreesC, respectively. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of multiple antimicrobial interventions in reducing H. alvei numbers on beef trim and subsequently delaying gas formation in the resulting ground beef chubs. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Siragusa, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 65 IS 10 BP 1651 EP 1655 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 602DK UT WOS:000178490300021 PM 12380755 ER PT J AU Abbott, JA Buta, JG AF Abbott, JA Buta, JG TI Effect of antibrowning treatment on color and firmness of fresh-cut pears SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID BROWNING INHIBITION; BOSC AB A 30-second dip in a solution of 4-hexylresorcinol, isoascorbic acid, N-acetylcysteine, and potassium sorbate prevented browning of fresh-cut 'Anjou' and 'Bartleu' pears (Pyrus communis L.) for 9 days at 5C in air, regardless of initial ripeness. Firmness of pears did,not change in response to chemical treatments or time in storage, except that pears slices initially < 25 N, quite ripe, generally became translucent and excessively soft during storage. Firmness of the 5-mm thick slices was measured by puncturing to 2.5 mm using a 4 mm diameter cylindrical probe and by a three point bending test. A puncture test was more suitable (and more convenient) than bending for measuring firmness of the slices. Color (L*, a*, and b*) and transmittance through the slices in the visible and near infrared range (400 to 1900 nm) were measured. The a* value was more sensitive to browning and less affected by ripeness and storage than transmittance at specific wavelengths or the overall absorbance in the visible range. C1 USDA ARS, Prod Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Abbott, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Prod Qual & Safety Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 25 IS 4 BP 333 EP 341 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2002.tb01029.x PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 605ED UT WOS:000178662900006 ER PT J AU Lu, Z Fleming, HP McFeeters, RF AF Lu, Z Fleming, HP McFeeters, RF TI Effects of fruit size on fresh cucumber composition and the chemical and physical consequences of fermentation SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cucumber; fermentation; lactic acid bacteria; sugar; glucose; fructose ID LACTOBACILLUS-PLANTARUM; PICKLING CUCUMBERS; STRAINS; GROWTH; JUICE; ACIDS AB The composition of pickling cucumbers varied with fruit size, which affected buffer capacity, sugar utilization, terminal pH, and texture of the fermented fruit. We found that as cucumber size increased (from less than 27 to 51 rum in dia), malic acid, pH, buffer capacity, and dry matter content decreased, and glucose and fructose contents increased. Fruit firmness and bloater damage were greater in large than in small, fermented, whole cucumbers. Blanching (75 degreesC, 30 s) had little effect on the fermentation and prevention of bloater formation in finished products, regardless of fruit sizes. It was demonstrated that cucumber juice can serve as a model system for studying the metabolic, but not the physical (texture, bloater damage), consequences of lactic acid bacteria chosen as starter cultures for cucumber fermentation. C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, N Carolina Agr Res Serv, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP McFeeters, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 40 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 8 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 67 IS 8 BP 2934 EP 2939 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08841.x PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 615PD UT WOS:000179254300024 ER PT J AU Schoch, TK Manners, GD Hasegawa, S AF Schoch, TK Manners, GD Hasegawa, S TI Recovery of limonoid glucosides from citrus molasses SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE preparative chromatography; limonoid glucopyranoside; orange juice; anticancer ID JUICES AB A method to recover multi-gram quantities of limonoid glucosides from citrus molasses using ion-exchange and styrene/divinylbenzene resins has been developed. A cation exchange resin is used to decolorize the molasses, while an anion exchanger is used to separate limonoid glucosides from other negatively charged compounds. Styrene/divinylbenzene resins are used to bind limonoid glucosides and remove water-soluble materials. The method affords, approximately 5 grams of a water-soluble powder containing over 60% by weight limonoid glucosides per liter of molasses. An analysis of the efficiency of the method shows that less than 10% of the total limonoid glucosides are lost during recovery. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Schoch, TK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 4 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 67 IS 8 BP 3159 EP 3163 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb08876.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 615PD UT WOS:000179254300059 ER PT J AU Wear, DN Greis, JG AF Wear, DN Greis, JG TI Southern Forest Resource Assessment - Summary of findings SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE future of forestry; inventory and analysis; sustainable forestry; timber markets AB The Southern Forest Resource Assessment (SFRA) was initiated in spring 1999 to address broad questions concerning the status, trends, and likely future of southern forests. A descriptive assessment such as SFRA can be used to highlight the major dynamics and uncertainties at play within a region's forested ecosystems, thereby focusing public discourse. Because SFRA has only recently been completed, however, it is too early to examine its effectiveness as a basis for debate and policy. This summary describes five major forces of change affecting southern forests and then characterizes the trends in various forest conditions and their implications. C1 US Forest Serv, So Forest Resource Assessment, USDA, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US Forest Serv, So Forest Resource Assessment, USDA, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Wear, DN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Forest Resource Assessment, USDA, So Res Stn, Box 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 3 TC 61 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 100 IS 7 BP 6 EP 14 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 595NX UT WOS:000178116600004 ER PT J AU Prestemon, JP Abt, RC AF Prestemon, JP Abt, RC TI The Southern timber market to 2040 SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE economics; harvesting; plantations ID RESTRICTIONS AB Timber market analysis of the South's predominantly private timberland finds that the 13 southern states produce nearly 60 percent of the nation's timber, an increase from the mid-1900s. Projections with the Subregional Timber Supply model show that, despite a 60 percent increase in the area of pine plantations,the South will experience a 1 percent decline in private timberland area as other forest types shrink. Because of expected productivity gains for plantation forests and conversions of some agricultural lands to natural forests, the South's industrial wood output is projected to increase by more than 50 percent between 1995 and 2040. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Forestry, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Prestemon, JP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, POB 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 6 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 100 IS 7 BP 16 EP 22 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 595NX UT WOS:000178116600005 ER PT J AU Mistretta, PA AF Mistretta, PA TI Managing for forest health SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE abiotic stressors; entomology; pathology; pest management AB Both native and exotic insects and diseases affect southern forest health and vitality and therefore have ecological and economic effects. In addition,there are abiotic factors, such as climate change and air pollution,that may interact with and sometimes exacerbate the dynamics of insect and disease outbreaks. Managing for forest health in this changing environment remains a critical challenge for forest managers in the South. The Southern Forest Resource Assessment (SFRA) addressed questions regarding the health of forest ecosystems; this summary of the findings focuses on the implications for forest management in the region. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Atlanta, GA 30309 USA. RP Mistretta, PA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Region,1720 Peachtree Rd NW,Room 862S, Atlanta, GA 30309 USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 100 IS 7 BP 24 EP 27 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 595NX UT WOS:000178116600006 ER PT J AU Cordell, HK Tarrant, MA AF Cordell, HK Tarrant, MA TI Changing demographics, values, and attitudes SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE environmentalism; recreation; sustainable forestry AB The South's forests are both important to and at the same time in the path of the region's growth. Research on social change for the Southern Forest Resource Assessment shows that rapid population growth and changing demographics are fueling growth of recreation demands and adding stresses on public and private forests. Concurrent with population and demand growth have been significant value and attitudinal changes among both land-owning and non-owning residents of the region. Southerners are clearly becoming greener. An opportunity to mitigate stresses on southern forests may lie in tapping Southerners growing environmentalism to form effective cooperatives involving public and private interests and forestry professionals. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA USA. RP Cordell, HK (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 100 IS 7 BP 28 EP 33 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 595NX UT WOS:000178116600007 ER PT J AU Trani, MK AF Trani, MK TI Terrestrial ecosystems and wildlife conservation SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; endangered species; land-use change; landownership AB Southern population and economic growth are putting pressure on wildlife species and the communities that support them. Loss of habitat is the primary reason why 132 southern terrestrial vertebrate species are of conservation concern, but other factors include environmental contaminants, exploitation, development, stream modification, and wetland degradation. A high proportion of rare forest communities are imperiled to some degree; 14 have estimated losses of 98 percent since European settlement. In the midst of continued regional growth, biological diversity will become a critical conservation issue. Each southern landowner has an important role in the conservation of species and their habitats. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Roanoke, VA 24019 USA. RP Trani, MK (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Reg,5162 Valleypointe Pkwy, Roanoke, VA 24019 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 100 IS 7 BP 35 EP 40 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 595NX UT WOS:000178116600008 ER PT J AU Greis, JG AF Greis, JG TI Waters and wetlands SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE riparian management; water quality AB Public interest in the wetlands and waters of the South is high and likely to intensity as multiple demands on these resources inevitably increase. Indications are that widespread concerns about water quality will be joined by concerns for water quantity as the region's population and economy grow. The largely private forests of the South will likely be expected to satisfy even more public demand for wood products, recreational experiences, and ecological stability while generating clean water. The forestry community's response to these challenges will not only influence the quality of southern waters and wetlands, but will also likely dictate the operational flexibility that society permits forest managers in the future. C1 US Forest Serv, So Forest Resource Assessment, USDA, Atlanta, GA 30367 USA. RP Greis, JG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Forest Resource Assessment, USDA, So Reg,1720 Peachtree Rd NW, Atlanta, GA 30367 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 100 IS 7 BP 42 EP 45 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 595NX UT WOS:000178116600009 ER PT J AU Greis, JG Wear, DN AF Greis, JG Wear, DN TI Conducting science in the public eye SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE communication; future of forestry; public relations; sustainable forestry AB Questions about the long-term sustainability of southern forest benefits, including wildlife habitat, water quality, and timber supply, prompted this regional assessment and guided the process by which it was conducted. SFRNs final report is descriptive-not prescriptive-and is intended to inform debate and policymaking in technically defensible, unbiased, and understandable terms. Although the analysis was science based and peer reviewed, the public helped frame the questions and critique the answers. This article describes the process used to complete the assessment and draws out several general observations about conducting a scientific analysis of this scope in a public setting. C1 US Forest Serv, So Forest Resource Assessment, USDA, Atlanta, GA 30367 USA. US Forest Serv, So Forest Resource Assessment, USDA, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Greis, JG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Forest Resource Assessment, USDA, So Reg,1720 Peachtree Rd NW, Atlanta, GA 30367 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 100 IS 7 BP 46 EP 49 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 595NX UT WOS:000178116600010 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, LL Pauszek, SJ Bunch, TA Schumann, KR AF Rodriguez, LL Pauszek, SJ Bunch, TA Schumann, KR TI Full-length genome analysis of natural isolates of vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana 1 serotype) from North, Central and South America SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MATRIX PROTEIN; RNA-SYNTHESIS; INTERGENIC DINUCLEOTIDE; GLYCOPROTEIN GENE; MEMBRANE-FUSION; ACIDIC DOMAIN; NEW-JERSEY; REPLICATION; TRANSCRIPTION; SEQUENCE AB Most studies on the molecular biology and functional analysis of vesicular stomatitis virus Indiana 1 serotype (VSV-IN1) are based on the only full-length genomic sequence currently deposited in GenBank. This sequence is a composite of several VSV-IN1 laboratory strains passaged extensively in tissue culture over the years and it is not certain that this sequence is representative of strains circulating in nature. We describe here the complete genomic sequence of three natural isolates, each representing a distinct genetic lineage and geographical origin: 98COE (North America), 94GUB (Central America) and 85CLB (South America). Genome structure and organization were conserved, with a 47 nucleotide 3' leader, five viral genes - N, P, M, G and L - and a 59 nucleotide 5 trailer. The most conserved gene was N, followed by M, L and G, with the most variable being P. Sequences containing the polyadenylation and transcription stop and start signals were completely conserved among all the viruses studied, but changes were found in the non-transcribed intergenic nucleotides, including the presence of a trinucleotide at the M-G junction of the South American lineage isolate. A 102-189 nucleotide insertion was present in the 5' non-coding region of the G gene only in the viruses within a genetic lineage from northern Central America. These full-length genomic sequences should be useful in designing diagnostic probes and in the interpretation of functional genomic analyses using reverse genetics. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Rodriguez, LL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Orient Point,Long Isl,POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 38 TC 29 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 83 BP 2475 EP 2483 PN 10 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 597BX UT WOS:000178203200017 PM 12237430 ER PT J AU Wild, MA Spraker, TR Sigurdson, CJ O'Rourke, KI Miller, MW AF Wild, MA Spraker, TR Sigurdson, CJ O'Rourke, KI Miller, MW TI Preclinical diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in captive mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) using tonsillar biopsy SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ROCKY-MOUNTAIN ELK; SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; SCRAPIE; COLORADO AB The usefulness of tonsillar biopsy on live deer for preclinical diagnosis of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy chronic wasting disease (CWD) was evaluated. Disease was tracked in a CWD-endemic herd using serial tonsillar biopsies collected at 6 to 9 month intervals from 34 captive mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and five white-tailed deer (O. virginianus). Tonsillar biopsies were examined for accumulation of PrPCWD, the protein marker for infection, using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. 26/34 (76%) mule deer and 4/5 (80%) white-tailed deer had PrPCWD accumulation in tonsillar biopsies; CWD was subsequently confirmed by post-mortem examination in all 30 of these tonsillar-positive deer. Six mule deer with IHC-negative tonsillar biopsies had positive brain and tonsillar lHC staining upon death 12 to 40 months following the last biopsy. PrPCWD accumulation in tonsillar biopsy was observed 2 to 20 months before CWD-related death and up to 14 months before onset of clinical signs of CWD. Tonsillar biopsies from 3-month-old mule deer (n = 6) were lHC negative, but PrPCWD accumulation was detected in tonsillar biopsies from 7/10 mule deer by 19 months of age. Tonsillar biopsy evaluated with lHC staining is a useful technique for the preclinical diagnosis of CWD in live mule deer and white-tailed deer when intensive management approaches are possible. C1 Colorado Div Wildlife, Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Colorado State Vet Diagnost Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA, Agr Res Serv, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Wild, MA (reprint author), Natl Pk Serv, Biol Resource Management Div, 1201 Oak Ridge Dr,Suite 200, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 14 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 83 BP 2629 EP 2634 PN 10 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 597BX UT WOS:000178203200034 PM 12237447 ER PT J AU Simon, A Thomas, RE Curini, A Shields, FD AF Simon, A Thomas, RE Curini, A Shields, FD TI Case study: Channel stability of the Missouri River, eastern Montana SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE channel stabilization; Missouri River; Montana; bank stabilization AB The construction of Fort Peck Dam in the 1930s on the Missouri River, eastern Montana, initiated a series of changes in hydrologic conditions and channel morphology downstream from the dam that impacted channel stability. Impacts included streambed degradation of up to 3.6 m and substantially altered magnitude, frequency, and temporal distribution of flows. To investigate the effects of the altered flow regime and bed degradation on bank stability, two independent bank-stability analyses (one for planar failures, the other for rotational failures) were performed on 17 outside meanders. Both included the effects of matric suction and positive pore-water pressures, confining pressures, and layering. Instability occurred from the loss of matric suction and the generation of positive pore-water pressures. In this semiarid region, such hydrologic conditions are most likely to occur from the maintenance of moderate and high flows (greater than 425-566 m(3)/s) for extended periods (5-10 days or more), thereby providing a mechanism for saturation of the streambank. For the postdam period, average annual frequencies of flows maintained above 566 m(3)/s for 5- and 10-day durations are 149 and 257% greater, respectively. The analyses indicated that 30% of the sites were susceptible to planar failures while 53% of the sites were susceptible to rotational failures under sustained moderate- and high-flow conditions, while under a worst-case rapid drawdown scenario, 80% of the banks were susceptible to failure. Despite the negative effects of the altered flow regime, analysis of maps and aerial photographs shows that closure of Fort Peck Dam has resulted in a fourfold reduction of the average rate of long-term channel migration between the dam and the North Dakota border. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. Univ Louisville, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. RP Simon, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 33 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 9 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD OCT PY 2002 VL 128 IS 10 BP 880 EP 890 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2002)128:10(880) PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 598UV UT WOS:000178295600001 ER PT J AU Winstral, A Elder, K Davis, RE AF Winstral, A Elder, K Davis, RE TI Spatial snow modeling of wind-redistributed snow using terrain-based parameters SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID BLOWING SNOW; MOUNTAIN BASIN; ALPINE SITE; HYDROLOGY; RADIATION; TRANSPORT; PATTERNS; PRAIRIE; COVER AB Wind is widely recognized as one of the dominant controls of snow accumulation and distribution in exposed alpine regions. Complex and highly variable wind fields in rugged terrain lead to similarly complex snow distribution fields with areas of no snow adjacent to areas of deep accumulation. Unfortunately, these complexities have limited inclusion of wind redistribution effects in spatial snow distribution models. In this study the difficulties associated with physically exhaustive wind field modeling are avoided and terrain-based parameters are developed to characterize wind effects. One parameter, (Sx) over bar, was based on maximum upwind slopes relative to seasonally averaged winds to characterize the wind scalar at each pixel location in an alpine basin. A second parameter, (Sb) over bar measured upwind breaks in slope from a given location and was combined with an upwind application of (Sx) over bar to create a drift delineator parameter, D(0), which was used to delineate sites of intense redeposition on lee slopes. Based on 504 snow depth samples from a May 1999 survey of the upper Green Lakes Valley, Colorado, the correlation of the developed parameters to the observed snow distribution and the effect of their inclusion in a spatial snow distribution model were quantified. The parameter (Sx) over bar was found to be a significant predictor, accounting for more of the variance in the observed snow depth than could be explained by elevation, solar radiation, or slope. Samples located in D(0)-delineated drift zones were shown to have significantly greater depths than samples located in nondrift zones. A regression tree model of snow distribution based on a predictor variable set of (Sx) over bar, D(0), elevation, solar radiation, and slope explained 8%-23% more variance in the observed snow distribution, and performed noticeably better in unsampled areas of the basin, compared to a regression tree model based on only the latter three predictors. C1 ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, USDA, Boise, ID 83712 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Corps Engineers, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Winstral, A (reprint author), ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Pk Blvd,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. EM awinstra@nwrc.ars.usda.gov NR 52 TC 134 Z9 136 U1 3 U2 28 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 1525-755X J9 J HYDROMETEOROL JI J. Hydrometeorol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 3 IS 5 BP 524 EP 538 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2002)003<0524:SSMOWR>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 606QU UT WOS:000178745300002 ER PT J AU Leathers, TD Naunnally, MS Cote, GL AF Leathers, TD Naunnally, MS Cote, GL TI Modification of alternan by novel Penicillium spp. SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alternan; bioconversion; gum arabic; modification; Penicillium ID NRRL B-1355; MUTANTS; HYDROPHOBINS; PROTEINS; DEXTRAN; FUNGI AB Four strains identified as Penicillium spp. were isolated from soil samples based on their capacity to modify the unique polysaccharide, alternan. Spores from these isolates germinated in medium containing alternan and reduced the apparent molecular weight of alternan as determined by high-performance size exclusion chromatography and viscometry. However, the fungi exhibited limited growth on alternan and did not consume the substrate. The rheological properties of the modified alternan resembled those of commercial gum arabic. Thus, treatment of native alternan with spores from these Penicillium spp. strains constitutes a simple bioconversion method to quantitatively produce novel and potentially useful modified alternan. C1 ARS, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Leathers, TD (reprint author), ARS, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 29 IS 4 BP 177 EP 180 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.7000272 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 602XB UT WOS:000178528800005 PM 12355315 ER PT J AU Zd'arek, J Myska, P Zemek, R Nachman, RJ AF Zd'arek, J Myska, P Zemek, R Nachman, RJ TI Mode of action of an insect neuropeptide leucopyrokinin (LPK) on pupariation in fleshfly (Sarcophaga bullata) larvae (Diptera : Sarcophagidae) SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Diptera Cyclorrhapha; pupariation; behaviour; control; motor patterns; leucopyrokinin ID PUPARIUM FORMATION; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; PYROKININ/PBAN FAMILY; FLIES; PEPTIDES AB An insect neuropeptide leucopyrokinin (LPK) (pQTSFTPRLamide) accelerates pupariation in wandering larvae of the fleshfly Sarcophaga bullata. The period of sensitivity to the action of LPK begins approximately 4 h before pupariation. Within this period the degree of acceleration of contraction into the shape of a puparium is practically independent of the age at which the larvae are injected, while acceleration of tanning is distinctly more age dependent. From ligation experiments we conclude that intact central innervation is essential for the action of LPK on puparial contraction, whereas central neurones take no part in mediation of LPK action on tanning of the Cuticle. An analysis of tensiometric recordings of muscular activity revealed that the actual time of LPK accelerated puparial contraction coincides with the beginning of the immobilisation/retraction phase. LPK accelerates the switch from wandering behaviour to immobilisation/retraction behaviour but has no effect on the onset and duration of motor patterns that normally underlie puparial contraction in controls. The morphology of an accelerated puparium is normal but its formation is temporally dissociated from normal 'contraction patterns' that are performed a long time after the puparium has contracted. It means that neuromuscular activity of larvae accelerated by LPK does not cease upon formation of the white puparium, but continues until the whole motor programme of pupariation behaviour is completed, Apparently the peptide acts on the integument by stimulating it to contract and shrink. and no specific patterns of muscular contractions are needed to properly shape the puparium. This finding sheds a new light on our understanding of the mechanism of puparium formation. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Organ Chem & Biochem, CR-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic. Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Entomol, CR-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Zd'arek, J (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republic, Inst Organ Chem & Biochem, Flemingovo Nam 2, CR-16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic. EM zdarek@uochb.cas.cz RI Zemek, Rostislav/G-8989-2014 OI Zemek, Rostislav/0000-0001-7640-1503 NR 27 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 EI 1879-1611 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 48 IS 10 BP 951 EP 959 AR PII S0022-1910(02)00174-9 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(02)00174-9 PG 9 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 613HG UT WOS:000179126400005 ER PT J AU Alves, SB Rossi, LS Lopes, RB Tamai, MA Pereira, RM AF Alves, SB Rossi, LS Lopes, RB Tamai, MA Pereira, RM TI Beauveria bassiana yeast phase on agar medium and its pathogenicity against Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) and Tetranychus urticae (Acari : Tetranychidae) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIQUID CULTURE PRODUCTION; PAECILOMYCES-FUMOSOROSEUS; NOMURAEA-RILEYI; CONIDIA; BLASTOSPORES; VIRULENCE; FUNGUS; SOIL AB Beauveria bassiana colonizes insect hosts initially through a yeast phase, which is common in some artificial liquid cultures, but not reported on artificial solid media. We describe a yeast-like phase for B. bassiana isolate 447 (ATCC 20872) on MacConkey agar and its virulence toward Diatraea saccharalis and Tetranychus urticae. The yeast-like cells of R bassiana developed by budding from germinating conidia after 24-h incubation. Cells were typically 5-10 mum and fungal colonies were initially circular and mucoid, but later were covered with mycelia and conidia. Ability to produce yeast-like cells on MacConkey medium was relatively common among different B. bassiana isolates, but growth rate and timing of yeast-like cell production also varied. Metarhizium anisopliae and Paecilomyces spp. isolates did not grow as yeast-like cells on MacConkey medium. Yeast-like cells of B. bassiana 447 were more virulent against D. saccharalis than conidia when 10(7) cells/ml were used. At 10(8) cells/ml, the estimated mean survival time was 5.4 days for the yeast suspension and 7.7 days for the conidial suspension, perhaps due to faster germination. The LC50 was also lower for yeast than conidial suspensions. Yeast-like cells and conidia had similar virulence against T urticae; the average mortalities with yeast-like cells and conidia were, respectively, 42.8 and 45.0%, with 10(7) cells/ml, and 77.8 and 74.4%, with 10(8) cells/ml. The estimated mean survival times were 3.6 and 3.9 for yeast and conidial suspensions, respectively. The bioassay results demonstrate the yeast-like structures produced on MacConkey agar are effective as inoculum for B. bassiana applications against arthropod pests, and possibly superior to conidia against some species. Obtaining well-defined yeast phase cultures of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes may be an important step in studies of the biology and nutrition, pathogenesis, and the genetic manipulation of these fungi. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. USP, ESALQ, Dept Entomol Fitopatol & Zool Agricola, BR-13418900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. RP Pereira, RM (reprint author), USDA ARS, CMAVE, 1600 SW 23rd Dr,POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RI Pereira, Roberto/B-5008-2010; Lopes, Rogerio/L-3534-2013 OI Pereira, Roberto/0000-0002-5618-7690; Lopes, Rogerio/0000-0003-4756-878X NR 18 TC 54 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 81 IS 2 BP 70 EP 77 AR PII S0022-2011(02)00147-7 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(02)00147-7 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 623BE UT WOS:000179682600002 PM 12445790 ER PT J AU Shapiro-Ilan, DI Reilly, CC Hotchkiss, MW Wood, BW AF Shapiro-Ilan, DI Reilly, CC Hotchkiss, MW Wood, BW TI The potential for enhanced fungicide resistance in Beauveria bassiana through strain discovery and artificial selection SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Beauveria bassiana; biological control; Curculio caryae; fungicide; genetic improvement; pecan weevil; resistance; virulence ID ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI; METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; PECAN WEEVIL; BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII; BENOMYL RESISTANCE; IN-VITRO; COLEOPTERA; CURCULIONIDAE; VIRULENCE; SURVIVAL AB Our objectives were to determine the (1) natural variation in fungicide resistance among Beauveria bassiana strains, (2) potential to increase fungicide resistance in B. bassiana through artificial selection, and (3) stability of virulence in selected B. bassiana strains. Fungicides included dodine, fenbuconazole, and triphenyltin hydroxide, which are commonly used in pecan and other horticultural crops. Comparison of seven B. bassiana strains indicated some are substantially more resistant to fungicides than others; a commercial strain (GHA) was less resistant than all wild strains isolated from pecan orchards. Artificial selection resulted in enhanced fungicide resistance in the GHA strain but not in a mixed wild strain. Removal of selection pressure for three passages did not reduce the enhanced fungicide resistance. Sub-culturing with exposure to fungicides did not affect the GHA strain's virulence to pecan weevil, Curculio caryae, larvae, whereas fungicide exposure increased virulence in a mixed wild population of B. bassiana. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RP Shapiro-Ilan, DI (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, 21 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA 31008 USA. NR 47 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 81 IS 2 BP 86 EP 93 AR PII S0022-2011(02)00151-9 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(02)00151-9 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 623BE UT WOS:000179682600004 PM 12445792 ER PT J AU Solter, LF Siegel, JP Pilarska, DK Higgs, MC AF Solter, LF Siegel, JP Pilarska, DK Higgs, MC TI The impact of mixed infection of three species of microsporidia isolated from the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Enaoreticulatus sp.; Nosema sp.; Vairimorpha sp.; mixed species infection; competition ID BORER OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS; NOSEMA-PYRAUSTA; VAIRIMORPHA-NECATRIX; HOST-SPECIFICITY; LIFE-CYCLE; LARVAE; GENUS; ENDORETICULATUS; BURENELLIDAE; SEQUENCE AB The outcome of mixed infection by three species of microsporidia in the genera Endoreticulatus, Nosema, and Vairimorpha, isolated from different populations of Lymantria dispar in Bulgaria, was evaluated in the laboratory. All possible combinations of two species were administered either simultaneously or sequentially to larvae, and mortality, duration of development, and larval weight at 20 days post-infection (simultaneous inoculation) or 23 days post-infection (sequential inoculation) were chosen as the outcome variables. Larvae were also dissected and the presence of each species of microsporidia and the tissues infected were recorded for each treatment. Effects of infection were dependent on both host sex and the type of exposure. Infected larvae were more likely to die than uninfected larvae, but there were no differences in mortality between single and mixed infections. Addition of Endoreticulatus to infections of Nosema or Vairimorpha significantly increased duration of development to the fourth ecdysis; this effect was additive. Addition of Nosema or Vairimorpha to an existing infection had no such effect. When Nosema was administered simultaneously with Endoreticulatus or Vairimorpha, infected larvae weighed more than larvae that had single infections with either pathogen. Nosema was displaced from the silk glands by Vairimorpha and Nosema suppressed octospore formation by Vairimorpha in fat body. The histological evidence combined with the data on larval weight supports the hypothesis that competition occurred in mixed infections. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, SJVASC, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Sofia 1000, Bulgaria. RP Solter, LF (reprint author), Illinois Nat Hist Survey, 140 NSRC,1101 W Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 43 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 81 IS 2 BP 103 EP 113 AR PII S0022-2011(02)00155-6 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(02)00155-6 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 623BE UT WOS:000179682600006 PM 12445794 ER PT J AU Asztalos, BF Horvath, KV McNamara, JR Roheim, PS Rubinstein, JJ Schaefer, EJ AF Asztalos, BF Horvath, KV McNamara, JR Roheim, PS Rubinstein, JJ Schaefer, EJ TI Effects of atorvastatin on the HDL subpopulation profile of coronary heart disease patients SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE CHD; lipids; lipoproteins; apolipoproteins; statin ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; ARTERY DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; PHYSIOLOGICAL-ROLE; RISK FACTOR; CHOLESTEROL; PLASMA; MEN; SUBFRACTIONS AB We investigated the effects of atorvastatin on the lipid and the apoA-I-containing HDL subpopulation profiles in 86 patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD). ne entire drug treatment period lasted 12 weeks (4-week periods of 20 then 40, then 80 mg/day). Each dose of atorvastatin treatment resulted in significant reductions in plasma total-C, LDL-C, and triglyceride (TG), and nonsignificant increases in HDL-C levels compared with placebo treatment. ApoA-I levels did not change significantly during any of the treatment periods. Despite the modest increase of HDL-C (6%, 7%, 5%) and no change in apoA-I levels, the distribution of the apoA-I-containing HDL subpopulations changed significantly during each treatment period. There were significant increases in the concentrations of the large LpA-I alpha-1 (24%, 39%, 26%) and prealpha-1 (51%, 61%, 63%) subpopulations at the expense of the small lipoprotein LpA-I:A-II alpha-3 subpopulations which decreased on all doses, and the decreases were significant on the 40 and 80 mg/day doses (6%, 5%).(jlr) Atorvastatin influences the lipid-related risk for CHD in two ways: first, it significantly decreases LDL-C and TG levels while increasing HDL-C, and second, it significantly shifts the 14DL subpopulation profile of CHD patients toward that observed in subjects without CHD. C1 Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Metab Diabet & Mol Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Newton Wellesley Hosp, Div Cardiol, Newton, MA USA. RP Asztalos, BF (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL64738, R01 HL064738] NR 37 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 43 IS 10 BP 1701 EP 1707 DI 10.1194/jlr.M200037-JLR200 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 604CQ UT WOS:000178598400013 PM 12364554 ER PT J AU Buyer, JS AF Buyer, JS TI Rapid sample processing and fast gas chromatography for identification of bacteria by fatty acid analysis SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE bacteria; fatty acid analysis; gas chromatography ID FAST GC; SPEED AB A commercially available system for microbial identification by fatty acid analysis (Microbial Identification System (MIS), MIDI, Newark, DE, USA) requires a four-step sample derivatization procedure in screw-cap test tubes. By using glass tubes in a 96-well format with multichannel pipetting, the time required for sample preparation can be greatly reduced. The standard gas chromatography column, 25 m long by 0.20 mm ID, is replaced with a 10 m long by 0.10 mm ID column, reducing the gas chromatography run time to one third of the standard time. Either or both of these procedures can be easily implemented in any laboratory using the MIDI system, resulting in faster identifications and higher sample throughput. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, SASL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Buyer, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, SASL, Bldg 001,Room 140 BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Buyer, Jeffrey/0000-0003-2098-0547 NR 12 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD OCT PY 2002 VL 51 IS 2 BP 209 EP 215 AR PII S0167-7012(02)00081-7 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(02)00081-7 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 587HD UT WOS:000177633700009 PM 12133613 ER PT J AU Sappington, TW AF Sappington, TW TI The major yolk proteins of higher diptera are homologs of a class of minor yolk proteins in lepidoptera SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE yolk protein; vitellogenesis; vitellogenin; egg specific protein; lipase; insects; lipoprotein ID EGG-SPECIFIC PROTEIN; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; PLODIA-INTERPUNCTELLA; MOLECULAR-CLONING; VITELLOGENIN; SEQUENCE; EXPRESSION; INSECT; LIPASE; IDENTIFICATION AB In most oviparous animals, including insects, vitellogenin (Vg) is the major yolk protein precursor. However, in the higher Diptera (cyclo-rrhaphan flies), a class of proteins homologous to lipoprotein lipases called yolk polypeptides (YP) are accumulated by oocytes instead of Vg. which is not produced at all. Lepidopterans (moths) produce Vg as the major yolk protein precursor, but also manufacture a class of minor yolk proteins referred to as egg-specific proteins (ESP) or YP2s. Although the lepidopteran ESP/YP2s are related to lipoprotein lipases, previous attempts to directly demonstrate their homology with higher-dipteran YPs were unsuccessful. In this paper, a multiple alignment of amino acid sequences was constructed using a shared lipid binding motif as an anchor, to demonstrate that lepidopteran ESP/YP2s, higher-dipteran YPs, and lipoprotein lipases are indeed homologous. Phylogenetic analyses of the aligned sequences were performed using both distance-based and parsimony strategies. It is apparent that the higher dipterans did not requisition a lipoprotein lipase to replace Vg as a yolk protein precursor, but instead utilize a class of proteins with an evolutionary history of use as minor constituents of yolk in other insects. C1 USDA ARS, IFNRRU, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Sappington, TW (reprint author), USDA ARS, IFNRRU, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 25 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0022-2844 J9 J MOL EVOL JI J. Mol. Evol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 55 IS 4 BP 470 EP 475 DI 10.1007/s00239-002-2342-0 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 598RL UT WOS:000178288000008 PM 12355266 ER PT J AU Lichtenfels, JR Pilitt, PA Gibbons, LM Hoberg, EP AF Lichtenfels, JR Pilitt, PA Gibbons, LM Hoberg, EP TI Redescriptions of Haemonchus mitchelli and Haemonchus okapiae (Nematoda : Trichostrongyloidea) and description of a unique synlophe for the Haemonchinae SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RUMINANTS; PATTERNS; CATTLE AB In the course of a revision of Haemonchus Cobb, 1898 (Nematoda), commonly referred to as large stomach worms, significant new morphological information was discovered that allows the recognition of 2 species believed for more than 50 yr to be synonymous. Both species, Haemonchus mitchelli Le Roux, 1929, from the eland Taurotragus oryx and other African ruminants and H. okapiae van den Berghe, 1937, from the okapi Okapia johnstoni, have a synlophe of 42 ridges, but the synlophe of H. mitchelli is longer than that of H. okapiae. The distal tip of the left spicule of H. mitchelli bears a barb that is about twice as long as the short barb and half as long as the long barb on the right spicule. In contrast, the barb on the left spicule of H. okapiae is similar in size to the short barb and about 25% as long as the long barb of the right spicule. The dorsal ray of H. mitchelli is bifurcated distally for 25-39% (32%) of its length and its stem is expanded proximally, but the dorsal ray of H. okapiae is bifurcated 37-50% (42%) and its stem is of uniform thickness. C1 ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, USDA, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lichtenfels, JR (reprint author), ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, USDA, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 88 IS 5 BP 947 EP 960 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0947:ROHMAH]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 611KL UT WOS:000179016200021 PM 12435136 ER PT J AU Resendes, AR Almeria, S Dubey, JP Obon, E Juan-Salles, C Degollada, E Alegre, F Cabezon, O Pont, S Domingo, M AF Resendes, AR Almeria, S Dubey, JP Obon, E Juan-Salles, C Degollada, E Alegre, F Cabezon, O Pont, S Domingo, M TI Disseminated toxoplasmosis in a Mediterranean pregnant Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) with transplacental fetal infection SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEOSPORA-CANINUM; GONDII; MICE; SEAL AB Fatal disseminated toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in a Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) dam and its fetus on the basis of pathologic findings, immunohistochemistry, and structure of the parasite. The dolphin was stranded alive on the Spanish Mediterranean coast and died a few hours later. At necropsy the dam was in good condition. From the standpoint of pathology, however, it had generalized lymphadenomegaly and splenomegaly, enlargement of and multifocal hemorrhage in the adrenal glands, diffuse mucosal hemorrhage of the glandular and pyloric stomach, ulcerative glossitis and stomatitis, focal erosions and reddening of the laryngeal appendix, and severe paraotic sinusitis with intralesional nematodes Crassicauda grampicola. The dolphin was pregnant, most probably in the first gestational trimester. The most prominent microscopic lesions were multifocal granulomatous encephalomyelitis, diffuse subacute interstitial pneumonia, mild multifocal necrotizing hepatitis and nonsuppurative cholangiohepatitis, gastritis and adrenalitis, mild lymphoid depletion, medullary sinus and follicular histyocitosis, and systemic hemosiderosis. The fetus had foci of coagulative and lytic necrosis in the kidneys, the, lung, and the heart. Most lesions were associated with tachyzoites and tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii. The diagnosis was confirmed immunohistochemically. This is the first report on toxoplasmosis in a Risso's dolphin (G. griseus) and on transplacental transmission to an early-stage fetus in any cetaceans. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Fac Vet, Bellaterra 08193, Spain. CRAM, Barcelona 08330, Spain. Africam Safari, Dept Patol, Puebla 72007, Mexico. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Bldg 1001, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Domingo, Mariano/A-1015-2009; Cabezon, Oscar/L-3812-2014; Almeria, Sonia/N-4663-2014 OI Domingo, Mariano/0000-0002-9623-4826; Cabezon, Oscar/0000-0001-7543-8371; Almeria, Sonia/0000-0002-0558-5488 NR 26 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1029 EP 1032 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[1029:DTIAMP]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 611KL UT WOS:000179016200038 PM 12435153 ER PT J AU Shields, BA Bird, P Liss, WJ Groves, KL Olson, R Rossignol, PA AF Shields, BA Bird, P Liss, WJ Groves, KL Olson, R Rossignol, PA TI The nematode Anisakis simplex in American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in two Oregon rivers SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ASCARIDOIDEA; IDENTIFICATION; LARVAE; TROUT AB This paper represents the first report of the nematode Anisakis simplex in the American shad (Alosa sapidissima) in its introduced range in the American Pacific Northwest. All the adult shad sampled from spawning populations in the Willamette (n = 9) and Umpqua (n = 12) rivers were infected with A. simplex with intensities ranging from 6 to 89 worms per fish. This preliminary investigation contrasts sharply with previous studies in the native range of American shad and confirms that this fish may be an important intermediate host for A. Simplex in the Pacific Northwest. It is suggested that this new parasite host relationship has led to an ecological expansion into rivers and Anisakis may present an emerging health risk for wildlife and some human consumers. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Ukiah, OR 97880 USA. RP Shields, BA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, 104 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1033 EP 1035 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[1033:TNASIA]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 611KL UT WOS:000179016200039 PM 12435154 ER PT J AU Trout, JM Walsh, EJ Fayer, R AF Trout, JM Walsh, EJ Fayer, R TI Rotifers ingest Giardia cysts SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BRACHIONUS-PLICATILIS; PURIFICATION; OOCYSTS AB Seven species of rotifers representing 6 genera, Epiphanes, Plationus, Asplanchna, Philodina species A, Philodina species B, Platyias, and Brachionus, were exposed to Giardia cysts isolated from the feces of experimentally infected holstein calves. Giardia cysts were prestained with a fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated monoclonal antibody and mixed with viable rotifers on 3-well Teflon-coated microscope slides. Organisms were observed with phase-contrast, differential interference contrast, and fluorescence microscopy. Five rotifer species, Epiphanes brachionus, Plationus patulus, Philodina (both A and B), and Platyias quadricornis, ingested varying numbers of cysts, which were retained within the rotifers' bodies throughout the observation period. Rotifer ingestion of Giardia cysts may represent a means of reducing water contamination. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Biol, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. RP Trout, JM (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1038 EP 1040 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[1038:RIGC]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 611KL UT WOS:000179016200041 PM 12435156 ER PT J AU Work, TM Massey, JG Lindsay, DS Dubey, JP AF Work, TM Massey, JG Lindsay, DS Dubey, JP TI Toxoplasmosis in three species of native and introduced Hawaiian birds SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEOSPORA-CANINUM; GONDII AB Toxoplasma gondii was found in endemic Hawaiian birds, including 2 nene geese (Nesochen sandvicensis), 1 red-footed booby (Sula sula), and an introduced bird, the Erckels francolin (Francolinus erckelii). All 4 birds died of disseminated toxoplasmosis; the parasite was found in sections of many organs, and the diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining with anti-T. gondii-specific polyclonal antibodies. This is the first report of toxoplasmosis in these species of birds. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Hawaii Dept Land & Nat Resources, Makawao, HI 96795 USA. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20507 USA. RP Work, TM (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Hawaii Field Stn, POB 50167, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. RI Work, Thierry/F-1550-2015; Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Work, Thierry/0000-0002-4426-9090; Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 9 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1040 EP 1042 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[1040:TITSON]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 611KL UT WOS:000179016200042 PM 12435157 ER PT J AU Karnsakul, W Luginbuehl, U Hahn, D Sterchi, E Avery, S Sen, P Swallow, D Nichols, B AF Karnsakul, W Luginbuehl, U Hahn, D Sterchi, E Avery, S Sen, P Swallow, D Nichols, B TI Disaccharidase activities in dyspeptic children: Biochemical and molecular investigations of maltase-glucoamylase activity SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Pediatric-Societies CY APR 28-MAY 01, 2001 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Amer Pediat Soc DE maltase-glucoamylase; sucrase-isomaltase; lactase-phlorizin hydrolase; multiple disaccharidase deficiency ID SUCRASE-ISOMALTASE DEFICIENCY; TRANSPORT; ENZYME; ADULT; IDENTIFICATION; LACTASE AB Background: Maltase-glucoamylase enzyme plays an important role in starch digestion. Glucoamylase deficiency is reported to cause chronic diarrhea in infants, but its role in dyspeptic children is unknown. Methods: Glucoamylase and other disaccharidase specific activities were assayed from duodenal biopsy specimens in 44 children aged 0.5-18 years (mean, 10 +/- 5 years) undergoing endoscopy to evaluate dyspeptic symptoms. All subjects had normal duodenal histology. Intestinal organ culture was used to evaluate synthesis and processing of maltase-glucoamylase. Sequencing of the maltase-glucoamylase coding region was performed in subjects with low activity or variation of isoform in organ culture. Results: Twenty-two of the dyspeptic children had one or more disaccharidases with low specific activity. Twelve subjects (28%) had low activity of glucoamylase. Eight subjects had low activities of glucoamylase, sucrase, and lactase. Low glucoamylase activity was not correlated with the isoform phenotype of maltase-glucoamylase as described by metabolic labeling and sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. Novel nucleotide changes were not detected in one subject with low glucoamylase activity or in two subjects with variant isoforms of maltase-glucoamylase peptides. Conclusion: Twelve of 44 dyspeptic children had low specific activity of duodenal maltase-glucoamylase. Eight of these children had low specific activity of all measured disaccharidases. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, USDA, Childrens Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX USA. Mahidol Univ, Siriraj Hosp, Bangkok, Thailand. Univ Bern, Bern, Switzerland. UCL, London, England. RP Nichols, B (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM bnichols@bcm.tmc.edu NR 27 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0277-2116 J9 J PEDIATR GASTR NUTR JI J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 35 IS 4 BP 551 EP 556 DI 10.1097/00005176-200210000-00017 PG 6 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics GA 605EY UT WOS:000178665500017 PM 12394383 ER PT J AU Nichols, BL Avery, SE Karnsakul, W Jahoor, F Sen, P Swallow, DM Luginbuehl, U Hahn, D Sterchi, EE AF Nichols, BL Avery, SE Karnsakul, W Jahoor, F Sen, P Swallow, DM Luginbuehl, U Hahn, D Sterchi, EE TI Congenital maltase-glucoamylase deficiency associated with lactase and sucrase deficiencies SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE maltase-glucoamylase; sucrase-isomaltase; lactase-phlorizin hydrolase ID PHLORHIZIN HYDROLASE GENE; ISOMALTASE DEFICIENCY; INTESTINAL MALTASE; INTRACELLULAR-TRANSPORT; SUCROSE INTOLERANCE; BREATH TEST; EXPRESSION; CHILDREN; MALABSORPTION; BIOSYNTHESIS AB Background: Multiple enzyme deficiencies have been reported in some cases of congenital glucoamylase, sucrase, or lactase deficiency. Here we describe such a case and the investigations that we have made to determine the cause of this deficiency. Methods and Results: A 2.5 month-old infant, admitted with congenital lactase deficiency, failed to gain weight on a glucose oligomer formula (Nutramigen(R)). Jejunal mucosal biopsy at 4 and 12 months revealed normal histology with decreased maltase-glucoamylase, sucrase-isomaltase, and lactase-phlorizin hydrolase activities. Testing with a (13)C-starch/breath (13)CO(2) loading test confirmed proximal starch malabsorption. Sequencing of maltase-glucoamylase cDNA revealed homozygosity for a nucleotide change (C1673T) in the infant, which causes an amino acid substitution (S542L) 12 amino acids after the N-terminal catalytic aspartic acid. The introduction of this mutation into "wildtype" N-terminus maltase-glucoamylase cDNA was not associated with obvious loss of maltase-glucoamylase enzyme activities when expressed in COS 1 cells and this amino-acid change was subsequently found in other people. Sequencing of the promoter region revealed no nucleotide changes. Maltase-glucoamylase, lactase, and sucrase-isomaltase were each normally synthesized and processed in organ culture. Conclusions: The lack of evidence for a causal nucleotide change in the maltase-glucoamylase gene in this patient, and the concomitant low levels of lactase and sucrase activity, suggest that the depletion of mucosal maltase-glucoamylase activity and starch digestion was caused by shared, pleiotropic regulatory factors. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. UCL, Dept Biol, Galton Lab, London, England. Univ Bern, Inst Biochem & Mol Biol, Bern, Switzerland. RP Nichols, BL (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM bnichols@bcm.tmc.edu NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0277-2116 J9 J PEDIATR GASTR NUTR JI J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 35 IS 4 BP 573 EP 579 DI 10.1097/00005176-200210000-00022 PG 7 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics GA 605EY UT WOS:000178665500021 PM 12394387 ER PT J AU Biresaw, G Carriere, CJ AF Biresaw, G Carriere, CJ TI Interfacial tension of poly(lactic acid)/polystyrene blends SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE biodegradable polyesters; biopolymers; compatibility; imbedded fiber retraction (IFR); interfacial tension; poly(lactic acid); polymer blends; polystyrene; solubility parameter; surface energy ID SOLUBILITY PARAMETERS; POLYMER BLENDS; TEMPERATURE; ACID); DEPENDENCE; FIBERS AB Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable synthetic polyester with unique properties that make it an excellent candidate for biomaterial blends. It provides improved moisture resistance to blends with biopolymers and biodegradability/biocompatibility to blends with synthetic polymers, without impairing the useful properties of blend components. The successful development of materials from blends of PLA requires an understanding of the factors affecting the interfacial properties of such blends. In this work, the effect of temperature on the interfacial tension of PLA/ polystyrene (PS) blends was measured at 170-200 degreesC with the imbedded fiber retraction (IFR) method. IFR allows for the direct measurement of the interfacial tension of blends with high molecular weight/high viscosity components. In the temperature range studied, the interfacial tension of PLA/PS was independent of temperature and had a value of 5.4 +/- 1.3 dyn/cm. The interfacial tension was also calculated from the surface energies of PLA and PS with geometric mean (GM), harmonic mean (HM), and Antonoffs equations and from solubility parameters with the procedure of Luciani et al. IFR measured values were similar to those predicted by the procedure of Luciani et al. and Antonoffs equations, which gave 4.4 and 3.0 +/- 1.4 dyn/cm, respectively. The GM and HM methods predicted much lower values of 1.1 +/- 0.5 and 1.7 +/- 1.1 dyn/cm, respectively. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Cereal Prod & Food Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Biresaw, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Cereal Prod & Food Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 42 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 18 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 40 IS 19 BP 2248 EP 2258 DI 10.1002/polb.10290 PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 593JX UT WOS:000177989000011 ER PT J AU Wang, C Carriere, CJ Willett, JL AF Wang, C Carriere, CJ Willett, JL TI Processing, mechanical properties, and fracture behavior of cereal protein/poly(hydroxyl ester ether) blends SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE blends; proteins; fracture; soybean; wheat; mechanical properties AB Blends of poly(hydroxy ester ether) (PHEE), a recently developed bisphenol A ether-based synthetic biodegradable thermoplastic polymer, with a soybean protein isolate and two hydrolyzed wheat glutens were studied. Blends of the proteins with PHEE were produced from 20 to 70% by weight of protein content. Young's moduli of the protein/PHEE blends fall in the range of 0.8-1.5 GPa with tensile strengths ranging from 10 to 30 MPa. Critical stress-intensity factors of the blends ranged from 2 to 9 MPa-m(1/2) depending on the amount of protein added. Morphological analysis indicated a moderate degree of adhesion between the protein and PHEE phases in the blends. In general, as the protein content was increased the materials lost ductility and failed in a brittle manner; however, the mechanical properties of several compositions were comparable to commercial thermoplastics such as polystyrene. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Cereal Prod & Food Sci Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Carriere, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Cereal Prod & Food Sci Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 15 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 40 IS 19 BP 2324 EP 2332 DI 10.1002/polb.10250 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 593JX UT WOS:000177989000018 ER PT J AU Imam, SH Gordon, SH AF Imam, SH Gordon, SH TI Biodegradation of coproducts from industrially processed corn in a compost environment SO JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE biodegradation; compost; corn coproducts; industrially processed corn ID DEGRADING ENZYMES; RELEASE; DEGRADATION; FEEDSTOCKS; PRODUCTS; GROWTH AB Information pertaining to biodegradability of renewable polymeric material is critical for the design and development of single-use biodegradable consumer products. The rate and extent of biodegradation of corn fiber, corn zein, cornstarch, distillers grain, and corn gluten meal were evaluated in compost environments under variable temperature, pH, and moisture conditions. Generally, composts with higher temperature (40degreesC), neutral pH (7.0), and 50%-60% moisture appeared to be ideal for corn coproduct biodegradation, particularly for corn gluten meal and corn zein. Low moisture conditions slowed biodegradation considerably, but degradation rates improved when moisture content increased up to 60%. Thereafter, increased moisture particularly slowed the degradation of corn gluten meal and corn zein, whereas cornstarch degradation remained unaffected. At low pH (4.0) and high pH (11.0) the rate of degradation of most coproducts was slowed somewhat. Cornstarch degradation was slower at pH 7.0, but degradation improved with increased temperatures. Increase in compost temperature from 25 to 40degreesC (in 5degreesC increments) also improved biodegradation of corn fiber and distillers grain. Addition of 1% urea to compost as a nitrogen source decreased the extent of biodegradation nearly 40% for corn gluten meal and corn zein, and 20% for cornstarch samples. Treatment of compost with 0.02% azide inhibited biodegradation of all coproducts, suggesting that the presence of metabolically active microbial cells is required for effective degradation of biobased materials in a compost environment. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Imam, SH (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 30 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1566-2543 J9 J POLYM ENVIRON JI J. Polym. Environ. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 10 IS 4 BP 147 EP 154 DI 10.1023/A:1021144104458 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 616VD UT WOS:000179323300004 ER PT J AU Cornish, K Wood, DF AF Cornish, K Wood, DF TI Visualization of the malleability of the rubber core of rubber particles from Parthenium argentatum Gray and other rubber-producing species under extremely cold temperatures SO JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE guayule; natural rubber; polyisoprene; rubber particles; cryo-scanning electron microscopy; field emission scanning electron microscopy ID PRENYL TRANSFERASE-ACTIVITY; HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS LATEX; CROSS-REACTIVITY; GUAYULE LATEX AB Rubber particles from Parthenium argentatum Gray (guayule) were frozen in liquid nitrogen (-196degreesC), fractured, and visualized using cryo-scanning electron microscopy. We observed that the rubber polymer core of the rubber particles was still malleable at this extremely cold temperature, and the core stretched substantially during separation of the fracture planes. This malleability was observed in situ in tissue sections, as well as in purified rubber particles, and was found to be independent of purification procedure, guayule line, tissue age, or season. The malleability or stretching phenomenon suggests that P. argentatum rubber has some unique properties because rubber particles from Hevea brasiliensis Mull. Arg. and Ficus elastica Roxb. were brittle at this temperature, fractured cleanly, or showed only tiny threads of material pulling out of the core. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Cornish, K (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Cornish, Katrina/A-9773-2013 NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1566-2543 J9 J POLYM ENVIRON JI J. Polym. Environ. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 10 IS 4 BP 155 EP 162 DI 10.1023/A:1021196121296 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 616VD UT WOS:000179323300005 ER PT J AU Tu, SI Uknalis, J Gore, M Irwin, P AF Tu, SI Uknalis, J Gore, M Irwin, P TI The capture of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 for Light addressable Potentiometric Sensor (LAPS) using two different types of magnetic beads SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; PATHOGENIC BACTERIA; ASSAY AB Two types of commercially available, streptavidin-coated magnetic beads (SAMB) were labeled with the same biotinylated anti E. coli O157 antibodies. Labeled SAMB and other necessary antibody derivatives needed for Light-addressable Potentiometric Sensor (LAPS) detection were used to capture E. coli O157:H7 in solution. The LAPS signal intensity was then used to determine the overall bacterial capture efficiency. The static and hydrodynamic properties of the beads were then used to correlate with determined efficiencies. It was found that the capture increased as the total mass of SAMB increased. Also, greater capture with SAMB of a higher. density was observed with the same bead mass. In addition, the SAMB of higher density also required less time of rocking to reach a maximum capture. These observations are in agreement with the predictions from the hydrodynamic properties of tested SAMB. C1 USDA, ARS, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Polysci Inc, Warrington, PA 18976 USA. RP Tu, SI (reprint author), USDA, ARS, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 4 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1060-3999 J9 J RAPID METH AUT MIC JI '. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 10 IS 3 BP 185 EP 195 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2002.tb00025.x PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 613GH UT WOS:000179124200004 ER PT J AU Park, SY Kwon, YM Birkhold, SG Kubena, LF Nisbet, DJ Ricke, SC AF Park, SY Kwon, YM Birkhold, SG Kubena, LF Nisbet, DJ Ricke, SC TI Application of a transposon footprinting technique for rapid identification of Salmonella typhimurium Tn5 mutants required for survival under desiccation stress conditions SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENOMIC DNA; AMPLIFICATION; POULTRY AB Salmonella spp. are one of the foodborne pathogens that can be isolated in the environments of poultry houses and desiccation is a potential stress condition that can influence the survival of Salmonella spp. in this environment. In order to investigate the desiccation survival mechanism of Salmonella spp. the genome of S. typhimurium ATCC 14028 was screened for the genes potentially required for survival during desiccation using a novel method based on Tn5 mutagenesis previously developed in our laboratory. This method, termed transposon footprinting, simultaneously amplifies the TO-flanking sequences in a complex pool of the Tn5 mutants. As the length of the amplified DNA fragment should be unique for each distinct TO mutant, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products separated on an agarose gel generate transposon footprints with each band in the footprint representing the corresponding TO mutant. By comparing the transposon footprints from the pools of S. typhimurium TO mutants before and after exposure to desiccation, Tn5 mutants that were not recovered after the selection were rapidly identified that would be easily isolated for further genetic analysis. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, Food & Food Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Ricke, SC (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, MS 2472, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1060-3999 J9 J RAPID METH AUT MIC JI '. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 10 IS 3 BP 197 EP 206 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2002.tb00026.x PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 613GH UT WOS:000179124200005 ER PT J AU Schenck, FJ Lehotay, SJ Vega, V AF Schenck, FJ Lehotay, SJ Vega, V TI Comparison of solid-phase extraction sorbents for cleanup in pesticide residue analysis of fresh fruits and vegetables SO JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE solid-phase extraction; cleanup; pesticide residues; analysis; fruits; vegetables ID CHROMATOGRAPHY/TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ENHANCEMENT AB Sample extracts of various commodities, obtained using the US Food and Drug Administration (acetone extraction) and Canadian Pest Management Regulatory Agency (acetonitrile extraction) methods for pesticides were subjected to cleanup with solid phase extraction (SPE) columns. Graphitized carbon black (GCB), octadecylsilyl (C-18), strong anion exchange (SAX), aminopropyl (-NH2), and primary secondary amine (PSA) SPE columns were evaluated. The relative sample cleanup provided by these SPE columns was evaluated using gas chromatography with electron capture, flame photometric, and mass spectrometric detection. The -NH2 and PSA columns were found to provide the most effective cleanup, removing the greatest number of sample matrix interferences. The GCB columns removed most of the visible plant pigment in the extracts, but did little to eliminate the fatty acid matrix interferences "seen" by the detectors. Likewise, the C-18 and SAX columns did little to eliminate matrix interferences. Using an acetone extraction followed by a PSA cleanup, both polar and nonpolar pesticides present in samples at 1.0 ng/g could be recovered. C1 US FDA, SRL, Atlanta, GA 30309 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA USA. RP Schenck, FJ (reprint author), US FDA, SRL, 60 8th St NE, Atlanta, GA 30309 USA. NR 11 TC 81 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 27 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1615-9314 J9 J SEP SCI JI J. Sep. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 25 IS 14 BP 883 EP 890 DI 10.1002/1615-9314(20021001)25:14<883::AID-JSSC883>3.0.CO;2-7 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 614TU UT WOS:000179207500004 ER PT J AU Hallfrisch, J Scholfield, DJ Behall, KM AF Hallfrisch, J Scholfield, DJ Behall, KM TI Glucose and insulin responses to a new zero-energy fiber source SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE glucose; insulin; Z-trim; fiber; glycemic index ID METABOLIC VARIABLES; AMYLOPECTIN STARCH; DIABETES-MELLITUS; GLYCEMIC INDEX; GLUCAGON; DIETS; CARBOHYDRATE; AMYLOSE; OBESITY; NIDDM AB Objective: Consumption of a number of soluble fiber sources reduces glucose and insulin responses in humans. These fibers provide some available energy. Z-trim, a completely insoluble, noncaloric fiber/fat replacer produced from grain, was developed by ARS scientist George Inglett but until this report had not been tested in humans. The objective was to test the effects of consumption of various doses of this new fiber on glucose and insulin responses in humans. Design: Men and women (12 each) matched for age and body mass index (41 years, BMI 27) were given glucose or glucose with three levels of fiber in a Latin-square design. Blood samples were obtained before and 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes after solutions containing glucose alone (I g/kg body weight) and glucose plus 0.08, 0.17 and 0.33 g/kg body weight of Z-trim were consumed. Plasma glucose, insulin and glucagon were determined by enzyme or radioimmunoassays. A repeated-measures analysis of variance was conducted. Results: Glucose responses were lower for women than for men (p = 0.02) regardless of the test solution. At 30 minutes, glucose levels of men were 0.7-1.1 mmol/L lower after the two higher levels of fiber than after glucose alone. Insulin peak responses were delayed by high amounts of Z-trim. Fasting and response levels of glucagon were higher (p < 0.002) in women than in men. The decline in glucagon usually seen after a glucose load was moderated by the addition of fiber. Conclusion: Although high levels of this new fiber may beneficially affect glucose metabolism of middle-aged people, it is less effective than soluble fiber. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hallfrisch, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 308,Rm 126, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 4 U2 4 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 21 IS 5 BP 410 EP 415 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 600DE UT WOS:000178374700007 PM 12356782 ER PT J AU Bernstein, MA Nelson, ME Tucker, KL Layne, J Johnson, E Nuernberger, A Castaneda, C Judge, JO Buchner, D Singh, MF AF Bernstein, MA Nelson, ME Tucker, KL Layne, J Johnson, E Nuernberger, A Castaneda, C Judge, JO Buchner, D Singh, MF TI A home-based nutrition intervention to increase consumption of fruits, vegetables, and calcium-rich foods in community dwelling elders SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PLASMA CAROTENOIDS; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; CONTROLLED DIETS; ASCORBIC-ACID; POPULATION; BIOMARKERS; PROGRAM; 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN-D; MINNESOTA; TRIAL AB Objective To increase fruit, vegetable, and calcium-rich food consumption in community-dwelling, functionally impaired elderly. Design Six-month, home-based nutrition intervention study. Subjects Seventy men and women older than age 69 years were randomized to either a nutrition education intervention (n=38) or a control group that received an exercise intervention (n=32). Intervention Nutrition education was designed to increase fruit, vegetable, and calcium-rich food consumption. Main Outcome Measures Food intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. Fasting blood measures of nutrients and carotenoids were performed. Statistical Analysis Two-group randomized controlled trial with pre-test and post-test design and intention-to-treat analysis. Analysis of covariance to was used to assess differences between the two groups. Baseline and change partial correlation coefficients were performed between intake and blood nutrient levels. Paired t tests were conducted to test within-group changes. Results Compared with the exercise group, subjects in nutrition group increased their self-reported intake of fruits by 1.1 +/- 0.2 (mean +/- SEM) servings per day (2.8 to 3.9, P=.01), vegetables 1.1 0.2 servings per day (2.3 to 3.4, P=.001), and milk/dairy 0.9 +/- 0.2 servings per day (3.0 to 3.9, P=.001). There was an increase in the dietary intake of alpha-carotene and beta-carotene in the nutrition group and this correlated with the increase in blood concentrations of alpha-carotene and beta-carotene (Pless than or equal to.02; r=0.33 and r=0.33, respectively). Conclusion The results of this study suggest that it is. possible to improve the dietary intake of community dwelling elders to include more fruits, vegetables, and calcium-rich foods. Recommendations for increasing consumption of fruits, vegetables, and calcium-rich foods should be specific and individualized to meet the dietary pattern and lifestyle of the individual. Compliance should be encouraged with record keeping as well as through continuous monitoring and positive reinforcement. C1 Tufts Univ, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Sydney, Sch Exercise & Sports Sci, Lidcombe, Australia. Masonicare, Wallingford, CT USA. Univ Washington, Dept Hlth Serv, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Nelson, ME (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X NR 43 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 102 IS 10 BP 1421 EP 1427 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90315-9 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 601VV UT WOS:000178470000020 ER PT J AU Gleason, JA Bourdet, KL Koehn, K Holay, S Schaefer, EJ AF Gleason, JA Bourdet, KL Koehn, K Holay, S Schaefer, EJ TI Cardiovascular risk reduction and dietary compliance with a home-delivered diet and lifestyle modification program SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PREPARED MEAL PLAN; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; BODY-WEIGHT; INTERVENTION; DISEASE; TRIAL; FAT; EXPERIENCE; RESPONSES; OBESE AB Lack of adherence to diet contributes to ineffective dietary responsiveness and elevated cardiovascular risk factors in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. Our purpose was to determine if home-delivered, heart-healthy meals and snacks, combined with telephone diet education, would be efficacious in improving dietary compliance, quality of life, and cardiovascular risk factors (primarily low-density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol and body weight) in CHD patients. Participants were 35 free-living subjects (21 men, 14 postmenopausal women) with a mean age of 62 (ranging from 40 to 79 years) in an 8-week diet intervention. A registered dietitian provided diet education over the telephone and weekly menus averaging 67% carbohydrate, 16% protein, 17% fat, 4% saturated fat, 5% monounsaturated fat, 128 mg cholesterol, and 25 g fiber. Lipid profiles, anthropometric measures, food records, and quality of diet, and life questionnaires were obtained at baseline, week 4, and week 8. Mean compliance-defined as percentage of prepared food energy consumed divided by percentage of prepared food energy provided-was 91% at 4 weeks and 88% at 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, significant reductions in weight (-3.7 kg), waist circumference (-2.0 in), hip circumference (-1.3 in), body mass index (-1.21 kg/m2), total cholesterol (-0.17 mmol/dL, -7.0 mg/dL), and LDL cholesterol (-0.19 mmol/dL, -7.5 mg/dL) (P<.05) were achieved without significant changes in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.00 mmol/dL, 0.0 mg/dL) or triglycerides (+0.06 mmol/dL, +2.5 mg/dL). Significant improvements in quality of life and quality of diet (P<.05) were also demonstrated. This program could be a useful additive component to traditional medical nutrition therapy to improve dietary adherence. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Lipid & Heart Dis Prevent Program, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Lifespring Nutr Inc, Richmond, CA USA. Tufts Univ, Ctr Nutr Commun, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Gleason, JA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL57477] NR 25 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 102 IS 10 BP 1445 EP 1451 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90320-2 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 601VV UT WOS:000178470000024 PM 12396164 ER PT J AU Liu, CK Latona, NP DiMaio, GL AF Liu, CK Latona, NP DiMaio, GL TI Area retention studies for vacuum-dried leather SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The importance of knowing the effect of leather making conditions on the resultant area yield cannot be over-emphasized because the price of a piece of chrome-tanned leather is determined by its area. In our previous vacuum drying studies, we demonstrated that the residual water content is the key factor governing area retention. However this general doctrine can be complicated by additional variables such as the initial water content and the number of staking passes, particularly for the toggled-dried leather because of the mechanical stretch that occurs. We therefore have conducted a systematic study focusing on four factors simultaneously: initial water content, fatliquor concentration, drying time and the number of staking passes. We used the SAS statistical program to formulate their interactive relationship on the area retention of leather. A second order polynomial regression equation was derived to plot 3-D response surfaces that clearly illustrate the relationship between the variables and area retention. Observation showed that the area retention increases steadily with increasing either initial water content or fatliquor concentration. This trend slowly reverses, however, as both of these factors increase further. The effect of staking on area retention is also very intricate. Without the proper amount of fatliquor or initial water content, staking can significantly reduce area retention. This investigation has attained comprehensive information of the effects of these four variables and more importantly their interactions on area retention. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Liu, CK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 97 IS 10 BP 381 EP 388 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 600TW UT WOS:000178408500001 ER PT J AU Liu, CK Latona, NP DiMaio, GL AF Liu, CK Latona, NP DiMaio, GL TI Acoustic emission studies for leather coatings SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Finishing, the final step in the leather-making process, contributes to the beauty and durability of leather. Choosing the right coating is critical in obtaining a satisfactory finishing result, such as good flexing endurance and no surface cracking. Acoustic emission has been known to be a useful method to characterize the coating properties for the automobile industry. As a continuation of our efforts to investigate the applications of acoustic emission technology to leather manufacture, we exploited the AE technique to measure the flexing endurance of leather coatings. An acoustic sensor was clipped to the grain layer of finished leather in a tensile test to collect various acoustic quantities. Observations showed that differences in the flexibility of the coatings can be analyzed by examining the plot of the AE count rate as a function of time. We have concluded that a quantitative association exists between the flexibility of coatings and the cumulative acoustic counts produced at an initial tensile stretch. The results of this AE research may provide a route to examine the flexing endurance of leather coatings. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Liu, CK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 97 IS 10 BP 389 EP 399 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 600TW UT WOS:000178408500002 ER PT J AU Gehring, AG DiMaio, GL Marmer, WN Mazenko, CE AF Gehring, AG DiMaio, GL Marmer, WN Mazenko, CE TI Unhairing with proteolytic enzymes derived from Streptomyces griseus SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID WILSON-MEMORIAL-LECTURE; EVOLUTION; LEATHER AB A mixture of proteolytic enzymes derived from the bacterium, Streptomyces griseus, was used to unhair bovine hide pieces. The enzymatic unhairing was assisted by a 30-min pretreatment of the pieces with carbonate buffer and the inclusion of a common amphoteric surfactant (N, N-dimethyl-1-dodecanamine oxide) in the enzyme formulation. This unhairing process may serve as a replacement for the hairburn process that relies on hazardous sodium sulfide. The unhairing reaction consisted of drumming pretreated hide pieces with 0.5 ma/mL of the bacterial protease (in 1% N, N-dimethyl-1-dodecanamine oxide) for 4 hours at 37degreesC in a 200% float. This process causes the majority of hair to either fall out intact or to become extremely loose and hence readily removed through physical/mechanical means. Some fine hairs remain, thus requiring sharpening agents to be used in reliming to achieve total unhairing. Laboratory-scale studies using bovine hide pieces compared this enzymatic treatment to typical hairburn with sodium sulfide. The studies demonstrated that shrinkage temperature, physical properties, dye levelness, dye shading, and grain appearance were comparable if not better for the enzymatic unhairing. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Gehring, AG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 97 IS 10 BP 406 EP 411 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 600TW UT WOS:000178408500004 ER PT J AU Sathivel, S Prinyawiwatkul, W Grimm, CC King, JM Lloyd, S AF Sathivel, S Prinyawiwatkul, W Grimm, CC King, JM Lloyd, S TI FA composition of crude oil recovered from catfish viscera SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE catfish; FA composition; oil; processing waste; viscera ID FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; CHANNEL CATFISH; FISH-OIL; OMEGA-3-FATTY-ACIDS; LIVER AB The FA composition of crude catfish oil recovered from whole viscera, digestive tract, liver, gallbladder, and visceral storage fat was determined and compared with that of fillet and nugget (abdominal portion). About 34% crude fat (wet basis) could be recovered from the whole catfish viscera. FA found in crude catfish visceral oil were C14:0, C16:01 C16:1 C1 8:0, Cl 8:1, C1 8:2, Cl 8:3, C20:0, C20:1, C20:2, C20:3, C20:4, and C22:6, the predominant FA being C1 8:1, C1 6:0, Cl 8:2, and C18:0. Catfish visceral oil was characterized by a high level of unsaturated FA, which was similarly found in fillet and nugget. Total unsaturated FA in visceral oil amounted to 261.3 mg/g (dry basis) compared to that of fillet (259.3 mg/g) and nugget (307.6 mg/g). The whole viscera contained 4.2 mg/g DHA compared to that of gallbladder (9.2 mg/g), fillet (9.3 mg/g), and nugget (10.7 mg/g). The total n-3 FA in the whole and/or portioned viscera ranged from 4.3 to 20.9 mg/g. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Food Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Prinyawiwatkul, W (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Food Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 21 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 79 IS 10 BP 989 EP 992 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0592-5 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 603RM UT WOS:000178573700008 ER PT J AU Kuk, MS Bland, JM AF Kuk, MS Bland, JM TI Effect of pH on a gossypol complex with phospholipids: Gossypol-PE SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE cottonseed meal; gossypol complex; pH effects; phospholipid; Schiff reaction ID LC MS; HPLC AB PE, one of the major phospholipids in oilseed soapstock, may react with gossypol to form Schiff bases. PE amounts to 20-30% of the phosphorus compounds in soapstock. In this report, the dependence on pH of the Schiff base products between PE and gossypol was investigated using a spectrophotometer, an HPLC equipped with an ELSD, and an LC-MS system. We observed that at pH 7 the Schiff reaction product and reactants were clearly detected by ELSD, absorption, and LC-MS spectra. The absorption spectra displayed the characteristic peak for the Schiff bases around 430-440 nm. The absorption spectra also indicated that the reaction was pH dependent. The reaction temperatures were 60 and 90degreesC. The LC-MS spectra supported the formation of Schiff bases as well as methyl ether derivatives of gossypol in alcohol at the elevated temperatures. The implications of these experimental findings are presented in this paper. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70170 USA. RP Kuk, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70170 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 79 IS 10 BP 1045 EP 1048 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0600-9 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 603RM UT WOS:000178573700016 ER PT J AU Holser, RA Isbell, TA AF Holser, RA Isbell, TA TI Effect of processing conditions on the oxidative stability of meadowfoam press oil SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Letter ID VEGETABLE-OILS; INDEX C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Holser, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 79 IS 10 BP 1051 EP 1052 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0602-7 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 603RM UT WOS:000178573700018 ER PT J AU Zhang, XCJ Garbrecht, JD AF Zhang, XCJ Garbrecht, JD TI Precipitation retention and soil erosion under varying climate, land use, and tillage and cropping systems SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE probability distribution; water retention; soil erosion; dryland farming ID GREAT-PLAINS; YIELD; WHEAT; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AB Nonirrigated crop yields and forage production are limited by low and variable precipitation in the southern Great Plains. Precipitation variation involves production risks, which can be reduced by considering probability of precipitation, precipitation retention, and soil erosion under various production systems. The objective of this study was to probabilistically quantify the impact of precipitation variations, land use, cropping, and tillage systems on precipitation retention and soil erosion. Five 1.6 ha watersheds that had 3 to 4 percent slopes, and similar silt loam soils were selected. One was kept in native grass, and the others were planted into winter wheat (Riticum aestivum L.) under different cropping and tillage systems. Daily runoff and soil erosion were measured at the outlet of each watershed. Precipitation distributions exhibited great seasonal and interannual variations, and precipitation retention distributions resembled those of precipitation. Cropping and tillage systems affected precipitation retention but much less than did precipitation variations. Available soil water storage, which was largely controlled by ET, played an important role in retaining precipitation. This indicates that cropping systems should be adjusted to precipitation patterns, if predictable, for better soil water use. Land use and cropping and tillage systems had a much greater impact on soil erosion than on precipitation retention. Soil erosion risks, which were proportional to the levels of tillage disturbance, were mainly caused by a few large storms in summer, when surface cover was low. This study explored a novel approach for evaluating production risks associated with insufficient precipitation retention and excessive soil erosion for certain crops or cropping systems under assumed precipitation conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Zhang, XCJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1241 EP 1253 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb04345.x PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 615XV UT WOS:000179273400006 ER PT J AU Bennett, SJ Cooper, CM Ritchie, JC Dunbar, JA Allen, PM Caldwell, LW McGee, TM AF Bennett, SJ Cooper, CM Ritchie, JC Dunbar, JA Allen, PM Caldwell, LW McGee, TM TI Assessing sedimentation issues within aging flood control reservoirs in Oklahoma SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE erosion and sedimentation; water regulation; water conservation; watershed management ID EROSION; ORGANOCHLORINE; BASINS; RATES AB Since 1948, the USDA-NRCS has constructed nearly 11,000 flood control dams across the United States, and many of the reservoirs are rapidly filling with sediment. To rehabilitate these structures, the impounded sediment must be assessed to determine the volume of accumulated sediment and the potential hazard this sediment may pose if reintroduced to the environment. An assessment of sedimentation issues within two reservoirs, Sugar Creek No. 12, Hinton, Oklahoma, and Sergeant Major No. 4, Cheyenne, Oklahoma, is presented. Sediment cores obtained using a vibracoring system were composed of alternating layers of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. Stratigraphic analysis coupled with Cs-137 dating techniques enabled the discrimination of pre-construction sediment from post-construction deposition. An acoustic profiling system was unencumbered by the relatively shallow water depth at Sugar Creek No. 12 and the seismic horizons agreed well with the sediment core data. Total sediment volume determined from the acoustic survey and the sediment core data for comparable areas differed by only 1.4 percent. The seismic profiling system worked well in the relatively deeper lake of Sergeant Major No. 4 and showed good correspondence to the collected core data. Detailed chemical analyses showed that overall sediment quality was good at both locations and that chemical composition was spatially invariant. Implementation of these techniques will aid action agencies such as the USDA-NRCS in their assessment and effective management of aging flood control reservoirs. C1 USDA ARS, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Baylor Univ, Dept Geol, Waco, TX 76798 USA. USDA, NRCS, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. Univ Mississippi, Mississippi Mineral Resources Inst, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Bennett, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1307 EP 1322 PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 615XV UT WOS:000179273400011 ER PT J AU Paige, GB Stone, JJ Guertin, DP Lane, LJ AF Paige, GB Stone, JJ Guertin, DP Lane, LJ TI A strip model approach to parameterize a coupled Green-Ampt kinematic wave model SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE infiltration; modeling; rainfall simulator; Green-Ampt model; Mein-Larson Equation ID INFILTRATION; RUNOFF; RAINFALL; EROSION; VEGETATION; RANGELAND AB Infiltration processes at the plot scale are often described and modeled using a single effective hydraulic conductivity (K-e) value. This can lead to errors in runoff and erosion prediction. An integrated field measurement and modeling study was conducted to evaluate: (1) the relationship among rainfall intensity, spatially variable soil and vegetation characteristics, and infiltration processes; and (2) how this relationship could be modeled using Green and Ampt and a spatially distributed hydrologic model. Experiments were conducted using a newly developed variable intensity rainfall simulator on 2 in by 6 in plots in a rangeland watershed in southeastern Arizona. Rainfall application rates varied between 50 and 200 mm/hr. Results of the rainfall simulator experiments showed that the observed hydrologic response changed with changes in rainfall intensity and that the response varied with antecedent moisture condition. A distributed process based hydrologic simulation model was used to model the plots at different levels of hydrologic complexity. The measurement and simulation model results show that the rainfall runoff relationship cannot be accurately described or modeled using a single K-e value at the plot scale. Multi-plane model configurations with infiltration parameters based on soil and plot characteristics resulted in a significant improvement over single-plane configurations. C1 USDA, ARS, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Arizona, Sch Renewable Nat Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Paige, GB (reprint author), USDA, ARS, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 32 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1363 EP 1377 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb04352.x PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 615XV UT WOS:000179273400014 ER PT J AU Allen, PM Arnold, JG Skipwith, W AF Allen, PM Arnold, JG Skipwith, W TI Erodibility of urban bedrock and alluvial channels, North Texas SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE erosion rates; erodibility methods; hydraulic geometry; channel erosion zones; urban bedrock and alluvial channels ID RIVER INCISION; BANK EROSION; URBANIZATION; GEOMETRY; ENLARGEMENT; PREDICTION; PATTERNS; DEVICE; SCOUR; SOILS AB Major erosion of urban stream channels is found in smaller basins in the North Texas study area with contributing drainage areas of less than ten square miles. Within these basins, four basic channel types are identified based on bed and bank lithologies: alluvial banks and bottoms, alluvial banks and gravel bottoms, alluvial banks with rock bottoms, and rock banks with rock bottoms. Most channels (75 percent) have alluvial banks with gravel or rock bottoms. Channel slopes are steep (.38 to .76 percent). Rock consists predominantly of shale and limestone. Channel cross sections are divided into the following four zones based on weathering, scour and entrainment mechanisms: soil zone, slake zone, rock zone and bed material zone. Erodibility of the channels is determined using multiple techniques including reach hydraulics and stream power computations, submerged jet testing, slab entrainment thresholds, and slake durability rates. Procedures are based on both empirical and modeled time series estimates of channel erosion. Field and modeled results support rates of erosion of up to four inches per year. Rates are tied to flow regime, climate, and type of channel bed and banks. C1 Baylor Univ, Dept Geol, Waco, TX 76798 USA. USDA ARS, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Halff Associates Inc, Hydrol & Hydraul, Dallas, TX 75225 USA. RP Allen, PM (reprint author), Baylor Univ, Dept Geol, 1311 S Speight, Waco, TX 76798 USA. NR 62 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI MIDDLEBURG PA 4 WEST FEDERAL ST, PO BOX 1626, MIDDLEBURG, VA 20118-1626 USA SN 1093-474X J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 5 BP 1477 EP 1492 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2002.tb04360.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 615XV UT WOS:000179273400022 ER PT J AU Bancroft, JS Smith, MT Chaput, EK Tropp, J AF Bancroft, JS Smith, MT Chaput, EK Tropp, J TI Rapid test of the suitability of host-trees and the effects of larval history on Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE host suitability; risk assessment; invasive species ID BEETLE; PREFERENCE AB The invasive cerambycid, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motchulsky) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), is native to Asia, and threatens numerous species of host trees in Europe and North America. The eradication of breeding populations depends on surveys of host trees, but the suitability of potential hosts has not been measured. Our experiment demonstrates a rapid method to assess the suitability of potential host trees. We compared weight gain over one month by 80 larvae reared in freshly cut logs of eight common hardwood species found in the areas of infestation. From the largest percent weight gain to the smallest, the resulting ranking was Chinese elm, Norway maple, American elm, honeylocust, sugar maple, red oak, white ash, green ash. Although comparisons suggested similar growth by larvae taken from diet to those reared on twigs, larvae from China grew at a greater rate than larvae originating from the Chicago infestation. This technique can be used to rapidly quantify host suitability and identify trap trees to be used for replanting after removal of infested trees. C1 Delaware Dept Fish & Wildlife, Sagamiko, Kanagawa 19901, Japan. USDA ARS, Newark, DE 19701 USA. RP Bancroft, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, 17053 N Shafter Ave, Shafter, CA 93263 USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 8 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 75 IS 4 BP 308 EP 316 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 622UT UT WOS:000179666000010 ER PT J AU House, WA Welch, RM Beebe, S Cheng, Z AF House, WA Welch, RM Beebe, S Cheng, Z TI Potential for increasing the amounts of bioavailable zinc in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) through plant breeding SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE zinc bioavailability; beans; plant breeding; rats; phytate; tannin ID PHYTIC ACID; INOSITOL PHOSPHATES; RATS; ABSORPTION; NUTRITION; QUALITY; FOODS AB A whole-body radioassay procedure was used to assess the bioavailability to rats of zinc (Zn) in seeds of 18 genotypes of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) that were grown hydroponically. Dry beans that were labelled intrinsically with 65 Zn were added to test meals fed to rats that were marginally Zn-deficient. The amount of Zn in the seeds varied between genotypes and ranged from 26.7 to 62.4 mug g(-1) (from 0.41 to 0.95 mumol g(-1)) dry weight (DW). Similarly, the amount of iron (Fe) in the beans varied nearly twofold (from 52.3 to 96.3 mug g(-1) DW), and Zn and Fe concentrations were positively correlated. Concentrations of myo-inositolhexaphosphate (IP6) plus myo-inositolpentaphosphate (IP5) varied from 18.1 to 27.3 mumol g(-1) DW. Cultivars with white-coloured seeds contained relatively small amounts of tannins varying from 0.12 to 0.16 mg g(-1) DW (determined as catechin equivalents) compared to those with coloured seed coats (up to 2.58 mg g-1 DW). All rats readily ate the test meals so that Zn intake varied directly with seed-Zn concentration. As indicated by Zn absorption, the bioavailability to rats of Zn in the seeds varied between genotypes and ranged from about 78 to 95% of the total Zn in the seeds. The bioavailability of Zn to marginally Zn-deficient rats was not afflicted markedly by either IP5+IP6 or tannin in the dry beans. These results demonstrate that the concentration of Zn in dry beans can be increased through traditional plant-breeding techniques and that this may result in significant increases in the amount of bioavailable Zn in the beans. Increasing the amount of Zn in beans may contribute significantly to improving the Zn status of individuals dependent on beans as a staple food. (C) 2002 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Ctr Int Agr Trop, Cali, Colombia. RP Welch, RM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 33 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 82 IS 13 BP 1452 EP 1457 DI 10.1002/jsfa.1146 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 599UV UT WOS:000178354300004 ER PT J AU Bragg, DC AF Bragg, DC TI Reference conditions for old-growth pine forests in the Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain SO JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Review DE Pinus; loblolly pine; shortleaf pine; presettlement vegetation; virgin forest ID COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; CATASTROPHIC DISTURBANCES; SOUTHEASTERN ARKANSAS; GEORGIA PIEDMONT; HARDWOOD FOREST; SOUTH-CAROLINA; UNITED-STATES; OAK FOREST; RESTORATION; DYNAMICS AB DON C. BRAGG (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station). Reference conditions for old-growth pine forests in the Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain. J. Torrey. Bot. Soc. 129: 261-288. 2002.-Ecosystem restoration has become an important component of forest management, especially on public lands. However, determination of manageable reference conditions has lagged behind the interest. This paper presents a case study from pine-dominated forests in the Upper West Gulf Coastal Plain (UWGCP), with special emphasis on southern Arkansas. Decades of forest management, fire exclusion, exotic species invasion, and other ecological changes have converted the small remnants of mature shortleaf (Pinus echinata Mill.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands into ineffectual models for restoring presettlement-like conditions. However, sufficient information can be gathered from available references to more reliably describe the boundaries of the desired reference environment. Early explorer accounts, maps, survey records, historical trade and technical publications, and modern scientific journals were consulted to reconstruct presettlement (pre-1900) forest conditions for pine-dominated landscapes of the UWGCP. On average, virgin UWGCP pine forests had considerably more shortleaf pine (especially in the uplands) than contemporary natural stands, with relatively low basal area and standing volume concentrated in large trees. Presettlement pine timber also had less uniform structural and spatial patterns than modern examples of mature pine. Assuming most of the critical processes are still present, it appears possible to recreate the compositional and structural attributes of virgin pine forests. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. RP Bragg, DC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, POB 3516 UAM, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. NR 172 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU TORREY BOTANICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1095-5674 J9 J TORREY BOT SOC JI J. Torrey Bot. Soc. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 129 IS 4 BP 261 EP 288 DI 10.2307/3088699 PG 28 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 643BG UT WOS:000180841600001 ER PT J AU Mason, PW Bezborodova, SV Henry, TM AF Mason, PW Bezborodova, SV Henry, TM TI Identification and characterization of a cis-acting replication element (cre) adjacent to the internal ribosome entry site of foot-and-mouth disease virus SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSLATION INITIATION SITE; STRAND RNA-SYNTHESIS; POLIOVIRUS RNA; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; VPG URIDYLYLATION; CODING SEQUENCE; 5' END; PROTEIN; REGION; GENE AB Over the last few years, an essential RNA structure known as the cis-acting replicative element (ere) has been identified within the protein-coding region of several picornaviruses. The ere, a stem-loop structure containing a conserved AAACA motif, functions as a template for addition of U residues to the protein primer 3B. By surveying the genomes of representatives of several serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), we discovered a putative ere in the 5' untranslated region of the genome (contiguous with the internal ribosome entry site [IRES]). To confirm the role of this putative ere in replication, we tested the importance of the AAACA motif and base pairing in the stem in FMDV genome replication. To this end, ere mutations were cloned into an FMDV replicon and into synthetic viral genomes. Analyses of the properties of these replicons and genomes revealed the following. (i) Mutations in the AAACA motif severely reduced replication, and all viruses recovered from genomes containing mutated AAACA sequences had reverted to the wild-type sequence. (ii) Mutations in the stem region showed that the ability to form this base-paired structure was important for replication. Although the ere was contiguous with the IRES, the mutations we created did not significantly reduce IRES-mediated translation in vivo. Finally, the position of the ere at the 5' end of the genome was shown not to be critical for replication, since functional replicons and viruses lacking the 5' ere could be obtained if a wild-type ere was added to the genome following the 3D(pol) coding region. Taken together, these results support the importance of the ere in replication and demonstrate that the activity of this essential element does not require localization within the polyprotein-encoding region of the genome. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, NAA, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Mason, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, NAA, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. EM pwmason@piadc.ars.usda.gov NR 40 TC 102 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 76 IS 19 BP 9686 EP 9694 DI 10.1128/JVI.76.19.9686-9694.2002 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 590XE UT WOS:000177849100012 PM 12208947 ER PT J AU Olsen, SC Kreeger, TJ Schultz, W AF Olsen, SC Kreeger, TJ Schultz, W TI Immune responses of bison to ballistic or hand vaccination with Brucella abortus strain RB51 SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE bison; Brucella abortus; efficacy; RB51; vaccine ID SEROLOGIC RESPONSES; BACTERIAL SURVIVAL; CATTLE; GLYCOPROTEIN; ASSAY AB From January through July of 2000, a study was conducted to evaluate clearance, immunologic responses, and potential shedding of Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51) following ballistic or subcutaneous (SQ) vaccination of 7 mo old bison (Bison bison) calves. Ten bison calves were vaccinated SQ with 1.4X10(10) colony-forming units (CFU) of SRB51 and five calves were inoculated SQ with sterile 0.15 M sodium chloride. An additional 10 bison calves were ballistically inoculated in the rear leg musculature With 1X10(10) CFU of SRB51 and five calves were ballistically inoculated with an empty Biobullet(R). Serologic responses were monitored at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24 wk using the standard tube agglutination test and a dot-blot assay. Swabs from rectal, vaginal, nasal, and ocular mucosal surfaces, and blood were obtained for culture from all bison at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks post-inoculation to evaluate potential shedding by vaccinated bison or persistent septicemia. The superficial cervical lymph node was biopsied in eight ballistic and eight hand vaccinated bison at 6 or 12 wk to evaluate clearance of the vaccine strain from lymphatic tissues. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to irradiated SRB51 bacteria were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) at 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, and 24 wk after inoculation. Serum obtained from hand or ballistically vaccinated bison demonstrated antibody responses on the dot-blot assay that were greater than control bison (saline or empty Biobullet(R)) at 2, 4, 6, and 8 wk after vaccination. Antibody titers of ballistically vaccinated bison did not differ (P>0.05) from hand vaccinated bison at any sampling time. Blood samples obtained from all bison at 2, 4, 6 and 8 wk after vaccination were negative for SRB51. One colony of SRB51 was recovered from the vaginal swab of one ballistically vaccinated bison at 2 wk after vaccination. All other ocular, vaginal, nasal, and rectal swabs were culture negative for SRB51. Strain RB51 was recovered from superficial cervical lymph nodes of hand and ballistic vaccinated bison at 6 (two of four and two of four bison, respectively) and 12 wk (three of four and one of four bison, respectively). Serologic tests and bacterial culture techniques failed to demonstrate infection of nonvaccinated bison. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from hand vaccinated bison had greater (P<0.05) proliferative responses to strain RB51 bacteria when compared to PBMC from nonvaccinated and ballistically vaccinated bison. Proliferative responses of PBMC from ballistically vaccinated bison did not differ (P>0.05) at any sampling time from proliferative responses of PBMC from control bison. Serum alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein concentrations, plasma fibrinogen, and total protein concentrations were not influenced by treatments. Ballistic delivery of SRB51 did not induce adverse effects or influence clearance of the vaccine strain. There were no proliferative responses of PBMC to SRB51 in bison ballistically vaccinated with SRB51; whereas bison inoculated with SRB51 by hand injection had greater proliferative responses than control or ballistically vaccinated bison. Our study suggests that ballistic delivery may require a greater dose of SRB51 to induce cell-mediated immune responses in bison that are comparable to those induced by hand injection, and that ballistic or hand delivery of 1X10(10) CFU of SRB51 is safe in bison calves. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, Wheatland, WY 82201 USA. RP Olsen, SC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 4 BP 738 EP 745 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 632TT UT WOS:000180239500010 PM 12528440 ER PT J AU Olsen, SC Kreeger, TJ Palmer, MV AF Olsen, SC Kreeger, TJ Palmer, MV TI Immune responses of elk to vaccination with Brucella abortus strain RB51 SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Brucella; Cervus elaphus; clearance; elk; RB51; serology; vaccine ID SEROLOGIC RESPONSES; CATTLE; BISON; ASSAY AB In a study conducted from January to August 2000, elk (Cervus elaphus) were vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51, n=6) or injected With 0.15 M NaCl solution (n=3) at approximately 6 mo of age. Beginning at 2 wk and continuing to 25 wk after vaccination, SRB51-vaccinated elk had greater antibody responses (P<0.05) to SRB51 when compared to nonvaccinated elk. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SRB51-vaccinated elk had greater (P<0.05) proliferative responses to SRB51 at 18 wk after vaccination when compared to responses of nonvaccinated elk. Strain RB51 was recovered from blood samples of all vaccinates at 2 wk, and three of six vaccinates at 4 wk after vaccination. The SRB51 vaccine strain was recovered from the superficial cervical lymph node of all vaccinates sampled at 6 wk after vaccination, but not from lymph node samples obtained from vaccinates at 12 or 18 wk after vaccination. At 34 wk after vaccination, SRB51 was recovered from the bronchial lymph node of one of five vaccinates but not from other tissues. Strain RB51 was not recovered at any time from samples obtained from nonvaccinated elk. This study suggests that following vaccination with SRB51, elk remain bacteremic for a prolonged period of time, rapidly develop high antibody titers, and are slower to develop detectable proliferative responses in PBMC when compared to responses of cattle or bison (Bison bison). C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Wyoming Game & Fish Dept, Wheatland, WY 82201 USA. RP Olsen, SC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 4 BP 746 EP 751 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 632TT UT WOS:000180239500011 PM 12528441 ER PT J AU Spalding, MG Mertins, JW Walsh, PB Morin, KC Dunmore, DE Forrester, DJ AF Spalding, MG Mertins, JW Walsh, PB Morin, KC Dunmore, DE Forrester, DJ TI Burrowing fly larvae (Philornis porteri) associated with mortality of eastern bluebirds in Florida SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE eastern bluebird; fly larvae; maggots; mortality; myiasis; Philornis porteri; Sialia sialis ID PEARLY-EYED THRASHERS; HOUSE WRENS; ECTOPARASITISM; GROWTH; BIRDS AB We investigated mortality among nestling eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) in Polk and Highlands counties, Florida (USA) in 1999-2001. At least six species of maggots from three families of muscoid flies, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, and Muscidae were found associated With the nestlings. Philornis porteri, the only species of obligate bird parasite collected, was found in the contents of two nests, in the ear canal and the musculature of the jaw of one nestling, and in the abdominal subcutis of another. This is the first record of bluebird parasitism by P porteri. Although some nestlings were infested by tissue-invading fly larvae antemortem, the role of these maggots in the overall mortality was not clear. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USAF, Avon Pk Air Force Range, Avon Park, FL 33825 USA. RP Spalding, MG (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, POB 11088, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 35 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 4 BP 776 EP 783 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 632TT UT WOS:000180239500016 PM 12528446 ER PT J AU Palmer, MV AF Palmer, MV TI Atlantoaxial instability in a white-tailed deer fawn (Odocoileus virginianus) SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE atlas; axis; deer; Odocoileus virginianus; subluxation; vertebrae ID AXIAL SUBLUXATION AB On 14 March 2001, an 8 mo old, male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) was found in lateral recumbency exhibiting neurologic signs including inability to rise, opisthotonus, paddling, and respiratory distress. There was evidence of minor cranial trauma. Postmortem examination revealed atlantoaxial instability with ventral deviation of the axis due to malformation of the caudal atlas and cranial axis. Given the age of the fawn, the instability was assumed to be congenital with minor trauma inducing severe, acute neurologic signs. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Palmer, MV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 4 BP 860 EP 862 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 632TT UT WOS:000180239500029 PM 12528459 ER PT J AU Cram, DS Masters, RE Guthery, FS Engle, DM Montague, WG AF Cram, DS Masters, RE Guthery, FS Engle, DM Montague, WG TI Northern bobwhite population and habitat response to pine-grassland restoration SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Arkansas; Colinus virginianus; disc of vulnerability; forest management; habitat; northern bobwhite; Picoides borealis; pine-grassland restoration; prescribed fire; red-cockaded woodpecker; usable space ID RED-COCKADED WOODPECKERS; BEHAVIOR AB We compared northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) abundance and habitat characteristics in unmanaged mixed shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) -hardwood stands and restored pine-grassland stands managed for the red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis) on the Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas, USA. To determine northern bobwhite (hereafter, bobwhite) population response in untreated control, thinned, and thinned and burned stands either 1, 2, or 3 growing seasons (Mar to mid-Oct) post-burn, we used whistling-male counts and covey-call counts as indices of population abundance. We estimated woody stem density, understory and overstory canopy cover, conifer and hardwood basal area, and the disc of vulnerability to characterize habitat response. Relative abundance of whistling males in the spring was greatest in thinned stands 3 growing seasons post-burn and in thinned but unburned stands. These stands had the smallest disc of vulnerability and the greatest understory shrub cover <2 in in height compared with other treatments. A threshold-like increase in bobwhite abundance was observed as a function of woody structure <2 in. Pine-grassland restoration provided suitable structure for bobwhites in spring, summer, and fall, but may not be adequate in winter. Further, data suggested that bobwhite density within a stand also was related to the amount of suitable habitat Surrounding the stand. Bobwhite management efforts in similar shortleaf pine forests should include thinning to reduce midstory and overstory cover and frequent fire to maintain open woodland conditions-i.e., low basal area stands with limited midstory. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. US Forest Serv, Poteau Ranger District, Waldron, AR 72958 USA. RP Cram, DS (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Extens Anim Resources, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM rniasters@ttrs.org NR 38 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1031 EP 1039 DI 10.2307/3802935 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 623MH UT WOS:000179706800010 ER PT J AU Noyes, JH Johnson, BK Dick, BL Kie, JG AF Noyes, JH Johnson, BK Dick, BL Kie, JG TI Effects of male age and female nutritional condition on elk reproduction SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE breeding; bull age; Cervus elaphus; conception date; elk; kidney fat index; nutritional condition; Oregon; pregnancy rate; reproduction ID DEER CERVUS-ELAPHUS; RED DEER; CONCEPTION AB Spring calf:cow ratios in some Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus) populations of northeast Oregon have declined by almost 80% over the last 40 years. Studies have identified the age of breeding males and the nutritional condition of females as potentially contributing factors. We conducted a study in 2 trials, from 1989 to 1993 and from 1995 to 1999, to assess the effects of male age on conception dates and pregnancy rates of female elk in northeast Oregon. Results of the first trial, reported previously, showed a significant influence of male age on conception dates but not on pregnancy rates. The second trial, reported here, was intended to validate findings of the first trial and to evaluate the interaction of male age and female nutritional condition. We managed an elk population within a 78-km(2) enclosure to allow a single cohort of males to function as herd sires as they matured from 1.5 to 5.5 years of age. Front animals killed in December, we estimated pregnancy rates, age, nutritional condition (kidney fat index, [KFI]), and lactation status of females and the conception dates of their fetuses. Mean conception dates Occurred 1 week earlier as male age increased and were related to KFI in females. Nutritional condition of female elk was 67% higher in 1995 when breeding was by yearling males than in years when breeding was by 4-year-old or 5-year-old males. Pregnancy rates did not differ among ages of males. We used analysis of covariance with female nutritional condition as the covariate to evaluate the interactive effects of male age and female nutritional condition oil conception dates of females bred by males of different ages across 2 trials. Mean conception dates (adjusted for female nutritional condition) pooled by age of males decreased from 4 October with yearling male sires to 21 September with 5-year-old male sires. Mean KFI of pregnant, lactating female elk was 118 during the validation and 148 during the initial trial. Pregnancy rates did not differ by male age between trials. We stress the importance of understanding the interactions between age of males and nutritional condition of females prior to interpreting the results of management strategies designed to retain older males because of the many factors that affect calf elk survival. C1 Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. RP Noyes, JH (reprint author), Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 23 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 18 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 1301 EP 1307 DI 10.2307/3802963 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 623MH UT WOS:000179706800038 ER PT J AU Bank, MS Sarno, RJ Campbell, NK Franklin, WL AF Bank, MS Sarno, RJ Campbell, NK Franklin, WL TI Predation of guanacos (Lama guanicoe) by southernmost mountain lions (Puma concolor) during a historically severe winter in Torres del Paine National Park, Chile SO JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Puma concolor; behaviour; Lama guanicoe; predation; winter ID SOCIAL-ORGANIZATION; POPULATION-SIZE; PATAGONIA PUMA; BIGHORN SHEEP; BODY-SIZE; ECOLOGY; SNOW; CONSERVATION; MORTALITY; SELECTION AB The effects of mountain lion Puma concolor predation on guanaco Lama guanicoe mortality was investigated during the historically severe winter of 1995 in Torres del Paine National Park, Chile. The 45 guanaco carcasses located represented 3% of the entire guanaco population of which 74% were mountain lion kills, 13% died from malnutrition, 2% died from fence entanglement and 11% died from unknown causes. Depleted bone marrow fat was observed in 20% of all carcasses. The number of guanaco deaths differed among sex and age classes, particularly in juveniles (< 1 year of age), which died more often than expected (P < 0.001). Fresh guanaco carcasses (n = 19) killed by mountain lions were located in tree and shrub habitats 79% of the time and were significantly greater than expected values based on the relative availability of these habitats (P < 0.001). Observations of the spatial distribution of mountain lion kills and guanaco mixed-sex groups were similar (P = 0.10), suggesting that mountain lions responded to winter migratory movements made by guanacos. Overall, adult guanacos experienced surprisingly lower levels of mortality (adult male = 1%, adult female = 2%) than expected, despite the severe winter conditions, while juveniles experienced higher levels of mortality (13%) than expected. In comparison to other years (1991-96), the severe winter of 1995 (i.e. this investigation) had the greatest total mortality for juveniles, although the proportion of deaths caused by mountain lion predation for juveniles was greatest during other winters. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Program Ecol & Environm Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NCI, FCRDC, Lab Genom Divers, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. USDA, Amityville, NY 11701 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Bank, MS (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Biol Sci, Program Ecol & Environm Sci, 5722 Deering Hall,Room 202, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 59 TC 18 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 12 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0952-8369 J9 J ZOOL JI J. Zool. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 258 BP 215 EP 222 DI 10.1017/S0952836902001334 PN 2 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 611MY UT WOS:000179022600007 ER PT J AU Lundquist, JE Sommerfeld, RA AF Lundquist, JE Sommerfeld, RA TI Use of Fourier transforms to define landscape scales of analysis for disturbances: a case study of thinned and unthinned forest stands SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Black Hills National Forest; disturbance impact; forest diseases; impact assessment; remote sensing; South Dakota; USA ID ECOLOGY; PATTERN AB Various disturbances such as disease and management practices cause canopy gaps that change patterns of forest stand structure. This study examined the usefulness of digital image analysis using aerial photos, Fourier Tranforms, and cluster analysis to investigate how different spatial statistics are affected by spatial scale. The specific aims were to: 1) evaluate how a Fourier filter could be used to classify canopy gap sizes objectively, 2) determine which statistics might be useful for detecting and measuring disturbance impacts, and 3) examine the potential for this method to determine spatial domains in a pair of ponderosa pine ( Pinus ponderosa) stands in the Black Hills of South Dakota, USA. The eventual goal is to develop an operational method of assessing the impacts of natural disturbances such as disease. Results indicated that several spatial metrics discriminated between harvested and unharvested stands. We hypothesize that these metrics will be useful as spatial measures of disease impact if the analyses are performed on specific size classes of forest gaps. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Lundquist, JE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM jlundquist@fs.fed.us NR 25 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 17 IS 5 BP 445 EP 454 DI 10.1023/A:1021252222319 PG 10 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 617YP UT WOS:000179388800006 ER PT J AU Rollins, MG Morgan, P Swetnam, T AF Rollins, MG Morgan, P Swetnam, T TI Landscape-scale controls over 20(th) century fire occurrence in two large Rocky Mountain (USA) wilderness areas SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fire atlases; fire ecology; fire history; fire regimes; pattern-process interactions; Rocky Mountains ID YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK; UNITED-STATES; AMERICAN SOUTHWEST; NORTHERN ROCKIES; FOREST; PATTERNS; HISTORY; VEGETATION; REGIMES; PRECIPITATION AB Topography, vegetation, and climate act together to determine the spatial patterns of fires at landscape scales. Knowledge of landscape- fire- climate relations at these broad scales (1,000s ha to 100,000s ha) is limited and is largely based on inferences and extrapolations from fire histories reconstructed from finer scales. In this study, we used long time series of fire perimeter data (fire atlases) and data for topography, vegetation, and climate to evaluate relationships between large 20 (th) century fires and landscape characteristics in two contrasting areas: the 486,673- ha Gila/ Aldo Leopold Wilderness Complex (GALWC) in New Mexico, USA, and the 785,090- ha Selway- Bitterroot Wilderness Complex (SBWC) in Idaho and Montana, USA. There were important similarities and differences in gradients of topography, vegetation, and climate for areas with different fire frequencies, both within and between study areas. These unique and general relationships, when compared between study areas, highlight important characteristics of fire regimes in the Northern and Southern Rocky Mountains of the Western United States. Results suggest that amount and horizontal continuity of herbaceous fuels limit the frequency and spread of surface fires in the GALWC, while the moisture status of large fuels and crown fuels limits the frequency of moderate- to- high severity fires in the SBWC. These empirically described spatial and temporal relationships between fire, landscape attributes, and climate increase understanding of interactions among broad- scale ecosystem processes. Results also provide a historical baseline for fire management planning over broad spatial and temporal scales in each wilderness complex. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. Univ Idaho, Coll Nat Resources, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Rollins, MG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Fire Sci Lab, 5775 Hwy 10 W, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. EM mrollins@fs.fed.us NR 86 TC 93 Z9 97 U1 1 U2 28 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 17 IS 6 BP 539 EP 557 DI 10.1023/A:1021584519109 PG 19 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 624RN UT WOS:000179774900005 ER PT J AU Lin, JT Chen, JM Chen, P Liao, LP McKeon, TA AF Lin, JT Chen, JM Chen, P Liao, LP McKeon, TA TI Molecular species of PC and PE formed during castor oil biosynthesis SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RICINOLEIC ACID; C-8 COLUMN; MICROSOMES; 1-ACYL-2-OLEOYL-SN-GLYCERO-3-PHOSPHOCHOLINE; OLEOYL-12-HYDROXYLASE; TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; ACYLTRANSFERASE; SEPARATION; DESATURASE AB As part of a program to elucidate castor oil biosynthesis, we have identified 36 molecular species of PC and 35 molecular species of PE isolated from castor microsomes after incubations with [C-14] -labeled FA. The six [C-14]FA studied were ricinoleate, stearate, oleate, linoleate, linolenate, and palmitate, which were the only FA identified in castor microsomal incubations. The incorporation of each of the six FA into PC was better than that into PE. The [(14) C] FA were incorporated almost exclusively into the sn-2 position of both PC and PE. The incorporation of [C-14] stearate and [C-14] palmitate into 2-acyl-PC was slower compared to the other four [C-14]FA. The incorporation does not show any selectivity for the various lysoPC molecular species. The level of incorporation of [C-14]FA in PC was in the order of: oleate > linolenate > palmitate >0 linoleate > stearate > ricinoleate, and in PE: linoleate > linolenate > oleate > palmitate > stearate > ricinoleate. In general, at the sn-1 position of both PC and PE, linoleate was the most abundant FA, palmitate was the next, and oleate, linolenate, stearate, and ricinoleate were minor FA. The activities of oleoyl-12-hydroxylase, oleoyl-12-desaturase seem unaffected by the FA at the sn-1 position of 2-oleoyl-PC. The FA in the sn-1 position of PC does not significantly affect the activity of phospholipase A(2), whereas ricinoleate is preferentially removed from the sn-2 position of PC. The results show that (i) [C-14] oleate is most actively incorporated to form 2-oleoyl-PC, the immediate substrate of oleoyl-12-hydroxylase; (ii) 2-ricinoleoyl-PC is formed mostly by the hydroxylation of 2-oleoyl-PC, not from the incorporation of ricinoleate into 2-ricinoleoyl-PC; and (iii) 2-oleoyl-PE is less actively formed than 2-oleoyl-PC. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Lin, JT (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD OCT PY 2002 VL 37 IS 10 BP 991 EP 995 DI 10.1007/s11745-006-0991-2 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 630RY UT WOS:000180123800010 PM 12530559 ER PT J AU Lee, L Palukaitis, P Gray, SM AF Lee, L Palukaitis, P Gray, SM TI Host-dependent requirement for the Potato leafroll virus 17-kDa protein in virus movement SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE agroinoculation; Luteoviridae; movement protein; Polerovirus; tissue immunoblot analysis ID WESTERN YELLOWS LUTEOVIRUS; PEPPER MOTTLE POTYVIRUS; TOBACCO MOSAIC-VIRUS; APHID TRANSMISSION; CAPSICUM-ANNUUM; VIRAL MOVEMENT; NUCLEIC-ACIDS; COAT PROTEIN; MINOR VEINS; PLANTS AB The requirement for the 17-kDa protein (P17) of Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) in virus movement was investigated in four plant species: potato (Solanum tuberosum), Physalis floridana, Nicotiana benthamiana, and N. clevelandii. Two PLRV P17 mutants were characterized, one that does not translate the P17 and another that expresses a P17 missing the first four amino acids. The P17 mutants were able to replicate and accumulate in agroinoculated leaves of potato and R floridana, but they were unable to move into vascular tissues and initiate a systemic infection in these plants. In contrast, the P17 mutants were able to spread systemically from inoculated leaves in both Nicotiana spp., although the efficiency of infection was reduced relative to wild-type PLRV. Examination of virus distribution in N. benthamiana plants using tissue immunoblotting techniques revealed that the wild-type PLRV and P17 mutants followed a similar movement pathway out of the inoculated leaves. Virus first moved upward to the apical tissues and then downward. The P17 mutants, however, infected fewer phloem-associated cells, were slower than wild-type PLRV in moving out of the inoculated tissue and into apical tissues, and were unable to infect any mature leaves present on the plant at the time of inoculation. C1 USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Scottish Crop Res Inst, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland. RP Gray, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. NR 40 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 15 IS 10 BP 1086 EP 1094 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2002.15.10.1086 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 601FN UT WOS:000178436000013 PM 12437307 ER PT J AU Torzilli, AP Balakrishna, S O'Donnell, K Lawrey, JD AF Torzilli, AP Balakrishna, S O'Donnell, K Lawrey, JD TI The degradative activity of a lichenicolous Fusarium sp compared to related entomogenous species SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LICHEN SECONDARY METABOLITES; FUNGI; PATHOGEN AB We compared the degradative enzymology of fusaria, in a small clade of closely related species as determined by phylogenetic analysis of nuclear 28S rDNA sequences. The clade includes entomogenous species and at least one recently discovered lichenicolous species. The lichenicolous Fusarium sp. and three entomogenous species were tested for the ability to degrade lichen tissue in both the presence and the absence of antibiotic secondary compounds. Only the undescribed lichenicolous Fusarium sp. showed degradative ability irrespective of lichen secondary chemistry and this was correlated with its ability to hydrolyse enzymatically the antibiotic depside, lecanoric acid. Similarly, the lichenicolous Fusarium sp. exhibited the greatest capacity for degrading lichen cell walls and the highest levels of cell wall-degrading polysaccharidases. These results correlate the ability to exploit lichen substrates with the production of specific enzyme activities able to overcome the chemical and physical barriers that characterize lichen hosts. C1 George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Torzilli, AP (reprint author), George Mason Univ, Dept Biol, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 106 BP 1204 EP + DI 10.1017/S0953756202006627 PN 10 PG 8 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 630CM UT WOS:000180090000009 ER PT J AU Pris, AD Porter, MD AF Pris, AD Porter, MD TI Creation of submicrometer structures using polymeric nanoparticle layers and photolithography SO NANO LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SILICON; ARRAYS; FILMS; MULTILAYERS; MONOLAYERS; MICROWELLS; MOLECULES; COLLOIDS; SURFACE AB This letter describes a novel route for the facile construction of mechanically robust, submicron architectures. The method couples the layer-by-layer deposition of charged polymeric nanoparticles with photopatterning and thermal processing. The merits of the method are demonstrated by the fabrication and microscopic characterization of massively dense (similar to650 000 wells/cm(2)), ultrasmall volume (3-15 fL) well arrays. The well depth is controlled by the number of nanoparticle layers, with well depths as low as similar to4 nm obtained. The lateral dimensions of the wells, which were several microns, are defined by the photomask. Thermal processing not only further enhances the structural stability of the array but also dramatically reduces the depth of the wells. Potential applications of this preparative strategy are briefly discussed. C1 Iowa State Univ, Microanalyt Instrumentat Ctr, USDA, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Porter, MD (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Microanalyt Instrumentat Ctr, USDA, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 41 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1530-6984 J9 NANO LETT JI Nano Lett. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 2 IS 10 BP 1087 EP 1091 DI 10.1021/nl025704g PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 604VG UT WOS:000178641300012 ER PT J AU Iverson, LR Hutchinson, TF AF Iverson, LR Hutchinson, TF TI Soil temperature and moisture fluctuations during and after prescribed fire in mixed-oak forests, USA SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE central hardwoods; mixed-oak forest; prescribed fire; soil moisture; soil temperature ID SOUTHEASTERN MISSOURI OZARKS; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; OHIO; DYNAMICS; VARIABILITY; MANAGEMENT; BUSHFIRES AB Prescribed fire is a commonly used management toot in eastern United States forests, but few studies have documented the effects of prescribed fire on soil temperature and moisture. Prescribed fires were conducted in March 1999, in mixed-oak forests in Vinton County, Ohio, USA, that had been burned either once in 1996 (infrequent burn treatment) or annually from 1996 to 1999 (frequent burn treatment). During the fires, seven electronic sensors recorded soil temperatures every 2 seconds at a depth of 1 cm. Following the fires, soil temperatures were monitored with 12 sensors on burned and unburned areas from April to October. Also at the sensor locations, soil moisture was determined gravimetrically six times during the growing season. Surface fires generally had flame lengths less than I in, and averaged 222degreesC at 10 cm above the forest floor. Soil temperatures spiked as the fire passed over, averaging 9.3degreesC higher than before the fire and lasting approximately six minutes. Soils returned to preburn temperatures within 1.5-4.7 h of the burns depending on time of burn. In the following months, soils in the burned landscapes were warmer, especially on xeric, south-facing sites. Compared to unburned controls, maximum daily soil temperatures;averaged 3.5degreesC-5.7degreesC higher on the burned xeric sites but only 0.5degreesC-0.6degreesC higher on burned mesic, north-facing sites during the first 30 days after the fires and prior to canopy closure. Maximum daily soil temperatures on burned plots were more than 13degreesC warmer than unburned plots on several days during this same period. The elevated temperatures lasted about 75 days on the burned mesic sites and 155 days on the burned xeric sites. On xeric sites, soil moisture was lower on burned vs. control sites for the early part of the growing season before greenup and canopy closure; on mesic sites, controls had similar soil moisture as burned sites throughout the period. While the immediate, direct effects of fire on soil temperature and moisture probably were ecologically insignificant, the indirect biological effects that persisted throughout the growing season, particularly on xeric sites, are likely to be important in belowground processes. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Iverson, LR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. EM liverson@fs.fed.us RI Iverson, Louis/C-7554-2009 OI Iverson, Louis/0000-0001-9501-471X NR 28 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 21 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOC PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD ST, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 296 EP 304 PG 9 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 605UJ UT WOS:000178695200007 ER PT J AU Shimizu-Sato, S Huq, E Tepperman, JM Quail, PH AF Shimizu-Sato, S Huq, E Tepperman, JM Quail, PH TI A light-switchable gene promoter system SO NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LONG HYPOCOTYL MUTANTS; PHYTOCHROME-A; EXPRESSION; ARABIDOPSIS; BIOSYNTHESIS; DEFICIENT; PIF3 AB Regulatable transgene systems providing easily controlled, conditional induction or repression of expression are indispensable tools in biomedical and agricultural research and biotechnology. Several such systems have been developed for eukaryotes(1-6). Most of these rely on the administration of either exogenous chemicals or heat shock. Despite the general success of many of these systems, the potential for problems, such as toxic, unintended, or pleiotropic effects of the inducing chemical or treatment, can impose limitations on their use. We have developed a promoter system that can be induced, rapidly and reversibly, by short pulses of light. This system is based on the known red light-induced binding of the plant photoreceptor phytochrome to the protein PIF3 and the reversal of this binding by far-red light(7,8). We show here that yeast cells expressing two chimeric proteins, a phytochrome-GAL4-DNA-binding- domain fusion and a PIF3-GAL4-activation- domain fusion, are induced by red light to express selectable or "scorable" marker genes containing promoters with a GAL4 DNA-binding site, and that this induction is rapidly abrogated by subsequent far-red light. We further show that the extent of induction can be controlled precisely by titration of the number of photons delivered to the cells by the light pulse. Thus, this system has the potential to provide rapid, noninvasive, switchable control of the expression of a desired gene to a preselected level in any suitable cell by simple exposure to a light signal. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. ARS, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM47475] NR 20 TC 256 Z9 265 U1 6 U2 56 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1087-0156 J9 NAT BIOTECHNOL JI Nat. Biotechnol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 20 IS 10 BP 1041 EP 1044 DI 10.1038/nbt734 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 599AZ UT WOS:000178313100023 PM 12219076 ER PT J AU Hao, WS Wenzel, A Obin, MS Chen, CK Brill, E Krasnoperova, NV Eversole-Cire, P Kleyner, Y Taylor, A Simon, MI Grimm, C Reme, C Reme, CE Lem, J AF Hao, WS Wenzel, A Obin, MS Chen, CK Brill, E Krasnoperova, NV Eversole-Cire, P Kleyner, Y Taylor, A Simon, MI Grimm, C Reme, C Reme, CE Lem, J TI Evidence for two apoptotic pathways in light-induced retinal degeneration SO NATURE GENETICS LA English DT Article ID STATIONARY NIGHT BLINDNESS; RETINITIS-PIGMENTOSA; RHODOPSIN KINASE; PHOTORECEPTOR APOPTOSIS; MACULAR DEGENERATION; OCULAR PIGMENTATION; VISUAL CYCLE; OGUCHI FORM; CELL-DEATH; VITAMIN-A AB Excessive phototransduction signaling is thought to be involved in light-induced and inherited retinal degeneration. Using knockout mice with defects in rhodopsin shut-off and transducin signaling, we show that two different pathways of photoreceptor-cell apoptosis are induced by light. Bright light induces apoptosis that is independent of transducin and accompanied by induction of the transcription factor AP-1. By contrast, low light induces an apoptotic pathway that requires transducin. We also provide evidence that additional genetic factors regulate sensitivity to light-induced damage. Our use of defined mouse mutants resolves some of the complexity underlying the mechanisms that regulate susceptibility to retinal degeneration. C1 Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Dept Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Mol Cardiol Res Inst, Boston, MA 02111 USA. CALTECH, Div Biol, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Zurich Hosp, Lab Retinal Cell Biol, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, JMUSDA, Nutr & Vis Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Genet Program, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Ophthalmol & Visual Sci, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Lem, J (reprint author), Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Dept Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 41 TC 164 Z9 167 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1061-4036 J9 NAT GENET JI Nature Genet. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 32 IS 2 BP 254 EP 260 DI 10.1038/ng984 PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 599AP UT WOS:000178311100013 PM 12219089 ER PT J AU Small, BC Soares, JH Woods, LC Dahl, GE AF Small, BC Soares, JH Woods, LC Dahl, GE TI Effect of fasting on pituitary growth hormone expression and circulating growth hormone levels in striped bass SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; BREAM SPARUS-AURATA; RAINBOW-TROUT; FACTOR-I; FOOD RESTRICTION; PLASMA; BINDING; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; STEROIDOGENESIS AB The mechanisms controlling the circulating levels of growth hormone (GH) during periods of starvation in fish are not well defined. In this study, the effect of fasting on GH release and pituitary messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in striped bass Morone saxatilis was examined. Over a 4-week period, the body mass of striped bass fed to satiety increased 22.9%, while that of fasted fish decreased 17.3%. The plasma GH concentrations of fed fish remained low throughout the experiment, but those of fasted fish increased significantly (P < 0.001) after 2 and 4 weeks. The striped bass that were fasted for 2 weeks demonstrated a 33% increase (P = 0.10) in GH mRNA expression compared with those fed to satiety. These data confirm that short-term fasting in striped bass increases their circulating levels of GH in a manner similar to that experienced in other species of fish. This study also demonstrates-for the first time in a fish species-that pituitary GH mRNA expression increases during fasting. which suggests a corresponding increase in pituitary GH synthesis. Further research will be necessary to determine whether a direct correlation exists between increased expression and increased release during starvation. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Small, BC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, POB 38, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RI Small, Brian/I-3762-2012 NR 36 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 64 IS 4 BP 278 EP 283 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(2002)064<0278:EOFOPG>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 606VL UT WOS:000178755100006 ER PT J AU Martin, A Youdim, K Szprengiel, A Shukitt-Hale, B Joseph, J AF Martin, A Youdim, K Szprengiel, A Shukitt-Hale, B Joseph, J TI Roles of vitamins E and C on neurodegenerative diseases and cognitive performance SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE alpha-tocopherol; ascorbate; cognition; neurodegeneration ID LONG-TERM POTENTIATION; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; NF-KAPPA-B; NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE-RECEPTOR; NEURONAL SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; INCIDENT ALZHEIMER-DISEASE; AMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN; HIGH-DOSAGE ANTIOXIDANTS AB Demographic changes, together with improvements in nutrition, general health, and life expectancy, will greatly change the social and economic structures of most industrialized and developing countries in the next 50 years. Extended life expectancy has increased the number of chronic illnesses and disabilities, including cognitive impairments. Inflammatory processes and vascular dysfunctions appear to play important roles in the pathogenesis of age-associated pathologies including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. A large body of evidence shows that both vitamins E and C are important for the central nervous system and that a decrease in their concentrations causes structural and functional damage to the cells. Several studies reveal a link between diets rich in fruits and vegetables containing generous amounts of vitamins E and C and lower incidence of certain chronic diseases. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrit Res Ctr Aging, Neurosci Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrit Res Ctr Aging, Neurosci Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 196 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 10 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0029-6643 EI 1753-4887 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 60 IS 10 BP 308 EP 326 DI 10.1301/002966402320583433 PN 1 PG 19 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 602VA UT WOS:000178524100002 PM 12392148 ER PT J AU Smilanick, JL Margosan, DM Gabler, FM AF Smilanick, JL Margosan, DM Gabler, FM TI Impact of ozonated water on the quality and shelf-life of fresh citrus fruit, stone fruit, and table grapes SO OZONE-SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE ozone; agricultural applications; citrus fruit; stone fruit; table grapes ID OZONE; EFFICACY AB Spores of fungi that cause postharvest decay of fresh fruit die rapidly in ozonated water. We determined the impact of sporocidal or higher O-3 doses on fruit shelf-life and quality. Green mold and sour rot on citrus fruit, caused by Penicillium digitatum and Geotrichum citri-aurantii, respectively, were not reduced by 20 min immersion in 10 ppm O-3. These fungi infect through wounds; their spores were placed in shallow wounds (1mm wide by 2 mm deep) 24 hr before treatment. On five peach varieties, the average natural incidence of brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola, was reduced from 10.9 to 5.4% by 1 min immersion in 1.5 ppm O-3. A treatment of 15 min with 5 ppm O-3 further reduced decay to 1.7%, but consistent control of brown rot was associated only with this severe treatment and it caused shallow pits on the fruit. Brown rot caused by spores placed in wounds before treatment was not controlled. Immersion for 1 or 5 min in 5 ppm O-3 reduced natural aerobic bacteria populations by 1.1 and 1.6 log(10) units, respectively, and yeast and filamentous fungal populations by 0.7 and 1.3 log(10) units, respectively. Spores of Botrytis cinerea, cause of gray mold, were sprayed on table grape clusters, the clusters were dried, and then immersed for 1 to 6 min in 10 ppm O-3. In two tests, immersion for 1 min in O-3 reduced gray mold from 35% among untreated grapes to about 10%, while in two other tests the incidence was only reduced from 35 to 26%. Minor injury to the rachis of grape clusters occurred at high O-3 rates. Immersion in ozonated water did not control postharvest decay of citrus fruit, injured peaches and nectarines at doses that reliably controlled decay, and on table grapes control was irregular and caused minor rachis injury at high rates. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. RP Smilanick, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 9611 S Riverbend Rd, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. NR 29 TC 24 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0191-9512 J9 OZONE-SCI ENG JI Ozone-Sci. Eng. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 24 IS 5 BP 343 EP 356 DI 10.1080/01919510208901625 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 809XF UT WOS:000220668700004 ER PT J AU Goldberg, JP Folta, SC Must, A AF Goldberg, JP Folta, SC Must, A TI Milk: Can a "good" food be so bad? SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID DIFFERING ETHNIC BACKGROUNDS; FREE DAIRY DRINKS; LACTOSE-INTOLERANCE; COWS MILK; COMPARATIVE TOLERANCE; DIABETES-MELLITUS; DIETARY CALCIUM; VEGETARIAN DIET; YOUNG-CHILDREN; BB-RAT C1 Tufts Univ, Ctr Nutr Commun, Gerlad J & Dorothy R Friedman Sch Nutr Sci & Poli, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Goldberg, JP (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Ctr Nutr Commun, Gerlad J & Dorothy R Friedman Sch Nutr Sci & Poli, 68 Harrison Ave,5th Floor, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 46 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD OCT PY 2002 VL 110 IS 4 BP 826 EP 832 DI 10.1542/peds.110.4.826 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 599JF UT WOS:000178330200037 PM 12359802 ER PT J AU Weinreb, L Wehler, C Perloff, J Scott, R Hosmer, D Sagor, L Gundersen, C AF Weinreb, L Wehler, C Perloff, J Scott, R Hosmer, D Sagor, L Gundersen, C TI Hunger: Its impact on children's health and mental health SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE child hunger; physical health; mental health ID FOOD INSUFFICIENCY; SCHOOL-AGE; INCOME; DETERMINANTS; PRESCHOOL; BEHAVIOR; HOMELESS; POVERTY AB Objective. Hunger, with its adverse consequences for children, continues to be an important national problem. Previous studies that document the deleterious effects of hunger among children cannot distinguish child from family hunger and do not take into account some critical environmental, maternal, and child variables that may influence child outcomes. This study examines the independent contribution of child hunger on children's physical and mental health and academic functioning, when controlling for a range of environmental, maternal, and child factors that have also been associated with poor outcomes among children. Methods. With the use of standardized tools, comprehensive demographic, psychosocial, and health data were collected in Worcester, Massachusetts, from homeless and low-income housed mothers and their children (180 preschool-aged children and 228 school-aged children). Mothers and children were part of a larger unmatched case-control study of homelessness among female-headed households. Hunger was measured by a set of 7 dichotomous items, each asking the mother whether she has or her children have experienced a particular aspect of hunger during the past year-1 concerns food insecurity for the entire family, 2 concern adult hunger, and 4 involve child hunger. The items, taken from the Childhood Hunger Identification Project measure, are summed to classify the family and divided into 3 categories: no hunger, adult or moderate child hunger, or severe child hunger (indicating multiple signs of child hunger). Outcome measures included children's chronic health condition count using questions adapted from the National Health Interview Survey, Child Health Supplement, and internalizing behavior problems and anxiety/depression, measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. Additional covariates included demographic variables (ie, age, gender, ethnicity, housing status, number of moves, family size, income), low birth weight, child life events (ie, care and protection order, out of home placement, abuse, severe life events count), developmental problems (ie, developmental delay, learning disability, emotional problems), and mother's distress and psychiatric illness. Multivariate regression analyses examined the effect of child hunger on physical and mental health outcomes. Results. The average family size for both preschoolers and school-aged children was 3; about one third of both groups were white and 40% Puerto Rican. The average income of families was approximately $11 000. Among the school-aged children, on average 10 years old, 50% experienced moderate child hunger and 16% severe child hunger. Compared with those with no hunger, school-aged children with severe hunger were more likely to be homeless (56% vs 29%), have low birth weights (23% vs 6%), and have more stressful life events (9 vs 6) when compared with those with no hunger. School-aged children with severe hunger scores had parent-reported anxiety scores that were more than double the scores for children with no hunger and significantly higher chronic illness counts (3.4 vs 1.8) and internalizing behavior problems when compared with children with no hunger. There was no relationship between hunger and academic achievement. Among preschool-aged children, who averaged 4 years of age, 51% experienced moderate child hunger and 8% severe child hunger. For preschoolers, compared with children with no hunger, severe hunger was associated with homelessness (75% vs 48%), more traumatic life events (8.5 vs 6), low birth weight (23% vs 6%), and higher levels of chronic illness and internalizing behavior problems. Mothers of both preschoolers and school-aged children who reported severe hunger were more likely to have a lifetime diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. For school-aged children, severe hunger was a significant predictor of chronic illness after controlling for housing status, mother's distress, low birth weight, and child live events. For preschoolers, moderate hunger was a significant predictor of health conditions while controlling for potential explanatory factors. For both preschoolers and school-aged children, severe child hunger was associated with higher levels of internalizing behavior problems. After controlling for housing status, mother's distress, and stressful life events, severe child hunger was also associated with higher reported anxiety/depression among school-aged children. Conclusion. This study goes beyond previous research and highlights the independent relationship between severe child hunger and adverse physical health and mental health outcomes among low-income children. Study findings underscore the importance of clinical recognition of child hunger and its outcomes, allowing for preventive interventions and efforts to increase access to food-related resources for families. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Worcester, MA 01655 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Worcester, MA 01655 USA. Brandeis Univ, Heller Sch, Waltham, MA 02254 USA. Honors Coll, Conway, AR USA. Univ Massachusetts, Sch Publ Hlth, Worcester, MA 01605 USA. Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC USA. RP Weinreb, L (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, 55 Lake Ave N, Worcester, MA 01655 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH51479, MH47312]; PHS HHS [MJC250809] NR 32 TC 125 Z9 127 U1 2 U2 32 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD OCT PY 2002 VL 110 IS 4 AR e41 DI 10.1542/peds.110.4.e41 PG 9 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 599JF UT WOS:000178330200002 PM 12359814 ER PT J AU Harshini, S Nachman, RJ Sreekumar, S AF Harshini, S Nachman, RJ Sreekumar, S TI In vitro release of digestive enzymes by FMRF amide related neuropeptides and analogues in the lepidopteran insect Opisina arenosella (Walk.) SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Article DE amylase; coconut pest; digestive enzyme release; FMRF amide; leucomyosupressin; leucosulfakinins; neuropeptide; Opisina arenosella; perisulfakinin; protease ID DIPLOPTERA-PUNCTATA; MIDGUT; COCKROACH; LEUCOSULFAKININ; CHOLECYSTOKININ; CONTRACTIONS; HOMOLOGY; GASTRIN; LOCUST AB The insect neuropeptides FMRF amide, leucomyosupressin (LMS) and neuropeptide analogues leucosulfakinins (FLSK and LSK 11 Ser (SO3H)), perisulfakinin (PSK), proleucosulfakinin (PLSK), 14A[phi1]WP-I, 542phi1, and 378A[5b]WP-I were assayed for their effects on the release of amylase and protease from the midgut tissue of larvae of Opisina arenosella. In the bioassay, empty midgut tubes ligated at both ends using hair were incubated with insect saline containing neuropeptides/analogues in a bioassay apparatus at 37 degreesC for 30 min. After incubation the contents of the midgut preparations were analyzed for amylase and protease activity. In control experiments, the midgut preparations were incubated in insect saline without neuropeptides. The results of the study reveal that for stimulating amylase release from midgut tissue, the peptides require an FXRF amide (X may be methionine or leucine) sequence at the C-terminal. The presence of HMRF amide at C-terminal of peptides may inhibit the release of amylase. Meanwhile, peptides with both FMRF and HMRF amide sequence at the C-terminal are found to be effective in stimulating protease release. The tetrapeptide segment at the C-terminal probably represent the active core of the neuropeptide. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Coll, Dept Zool, Trivandrum 695034, Kerala, India. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Sreekumar, S (reprint author), Univ Coll, Dept Zool, Trivandrum 695034, Kerala, India. NR 31 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PD OCT PY 2002 VL 23 IS 10 BP 1759 EP 1763 AR PII S0196-9781(02)00152-3 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(02)00152-3 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 611KN UT WOS:000179016400007 PM 12383863 ER PT J AU Sappington, TW AF Sappington, TW TI Efficacy of the organic-certified insecticide Diatect II against the boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) in cotton SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE boll weevil; Anthonomus grandis; Diatect II; azinphos-methyl; pyrethrins; diatomaceous earth ID PESTS AB The efficacy of the organic insecticide Diatect II against boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis Boheman) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas was assessed in small-plot field trials and greenhouse cage tests using azinphos-methyl treatments as a standard for comparison. Plastic sheets were placed in the furrows of the treated plots to retrieve boll weevils which dropped from the plants after being killed by the insecticides. Samples of live weevils taken by a tractor-mounted vacuum sampler revealed a modest, but significant, reduction in boll weevil populations in Diatect II plots. However, samples of dead weevils indicated that this reduction was due to movement of weevils out of the plots rather than to mortality. This interpretation is supported by greenhouse cage studies, where mortality in Diatect II treated cages was no greater than that in untreated control cages. The effects of insecticide treatments in small plots can be confounded easily and quickly by interplot movement of target insects. Although the relative effects of various compounds can usually be assessed by sampling the populations in plots soon after treatment, the best measure of efficacy is obtained by directly sampling insects that have died in the plot. This parameter is insulated from the effects of interplot movement, unless the toxicant is slow to immobilize the target insect. Taken together, our results indicate little efficacy by Diatect II against boll weevil under our test conditions. Published in 2002 for SCI by John Wiley Sons Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, IFNRRU, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Sappington, TW (reprint author), USDA ARS, IFNRRU, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 58 IS 10 BP 1038 EP 1042 DI 10.1002/ps.585 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 599YL UT WOS:000178362800006 PM 12400443 ER PT J AU Meepagala, KM Sturtz, G Wise, D Wedge, DE AF Meepagala, KM Sturtz, G Wise, D Wedge, DE TI Molluscicidal and antifungal activity of Erigeron speciosus steam distillate SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE molluscicides; antifungal activity; Erigeron speciosus; Planobdella trivolvis; Bolbophorus confusus AB The steam-distilled fraction of the aerial parts of Erigeron speciosus (Lindl) DC was tested for activity against strawberry plant pathogenic fungi Botrytis cinerea Pers ex Fr, Colletotrichum acutatum Simmonds, C fragariae Brooks, C gloeosporioides (Penz) Penz & Sacc, and the intermediate host snail Planobdella trivolvis that harbors the trematode, Bolbophorus confusus, that infests and causes severe infections in pond-raised catfish in the Mississippi Delta region of the USA. Bioautography on silica TLC plates demonstrated antifungal activity in the steam distillate. Preliminary bioassays of the steam distillate indicated the presence of phytochemicals toxic to P trivolvis. The bioactive compounds methyl 2Z, 8Z-deca-2,8-diene-4,6-diynoate and its 2E, SE isomer were isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation and chromatographic techniques and identified by H-1 NMR spectroscopy. (C) 2002 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. Aromagen, Albany, OR 97321 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Meepagala, KM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Prod Utilizat Res Unit, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 58 IS 10 BP 1043 EP 1047 DI 10.1002/ps.542 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 599YL UT WOS:000178362800007 PM 12400444 ER PT J AU Papiernik, SK Gan, JY Yates, SR AF Papiernik, SK Gan, JY Yates, SR TI Characterization of propargyl bromide transformation in soil SO PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fumigant; degradation; transformation; soil; propargyl bromide ID METHYL-BROMIDE; ACCELERATED TRANSFORMATION; DEGRADATION; 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE; FUMIGANT; ISOTHIOCYANATE; TEMPERATURE; OXIDATION; BACTERIA AB Propargyl bromide is being investigated for its potential as a soil fumigant. Characterization of the fate of propargyl bromide in soil is important in determining both efficacy and the threat of environmental contamination. These experiments investigated some of the factors affecting the rate of propargyl bromide degradation in soil and quantified some of the products formed as a result of propargyl bromide degradation in four soils of differing composition and at three initial propargyl bromide concentrations. In all soils at all initial propargyl bromide concentrations, equimolar formation of Br- was observed during propargyl bromide degradation, but little propargyl alcohol (product of hydrolysis) was formed. The apparent first-order degradation coefficient (k) increased with decreasing initial propargyl bromide concentration in all soils, but the mass degraded per unit time increased with increasing propargyl. bromide concentration. The rate of propargyl bromide degradation increased with increasing soil organic matter content, and the k value was correlated to the organic carbon content of the soil (correlation coefficient >0.97 for all concentrations). Repeated application of propargyl bromide did not increase the rate of propargyl. bromide degradation in soil. Addition of Br- did not affect the rate of propargyl bromide transformation in soil, so accumulation of Br- in the soil is not expected to impede propargyl bromide degradation. Published in 2002 for SCI by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Papiernik, SK (reprint author), USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1526-498X J9 PEST MANAG SCI JI Pest Manag. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 58 IS 10 BP 1055 EP 1062 DI 10.1002/ps.579 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 599YL UT WOS:000178362800009 PM 12400446 ER PT J AU Shim, WB Dunkle, LD AF Shim, WB Dunkle, LD TI Identification of genes expressed during cercosporin biosynthesis in Cercospora zeae-maydis SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cercospora zeae-maydis; cercosporin biosynthesis; suppression subtractive hybridization; gene expression; secondary metabolite ID GRAY LEAF-SPOT; POLYKETIDE SYNTHASES; MOLECULAR-CLONING; ASPERGILLUS; RESISTANCE; KIKUCHII; DISEASE; TOXIN; CORN; MANIPULATION AB Gray leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora zeae-maydis, is the Most destructive foliar disease of maize in the United States. However, little is known about the biochemical and molecular events of pathogenesis. C. zeae-maydis produces cercosporin, a phytotoxin shown to he a virulence factor in diseases caused by other Cercospora species. To identify genes involved in cercosporin biosynthesis and ultimately determine the role of cercosporin in disease development, we constructed a cDNA Subtraction library of C. Zeae-maydis by suppression subtractive hybridization. Poly (A)(+) RNA isolated from cultures grown in a cercosporin-suppressing medium was subtracted from poly (A)(+) RNA isolated from cultures grown in a cercosporin-inducing medium, resulting in transcripts that are specific to the cercosporin-producing culture. Analyses of 768 sequences in this cDNA subtraction library revealed 197 cDNAs with high similarity to genes in the GenBank and Saccharomyces Genome Database, and these genes were grouped into nine categories based on predicted functions of the encoded proteins. Northern analysis of seven selected clones with predicted functions in fatty acid metabolism (fatty acid synthase, oleate Delta-12 desaturase, and linoleate diol synthase) and secondary metabolism [cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, dihydrogeodin (phenol) oxidase, and coproporphyrinogen oxidase] indicated that those genes were expressed in cercosporin-inducing conditions. Analysis of expression kinetics confirmed that those genes are expressed concomitantly with cercosporin accumulation. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA, ARS, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Dunkle, LD (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA, ARS, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 43 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 61 IS 4 BP 237 EP 248 DI 10.1006/pmpp.2002.0437 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 626UE UT WOS:000179891100005 ER PT J AU Sanogo, S Pomella, A Hebbar, RK Bailey, B Costa, JCB Samuels, GJ Lumsden, RD AF Sanogo, S Pomella, A Hebbar, RK Bailey, B Costa, JCB Samuels, GJ Lumsden, RD TI Production and germination of conidia of Trichoderma stromaticum, a mycoparasite of Crinipellis perniciosa on cacao SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Theobroma cocao ID WITCHES-BROOM PATHOGEN; COCOA; BIOLOGY; SOIL AB Growth characteristics of the fungus Trichoderma stromaticum, a mycoparasite on the mycelium and fruiting bodies of Crinipellis perniciosa, the causal agent of witches'-broom disease of cacao, were evaluated under controlled environmental conditions. The ability of T stromaticum to produce conidia and germinate on dry brooms was evaluated at three constant temperatures (20, 25, and 30degreesC) and two constant relative humidities (75 and 100%). T stromaticum produced abundant conidia on brooms at 100% relative humidity and incubation temperatures of 20 and 25degreesC, but none at 30degreesC. Sporulation of T stromaticum was not observed at 75% relative humidity at any temperature. At 100% relative humidity and either at 20 or 25degreesC, treatment of brooms with T stromaticum suppressed C. perniciosa within 7 days. In contrast, at 30degreesC, treatment with T stromaticum had no effect on the pathogen in brooms maintained at either 75 or 100% relative humidity. Mycelium of C. perniciosa grew from brooms at all temperatures at 100% relative humidity. Conidial germination on broom tissue approximated 80% at temperatures from 20 to 30degreesC. Results suggest that applying T stromaticum under high-moisture conditions when the air temperature is below 30degreesC may enhance the establishment of this mycoparasite in cacao plantations. C1 Univ Maryland, Wye Res & Educ Ctr, Queenstown, MD 21658 USA. Almirante Cacau, Salvador, Brazil. Mars Inc, Elizabethtown, PA USA. CEPLAC, Salvador, Brazil. USDA ARS, BARC W Beltsville, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sanogo, S (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Wye Res & Educ Ctr, Queenstown, MD 21658 USA. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 2002 VL 92 IS 10 BP 1032 EP 1037 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.10.1032 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 600HG UT WOS:000178384100001 PM 18944212 ER PT J AU Khan, AJ Botti, S Al-Subhi, AM Gundersen-Rindal, DE Bertaccini, AF AF Khan, AJ Botti, S Al-Subhi, AM Gundersen-Rindal, DE Bertaccini, AF TI Molecular identification of a new phytoplasma associated with alfalfa witches'-broom in Oman SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; MYCOPLASMA-LIKE ORGANISMS; CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE; DNA; SEQUENCES; DIFFERENTIATION; HYBRIDIZATION; AMPLIFICATION AB Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) plants showing witches'-broom symptoms typical of phytoplasmas were observed from Al-Batinah, Al-Sharqiya, Al-Bureimi, and interior regions of the Sultanate of Oman. Phytoplasmas were detected from all symptomatic samples by the specific amplification of their 16S-23S rRNA gene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), utilizing phytoplasma-specific universal primer pairs, consistently amplified a product of expected lengths when DNA extract from symptomatic samples was used as template. Asymptomatic plant samples and the negative control yielded no amplification. Restriction fragment length polymorphism profiles of PCR-amplified 16S-23S rDNA of alfalfa using the P1/P7 primer pair identified phytoplasmas belonging to peanut witches'-broom group (16SrII or faba bean phyllody). Restriction enzyme profiles showed that the phytoplasmas detected in all 300 samples belonged to the same ribosomal group. Extensive comparative analyses on P1/P7 amplimers of 20 phytoplasmas with Tru9I, Tsp5091, HpaII, TaqI, and RsaI clearly indicated that this phytoplasma is different from all the other phytoplasmas employed belonging to subgroup 16SrII, except tomato big bud phytoplasma from Australia, and could be therefore classified in subgroup 16SrII-D. The alfalfa witches'-broom (AlfWB) phytoplasma P1/P7 PCR product was sequenced directly after cloning and yielded a 1,690-bp product. The homology search showed 99% similarity (1,667 of 1,690 base identity) with papaya yellow crinkle (PapayaYC) phytoplasma from New Zealand. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S plus spacer regions sequences of 35 phytoplasmas, mainly from the Southern Hemisphere, showed that AlfWB is a new phytoplasma species, with closest relationships to PapayaYC phytoplasmas from New Zealand and Chinese pigeon pea witches'-broom phytoplasmas from Taiwan but distinguishable from them considering the different associated plant hosts and the extreme geographical isolation. C1 Sultan Qaboos Univ, Coll Agr, Dept Crop Sci, Al Khoud 123, Oman. Univ Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy. USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Khan, AJ (reprint author), Sultan Qaboos Univ, Coll Agr, Dept Crop Sci, POB 34, Al Khoud 123, Oman. NR 37 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 2002 VL 92 IS 10 BP 1038 EP 1047 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.10.1038 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 600HG UT WOS:000178384100002 PM 18944213 ER PT J AU Curry, KJ Abril, M Avant, JB Smith, BJ AF Curry, KJ Abril, M Avant, JB Smith, BJ TI Strawberry anthracnose: Histoplathology of Colletotrichum acutatum and C-fragariae SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE colloidal gold; hemibiotrophy; host-pathogen interactions; lectin; ultrastructure ID PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; LINDEMUTHIANUM; PLANTS; CELLS; ULTRASTRUCTURE; INFECTION; CHITIN AB Ontogeny of the invasion process by Colletotrichum acutatum and C. fragariae was studied on petioles and stolons of the strawberry cultivar Chandler using light and electron microscopy. The invasion of host tissue by each fungal species was similar; however, each invasion event occurred more rapidly with C. fragariae than with C. acutatum. Following cuticular penetration via an appressorium, subsequent steps of invasion involved hyphal growth within the cuticle and within the cell walls of epidermal, subepidermal, and subtending cells. Both species of fungi began invasion with a brief biotrophic phase before entering an extended necrotrophic phase. Acervuli formed once the cortical tissue had been moderately disrupted and began with the development of a stroma just beneath the outer periclinal epidermal walls. Acervuli erupted through the cuticle and released conidia. Invasion of the vascular tissue typically occurred after acervulus maturation and remained minimal. Chitin distribution in walls of C. fragariae was visualized with gold-labeled wheat germ agglutinin. The outer layer of bilayered walls of conidia, germ tubes, and appressoria contained less chitin than unilayered hyphae in planta. C1 Univ So Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Small Fruit Res Stn, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. RP Smith, BJ (reprint author), Univ So Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. NR 30 TC 34 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 2002 VL 92 IS 10 BP 1055 EP 1063 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.10.1055 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 600HG UT WOS:000178384100004 PM 18944215 ER PT J AU Chen, ZY Brown, RL Damann, KE Cleveland, TE AF Chen, ZY Brown, RL Damann, KE Cleveland, TE TI Identification of unique or elevated levels of kernel proteins in aflatoxin-resistant maize genotypes through proteome analysis SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE host resistance; resistance-associated proteins ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; ASPERGILLUS EAR ROT; EMBRYOGENESIS-ABUNDANT PROTEINS; CORN TRYPSIN-INHIBITOR; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; 2-DIMENSIONAL ELECTROPHORESIS; ALDOSE REDUCTASE; WATER-DEFICIT; EMBRYO GLOBULINS; ABSCISIC-ACID AB Aflatoxins are carcinogens produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus during infection of susceptible crops such as maize (Zea mays L.). Resistant maize genotypes have been identified, but the incorporation of resistance into commercial lines has been slow due to the lack of selectable markers. Here we report the identification of potential markers in resistant maize lines using a proteomics approach. Kernel embryo proteins from each of two resistant genotypes have been compared with those from a composite of five susceptible genotypes using large format two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Through these comparisons, both quantitative and qualitative differences have been identified. Protein spots have been sequenced, and based on peptide sequence homology analysis, are categorized as follows: storage proteins (globulin 1 and globulin 2), late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) proteins related to drought or desiccation (LEA3 and LEA 14), water- or osmo-stress related proteins (WSI18 and aldose reductase), and heat-stress related proteins (HSP16.9). Aldose reductase activity measured in resistant and susceptible genotypes before and after infection suggests the importance of constitutive levels of this enzyme to resistance. Results of this study point to a correlation between host resistance and stress tolerance. The putative function of each identified protein is discussed. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Brown, RL (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Plant Pathol & Crop Physiol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 61 TC 53 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 2002 VL 92 IS 10 BP 1084 EP 1094 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.10.1084 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 600HG UT WOS:000178384100008 PM 18944219 ER PT J AU Yu, JQ Zhou, YH Huang, LF Allen, DJ AF Yu, JQ Zhou, YH Huang, LF Allen, DJ TI Chill-induced inhibition of photosynthesis: Genotypic variation within Cucumis sativus SO PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chlorophyll fluorescence; CO2 assimilation; cold tolerance; cucumber ID LOW-TEMPERATURE; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; GENETIC-VARIATION; QUANTUM YIELD; L. CULTIVARS; PHOTOINHIBITION; PLANTS; LEAVES; LIGHT AB Cucumber is generally a thermophilic species; however, cultivars have been selected for higher yield during winter cultivation in unheated glasshouses in temperate regions. We tested whether photosynthesis in these varieties had greater chilling tolerance. There was no difference in the instantaneous reduction of photosynthesis at low temperature between four winter glasshouse and four summer field cultivars. After 5 d of 10degreesC and 100 mumol m(-2) s(-1) photon flux density, the four field cultivars had a sustained depression of photosynthesis after returning to clement conditions. This inhibition was associated with reduced rates of CO2 fixation and photosystem II (PSII) electron transport in the light, but not with sustained PSII photoinhibition. However, photosynthesis in the glasshouse genotypes was nearly identical to the pre-chill rates. Chill impacts on light-adapted chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, such as the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (phi(PSII)), correlated well with overall photosynthesis. This demonstrates the potential for using these fast and noninvasive techniques to screen for chill-tolerant genotypes, with the potential to further improve winter cucumber yield in unheated glasshouses. C1 Zhejiang Univ, Dept Hort, Hangzhou 310029, Peoples R China. Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Photosynthesis Res Unit, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Yu, JQ (reprint author), Zhejiang Univ, Dept Hort, Huajiachi Campus,Kaixuan Rd 268, Hangzhou 310029, Peoples R China. OI Allen, Damian/0000-0002-9338-9531 NR 37 TC 40 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0032-0781 J9 PLANT CELL PHYSIOL JI Plant Cell Physiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 43 IS 10 BP 1182 EP 1188 DI 10.1093/pcp/pcf134 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 608LP UT WOS:000178848100013 PM 12407198 ER PT J AU Wilson, AD Lester, DG AF Wilson, AD Lester, DG TI Trench inserts as long-term barriers to root transmission for control of oak wilt SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Ceratocystis fagacearum; cultural control; propiconazole; Quercus fusiformis; Quercus virginiana; trifluralin herbicide ID TEXAS AB Physical and chemical barriers to root penetration and root grafting across trenches were evaluated for their effectiveness in improving trenches as barriers to root transmission of the oak wilt fungus in live oaks. Four trench insert materials were tested, including water-permeable Typar and Biobarrier, and water-impermeable Geomembrane of two thicknesses. Systemic fungicide treatments of trees immediately outside of trenches also were tested. In the first several years following trench installation, an abundance of small adventitious roots commonly formed from roots severed by trenching. These roots provided opportunities for initiation of root grafts across trenches in subsequent years. Although trench inserts did not significantly improve trenches during the first 3 years following trench installation, water-permeable inserts did effectively improve the performance of trenches beyond the third posttrenching year, when trenches are normally effective, and extended trench longevity indefinitely. The water-permeable inserts were more effective root barriers because they did not direct root growth from the point of root contact. The water-impermeable materials, however, did tend to direct root growth around these barriers, leading to the development of new root graft connections and associated oak wilt root transmission across the trench. The additional cost of trench inserts above trenching costs was justified in urban and rural homestead sites, where high-value landscape trees required more protection and additional retrenching costs were avoided. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn,Ctr Bottomland hardwoods Res, So Hardwoods Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Wilson, AD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn,Ctr Bottomland hardwoods Res, So Hardwoods Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RI Wilson, Alphus/Q-2137-2015 OI Wilson, Alphus/0000-0003-2352-5232 NR 38 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1067 EP 1074 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1067 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 596NE UT WOS:000178170300002 ER PT J AU Carson, ML Goodman, MM Williamson, SM AF Carson, ML Goodman, MM Williamson, SM TI Variation in aggressiveness among isolates of Cercospora from maize as a potential cause of genotype-environment interaction in gray leaf spot trials SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID ZEAE-MAYDIS; INBRED LINES; CORN; RESISTANCE; DISEASE; INHERITANCE AB The use of genetically resistant maize hybrids is the preferred means of control of gray leaf spot, caused by Cercospora zcae-maydis. One problem faced by maize breeders attempting to breed for resistance to gray leaf spot is the high degree of genotype-environment interactions observed in disease trials. In North Carolina gray leaf spot trials conducted at four locations in the western part of the state, we found consistent hybrid-location interactions over the 1995 and 1996 growing seasons. Isolates of C. zeae-maydis from those test locations were evaluated on the same hybrids used in the multilocation testing at a location in central North Carolina that does not have a history of gray leaf spot. The hybrid-isolate interactions observed in the isolate trial mirrored the hybrid-location effects seen in the multilocation testing. Most of the interactions arose from changes in the magnitude of differences between hybrids when inoculated with the isolates rather than from any change in hybrid ranking. Analysis of internal transcribed spacer-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and mitochondrial rDNA RFLPs of those isolates and others revealed that both type I and type II sibling species of C. zeae-maydis, as well as C. sorghi var. maydis, arc isolated from typical gray leaf spot lesions. Breeders should use the most aggressive isolates of C. zeae-maydis to maximize discrimination between genotypes in gray leaf spot trials. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Carson, ML (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 30 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1089 EP 1093 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1089 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 596NE UT WOS:000178170300006 ER PT J AU Barros, TSL Davis, RE Resende, RO Dally, EL AF Barros, TSL Davis, RE Resende, RO Dally, EL TI Erigeron witches'-broom phytoplasma in Brazil represents new subgroup VII-B in 16S rRNA gene group VII, the ash yellows phytoplasma group SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE MLO; mycoplasmalike organism; phylogeny ID MYCOPLASMALIKE ORGANISMS; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; PHYTOPATHOGENIC MOLLICUTES; PHYLOGENETIC POSITIONS; GRAPEVINE YELLOWS; ELM YELLOWS; CLASSIFICATION; TAXON; DISEASES; SEQUENCES AB A previously undescribed phytoplasma, Erigeron witches'-broom phytoplasma, was detected in diseased plants of Erigeron sp. and Catharanthus roseus exhibiting symptoms of witches'-broom and chlorosis in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. On the basis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of 16S rDNA amplified in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Erigeron witches'-broom phytoplasma was classified in group 16SrVII (ash yellows phytoplasma group), new subgroup VII-B. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequences indicated that this phytoplasma represents a new lineage that is distinct from that of described strains of ash yellows phytoplasma. Erigeron witches'-broom phytoplasma is the first member of the ash yellows phytoplasma group to be recorded in Brazil. C1 ARS, USDA, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Brasilia, Dept Biol Celular, Lab Virol & Microscopia Eletron, BR-70919970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. RP Davis, RE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1142 EP 1148 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1142 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 596NE UT WOS:000178170300014 ER PT J AU Gatch, EW Hellmich, RL Munkvold, GP AF Gatch, EW Hellmich, RL Munkvold, GP TI A comparison of maize stalk rot occurrence in Bt and non-Bt hybrids SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE corn; GMO; Zea mays ID CORN-BORER LEPIDOPTERA; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; SYMPTOMLESS INFECTION; ANTHRACNOSE; KERNELS AB Stalk rots, caused by a complex of fungal species, are among the most widespread and destructive diseases of maize. Larvae of the European corn borer (ECB) (Ostrinia nubilalis) promote stalk rot development by creating entry points for fungi, serving as vectors of pathogens, and causing physiological stress that may predispose plants to stalk decay. Field experiments were conducted in 1998, 1999, and 2000 to determine whether the use of transgenic Bt hybrids expressing insecticidal proteins would influence stalk rot symptoms (pith disintegration, pith discoloration, and lodging). Five hybrids representing different Bt types (or "Bt events") (176, BT11, MON810, DBT418, and CBH351) were paired with their near-isogenic, non-Bt counterparts and subjected to treatments of manual and natural infestation with ECB larvae. Manual infestation resulted in significantly more ECB tunneling than natural infestation in 1998 and 1999 and significantly more lodging in 1998. There were significant linear correlations between ECB injury and stalk rot symptoms in non-Bt hybrids in 1998 and 1999, but not in 2000. A standard foliar insecticide treatment for ECB did not significantly affect stalk rot symptoms. In 1998, Bt hybrids had significantly less ECB tunneling, stalk discoloration, pith disintegration, and lodging compared with non-Bt hybrids, but these effects depended upon the Bt event an the infestation treatment. Similar but less pronounced effects of Bt events were observed in 1999. The 2000 results were more variable; the amount of pith disintegration was significantly lower but discoloration was significantly higher in the BT11 hybrid compared with its non-Bt counterpart, and the amount of lodging was significantly higher in the event 176 hybrid compared with its non-Bt counterpart. The ratio of stalk strength to grain weight did not consistently differ between Bt and non-Bt hybrids, These results indicate that, although specific Bt events in some years may cause reductions in stalk rot, the overall effect of Bt transformation on stalk rot occurrence is highly variable. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Munkvold, GP (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1149 EP 1155 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1149 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 596NE UT WOS:000178170300015 ER PT J AU Grunwald, NJ Montes, GR Saldana, HL Covarrubias, OAR Fry, WE AF Grunwald, NJ Montes, GR Saldana, HL Covarrubias, OAR Fry, WE TI Potato late blight management in the Toluca Valley: Field validation of SimCast modified for cultivars with high field resistance SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; plant pathogen; yield loss ID PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS POPULATIONS; CENTRAL MEXICO; FORECASTS AB Management of potato late blight in the highland tropics is very costly and remains difficult. Reducing the impact of late blight through the use of resistant cultivars in combination with a fungicide forecasting system could lower the number of costly fungicide applications. Previously, we evaluated the fungicide advisory SimCast for use with Mexican cultivars of high levels of field resistance for use in the central highlands of Mexico and found that it predicted too many fungicide applications for cultivars of moderate to high levels of resistance. We adapted SimCast for cultivars with higher levels of resistance, and field validations conducted in 1999 and 2000 show that SimCast resulted in good disease control on cultivars ranging from susceptible to highly resistant. The number of fungicide applications forecast for cultivars with moderate to high levels of resistance was reduced. Precipitation was the environmental variable responsible for most of the forecasts made, Our work demonstrates that a predictive system can be portable from the temperate climate to a tropical highland climate. A user-friendly decision support system consisting of just a rain-gauge and the exclusive use of SimCast's fungicide units could be a valuable and affordable tool in managing potato late blight in the highland tropics. C1 ARS, USDA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. CEEM PICTIPAPA, Potato Late Blight Project, Metepec 52176, Mexico. INIFAP, Metepec 52142, Mexico. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Grunwald, NJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RI Grunwald, Niklaus/B-9535-2008; Grunwald, Niklaus/K-6041-2013 OI Grunwald, Niklaus/0000-0003-1656-7602; Grunwald, Niklaus/0000-0003-1656-7602 NR 17 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1163 EP 1168 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1163 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 596NE UT WOS:000178170300017 ER PT J AU Brlansky, RH Howd, DS Broadbent, P Damsteegt, VD AF Brlansky, RH Howd, DS Broadbent, P Damsteegt, VD TI Histology of sweet orange stem pitting caused by an Australian isolate of Citrus tristeza virus SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB Some strains of the Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) cause stem pitting in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). This abnormality causes tree decline and reduction in fruit size and yield of affected citrus trees. Stein-pitting symptoms can occur on trunks, on all sizes of limbs, and on the twigs where fruit are produced. Variously sized pits or grooves in the wood often contain a yellow gum. Irregular growth of the phloem occurs in the area of these xylem pits. The histology of stem pitting caused by an Australian CTV isolate was studied in sweet orange using light and electron microscopy. Using scanning electron microscopy, details of the wood pits containing the gumming material were revealed. In thin sections of bark tissue, outgrowths of the phloem tissue were found at various intervals that corresponded to the pits in the wood. Higher numbers of viral inclusions were detected in the phloem outgrowths than were present in the other sieve elements. C1 Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. New S Wales Agr, EMAI, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia. ARS, USDA, Foreign Dis & Weed Sci Res Unit, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. RP Brlansky, RH (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1169 EP 1174 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1169 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 596NE UT WOS:000178170300018 ER PT J AU van de Kerckhove, GA Smither-Kopperl, ML Kistler, HC AF van de Kerckhove, G. A. Smither-Kopperl, M. L. Kistler, H. C. TI First Report of Sphaeropsis tumefaciens on an Endangered St. John's-Wort in Florida SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 [van de Kerckhove, G. A.] Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Kistler, H. C.] Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP van de Kerckhove, GA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 86 IS 10 BP 1177 EP 1177 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1177B PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V09UJ UT WOS:000207421000007 ER PT J AU Abbas, HK Sciumbato, G Keeling, B AF Abbas, H. K. Sciumbato, G. Keeling, B. TI First Report of False Smut of Corn (Zea mays) in the Mississippi Delta SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 [Abbas, H. K.] ARS, USDA, CG&PRU, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. [Keeling, B.] Delta Res & Extens Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Abbas, HK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, CG&PRU, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 86 IS 10 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1179B PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V09UJ UT WOS:000207421000014 ER PT J AU Alminaite, A Davis, RE Valiunas, D Jomantiene, R AF Alminaite, A. Davis, R. E. Valiunas, D. Jomantiene, R. TI First Report of a Group 16SrI, Subgroup B, Phytoplasma in Diseased Epilobium hirsutum in the Region of Tallin, Estonia SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 [Alminaite, A.; Valiunas, D.; Jomantiene, R.] Inst Bot, Plant Virus Lab, LT-2021 Vilnius, Lithuania. [Davis, R. E.] ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Alminaite, A (reprint author), Inst Bot, Plant Virus Lab, Zaliuju Ezeru 49, LT-2021 Vilnius, Lithuania. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 86 IS 10 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1177A PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V09UJ UT WOS:000207421000009 ER PT J AU Crosslin, JM Hamm, PB Eastwell, KC Thornton, RE Brown, CR Corsini, D Shiel, PJ Berger, PH AF Crosslin, J. M. Hamm, P. B. Eastwell, K. C. Thornton, R. E. Brown, C. R. Corsini, D. Shiel, P. J. Berger, P. H. TI First Report of the Necrotic Strain of Potato virus Y (PVY(N)) on Potatoes in the Northwestern United States SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT News Item C1 [Crosslin, J. M.; Eastwell, K. C.] Washington State Univ, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. [Hamm, P. B.] Oregon State Univ, Hermiston, OR USA. [Thornton, R. E.] Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. [Brown, C. R.] ARS, USDA, Prosser, WA USA. [Corsini, D.] ARS, USDA, Aberdeen, ID USA. [Shiel, P. J.; Berger, P. H.] Univ Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Crosslin, JM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 4 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 86 IS 10 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.10.1177C PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA V09UJ UT WOS:000207421000008 ER PT J AU Huang, T Nicodemus, J Zarka, DG Thomashow, MF Wisniewski, M Duman, JG AF Huang, T Nicodemus, J Zarka, DG Thomashow, MF Wisniewski, M Duman, JG TI Expression of an insect (Dendroides canadensis) antifreeze protein in Arabidopsis thaliana results in a decrease in plant freezing temperature SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE antifreeze protein; Arabidopsis; cold adaptation ID THERMAL HYSTERESIS PROTEIN; PYROCHROID BEETLE LARVAE; RICH-REPEAT PROTEIN; ICE NUCLEATORS; LITHOBIUS-FORFICATUS; SUPERCOOLED STATE; TOLERANCE; AGENTS; RECRYSTALLIZATION; GLYCOPROTEINS AB Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants which express genes encoding insect, Dendroides canadensis, antifreeze proteins (AFP) were produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The antifreeze protein genes, both with and without the signal peptide sequence (for protein secretion), were expressed in transformed plants. Thermal hysteresis activity (indicating the presence of active AFPs) was present in protein extracts from plants expressing both proteins and was also detected in leaf apoplast fluid from plants expressing AFPs with the signal peptide. Transgenic lines did not demonstrate improved ability to survive freezing when compared to wild-type. However, when cooled under four different regimes, transgenic lines with AFPs in the apoplast fluid froze at significantly lower temperatures than did wild-type, especially in the absence of extrinsic nucleation events. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. Michigan State Univ, MSU DOE Plant Res Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. AFRS, USDA, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Duman, JG (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, POB 369, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. NR 46 TC 45 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 50 IS 3 BP 333 EP 344 DI 10.1023/A:1019875922535 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 600FY UT WOS:000178381000001 PM 12369611 ER PT J AU Shigaki, T Sreevidya, C Hirschi, KD AF Shigaki, T Sreevidya, C Hirschi, KD TI Analysis of the Ca2+ domain in the Arabidopsis H+/Ca2+ antiporters CAX1 and CAX3 SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Arabidopsis; H+/Ca2+ antiporter; mutagenesis; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; vacuole ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; MEMBRANE; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION; TRANSPORT; CHANNELS; VESICLES; TOBACCO; CALCIUM; CLONING AB Ca2+ levels in plants are controlled in part by H+/Ca2+ exchangers. Structure/function analysis of the Arabidopsis H+/cation exchanger, CAX1, revealed that a nine amino acid region (87-95) is involved in CAX1-mediated Ca2+ specificity. CAX3 is 77% identical (93% similar) to CAX1, and when expressed in yeast, localizes to the vacuole but does not suppress yeast mutants defective in vacuolar Ca2+ transport. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing CAX3 containing the 9 amino acid Ca2+ domain (Cad) from CAX1 (CAX3-9) displayed altered stress sensitivities similar to CAX1-expressing plants, whereas CAX3-9-expressing plants did not have any altered stress sensitivities. A single leucine-to-isoleucine change at position 87 (CAX3-I) within the Cad of CAX3 allows this protein to weakly transport Ca2+ in yeast (less than 10% of CAX1). Site-directed mutagenesis of the leucine in the CAX3 Cad demonstrated that no amino acid change tested could confer more activity than CAX3-I. Transport studies in yeast demonstrated that the first three amino acids of the CAX1 Cad could confer twice the Ca2+ transport capability compared to CAX3-I. The entire Cad of CAX3 (87-95) inserted into CAX1 abolishes CAX1-mediated Ca2+ transport. However, single, double, or triple amino acid replacements within the native CAX1 Cad did not block CAX1 mediated Ca2+ transport. Together these findings suggest that other domains within CAX1 and CAX3 influence Ca2+ transport. This study has implications for the ability to engineer CAX-mediated transport in plants by manipulating Cad residues. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Plant Physiol Grp, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Hirschi, KD (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Plant Physiol Grp, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [CHRC 5 P30]; NIGMS NIH HHS [1R01 GM57427] NR 29 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 50 IS 3 BP 475 EP 483 DI 10.1023/A:1019880006606 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 600FY UT WOS:000178381000013 PM 12369623 ER PT J AU Fedorova, M van de Mortel, J Matsumoto, PA Cho, J Town, CD VandenBosch, KA Gantt, JS Vance, CP AF Fedorova, M van de Mortel, J Matsumoto, PA Cho, J Town, CD VandenBosch, KA Gantt, JS Vance, CP TI Genome-wide identification of nodule-specific transcripts in the model legume Medicago truncatula SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXPRESSED SEQUENCE TAGS; SYMBIOSIS-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION; GENE-EXPRESSION; LOTUS-JAPONICUS; SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; MOLECULAR-GENETICS; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; ARABIDOPSIS GENES; ALFALFA NODULES AB The Medicago truncatula expressed sequence tag (EST) database (Gene Index) contains over 140,000 sequences from 30 cDNA libraries. This resource offers the possibility of identifying previously uncharacterized genes and assessing the frequency and tissue specificity of their expression in silico. Because M. truncatula forms symbiotic root nodules, unlike Arabidopsis, this is a particularly important approach in investigating genes specific to nodule development and function in legumes. Our analyses have revealed 340 putative gene products or tentative consensus sequences (TCs), expressed solely in root nodules. These TCs were represented by two to 379 ESTs. Of these TCs, 3% appear to encode novel proteins, 57% encode proteins with a weak similarity to the GenBank accessions, and 40% encode proteins with strong similarity to the known proteins. Nodule-specific TCs were grouped into nine categories based on the predicted function of their protein products. Besides previously characterized nodulins, other examples of highly abundant nodule-specific transcripts include plantacyanin, agglutinin, embryo-specific protein, and purine permease. Six nodule-specific TCs encode calmodulin-like proteins that possess a unique cleavable transit sequence potentially targeting the protein into the peribacteroid space. Surprisingly, 114 nodule-specific TCs encode small Cys cluster proteins with a cleavable transit peptide. To determine the validity of the in silico analysis, expression of 91 putative nodule-specific TCs was analyzed by macroarray and RNA-blot hybridizations. Nodule-enhanced expression was confirmed experimentally for the TCs composed of five or more ESTs, whereas the results for those TCs containing fewer ESTs were variable. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Vance, CP (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 1991 Upper Bedford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM vance004@umn.edu NR 95 TC 157 Z9 168 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 130 IS 2 BP 519 EP 537 DI 10.1104/pp.006833 PG 19 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 605BC UT WOS:000178654700002 PM 12376622 ER PT J AU Johnson, RR Wagner, RL Verhey, SD Walker-Simmons, MK AF Johnson, RR Wagner, RL Verhey, SD Walker-Simmons, MK TI The abscisic acid-responsive kinase PKABA1 interacts with a seed-specific abscisic acid response element-binding factor, TaABF, and phosphorylates TaABF peptide sequences SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEPENDENT PROTEIN-KINASE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; GENE-EXPRESSION; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; CEREAL ALEURONE; MESSENGER-RNA; ARABIDOPSIS; BARLEY; YEAST; GIBBERELLIN AB The abscisic acid (ABA)-induced protein kinase PKABA1 is present in dormant seeds and is a component of the signal transduction pathway leading to ABA-suppressed gene expression in cereal grains. We have identified a member of the ABA response element-binding factor (ABF) family of basic leucine zipper transcription factors from wheat (Triticum aestivum) that is specifically bound by PKABA1. This protein (TaABF) has highest sequence similarity to the Arabidopsis ABA response protein ABI5. In two-hybrid assays TaABF bound only to PKABA1, but not to a mutant version of PKABA1 lacking the nucleotide binding domain, suggesting that binding of TaABF requires prior binding of ATP as would be expected for binding of a protein substrate by a protein kinase. TaABF mRNA accumulated together with PKABA1 mRNA during wheat grain maturation and dormancy acquisition and TaABF transcripts increased transiently during imbibition of dormant grains. In contrast to PKABA1 mRNA, TaABF mRNA is seed specific and did not accumulate in vegetative tissues in response to stress or ABA application. PKABA1 produced in transformed cell lines was able to phosphorylate synthetic peptides representing three specific regions of TaABF. These data suggest that TaABF may serve as a physiological substrate for PKABA1 in the ABA signal transduction pathway during grain maturation, dormancy expression, and ABA-suppressed gene expression. C1 Colby Coll, Dept Biol, Waterville, ME 04901 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Colby Coll, Dept Biol, Waterville, ME 04901 USA. EM rrjohnso@colby.edu NR 39 TC 132 Z9 149 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 EI 1532-2548 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 130 IS 2 BP 837 EP 846 DI 10.1104/pp.001354 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 605BC UT WOS:000178654700028 PM 12376648 ER PT J AU Pittman, JK Sreevidya, CS Shigaki, T Ueoka-Nakanishi, H Hirschi, KD AF Pittman, JK Sreevidya, CS Shigaki, T Ueoka-Nakanishi, H Hirschi, KD TI Distinct N-terminal regulatory domains of Ca2+/H+ antiporters SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; AUTOINHIBITORY DOMAIN; H+/CA2+ ANTIPORTER; ARABIDOPSIS; CALCIUM; EXPRESSION; CAX1; IDENTIFICATION; TOBACCO; ACCUMULATION AB The regulation of intracellular Ca2+ levels is achieved in part by high-capacity vacuolar Ca2+/H+ antiporters. An N-terminal regulatory region (NRR) on the Arabidopsis Ca2+/H+ antiporter CAM (cation exchanger 1) has been shown previously to regulate Ca2+ transport by a mechanism of N-terminal auto-inhibition. Here, we examine the regulation of other CAX transporters, both within Arabidopsis and from another plant, mung bean (Vigna radiata), to ascertain if this mechanism is commonly used among Ca2+/H+ antiporters. Biochemical analysis of mung bean VCAX1 expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) showed that N-terminal truncated VCAX1 had approximately 70% greater antiport activity compared with full-length VCAX1. A synthetic peptide corresponding to the NRR of CAM, which can strongly inhibit Ca2+ transport by CAX1, could not dramatically inhibit Ca2+ transport by truncated VCAX1. The N terminus of Arabidopsis CAX3 was also shown to contain an NRR. Additions of either the CAX3 or VCAX1 regulatory regions to the N terminus of an N-terminal truncated CAX1 failed to inhibit CAM activity. When fused to N-terminal truncated CAM, both the CAX3 and VCAX1 regulatory regions could only auto-inhibit CAM after mutagenesis of specific amino acids within this NRR region. These findings demonstrate that N-terminal regulation is present in other plant CAX transporters, and suggest distinct regulatory features among these transporters. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Tokyo Inst Technol, Bioresources Div, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2268503, Japan. Texas A&M Univ, Vegetable & Fruit Improvement Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Hirschi, KD (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Pittman, Jon/0000-0001-7197-1494 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [1R01 GM 57427] NR 31 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 130 IS 2 BP 1054 EP 1062 DI 10.1104/pp.008193 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 605BC UT WOS:000178654700048 PM 12376668 ER PT J AU Muhitch, MJ Liang, H Rastogi, R Sollenberger, KG AF Muhitch, MJ Liang, H Rastogi, R Sollenberger, KG TI Isolation of a promoter sequence from the glutamine synthetase(1-2) gene capable of conferring tissue-specific gene expression in transgenic maize SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE glutamine synthetase; maize; maternal tissues; pedicel; promoter; tissue specificity ID ZEA-MAYS KERNELS; AMINO-ACID; REGULATORY ELEMENTS; PEDICEL; ENDOSPERM; PLANTS; BIOSYNTHESIS; METABOLISM; FAMILY; REGION AB Glutamine synthetase(1-2) (GS(1-2)), one of the six glutamine synthetase (GS) genes found in the maize (Zea mays L.) genome, encodes a cytoplasm-localized GS isozyme (GS(p1)) that is specifically expressed in the basal maternal tissues of the developing kernel. This gene has now been isolated, and its 5' upstream regulatory region has been sequenced and then used to drive reporter gene expression in stable maize transformants. Expression of the GS(1-2) promoter/GUS heterologous gene resulted in the predicted tissue-specific expression in the basal maternal seed tissues, including the surrounding pericarp. Gene expression within the pedicel parenchyma that subtends the basal endosperm transfer cells and embryo was particularly strong. In contrast, GUS staining was absent in the endosperm and embryo, as well as in leaves or roots. Strong staining was also observed in the basal tissues of developing anthers. which are anatomically similar to the pedicel, and in mature pollen. Silks and husks also stained weakly. A possible explanation for ecotopic expression of GS(1-2)/GUS in pollen is presented. The GS(1-2) expression pattern within the kernel is consistent with the GS(p1) isozyme's recognized role in nitrogen metabolism during grain fill. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Muhitch, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 38 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 163 IS 4 BP 865 EP 872 AR PII S0168-9452(02)00235-2 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00235-2 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 616NY UT WOS:000179310900023 ER PT J AU Fontanini, D Jones, BL AF Fontanini, D Jones, BL TI SEP-1 - a subtilisin-like serine endopeptidase from germinated seeds of Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Morex SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE cucumisin; green malt; hordeum internal amino acid sequence; SEP-1; subtilisin ID STORAGE PROTEIN MOBILIZATION; ENDOPROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES; GREEN MALT; BARLEY; PURIFICATION; DEGRADATION; FRUITS; ENDOPROTEINASE; CUCUMISIN; SARCOCARP AB Proteolysis is crucial for all living cells. It regulates protein processing, intracellular protein levels and removes abnormal or damaged proteins from the cell, working as a cellular housekeeper. By means of proteolysis, cells can control the short-lived regulatory proteins that affect processes such as signal transduction and reception, transcription, division and cellular growth. Proteolysis also furnishes amino acids for the de novo synthesis of proteins. In germinating seeds, its main role is to degrade storage proteins into small peptides and amino acids that can be used by the embryo during autotrophic growth. We have isolated and purified a serine endopeptidase, one of the many proteolytic enzymes that occur in germinated barley seeds (green malt), using chromatofocusing and DEAE-, CM-, and size-exclusion chromatographies. The enzyme, named SEP-1, has a molecular weight of 70 kDa, as estimated by both sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and size-exclusion chromatography. SEP-1 was detected and measured by its ability to digest gelatin in gels and to hydrolyze the synthetic substrate N-succinyl Ala-Ala-Pro-Leu p-nitroanilide. The hydrolysis of the synthetic substrate was optimal at pH 6.5 and 50 degreesC with a K-m of 2.6 mM. The enzyme was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride and p-amidinophenyl methanesulfonyl fluoride but not by any other class-specific inhibitor, suggesting it was a serine endopeptidase. Its amino acid sequence was similar to those of other plant subtilisin-like serine peptidases (EC 3.4.21), especially to the cucumisin-like group. SEP-1 was present in resting seeds, and its activity increased during germination in all of the malted barley tissues except for the endosperm, where it never occurred, suggesting that the enzyme is not likely involved in storage-protein degradation. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53726 USA. USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Fontanini, D (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, 501 Walnut St, Madison, WI 53726 USA. NR 31 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD OCT PY 2002 VL 215 IS 6 BP 885 EP 893 DI 10.1007/s00425-002-0823-4 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 611AW UT WOS:000178995100001 PM 12355148 ER PT J AU Willett, JL Shogren, RL AF Willett, JL Shogren, RL TI Processing and properties of extruded starch/polymer foams SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE starch; blends; foams ID STARCH-BASED FOAMS; THERMAL-PROPERTIES; PLASTIC FOAMS; ESTER ETHER); BLENDS; MOISTURE; EXTRUSION; FLOW AB Blends of starch and various thermoplastic resins were extruded into foams using a twin-screw extruder. Resins included poly(vinyl alcohol), cellulose acetate (CA), and several biodegradable polyesters. Foams of corn starch with poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(hydroxyester ether) (PHEE), or poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) had significantly lower densities and greater radial expansion ratios than the control starch. Blends with other polyesters and CA had densities and expansion ratios between those of the control starch and the other polyesters. Most of the polymer occupied spherical to elongated domains 1 - 10 mum long although PLA domains were much smaller. Surface polymer concentrations were larger than the bulk and correlated with foam expansion and resistance to fragmentation. Foams were also extruded using blends of PLA or PHEE with high amylose starch (70% amylose), wheat starch, and potato starch. Addition of either resin significantly reduced the foam density and increased expansion. At constant relative humidity, compressive strength was a function of foam density only and not the type of resin or starch in the blend. Addition of the resins reduced the water sensitivity of the foams and increased the time needed for complete dissolution. Blends with PLA, PHEE, or PHBV produced foams with densities comparable to commercial starch-based loose-fill foams. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Willett, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 48 TC 128 Z9 142 U1 9 U2 73 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD OCT PY 2002 VL 43 IS 22 BP 5935 EP 5947 AR PII S0032-3861(02)00497-4 DI 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00497-4 PG 13 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 598HB UT WOS:000178269200016 ER PT J AU Bacon, LD Zajchowski, L Clark, ME Etches, RJ AF Bacon, LD Zajchowski, L Clark, ME Etches, RJ TI Identification and evaluation of major histocompatibility complex antigens in chicken chimeras and their relationship to germline transmission SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE major histocompatibility complex; B haplotype; chimera; germline; transgenic chicken ID NUCLEOLAR ORGANIZER; BLASTODERMAL CELLS; RFP-Y; GENES; EMBRYOS; MHC; DIFFERENTIATION; RESISTANCE; BLASTOCYST; CULTURE AB Chimeric chickens were evaluated as an intermediate for development of transgenic chickens. The transfer of Barred Plymouth Rock (BR) blastodermal cells into White Leghorn (WL) embryos results in BR-->WL chimeras, and some breeder males generate over 30% germline transmission of the BR genotype to offspring based on a feather-color trait. The objectives of the current study were to 1) identify the MHC (B haplotypes) in resident BR and WL lines, 2) establish that B antigens could be detected and quantified in red blood cells (RBC) of chimeras, 3) establish if there is a correlation in chimeras between percentage of RBC with donor B antigens and percentage germline transmission, and 4) evaluate if the MHC genotype influences chimera development. The RBC agglutination data indicated three B haplotypes were present in each line. The B*2-like, and B*19-like genes were unique to the WL line, and B*13-like and B-15-like genes were unique to the BR line, whereas a B*21-like gene was present in both lines. In adult BR-->WL chimeras, as well as 10- to 14 d-old WL-->WL chimeras, donor-type B antigens were detectable and quantifiable on RBC using flow cytometry. In BR-->WL chimeras, the percentage germline transmission was significantly correlated with the percentage of RBC with donor B antigen, as well as percentage of black feathers in the plumage. In a retrospective study using previously developed BR-->WL chimeras, the level of chimerism and germline transmission was higher in B*21/*21 type recipients, but this was not statistically significant in two prospective studies. It was concluded that MHC antigens on RBC can be used for identifying, quantifying, and selecting chicken chimeras developed by the transfer of blastodermal cells. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Anim & Poultry Sci, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Bacon, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 81 IS 10 BP 1427 EP 1438 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 604NF UT WOS:000178627100001 PM 12412906 ER PT J AU Line, JE AF Line, JE TI Campylobacter and Salmonella populations associated with chickens raised on acidified litter SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acidified litter; Salmonella; Campylobacter; colonization; broiler ID POULTRY LITTER; CHEMICAL AMENDMENTS; BROILER-CHICKENS; PHOSPHORUS; ALUM; RUNOFF AB Two commercially available acidifying litter treatments, aluminum sulfate (alum) and sodium bisulfate, were tested to determine their effects on Campylobacter and Salmonella colonization frequencies and populations associated with broilers raised on treated pine litter. To produce contaminated litter, broiler chicks were inoculated with two bacterial cocktails (multistrain mixtures of campylobacters and salmonellae) and were allowed to shed on the litter for about 6 wk. Upon bird removal, litter in duplicate pens was immediately treated with two levels of aluminum sulfate [3.63 or 7.26 kg/4.6 m(2) (8 or 16 lb/50 ft(2))] or sodium bisulfate 1.13 or 1.81 kg/4.6 m(2) (2.5 or 4 lb/50 ft(2))]; untreated pens served as controls. Immediately after treatment, day-of-hatch chicks were released in the pens. Frequency and populations of Campylobacter and Salmonella associated with ceca and whole carcass rinse (WCR) samples were determined for each duplicate pen at Weeks 1, 4, and 6. Both levels of the aluminum sulfate and sodium bisulfate litter treatments tested significantly (P < 0.05) reduced Campylobacter colonization frequency and populations in the ceca. Significantly, no Campylobacter was recovered from WCR samples associated with high level aluminum sulfate-treated pens at any time; although control pens were 95, 78, and 38% positive at Weeks 1, 4, and 6, respectively. Salmonella colonization frequency and populations in the ceca were not significantly decreased by any of the treatments investigated. Although effective pathogen control will most likely require a combination of interventions, acidifying treatment of litter in poultry production may serve as a means to help control Campylobacter and to reduce horizontal transmission of pathogens in broiler flocks. C1 USDA ARS, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Line, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 17 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 81 IS 10 BP 1473 EP 1477 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 604NF UT WOS:000178627100006 PM 12412911 ER PT J AU Burnham, MR Branton, SL Peebles, ED Lott, BD Gerard, PD AF Burnham, MR Branton, SL Peebles, ED Lott, BD Gerard, PD TI Effects of F-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum inoculation at twelve weeks of age on performance and egg characteristics of commercial egg-laying hens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE albumen; egg production; Mycoplasma gallisepticum; shell; yolk ID QUALITY PARAMETERS; DUAL INFECTION; LAYER HENS; VACCINATION; CHICKENS; SYNOVIAE; CYCLE AB The effects of F-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum (FMG) inoculation during the pullet period on the subsequent performance and egg characteristics of commercial Single Combed White Leghorn hens were evaluated. In two trials, BW, feed consumption, egg production (EP), egg weight, egg size class, relative eggshell water vapor conductance, and relative percentages of eggshell, yolk and albumen weights were determined through approximately 60 wk of age. In each trial, pullets at 12 wk of age were randomly assigned to negative pressure biological isolation units. Birds in one-half of the total units were inoculated with FMG, and the other half were sham-inoculated with sterile media. In both trials, onset of lay was delayed approximately I wk in layers inoculated with FMG. Control birds that had not been previously inoculated with FMG laid their first egg at 18 wk of age, while birds that had been previously inoculated with FMG laid their first egg at 19 wk of age. In Trial 1, FMG-inoculated hens laid significantly fewer total eggs, which became apparent at each week after Week 42. In Trial 2, a numerical decrease in total EP occurred, and the percentage of undersized eggs laid by FMG-inoculated birds was significantly lower at 19 wk of age but was higher at 20 and 21 wk when compared to controls. Mortality was not significantly different between the treatments in either trial. These data demonstrate that when birds are housed in isolation facilities and inoculated with FMG at 12 wk of age, onset of lay is delayed. These data also suggest that FMG may lead to delays in undersize EP and decreases in total EP. However, because significant FMG effects on these parameters were observed in only one trial, additional studies may be necessary to verify these effects. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Expt Stat Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, S Cent Poultry Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Peebles, ED (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 48 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 81 IS 10 BP 1478 EP 1485 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 604NF UT WOS:000178627100007 PM 12412912 ER PT J AU Huff, WE Huff, GR Rath, NC Balog, JM Donoghue, AM AF Huff, WE Huff, GR Rath, NC Balog, JM Donoghue, AM TI Prevention of Escherichia coli infection in broiler chickens with a bacteriophage aerosol spray SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bacteriophage; Escherichia coli; chicken ID VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI; SUPPURATIVE BACTERIAL-INFECTIONS; DIARRHEA; HUMANS; CALVES; MICE AB Bacteriophage to an Escherichia coli isolate that is pathogenic in poultry were isolated from municipal sewer treatment facilities or poultry processing plants. Three studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of aerosol administration of bacteriophage to prevent an E. coli respiratory infection in broiler chickens. In all three studies the experimental design consisted of nine treatments with three replicate pens of 10 birds. Three treatments were not challenged with E. coli and consisted of unsprayed birds, birds sprayed with a diluent control, and birds sprayed with a combination of two bacteriophages. Six treatments were challenged with E. coli by injecting 10(4) cfu into the thoracic air sac when birds were 7, 8, or 10 d of age after being sprayed at 7 d of age with either a diluent control or a combination of two bacteriophages. In Studies 1 and 2, BW at 2 wk of age of all the birds challenged with E. coli, regardless of spray treatment, were decreased significantly from the unchallenged controls, except in Study 2 for the birds sprayed with bacteriophage and challenged at 10 d of age. There was a significant decrease in mortality in Studies 1 and 2 when the birds were challenged with E. coli immediately after bacteriophage administration and in Study 2 in birds challenged at 10 d of age. In Study 3 a suspected pre-existing E. coli infection resulted in mortality in the unchallenged, unsprayed controls, and in the diluent sprayed controls of 20 and 27%, respectively. The mortality in the unchallenged bacteriophage sprayed birds was 3%, representing a significant decrease. Mortality in Study 3 was significantly decreased in the bacteriophage-sprayed birds challenged with E. coli immediately or I d later but not 3 d after bacteriophage administration. The decrease in BW at 2 wk of age in challenged birds indicates that bacteriophage treatment did not provide complete protection; however, in all three studies mortality was significantly decreased, indicating that aerosol spray of bacteriophage may be practical for administration of bacteriophage and may provide an alternative to the use of antibiotics in poultry production. C1 Univ Arkansas, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Poultry Sci Ctr, USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Huff, WE (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Poultry Sci Ctr, USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 24 TC 55 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 7 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 81 IS 10 BP 1486 EP 1491 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 604NF UT WOS:000178627100008 PM 12412913 ER PT J AU Dalloul, RA Lillehoj, HS Shellem, TA Doerr, JA AF Dalloul, RA Lillehoj, HS Shellem, TA Doerr, JA TI Effect of vitamin A deficiency on host intestinal immune response to Eimeria acervulina in broiler chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 21st Annual Meeting of the Southern-Poultry-Science-Society CY JAN 17-18, 2000 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP SO Poultry Sci Soc DE intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes; vitamin A deficiency; Eimeria acervulina; broiler immunity; interferon-gamma ID INTRAEPITHELIAL LYMPHOCYTES; INTERFERON-PRODUCTION; INFECTION; PROLIFERATION; VACCINATION; COCCIDIOSIS; TISSUES; TENELLA; RATS; TH1 AB The effects of vitamin A (VitA) deficiency on the host intestinal immune response and disease susceptibility to coccidiosis were investigated in broiler chickens following oral infection with Eimeria acervulina (EA). Day-old male broilers were fed milo-soybean meal diets either with 8,000 IU VitA/kg feed (CONT) or without added VitA (A-DEF). At 25 d, a group of randomly selected birds from each treatment was inoculated orally with EA-sporulated oocysts. Intestinal immune response was assessed by the changes in the duodenum intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) subpopulations using flow cytometry at 35 d in infected and noninfected birds. Concanavalin A(ConA)-induced spleen lymphocyte proliferation was tested using dimethylthiazol diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay. Whether challenged or not with EA, A-DEF birds had fewer IEL expressing the surface markers CD3, CD4, CD8, alphabetaTCR, and gammabetaTCR. Without EA challenge, A-DEF birds had more surface IgA-expressing cells than CONT birds. Upon challenge, A-DEF chickens showed lower CD4(+) IEL than CONT chickens. Following EA infection, CD8(+) IEL increased in the CONT group, whereas no change was found in CD8(+) IEL of A-DEF birds. A higher number of EA oocysts was recovered from A-DEF birds than from CONT birds (9.2 x 10(8) vs 5.4 x 10(8), respectively; P less than or equal to 0.05). Serum samples taken 10d post challenge showed higher antibody level against a recombinant coccidial antigen in A-DEF birds than in CONT birds. The A-DEF birds showed depressed ConA-induced lymphoproliferation response and produced lower serum interferon-gamma than CONT birds. These data show that VitA deficiency compromised local immune defenses of challenged birds, as reflected in lymphocyte profiles, oocyst shedding, and interferon-gamma levels in A-DEF birds. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, ANRI, Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Doerr, JA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. OI Dalloul, Rami/0000-0003-4690-9220 NR 31 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 81 IS 10 BP 1509 EP 1515 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 604NF UT WOS:000178627100012 PM 12412917 ER PT J AU Jones, DR Fletcher, DL Lyon, CE AF Jones, DR Fletcher, DL Lyon, CE TI Variations in levels of acid phosphatase present in chicken whole leg meat SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acid phosphatase; endpoint temperature; cooking; chicken; further processing ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; END-POINT TEMPERATURE; LACTATE-DEHYDROGENASE; THIGH MEAT; TURKEY; ROLLS; PROTEIN; BREAST; ELISA AB Acid phosphatase (ACP) has been identified as a potential biomarker for endpoint temperature determination in further-processed poultry. Multiple analyses of the same sample for ACP have produced consistent results. The degree of variation in ACP levels present in different production lots has not been identified. This study was conducted utilizing a single flock of broilers. Birds were slaughtered on four separate days (replications), and whole log, without skin, was homogenized. Proximate composition was analyzed for each replication. Water-soluble proteins were extracted from raw meat and assessed for initial ACP levels. Samples of meat were cooked to an internal temperature of 71.1 C. There were differences (P < 0.05) between replications for both moisture and fat content. When dry fat content was analyzed, no significant differences occurred between replicates. Initial ACP levels were different (P < 0.0001) between replicates (500.33 to 348.97 units of activity/kg). Levels of ACP activity after cooking were also different (P < 0.0001) between replicates (17.61 to 10.82 units of activity/kg). Percentage degradation of activity during cooking was similar (96.98 to 95.89%) between replicates. ACP levels were consistently measured within a replicate. Differences between replicates for both initial and cooked levels indicate a threshold level for determination of thermal endpoint would be difficult to establish. ACP may not be a sensitive measure to estimate the degree of doneness of meat samples in which initial ACP concentration is unknown. Identical raw sample required for such a comparison would be difficult for the processing industry to maintain. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Jones, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 81 IS 10 BP 1567 EP 1570 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 604NF UT WOS:000178627100020 PM 12412925 ER PT J AU Murphy, RY Duncan, LK Berrang, ME Marcy, JA Wolfe, RE AF Murphy, RY Duncan, LK Berrang, ME Marcy, JA Wolfe, RE TI Thermal inactivation D- and z-values of Salmonella and Listeria innocua in fully cooked and vacuum packaged chicken breast meat during postcook heat treatment SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; Listeria; thermal inactivation; postcook; fully cooked chicken ID MONOCYTOGENES; RESISTANCE; INDICATOR; TURKEY; SPP. AB Studies were conducted to determine thermal inactivation D- and z-values of Salmonella and Listeria innocua in fully cooked and vacuum-packaged chicken breast meat. Fully cooked chicken breast meat products that were obtained from three different sources with differing formulations were uniformly inoculated with a cocktail of Salmonella (including Senftenberg, Typhimurium, Heidelberg, Mission, Montevideo, and California) or L. innocua at approximately 10(7) cfu/g. The inoculated meat samples were vacuum-packaged and then heat-treated at a temperature of 55 to 70 C for 5 to 90 min. After heat treatment, the samples were immediately cooled in an ice-water bath. Survivors of Salmonella and L. innocua were enumerated for each sample. D- and z-values of Salmonella and L. innocua were determined for each product and compared among the products. Source and formulation did not cause significant differences in the D- and z-values of Salmonella or L. innocua among the three fully cooked and vacuum-packaged chicken breast meat products. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Math Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Univ Arkansas, Ctr Excellence Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Murphy, RY (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 13 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 8 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 81 IS 10 BP 1578 EP 1583 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 604NF UT WOS:000178627100022 PM 12412927 ER PT J AU Smith, DP Lyon, CE Lyon, BG AF Smith, DP Lyon, CE Lyon, BG TI The effect of age, dietary carbohydrate source, and feed withdrawal on broiler breast fillet color SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE age; diet; feed withdrawal; fillet color ID MEAT QUALITY; MUSCLE; PALE; TEMPERATURE; SOFT; PH AB An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of bird age, diet (feeds formulated with 69.5% corn, 69.7% mile, or 73.6% wheat), and feed withdrawal times (0 or 8 hours) on color (CIE L*, lightness; a*, redness; and b*, yellowness) of raw broiler breast fillets. Broilers were placed on diets at 28 d of age. Replicate groups of 24 birds (eight each from different diet and four each either full fed or feed withdrawn) were processed (slaughtered and eviscerated under simulated commercial conditions) each day from 42 to 45 and 49 to 52 d of age (n = 192). Carcasses were chilled and deboned 4 h postmortem, and triplicate color measurements taken from the medial (bone) side of the fillet. Bird age did not significantly affect fillet color values. Fillets from the birds fed the wheat diet were significantly lighter than fillets from the corn or milo fed birds (48.9 vs. 46.9 and 46.7, respectively). The milo diet resulted in significantly redder fillets than corn or wheat (3.9 vs. 3.5 and 3.3, respectively). The corn diet produced significantly more yellow fillets than milo or wheat (4.8 vs. 2.4 and 2.6, respectively). Feed withdrawal significantly increased fillet lightness from an average of 46.1 to 48.9, decreased redness from 4.1 to 3.1, and increased yellowness from 2.8 to 3.7. Raw broiler breast fillet color is significantly affected by both diet and feed withdrawal, but not by age. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Smith, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 22 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 81 IS 10 BP 1584 EP 1588 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 604NF UT WOS:000178627100023 PM 12412928 ER PT J AU Yonash, N Bacon, LD Smith, EJ AF Yonash, N Bacon, LD Smith, EJ TI Concentration of immnoglobulin G in plasma varies among 6C.7 recombinant congenic strains of chickens (vol 81, pg 1104, 2002) SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Correction C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Yonash, N (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 81 IS 10 BP 1606 EP 1606 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 604NF UT WOS:000178627100026 ER PT J AU Miller, GL Miller, DR AF Miller, GL Miller, DR TI Dysmicoccus Ferris and similar genera (Hemiptera : Coccoidea : Pseudococcidae) of the Gulf State Region including a description of a new species and new United States records SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE mealybugs; Coccoidea; Pseudococcidae; Gulf State Region; new species; Dysmicoccus; Oracella; Paradoxococcus AB A key to the species of Dysmicoccus, Oracella, and Paradoxococcus of the Gulf State Region is presented. Dysmicoccus radinovskyi Miller and Miller, n. sp., is described and illustrated from the adult female, third-instar female, and second-instar female. Dysmicoccus merrilli (Ferris) is a new synonym of Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana). Dysmicoccus grassii (Leonardi), Dysmicoccus mackenziei Beardsley, and Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley represent new distribution records. C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Miller, GL (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA, Bldg 005,Room 137,BARCW, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 104 IS 4 BP 968 EP 979 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 601GA UT WOS:000178437100015 ER PT J AU Adamski, D Brown, JW AF Adamski, D Brown, JW TI A new species of Frumenta Busck (Lepidoptera : Gelechiidae : Gnorimoschemini) from Mexico: A potential biocontrol agent against Solanum elaeagnifolium (Solanaccae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Gelechiidae; Solarium; biocontrol ID HOST-SPECIFIC HERBIVORE; MAURITIANUM SCOP AB Frumenta solanophaga, new species, is described from San Luis Potosi, Mexico. It was reared from Solanum elaeagnifolium Cavanilles (Solanaceae) as part of a survey for potential biocontrol agents against this introduced weed in southern Africa. Frumenta also includes two previously described species from southern United States; the group appears to feed exclusively on Solanum. Photographs and illustrations of F. solanophaga depict the imago, wing venation, intersegmental abdominal lobes of the female, and male and female genitalia. A key to the species of Frumenta is provided. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA, Agr Res Serv,PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Adamski, D (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA, Agr Res Serv,PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 9 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 104 IS 4 BP 1029 EP 1035 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 601GA UT WOS:000178437100020 ER PT J AU Whitt, SR Wilson, LM Tenaillon, MI Gaut, BS Buckler, ES AF Whitt, SR Wilson, LM Tenaillon, MI Gaut, BS Buckler, ES TI Genetic diversity and selection in the maize starch pathway SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID BRANCH CHAIN-LENGTH; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; DOMESTICATION; AMYLOPECTIN; BIOSYNTHESIS; AMYLOSE; GELATINIZATION; POLYMORPHISM; MUTATIONS; SUGARY1 AB Maize is both phenotypically and genetically diverse. Sequence studies generally confirm the extensive genetic variability in modern maize is consistent with a lack of selection. For more than 6,000 years, Native Americans and modern breeders have exploited the tremendous genetic diversity of maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) to create the highest yielding grain crop in the world. Nonetheless, some loci have relatively low levels of genetic variation, particularly loci that have been the target of artificial selection, like cl and tb1. However, there is limited information on how selection may affect an agronomically important pathway for any crop. These pathways may retain the signature of artificial selection and may lack genetic variation in contrast to the rest of the genome. To evaluate the impact of selection across an agronomically important pathway, we surveyed nucleotide diversity at six major genes involved in starch metabolism and found unusually low genetic diversity and strong evidence of selection. Low diversity in these critical genes suggests that a paradigm shift may be required for future maize breeding. Rather than relying solely on the diversity within maize or on transgenics, future maize breeding would perhaps benefit from the incorporation of alleles from maize's wild relatives. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Genet, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Buckler, ES (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Genet, 2523 Gardner Hall, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. OI Buckler, Edward/0000-0002-3100-371X NR 40 TC 171 Z9 187 U1 4 U2 33 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 99 IS 20 BP 12959 EP 12962 DI 10.1073/pnas.202476999 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 600LK UT WOS:000178391700084 PM 12244216 ER PT J AU Paulsen, IT Seshadri, R Nelson, KE Eisen, JA Heidelberg, JF Read, TD Dodson, RJ Umayam, L Brinkac, LM Beanan, MJ Daugherty, SC Deboy, RT Durkin, AS Kolonay, JF Madupu, R Nelson, WC Ayodeji, B Kraul, M Shetty, J Malek, J Van Aken, SE Riedmuller, S Tettelin, H Gill, SR White, O Salzberg, SL Hoover, DL Lindler, LE Halling, SM Boyle, SM Fraser, CM AF Paulsen, IT Seshadri, R Nelson, KE Eisen, JA Heidelberg, JF Read, TD Dodson, RJ Umayam, L Brinkac, LM Beanan, MJ Daugherty, SC Deboy, RT Durkin, AS Kolonay, JF Madupu, R Nelson, WC Ayodeji, B Kraul, M Shetty, J Malek, J Van Aken, SE Riedmuller, S Tettelin, H Gill, SR White, O Salzberg, SL Hoover, DL Lindler, LE Halling, SM Boyle, SM Fraser, CM TI The Brucella suis genome reveals fundamental similarities between animal and plant pathogens and symbionts SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL GENE IDENTIFICATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SEQUENCE; PROTEIN; MACROPHAGES; ABORTUS; UREASE; SURVIVAL; WEAPONS; LOCUS AB The 3.31-Mb genome sequence of the intracellular pathogen and potential bioterrorism agent, Brucella suis, was determined. Comparison of B. suis with Brucella melitensis has defined a finite set of differences that could be responsible for the differences in virulence and host preference between these organisms, and indicates that phage have played a significant role in their divergence. Analysis of the B. suis genome reveals transport and metabolic capabilities akin to soil/plant-associated bacteria. Extensive gene synteny between B. suis chromosome 1 and the genome of the plant symbiont Mesorhizobium loti emphasizes the similarity between this animal pathogen and plant pathogens and symbionts. A limited repertoire of genes homologous to known bacterial virulence factors were identified. C1 Inst Genom Res, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Div Communicable Dis & Immunol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Ctr Mol Med & Infect Dis, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. George Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Microbiol, Washington, DC 20037 USA. George Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Trop Med, Washington, DC 20037 USA. RP Paulsen, IT (reprint author), Inst Genom Res, 9712 Med Ctr Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RI Read, Timothy/E-6240-2011; Paulsen, Ian/K-3832-2012; Nelson, William/E-9263-2016; Salzberg, Steven/F-6162-2011; OI Fraser, Claire/0000-0003-1462-2428; Eisen, Jonathan A./0000-0002-0159-2197; Paulsen, Ian/0000-0001-9015-9418; Nelson, William/0000-0002-1873-3929; Salzberg, Steven/0000-0002-8859-7432; Heidelberg, John/0000-0003-0673-3224 NR 50 TC 321 Z9 917 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 99 IS 20 BP 13148 EP 13153 DI 10.1073/pnas.192319099 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 600LK UT WOS:000178391700117 PM 12271122 ER PT J AU Pechan, T Cohen, A Williams, WP Luthe, DS AF Pechan, T Cohen, A Williams, WP Luthe, DS TI Insect feeding mobilizes a unique plant defense protease that disrupts the peritrophic matrix of caterpillars SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; CHITIN-BINDING PROTEINS; SUSCEPTIBLE CORN; MEMBRANE; GROWTH; RESISTANT; NOCTUIDAE; LARVAE; MAIZE; GENOTYPES AB Plants frequently respond to herbivorous insect attack by synthesizing defense proteins that deter insect feeding and prevent additional herbivory. Maize (Zea mays Q lines, resistant to feeding by a number of lepidopteran species, rapidly mobilize a unique 33-kDa cysteine protease in response to caterpillar feeding. The accumulation of the 33-kDa cysteine protease in the maize mid-whorl was correlated with a significant reduction in caterpillar growth that resulted from impaired nutrient utilization. Black Mexican Sweetcorn callus transformed with mir1, the gene encoding the 33-kDa cysteine protease, expressed the protease and growth of caterpillars reared on the transgenic callus was reduced 60-80%. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the effect of plant material expressing the 33-kDa cysteine protease on the structure of the caterpillar peritrophic matrix. Because the peritrophic matrix surrounds the food bolus, assists in digestive processes, and protects the caterpillar midgut from physical and chemical damage, disruption of peritrophic matrix may reduce caterpillar growth. The results indicated that the peritrophic matrix was severely damaged when caterpillars fed on resistant maize plants or transgenic Black Mexican Sweetcorn. The accumulation of the 33-kDa cysteine protease in response to caterpillar feeding, and its ability to damage the insect peritrophic matrix, represents an unusual host-plant resistance mechanism that may have applications in agricultural biotechnology. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Corn Hosp Plant Resistance Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Luthe, DS (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Corn Hosp Plant Resistance Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 26 TC 117 Z9 124 U1 5 U2 24 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 99 IS 20 BP 13319 EP 13323 DI 10.1073/pnas.202224899 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 600LK UT WOS:000178391700147 PM 12235370 ER PT J AU Hudak, AT Lefsky, MA Cohen, WB Berterretche, M AF Hudak, AT Lefsky, MA Cohen, WB Berterretche, M TI Integration of lidar and Landsat ETM plus data for estimating and mapping forest canopy height SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; STAND CHARACTERISTICS; WESTERN OREGON; AIRBORNE LIDAR; SATELLITE DATA; BASAL AREA; VEGETATION; IMAGERY; BIOMASS; REFLECTANCES AB Light detection and ranging (lidar) data provide accurate measurements of forest canopy structure in the vertical plane; however, current lidar sensors have limited coverage in the horizontal plane. Landsat data provide extensive coverage of generalized forest structural classes in the horizontal plane but are relatively insensitive to variation in forest canopy height. It would, therefore, be desirable to integrate lidar and Landsat data to improve the measurement, mapping, and monitoring of forest structural attributes. We tested five aspatial and spatial methods for predicting canopy height, using an airborne lidar system (Aeroscan) and Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) data: regression, kriging, cokriging, and kriging and cokriging of regression residuals. Our 200-km(2) study area in western Oregon encompassed Oregon State University's McDonald-Dunn Research Forest, which is broadly representative of the age and structural classes common in the region. We sampled a spatially continuous lidar coverage in eight systematic patterns to determine which lidar sampling strategy would optimize lidar-Landsat integration in western Oregon forests: transects sampled at 2000, 1000, 500, and 250 m frequencies, and points sampled at these same spatial frequencies. The aspatial regression model results, regardless of sampling strategy, preserved actual vegetation pattern, but underestimated taller canopies and overestimated shorter canopies. The spatial models, kriging and cokriging, produced less biased results than regression but poorly reproduced vegetation pattern, especially at the sparser (2000 and 1000 m) sampling frequencies. The spatial model predictions were more accurate than the regression model predictions at locations < 200 m from sample locations. Cokriging, using the ETM+ panchromatic band as the secondary variable, proved slightly more accurate than kriging. The integrated models that kriged or cokriged regression residuals were preferable to either the aspatial or spatial models alone because they preserved the vegetation pattern like regression yet improved estimation accuracies above those predicted from the regression models alone. The 250-m point sampling strategy proved most optimal because it oversampled the landscape relative to the geostatistical range of actual spatial variation, as indicated by the sample semivariograms, while making the sample data volume more manageable. We concluded that an integrated modeling strategy is most suitable for estimating and mapping canopy height at locations unsampled by lidar, and that a 250-m discrete point sampling strategy most efficiently samples an intensively managed forested landscape in western Oregon. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hudak, AT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Lefsky, Michael/A-7224-2009 NR 52 TC 169 Z9 178 U1 2 U2 47 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 82 IS 2-3 BP 397 EP 416 AR PII S0034-4257(02)00056-1 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00056-1 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 595TA UT WOS:000178123800019 ER PT J AU Williams, AP Hunt, ER AF Williams, AP Hunt, ER TI Estimation of leafy spurge cover from hyperspectral imagery using mixture tuned matched filtering SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID CLASSIFICATION ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; REMOTE-SENSING DATA; MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES; SPECIES COMPOSITION; CANOPY REFLECTANCE; VEGETATION-COVER; EUPHORBIA-ESULA; MODELS; AVIRIS; FOREST AB Leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L. is an adventive, perennial weed that infests approximately 1.2 million ha of land in North America. It often forms dense stands that displace native vegetation and useful forage plants on rangelands and in riparian habitats. Leafy spurge is a good candidate for detection via remote sensing because the distinctive yellow-green color of its bracts is spectrally unique when compared to co-occurring green vegetation. During 1999, Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) imagery was acquired in northeastern Wyoming and ground cover data were collected. Mixture tuned matched filtering (MTMF), a specialized type of spectral mixture analysis, was used to estimate leafy spurge canopy cover and map leafy spurge distribution. Overall performance of MTMF for estimating percent cover of leafy spurge for all sites was good (r(2) = 0.69) with better performance in prairie areas (r(2) = 0.79) and poorer performance occurring on wooded sites (r(2) = 0.57). However, results demonstrated that in open canopies with leafy spurge in the understory, the spectral signature is sufficiently distinct to be detectable. The techniques presented here could be used for constructing leafy spurge distribution and abundance maps with satellite hyperspectral data for larger regional areas. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Hunt, ER (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, BARC W, Room 104,Bldg 007,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 63 TC 95 Z9 100 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 82 IS 2-3 BP 446 EP 456 AR PII S0034-4257(02)00061-5 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 595TA UT WOS:000178123800022 ER PT J AU McRoberts, RE Nelson, MD Wendt, DG AF McRoberts, RE Nelson, MD Wendt, DG TI Stratified estimation of forest area using satellite imagery, inventory data, and the k-Nearest Neighbors technique SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID LANDSAT TM; VOLUME AB For two large study areas in Minnesota, USA, stratified estimation using classified Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite imagery as the basis for stratification was used to estimate forest area. Measurements of forest inventory plots obtained for a 12-month period in 1998 and 1999 were used as the source of data for within-stratum estimates. These measurements further served as calibration data for a k-Nearest Neighbors technique that was used to predict forest land proportion for image pixels. The continuum of forest land proportion predictions was separated into strata to facilitate stratified estimation. The k-Nearest Neighbors technique is carefully explained, five precautions are noted, and a plea is made for an objective approach to calibrating the technique. The variances of the stratified forest area estimates were smaller by factors as great as 5 than variances of the arithmetic mean calculated under the assumption of simple random sampling. In addition, when including all plots over a 5-year plot measurement cycle, the forest area precision estimates may be expected to satisfy national standards. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP McRoberts, RE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 26 TC 117 Z9 129 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 82 IS 2-3 BP 457 EP 468 AR PII S0034-4257(02)00064-0 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00064-0 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 595TA UT WOS:000178123800023 ER PT J AU Phillips, WA Reuter, RR Brown, MA Fitch, JQ Rao, SR Mayeux, H AF Phillips, WA Reuter, RR Brown, MA Fitch, JQ Rao, SR Mayeux, H TI Growth and performance of lambs fed a finishing diet containing either Alfalfa or Kenaf as the roughage source SO SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Suffolk lambs; growth; alfalfa; Kenaf AB The objective of this research was to compare Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) to Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) as a roughage source in the finishing diets of lambs. Spring-born purebred Suffolk ewe and wether lambs (average body weight, BW = 31.8 kg) were blocked by sex and sire then randomly assigned within block to pens (total of eight pens; four pens per sex). Within sex, pens were then randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments. Replacing Alfalfa hay in the finishing diet of lambs with Kenaf hay had no significant effect on average daily gain (Alfalfa = 200 g; Kenaf = 191 g), average daily feed consumption (Alfalfa = 1706 g; Kenaf = 1646 g), or feed efficiency (Alfalfa = 9.17 kg of feed per kg of gain; Kenaf = 9.41 kg of feed per kg of gain). From these data, we conclude that Kenaf hay can replace Alfalfa hay in the finishing diets of lambs without significantly affecting lamb performance, feed intake, or feed efficiency. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Phillips, WA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4488 J9 SMALL RUMINANT RES JI Small Ruminant Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 46 IS 1 BP 75 EP 79 AR PII S0921-4488(02)00176-1 DI 10.1016/S0921-4488(02)00176-1 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 604DY UT WOS:000178601900011 ER PT J AU Bright, AD Barro, SC Burtz, RT AF Bright, AD Barro, SC Burtz, RT TI Public attitudes toward ecological restoration in the Chicago Metropolitan Region SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE affective factors; attitudes; attitude direction; behavioral factors; cognitive factors; ecological restoration; issue importance; knowledge; value orientations ID WOLF AB We examined the relationship between attitudes toward urban ecological restoration and cognitive (perceived outcomes, value orientation, and objective knowledge), affective (emotional responses), and behavioral factors using residents of the Chicago Metropolitan Region. Positive and negative attitudes were both related to perceived outcomes of ecological restoration. In addition, positive attitudes were related to values while negative attitudes were related to emotions. Attitudes of high and low importance groups were connected to perceived outcomes of ecological restoration; however, attitudes of the high importance group were also related to values, emotions, and behavior. Positive and negative attitude groups differed on perceived outcomes, basic beliefs, knowledge, and behavior. Implications lie in understanding of complex attitudes toward natural resource issues and improved communication efforts to influence or educate the public. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Recreat & Tourism, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Recreat Pk & Tourism Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Bright, AD (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Recreat & Tourism, 241 Forestry Bldg, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 36 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 15 IS 9 BP 763 EP 785 DI 10.1080/08941920290069344 PG 23 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA 600QX UT WOS:000178403500001 ER PT J AU Martens, DA Loeffelmann, KL AF Martens, DA Loeffelmann, KL TI Improved accounting of carbohydrate carbon from plants and soils SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE carbohydrates; monosaccharides; cellulose; ion chromatography; plant and soil carbon ID SACCHARIDES; POLYMERS AB Soils have a great potential to accumulate carbon from atmospheric sources, but we possess few quantitative tools to predict and understand the conversion of C from plant sources into stable soil organic matter. Evaluation of present methods used for analyzing the major form of carbon present in plants, carbohydrates, found that development of 'total carbohydrate' methods were originally based on colorimetric or gravimetric tests whose accuracy is questionable. Use of ion chromatography found that total carbohydrate extraction and hydrolysis methods based on previously published H2SO4 solublization and hydrolysis techniques released from pure cellulose as little as 0.4% and a maximum of 22% of the glucose equivalents due to a failure to solublize the substrate. Optimum solublization conditions with concentrated H2SO4 (18 M) for 15-30 min followed by autoclave hydrolysis (1 - 1.5 M H2SO4) resulted in 82-97% recovery of purified cellulose-glucose and accounted for a major portion of the plant glucose that was not released by previously published methods. Application of this methodology to soils resulted in additional release of glucose equivalents if the hemicellulose fraction was first extracted with 1.0 M H2SO4 (30 min autoclave digestion). Prolonged hydrolysis times (16 h) recommended by previous methodology resulted in increased formation of carbohydrate degradation products as furan derivatives. Use of improved solublization procedures with autoclave hydrolysis (30 min) accounted for up to 99% of the theoretical carbohydrate content from plant biomass and recovered an additional 2.5-3.5 times of soil carbon content as carbohydrate forms while minimizing formation of furan derivatives. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85718 USA. RP Martens, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85718 USA. NR 15 TC 41 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 61 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 34 IS 10 BP 1393 EP 1399 AR PII S0038-0717(02)00082-2 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00082-2 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 609HM UT WOS:000178897600001 ER PT J AU Leytem, AB Mikkelsen, RL Gilliam, JW AF Leytem, AB Mikkelsen, RL Gilliam, JW TI Sorption of organic phosphorus compounds in Atlantic coastal plain soils SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adenosine 5 '-triphosphate (ATP); adenosine 5 '-diphosphate (ADP); adenosine 5 '-monophosphate (AMP); inositol hexaphosphate (IHP); KH2PO4 ID PHOSPHATE SORPTION; AMENDMENTS; DYNAMICS; MANURE AB Organic phosphorus (P) can comprise a significant amount of the total P in animal wastes, yet there is little information on the potential for organic P to be transferred from soils to watercourses. We examined the adsorption of organic P compounds to soils typical of the southeastern United States, i.e., Blanton Sand (loamy, siliceous, thermic, Grossarenic Paleudult), Cecil sandy clay loam (fine, kaolinitic, thermic, Typic Kanhapludult), and a Belhaven sandy loam (loamy, mixed, dysic, thermic, Terric Medisaprist). The behavior of four organic P compounds was studied: adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), and inositol hexaphosphate (IHP); while KH2PO4 (ortho-P) was used as an inorganic reference. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effects of concentration (0-130 mug P mL(-1)), pH (4.6-7.6), and soil properties on P adsorption. All the organic P compounds had greater adsorption than KH2PO4 on the Blanton and Cecil soils at all concentrations and ranges of pH. In the Belhaven soil, IHP had the greatest sorption followed by KH2PO4 and the nucleotides (ATP, ADP, and AMP, respectively). Adsorption of organic P was positively correlated with soil organic matter and Fe and Al contents. The greater sorption of some organic P compounds over that of ortho-P suggests that these compounds may pose less of a threat to water quality, although this preferential sorption may increase soluble P in situations where there is displacement of ortho-P by organic P added in manures. C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Leytem, AB (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3900 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 27 TC 65 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 13 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 167 IS 10 BP 652 EP 658 DI 10.1097/01.ss0000034854.98442.39 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 605UH UT WOS:000178695100003 ER PT J AU Busscher, WJ Bauer, PJ Frederick, JR AF Busscher, WJ Bauer, PJ Frederick, JR TI Recompaction of a coastal loamy sand after deep tillage as a function of subsequent cumulative rainfall SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE recompaction; deep tillage; rainfall; subsoil hardpan; coastal plain; loamy sand; penetration resistance ID IRRIGATED COTTON; SOIL STRENGTH; CONE INDEX; PLAIN SOIL; YIELD; COMPACTION; MANAGEMENT; SYSTEMS; WHEAT; FIELD AB For many coastal plain soils in the southeastern USA, high soil strength within subsurface horizons requires that deep tillage be performed to provide a suitable rooting environment for row crops such as maize (Zea mays L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). We hypothesized that water filtering through the soil was recompacting it and that recompaction could be correlated with cumulative amount of rainfall since tillage. We measured cone indices in a structureless, fine loamy Acrisol near Florence, South Carolina, from 7 days to about 6 years after treatments were deep tilled. Measurements were made to a depth of 0.55 m at the point of maximum disruption of a bent-leg subsoiler (Paratill((R))) that tilled to a depth of 0.35-0.40 m. Regressions of cone indices with cumulative rainfall explained 67-91% of the recompaction and indicated that water filtering through the soil was causing the recompaction. Recompaction was slow, still taking place 6 years after tillage (the end of the experiment) probably because of controlled traffic or excessive disruption by the paratill. Recompaction was also temporarily greater for the 0.1-0.2 m depths when compared with that in the 0.25-0.35 m depths indicating that it was moving down the profile. Recompaction in other climates may be faster or slower depending on their cumulative rainfall relative to an annual amount of 900-1350 mm per year for this study and recompaction for structured soils may be faster or slower depending on whether the structure is stable or not. Though recompaction in this study was slow, tillage may still be necessary annually or seasonally because yield can be reduced even by incomplete recompaction that increases soil strength after a year or less. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. Clemson Univ, Pee Dee Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Busscher, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 27 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 68 IS 1 BP 49 EP 57 AR PII S0167-1987(02)00083-1 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00083-1 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 606RQ UT WOS:000178747300006 ER PT J AU Shaw, JN Truman, CC Reeves, DW AF Shaw, JN Truman, CC Reeves, DW TI Mineralogy of eroded sediments derived from highly weathered Ultisols of central Alabama SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE water dispersible clay (WDC); conservation tillage; clay mineralogy; erodibility; Ultisols; Alabama ID KAOLINITIC SOIL CLAYS; ORGANIC-MATTER; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; IRON-OXIDES; FLOCCULATION; SIZE; DISPERSIBILITY; INFILTRATION; ERODIBILITY; STABILITY AB Coarse-textured surface horizons are common in highly weathered southeastern US coastal plain soils. These soils have historically been managed under conventional tillage practices, but conservation tillage management practices are increasing. Although clay (<2 mum) contents are low in these surface horizons (typically < 100 g kg(-1)), the reactive nature of this fraction tends to play a dominant role in colloidal facilitated pollutant transport. Studies have suggested that enrichment of certain minerals occurs in transported sediments, thus, we evaluated sediment size and the mineralogical partitioning of clay minerals of soil versus runoff sediment under simulated rainfall. In addition, because water dispersible clay (WDC) has been shown to be correlated with soil erodibility, we evaluated WDC differences as a function of tillage practices. Plots were established at a site in the upper coastal plain of central Alabama, where soils classified as coarse-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Plinthic Paleudults and Typic Hapludults (FAO-Acrisols). Surface tillage treatments were established in 1988, and included conventional tillage (CT) versus no surface tillage (NT) treatments, with crop residue remaining or removed, and with or without paratilling (non-inversion subsoiling). Within these plots, simulated rainfall (target intensity = 50 turn h(-1) for 2 h) was applied to replicated 1 m x 1 m areas, and runoff and sediment were collected. Mineralogical analyses of soils and sediment were conducted using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. WDC quantities were highly correlated with percent soil organic carbon (SOC) (r(2) = 0.76), which was a function of tillage treatment. Although no differences in the mineralogy of the <2 mum sediment were observed between tillage treatments, runoff sediments (<2 mum) were enriched in quartz (qtz) and relatively depleted with kaolinite compared to in situ soils. These findings will facilitate development of mechanistic models that predict sediment attached losses of nutrients and pesticides. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. USDA ARS, SE Watershed Lab, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. RP Shaw, JN (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, 202 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. EM jnshaw@acesag.auburn.edu NR 35 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 68 IS 1 BP 59 EP 69 AR PII S0167-1987(02)00081-8 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(02)00081-8 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 606RQ UT WOS:000178747300007 ER PT J AU Ziemer, CJ Sharp, R Stern, MD Cotta, MA Whitehead, TR Stahl, DA AF Ziemer, CJ Sharp, R Stern, MD Cotta, MA Whitehead, TR Stahl, DA TI Persistence and functional impact of a microbial inoculant on native microbial community structure, nutrient digestion and fermentation characteristics in a rumen model SO SYSTEMATIC AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rumen; fiber digestion; genetically modified organism; anaerobic bacteria; rRNA-targeted; oligonucleotide probes ID BACTEROIDES-THETAIOTAOMICRON; RUMINAL BACTERIA; HYBRIDIZATION PROBES; POPULATIONS; POLYSACCHARIDES AB Small sub-unit (SSU) rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes were used to monitor the persistence of a genetically engineered bacterium inoculated in model rumens. Eight dual flow continuous culture fermenters were operated with either standard artificial saliva buffer or buffer with chondroitin sulfate (0.5 g/l) added. After 168 h of operation, fermenters were inoculated with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron BTX (BTX), at approximately 1% of total bacteria. B. thetaiotaomicron was quantified using a species-specific probe and shown to persist in fermenters 144 h after inoculation (relative abundance 0.48% and 1.42% of total SSU rRNA with standard and chondroitin sulfate buffers, respectively). No B. thetaiotaomicron SSU rRNA was detected in fermenter samples prior to inoculation with strain BTX. Relative abundances of Bacteria, Eucarya and Archaea were not affected by either inoculation or buffer type. Fiber digestion, in particular the hemicellulose fraction, increased after strain BTX addition. Chondroitin sulfate addition to the buffer increased bacterial nitrogen flow in fermenters, but did not alter fiber digestion. Neither inoculum nor buffer type altered total short chain fatty acid (VFA) concentrations but proportions of individual VFA differed. In model rumens, B. thetaiotaomicron BTX increased fiber digestion when added to mixed ruminal microbes, independent of chondroitin sulfate addition; but further study is needed to determine effects on other fiber-digesting bacteria. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, FBR, Fermentat Biochem Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Anim Sci, Minneapolis, MN USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Evanston, IL USA. RP Cotta, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, FBR, Fermentat Biochem Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009; OI Cotta, Michael/0000-0003-4565-7754 NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0723-2020 J9 SYST APPL MICROBIOL JI Syst. Appl. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 25 IS 3 BP 416 EP 422 DI 10.1078/0723-2020-00125 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 608UR UT WOS:000178865500011 PM 12421079 ER PT J AU Foulk, JA McAlister, DD AF Foulk, JA McAlister, DD TI Single cotton fiber properties of low, ideal, and high micronaire values SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The Favimat, a single fiber testing machine, is used to quantify the affects of cotton crimp on fibers from three samples consisting of cottons containing low, high, and ideal micronaire values for textile processing. In order to get a better representation of all fibers within these samples, the cotton is further divided into the Suter-Webb array length groups. Following cotton crimp image capturing, fiber fineness is determined by the vibroscope method. The mean values for these samples indicate that cotton containing more crimp in the fibers leads to larger elongation, force to break, linear density, tenacity, and work to rupture. The seven length groups from these cottons indicate that longer cotton fibers appear to contain more crimps per cm. The results suggest that the Favimat is satisfactory for measuring current and future cotton properties. C1 USDA ARS, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. RP Foulk, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cotton Qual Res Stn, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. NR 43 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 72 IS 10 BP 885 EP 891 DI 10.1177/004051750207201006 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 603WX UT WOS:000178585200006 ER PT J AU Cardamone, JM Damert, WC Phillips, JG Marmer, WN AF Cardamone, JM Damert, WC Phillips, JG Marmer, WN TI Digital image analysis for fabric assessment SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CARPET APPEARANCE; DEFECTS AB Conventional methods of fabric inspection are tedious and require close association. In this work, digital image analysis for fabric assessment (DIAFA) is applied to modem and historic fabrics. Fabric images are divided into arrays of pixels with peak intensities distributed over gray scale ranges (histograms) and along constructed lines (line profiles). Fabric cover is measured by segmenting a histogram's B/W pixels, yarn spacing, and yam thickness from moving point averages by calculating the breadth of a peak corresponding to an individual yam at half the maximum peak height for a given line profile. The results show very good agreement with known values (r = 0.919, n = 30, p < 0.01). Fourier power spectra provide facile measurements of yam parameters in close agreement with the results from line profiling. With DIAFA, a small tool kit is developed to assist in the objective analysis of the structural integrity of fabrics in the museum environment, and it could be very useful in advancing automated fabric inspection. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Cardamone, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 17 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 72 IS 10 BP 906 EP 916 DI 10.1177/004051750207201009 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 603WX UT WOS:000178585200009 ER PT J AU Cousins, P Walker, MA AF Cousins, P Walker, MA TI Genetics of resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in crosses of grape rootstocks SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Vitis species; Meloidogyne incognita; inheritance; nematode resistance AB Progeny testing was used to investigate the value of selected grape varieties as parents in breeding nematode-resistant rootstocks. Six pistillate-flowered rootstocks (Ramsey, Dog Ridge, Harmony, Freedom, 1613C, and 161-49C) and four staminate-flowered rootstocks (Riparia Gloire, 3309C, 1616C, and St. George) were used. Each male was crossed to each female. Six weeks after inoculation with 1,500 second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita race 3, roots were stained in an aqueous solution of eosin-Y (0.25 gm/l for 1 h). Seedling resistance was measured by counting the number of stained nematode egg masses visible per root system. Nematode reproduction on each cross was calculated as the average number of egg masses on ten seedlings per replicate. The females Harmony and Freedom produced the greatest level of resistance in their seedlings across all male parents. Seedlings of Dog Ridge, Ramsey, and 1613C had intermediate levels of resistance, while seedlings of 161-49C were the least resistant. The male 1616C contributed the greatest resistance to its progeny, while seedlings from crosses with the males Riparia Gloire, 3309C, and St. George had lower levels of resistance. Segregation ratios of resistant and susceptible seedlings are consistent with a single dominant allele model for root-knot nematode resistance. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Viticulture & Enol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Cornell Univ, New York State Agr Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Unit, Geneva, NY 14456 USA. RP Cousins, P (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Viticulture & Enol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 19 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 105 IS 5 BP 802 EP 807 DI 10.1007/s00122-002-0977-2 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 610ZV UT WOS:000178992700020 ER PT J AU Collmer, A Lindeberg, M Petnicki-Ocwieja, T Schneider, DJ Alfano, JR AF Collmer, A Lindeberg, M Petnicki-Ocwieja, T Schneider, DJ Alfano, JR TI Genomic mining type III secretion system effectors in Pseudomonas syringae yields new picks for all TTSS prospectors SO TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID ALTERNATE SIGMA-FACTOR; PV TOMATO; HYPERSENSITIVE RESPONSE; PROTEIN SECRETION; AVIRULENCE GENE; PATHOGENICITY ISLAND; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; AVR PROTEINS; HRP; PLANT AB Many bacterial pathogens of plants and animals use a type III secretion system (TTSS) to deliver virulence effector proteins into host cells. Because effectors are heterogeneous in sequence and function, there has not been a systematic way to identify the genes encoding them in pathogen genomes, and our current inventories are probably incomplete. A pre-closure draft sequence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, a pathogen of tomato and Arabidopsis, has recently supported five complementary studies which, collectively, identify 36 TTSS-secreted proteins and many more candidate effectors in this strain. These studies demonstrate the advantages of combining experimental and computational approaches, and they yield new insights into TTSS effectors and virulence regulation in P. syringae, potential effector targeting signals in all TTSS-dependent pathogens, and strategies for finding TTSS effectors in other bacteria that have sequenced genomes. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Cornell Univ, Cornell Theory Ctr, USDA ARS, Ctr Agr Bioinformat, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Nebraska, Plant Sci Initiat, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RP Collmer, A (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. RI Schneider, David/H-2236-2012; Alfano, James/A-7430-2010 OI Schneider, David/0000-0002-2124-8385; NR 69 TC 161 Z9 170 U1 6 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0966-842X J9 TRENDS MICROBIOL JI Trends Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 10 IS 10 BP 462 EP 469 AR PII S0966-842X(02)02451-4 DI 10.1016/S0966-842X(02)02451-4 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 601WN UT WOS:000178471900009 PM 12377556 ER PT J AU Campagnolo, ER Kasten, S Banerjee, M AF Campagnolo, ER Kasten, S Banerjee, M TI Accidental ammonia exposure to county fair show livestock due to contaminated drinking water SO VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXICOSIS; NITRATE AB Nitrogen based fertilizers represent an important element in the farm economy, but their storage and use are associated with major risks to livestock and humans. An accidental ammonia exposure occurred at a Midwest county fair in Illinois. Six deaths occurred in show livestock: a Holstein cow, 3 Holstein heifers, a goat, and a lamb. Mortality was associated with consumption of water inadvertently contaminated with a liquid fertilizer containing ammonium nitrate and urea commons used for irrigating agricultural crop fields and brought onto the fairgrounds by a tanker truck previous used to transport liquid fertilizer. The show animals that drank the contaminated water immediately became ill, developed seizures and died within a few hours. Postmortem findings were unremarkable to nonspecific, Rumen contents from the lamb, Holstein cow, and Holstein heifer had ammonia-nitrogen concentrations of 1,000, 1,150 and 1,440 ppm, respective. Water from the heifer's water bucket, the cow's water bucket, and the tanker truck, had nitrate levels of 6,336, 6,116, and 6,248 ppm, respectively. The ammonia toxicosis was attributed to the contaminated water brought onto the fairgrounds by the tanker truck that previous transported liquid ammonium nitrate and urea. This accident underscores the importance of meticulous observation of safety guidelines and measured working practices in agriculture and animal husbandry. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Springfield, IL 62704 USA. Illinois Dept Agr, Anim Dis Lab, Centralia, IL 62801 USA. RP Campagnolo, ER (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, 2815 Old Jacksonville Rd,Suite 104, Springfield, IL 62704 USA. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY LAB PI MANHATTAN PA KANSAS STATE UNIV, MANHATTAN, KS 66506-5606 USA SN 0145-6296 J9 VET HUM TOXICOL JI Vet. Human Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 44 IS 5 BP 282 EP 285 PG 4 WC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences SC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences GA 599CF UT WOS:000178316000009 PM 12361112 ER PT J AU Llewellyn, ZN Salman, MD Pauszek, S Rodriguez, LL AF Llewellyn, ZN Salman, MD Pauszek, S Rodriguez, LL TI Growth and molecular evolution of vesicular stomatitis serotype New Jersey in cells derived from its natural insect-host: evidence for natural adaptation SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE vesicular stomatitis virus; evolution; insect cells; natural adaptation ID VIRUS NEW-JERSEY; REPLICATION; RNA; PSYCHODIDAE; DIPTERA; FITNESS AB in this study we evaluated the growth and molecular evolution of a natural isolate of VSV-NJ (89GAS) from sand flies in cells derived from sand flies (LL5), mosquitoes (C6/36) or hamsters (BHK21). Two VSV-NJ natural isolates of mammalian origin were used for comparison. For each virus we measured: (i) ability to grow in one-step growth curve or after serial passage on each cell type; (ii) ability to induce persistent infection, and (iii) genetic stability of the glycoprotein gene (G) after serial passage in each cell type. Sand fly virus 89GAS grew to higher titers in insect cells compared with viruses of mammalian origin and showed increasing titers with each passage only in C6/36 cells. All viruses established productive persistent infections in both mosquito and sand fly cells but only LL5 cells yielded sustained high virus titers for periods of up to 81 days. Analyses of the consensus sequences of the G gene from each virus after 0, 10 or up to 25 passages in each cell line showed nucleotide Substitution rates between 1.39 X 10(-4) and 6.95 X 10(-5). The majority of these changes were non-synonymous, suggesting positive selection. We did not detect increased nucleotide substitution rates on the G gene of 89GAS after passage in cell lines of mosquito or mammalian origin, nor in viruses of mammalian origin after passage in insect cells. This indicates that although VSV G is positively selected in vitro by the insect cell environment, this does not fully explain VSV natural adaptation. This is the first evidence of naturally occurring adaptation of VSV to cells derived from its natural host. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Ctr Vet Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Anim Dis Surveillance Syst, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Rodriguez, LL (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Ctr Vet Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 89 IS 1 BP 65 EP 73 AR PII S0168-1702(02)00113-2 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(02)00113-2 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 635HK UT WOS:000180393300005 PM 12367751 ER PT J AU Edwards, PJ Kochenderfer, JN Coble, DW Adams, MB AF Edwards, PJ Kochenderfer, JN Coble, DW Adams, MB TI Soil leachate responses during 10 years of induced whole-watershed acidification SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE atmospheric deposition; charge pairing; leaching; lysimeters; soil solution chemistry ID EPISODIC ACIDIFICATION; NITROGEN DEPOSITION; ACIDIC DEPOSITION; DECIDUOUS FOREST; SULFATE; VEGETATION; STREAMS; MAINE; USA; PENNSYLVANIA AB Soil solution was collected from zero-tension lysimeters for 10 yr on two small central Appalachian watersheds in West Virginia, U.S.A. Ammonium sulfate fertilizer was applied to one catchment 3 times per year during each year. The other watershed was used as a reference to account for ambient baseline conditions. Ca and Mg concentrations collected below the A- and B-horizons of the treated watershed increased and then decreased over time as a result of the treatment. By contrast, Ca and Mg concentrations in the C-horizon continued to increase throughout the study period. The depletion in Ca and Mg that occurred in the upper levels apparently occurred due to charge pairing and leaching of those base cations with NO3 and SO4. The progressively greater amounts of Ca and Mg carried through the soil with these acid anions provided their continued increasing concentrations in the C-horizon. NO3 concentrations increased progressively with depth due to both the assimilation of NO3 by vegetation and microorganisms in the upper soil layers and leaching of NO3 into deeper soils by mesopore flow. NO3 became a more important ion over time with respect to pairing and leaching with base cations because its concentrations continued to increase in all soil layers, whereas SO4 became retained in all soil layers after after several years of treatment, presumably induced by adsorption from increasing SO3 concentrations. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. Stephen F Austin State Univ, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. RP Edwards, PJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. NR 51 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 140 IS 1-4 BP 99 EP 118 DI 10.1023/A:1020181800320 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 590TR UT WOS:000177838900006 ER PT J AU Collins, RT Helling, CS AF Collins, RT Helling, CS TI Surfactant-enhanced control of two Erythroxylum species by glyphosate SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adjuvants; coca control; herbicide carrier system; herbicide efficacy; narcotic plants; surfactants ID F-SP ERYTHROXYLI; COCA VAR. COCA; FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM; E-NOVOGRANATENSE; TRANSLOCATION; ABSORPTION; FORMULATION; BIOCONTROL; FLAVONOIDS; MARKERS AB Glyphosate is the only herbicide used for controlling illicit coca (Erythroxylum coca and E. novogranatense), a source of cocaine. Because commercially available formulations of glyphosate were inconsistent in controlling coca, research was conducted in a large-scale aerial eradication program, greenhouse (in Maryland) and field (Hawaii), to develop more effective control systems. Sixteen surfactants (cationic, nonionic, or mixed) were tested with two commercial glyphosate herbicide formulations, in aqueous or oil-based carrier systems, for coca control. Ultimately, two glyphosate-surfactant systems (COC/OSI-U [a mixture of crop-oil concentrate, Agri-Dex((R)) and organosilicone, Silwet L-77((R))] and CAT/ANA [cationic surfactant/anionic surfactant, Optima((R))]) were found that increased glyphosate phytotoxicity fourfold: 1.1 kg ae/ha of glyphosate + surfactant was equivalent to 4.4 kg ae/ha glyphosate without added surfactant, for both species. In consequence, the glyphosate mixture used in Colombia for coca eradication was modified with substantially improved results. C1 USDA ARS, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Helling, CS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Alternate Crops & Syst Lab, BARC W, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 BP 851 EP 859 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0851:SECOTE]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 624WL UT WOS:000179784600024 ER PT J AU Johnson, WC Mullinix, BG AF Johnson, WC Mullinix, BG TI Weed management in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and cantaloupe (Cucumis melo) transplanted on polyethylene-covered seedbeds SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alternatives to methyl bromide; fumigation; halosulfuron; metham; plasticulture ID METHYL-BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES; ETHALFLURALIN; TOBACCO AB Studies were conducted from 1998 to 2001 in Tifton, GA, on weed management systems in transplanted cantaloupe and watermelon grown on polyethylene-covered seedbeds. Soil fumigants were metham (748 L/ha) and a nonfumigated control. All metham applications were sprayed in a 61-cm band and incorporated with a modified power tiller. Herbicide treatments were ethalfluralin (0.8 kg ai/ha) premergence (PRE), ethalfluralin plus halosulfuron (36 g ai/ha) PRE, ethalfluralin PRE followed by glyphosate (1.1 kg ai/ha) postemergence POST-SHIELDED, ethalfluralin plus halosulfuron PRE followed by glyphosate POST-SHIELDED, and a nontreated control. Premergence herbicides were directed to row middles not covered in polyethylene, without contacting the transplants. Glyphosate was applied to row middles using a hooded sprayer, just before vine running. Overall weed control was not improved with soil fumigation in either cantaloupe or watermelon, and there was no yield response in either crop. There may be minimal benefit in transplanted cantaloupe and watermelon on polyethylene-covered seedbeds from preplant soil fumigation for weed control, in the absence of other pests. Herbicide systems that included halosulfuron PRE or glyphosate applied POST-SHIELDED improved control of yellow nutsedge compared with ethalfluralin alone. Control of Texas panicum, southern crabgrass, Florida pusley, and smooth pigweed was not improved by halosulfuron or glyphosate. Polyethylene-covered seedbeds provide a mechanical barrier to weed infestation for many species. Integration of these weed control practices gives cantaloupe and watermelon growers effective options for weed management, particularly for a troublesome species such as yellow nutsedge. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Mullinix, BG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 BP 860 EP 866 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0860:WMIWCL]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 624WL UT WOS:000179784600025 ER PT J AU Koger, CH Stritzke, JE Cummings, DC AF Koger, CH Stritzke, JE Cummings, DC TI Control of sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) with triclopyr, fluroxypyr, and metsulfuron SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pasture; tallgrass prairie AB Sericea lespedeza is an invasive weed in the tallgrass prairies of the Southern Great Plains. Field experiments were initiated in 1995 at three locations in central Oklahoma to evaluate control of sericea lespedeza for several years after treatment with herbicide. Herbicide treatments included triclopyr at 560 and 840 g ae/ha, fluroxypyr at 210 and 560 g ae/ha, and metsulfuron at 13 and 21 g ai/ha applied at simple-stem (SS), branched-stem (BS), and flowering (FL) growth stages of sericea lespedeza. At all three locations, applications of triclopyr and fluroxypyr at the BS growth stage resulted in less than 4% of the pretreatment sericea lespedeza stem density remaining in the first growing season after treatment (GSAT). Metsulfuron applied at the FL growth stage resulted in 0 to 9% of the pretreatment stem density remaining in the first GSAT. Regardless of rate, triclopyr and fluroxypyr applied at the BS growth stage provided the most consistent long-term control of sericea lespedeza. Percentage of pretreatment stem density remaining with these treatments was 0 to 20% at two locations in the third GSAT, and 4 to 15% at one location in the fifth GSAT. Aboveground biomass yields of desirable grasses (bermudagrass, indiangrass, and little bluestem) at two locations were greater than that of the untreated check in the second and third GSAT in all herbicide treatments. But biomass yield of bermudagrass did not increase when sericea lespedeza was controlled at the location with eroded soil conditions. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Oklahoma Agr Expt Stn, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Cummings, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, 141 Expt Stn Rd,POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 4 U2 11 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 BP 893 EP 900 DI 10.1614/0890-037X(2002)016[0893:COSLLC]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 624WL UT WOS:000179784600030 ER PT J AU Gebert, KM Schuster, EG AF Gebert, KM Schuster, EG TI An analysis of "24-hour pay" for forest fire suppression personnel SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE firefighter pay; pay systems; forest fire suppression AB This study estimates the overall percentage difference in total personnel compensation between the current pay system for forest fire suppression and a system of 24-hour pay, where employees are paid their regular rate of pay for 24 hours per day while on fire duty. Using a random sample of USDA Forest Service employees, divided among fire types, pay grades, and job types, we simulated the effect of 24-hour pay by recalculating pay from actualpay records. We also investigated how changes in shift length (the number of hours worked in a 24-hour period) and hazard pay rates would affect compensation and how changing the pay system would affect different types of employees. Findings show that changing to a system of 24-hour pay would result in a substantial increase in salary costs. Restricting shift length to 12 or 14 hours further increases salary costs under 24-hour pay, as does the addition of hazard pay. In addition, increased employee compensation under 24-hour pay is unevenly distributed among job categories and pay grades. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Gebert, KM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0885-6095 J9 WEST J APPL FOR JI West. J. Appl. For. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 BP 183 EP 188 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 600MU UT WOS:000178395300002 ER PT J AU Azuma, DL Bednar, L AF Azuma, DL Bednar, L TI A method for evaluating fixed-radius plot size when sampling western juniper seedlings and saplings SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE western juniper; sampling; seedling; sapling; forest inventory AB This note outlines a method for evaluating plot size selection for an inventory of western juniper woodlands in eastern Oregon. The Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program of the USDA Forest Service in Portland, Oregon, used this method to evaluate several plot sizes to measure seedlings and saplings in the 1998 inventory of eastem Oregon. By choosing a 5 m radius plot, the probability of tallying no seedlings or saplings on four subplots is less than 10% for the three sample densities (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 trees/m(2)) used. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Azuma, DL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0885-6095 J9 WEST J APPL FOR JI West. J. Appl. For. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 BP 207 EP 208 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 600MU UT WOS:000178395300006 ER PT J AU Forsman, ED Anthony, RG Reid, JA Loschl, PJ Sovern, SG Taylor, M Biswell, BL Ellingson, A Meslow, EC Miller, GS Swindle, KA Thrailkill, JA Wagner, FF Seaman, DE AF Forsman, ED Anthony, RG Reid, JA Loschl, PJ Sovern, SG Taylor, M Biswell, BL Ellingson, A Meslow, EC Miller, GS Swindle, KA Thrailkill, JA Wagner, FF Seaman, DE TI Natal and breeding dispersal of northern spotted owls SO WILDLIFE MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Review DE banding; dispersal; inbreeding; mortality; northern spotted owl; Oregon; predation; radiotelemetry; Strix occidentalis caurina; Washington ID GREAT HORNED OWLS; STRIX-OCCIDENTALIS-CAURINA; INBREEDING AVOIDANCE; TENGMALMS OWL; TERRITORY QUALITY; POPULATION FLUCTUATIONS; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; HABITAT SELECTION; AEGOLIUS-FUNEREUS; ACORN WOODPECKER AB We studied the dispersal behavior of 1,475 northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) during banding and radio-telemetry studies in Oregon and Washington in 1985-1996. The sample included 324 radio-marked juveniles and 1,151 banded individuals (711 juveniles, 440 non-juveniles) that were recaptured or resighted after dispersing from file initial banding location. Juveniles typically left the nest during the last week in May and the first two weeks in June ((x) over bar +/- SE = 8 June +/- 0,53 days, n = 320, range = 15 May-1 July). and spent an average of 103.7 days in the natal territory after leaving the nest (SE = 0.986 days, n = 137, range = 76-147 days). The estimated mean date that juveniles began to disperse was 19 September in Oregon (95% CI = 17-21 September) and 30 September in Washington (95% CI = 25 September-4 October). Mean dispersal dates did not differ between males and females or among years. Siblings dispersed independently. Dispersal was typically initiated with a series of rapid movements away from the natal site during file first few days or weeks of dispersal, Thereafter, most juveniles settled into temporary home ranges in late October or November and remained there for several months, In February-April there was a second pulse of dispersal activity, with many owls moving considerable distances before Scaling again in their second summer, Subsequent dispersal patterns were highly variable, with Some individuals settling permanently in their second summer and others occupying a series of temporary home ranges before eventually settling on territories,when they were 2-5 years old. Final dispersal distances ranged from 0.6-111.2 km for handed juveniles arid 1,8-103.5 km for radio-marked juveniles. The distribution of dispersal distances was strongly skewed towards shorter distances, with only 8.7% of individuals dispersing more than 50 km. Median natal dispersal distances were 14,6 kin for banded malus. 13.5 kill for radio-marked males, 24.5 km for banded females, and 22.9 km for radio-marked females. On average, banded males and females Settled within 4.2 and 7.0 territory widths of their natal sites, respectively. Maximum and final dispersal distances were largely independent of the number of days that juveniles were tracked, Although statistical tests of dispersal direction based on all owls indicated that direction of natal dispersal was non-random, the mean angular deviations and 95% CI's associated with the samples were large, and r-values (vector length) were small. This lead us to conclude that significant test results were the result of large sample size and were not biologically meaningful. Our samples were not large enough to test whether dispersal direction from individual territories was random. In the sample of radio-marked owls, 22% of males and 44% of females were paired at I year of age, but only 1.5% of males arid 1.6% of females were actually breeding at I year of age. At 2 years of age, 68% of males and 77% of females were paired. but only 5.4% of males and 2.6% of females were breeding. In contrast to the radio-marked owls, most juveniles that were banded and relocated at I or 2 scars of age were paired, although few were breeding. Although recruitment into the territorial population typically occurred when owls were 1-5 years old, 9% of handed juveniles were not recaptured until they were >5 years old. We suspect that our estimates of age at recruitment of banded owls are biased high because of the likelihood that some individuals were not recaptured in the first year that they entered the territorial population. A minimum of 6% of the banded, non-juvenile owls on our demographic study areas changed territories each year (breeding dispersal), The likelihood of breeding dispersal was higher for females, young owls, owls that did not have a mate in the previous year, and owls that lost their Mate from the previous year through death or divorce. Mean and median distances dispersed by adults were shorter than for juveniles and did not differ between the sexes or study areas ((x) over bar = 6.1 km median = 15 km). Owls that were 1-2 years old tended to disperse father than owls that were >2 years old, The direction of post-natal dispersal did not differ from random. The large nonforested valleys of western Oregon (Willamette, Umpqua, Rogue Valleys) acted as barriers to dispersal between the Coast Ranges and the Cascade Mountains. However, dispersal did occur between the Coast Ranges and Cascade Mountains in the forested foothills be between the non-forested valleys. Forest landscapes traversed by dispersing owls typically included a fragmented mosaic of roads, clear-cuts, non-forest areas, and a variety of forest age classes ranging from young forests on cutower areas, to old-growth forests greater than or equal to250 years old. Our data fit the general pattern observed in birds in that females dispersed farther than males and dispersal distances were negatively skewed towards short distance dispersers. Comparison of data from radio-marked arid banded owls demonstrated that the negatively skewed distribution of dispersal distances represented the actual distribution of dispersal distances, arid was not the result of small study area bias on recaptures. We found no correlation between dispersal distance and age at first breeding, which suggests that reproductive fitness is not affected by dispersal distance. We observed only 3 cases of close inbreeding (parent-offspring or sibling pairs) in thousands of pairs of spotted owls, suggesting that dispersal results in a very low incidence of close inbreeding in the spotted owl. However, Inbreeding with more distant relatives was common. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Forestry Sci Lab, Roseburg Field Stn, Roseburg, OR 97470 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Forestry Sci Lab, Cle Elum Field Stn, Cle Elum, WA 98922 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Forestry Sci Lab, Olympia, WA 98502 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Olympic Field Stn, Port Angeles, WA 98362 USA. RP Forsman, ED (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 148 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 7 U2 34 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0084-0173 J9 WILDLIFE MONOGR JI Wildl. Monogr. PD OCT PY 2002 IS 149 BP 1 EP + PG 36 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 654AW UT WOS:000181471100001 ER PT J AU Bond, BH Kline, DE Araman, PA AF Bond, BH Kline, DE Araman, PA TI Differentiating defects in red oak lumber by discriminant analysis using color, shape, and density SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE lumber scanning; defect detection; discriminant analysis; machine vision ID MACHINE VISION SYSTEMS AB Defect color, shape, and density measures aid in the differentiation of knots, bark pockets, stain/ mineral streak, and clearwood in red oak, (Quercus rubra). Various color, shape, and density measures were extracted for defects present in color and X-ray images captured using a color line scan camera and an X-ray line scan detector. Analysis of variance was used to determine which color, shape, and density measures differed between defects. Discriminant classifiers were used to test which defect measures best discriminated between different defects in lumber. The ANOVA method of model measure selection was unable to provide a direct method of selecting the optimum combination of measures; however, it did provide insight as to which measure should be selected in cases of confusion between defects. No single sensor measure provided overall classification accuracy greater than 70%, indicating the need for multisensor and multimeasure information for defect classification. When used alone, color measures resulted in the highest overall defect classification accuracy (between 69 and 70%). Shape and density measures resulted in the lowest overall classification accuracy (between 32 and 53%); however, when used in combination with other measures, they contributed to a 5-10% increase in defect classification accuracy. It was determined that defect classification required multisensor information to obtain the highest accuracy. For classifying defects in red oak, sensor measures should include two color mean values and two standard deviation values, a shape measure, and a X-ray standard deviation value. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Knoxville, TN 37909 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Wood Sci & Forest Prod, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Brooks Forest Prod Ctr, USDA, Forest Serv,So Res Stn, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Bond, BH (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, POB 1071, Knoxville, TN 37909 USA. NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 34 IS 4 BP 516 EP 528 PG 13 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 608GJ UT WOS:000178837600003 ER PT J AU Shi, NQ Cruz, J Sherman, F Jeffries, TW AF Shi, NQ Cruz, J Sherman, F Jeffries, TW TI SHAM-sensitive alternative respiration in the xylose-metabolizing yeast Pichia stipitis SO YEAST LA English DT Article DE Pichia stipitis; Crabtree-negative yeast; SHAM-sensitive respiration; alternative oxidase; xylose conversion ID CYANIDE-RESISTANT RESPIRATION; PLANT-MITOCHONDRIA; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; CANDIDA-SHEHATAE; FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; ETHANOL-PRODUCTION; NEUROSPORA-CRASSA; HANSENULA-ANOMALA; OXIDASE ACTIVITY AB SHAM-sensitive (STO) alternative respiration is present in the xylose-metabolizing, Crabtree-negative yeast, Pichia stipitis, but its pathway components and physiological roles during xylose metabolism are poorly understood. We cloned PsSTO1, which encodes the SHAM-sensitive terminal oxidase (PsSto1p), by genome walking from wild-type CBS 6054 and subsequently deleted PsSTO1 by targeted gene disruption. The resulting sto1-Delta deletion mutant, FPL-Shi31, did not contain other isoforms of Sto protein that were detectable by Western blot analysis using an alternative oxidase monoclonal antibody raised against the Sto protein from Sauromatum guttatum. Levels of cytochromes b, c, c(1) and a.a(3) did not change in the sto1-Delta mutant, which indicated that deleting PsSto1p did not alter the cytochrome pool. Interestingly, the sto1-Delta deletion mutant stopped growing earlier than the parent and produced 20% more ethanol from xylose. Heterologous expression of PsSTO1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae increased its total oxygen consumption rate and imparted cyanide-resistant oxygen uptake but did not enable growth on ethanol, indicating that PsSto1p is not coupled to ATP synthesis. We present evidence that the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase complex (Complex 1) was present in wild-type CBS 6054 but was bypassed in the cells during xylose metabolism. Unexpectedly, deleting PsSto1p led to the use of Complex I in the mutant cells when xylose was the carbon source. We propose that the non-proton-translocating NAD(P)H dehydrogenases are linked to PsSto1p in xylose-metabolizing cells and that this non-ATP-generating route serves a regulatory function in the complex redox network of P. stipitis. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Microbiol Doctoral Training Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Vigo, Dept Chem Engn, Orense 32004, Spain. Univ Rochester, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Biophys, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. RP Jeffries, TW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012; Cruz Freire, Jose/A-7834-2011 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065; Cruz Freire, Jose/0000-0003-1471-9035 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM12702] NR 67 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0749-503X J9 YEAST JI Yeast PD OCT PY 2002 VL 19 IS 14 BP 1203 EP 1220 DI 10.1002/yea.915 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology; Mycology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology; Mycology GA 604LQ UT WOS:000178623000002 PM 12271457 ER PT J AU Chang, SY Delwiche, SR Wang, NS AF Chang, SY Delwiche, SR Wang, NS TI Hydrolysis of wheat starch and its effect on the falling number procedure: Mathematical model SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE starch; population balance; enzymatic hydrolysis; Failing Number ID ALPHA-AMYLASE; KINETICS; DEPOLYMERIZATION; GELATINIZATION; PASTES AB A population balance model was developed for wheat starch hydrolysis to simulate the performance parameters of a viscosity-based device, known as the Falling Number instrument. The instrument is widely used as an indirect means to gauge the level of preharvest sprout activity in cereal grains such as wheat and barley. The model consists of three competing kinetics: starch gelatinization, enzymatic hydrolysis, and enzyme thermal deactivation. Using established principles of starch rheology and fluid mechanics, the model simulates the velocity profiles of the falling stirrer, starch gel viscosity, and the Falling Number readings at various levels of alpha-amylase. Model predictions for the velocity of the stirrer at any time during the downward fall, as well as the prediction of the total time needed for the fall, defined as the Failing Number, were in fair agreement with experimental measurements. There was better agreement between the modeled viscosity and the final viscosity of the starch gel as measured by a precision rheometer than there was with the measured Falling Number. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Delwiche, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, BARC E, Bldg 303, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Wang, Nam Sun/E-4253-2016 NR 24 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 11 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0006-3592 J9 BIOTECHNOL BIOENG JI Biotechnol. Bioeng. PD SEP 30 PY 2002 VL 79 IS 7 BP 768 EP 775 DI 10.1002/bit.10333 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 588LJ UT WOS:000177702700007 PM 12209799 ER PT J AU Segal, E Yehuda, H Droby, S Wisniewski, M Goldway, M AF Segal, E Yehuda, H Droby, S Wisniewski, M Goldway, M TI Cloning and analysis of CoEXG1, a secreted 1,3-beta-glucanase of the yeast biocontrol agent Candida oleophila SO YEAST LA English DT Article DE biocontrol yeast; Candida oleophila; 1,3-beta-glucanase; CoEXG1 ID EXO-BETA-GLUCANASE; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; EXG1 GENE; PURIFICATION; TRANSFORMATION; ALBICANS; VECTORS; APPLE AB Lytic enzymes may have a role in the biological control of fungi. The yeast biocontrol agent, Candida oleophila, is an excellent subject to research this matter. In the present study, CoEXG1, which encodes for a secreted 1,3-beta-glucanase, is the first gene to be cloned from C oleophila. It was isolated from a partial genomic library and analysed. Its open reading frame and putative promoter were expressed in baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The reading frame, expressed under the inducible GAL1 promoter, caused an increased secretion of beta-glucanase, and the putative promoter region activated the lacZ reporter gene, to which it was fused. Sequencing analysis revealed that CoEXG1 carries the signature pattern of the 5 glycohydrolases family and has a putative secretion leader, as well as a high degree of identity to yeast 1,3-beta-glucanases. The GenBank Accession No. of CoEXG1 is AF393806. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 MIGAL Galilee Technol Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, IL-12100 Rosh Pinna, Israel. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Postharvest Sci, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, USDA, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Goldway, M (reprint author), MIGAL Galilee Technol Ctr, Dept Mol Genet, POB 90000, IL-12100 Rosh Pinna, Israel. NR 44 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0749-503X J9 YEAST JI Yeast PD SEP 30 PY 2002 VL 19 IS 13 BP 1171 EP 1182 DI 10.1002/yea.910 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology; Mycology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology; Mycology GA 597XC UT WOS:000178245200008 PM 12237858 ER PT J AU Taylor-Lovell, S Sims, GK Wax, LM AF Taylor-Lovell, S Sims, GK Wax, LM TI Effects of moisture, temperature, and biological activity on the degradation of isoxaflutole in soil SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE herbicide degradation; herbicide dissipation; HIPPD inhibitor; isoxaflutole ID FATE AB The effects of several environmental factors on the dissipation, transformation and mineralization of isoxaflutole were investigated in laboratory incubations In the soil, isoxaflutole hydrolyzed to a diketonitrile derivative, which is the active form of the herbicide The diketonitrile was then metabolized to an inactive benzoic acid derivative and later into two unknown products which were found only in small quantities Degradation of isoxaflutole was faster in soil maintained at -100 or -1500 kPa compared to that in air-dry soil At 25 degreesC the half lives for isoxaflutole were 9 6 2 4, and 1 5 days in air dry -1500 kPa, and -100 kPa moisture regimes, respectively A simple Arrhenius expression described the response of isoxaflutole transformation (mineralization and transformation) to temperature in the range of 5 to 35 degreesC An activation energy value (E-a) of 67 kJ/mol for isoxaflutole suggested the transformation of the herbicide to the diketonitrile derivative was primarily a chemical reaction Moreover biological activity had little effect on the hydrolysis of isoxaflutole with half lives of 1 8 and 1 4 days in sterile and nonsterile soil respectively However the transformation of diketonitrile to benzoic acid and the production of the unknown products were greatly reduced in the sterile soil suggesting one or more biologically mediated processes. C1 USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Sims, GK (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Sims, Gerald/A-2500-2008; Lovell, Sarah/H-4478-2013 NR 25 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP 25 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 20 BP 5626 EP 5633 DI 10.1021/jf011486l PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 595RJ UT WOS:000178122300020 PM 12236689 ER PT J AU Zand, RSR Jenkins, DJA Diamandis, EP AF Zand, RSR Jenkins, DJA Diamandis, EP TI Flavonoids and steroid hormone-dependent cancers SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Review DE reviews; flavonoids; steroids ID RAT MAMMARY CARCINOGENESIS; INVASIVE CERVICAL-CANCER; COLO-RECTAL CANCER; DIETARY VITAMIN-A; CELLS IN-VITRO; BREAST-CANCER; PROSTATE-CANCER; PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; COLORECTAL-CANCER AB Steroid-hormone dependent cancers, including those of the breast, prostate and colon, are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in western countries. In rural Asian areas, these diseases are relatively uncommon. Dietary factors, including low consumption of fruit, vegetables and soy in the west have been shown in various epidemiologic studies as reasons for these differences. This review discusses flavonoids, one component of these plant foods that is being investigated for their role in chemoprevention. Epidemiological, in vitro, animal and human studies shall be explored to look at mechanisms involved, including steroid hormone activity, effects on cell growth, antioxidant activities, inhibition of chemical carcinogenesis and influences on modulators of cancer risk. Although the in vitro and animal models point to several pathways by which flavonoids may reduce incidence of these cancers, the clinical data are still relatively lacking. More research is needed to determine how best to use foods containing these compounds to reduce steroid hormone-dependent cancer risk. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Nutr Sci, Toronto, ON, Canada. Mt Sinai Hosp, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Lab Med & Pathobiol, Toronto, ON, Canada. RP Zand, RSR (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM rzand@hnrc.tufts.edu RI Jenkins, David/A-1992-2009; OI Diamandis, Eleftherios/0000-0002-1589-820X NR 150 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1570-0232 EI 1873-376X J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B PD SEP 25 PY 2002 VL 777 IS 1-2 BP 219 EP 232 AR PII S1570-0232(02)00213-1 PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 609ZM UT WOS:000178936300020 ER PT J AU Bautista, EM Gregg, D Golde, WT AF Bautista, EM Gregg, D Golde, WT TI Characterization and functional analysis of skin-derived dendritic cells from swine without a requirement for in vitro propagation SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dendritic cells; swine; antigen processing/presentation; cell surface molecule ID MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; HUMAN BONE-MARROW; PORCINE B-CELLS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; LANGERHANS CELLS; IN-VITRO; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; VIRUS-REPLICATION; MOLECULAR-CLONING AB A low-density cell population was isolated from skin explants of pigs and characterized as a highly enriched dendritic cell (DC) population based on phenotypical and functional properties. The skin-derived DCs were identified by their characteristic ultrastructural properties as well as by consistent co-expression of the CD1 and SWC3a antigens that clearly differentiate them from other porcine leukocytes. These cells exhibit higher expression of porcine MHC class II (SLAII) and CD80/86 antigens as compared to macrophage/monocyte cells. They consistently expressed the S100beta antigen at high levels and did not express the lymphoid markers CD3, CD4 or CD8. Within this population of skin-derived DCs there was variable expression of CD11c, CD14 and CD16. Functional characterization of this DC population revealed that they are efficient in uptake and processing of soluble protein antigens and in endocytosis of small (0.02 mum) but not large (2 mum) polystyrene beads. Further, these cells were efficient inducers of primary allogeneic responses and in stimulating antigen-specific and mitogen-induced proliferation and IFNgamma responses in autologous lymphocytes. This study provides important information to further characterize the cutaneous DCs and develop models to analyze the role of these cells in immune responses in vivo. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, Foot & Mouth Dis Unit, USDA, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Golde, WT (reprint author), ARS, Foot & Mouth Dis Unit, USDA, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 75 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD SEP 25 PY 2002 VL 88 IS 3-4 BP 131 EP 148 AR PII S0165-2427(02)00152-6 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(02)00152-6 PG 18 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 594WZ UT WOS:000178076400004 PM 12127412 ER PT J AU Hay, A Kaur, H Phillips, A Hedden, P Hake, S Tsiantis, M AF Hay, A Kaur, H Phillips, A Hedden, P Hake, S Tsiantis, M TI The gibberellin pathway mediates KNOTTED1-type homeobox function in plants with different body plans SO CURRENT BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSGENIC TOBACCO PLANTS; SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; BIOSYNTHETIC GENE; COMPOUND LEAF; EXPRESSION; TOMATO; MUTANT; LOCUS; GAI AB Background: The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is an indeterminate structure that gives rise to the aerial parts of higher plants. Leaves arise from the differentiation of cells at the flanks of the SAM. Current evidence suggests that the precise regulation of KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factors is central to the acquisition of leaf versus meristem identity in a wide spectrum of plant species. Factors required to repress KNOX gene expression in leaves have recently been identified. Additional factors such as the CHD3 chromatin remodeling factor PICKLE (PKL) act to restrict meristematic activity in Arabidopsis leaves without repressing KNOX gene expression. Less is known regarding downstream targets of KNOX function. Recent evidence, however, has suggested that growth regulators may mediate KNOX activity in a variety of plant species. Results: Here we show that reduced activity of the gibberellin (GA) growth regulator pathway promotes meristematic activity, both in the natural context of KNOX function in the SAM and upon ectopic KNOX expression in Arabidopsis leaves. We show that constitutive signaling through the GA pathway is detrimental to meristem maintenance. Furthermore, we provide evidence that one of the functions of the KNOX protein SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) is to exclude transcription of the GAbiosynthesis gene AtGA20ox1 from the SAM. We also demonstrate that AtGA20ox1 transcript is reduced in the pkl mutant in a KNOX-independent manner. Moreover, we show a similar interaction between KNOX proteins and GA-biosynthesis gene expression in the tomato leaf and implicate this interaction in regulation of the dissected leaf form. Conclusions: We suggest that repression of GA activity by KNOX transcription factors is a key component of meristem function. Transfer of the KNOX/GA regulatory module from the meristem to the leaf may have contributed to the generation of the diverse leaf morphologies observed in higher plants. C1 Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford OX1 3RB, England. Univ Calif Berkeley, Plant & Microbial Biol Dept, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Bristol, Long Ashton Res Stn, Dept Agr Sci, Bristol BS41 9AF, Avon, England. USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Tsiantis, M (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, S Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3RB, England. NR 46 TC 256 Z9 278 U1 3 U2 34 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 1100 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0960-9822 J9 CURR BIOL JI Curr. Biol. PD SEP 17 PY 2002 VL 12 IS 18 BP 1557 EP 1565 AR PII S0960-9822(02)01125-9 DI 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01125-9 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 595WR UT WOS:000178132000015 PM 12372247 ER PT J AU Lamm, MLG Catbagan, WS Laciak, RJ Barnett, DH Hebner, CM Gaffield, W Walterhouse, D Iannaccone, P Bushman, W AF Lamm, MLG Catbagan, WS Laciak, RJ Barnett, DH Hebner, CM Gaffield, W Walterhouse, D Iannaccone, P Bushman, W TI Sonic hedgehog activates mesenchymal Gli1 expression during prostate ductal bud formation SO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Sonic hedgehog; Gli; Ptc1; prostate development; urogenital sinus; ductal budding; cyclopamine ID BRANCHING MORPHOGENESIS; SIGNALING PATHWAY; LIMB DEVELOPMENT; NEURAL-TUBE; EPITHELIAL INTERACTIONS; MOUSE PROSTATE; SHH; INDUCTION; GROWTH; GENES AB Ductal budding in the developing prostate is a testosterone-dependent event that involves signaling between the urogenital sinus epithelium (UGE) and urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGM). We show here that ductal bud formation is associated with focused expression of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in the epithelium of nascent prostate buds and in the growing tips of elongating prostate ducts. This pattern of localized Shh expression occurs in response to testosterone stimulation. The gene for the Shh receptor, Ptc1, is expressed in the UGM, as are the members of the Gli gene family of transcriptional regulators (Gli1, Gli2, and Gli3). Expression of Ptc1, Gli1, and GR2 is localized primarily to mesenchyme surrounding prostate buds, whereas Gli3 is expressed diffusely throughout the UGM. A strong dependence of Gli1 (and Ptc1) expression on Shh signaling is demonstrated by induction of expression in both the intact urogenital sinus and the isolated UGM by exogenous SHH peptide. A similar dependence of GR2 and GO expression on Shh is not observed. Nonetheless, the chemical inhibitor of Shh signaling, cyclopamine, produced a graded inhibition of Gli gene expression (Gli1>Gli2>Gli3) in urogenital sinus explants that was paralleled by a severe inhibition of ductal budding. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Urol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Childrens Mem Inst Educ & Res, Chicago, IL 60614 USA. RP Bushman, W (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Div Urol, G5-350 CSC,600 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53792 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 02426, DK 52687]; NIEHS NIH HHS [P01 ES10549] NR 77 TC 113 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0012-1606 J9 DEV BIOL JI Dev. Biol. PD SEP 15 PY 2002 VL 249 IS 2 BP 349 EP 366 DI 10.1006/dbio.2002.0774 PG 18 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA 595XF UT WOS:000178133300011 PM 12221011 ER PT J AU Bradford, SA Schijven, J AF Bradford, SA Schijven, J TI Release of Cryptosporidium and Giardia from dairy calf manure: Impact of solution salinity SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARVUM; WATER; CATTLE; SOIL; TRANSPORT; SURVIVAL; PATTERNS AB Studies were initiated to determine the release behavior of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from dairy calf manure to waters of various salinities. Experiments were conducted by sprinkling a particular aqueous solution over a manure disk and collecting the runoff water. Effluent concentrations of manure and (oo)cysts were initially several orders of magnitude below their starting concentration in the manure, after continued application of water the concentrations gradually decreased, and then exhibited persistent concentration tailing. Solution salinity significantly affected the shape and magnitude of the manure and (oo)cyst concentration curves. Increases in solution salinity tended to decrease the manure and (oo)cyst concentrations at a particular time. This was attributed to a stabilization of manure by compression of the double layer thickness between negatively charged components of the manure phase. Calculated release efficiencies of the (oo)cysts (relative to manure release) also decreased with increasing solution salinity. Experimental observations indicate that only the surface layer of manure was depleted of finer manure materials and (oo)cysts and that the manure will act as a long-term source of contamination. A conceptual model to describe and predict manure and (oo)cyst release rates and cumulative loading for the various solution salinities was proposed and applied to the experimental data. The calibrated model yielded a reasonable description of the experimental results. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Microbiol Lab Hlth Protect, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. RP Bradford, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. OI Schijven, Jack/0000-0002-9327-1584 NR 28 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 18 BP 3916 EP 3923 AR UNSP ES025573L DI 10.1021/es025573l PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 593WC UT WOS:000178016600005 PM 12269743 ER PT J AU Alig, RJ Adams, DM McCarl, BA AF Alig, RJ Adams, DM McCarl, BA TI Projecting impacts of global climate change on the US forest and agriculture sectors and carbon budgets SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Role of Boreal Forests and Forestry in the Global Carbon Budget CY MAY 08-12, 2000 CL EDMONTON, CANADA SP Int Boreal Forest Res Assoc DE land-use; forest sector; economics ID UNITED-STATES; TIMBER; MARKET AB A multiperiod, regional, mathematical programming model is used to evaluate the potential economic impacts of global climatic change scenarios on the US forest and agricultural sectors, including impacts on forest carbon inventories. Four scenarios of the biological response of forests to climate change (reflected by changes in forest growth rates) are drawn from a national assessment of climate change and are based on combinations of global circulation and ecological process models. These scenarios are simulated in the forest and agricultural sector model and results are summarized to characterize broad impacts of climate change on the sectors. We find that less cropland is projected to be converted to forests, forest inventories generally increase, and that aggregate economic impacts (across all consumers and producers in the sector) are relatively small. Producers' income is most at risk, and impacts of global climate change on the two sectors vary over the 100-year projection period. The forest sector is found to have adjustment mechanisms that mitigate climate change impacts, including interregional migration of production, substitution in consumption, and altered stand management. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Econ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Alig, RJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI McCarl, Bruce/E-9445-2011 NR 29 TC 28 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP 15 PY 2002 VL 169 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 3 EP 14 AR PII S0378-1127(02)00290-6 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(02)00290-6 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 588BN UT WOS:000177680700002 ER PT J AU Liu, CK Latona, NP AF Liu, CK Latona, NP TI Acoustic emission studies on the lubrication of a fibrous collagen material-leather SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RESISTANCE AB For thousands of years, collagen materials, such as leather, have been among the most dominant natural fibrous materials used by humans. Fatliquoring is one of the critical steps in the leather-making process, wherein oil or a lubricant is added to the leather to prevent the leather fibers from sticking together, thereby providing sufficient pliability to the leather. We have examined the feasibility of using the acoustic emission (AE) technique to characterize the degree of lubrication of leather produced with various fatliquor concentrations. In a tensile test, an acoustic transducer was contacted with the leather samples to collect their AE quantities and properties. The samples lubricated with a fatliquor concentration less than 10% showed twin peaks on the plot of hits rate versus time. This implied that a non-uniform fracture occurred in a leather structure that was not sufficiently lubricated. In contrast, a sufficiently lubricated leather structure showed a steady increase in hits rate with time unti l it fractured. Traditional stress-strain tests did not reflect these behaviors. Observations also showed a direct correlation between the cumulative hits and fatliquor concentration. The results of this work may provide a route to identify an adequate degree of lubrication in the leather. (C) 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Liu, CK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 13 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD SEP 15 PY 2002 VL 37 IS 18 BP 3827 EP 3833 DI 10.1023/A:1019678716389 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 581TJ UT WOS:000177309000003 ER PT J AU Kaneene, JB Bruning-Fann, CS Granger, LM Miller, RA Porter-Spalding, BA AF Kaneene, JB Bruning-Fann, CS Granger, LM Miller, RA Porter-Spalding, BA TI Environmental and farm management factors associated with tuberculosis on cattle farms in northeastern Michigan SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID REPUBLIC-OF-IRELAND; WHITE-TAILED DEER; BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS; RISK-FACTORS AB Objective-To identify major environmental and farm management factors associated with the occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) on cattle farms in northeastern Michigan. Design-Case-control study. Sample Population-17 cattle farms with infected cattle and 51 control farms. Procedure-Each case farm (laboratory confirmed diagnosis of Mycobacterium bovis infection) was matched with 2 to 4 control farms (negative whole-herd test results within previous 12 months) on the basis of type of farm (dairy or beef) and location. Cattle farm data were collected from in-person interviews and mailed questionnaires, Wildlife TB data were gathered through state wildlife surveillance, Environmental data were gathered from a satellite image-based geographic information system. Multivariable conditional logistic regression for matched analysis was performed. Results-Major factors associated with increased farm risk of TB were higher TB prevalence among wild deer and cattle farms in the area, herd size, and ponds or creeks in cattle housing areas. Factors associated with reduced farm risk of TB were greater amounts of natural open lands in the surrounding area and reducing deer access to cattle housing areas by housing cattle in barns, barnyards, or feedlots and use of electrified wire or barbed wire for livestock fencing. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggest that certain environmental and management factors may be associated with risk of TB on cattle farms. C1 Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Populat Med Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA APHIS VS, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Michigan Dept Agr, Lansing, MI 48933 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Comparat Biomed Sci Populat Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Kaneene, JB (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Populat Med Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 14 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 15 PY 2002 VL 221 IS 6 BP 837 EP 842 DI 10.2460/javma.2002.221.837 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 593WM UT WOS:000178017500024 PM 12322923 ER PT J AU Crawford, TB Li, H Rosenburg, SR Norhausen, RW Garner, MM AF Crawford, TB Li, H Rosenburg, SR Norhausen, RW Garner, MM TI Mural folliculitis and alopecia caused by infection with goat-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus in two sika deer SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; WHITE-TAILED DEER; CERVUS-NIPPON; SHEEP; DNA; RUMINANTS; ANTIBODY; GAMMAHERPESVIRUS; HERPESVIRUS; DISEASE AB Domestic goats carry a malignant catarrhal fever virus, provisionally termed caprine herpesvirus-2, that is similar to but distinct from the sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus. The goat-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus can cause disease in sika deer that is more chronic than expected for malignant catarrhal fever and that consists predominantly of nonresponsive dermatitis and alopecia with histologic evidence of mural folliculitis. The range of species susceptibility to this virus is as yet undefined, as disease has been observed only in cervids. Diagnosis requires detection of viral DNA in affected animals with a polymerase chain reaction assay incorporating specifically designed primers, as the most commonly used polymerase chain reaction assays for the ovine malignant catarrhal fever virus do not detect the caprine virus. C1 Washington State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Calif Anim & Food Safety Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NW Zoopath, Snohomish, WA 98296 USA. RP Crawford, TB (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 29 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 15 PY 2002 VL 221 IS 6 BP 843 EP 847 DI 10.2460/javma.2002.221.843 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 593WM UT WOS:000178017500025 PM 12322924 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Miller, JM Sonn, RJ AF Hamir, AN Miller, JM Sonn, RJ TI Meningoencephalitis and pneumonia associated with Cryptococcus neoformans infection in a free-ranging elk in the USA SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Vet Diagnost Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON W1M 0AT, ENGLAND SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD SEP 14 PY 2002 VL 151 IS 11 BP 332 EP + PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 599DP UT WOS:000178319100011 PM 12356239 ER PT J AU Laszlo, JA Compton, DL AF Laszlo, JA Compton, DL TI Comparison of peroxidase activities of hemin, cytochrome c and microperoxidase-11 in molecular solvents and imidazolium-based ionic liquids SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR CATALYSIS B-ENZYMATIC LA English DT Article DE ionic liquids; biocatalysis; non-aqueous media; cytochrome c; oxidoreductase ID (SALEN)MN EPOXIDATION CATALYST; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; ALPHA-CHYMOTRYPSIN; HORSERADISH-PEROXIDASE; ENZYMATIC CATALYSIS; FERRICYTOCHROME-C; WATER; OXIDATION; LIPASE; SOLUBILIZATION AB The ability of Fe(III)protoporphyrin(IX) chloride (hemin), microperoxidase-11 (MP-11), and cytochrome c (cyt-c) to oxidize 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol) was examined in the room-temperature ionic liquids (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([bmim][Tf(2)N]) and the hexafluorophosphates of 1-butyl- and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium, ([bmimm][PF(6)] and [omim][PF(6)]), respectively. All three biocatalysts displayed peroxidase activity when activated by an electron acceptor, tert-butyl hydroperoxide for hemin and hydrogen peroxide for MP-11 and cyt-c. Hemin required the addition of a coordinating base, pyridine or N-methylimidazole (NMI), to produce an active complex, Cyt-c did not require exogenous ligands for activity in IL, although their addition increased peroxidase activity. MP-11 could not be solubilized without an exogenous ligand, therefore, whether MP-11 was active in the absence of such ligands was not determined. Pyridine provided higher activities than NMI for the three catalysts. Hemin and MP-11 peroxidase activities were markedly higher in IL compared to molecular solvents of similar polarity, as characterized by probe solvatochromic behavior, while cyt-c activity was comparable between both types of solvents. There was no consistent preference by the catalysts for a particular IL. These observations indicate that IL are suitable media for bioelectrocatalysis. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops & Proc Technol Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Laszlo, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops & Proc Technol Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM laszloja@ncaur.usda.gov NR 62 TC 129 Z9 133 U1 6 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1381-1177 J9 J MOL CATAL B-ENZYM JI J. Mol. Catal. B-Enzym. PD SEP 13 PY 2002 VL 18 IS 1-3 BP 109 EP 120 AR PII S1381-1177(02)00074-7 DI 10.1016/S1381-1177(02)00074-7 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Physical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 596NZ UT WOS:000178172100011 ER PT J AU Brauer, D Kimmons, T Phillips, M AF Brauer, D Kimmons, T Phillips, M TI Effects of management on the yield and high-molecular-weight polysaccharide content of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) mushrooms SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lentinan; log-grown; substrate-grown; strain; tree species; carbohydrates; growth conditions; shiitake mushroom; Lentinula edodes ID EDIBLE MUSHROOMS AB Shiitake (Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler) mushroom production in the United States has increased greatly over the last twenty years. Additional expansion of the shiitake mushroom market should be possible if the product can be marketed as a functional food, i.e., a food that has health-promoting effects beyond its nutritional value. High-molecular-weight polysaccharides (HMWP) including lentinan in shiitake may promote human health. This study was conducted to determine if management protocols influence the HMWP of shiitake mushrooms. Results indicate that measuring the total carbohydrate content of water-extractable, ethanol-insoluble polysaccharides was a simple way to estimate HMWP. Results also indicate that log-grown shiitake contained more HMWP than did substrate-grown shiitake. Among log-grown shiitake, both mushroom strain and tree species influenced HMWP content. The results suggest that there is considerable variation among shiitake mushrooms in HMWP content and that production protocols influenced the HMWP content of mushrooms. C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, So Plains Area, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. Shirley Community Dev Corp, Shirley, AR 72153 USA. RP Brauer, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, So Plains Area, 6883 S Highway 23, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP 11 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 19 BP 5333 EP 5337 DI 10.1021/jf020080l PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 590XT UT WOS:000177850300014 PM 12207470 ER PT J AU Koskinen, WC Rice, PJ Anhalt, JA Sakaliene, O Moorman, TB Arthur, EL AF Koskinen, WC Rice, PJ Anhalt, JA Sakaliene, O Moorman, TB Arthur, EL TI Sorption-desorption of "aged" sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides in soil SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone; sorption; desorption; aged residues ID TIME; INCUBATION AB Sorption-desorption interactions of pesticides with soil determine the availability of pesticides in soil for transport, plant uptake, and microbial degradation. These interactions are affected by the physical and chemical properties of the pesticide and soil, and for some pesticides, their residence time in the soil. The objective of this study was to characterize sorption-desorption of two sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone, herbicides incubated in soils at different soil moisture potentials. The chemicals were incubated in clay loam and loamy sand soils for up to 12 wks at -33 kPa and at water contents equivalent to 50 and 75% of that at -33 kPa. Chemicals were extracted sequentially with 0.01 N CaCl2 and aqueous acetonitrile, and sorption coefficients were calculated. Sufficient sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides remained (>40% of that applied) during incubation to allow calculation of sorption coefficients. Aging significantly increased sorption as indicated by increased sorption coefficients. For instance, for sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone remaining after a 12-wk incubation at -33 kPa, K-d increased by a factor of 4.5 in the clay loam soils and by 6.6 in the loamy sand as compared to freshly treated soils. There was no effect of moisture potential on sorption K-d values. These data show the importance of characterization of sorption-desorption in aged herbicide residues in soil, particularly in the case of prediction of herbicide transport in soil. In this case, potential transport of sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides would be over-predicted if freshly treated soil K-d values were used to predict transport. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Lithuanian Inst Agr, Vilnius, Lithuania. Bayer Corp, Div Agr, Environm Fate Grp, Stilwell, KS 66085 USA. RP Koskinen, WC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 14 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP 11 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 19 BP 5368 EP 5372 DI 10.1021/jf0201733 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 590XT UT WOS:000177850300020 PM 12207476 ER PT J AU Jordan, MJ Margaria, CA Shaw, PE Goodner, KL AF Jordan, MJ Margaria, CA Shaw, PE Goodner, KL TI Aroma active components in aqueous kiwi fruit essence and kiwi fruit puree by GC-MS and multidimensional GC/GC-O SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE tropical fruit; GC/GC; olfactometry ID ACTINIDIA-CHINENSIS; VOLATILE COMPOUNDS; FLAVOR COMPONENTS; KIWIFRUIT; CONSTITUENTS; STORAGE AB Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and multidimensional gas chromatography olfactometry (GC/GC-O) were utilized to study the aroma profile and the aroma active components of commercial kiwi essence and the initial fresh fruit puree. Totals of 29 and 33 components were identified and quantified in the essence and the puree, respectively. Ten components were quantified for the first time as constituents of the kiwi fruit including 3-penten-2-ol, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 3-methyl-2-butenal, 2-hexanol, nonanal, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-2-butanone, 3-methyl 3-buten-2-one, and octane. Analysis of these samples by multidimensional gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) allowed for the identification of >80% of the aroma active components present at level traces in this fruit. A total of 35 components appear to contribute to the aroma of kiwi fresh puree and its aqueous essence. Components described for the first time as constituents of the aroma profile in this fruit were 2-ethylfuran, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-cyclohexen-1-one, (E,E)-2,6-nonadienal, diethyl succinate, and hexyl hexanoate. C1 USDA ARS, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. RP Goodner, KL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, 600 Ave S NW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 26 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 6 U2 34 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP 11 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 19 BP 5386 EP 5390 DI 10.1021/jf020297f PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 590XT UT WOS:000177850300023 PM 12207479 ER PT J AU Daly, C Gibson, WP Taylor, GH Johnson, GL Pasteris, P AF Daly, C Gibson, WP Taylor, GH Johnson, GL Pasteris, P TI A knowledge-based approach to the statistical mapping of climate SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE climate map; knowledge-based system; climate interpolation; spatial climate; climate data sets; GIS; PRISM; geospatial climatology ID MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN; UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION; REGIONS; MODEL; INTERPOLATION; SPLINES AB The demand for spatial climate data in digital form has risen dramatically in recent years. In response to this need, a variety of statistical techniques have been used to facilitate the production of GIS-compatible climate maps. However, observational data are often too sparse and unrepresentative to directly support the creation of high-quality climate maps and data sets that truly represent the current state of knowledge, An effective approach is to use the wealth of expert knowledge on the spatial patterns of climate and their relationships with geographic features, termed 'geospatial climatology', to help enhance, control, and parameterize a statistical technique. Described here is a dynamic knowledge-based framework that allows for the effective accumulation, application, and refinement of climatic knowledge, as expressed in a statistical regression model known as PRISM (parameter-elevation regressions on independent slopes model). The ultimate goal is to develop an expert system capable of reproducing the process a knowledgeable climatologist would use to create high-quality climate maps, with the added benefits of consistency and repeatability. However, knowledge must first be accumulated and evaluated through an ongoing process of model application; development of knowledge prototypes, parameters and parameter settings; testing; evaluation; and modification. This paper describes the current state of a knowledge-based framework for climate mapping and presents specific algorithms from PRISM to demonstrate how this framework is applied and refined to accommodate difficult climate mapping situations. A weighted climate-elevation regression function acknowledges the dominant influence of elevation on climate. Climate stations are assigned weights that account for other climatically important factors besides elevation. Aspect and topographic exposure, which affect climate at a variety of scales, from hill slope to windward and leeward sides of mountain ranges, are simulated by dividing the terrain into topographic facets. A coastal proximity measure is used to account for sharp climatic gradients near coastlines. A 2-layer model structure divides the atmosphere into a lower boundary layer and an upper free atmosphere layer, allowing the simulation of temperature inversions, as well as mid-slope precipitation maxima. The effectiveness of various terrain configurations at producing orographic precipitation enhancement is also estimated. Climate mapping examples are presented. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Spatial Climate Anal Serv, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Oceanog & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, NRCS, Natl Water & Climate Ctr, Portland, OR 97204 USA. RP Daly, C (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Geosci, Spatial Climate Anal Serv, 316 Strand Agr Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 60 TC 525 Z9 560 U1 7 U2 98 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD SEP 6 PY 2002 VL 22 IS 2 BP 99 EP 113 DI 10.3354/cr022099 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 608EW UT WOS:000178833200001 ER PT J AU Liu, ZS Erhan, SZ Xu, J Calvert, PD AF Liu, ZS Erhan, SZ Xu, J Calvert, PD TI Development of soybean oil-based composites by solid freeform fabrication method: Epoxidized soybean oil with bis or polyalkyleneamine curing agents system SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE epoxidized soybean oil; solid freeforming fabrication; fiber reinforcement; curing agents; fiber combination AB Soybean oil-based composites are prepared by the solid freeforming fabrication (SFF) method. Epoxidized soybean oil is solidified with a gelling agent, and composites are formed by fiber reinforcement. Glass, carbon, and mineral fibers are used in the formulations. The type of fiber and degree of fiber alignments affect the properties of the composites. In addition, the effects of curing agents, curing temperature, fiber combination, and fiber loading on mechanical properties of composites and dynamic analysis are studied and reported. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Arizona, Arizona Mat Labs, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Tucson, AZ 85712 USA. RP Erhan, SZ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 12 TC 55 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD SEP 6 PY 2002 VL 85 IS 10 BP 2100 EP 2107 DI 10.1002/app.10763 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 564XA UT WOS:000176337800007 ER PT J AU Min, WG Lillehoj, HS Li, GX Sohn, EJ Miyamoto, T AF Min, WG Lillehoj, HS Li, GX Sohn, EJ Miyamoto, T TI Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to chicken interleukin-15 SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chicken; interleukin-15; monoclonal antibody ID NATURAL-KILLER-CELLS; IL-2 RECEPTOR; FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION; INTERFERON-GAMMA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GROWTH-FACTOR; BETA-CHAIN; EXPRESSION; INFECTION; CYTOKINE AB The chicken IL-15 gene was recently cloned and shown to encode a polypeptide with T cell growth factor activity similar to IL-2. To further characterize the chemical and biological properties of chicken IL-15, we generated a panel of monoclonal antibodies against bacterially expressed protein and characterized their binding specificities. All antibodies were reactive by ELISA with recombinant IL-15, but not IL-2, and identified a 15 kDa recombinant chicken IL-15 by Western blot analysis. Two antibodies inhibited IL-15-induced proliferation of splenic lymphoblast cells. These monoclonal antibodies will be useful for further structural and immunological studies of chicken IL-15. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), USDA, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Bldg 1040,BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Min, Wongi/0000-0003-2437-7366 NR 37 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD SEP 6 PY 2002 VL 88 IS 1-2 BP 49 EP 56 AR PII S0165-2427(02)00123-X DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(02)00123-X PG 8 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 576VZ UT WOS:000177028200006 PM 12088644 ER PT J AU Li, C Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT Dowd, PF AF Li, C Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT Dowd, PF TI Thiersinines A and B: Novel antiinsectan indole diterpenoids from a new fungicolous Penicillium species (NRRL 28147) SO ORGANIC LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EUPENICILLIUM-SHEARII; EMERICELLA-STRIATA; FUNGAL PRODUCTS; PAXILLINE; ACID; INDOLODITERPENES; ASCOSTROMATA; METABOLITES; SCLEROTIA; ANALOGS AB [GRAPHICS] Two novel antiinsectan indole diterpenoids, thiersinines A (1) and B (2), along with seven known paxilline-type compounds, were isolated from organic extracts of a new Penicillium species (P. thiersii NRRL 28147). The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by analysis of 2D NMR data. Thiersinines A and B possess a unique spirocyclic subunit that is unprecedented in previously known compounds of this class. Both compounds exhibit potent activity against the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda). C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Crop Bioprotect Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Gloer, JB (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 21 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1523-7060 J9 ORG LETT JI Org. Lett. PD SEP 5 PY 2002 VL 4 IS 18 BP 3095 EP 3098 DI 10.1021/ol026424a PG 4 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 590CP UT WOS:000177800300020 PM 12201725 ER PT J AU Maleki, SJ Royer, CA Hurlburt, BK AF Maleki, SJ Royer, CA Hurlburt, BK TI Analysis of the DNA-binding properties of MyoD, Myogenin, and E12 by fluorescence anisotropy SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTIONS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; REGULATORY FACTORS; HETERODIMERS; ACTIVATION; HOMODIMERS; COMPLEXES; SEQUENCE; DOMAIN; BHLH AB MyoD and Myogenin are dominant myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), which are involved in control of muscle-specific gene expression. The ubiquitously expressed E12 dimerizes with MyoD and Myogenin and has been shown to enhance their DNA-binding and transcriptional activities. In this study, fluorescence anisotropy assays have been used to determine the Gibb's free energy of dissociation (DeltaG) for MyoD, Myogenin, and E12 as homo- and heterodimers to the well-characterized myosin light chain enhancer (MLC), muscle creatine kinase (MCK) enhancer, and mutant thereof. The heterodimers of MyoD or Myogenin with E12 bound the MCK enhancer equally well (DeltaG = 21 kcal/mol). The homodimers varied dramatically in both MLC and MCK enhancer binding affinity. MyoD homodimer bound the MCK enhancer with the highest affinity (DeltaG = 19.6 kcal/mol) in comparison with the Myogenin homodimer-MCK interaction (DeltaG = 16.6 kcal/mol) and E12 homodimer-MCK interaction (DeltaG = 18.0 kcal/mol). The slope and shape of the binding isotherms revealed that with the exception of the E12 homodimer-MCK enhancer interaction, the other proteins bound with high levels of positive cooperativity. In contrast, the E12 homodimer-MCK enhancer interaction actually occurs with significant negative cooperativity. The binding of these proteins to MLC enhancer mimicked binding to the MCK enhancer, but with much lower affinities. These data support the hypothesis that DNA acts as an allosteric ligand facilitating the dimerization of these proteins. The combination of differential affinity and cooperativity explains why the heterodimers are the active species in transcriptional regulation. C1 Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Hurlburt, BK (reprint author), Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, 4301 W Markham St, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. RI Royer, Catherine/E-5266-2016 OI Royer, Catherine/0000-0002-2670-3391 NR 25 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD SEP 3 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 35 BP 10888 EP 10894 DI 10.1021/bi025528q PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 589ET UT WOS:000177746300018 PM 12196028 ER PT J AU Parikh, DV Calamari, TA Peterson, DB Vigo, TL Goynes, WR Saunders, T AF Parikh, DV Calamari, TA Peterson, DB Vigo, TL Goynes, WR Saunders, T TI FR/resilient perpendicular-laid nonwovens containing cotton SO AATCC REVIEW LA English DT Article DE cotton; flammability; highloft nonwovens AB Highloft nonwovens are low density fabrics characterized by a high ratio of thickness to weight per unit area. This research focuses on incorporating cotton into highlofts, which are usually made of synthetic fibers. The major problems with the use of cotton in highlofts are its high flammability and lack of resiliency. A finishing formulation was developed containing a flame retardant, diammonium phosphate/urea, and DMDHEU to impart flame resistance to highly flammable fabrics. Using the vertical flame test, the damage sustained was limited to charring in the vicinity of the instigating flame. The DMDHEU crosslinking agent was effective in improving compressional resistance and recovery. The finishing treatment produced a value-added FR/resilient perpendicular-laid cotton-containing nonwovens. The inclusion of 20-40% cotton in the highlofts is recommended. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Georgia Text Machinery, Dalton, GA USA. RP Parikh, DV (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC TEXTILE CHEMISTS COLORISTS PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 1532-8813 J9 AATCC REV JI AATCC Rev. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 2 IS 9 BP 33 EP 37 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science GA 594LW UT WOS:000178052600006 ER PT J AU Lanner, RM AF Lanner, RM TI Why do trees live so long? SO AGEING RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Article DE aging; conifers; evolution; tree growth; clonal growth ID PLANTS; GROWTH; XYLEM; STEMS AB A long life multiplies a tree's reproductive opportunities, thus increasing its fitness. Therefore, characteristics that prolong life should be naturally selected. Longevity in trees is achieved by means of numerous behaviors and characteristics, some of which are unique to trees. These include the retention of stem-cell-like meristematic cells after each growth cycle; the ability to replace non-vigorous, lost, or damaged organs, both above and below ground, in the presence or absence of trauma; a sectored vascular system that allows part of a tree to survive where a whole one cannot; formation of clones; a mechanical structure that can react to forces tending to de-optimize it; a hormonal control system that coordinates the above behaviors; and synthesis of defensive compounds. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. RP Lanner, RM (reprint author), 2651 Bedford Ave, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. NR 41 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 1568-1637 J9 AGEING RES REV JI Ageing Res. Rev. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 1 IS 4 BP 653 EP 671 AR PII S1568-1637(02)00025-9 DI 10.1016/S1568-1637(02)00025-9 PG 19 WC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 605AE UT WOS:000178652600004 PM 12362893 ER PT J AU Angima, SD Stott, DE O'Neill, MK Ong, CK Weesies, GA AF Angima, SD Stott, DE O'Neill, MK Ong, CK Weesies, GA TI Use of calliandra-Napier grass contour hedges to control erosion in central Kenya SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE soil loss; runoff; vegetative hedges; agroforestry; RUSLE; Kenya; nitrogen; phosphorus ID SOIL; HIGHLANDS; SYSTEMS; YIELD; MAIZE AB Contour hedgerow systems consisting of various combinations of tree and grass species can be used on sloping lands to minimize erosion, restore fertility, and improve crop productivity, but there is need to evaluate the effectiveness of each system for its suitability at any locality as effective erosion control. The objectives of this study were to determine the amount of soil conserved by contour calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus)-Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) hedgerows, and then develop a support practice P-subfactor for conservation planning in central Kenya. As a benefit beyond soil conservation, biomass yield and N and P retention by the hedgerows were determined. Cumulative data for five cropping seasons from 1997 to 1999 indicated that the contour hedges on 20% slope conserved more soil (168 Mg ha(-1)) than on the 40% slope (146 Mg ha(-1)) compared to the control plots. For both slopes, this was equivalent to a 0.7 P-subfactor for use by the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model in predicting soil erosion. The N and P losses between the hedges and control were statistically significant only on the 20% slope (P = 0.05). Combined biomass yield from the calliandra-Napier grass hedges were 12 and 9 Mg ha(-1) per year and 40% slopes, respectively. This soil conservation technology may be used by small-scale farmers that use mixed fanning systems in the highlands of central Kenya and similar ecoregions as a step towards sustainable farming. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Int Ctr Res Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya. USDA, Natl Resource Conservat Serv, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Stott, DE (reprint author), Univ Missouri, 100 W Franklin Courthouse,Room 16, Clinton, MO 64735 USA. RI Stott, Diane/A-1270-2010 OI Stott, Diane/0000-0002-6397-3315 NR 32 TC 24 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 91 IS 1-3 BP 15 EP 23 AR PII S0167-8809(01)00268-7 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00268-7 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 595ME UT WOS:000178112700003 ER PT J AU Weiss, M Jacob, F Baret, F Pragnere, A Bruchou, C Leroy, M Hautecoeur, O Prevot, L Bruguier, N AF Weiss, M Jacob, F Baret, F Pragnere, A Bruchou, C Leroy, M Hautecoeur, O Prevot, L Bruguier, N TI Evaluation of kernel-driven BRDF models for the normalization of Alpilles/ReSeDA POLDER data SO AGRONOMIE LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; linear BRDF models; inversion ID BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE MODEL; AVHRR DATA; COMPOSITE; ALBEDO; SCATTERING; SURFACE; LAND; SUN AB A Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) catalog of different crops (mainly wheat, alfalfa, sunflower and maize) was acquired during the whole crop cycles in 1997 (ReSeDA experiment). This was achieved using the airborne POLDER sensor. Data were thus available in four wave bands (10 or 20 nm width) centered on 443 nm, 550 mu, 670 nm and 865 nm. The aim of this study is to compare the ability of BRDF models to accurately fit and extrapolate POLDER BRDF data for a normalization process. We considered linear or semi-linear BRDF models that describe the BRDF with few parameters (3 to 6) and allow fast inversion procedures. We first developed two linear BRDF models (FLIK, Flexible Linear Kernels and GEN, generic model), and compared them to existing ones in the literature. The results are discussed as a function of the number of directional data and their distribution in the hemisphere for each acquisition date. C1 NOVELTIS, F-31520 Ramonville St Agne, France. ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. INRA, F-84914 Avignon 9, France. CESBIO, F-31401 Toulouse 4, France. RP Weiss, M (reprint author), NOVELTIS, Parc Technol Canal,2 Ave Europe, F-31520 Ramonville St Agne, France. RI Prevot, Laurent/A-5929-2011; Jacob, Frederic/A-5946-2011; Baret, Fred/C-4135-2011; OI Prevot, Laurent/0000-0002-4627-4379; Jacob, Frederic/0000-0002-2491-3096; Baret, Fred/0000-0002-7655-8997; Weiss, Marie/0000-0002-2341-667X NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0249-5627 J9 AGRONOMIE JI Agronomie PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6 BP 531 EP 536 DI 10.1051/agro:2002037 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 610JQ UT WOS:000178957300002 ER PT J AU Jacob, F Weiss, M Olioso, A French, A AF Jacob, F Weiss, M Olioso, A French, A TI Assessing the narrowband to broadband conversion to estimate visible, near infrared and shortwave apparent albedo from airborne PoIDER data SO AGRONOMIE LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; multidirectional data; multispectral data; visible; near infrared; apparent albedo ID REMOTE-SENSING DATA; BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE; SURFACE ALBEDO; SATELLITE DATA; BRDF MODELS; EOS-MODIS; RETRIEVAL; LAND; SIMULATION; ALGORITHM AB The airborne PolDER data acquired during the ReSeDA experiment were used to assess the accuracy of the narrowband to broadband conversion, commonly used to express the integrated value of albedo, as a linear combination of waveband estimates. We focused on the estimation of shortwave, visible and near infrared apparent albedos from waveband hemispherical reflectances. The latter were computed using four classical linear BRDF kernel-driven models. The relative discrepancy over the estimates from the four models was about 10%. The narrowband to broadband conversion was performed considering several coefficient sets devoted to recent sensors. The validation against field measurements showed a relative accuracy of shortwave albedo about 9%, whereas it emphasized the quality of visible and near infrared albedos through an indirect procedure. However, the consequences of the theoretical uncertainties, made when calibrating the coefficient sets we used, remain unknown. Similarly, the calibration of coefficient sets devoted to the shortwave albedo estimation from PolDER data showed that it was not possible to discriminate the information provided by the blue, green and red PolDER channels. Indeed, the hemispherical reflectance data set we used was not accurate enough to address experimentally the validity of the spectral interpolation method. Finally, the calibration of coefficients showed that it might be possible to calculate shortwave albedo, with a relative error of 8% using only red and near infrared channels. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. INRA Climat Sol Environm, F-84914 Avignon 9, France. RP Jacob, F (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Bldg 007,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Jacob, Frederic/A-5946-2011 OI Jacob, Frederic/0000-0002-2491-3096 NR 40 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 7 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0249-5627 J9 AGRONOMIE JI Agronomie PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6 BP 537 EP 546 DI 10.1051/agro:2002049 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 610JQ UT WOS:000178957300003 ER PT J AU Jacob, F Olioso, A Gu, XF Su, ZB Seguin, B AF Jacob, F Olioso, A Gu, XF Su, ZB Seguin, B TI Mapping surface fluxes using airborne visible, near infrared, thermal infrared remote sensing data and a spatialized surface energy balance model SO AGRONOMIE LA English DT Article DE visible; near infrared; thermal infrared; remote sensing; surface energy balance; spatialization ID DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX; SOIL-WATER CONTENT; LEAF-AREA INDEX; SATELLITE DATA; HEAT-FLUX; HEMISPHERICAL REFLECTANCE; SEMIARID RANGELAND; THEMATIC MAPPER; REGIONAL-SCALE; SENSED DATA AB A spatialized surface energy balance model was validated over the database acquired in the framework of the ReSeDA program. The benefit of the SEBAL model we considered was to compute wind speed and air temperature using the information contained in the spatial variability of convective fluxes. The multitemporal database allowed performing a validation over cycles of several crops. Problems induced by mixed pixels were reduced using high spatial resolution remote sensing data. We verified the validity of the model basic assumption, i.e. the simultaneous presence of partial areas with very high and very low evaporation rates, and the resulting relation between surface temperature and albedo. Besides, the model provided estimates of wind speed and air temperature close to the field references. The validation of soil heat flux showed the inadequacy of the empirical relationship used through a significant underestimation of the references. The validation of sensible heat flux provided similar results as compared to previous studies that dealt with model validations over databases including numerous situations. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. INRA Climat Sol Environm, F-84914 Avignon 9, France. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, NL-6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Jacob, F (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Bldg 007,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Su, Z. (Bob)/D-4383-2009; Jacob, Frederic/A-5946-2011; OI Jacob, Frederic/0000-0002-2491-3096; Olioso, Albert/0000-0001-8342-9272 NR 70 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 13 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0249-5627 J9 AGRONOMIE JI Agronomie PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6 BP 669 EP 680 DI 10.1051/agro:2002053 PG 12 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 610JQ UT WOS:000178957300017 ER PT J AU Ogawa, K Schmugge, T Jacob, F French, A AF Ogawa, K Schmugge, T Jacob, F French, A TI Estimation of broadband land surface emissivity from multi-spectral thermal infrared remote sensing SO AGRONOMIE LA English DT Article DE broadband surface emissivity; surface energy balance; thermal infrared; remote sensing; ASTER C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ogawa, K (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Ogawa, Kenta/B-7687-2008; Jacob, Frederic/A-5946-2011; French, Andrew/M-4734-2014 OI Jacob, Frederic/0000-0002-2491-3096; French, Andrew/0000-0002-4018-1817 NR 5 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0249-5627 J9 AGRONOMIE JI Agronomie PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6 BP 695 EP 696 DI 10.1051/agro:2002055 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 610JQ UT WOS:000178957300020 ER PT J AU Tanaka, DL Krupinsky, JM Liebig, MA Merrill, SD Ries, RE Hendrickson, JR Johnson, HA Hanson, JD AF Tanaka, DL Krupinsky, JM Liebig, MA Merrill, SD Ries, RE Hendrickson, JR Johnson, HA Hanson, JD TI Dynamic cropping systems: An adaptable approach to crop production in the great plains SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TILLAGE SYSTEMS; SPRING WHEAT; PRECIPITATION; SOIL; EFFICIENCY AB Research to integrate the vast array of information needed by producers to make decisions allowing them to remain sustainable in our ever-changing agricultural environment is in its infancy. Present research has not provided crop production and soils information that is adequately comprehensive and holistic for producers to make critical decisions. We propose a dynamic cropping systems approach to help producers make those critical decisions they need to remain sustainable. Our definition of a dynamic cropping system is a long-term strategy of annual crop sequencing that optimizes crop and soil use options and the attainment of production, economic, and resource conservation goals by using sound ecological management principles. Implicit to this strategy is the need for producers to possess information necessary to respond to continual change. Key factors associated with dynamic cropping systems are diversity, adaptability, reduced input cost, multiple enterprise systems, and awareness of environment and information. Development of a dynamic cropping systems research program involves creating a crop portfolio, crop sequence evaluation, and multidirectional flow of information among research, extension, and producers. Dynamic cropping systems approach relies on responsiveness and provides producers with management flexibility for developing their own long-term sustainable crop, soil, and. land use systems. C1 USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Tanaka, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RI Liebig, Mark/A-2775-2009 NR 36 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 94 IS 5 BP 957 EP 961 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 597AA UT WOS:000178198500001 ER PT J AU Nielsen, DC Vigil, MF Anderson, RL Bowman, RA Benjamin, JG Halvorson, AD AF Nielsen, DC Vigil, MF Anderson, RL Bowman, RA Benjamin, JG Halvorson, AD TI Cropping system influence on planting water content and yield of winter wheat SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL GREAT-PLAINS; SOIL-WATER; TILLAGE; CROPS; PRECIPITATION; AVAILABILITY; EFFICIENCY; ROTATION AB Many dryland producers in the central Great Plains of the USA express concern regarding the effect that elimination of fallow has on soil water content at winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) planting and subsequent yields. Our objectives were to quantify cropping system effects (fallow weed control method and crop sequence), including corn (Zea mays L.) (C) and proso millet (Panicum miliacium L.) (M), on soil water at winter wheat planting and subsequent grain yield, and to determine the frequency of environmental conditions which would cause wheat yield to drop below 2500 kg ha(-1) for various cropping systems. Crop rotations evaluated from 1993 through 2001 at Akron, CO, were W-F, W-C-F, W-M-F, and W-C-M (all no-till), and W-F (conventional till). Yields were correlated with soil water at planting: kg ha(-1) = 373.3 + 141.2 X cm (average and wet years); kg ha(-1) = 897.9 + 39.7 X cm (dry years). Increasing cropping intensity to two crops in 3 yr had little effect on water content at wheat planting and subsequent grain yield, while continuous cropping and elimination of fallow reduced soil water at planting by 11.8 cm and yields by 450 to 1650 kg ha(-1), depending on growing season precipitation. No-till systems, which included a 12- to 15-mo fallow period before wheat planting nearly always produced at least 2500 kg ha(-1) of yield under normal to wet conditions, but no cropping system produced 2500 kg ha(-1) under extremely dry conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, CO 80720 USA. USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Nielsen, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, 40335 County Rd GG, Akron, CO 80720 USA. RI Nielsen, David/A-8044-2009 OI Nielsen, David/0000-0002-8240-7183 NR 27 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 94 IS 5 BP 962 EP 967 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 597AA UT WOS:000178198500002 ER PT J AU Pettigrew, WT AF Pettigrew, WT TI Improved yield potential with an early planting cotton production system SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GOSSYPIUM-HIRSUTUM-L; ABSCISIC-ACID; DATE; PREVENTION AB Mid-South cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has reached a yield plateau in recent years. Shifting the growing season earlier in the year by planting earlier may allow the crop to develop under more favorable weather patterns and escape late season insects. The objectives were to determine the effect of early planting on growth and development, lint yield, and fiber quality of cotton. Early season dry matter partitioning, early season light interception, weekly bloom counts, lint yield, yield components, and fiber quality data were collected on genotypes planted during the first week of April (early planting) and the first week of May (normal planting). The data were collected from two experiments conducted over the years 1996 to 2000. Early June leaf area index of the early planted plants was 172% greater than plants in the normal planting, which contributed to a 55% greater canopy light interception for the early planting at that time. Early planting shifted the blooming period earlier in the growing season every year but 1997. Four out of 5 yr, the early planted cotton demonstrated a 10% yield improvement over the normal planted crop. In 1997, the early planted crop was stunted by an early season cold period, and yet its yields were equivalent to the normal planted crop. Planting earlier than normal has the potential to provide for increased lint yields for Mississippi Delta cotton producers. Techniques to mitigate early cold temperature stress could help make the yield improvements found with this early planting production system more consistent. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Pettigrew, WT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, POB 345, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 15 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 94 IS 5 BP 997 EP 1003 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 597AA UT WOS:000178198500007 ER PT J AU Bednarz, CW Shurley, WD Anthony, WS AF Bednarz, CW Shurley, WD Anthony, WS TI Losses in yield, quality, and profitability of cotton from improper harvest timing SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Excessive weathering may diminish cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) tint yield and fiber quality to the extent that economic losses occur for the producer. Our objective was to determine the effects of systematic delayed harvest on cotton lint yield, fiber quality, and profitability. Experiments were conducted from 1998 to 2000 at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA, on a Tifton loamy sand (fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults). The treatments consisted of a standard harvest-aid combination applied at weekly intervals over a 13-wk period beginning at first open boll. Harvest aids were applied to each plot according to its week after first open boll designation and machine harvested 2 wk thereafter. After ginning, fiber quality was determined on lint samples from each plot. High volume instrument (HVI) fiber length uniformity was greatest in 1999 and 2000 when harvest aids were applied between 58 and 88% open boll, while the advanced fiber information system (AFIS) fiber length by number coefficient of variation and short fiber content by number were lowest when harvest aids were applied from 40.1 to 46.8% open boll. The HVI upper half mean fiber length and the AFIS mean fiber length by number were greatest when harvest aids were applied between 39.1 and 56.7% open boll. In 1999 and 2000 lint yield and adjusted gross income were greatest when harvest aids were applied from 76.5 to 89.0% open boll. Results from this study indicate optimum fiber quality is established earlier during boll opening than lint yield and profitability. C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Rural Dev Ctr, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Cotton Ginning Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Bednarz, CW (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1004 EP 1011 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 597AA UT WOS:000178198500008 ER PT J AU Foster, JG Fedders, JM Clapham, WM Robertson, JW Bligh, DP Turner, KE AF Foster, JG Fedders, JM Clapham, WM Robertson, JW Bligh, DP Turner, KE TI Nutritive value and animal selection of forage chicory cultivars grown in central Appalachia SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GRASSLANDS PUNA CHICORY; CICHORIUM-INTYBUS L; AMINO-ACID-COMPOSITION; NITROGEN; PLANT; PRODUCTIVITY; MANAGEMENT; DEFENSE; SWARDS; CATTLE AB The unequivocal success of 'Grasslands Puna' (Puna) chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) as a forage species in other areas has not been realized in the central Appalachian Region of the USA. A field study was conducted in southern West Virginia (38degrees N, 81degrees W; 850 m above sea level) to compare nutritional qualities and palatability of herbage from three forage chicory cultivars that were developed in different parts of the world. Puna, 'INIA Le Lacerta' (Lacerta), and 'Forage Feast' were established on a Gilpin soil (fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic, Typic Hapludults) in replicated plots in 1997 and 1998, and herbage was used for chemical analyses and ruminant feeding assessments. Whitetail deer (Odocoileus virginianus), in a free-foraging situation, and sheep (Ovis aries), in two cafeteria trials, discriminated against Forage Feast. Deer selected Lacerta first; sheep did not exhibit a preference for Lacerta over Puna. Mature leaves from vegetative rosettes of the three cultivars had similar concentrations of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber (P > 0.10). In vitro organic matter disappearance and amino acid composition were also similar among the cultivars (P > 0.05). In all cultivars, approximately 65% of the total N occurred as protein amino acids. Nonprotein amino acids were not major constituents in any of the cultivars. Results suggest that differences in palatability and intake of chicory are related to the secondary plant metabolite composition of the herbage. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Cent, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Foster, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Cent, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 50 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1034 EP 1042 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 597AA UT WOS:000178198500012 ER PT J AU Gebrehiwot, L Beuselinck, PR Roberts, CA AF Gebrehiwot, L Beuselinck, PR Roberts, CA TI Seasonal variations in condensed tannin concentration of three Lotus species SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID BIRDSFOOT-TREFOIL; NUTRITIONAL-VALUE; CORNICULATUS L; IN-VITRO; PROANTHOCYANIDINS; PEDUNCULATUS; SHEEP; REGISTRATION; DIGESTION; GERMPLASM AB Condensed tannins (CTs) are commonly found in herbage of Lotus spp. and can have beneficial or detrimental effects on feed value and animal performance. Our objectives were to (i) determine the level of CT concentration and its seasonal variations in three widely grown Lotus spp.; (ii) assess the distribution of CTs in leaves, stems, and, flowers; and (iii) determine if herbage-of greenhouse-grown Lotus spp. contains CT concentrations with-equivalent rank to field-grown plants. Field herbage samples were taken-in spring, summer, and fall and analyzed for CTs by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Herbage of big trefoil (L. uliginosus Schkur.) germplasm ARS-1221 and narrowleaf trefoil (L. glaber Mill.) germplasm ARS-1207 had the greatest and lowest CT concentrations averaging 154 and 8 g catechin equivalent (CE) kg(-1) dry matter (DM), respectively. The birdsfoot trefoil (L. corniculatus L.) cultivar ARS-2620 had a greater CT concentration than 'Norcen', but both had moderate CT levels averaging 39 and 23 g CE kg(-1) DM, respectively: Herbage CT concentration of Norcen, ARS-2620, and ARS-1221 was higher in spring and summer compared with fall while that of ARS-1207 was low in spring, summer, and fall. Generally, stems had less CT than leaves and flowers, but there was no detectable CTs in stems of ARS-1207. The rankings of the four entries for herbage CT concentration in the greenhouse and field were the same. This is the first report of CT concentrations for the germplasms ARS-1221 and ARS-1207, which are suitable candidates for genetic improvement to develop cultivars with desirable CT levels. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Beuselinck, PR (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 37 TC 32 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1059 EP 1065 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 597AA UT WOS:000178198500015 ER PT J AU Wilhelm, WW McMaster, GS Harrell, DM AF Wilhelm, WW McMaster, GS Harrell, DM TI Nitrogen and dry matter distribution by culm and leaf position at two stages of vegetative growth in winter wheat SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SPRING WHEAT; NUTRIENT RELATIONS; MAIN SHOOT; FIELD; TEMPERATURE; IRRIGATION; ANTHESIS; LEAVES; SPIKE; ACCUMULATION AB Knowledge of N and assimilate partitioning in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) improves management efficacy and crop model development. Our purpose was to describe N and dry matter distribution during vegetative growth of blades, sheaths, and internodes on four culms. Winter wheat grown at the Colorado State University Horticultural Farm was sampled at Haun Stage 5 and jointing. Samples were dried, weighed, and analyzed for N. As the canopy developed and older tissue contributed more of total tissue, N concentration decreased although N mass and dry weight increased. Dry matter and N mass decreased from MC to T1 and T2 to T11, while the reverse order was found for N concentration. Dry weight and N mass decreased as calm order increased (culm age decreased), because phytomers were smaller and fewer existed. Nitrogen concentration had the opposite trend because new tissue contained about 40 g N kg(-1) but declined as the tissue aged to 30 g N kg(-1). Initial growth of all tissues had concentrations >50 g N kg-1 and at senescence declined to 19 g N kg(-1). Phytomer positions on different culms tended to have similar N concentrations while identical phytomers on primary tillers tended to have greater dry weights than those on the MC and secondary tillers. Phytomers tended to increase in N concentration and mass and dry weight acropetally. Results show that viewing the canopy as the interplay of appearance, growth, interaction, and senescence of culms or phytomers can increase understanding of canopy N and dry weight dynamics. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Soil & Water Conservat Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resources Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Wilhelm, WW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Soil & Water Conservat Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 41 TC 13 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1078 EP 1086 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 597AA UT WOS:000178198500018 ER PT J AU Heatherly, LG Spurlock, SR Elmore, CD AF Heatherly, LG Spurlock, SR Elmore, CD TI Row width and weed management systems for early soybean production system plantings in the midsouthern USA SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GLYCINE-MAX; POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDES; REDUCED RATES; CLAY SOIL; NARROW; YIELD; IMAZETHAPYR; CULTIVATION; IRRIGATION; SPRAYER AB Management inputs that maximize economic return from the early soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production system (ESPS) in the midsouthern USA have not been evaluated fully. Field studies were conducted at Stoneville, MS (33degrees26' N lat) to determine effect of weed management on yield and net return from maturity group (MG) IV and MG V cultivars grown in the ESPS in narrow rows (NRs; 50-cm width) and wide rows (WRs; 100-cm width) in nonirrigated (NI) and irrigated (IRR) environments. Use of Nits vs. Wits resulted in less weed cover at soybean maturity, but this was associated with greater weed management costs in Nits. In NI, choice of MG for ESPS plantings and choice of row width for MG V cultivars was arbitrary, but the MG IV cultivar did best in NR. Use of both pre-emergent (PRE) and postemergent (POST) broadleaf weed management in both NRs and WRs resulted in lower net returns. In IRR, NRs outyielded Wits, the MG IV cultivar yield equaled or exceeded the MG V yield in Nits, and the MG V cultivar outyielded the MG IV cultivar in Wits in both years. Differences in net returns followed yield differences. Use of POST-only broadleaf and grass weed management resulted in the highest net returns across the 2 yr. Thus, a MG IV cultivar planted in NRs with POST weed management appears to be the most profitable option in IRR-ESPS plantings. If Wits are required for management reasons in the ESPS, a MG V cultivar should be used. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, Appl & Prod Technol Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Heatherly, LG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, POB 343, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 34 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1172 EP 1180 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 597AA UT WOS:000178198500029 ER PT J AU Mueller-Warrant, GW Rosato, SC AF Mueller-Warrant, GW Rosato, SC TI Weed control for stand duration perennial ryegrass seed production: I. Residue removed SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CROP TOLERANCE; HERBICIDES AB Weed control-was a major concern of Oregon grass seed growers during their transition from open-field burning to mechanical methods of managing postharvest residues. This study aimed to determine (i) efficacy of herbicides on volunteer perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seedlings, (ii) whether treatments required for weed-free seed production could be reapplied annually without damaging stands, (iii) whether interactions between residue management and herbicides occurred, and (iv) whether weeds would increase over time. Twelve herbicide treatments and two residue management systems were compared for 3 yr in three commercial perennial ryegrass fields sown in 1991. Eight preemergence followed by postemergence herbicide treatment sequences provided good control (avg. 4% ground cover) of volunteer perennial ryegrass seedlings in the 1992-1993 growing season at all three sites, and in 1994-1995 at one of two sites. For the other sites and years, control ranged from good (avg. 7% ground cover) for 2.2 kg a.i: ha(-1) rake-incorporated preemergence pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] followed by postemergence 0.14 kg a.i. ha(-1) oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] plus 1.3 kg a.i. ha(-1) diuron [N'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea] to poor (avg. 55% ground cover) for postemergence-only 0.28 kg a.i. ha(-1) oxyfluorfen plus 1.8 kg a.i. ha(-1) diuron. Herbicide treatments affected perennial ryegrass seed yield, with an average yield loss of 3.2 kg ha(-1) for each 1% increase in seedling ground cover. Vacuum sweep residue removal improved weed control over bale-flail chop-rake treatment in all tests, but increased yield only once. Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) occurred only in plots that had not received pendimethalin. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Mueller-Warrant, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1181 EP 1191 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 597AA UT WOS:000178198500030 ER PT J AU Mueller-Warrant, GW Rosato, SC AF Mueller-Warrant, GW Rosato, SC TI Weed control for stand duration perennial ryegrass seed production: II. Residue retained SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID REMOVAL METHOD; CROP TOLERANCE; HERBICIDES; DISSIPATION AB Novel alternatives to open-field burning recently adopted by Oregon grass seed growers included retaining postharvest residues chopped into mulch. Because herbicide performance had never been tested under such conditions, research objectives included determining (i) efficacy of preemergence and postemergence herbicides on volunteer perennial ryegrass seedlings, (ii) whether treatments could be reapplied annually without damaging stands, (iii) whether common weeds would increase over time, and (iv) effects of volunteer seedlings on crop yield. Techniques were developed to incorporate pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] through crop residue. Tests were conducted in three commercial perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) fields sown in 1991. Preemergence-incorporated pendimethalin at 2.2 kg a.i. ha(-1) improved control of volunteer perennial ryegrass seedlings over postemergence treatments applied alone in 28 out of 46 comparisons, and 12 out of 18 failures to improve control occurred when postemergence treatments themselves adequately controlled weeds (avg. 5.5% ground cover by volunteer perennial ryegrass seedlings, or 93% control). Weed control by postemergence treatments varied greatly among years and sites. Early postemergence oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene] plus metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-6-methylethyl)acetamide] followed by late postemergence diuron [N'-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea] was the most effective postemergence treatment (avg. 92% control), but damaged the crop in several instances. Uncontrolled volunteer seedlings reduced seed yield in no-postemergence checks compared with treatments including postemergence applications in 19 out of 30 instances the first year, 24 out of 30 instances the second year, but only 3 out of 24 instances the third year. Susceptibility of perennial ryegrass to injury by herbicides increased with stand age but varied among sites. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Mueller-Warrant, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1192 EP 1203 PG 12 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 597AA UT WOS:000178198500031 ER PT J AU Andrews, SS Moorman, TB AF Andrews, SS Moorman, TB TI Comments on the introduction to the "Soil quality symposium" - Section. Agron. J. 94:1-2 (2002) - Reply SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Letter C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Andrews, SS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 94 IS 5 BP 1212 EP 1214 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 597AA UT WOS:000178198500034 ER PT J AU Paolillo, DJ Zobel, RW AF Paolillo, DJ Zobel, RW TI The formation of adventitious roots on root axes is a widespread occurrence in field-grown dicotyledonous plants SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE adventitious roots; branching; root turnover; roots ID HARDWOOD FOREST ECOSYSTEM; WATER-UPTAKE; DYNAMICS; HYPOCOTYLS; SOIL; POTASSIUM; SEEDLINGS; TURNOVER; PATTERNS; ANATOMY AB The formation of adventitious branch roots in the secondary tissues of parental root axes is a widespread and frequent occurrence under field conditions. Anatomical features diagnostic for the recognition of adventitious roots were utilised to confirm the occurrence of adventitious roots on roots of 22 species from 12 families in nine orders of dicotyledonous plants. Adventitious roots may play an important role in generating the population of fine roots as part of root tu, mover in the soil. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Paolillo, DJ (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Biol, 228 Plant Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM djp4@cornell.edu NR 56 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI ST LOUIS PA PO BOX 299, ST LOUIS, MO 63166-0299 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 89 IS 9 BP 1361 EP 1372 DI 10.3732/ajb.89.9.1361 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 683CY UT WOS:000183130900001 PM 21665738 ER PT J AU Seale, JL AF Seale, JL TI Predicting total energy expenditure from self-reported dietary records and physical characteristics in adult and elderly men and women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE energy requirement; food intake; energy expenditure; doubly labeled water; dietary records; self-reporting bias ID DOUBLY-LABELED WATER; FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES; ROOM CALORIMETRY; HEART-RATE; LIMITATIONS; PHYSIOLOGY; METABOLISM; VALIDATION; CUTOFF AB Background: Energy requirements and nutrient intakes are commonly estimated from self-reported dietary records, but such estimation has proven to be unreliable. When energy intakes determined from dietary records are compared with energy expenditures measured with the use of doubly labeled water, the former consistently underestimate energy requirements and have a high degree of variability. Objective: The objective of this study was to reduce the bias and variability of self-reported dietary records through the use of step-wise multiple regression analysis to develop models that relate energy expenditure measured with the use of doubly labeled water to energy intake from dietary records, sex, and fat-free mass (or weight and height). Design: Data from 54 healthy adult men and women were used to develop these models. Results: Fat-free mass, energy intake, and sex accounted for 86% of the variability in energy expenditure, whereas energy intake, sex, height, and weight accounted for 83%. When the model relating fat-free mass, energy intake, and sex to energy expenditure was tested on published data, it reduced the bias and variability of self-reported dietary records from -17 +/- 27% to 3 +/- 16%. When the model relating energy intake, sex, weight, and height to energy expenditure was tested on published data, it reduced the bias and variability of self-reported dietary records from -19 +/- 25% to -0.3 +/- 19%. Conclusion: Results from this study indicate that a simple relation can be used to correct self-reported dietary records to estimated energy requirements. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Seale, JL (reprint author), BARC E, Bldg 308,Room 212,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 76 IS 3 BP 529 EP 534 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 586LZ UT WOS:000177586600008 PM 12197995 ER PT J AU Adams, CL Hambidge, M Raboy, V Dorsch, JA Sian, L Westcott, JL Krebs, NF AF Adams, CL Hambidge, M Raboy, V Dorsch, JA Sian, L Westcott, JL Krebs, NF TI Zinc absorption from a low-phytic acid maize SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE plant breeding; maize; phytic acid; zinc; ratio of phytic acid to zinc; zinc absorption ID DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; INOSITOL PHOSPHATES; SUPPLEMENTATION; DIARRHEA; CHILDREN; PNEUMONIA AB Background: Phytic acid reduction in cereal grains has been accomplished with plant genetic techniques. These low-phytic acid grains provide a strategy for improving the mineral (eg, zinc) status in populations that are dependent on grains, including maize (Zea mays L.), as major dietary staples. Objective: The objective was to compare the fractional absorption of zinc from polenta prepared from maize low in phytic acid with that prepared from a wild-type isohybrid maize (control) after short-term consumption by adults whose habitual diet is low in phytic acid. Design: Healthy adults served as their own control subjects in a crossover design. All meals on 1 d consisted of polenta prepared from a low-phytic acid maize homozygous for the recessive low phytic acid 1-1 (lpa1-1). On the preceding or following day, all meals consisted of polenta prepared from a sibling isohybrid homozygous wild-type maize with a "normal" phytic acid content. The low-phytic acid maize contained approximate to60% less phytic acid than did the wild-type maize. All test meals were extrinsically labeled with zinc stable-isotope tracers. The fractional absorption of zinc was determined on the basis of fecal enrichment. Results: The molar ratios of phytic acid to zinc in the polenta prepared from lpa1-1 maize and the wild-type maize were 17:1 and 36: 1, respectively. The corresponding fractional absorptions of zinc were 0.30 +/- 0.13 and 0.17 +/- 0.11, respectively (P < 0.005). Conclusion: Substitution of a low-phytic acid grain in a maize-based diet is associated with a substantial increase in zinc absorption. C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sect Nutr, Dept Pediat, Denver, CO 80220 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Unit, Aberdeen, ID USA. RP Hambidge, M (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sect Nutr, Dept Pediat, 4200 E 9th Ave,Box C225, Denver, CO 80220 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR00051]; NIDDK NIH HHS [P30-DK48520] NR 26 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 76 IS 3 BP 556 EP 559 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 586LZ UT WOS:000177586600012 PM 12197999 ER PT J AU Reid, M Badaloo, A Forrester, T Heird, WC Jahoor, F AF Reid, M Badaloo, A Forrester, T Heird, WC Jahoor, F TI Response of splanchnic and whole-body leucine kinetics to treatment of children with edematous protein-energy malnutrition accompanied by infection SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE leucine kinetics; protein metabolism; edematous protein and energy malnutrition; stable isotope; children ID DIETARY-PROTEIN; YOUNG-CHILDREN; UREA KINETICS; AMINO-ACID; METABOLISM; TURNOVER; MAGNITUDE; RECOVERY; REGION; HUMANS AB Background: Although the reduction in whole-body protein turnover and net protein loss induced by protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) has been well documented, it is unclear whether the protein-sparing mechanisms elicited by chronically inadequate intakes of dietary protein and energy are affected by the protein catabolic response to infection. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine whether the presence of infection alters the PEM-induced reduction in whole-body protein metabolism. Design: We determined whole-body leucine kinetics in 4 boys and 3 girls aged 6-15 mo with edematous PEM and infection approximate to3 d after admission (study 1), when they were both infected and malnourished; approximate to11 d after admission (study 2), when infection had resolved but they were still anthropometrically malnourished; and at recovery (study 3), when weight-for-length was at least 90% of that expected. Results: The children had significantly less leucine flux in both study 1 and study 2 than they had in study 3. There were no significant differences in the amount of leucine released from protein breakdown or used for protein synthesis between study 1 and study 2. There were no significant differences in leucine balance or in either the amount or percentage of enteral leucine extracted by the splanchnic tissues among the 3 studies. Conclusions: When subjects are in the fed state, severe PEM induces a marked reduction in whole-body protein synthesis and breakdown rates, and the presence of infection does not alter this adaptation and hence the overall protein balance. A corollary is that children with severe PEM do not mount a protein catabolic response to infection. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ W Indies, Res Inst Trop Med, Trop Metab Res Unit, Kingston 7, Jamaica. RP Jahoor, F (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Reid, Marvin/0000-0003-4005-9384 FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD34224-01A1] NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 76 IS 3 BP 633 EP 640 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 586LZ UT WOS:000177586600024 PM 12198011 ER PT J AU Olivares, M Lonnerdal, B Abrams, SA Pizarro, F Uauy, R AF Olivares, M Lonnerdal, B Abrams, SA Pizarro, F Uauy, R TI Age and copper intake do not affect copper absorption, measured with the use of Cu-65 as a tracer, in young infants SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE copper absorption; human milk; infants; copper supplementation; Cu-65 ID STABLE-ISOTOPE CU-65; DIETARY COPPER; HUMAN-MILK; COWS MILK; MEN; RETENTION; FORMULAS; BALANCE; FETAL; LIVER AB Background: Copper homeostasis involves a high degree of regulation in which changes in absorption and biliary excretion are the main mechanisms. Whether neonates and small infants can make these changes efficiently is unknown. Objective: We evaluated the effect of age and copper intake on copper absorption in infants during the first 3 mo of life. Design: Thirty-nine healthy infants (19 infants aged 1 mo and 20 infants aged 3 mo) were selected. One-half of the subjects were randomly assigned to receive oral supplementation of 80 mg Cu (as copper sulfate) (.) kg body wt(-1) (.) d(-1) for 15 d. At the end of the trial, copper absorption was measured by using orally administered Cu-65 as a tracer and fecal monitoring of recovered Cu-65. Results: Mean (+/-SD) copper absorption at 1 mo of age was 83.6 +/- 5.8% and 74.8 +/- 9.1% for the unsupplemented and supplemented infants, respectively. The corresponding figures at 3 mo of age were 77.6 +/- 15.2% and 77.7 +/- 11.3%. A two-way analysis of variance showed that age, copper supplementation, and the interaction between age and copper supplementation did not have a significant effect on copper absorption. There was an inverse correlation between total fecal copper and the percentage Of (CU)-C-65 absorption (r = -0.50, P < 0.003). Conclusion: Copper absorption in young infants is high but does not respond to copper intake within the range tested. C1 Univ Chile, Inst Nutr & Food Technol, INTA, Santiago 11, Chile. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX USA. RP Olivares, M (reprint author), Univ Chile, Inst Nutr & Food Technol, INTA, Macul 550, Santiago 11, Chile. RI Olivares, Manuel/I-1876-2013; Pizarro, Fernando/K-5266-2012; OI Olivares, Manuel/0000-0002-1716-7697; Pizarro, Fernando/0000-0001-6088-1119; Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 18 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 76 IS 3 BP 641 EP 645 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 586LZ UT WOS:000177586600025 PM 12198012 ER PT J AU Badaloo, A Reid, M Forrester, T Heird, WC Jahoor, F AF Badaloo, A Reid, M Forrester, T Heird, WC Jahoor, F TI Cysteine supplementation improves the erythrocyte glutathione synthesis rate in children with severe edematous malnutrition SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE glutathione; severe malnutrition; cysteine; edema; oxidant damage; children ID PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION; HIV-INFECTION; IN-VIVO; KWASHIORKOR; PATHOGENESIS; MECHANISMS; METABOLISM; ENZYMES AB Background: Children with severe edematous malnutrition have higher than normal oxidant damage and lower concentrations of the antioxidant reduced glutathione (GSH), which are associated with slower synthesis of GSH and with low extra- and intracellular concentrations of the precursor amino acid cysteine. Objective: We tested whether early dietary supplementation with cysteine could restore a normal GSH concentration and synthesis rate in these children. Design: Erythrocyte cysteine and GSH concentrations and the fractional and absolute synthesis rates of GSH were measured in 2 groups of 16 edematous malnourished children, 10 boys and 6 girls aged 6-18 mo, at 3 times after hospital admission: at approximate to2 d (period 1), when they were malnourished and infected; at approximate to11 d (period 2), when they were malnourished but cleared of infection; and at 50 d (period 3), when they had recovered. Supplementation with either 0.5 mmol(.)kg(.)(-1)d(-1) N-acetylcysteine (NAC group) or alanine (control group) started immediately after period 1 and continued until recovery. Results: From period 1 to period 2 the concentration and the absolute synthesis rate of GSH increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the NAC group but not in the control group. The increases in the GSH concentration and synthesis rate were approximate to150% and 510% greater, respectively, in the NAC group than in the control group. The increases in the NAC group were associated with a significant effect of supplement (P < 0.03) on erythrocyte cysteine concentration. Conclusion: These results suggest that the GSH synthesis rate and concentration can be restored during the early phase of treatment if patients are supplemented with cysteine. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ W Indies, Trop Metab Res Unit, Kingston 7, Jamaica. RP Jahoor, F (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Reid, Marvin/0000-0003-4005-9384 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [1R01 DK56689] NR 22 TC 80 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 76 IS 3 BP 646 EP 652 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 586LZ UT WOS:000177586600026 PM 12198013 ER PT J AU Klevay, LM AF Klevay, LM TI Extra dietary copper inhibits LDL oxidation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Letter ID HEALTH; PLASMA C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Klevay, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 76 IS 3 BP 687 EP 688 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 586LZ UT WOS:000177586600033 PM 12198019 ER PT J AU Fleet, JC Eksir, F Hance, KW Wood, RJ AF Fleet, JC Eksir, F Hance, KW Wood, RJ TI Vitamin D-inducible calcium transport and gene expression in three Caco-2 cell lines SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE intestine; calcium absorption; calbindin D-9k; calcium transport channel; plasma membrane Ca-adenosinetriphosphatase ID EPITHELIAL CA2+ CHANNEL; MESSENGER-RNA; D-RECEPTOR; PARATHYROID-HORMONE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; RAT INTESTINE; 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D3; ABSORPTION; IDENTIFICATION; PROTEIN AB The parental cell line (P) of Caco-2 cells and two clones, BBe and TC7, were studied at 11 days postconfluence to test the facilitated diffusion model of vitamin D-mediated intestinal calcium absorption (CaTx). Nuclear vitamin D receptor (nVDR) and calbindin D-9k (CaBP) were measured by Western blot; 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D-3 24-hydroxylase (CYP24), CaBP, plasma membrane Ca-ATPase (PMCA), and Ca transport channel (CaT1) mRNA levels were examined by RTPCR; and net apical-to-basolateral CaTx was examined after treating cells with vehicle or 10 nM calcitriol for 8 (mRNA levels) or 48 h (protein, CaBP mRNA, CaTx). nVDR level was lowest in BBe (38% P value) and directly related to CYP24 induction (TC7 = P, which were 1.56 times greater than BBe). nVDR was inversely related to the vitamin D-induced levels of CaT1 mRNA, CaBP mRNA, PMCA mRNA, and net CaTx, with the highest induction seen in BBe. Basal CaBP mRNA (86 times greater than P) and protein levels were highest in TC7 cells and were not associated with higher net CaTx, suggesting CaBP may not be rate limiting for CaTx in these cells. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Foods & Nutr, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. Univ N Carolina, Grad Program Nutr, Greensboro, NC 27403 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Mineral Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Fleet, JC (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Foods & Nutr, 1264 Stone Hall, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-54111, R01 DK054111, R01 DK054111-03] NR 37 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1857 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-GASTR L JI Am. J. Physiol.-Gastroint. Liver Physiol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 283 IS 3 BP G618 EP G625 DI 10.1152/ajpgi.00269.2001 PG 8 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Physiology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Physiology GA 585AY UT WOS:000177502000015 PM 12181175 ER PT J AU Redulla, CA Davenport, JR Evans, RG Hattendorf, MJ Alva, AK Boydston, RA AF Redulla, CA Davenport, JR Evans, RG Hattendorf, MJ Alva, AK Boydston, RA TI Relating potato yield and quality to field scale variability in soil characteristics SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Solanum tuberosum L.; precision agriculture; soil texture; nitrogen; phosphorus; potassium; soil pH AB Causes of within-field spatial variability in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) yield are not well understood. To address this, a study was conducted from 1998 to 2000 on a commercial farm in southeastern Washington. Soil samples were collected from four center-pivot-irrigated, uniformly fertilized fields on a 0.4-ha grid interval prior to potato planting and analyzed for nitrate-N, ammonium, P, K, organic matter, pH, and texture. The elevation of each grid point was also recorded. Four to five days before commercial harvest, potatoes were collected from a 3-m row length at each original grid point using a one-row digger. The potatoes were weighed, sorted into five weight classes, and evaluated for specific gravity. Correlation and stepwise regression analyses were conducted to test relationships between soil-based and yield variables. Factors driving yield varied between fields. Soil texture components (sand, silt, clay) had stronger impact on yield than with the soil chemical properties we measured. However, all four fields showed an inverse relationship between specific gravity and soil test K, although the correlation coefficients and contributions to regression models were relatively low. Finding a general prescription formula for goals other than higher yield (e.g., nutrient-leaching potential) may be feasible. The consistent relationship of soil textural components in our models suggest that monitoring available soil water, a factor closely related to soil texture, should be included in any future work. C1 Washington State Univ, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. USDA ARS, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Redulla, CA (reprint author), Washington State Univ, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 9 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 1099-209X J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 79 IS 5 BP 317 EP 323 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 617LT UT WOS:000179363700002 ER PT J AU Groves, CL AF Groves, CL TI Characterization of Phytophthora infestans from Maine during 1999 and 2000 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE allozyme; genotype; RG57 RFLP; mating type; mitochondrial haplotype; self-fertility ID SELF-FERTILITY; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; GENETIC ANALYSES; UNITED-STATES; POPULATIONS; GENOTYPES; POTATO; CANADA; RECOMBINATION; POLYMORPHISMS AB A total of 77 isolates of Phytophthora infestans was collected in 1999 and 93 isolates were collected in 2000 from growers' fields, home gardens, and research plots in Maine. Genotype diversity based on glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (Gpi) allozyme analysis was greater in the collections from 2000, with six genotypes identified vs two genotypes identified in 1999. The US-8 (Gpi 100/111/122) genotype constituted 88% of the isolates collected in 1999 and 75% of those collected in 2000. The US-14 (Gpi 100/122) genotype constituted 12% and 7% of the isolates collected in 1999 and 2000, respectively. Three new Gpi genotypes constituted 7% of the isolates collected from potato in northern Maine in 2000. A new genotype (A1 mating type, Gpi 100/100) that was aggressive on both tomato and potato was identified from home gardens in western Maine and constituted 11% of the isolates collected in 2000. A1, A2, and A1A2 mating types as well as self-fertile isolates were collected in both years. Self-fertility in artificial culture appeared to be relatively common in field isolates of P. infestans. Potential origins of the new genotypes are discussed. C1 Univ Maine, USDA ARS, New England Plant Soil & Water Lab, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Groves, CL (reprint author), Univ Maine, USDA ARS, New England Plant Soil & Water Lab, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 1099-209X J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 79 IS 5 BP 325 EP 333 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 617LT UT WOS:000179363700003 ER PT J AU del Rio, AH Bamberg, JB AF del Rio, AH Bamberg, JB TI Lack of association between genetic and geographic origin characteristics for the wild potato Solanum sucrense Hawkes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE genebank; RAPD; germplasm; geographic distribution ID RAPD; POPULATIONS; DIVERSITY; BANKS AB Collecting germplasm to broaden breeding resources is an essential activity of genebanks. Research to understand how genetic diversity is partitioned in nature might help to identify collections rich in diversity. Previous studies among wild populations of Solarium fendleri (a disomic polyploid selfer) and S. jamesii (a diploid outcrosser) revealed no significant associations between genetic and ecogeographic variation. Even physical separation did not predict genetic differences. In this study, 28 populations of S. sucrense Hawkes (2n=4x=48), a Bolivian species with another breeding system (polysomic polyploid oucrosser), were evaluated. The objective was to assess whether genetic differences between populations are predicted by differences in geographic parameters at the natural site of origin. Genetic differentiation was estimated by using 216 RAPD markers. The average genetic distance (GD) found between pairs of populations was 31% (ranging from 8% to 44%). Correlations of GD with latitude, longitude, altitude and distance were not significant. Multiple regression analysis also confirmed that GD was not explained by the geographic parameters used. We conclude that geographic origin data is not very useful in gauging interpopulation genetic diversity in the genebank. C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Interreg Potato Introduct Stn, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Bamberg, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Interreg Potato Introduct Stn, 4312 Hwy 42, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. OI Del Rio, Alfonso/0000-0001-8780-747X NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 1099-209X J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 79 IS 5 BP 335 EP 338 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 617LT UT WOS:000179363700004 ER PT J AU Mojtahedi, H Crosslin, JM Thomas, PE Santo, GS Brown, CR Wilson, JH AF Mojtahedi, H Crosslin, JM Thomas, PE Santo, GS Brown, CR Wilson, JH TI Impact of wheat and corn as rotational crops on corky ringspot disease of Russet Norkotah potato SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; Paratrichodorus allius; stubby root nematode; tobacco rattle virus ID TOBACCO RATTLE VIRUS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; TUBERS AB Tobacco rattle virus (TRV), the causal agent of corky ringspot disease of potato (CRS), was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) in root tissues of field- and greenhouse-grown wheat (two) and corn (10) cultivars. TRV was also detected in some of the same samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), but in a low frequency. Compared to `Samsun NN' tobacco, wheat and corn appeared to be poorer hosts of TRV. However, these crops served as inoculum reservoirs of TRV. A nonviruliferous population of the nematode Paratrichodorus allius, the vector of TRV, acquired the virus from infected wheat and corn roots, and transmitted it to potato. `Russet Norkotah' potatoes grown following TRV-infected corn and wheat, were blemished with arcs, concentric rings and diffuse browning, characteristic symptoms of CRS. The observations presented here suggest that wheat and corn as rotational crops will sustain TRV in a CRS problem field and the virus may cause severe damage on subsequent potato crops. C1 USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. RP Brown, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 1099-209X J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 79 IS 5 BP 339 EP 344 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 617LT UT WOS:000179363700005 ER PT J AU Barrera, R Ferro, C Navarro, JC Freier, J Liria, J Salas, R Ahumada, M Vasquez, C Gonzalez, M Kang, W Boshell, J Weaver, SC AF Barrera, R Ferro, C Navarro, JC Freier, J Liria, J Salas, R Ahumada, M Vasquez, C Gonzalez, M Kang, W Boshell, J Weaver, SC TI Contrasting sylvatic foci of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in northern south America SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID MOSQUITOS DIPTERA; CULICIDAE; EMERGENCE; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; STRAINS AB The ecology of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus transmission was compared at three enzootic foci: two forest sites in the Catatumbo region of western Venezuela that have yielded small numbers of virus isolates since the 1970s, and another focus in the middle Magdalena Valley of Colombia that has consistently yielded many VEE virus isolates. Our results demonstrated dramatic differences in VEE virus isolation rates from sentinel hamsters, as well as differences in mosquito species composition and captured mammals with antibodies to VEE virus. between the Colombian and Venezuelan study sites. The higher isolation rate of enzootic VEE virus in the Colombian site was associated with a more abundant fauna of spiny rats (Proechimys spp,), known reservoir hosts of enzootic VEE virus, Mosquito collections demonstrated that the Colombian forest had a higher mosquito diversify and species evenness than either of the Venezuelan forests. The Colombian focus was especially richer in its Culex (Melanoconion) spp, fauna. a subgenus that includes all proven enzootic vectors for VEE virus. Our results suggest that the greater abundance. diversity, and stability of enzootic vector populations combined with the greater density (if rodent reservoir hosts, explains the higher levels of VEE virus circulation in the Colombian focus compared with the Venezuelan forests. C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Ctr Trop Dis, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Cent Univ Venezuela, Inst Zool Trop, Caracas, Venezuela. Inst Nacl Salud, Bogota, Colombia. Ctr Anim Dis Informat & Anal, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. Inst Nacl Higiene, Caracas, Venezuela. RP Weaver, SC (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, 301 Univ Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. RI Weaver, Scott/D-6490-2011; Liria, Jonathan/B-7392-2017; OI Liria, Jonathan/0000-0003-1611-8364; Navarro, Juan-Carlos/0000-0002-7692-4248 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-39800, AI-48807] NR 46 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 67 IS 3 BP 324 EP 334 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 604QW UT WOS:000178633400020 PM 12408676 ER PT J AU King, JW Zhang, ZY AF King, JW Zhang, ZY TI Derivatization reactions of carbamate pesticides in supercritical carbon dioxide SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE carbamate; derivatization; extraction; pesticide; supercritical fluid ID FLUID EXTRACTION; CHEMICAL DERIVATIZATION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) has been used to dissolve derivatizing agents (e.g. heptafluorobutyric anhydride, HFBA, and pyridine), which also act as a modifier in the fluid phase, for simultaneous extraction and derivatization of carbamates from the sample matrix. The derivatized carbamate pesticides (carbaryl, 3-hydroxycarbofuran, carbofuran, aldicarb, methiocarb) were then analyzed by GC-ECD or GC-MS with excellent sensitivity. Extraction and conversion of the carbamates was complete, as indicated by HPLC with post-column hydrolysis and o-phthalaldehyde derivatization then fluorescence detection. GC-MS (ion trap) was also used to confirm the formation of the carbamate derivatives. Compared with the same HFBA reaction in an organic solvent the derivatization reaction time was considerably shorter in SC-CO2. The described approach, combining both extraction and derivatization, simplifies the analysis of carbamate pesticides and eliminates the use of organic solvents associated with the derivatization step. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops & Proc Technol, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Pharm Corp, Skokie, IL 60777 USA. RP King, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops & Proc Technol, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 15 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 374 IS 1 BP 88 EP 92 DI 10.1007/s00216-002-1429-1 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 595MF UT WOS:000178112800016 PM 12207247 ER PT J AU Bunce, JA AF Bunce, JA TI Carbon dioxide concentration at night affects translocation from soybean leaves SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; Glycine max; respiration; soybean; translocation ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATION; LEAF DARK RESPIRATION; ELEVATED CO2; DIRECT INHIBITION; GAS-EXCHANGE; GROWTH; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; AMBIENT; EXPORT; PLANTS AB Studies have indicated that the concentration of carbon dioxide [CO2] during the dark period may influence plant dry matter accumulation. It is often suggested that these effects on growth result from effects Of [CO2] on rates of respiration, but responses of respiration to [CO2] remain controversial, and connections between changes in respiration rate and altered growth rate have not always been clear. The present experiments tested whether translocation, a major consumer of energy from respiration in exporting leaves, was sensitive to [CO2] Nineteen-day-old soybean plants grown initially at a constant [CO2] of 350 mumol mol(-1) were exposed to three consecutive nights with a [CO2] of 220-1400 mumol mol(-1), with a daytime [CO2] of 350 mumol mol(-1). Change in dry mass of the individual second, third and fourth trifoliate leaves over the 3-d period was determined, along with rates of respiration and photosynthesis of second leaves, measured by net CO, exchange. Translocation was determined from mass balance for second leaves. Additional experiments were conducted where the [CO2] around individual leaves was controlled separately from that of the rest of the plant. Results indicated that low [CO2] at night increased both respiration and translocation and elevated [CO,] decreased both processes, to similar relative extents. The effect Of [CO2] during the dark on the change in leaf mass over 3 d was largest in second leaves, where the change in mass was about 50 % greater at 1400 mumol mol(-1) CO2 than at 220 mumol mol(-1) CO2. The response of translocation to [CO2] was localized in individual leaves. Results indicated that effects of [CO2] on net carbon dioxide exchange rate in the dark either caused or reflected a change in a physiologically important process which is known to depend on energy supplied by respiration. Thus, it is unlikely that the observed effects Of [CO2] on respiration were artefacts of the measurement process in this case. (C) 2002 Annals Botany Company. C1 ARS, ACSL, Inst Plant Sci, USDA,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bunce, JA (reprint author), ARS, ACSL, Inst Plant Sci, USDA,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 90 IS 3 BP 399 EP 403 DI 10.1093/aob/mcf203 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 593AU UT WOS:000177969700011 PM 12234152 ER PT J AU Cuda, JP Coon, BR Dao, YM Center, TD AF Cuda, JP Coon, BR Dao, YM Center, TD TI Biology and laboratory rearing of Cricotopus lebetis (Diptera : Chironomidae), a natural enemy of the aquatic weed Hydrilla (Hydrocharitaceae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Hydrilla verticillata; aquatic weeds; midge bionomics; herbivory; biological control ID HYDRELLIA-PAKISTANAE DIPTERA; MYRIOPHYLLI OLIVER DIPTERA; VERTICILLATA HYDROCHARITACEAE; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; OKANAGAN VALLEY; UNITED-STATES; LIFE-HISTORY; EPHYDRIDAE; ESTABLISHMENT; SPICATUM AB Field and laboratory studies were conducted on Cricotopus lebetis Sublette, a midge of unknown origin that causes widespread damage to the aquatic weed hydrilla, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, at Crystal River, FL, USA. The larvae of C. lebetis burrow into the submersed apical meristems of the hydrilla plant and destroy shoot tips during their development. Abscission of the hydrilla stem tip usually occurs when the last instar excavates a tunnel inside the stem for pupation. Mining damage caused by the feeding larvae induces stunting and basal branching that alters the normal growth pattern of hydrilla. Larval populations of C. lebetis and damaged hydrilla shoot tips were highest in the summer (May and June) and fall months (October and November) during 1997 and 1998. In June 1998, more than 70% of the hydrilla shoot tips were damaged by midge larvae. Adults lived <2 d in the laboratory, and nuptial flights were not a prerequisite for mating. Females deposited a single egg string containing an average of 154 eggs inside a gelatinous matrix. The eggs took &AP;2 d to complete., development and neonate eclosion was synchronized. The larval stage had four instars and required &AP;14 d to develop to the pupal stage, which lasted an additional 2 d. Although most larval chironomids feed on algae or detritus, the larvae of C. lebetis fed and developed entirely on the living stem tissue of hydrilla. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. ARS, USDA, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Cuda, JP (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 44 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 95 IS 5 BP 587 EP 596 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0587:BALROC]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 594DD UT WOS:000178032700010 ER PT J AU Satar, S Yokomi, R AF Satar, S Yokomi, R TI Effect of temperature and host on development of Brachycaudus schwartzi (Homoptera : Aphididae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE peach aphids; life table; host range ID BIOLOGY AB Populations of Brachycaudus schwartzi (Borner) were found on peach and nectarine (Prunus persica Siebold & Zuccarini) trees in Parlier, CA, in summer 2000. To determine if this aphid could be a pest of P. persica, a nine-variety host range test was conducted using a no-choice arena and temperature-dependent development studies of the aphid at 15, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, and 32.5degreesC. Nectarine variety Mayfire (r(m) = 0.286) and Queencrest peach (r(m) = 0.283) were found to be the best hosts followed by Mayglo nectarine (r(m) = 0.253). Mayfire was, therefore, selected as the host plant for the colony and for the temperature development studies. Detached shoot terminals of Mayfire were maintained on Hoagland's solution and placed in small cages in growth chambers. One adult aphid was introduced onto each flush and development of aphid offspring was monitored daily. The shortest developmental time from first instar to adult aphid was 6.9 d at 25degreesC and the longest was 19.9 d at 15degreesC. Adult longevity was 38.5 d at 15degreesC and the highest offspring per female was 46.4 nymphs per female at 20degreesC. The intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)) rose sharply from 15degreesC (0.109 nymphs/male/d) to a maximum at 25degreesC (r(m) = 0.286), and then fell sharply at 27.5degreesC with high mortality at 30degreesC and above. The lower threshold for development was 10.04degreesC. Overall, the data indicate that B. schwartzi does better at cooler temperatures and that early season peach or nectarine varieties may be susceptible to damage by this aphid. C1 ARS, USDA, SJVASC, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. RP Satar, S (reprint author), Cukurova Univ, Fac Agr, Dept Plant Protect, TR-01030 Adana, Turkey. NR 19 TC 22 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 95 IS 5 BP 597 EP 602 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0597:EOTAHO]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 594DD UT WOS:000178032700011 ER PT J AU Kataeva, IA Seidel, RD Shah, A West, LT Li, XL Ljungdahl, LG AF Kataeva, IA Seidel, RD Shah, A West, LT Li, XL Ljungdahl, LG TI The fibronectin type 3-like repeat from the Clostridium thermocellum cellobiohydrolase CbhA promotes hydrolysis of cellulose by modifying its surface SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BINDING DOMAIN; BACTERIAL CELLULASE; CHITIN DEGRADATION; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; III DOMAINS; SEQUENCE; CLONING; PROTEIN; GENE; EXPRESSION AB Fibronectin type 3 homology domains (Fn3) as found in the cellobiohydrolase CbhA of Clostridium thermocellum are common among bacterial extracellular glycohydrolases. The function of these domains is not clear. CbhA is modular and composed of an N-terminal family IV carbohydrate-binding domain (CBDIV), an immunoglobulin-like domain, a family 9 glycosyl hydrolase catalytic domain (Gh9), two Fn3-like domains (Fn3(1,2)), a family III carbohydrate-binding domain (CBDIII), and a dockerin domain. Efficiency of cellulose hydrolysis by truncated forms of CbhA increased in the following order: Gh9 (lowest efficiency), Gh9-Fn3(1,2) (more efficient), and Gh9-Fn3(1,2)-CBDIII (greatest efficiency). Thermostability of the above constructs decreased in the following order: Gh9 (most stable), Gh9-Fn3(1,2), and then Gh9-Fn3(1,2)-CBDIII (least stable). Mixing of Orpinomyces endoglucanase WE with Fn3(1,2), or Fn3(1,2)-CBDIII increased efficiency of hydrolysis of acid-swollen cellulose (ASC) and filter paper. Scanning electron microscopic studies of filter paper treated with Fn3(1,2), Fn3(1,2)- CBDIII, or CBDIII showed that the surface of the cellulose fibers had been loosened up and crenellated by Fn3(1,2) and Fn3(1,2)-CBDIII and to a lesser extent by CBDIII. X-ray diffraction analysis did not reveal changes in the crystallinity of the filter paper. CBDIII bound to ASC and filter paper with capacities of 2.45 and 0.73 mumoles g(-1) and relative affinities (K,.) of 1.12 and 2.13 liters g(-1), respectively. Fn3(1,2) bound weakly to both celluloses. Fn3(1,2)-CBD bound to ASC and filter paper with capacities of 3.22 and 0.81 p,moles g(-1) and K(r)s of 1.14 and 1.98 liters g-1, respectively. Fn3(1,2) and CBDIII contained 2 and 1 mol of calcium per mol, respectively. The results suggest that Fn3(1,2) aids the hydrolysis of cellulose by modifying its surface. This effect is enhanced by the presence of CBDIII, which increases the concentration of Fn3(1,2) on the cellulose surface. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Ctr Biol Resource Recovery, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Res Ctr, Athens 30602, Greece. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kataeva, IA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, A210 Life Sci Bldg, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 38 TC 94 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 68 IS 9 BP 4292 EP 4300 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.9.4292-4300.2002 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 588TX UT WOS:000177718000017 PM 12200278 ER PT J AU Cloak, OM Solow, BT Briggs, CE Chen, CY Fratamico, PM AF Cloak, OM Solow, BT Briggs, CE Chen, CY Fratamico, PM TI Quorum sensing and production of autoinducer-2 in Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli O157 : H7, and Salmonella enterzca serovar typhimurium in foods SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VIBRIO-HARVEYI; BACTERIAL BIOLUMINESCENCE; LUMINESCENCE; LUXS; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION; MOLECULE; SYSTEM; FAMILY AB Autoinducer molecules are utilized by gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria to regulate density-dependent gene expression by a mechanism known as quorum sensing. PCR and DNA sequencing results showed that Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli possessed luxS, which is responsible for autoinducer-2 (AI-2) production. Using a Vibrio harveyi luminescence assay, the production of AI-2 was observed in milk, chicken broth, and brucella broth by C. coli, C. jejuni, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Escherichia coli O15:H7 under different conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fratamico, PM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 20 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 68 IS 9 BP 4666 EP 4671 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.9.4666-4671.2002 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 588TX UT WOS:000177718000068 PM 12200329 ER PT J AU Zhu, H Sorensen, RB Butts, CL Lamb, MC Blankenship, PD AF Zhu, H Sorensen, RB Butts, CL Lamb, MC Blankenship, PD TI A pressure regulating system for variable irrigation flow controls SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE precision flow control; subsurface drip irrigation; valves; pumps ID SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION; YIELD AB It is important for an irrigation system to have a stable. constant pressure to obtain efficient water management for crops. A simple mechanical flow control system with a pressure-regulating valve was investigated for subsurface drip irrigation and small acreage sprinkler irrigation to maintain constant pressure under variable flow conditions. A submersible pump, booster pump, and centrifugal pump were tested with the control system for the variable flow rates ranging from 9.6 to 222.1 L/min and pressure ranging from 69 to 276 kPa. As long as the pumps were able to provide enough flow to maintain a pressure differential of 124 kPa between control system inlet and outlet, the line pressure remained constant and stable through the test. Standard deviation of the pressure from the flow control system at 69-kPa pressure setting was 0.4 kPa for the submersible pump, 1.2 kPa for the booster pump, and 3.9 kPa for the centrifugal pump. At the 69-kPa pressure setting, the amperage to the booster pump decreased from 11.3 to 8.8 A when the total flow rate in the line decreased from 158.1 to 41.2 L/min. The irrigation system with the flow control avoided pressure pulsation and reduced total energy consumption. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. RP Zhu, H (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, POB 509, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 18 IS 5 BP 533 EP 540 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 631DK UT WOS:000180152000003 ER PT J AU Woodbury, BL Nienaber, IA Eigenberg, RA AF Woodbury, BL Nienaber, IA Eigenberg, RA TI Operational evaluation of a passive beef cattle feedlot runoff control and treatment system SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE animal waste management; feedlot runoff control; nutrient management; waste treatment ID MANURE STORAGE PONDS; SWINE-LAGOON; SEEPAGE AB Nutrients from feedlot runoff can infiltrate beneath long-term storage ponds. Pond embankments' wetting and drying cycles facilitate infiltration paths as does weed growth that form roots channels. The research objectives were to construct and evaluate a, passive runoff control system to reduce or eliminate long-term liquid storage. Runoff volumes, nutrient totals, and peak discharge were estimated using the Nutrient Fate Model for Beef Cattle Feedlots (Eigenberg et al., 1995). A vegetative filter strip was sized based on these estimated values. A flat-bottom terrace was constructed to collect runoff, provide temporary liquid storage, and accumulate settable solids, while distributing the nutrient laden liquid fraction uniformly across a vegetative filter strip. No runoff from the vegetative filter strip was recorded during the study period that lasted from 1999 through 2001, indicating that the basin discharge was effectively utilized for grass production. The volume of water remaining in the basin that was available for deep infiltration was greatly reduced when compared to traditional long-term runoff storage systems. This reduction was evident as the solids storage system began to accumulate solids, thereby reducing the total liquid storage volume of the basin. The passive beef cattle feedlot runoff treatment system appeared to be an improvement to traditional storage systems. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Woodbury, BL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 18 IS 5 BP 541 EP 545 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 631DK UT WOS:000180152000004 ER PT J AU Lu, R Ariana, D AF Lu, R Ariana, D TI A near-infrared sensing technique for measuring internal quality of apple fruit SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE fruit; apples; quality; firmness; sugar content; near-infrared spectroscopy ID SOLUBLE-SOLIDS; SUGAR CONTENT; NONDESTRUCTIVE DETERMINATION; NIR-SPECTROSCOPY; DRY-MATTER; FIRMNESS; INTERACTANCE; REFLECTANCE; KIWIFRUIT; PEACHES AB Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is a promising technique for nondestructive sensing of apple fruit for multiple quality attributes. The objective of this research was to investigate a NIR sensing technique in interactance mode for rapid acquisition of spectral information to predict the sugar content and possibly firmness of apple fruit. A NIR sensing system with a specially designed probe assembly was used for simultaneous acquisition of spectral data at two different distances (3.5 and 5.5 mm) from the light source in the spectral region between 900 and 1500 nm. Experiments were performed to collect spectral data from two apple cultivars: 'Empire' and 'Red Delicious.' Chemometric models were developed using partial least squares regression. Better predictions of the sugar content of apples were obtained at a closer sensing position, 3.5 versus 5.5 mm, from the light source. The correlations of prediction for sugar content were equal to, or greater than, 0.81 and prediction errors were between 0.5 and 0.7% for the two cultivars. Firmness predictions for Empire were not as good as those predictions for sugar content with a prediction error of 10.6 N at 3.5 mm and 9.8 N at 5.5 mm. Ratio spectra from the two sensing positions did not give as good predictions of the fruit sugar content and firmness as those predictions by relative reflectance. This research shows that the proposed NIR sensing technique can be used for rapid determination of fruit sugar content. However, it is still difficult to accurately predict fruit firmness with NIR spectroscopy. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Agr Engn, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Lu, R (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Agr Engn, 224 Farrall Hall, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 17 TC 65 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 18 IS 5 BP 585 EP 590 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 631DK UT WOS:000180152000010 ER PT J AU Pearson, T Young, R AF Pearson, T Young, R TI Automated sorting of almonds with embedded shell by laser transmittance imaging SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE almonds; image processing; inspection; sorters; automation ID CONCEALED DAMAGE; PISTACHIO NUTS AB Shell fragments becoming embedded in kernels during hulling and shelling is a quality control problem for the almond industry. While embedded shell is rare, with only about 0.1% of shelled kernels exhibiting this problem, the incidence has been increasing over the past several years. The industry, therefore, needs a method to remove these kernels from the process stream. A prototype device was constructed which images laser light transmitted through the kernel and automatically detects and removes kernels with embedded shell fragments. A shell fragment blocks nearly all the transmitted light, forming a dark spot in the image that is detected by a computer algorithm. The computer then activates an air valve to divert the corresponding kernel from the process stream. The sorting device has an inspection rate of approximately 40 kernels/s (100 kg/h). For a single-pass sorting operation, approximately 83% of the kernels with embedded shell were detected and removed. Additionally, 11% of the clean kernels (no embedded shell) were incorrectly classified as having embedded shell and were also removed from the process stream. Running the rejects of the first sorting pass through the system a second time recovered approximately 46% of the previously rejected clean kernels. C1 USDA ARS, GMPRC, ERU, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Pearson, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, GMPRC, ERU, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 18 IS 5 BP 637 EP 641 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 631DK UT WOS:000180152000016 ER PT J AU Blackburn, MB Gelman, DB Hu, JS AF Blackburn, MB Gelman, DB Hu, JS TI Co-development of Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae): A histological examination SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HOST AB Using histological techniques, we have simultaneously examined the co-development of the Aphelinid parasitoid Encarsia formoso and its host the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. Previously we hove determined that regardless of the whitefly instar parasitized, porasitoid larvae would not molt to their final instar until the whitefly reaches its maximum dimensions. In unparasitized T vaporariorum, this point in development corresponds to the initiation of the adult molt. In part, this study was conducted to determine the developmental state of parasitized whiteflies at the time they achieve their maximum dimensions. it was found that parasitized final instar T vaporafiorum do, in fact, undergo a final molt and that E. formosa larvae will not molt to their final instar until this has occurred. The timing of the final whitefly molt appears unaffected by parasitization. The commonly observed melanization of parasitized whiteflies appears to be a consequence of this molt. In addition, we have discovered that the adult wasp oviposits within the ventral ganglion of the whitefly, and that major organ systems of the whitefly persist very late into parasitoid development. We also report the presence of possible endosymbiotic bacteria residing in the fatbody of E. formosa. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 51:13-26, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger). C1 BARC West, USDA ARS, PSI, IBL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Blackburn, MB (reprint author), BARC West, USDA ARS, PSI, IBL, Bldg 011A,Rm 214, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 51 IS 1 BP 13 EP 26 DI 10.1002/arch.10045 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 585FZ UT WOS:000177515900002 PM 12210957 ER PT J AU Martelli, GP Sabanadzovic, S Sabanadzovic, NAG Edwards, MC Dreher, T AF Martelli, GP Sabanadzovic, S Sabanadzovic, NAG Edwards, MC Dreher, T TI The family Tymoviridde SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRAPEVINE FLECK VIRUS; GENOME ORGANIZATION; SEQUENCE; TYMOVIRUSES; MARAFIVIRUS AB The family Tymoviridae comprises the genus Tymovirus, from which it derives its name, the genus Marafivirus and the newly established genus Maculavirus. Members of the family share the following characteristics: (i) non-enveloped isometric particles c. 30 nm in diameter, with a rounded contour and prominent surface structures, and clustering of coat protein subunits in pentamers and hexamers; (ii) the presence in preparations of purified virus particles of two centrifugal components, made up of non-infectious protein shells (T) that may contain small amounts of RNA (primarily subgenomic coat protein mRNA) and of infectious nucleoproteins (B), that contain the virus genome; (iii) possession of a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome with an unusually high cytidine content (32 to c. 50%), capped at the 5' terminus and containing a very large ORF encodes replication-related proteins analogous to those of other taxa of the "alpha-like" supergroup of ssRNA viruses; (iv) a replication strategy possibly encompassing post-translational proteolytic cleavage of the polypeptide encoded by ORF1 by a papain-like virus-encoded protease, and coat protein expression via a subgenomic RNA; (v) the presence in infected cells of cytopathic structures, thought to be the sites of RNA replication, originating from severely altered chloroplasts and/or mitochondria, the periphery of which is lined with vesicles produced by the localized invaginations of the bounding membrane. There are 23, 4, and 2 known species in the genera Tymovirus, Marafivirus and Maculavirus, respectively. The genus Marafivirus also contains one tentative species. C1 Univ Bari, Dipartimento Protez Piante & Microbiol Applicata, I-70126 Bari, Italy. CNR, Inst Virol Vegetal, I-70126 Bari, Italy. Ist Agron Mediterraneo, Valenzano, Bari, Italy. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Cereal Crop Res Unit, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Martelli, GP (reprint author), Univ Bari, Dipartimento Protez Piante & Microbiol Applicata, Via Amendola 165-A, I-70126 Bari, Italy. OI Sabanadzovic, Sead/0000-0002-2995-2633 NR 17 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 147 IS 9 BP 1837 EP 1846 DI 10.1007/s007050200045 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 594GM UT WOS:000178041200015 PM 12209322 ER PT J AU Martelli, GP Agranovsky, AA Bar-Joseph, M Boscia, D Candresse, T Coutts, RHA Dolja, VV Falk, BW Gonsalves, D Jelkmann, W Karasev, AV Minafra, A Namba, S Vetten, HJ Wisler, GC Yoshikawa, N AF Martelli, G. P. Agranovsky, A. A. Bar-Joseph, M. Boscia, D. Candresse, T. Coutts, R. H. A. Dolja, V. V. Falk, B. W. Gonsalves, D. Jelkmann, W. Karasev, A. V. Minafra, A. Namba, S. Vetten, H. J. Wisler, G. C. Yoshikawa, N. CA ICTV Study Grp Closteroviruses All TI The family Closteroviridae revised SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article AB Recently obtained molecular and biological information has prompted the revision of the taxonomic structure of the family Closteroviridae. In particular, mealybug-transmitted species have been separated from the genus Closterovirus and accommodated in a new genus named Ampelovirus (from ampelos, Greek for grapevine). Thus, the family now comprises three genera. Their major properties are (i) Closterovirus: type species Beet yellows virus, genome monopartite, 15.5-19.3 kb in size, a 22-25 kDa major coat protein (CP), the gene encoding the divergent CP analogue (CPd) upstream of the CP cistron, transmission by aphids, a membership of 8 definitive and 4 tentative species; (ii) Ampelovirus: type species Grapevine leafroll virus 3, genome monopartite 16.9-19.5 kb in size, a 35-37 kDa major CP, a CPd cistron generally located downstream of the CP gene, transmission by pseudococcid and coccid mealybugs, a membership of 6 definitive and 5 tentative species; (iii) Crinivirus: type species Lettuce infectious yellows virus, genome essentially bipartite 15.3-19 kb in size, a 28-33 kDa CP, a CPd cistron downstream of the CP gene, transmission by whiteflies (Bemisia, Trialeurodes), a membership of 7 definitive and 3 tentative species. There are five unassigned species in the family. C1 [Martelli, G. P.] Univ Bari, Dipartimento Protez Piante, I-70121 Bari, Italy. [Agranovsky, A. A.] Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Lab Physicochem Biol, Moscow, Russia. [Bar-Joseph, M.] Volcani Agr Res Ctr, Bet Dagan, Israel. [Boscia, D.] Ist Virol Vegetale CNR, Sez Bari, Bari, Italy. [Candresse, T.] INRA, Stn Pathol Vegetale, Villenave Dornon, France. [Coutts, R. H. A.] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London, England. [Dolja, V. V.] Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. [Falk, B. W.] Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. [Gonsalves, D.] USDA, Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI USA. [Jelkmann, W.] Inst Pflanzenschutz Obstbau, Dossenheim, Germany. [Karasev, A. V.] Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Doylestown, PA USA. [Minafra, A.] Ist Virol Vegetale CNR, Sez Bari, Bari, Italy. [Namba, S.] Univ Tokyo, Grad Sch Agr & Life Sci, Tokyo 1138654, Japan. [Vetten, H. J.] Biol Bundesanstalt, Braunschweig, Germany. [Wisler, G. C.] Univ Florida, Deparment Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL USA. [Yoshikawa, N.] Iwate Univ, Morioka, Iwate 020, Japan. RP Martelli, GP (reprint author), Dipartamento Protez Dell Piante, Via Giovanni Amendola 165A, I-70126 Bari, Italy. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 EI 1432-8798 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 147 IS 10 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA V33ZK UT WOS:000209056500001 ER PT J AU Cobos, DR Baker, JM Nater, EA AF Cobos, DR Baker, JM Nater, EA TI Conditional sampling for measuring mercury vapor fluxes SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE agricultural soil; emission; micrometeorology; relaxed eddy accumulation; soil-air exchange ID RELAXED EDDY-ACCUMULATION; SURFACE EXCHANGE; GASEOUS MERCURY; GAS-EXCHANGE; SOILS; CHAMBER; TESTS; EMISSIONS; WATER; AIR AB Surface-atmosphere mercury fluxes are difficult to measure accurately. Current techniques include dynamic flux chambers and micrometeorological gradient and aerodynamic approaches, all of which have a number of intrinsic problems associated with them. We have adapted conditional sampling (relaxed eddy accumulation), a micrometeorological technique commonly used to measure other trace gas fluxes, to measure surface-air mercury fluxes. Our initial flux measurement campaign over an agricultural soil consisted of two 1-week measurement periods, and was longer in duration than previously reported mercury flux measurement periods. Fluxes during both measurement periods ranged between 190.5 (evolution) and -91.7 ng m(-2) h(-1) (deposition) with an average evolution of 9.67 ng m(-2) h(-1). The data showed significant diurnal trends, weakly correlated with shallow soil temperatures and solar radiation. This initial trial run indicates that conditional sampling has much promise for the accurate quantification of both short and long-term mercury fluxes. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Cobos, DR (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & climate, 1991 Upper Buford Circle,439 Borlaug Hall, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 32 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 36 IS 27 BP 4309 EP 4321 AR PII S1352-2310(02)00400-4 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00400-4 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 602FU UT WOS:000178495900003 ER PT J AU Likens, GE Driscoll, CT Buso, DC Mitchell, MJ Lovett, GM Bailey, SW Siccama, TG Reiners, WA Alewell, C AF Likens, GE Driscoll, CT Buso, DC Mitchell, MJ Lovett, GM Bailey, SW Siccama, TG Reiners, WA Alewell, C TI The biogeochemistry of sulfur at Hubbard Brook SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE acidic deposition; atmospheric deposition (wet and dry); forest disturbance; forest ecosystem; landscape patterns; net ecosystem flux; net hydrologic flux; SO2 emissions; soil chemistry; streamwater chemistry; sulfur biogeochemistry; vegetation chemistry; weathering ID NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS; NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST; AIR ACT AMENDMENTS; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; WHOLE-TREE; LONG-TERM; ACID-RAIN; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; STABLE SULFUR AB A synthesis of the biogeochemistry of S was done during 34 yr (1964-1965 to 1997-1998) in reference and human-manipulated forest ecosystems of the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), NH. There have been significant declines in concentration (-0.44 mumol/liter-yr) and input (-5.44 mol/ha-yr) of SO42- in atmospheric bulk wet deposition, and in concentration (-0.64 mumol/liter-yr) and output (-3.74 mol/ha-yr) of SO42- in stream water of the HBEF since 1964. These changes are strongly correlated with concurrent decreases in emissions of SO2 from the source area for the HBEF. The concentration and input of SO42- in bulk deposition ranged from a low of 13.1 mumol/liter (1983-1984) and 211 mol/ha-yr (1997-1998) to a high of 34.7 mumol/liter (1965-1966) and 479 mol/ha-yr (1967-1968), with a long-term mean of 23.9 mumol/liter and 336 mol/ha-yr during 1964-1965 to 1997-1998. Despite recent declines in concentrations, SO42- is the dominant anion in both bulk deposition and stream water at HBEF. Dry deposition is difficult to measure, especially in mountainous terrain, but was estimated at 21% of bulk deposition. Thus, average total atmospheric deposition was 491 and 323 mol/ha-yr during 1964-1969 and 1993-1998, respectively. Based on the long-term delta(34)S pattern associated with anthropogenic emissions, SO42- deposition at HBEF is influenced by numerous SO 2 sources, but biogenic sources appear to be small. Annual throughfall plus stemflow in 1993-1994 was estimated at 346 mol SO42-/ha. Aboveground litterfall, for the watershed-ecosystem averaged about 180 mol S/ha-yr, with highest inputs (190 mol S/ha-yr) in the lower elevation, more deciduous forest zone. Weathering release was calculated at a maximum of 50 mol S/ha-yr. The concentration and output of SO42- in stream water ranged from a low of 42.3 mumol/liter (1996-1997) and 309 mol/ha-yr (1964-1965), to a high of 66.1 mumol/liter (1970-1971) and 849 mol/ha-yr (1973-1974), with a long-term mean of 55.5 mumol/liter and 496 mol/ha-yr during the 34 yrs of study. Gross outputs of SO42- in stream water consistently exceeded inputs in bulk deposition and were positively and significantly related to annual precipitation and streamflow. The relation between gross SO42- output and annual streamflow changed with time as atmospheric inputs declined. In contrast to the pattern for bulk deposition concentration, there was no seasonal pattern for stream SO42- concentration. Nevertheless, stream outputs of SO42- were highly seasonal, peaking during spring snowmelt, and producing a monthly cross-over pattern where net hydrologic flux (NHF) is positive during summer and negative during the remainder of the year. No significant elevational pattern in streamwater SO42- concentration was observed. Mean annual, volume-weighted soil water SO42- concentrations were relatively uniform by soil horizon and across landscape position. Based upon isotopic evidence, much of the SO42- entering HBEF in atmospheric deposition cycles through vegetation and microbial biomass before being released to the soil solution and stream water. Gaseous emissions of S from watershed-ecosystems at HBEF are unquantified, but estimated to be very small. Organic S (carbon bonded and ester sulfates) represents some 89% of the total S in soil at HBEF. Some 6% exists as phosphate extractable SO42- (PSO4). About 73% of the total S in the soil profile at HBEF occurs in the Bs2 horizon, and some 9% occurs in the forest floor. The residence time for S in the soil was calculated to be similar to9 yr, but only a small portion of the total organic soil pool turns over relatively quickly. The S content of above- and belowground biomass is about 2885 mol/ha, of which some 3-5% is in standing dead trees. Yellow birch, American beech and sugar maple accounted for 89% of the S in trees, with 31% in branches, 27% in roots and 25% in the lightwood of boles. The pool of S in living biomass increased from 1965 to 1982 due to biomass accretion, and remained relatively constant thereafter. Of current inputs to the available nutrient compartment of the forest ecosystem, 50% is from atmospheric bulk deposition, 24% from net soil release, 11% from dry deposition, 11% from root exudates and 4% is from canopy leaching. Comparing ecosystem processes for S from 1964-1969 to 1993-1998, atmospheric bulk deposition decreased by 34%, stream output decreased by 10%, net annual biomass storage decreased by 92%, and net soil release increased by 184% compared to the 19641969 values. These changes are correlated with decreased emissions of SO2 from the source area for the HBEF. Average, annual bulk deposition inputs exceeded streamwater outputs by 160.0 +/- 75.3 SD mol S/ha-yr, but average annual net ecosystem fluxes (NEF) were much smaller, mostly negative and highly variable during the 34 yr period (-54.3 +/- 72.9 SD mol S/ha-yr; NEF range, +86.8 to -229.5). While several mechanisms may explain this small discrepancy, the most likely are net desorption of S and net mineralization of organic S largely associated with the forest floor. Our best estimates indicate that additional S from dry deposition and weathering release is probably small and that desorption accounts for about 37% of the NEF imbalance and net mineralization probably accounts for the remainder (similar to60%). Additional inputs from dry deposition would result from unmeasured inputs of gaseous and particulate deposition directly to the forest floor. The source of any unmeasured S input has important implications for the recovery of soils and streams in response to decreases in inputs of acidic deposition. Sulfate is a dominant contributor to acid deposition at HBEF, seriously degrading aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Because of the strong relation between SO2 emissions and concentrations of SO42- in both atmospheric deposition and stream water at HBEF, further reductions in SO2 emissions will be required to allow significant ecosystem recovery from the effects of acidic deposition. The destruction or removal of vegetation on experimental watershed-ecosystems at HBEF resulted in increased rates of organic matter decomposition and nitrification, a lowering of soil and streamwater pH, enhanced SO42- adsorption on mineral soil and smaller concentrations and losses of SO42- in stream water. With vegetation regrowth, this adsorbed SO42- is released from the soil, increasing concentrations and fluxes of SO42- in drainage water. Streamwater concentration of SO42- and gross annual output of SO42-/ha are essentially the same throughout the Hubbard Brook Valley in watersheds varying in size by about 4 orders of magnitude, from 3 to 3000 ha. C1 Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Res Stn, Campton, NH 03223 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Bayreuth, BITOK, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. RP Likens, GE (reprint author), Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RI Lovett, Gary/H-3800-2013; Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; OI Lovett, Gary/0000-0002-8411-8027; Bailey, Scott/0000-0002-9160-156X; Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 170 TC 128 Z9 133 U1 9 U2 80 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD SEP PY 2002 VL 60 IS 3 BP 235 EP 316 DI 10.1023/A:1020972100496 PG 82 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 597CW UT WOS:000178205400002 ER PT J AU Millar, LC Barbercheck, ME AF Millar, LC Barbercheck, ME TI Effects of tillage practices on entomopathogenic nematodes in a corn agroecosystem SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Steinernema riobrave; Steinernema carpocapsae; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; entomopathogenic nematode; biological control; tillage effects ID STEINERNEMA-CARPOCAPSAE; SOIL; TEMPERATURE; POPULATIONS; CROP; HETERORHABDITIDAE; LEPIDOPTERA; PERSISTENCE; RIOBRAVIS; INFECTION AB Cultural practices such as tillage affect soil abiotic and biotic factors, which in turn may affect the survival and activity of entomopathogenic nematodes. We investigated the relative sensitivity of an inundatively applied nematode species, Steinernema riobrave (Texas), and two endemic nematode species, Steinernema carpocapsae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, to tillage practices in no-till and conventional-till corn near Goldsboro, North Carolina. Two baiting methods using Galleria mellonella, one conducted in the laboratory and the other in the field, were used to evaluate the nematodes in terms of infected insects and nematode persistence. H. bacteriophora, which was only rarely detected, was not significantly affected by tillage. Tillage had a significant negative effect on the detection of S. carpocapsae and a significant positive effect on the detection of S. riobrave. The nematodes' dissimilar sensitivities to tillage may be partly explained by differences in environmental tolerances and differences in tendencies to disperse deeper in the soil profile. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Entomol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Millar, LC (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, Raleigh Plant Protect Ctr, 1017 Main Campus Dr,Suite 2500, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 36 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD SEP PY 2002 VL 25 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 AR PII S1049-9644(02)00042-7 DI 10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00042-7 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 587LL UT WOS:000177642200001 ER PT J AU Vargas, RI Ramadan, M Hussain, T Mochizuki, N Bautista, RC Stark, JD AF Vargas, RI Ramadan, M Hussain, T Mochizuki, N Bautista, RC Stark, JD TI Comparative demography of six fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE braconid parasitoids; fruit flies; comparative demography ID LONGICAUDATA ASHMEAD HYMENOPTERA; MELON FLY; FLIES DIPTERA; HAWAII; SUPPRESSION; POPULATION; AREA; ABUNDANCE; ARISANUS; BIOLOGY AB Reproductive and population parameters were calculated for six tephritid fly braconid parasitoids: Fopius arisanus (Sonan), Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), Fopius vandenboschi (Fullaway), Psyttalia incisi (Silvestri), Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Cameron), and Psyttalia fletcheri (Silvestri), reared on a preferred fruit fly host: oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), or melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett). Highest numbers of eggs were produced by F. arisanus, D. longicaudata, and P. incisi. Numbers of R fletcheri eggs produced were intermediate and those for D. tryoni and F. vandenboschi lowest. Intrinsic rates of increase were highest for F, arisanus (0.12 per female per day) and D. longicaudata (0.12 per female per day) and lowest for F. vandenboschi (0.08 per female per day). Highest net reproductive rates were obtained for P. incisi (29.4) and lowest for F. vandenboschi (10.1). Mean generation times ranged from 27.2 days for D, longicaudata to 33.4 days for R incisi. All parasitoid species survived less than 50 days, except P. incisi which survived 133 days. Parasitoid species were shorter-lived and possessed lower reproductive rates than their fruit fly counterparts. For example, parasitoid generation times were 24.3%, 26.8%, and 11.7% shorter for F. arisanus, D. tryoni, and P. fletcheri reared on oriental fruit fly, Mediterranean fruit fly, and melon fly, respectively; however, intrinsic rates of increase were 25%, 44%, and 26.6% lower. Implications of these studies are discussed with respect to past and future biological control programs for fruit flies in Hawaii, (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. State Hawaii Dept Agr, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. Atom Energy Agr Res Ctr, Sindh 70060, Pakistan. Washington State Univ, Puyallup Res & Extens Ctr, Puyallup, WA 98371 USA. RP Vargas, RI (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 43 TC 31 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 22 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD SEP PY 2002 VL 25 IS 1 BP 30 EP 40 AR PII S1049-9644(02)00046-4 DI 10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00046-4 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 587LL UT WOS:000177642200004 ER PT J AU Van Kessel, JS Reeves, JB AF Van Kessel, JS Reeves, JB TI Nitrogen mineralization potential of dairy manures and its relationship to composition SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE nitrogen; mineralization; dairy; manure ID CARBON MINERALIZATION; BROILER LITTER; SOIL; FRESH; DECOMPOSITION; INCUBATION; DYNAMICS; WASTES; STRAW; PIG AB The objectives of this study were to determine the variability in mineralization of dairy manure N, to determine if N mineralization can be predicted by compositional factors or by near- or mid-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Dairy manures (n = 107) were collected from farms in Maryland, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, and Connecticut. The composition of these manures ranged from 14 to 386 g dry matter kg(-1), 0.9 to 9.5 kg total N/m(3), and 0.3 to 4.7 kg NH4+-N/m(3). Manure-amended soil was aerobically incubated at 25degreesC and concentrations of NH4+-N and NO3--N were determined at day 2 and day 56. The manures were highly variable in their N mineralization characteristics, ranging from a net mineralization of 54.9% to a net immobilization of 29.2% of the organic N. When compositional parameters were individually regressed against percentage mineralized organic N, the highest correlation coefficient (r) was 0.164. A stepwise regression of all 11 variables yielded a maximal r of 0.486. These results suggest that the availability of dairy manure organic N is highly variable and that the availability cannot be predicted from simple compositional parameters. No relationship was found between near-infrared spectral characteristics and N mineralization suggesting that no simple relationship exists between N mineralization and compositional characteristics. There appears to be some potential for the use of mid-infrared for determining the mineralization potential of manures. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Manure & Byprod Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Van Kessel, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, BARC E, Rm 204,Bldg 173, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 36 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 19 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD SEP PY 2002 VL 36 IS 2 BP 118 EP 123 DI 10.1007/s00374-002-0516-y PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 598KR UT WOS:000178275500005 ER PT J AU Ng, C Losso, JN Marshall, WE Rao, RM AF Ng, C Losso, JN Marshall, WE Rao, RM TI Physical and chemical properties of selected agricultural byproduct-based activated carbons and their ability to adsorb geosmin SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE activated carbon; pecan shells; sugarcane bagasse; geosmin; Freundlich model ID DRINKING-WATER; ADSORPTION; REMOVAL; METHYLISOBORNEOL; MIB AB The objectives of this study were to evaluate selected physical and chemical properties of agricultural byproduct-based activated carbons made from pecan shells and sugarcane bagasse, and compare those properties to a commercial coal-based activated carbon as well as to compare the adsorption efficiency of these carbons for geosmin. Comparison of the physical and chemical properties of pecan shell- and bagasse-based carbons to the commercial carbon, Calgon Filtrasorb 400, showed that pecan shell carbon, but not the bagasse carbon, compared favorably to Filtrasorb 400, especially in terms of surface area, bulk density, ash and attrition. A carbon dosage study done in a model system showed the amount of geosmin adsorbed to be greater for Filtrasorb 400 and the bagasse-based carbon at low carbon concentrations than for the pecan shell carbons, but geosmin adsorption was similar in all carbons at higher carbon dosages. Application of the Freundlich isotherm model to the adsorption data showed that carbons made by steam activation of pecan shells or sugarcane bagasse had geosmin adsorption characteristics most like those of the commercial carbon. In terms of physical, chemical and adsorptive properties, steam-activated pecan shell carbon most resembled the commercial carbon and has the potential to replace Filtrasorb 400 in applications involving removal of geosmin from aqueous environments. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Food Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Losso, JN (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Food Sci, 111 Food Sci Bldg, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 34 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-8524 J9 BIORESOURCE TECHNOL JI Bioresour. Technol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 84 IS 2 BP 177 EP 185 AR PII S0960-8524(02)00014-7 DI 10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00014-7 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA 562PK UT WOS:000176207900010 PM 12139335 ER PT J AU Weis, JS Edwards, J Enger, ED Gall, GA Jarrar, HJ Lauritsen, DD Pixley, EY Poulson, TL Samuels, E Shafer, CL Temple, PJ Weis, P Young, JE AF Weis, JS Edwards, J Enger, ED Gall, GA Jarrar, HJ Lauritsen, DD Pixley, EY Poulson, TL Samuels, E Shafer, CL Temple, PJ Weis, P Young, JE TI Biology, environment, and conservation in South Africa SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Zool, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Mt Carmel Acad, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Monroe Cty Community Coll, Dept Biol, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. Univ Illinois Chicago, Jupiter, FL 33458 USA. Los Angeles Valley Coll, Dept Life Sci, Valley Glen, CA 91401 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Washington, DC 20240 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Riverside, CA 92506 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Radiol, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. McHenry Cty Coll, Dept Biol, Crystal Lake, IL 60012 USA. RP Weis, JS (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 2002 VL 52 IS 9 BP 781 EP 789 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0781:BEACIS]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 592XW UT WOS:000177963000004 ER PT J AU Burke, IC Lauenroth, WK Cunfer, G Barrett, JE Mosier, A Lowe, P AF Burke, IC Lauenroth, WK Cunfer, G Barrett, JE Mosier, A Lowe, P TI Nitrogen in the central grasslands region of the United States SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; NITRIC-OXIDE EMISSIONS; CENTRAL GREAT-PLAINS; SHORTGRASS STEPPE; AGRICULTURAL SOILS; CROP ROTATIONS; LAND-USE; ECOSYSTEMS; CLIMATE; FLUXES C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. SW State Univ, Ctr Rural & Reg Studies, Marshall, MN 56258 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Shortgrass Steppe LTER, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Burke, IC (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Nat Resource Ecol Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Burke, Ingrid/A-1420-2009; Barrett, John/D-5851-2016 OI Burke, Ingrid/0000-0003-4717-6399; Barrett, John/0000-0002-7610-0505 NR 79 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD SEP PY 2002 VL 52 IS 9 BP 813 EP 823 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0813:NITCGR]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 592XW UT WOS:000177963000008 ER PT J AU Halling, SM AF Halling, SM TI Simple device to deliver beads to 96-well plates for rapid resuspension of bacterial pellets SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Lab, Bacterial Dis Livestock Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Halling, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Lab, Bacterial Dis Livestock Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 USA SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD SEP PY 2002 VL 33 IS 3 BP 480 EP + PG 2 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 592XV UT WOS:000177962900003 PM 12238754 ER PT J AU Seaward, MRD Aptroot, A Harrington, FA AF Seaward, MRD Aptroot, A Harrington, FA TI The lichens of Aldabra, with comments on their distribution SO BRYOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Forty-five lichen species are reported from Aldabra, an atoll of four main islands and numerous islets located in the Indian Ocean. Thirty-three species are new to Aldabra. The lichen flora is characteristic of the Indian Ocean islands. It is dominated by pantropical species, showing a rather weak statistical correlation (Sorensson Coefficient) of 22.0 between Aldabra and the islands of the granitic Seychelles and a surprisingly higher correlation of 36.5 with the Chagos Archipelago more than five times the distance away. C1 Univ Bradford, Dept Environm Sci, Bradford BD7 1DP, W Yorkshire, England. Cent Bur Schimmelcultures, NL-3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands. USDA, ARS, No Plains Agr Res Lab, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. RP Seaward, MRD (reprint author), Univ Bradford, Dept Environm Sci, Bradford BD7 1DP, W Yorkshire, England. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER BRYOLOGICAL LICHENOLOGICAL SOC INC PI OMAHA PA C/O DR ROBERT S EGAN, SEC-TRES, ABLS, UNIV NEBRASKA OMAHA, DEPT BIOLOGY, OMAHA, NE 68182-0040 USA SN 0007-2745 J9 BRYOLOGIST JI Bryologist PD FAL PY 2002 VL 105 IS 3 BP 473 EP 477 DI 10.1639/0007-2745(2002)105[0473:TLOAWC]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 592XT UT WOS:000177962700023 ER PT J AU Lin, JX Sampson, DA Deckmyn, G Ceulemans, R AF Lin, JX Sampson, DA Deckmyn, G Ceulemans, R TI Significant overestimation of needle surface area estimates based on needle dimensions in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE digital image analyzer; light microscope; needle width; needle thickness; needle perimeter; Pinus sylvestris ID LEAF-AREA; LOBLOLLY-PINE; CROWN POSITION; DENSITY; GROWTH; STAND; LODGEPOLE; INDEX; CO2; AGE AB Needle length and width at midpoint are often used to make estimates of needle surface area for conifers. For these estimates, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) fascicles are assumed to be cylindrical; thus, for a two-needle pine, the cross section of a needle within the fascicle is assumed to be hemicylindrical. The objectives of this study were to determine whether these assumptions lead to a good estimate of the actual surface area and how needles vary with tree age and crown position. We used a digital scanning microscope to measure needle width, thickness, and perimeter at 11 positions along 28 needles from different crown positions in different-aged trees and found that they varied with position within the individual needle as well as with tree age and crown position. Needle shape was relatively constant: needle width and perimeter both increased from the base to the needle midpoint and then decreased slightly to the needle tip, but needles were not hemicylindrical and actual perimeters were nearly 12% larger than predicted perimeters. The predicted surface areas based on measurements of width at the needle midpoint and length need to be reduced by 9% to account for the fact that needles taper and are not cylindrical. Furthermore, tree age and crown position must be considered when crown-level estimates are made. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Key Lab Plant Photosynth & Mol Environm Physiol, Beijing 100093, Peoples R China. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Forest Serv, USDA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Instelling Antwerp, Dept Biol, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. RP Lin, JX (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Bot, Key Lab Plant Photosynth & Mol Environm Physiol, Beijing 100093, Peoples R China. RI Ceulemans, Reinhart/F-2109-2016 NR 19 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 80 IS 9 BP 927 EP 932 DI 10.1139/B02-081 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 602FZ UT WOS:000178496400003 ER PT J AU Peterson, DW Peterson, DL Ettl, GJ AF Peterson, DW Peterson, DL Ettl, GJ TI Growth responses of subalpine fir to climatic variability in the Pacific Northwest SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID SUB-ALPINE MEADOWS; OLYMPIC-MOUNTAINS; ABIES-LASIOCARPA; TREE-GROWTH; DENDROCLIMATIC RESPONSE; SPATIAL PATTERNS; HIGH-ELEVATION; NATIONAL-PARK; WASHINGTON; TEMPERATURE AB We studied regional variation in growth-limiting factors and responses to climatic variability in subalpine forests by analyzing growth patterns for 28 tree-ring growth chronologies from subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) stands in the Cascade and Olympic Mountains (Washington and Oregon, U.S.A.). Factor analysis identified four distinct time series of common growth patterns; the dominant growth pattern at any site varied with annual precipitation and temperature (elevation). Throughout much of the region, growth is negatively correlated with winter precipitation and spring snowpack depth, indicating that growth is limited primarily by short growing seasons. On the driest and warmest sites, growth is negatively correlated with previous summer temperature, suggesting that low summer soil moisture limits growth. Growth patterns in two regions were sensitive to climatic variability associated with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, apparently responding to low-frequency variation in spring snowpack and summer soil moisture (one negatively, one positively). This regional-scale analysis shows that subalpine fir growth in the Cascades and Olympics is limited by different climatic factors in different subregional climates. Climate-growth relationships are similar to those for a co-occurring species, mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carriere), suggesting broad biogeographic patterns of response to climatic variability and change by subalpine forest ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. US Geol Survey, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Cascadia Field Stn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. St Josephs Univ, Dept Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19131 USA. RP Peterson, DW (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1133 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RI Peterson, David/B-1105-2008 NR 57 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 24 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1503 EP 1517 DI 10.1139/X02-072 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 602NE UT WOS:000178510700001 ER PT J AU O'Neill, KP Kasischke, ES Richter, DD AF O'Neill, KP Kasischke, ES Richter, DD TI Environmental controls on soil CO2 flux following fire in black spruce, white spruce, and aspen stands of interior Alaska SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID CANADIAN BOREAL FOREST; CARBON-DIOXIDE; RESPIRATION; TEMPERATURE; MOISTURE; METHANE; EFFLUX; THAW; SENSITIVITY; ATMOSPHERE AB Boreal forests contain large amounts of stored soil carbon and are susceptible to periodic disturbance by wildfire. This study evaluates the relationship between post-fire changes in soil temperature, moisture, and CO2 exchange in paired burned and control stands of three Alaskan forest systems: Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, and Populus tremuloides Michx. In these systems, the environmental factor that most directly controlled rates of carbon exchange varied depending upon burn status and soil drainage. In mature unburned stands, CO2 flux was highly correlated with seasonal patterns of soil temperature. Following fire, these soils became significantly warmer, and carbon exchange became more sensitive to fluctuations in surface moisture conditions. The effect of fire on soil climate was most pronounced in the P. mariana stands, which experienced a mean seasonal temperature increase of 5-8degreesC in the upper 1 m of the soil profile, a 200% increase in the rate of active layer thaw, and a reduction in mean surface moisture potential. Evidence from soil CO2 profiles suggests that these environmental changes may have resulted in enhanced decomposition of carbon previously immobilized by permafrost, potentially transforming a landscape that was once a net sink for carbon into a carbon source. C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. ERIM Int Inc, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP O'Neill, KP (reprint author), USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Forest Serv, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 59 TC 69 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 20 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1525 EP 1541 DI 10.1139/X02-077 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 602NE UT WOS:000178510700003 ER PT J AU Schulte, LA Mladenoff, DJ Nordheim, EV AF Schulte, LA Mladenoff, DJ Nordheim, EV TI Quantitative classification of a historic northern Wisconsin (USA) landscape: mapping forests at regional scales SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PUBLIC LAND SURVEY; PRE-EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT; PRESETTLEMENT VEGETATION; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; SURVEY RECORDS; BARAGA COUNTY; FIRE REGIMES; MICHIGAN; VARIABILITY AB We developed a quantitative and replicable classification system to improve understanding of historical composition and structure within northern Wisconsin's forests. The classification system was based on statistical cluster analysis and two forest metrics, relative dominance (% basal area) and relative importance (mean of relative dominance and relative density), as computed from the original U.S. Public Land Survey (PLS) bearing-tree data. Broad forest patterns are consistent between the two metrics; yet, detailed inspection highlights different aspects of historical structure. Maps produced characterize vegetation at regional scales and reveal patterns that can be interpreted in the context of environmental constraints. Our classifications have a fairly coarse spatial grain (2.6 km(2)) and fine-scale, patchily distributed ecosystems types are not represented. This resolution, however, is consistent with that of the PLS bearing-tree data, and maintaining it allowed retention of other beneficial map qualities, including quantitative representation of the data, replicability, flexibility, and an assessment of robustness and confidence. Our classifications are broadly applicable for regional-scale scientific and forest-management uses, including (i) assessing natural variability, (ii) determining the potential distribution of species, (iii) setting goals for ecological restoration, and (iv) calculating landscape change. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Schulte, LA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res STn, 1831 Highway 169 E, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. NR 60 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 16 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1616 EP 1638 DI 10.1139/X02-082 PG 23 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 602NE UT WOS:000178510700011 ER PT J AU Greenwood, MS Livingston, WH Day, ME Kenaley, SC White, AS Brissette, JC AF Greenwood, MS Livingston, WH Day, ME Kenaley, SC White, AS Brissette, JC TI Contrasting modes of survival by jack and pitch pine at a common range limit SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID AIR-TEMPERATURE; PICEA-RUBENS; SCOTS PINE; HARDINESS; NORTHERN; NEEDLES; GROWTH; SPRUCE; INJURY AB Freezing tolerance, reproductive development, and seed germination of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) were compared in a small sympatric population in Acadia National Park in Maine, at the southern range limit of the former and the northern limit of the latter. Freezing tolerances of vegetative shoots and roots were similar for both species. Both species flower prolifically, and there was no evidence of differences in either pollen viability, cone survival, or proportion of viable seed (65-70% of the total). Regeneration success (established seedlings ranging from 1 to 13 years old) was similar overall for both species, but success by species varied greatly in some years. Jack pine regeneration was significantly associated with thinner soils, while pitch pine regeneration was associated with thicker soils in hollows. Jack pine seed germinated significantly faster than pitch pine seed, especially when day-night temperature was reduced. Pitch pine seedlings always exhibited a significantly higher shoot/root ratio than those of jack pine. The most northerly provenances of jack pine germinated significantly faster than those from the most southerly provenances. Jack pine also germinated at a significantly higher percentage than pitch pine in exposed granite sand. Thus relatively cool, dry conditions may favor establishment of jack pine seedlings, while pitch pine establishment may be favored in warmer, wetter conditions. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Forest Ecosyst Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Northeastern Forest Expt Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Greenwood, MS (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Forest Ecosyst Sci, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 39 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1662 EP 1674 DI 10.1139/X02-088 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 602NE UT WOS:000178510700014 ER PT J AU Ludovici, KH Zarnoch, SJ Richter, DD AF Ludovici, KH Zarnoch, SJ Richter, DD TI Modeling in-situ pine root decomposition using data from a 60-year chronosequence SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID LOBLOLLY-PINE; DECIDUOUS FOREST; WOODY ROOTS; NUTRIENT; BIOMASS; MASS AB Because the root system of a mature pine tree typically accounts for 20-30% of the total tree biomass, decomposition of large lateral roots and taproots following forest harvest and re-establishment potentially impact nutrient supply and carbon sequestration in pine systems over several decades. If the relationship between stump diameter and decomposition of taproot and lateral root material, i.e., wood and bark, can be quantified, a better understanding of rates and patterns of sequestration and nutrient release can also be developed. This study estimated decomposition rates from in-situ root systems using a chronosequence approach. Nine stands of 55- to 70-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) that had been clear-cut 0, 5, 10, 20, 25, 35, 45, 55, and 60 years ago were identified on well-drained Piedmont soils. Taproot and lateral root systems were excavated, measured, and weighed. Although more than 50% of the total root mass decomposed during the first 10 years after harvest, field excavations recovered portions of large lateral roots (>5 cm diameter) and taproots that persisted for more than 35 and 60 years, respectively. Results indicate that decomposition of total root biomass, and its component parts, from mature, clear-cut loblolly pine stands, can be modeled with good precision as a function of groundline stump diameter and years since harvest. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 28804 USA. RP Ludovici, KH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 23 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1675 EP 1684 DI 10.1139/X02-073 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 602NE UT WOS:000178510700015 ER PT J AU Schaad, NW Frederick, RD AF Schaad, NW Frederick, RD TI Real-time PCR and its application for rapid plant disease diagnostics SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DNA-based diagnostics; molecular identification; disease diagnosis; bacteria; fungi ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; MICHIGANENSIS SUBSP SEPEDONICUS; SYRINGAE PV PHASEOLICOLA; IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; POTATO-TUBERS; XYLELLA-FASTIDIOSA; BIO-PCR; RT-PCR; SUBTRACTIVE HYBRIDIZATION; PSEUDOMONAS-SOLANACEARUM AB Rapid-cycle real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods may revolutionize the manner in which plant pathogens are identified and diseases are diagnosed. As the genomics age progresses and more and more DNA sequence data become available, highly specific primers and fluorescent probe sequences can be designed to yield target amplicons to unique regions of a pathogen's genome. Portable real-time PCR instruments described here are now allowing for diagnostic assays to be run directly in the field or at remote locations other than the standard diagnostic laboratory. Rapid real-time PCR diagnosis can result in appropriate control measures and (or) eradication procedures more quickly and accurately than traditional methods of pathogen isolation. Disease losses are minimized and control costs reduced. Advantages and disadvantages of rapid real-time PCR for the detection of bacterial, fungal, and viral plant pathogens are described. C1 USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP Schaad, NW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, 1301 Ditto Ave, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. EM schaad@ncifcrf.gov NR 64 TC 147 Z9 172 U1 2 U2 32 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0706-0661 EI 1715-2992 J9 CAN J PLANT PATHOL JI Can. J. Plant Pathol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 24 IS 3 BP 250 EP 258 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 608XV UT WOS:000178873800001 ER PT J AU Tooley, PW Hatziloukas, E Scott, DL Carras, MM AF Tooley, PW Hatziloukas, E Scott, DL Carras, MM TI Use of ligase chain reaction for enhanced detection of Phytophthora infestans SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYTOPATHOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE biotin; digoxigenin; paramagnetic; colorimetric; molecular biology ID POTATO LATE BLIGHT; RIBOSOMAL DNA; REACTION ASSAY; CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; INFECTED POTATO; PCR TECHNIQUE; LINKAGE MAP; IDENTIFICATION AB Sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region 2 (ITS 2) of ribosomal DNA from 10 different species of Phytophthora were aligned, and regions of dissimilarity were used to construct ligase chain reaction (LCR) primers for detecting the late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans. Ligase chain reaction primers allow differentiation of species down to a single base pair difference. The primers have greater specificity than previously described polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers and allow differentiation of R infestans, Phytophthora mirabilis, and Phytophthora phaseoli, which contain identical ITS sequences, from many other Phytophthora species. Ligase chain reaction was coupled with PCR to increase sensitivity of P. infestans detection and can serve as an enhancement to existing PCR protocols. By labeling LCR primers with biotin and digoxigenin, the LCR was combined with an ELISA-based detection system to improve sensitivity and ease of application. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. Natl Agr Res Fdn, Plant Protect Inst Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece. Morehouse Coll, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30314 USA. RP Tooley, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1301 Ditto Ave, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. NR 48 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-0661 J9 CAN J PLANT PATHOL JI Can. J. Plant Pathol.-Rev. Can. Phytopathol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 24 IS 3 BP 294 EP 301 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 608XV UT WOS:000178873800007 ER PT J AU Kolmer, JA Liu, JQ AF Kolmer, JA Liu, JQ TI Inheritance of leaf rust resistance in the wheat cultivars AC Majestic, AC Splendor, and AC Karma SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYTOPATHOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum; Puccinia triticina; specific resistance ID PUCCINIA-TRITICINA; SPRING WHEATS; PHYSIOLOGICAL SPECIALIZATION; STEM RUST; CANADA; GENETICS; POPULATIONS; VIRULENCE AB The wheat cultivars AC Majestic, AC Splendor, and AC Karma were developed and licensed for production in western Canada in the mid-1990s. Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina, is an important pathogen of wheat throughout North America. Virulent isolates of P. triticina are selected and increase following the release of wheats with specific resistance genes, which eventually reduces the effectiveness of the resistance. Knowledge of the genes that condition leaf rust resistance in wheat makes it easier to add additional resistance genes to breeding germplasm. The objective of this study was to identify the leaf rust resistance genes in these three cultivars. The three cultivars were crossed with the susceptible wheat 'Thatcher', and the F-1 plants were backcrossed to 'Thatcher'. The backcross F-2 (BCF2) families were tested for segregation of leaf rust resistance in seedling tests with specific P. triticina, isolates. The BCF2 families were also tested for segregation of leaf rust resistance as adult plants in a field rust nursery that had been inoculated with a mixture of P. triticina virulence phenotypes. 'AC Majestic' was determined to have the seedling resistance gene Lr16 and the adult plant resistance gene Lr13. 'AC Splendor' was determined to have Lr13, Lr16, and the adult plant resistance gene Lr34. 'AC Karma' was determined to have Lr13, Lr16, and the adult plant resistance gene LrTb. All three cultivars had genes Lr13 and Lr16, which reflect a lack of genetic diversity for leaf rust resistance in western Canada spring wheats. The results of the study indicate that additional leaf rust resistance genes need to be crossed into the spring wheat germplasm to provide new cultivars with high levels of leaf rust resistance. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, Cereal Res Ctr, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2M9, Canada. RP Kolmer, JA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 15 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-0661 J9 CAN J PLANT PATHOL JI Can. J. Plant Pathol.-Rev. Can. Phytopathol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 24 IS 3 BP 327 EP 331 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 608XV UT WOS:000178873800012 ER PT J AU Bao, JR Lazarovits, G AF Bao, JR Lazarovits, G TI Evaluation of three procedures for recovery of GUS enzyme and colony forming units of a nonpathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporum, 70T01, from inoculated tomato roots SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYTOPATHOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE GUS extraction and activity measurement; beta-D-glucuronidase; Fusarium; tomato roots; CFU detection ID GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; MONITORING TRICHODERMA-HARZIANUM; ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGUS; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; METABOLIC-ACTIVITY; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; GENE-EXPRESSION; USEFUL TOOL; QUANTIFICATION AB Insertion Of beta-D-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene has been found to be useful for detection, quantitation, and monitoring of plant-associated fungi in their environment. GUS was extracted from tomato roots inoculated with a nonpathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporum, 70T01, that had been genetically modified to express both GUS activity and hygromycin B resistance. To facilitate studies of fungus-plant interactions using the GUS enzyme, we tested several methods for their efficiency of preparation of fungal-encoded GUS from infected plant tissues, namely FastPrep homogenization, grinding of tissues frozen in liquid nitrogen, and extraction from lyophilized material. Of the three procedures, the FastPrep method yielded the highest GUS activity per unit of inoculated root and provided twice the sensitivity of the other methods. This procedure was also the easiest, quickest, and the most reliable. Up to 12 samples could be analyzed in less than 2 h, and as little as 50 mg of fresh tissue was sufficient. Of the factors examined that could affect extraction efficiency, only the length of homogenization and the presence of protein stabilizers (sucrose, bovine serum albumin, and protease inhibitors) in the GUS buffer improved enzyme activity in the extracts. The FastPrep method was also highly effective in enumerating fungal colony forming unit (CFU) populations in the root tissues, provided that the timing and speed of homogenization was controlled. Plating of infected root samples homogenized using the FastPrep equipment and a mortar and pestle yielded about 50 times more CFUs per unit root than the colony counts obtained from whole roots, dried and powdered roots, or lyophilized roots. C1 Agr & Agri Food Canada, So Crop Protect & Food Res Ctr, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lazarovits, G (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, So Crop Protect & Food Res Ctr, 1391 Sandford St, London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada. NR 39 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-0661 J9 CAN J PLANT PATHOL JI Can. J. Plant Pathol.-Rev. Can. Phytopathol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 24 IS 3 BP 340 EP 348 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 608XV UT WOS:000178873800014 ER PT J AU Chen, HL Ward, MH Tucker, KL Graubard, BI McComb, RD Potischman, NA Weisenburger, DD Heineman, EF AF Chen, HL Ward, MH Tucker, KL Graubard, BI McComb, RD Potischman, NA Weisenburger, DD Heineman, EF TI Diet and risk of adult glioma in eastern Nebraska, United States SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Article DE carotenoids; diet; glioma; N-nitroso compounds; phytochemicals ID SERUM-CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATION; PRIMARY BRAIN-TUMORS; LOS-ANGELES-COUNTY; NORTHEAST CHINA; N-NITROSAMINES; CURED MEAT; INDICATORS; CALIFORNIA; ETIOLOGY; MENINGES AB Objective: To investigate potential associations between diet and adult glioma. Methods: We conducted a population-based case-control study of adult glioma in eastern Nebraska. Nutrient and food group intakes were estimated for 236 glioma cases and 449 controls using information obtained from a food-frequency questionnaire. Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, inverse associations with risk of adult glioma were observed for intakes of dark yellow vegetables (highest quartile versus lowest: OR = 0.6, p(t)rend = 0.03) and beans (OR = 0.4, p(t)rend = 0.0003), but no associations were seen for dietary sources of preformed nitrosamines or high-nitrate vegetables. Our nutrient analysis revealed significant inverse associations between risk of adult glioma and dietary intake of pro-vitamin A carotenoids (highest quartile versus lowest: OR = 0.5, p(t)rend = 0.005), alpha-carotene (OR = 0.5, p(t)rend = 0.01), beta-carotene (OR = 0.5, p(t)rend = 0.01), dietary fiber (OR = 0.6, p(t)rend = 0.048) and fiber from beans (OR = 0.5, p(t)rend = 0.0002). We observed no significant associations with risk of adult glioma for intakes of other nutrients or compounds including nitrate, nitrite, vitamin C, vitamin E, saturated fat, cholesterol, dietary fiber from grain products, or fiber from fruit and vegetables. Conclusion: Our study does not support the N-nitroso compound hypothesis, but suggests potential roles for carotenoids and possibly other phytochemicals in reducing risk of adult glioma. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Nebraska, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Microbiol, Omaha, NE USA. NCI, Div Canc Control & Populat Sci, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Ward, MH (reprint author), NCI, Occupat Epidemiol Branch, 6120 Execut Blvd,EPS-8104,MSC-7420, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X; Chen, Honglei/0000-0003-3446-7779 NR 42 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5243 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PD SEP PY 2002 VL 13 IS 7 BP 647 EP 655 DI 10.1023/A:1019527225197 PG 9 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 580FV UT WOS:000177225300007 PM 12296512 ER PT J AU Mao, YF Flores, RA Loughin, TM AF Mao, YF Flores, RA Loughin, TM TI Objective texture measurements of commercial wheat flour tortillas SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE; CORN TORTILLAS; BREAD FIRMNESS; SORGHUM AB Texture is a property of major importance in the evaluation of baked products. To determine a sample of commercial ranges for stretchability, rollability, firmness, and Kramer shear cell measurements for wheat flour tortillas using the TA-XT2 texture analyzer, three separate sets of five tortilla brands purchased from stores in Manhattan, KS, were evaluated. Two brands had two formulations, regular and fat-free. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in stretchability, firmness, and Kramer shear cell occurred between regular and fat-free tortillas of one tortilla brand. Significant differences (P < 0.05) also were found among the sets of some tortilla brands. Kramer shear cell and stretchability measurements are recommended because Kramer shear cell measures the force combined with compression, shearing, and extrusion. Stretchability measurements were repeatable and are an important textural property of wheat flour tortillas. Ranges for textural properties for commercial wheat flour tortillas were determined, as well as the variability of the textural methods used. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Stat, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Flores, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 79 IS 5 BP 648 EP 653 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.5.648 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 594RV UT WOS:000178065500009 ER PT J AU Bettge, AD Morris, CF DeMacon, VL Kidwell, KK AF Bettge, AD Morris, CF DeMacon, VL Kidwell, KK TI Adaptation of AACC method 56-11, solvent retention capacity, for use as an early generation selection tool for cultivar development SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID WHEAT; QUALITY AB The solvent retention capacity (SRC) profile is useful for studying flour components contributing to end-use functionality. The method tests four different solvents with 5 g of flour each. Because of the amount of grain (30-40 g) typically needed to produce 20 of flour for the SRC test, the method is not well-suited for assessing end-use quality of early generation breeding material, where grain quantities are limited. The method was therefore modified to require only 0.2 g of ground wheat instead of 5 g of flour per SRC solvent. The small-scale SRC results using whole meal had correlations of r = 0.86 for lactic acid, r = 0.85 for sodium carbonate, r = 0.78 for sucrose, r = 0.74 for sodium bicarbonate (the alkaline water retention capacity method) and r = 0.69 for water when compared with SRC values from full-scale tests using 5 g of flour. Overall, cultivars with SRC values at the extremes of the distribution were in the same ranked order for the small- and large-scale SRC test results, However, variation in ranked order of cultivars between test methods was detected among samples that were not at the extremes of the distribution. Traditionally, successful wheat breeding strategies involve eliminating or advancing lines from the extremes of the distribution to increase the proportion of desirable genotypes within breeding programs. Results indicated that advancing promising germplasm or eliminating germplasm with inferior end-use quality potential is possible using the small-scale SRC technique to evaluate early generation wheat breeding material, as a sort of breeding triage. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Bettge, AD (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, E-202 Food Qual, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 17 TC 35 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 79 IS 5 BP 670 EP 674 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.5.670 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 594RV UT WOS:000178065500012 ER PT J AU Jennings, SD Myers, DJ Johnson, LA Pollak, LM AF Jennings, SD Myers, DJ Johnson, LA Pollak, LM TI Effects of maturity on grain quality and wet-milling properties of two selected corn hybrids SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MAIZE AB The effects of maturity on grain quality and wet-milling properties were investigated for two hybrids of corn. Significant differences for hybrid and maturity were observed for all grain quality parameters. Test weight, absolute density, and thousand-grain weight all increased as the corn matured. Kernel hardness increased and breakage susceptibility varied with increased maturity. Water uptake parameters decreased with maturity of the grain. The starch yield results from wet milling showed that the starch yield increased significantly within each cultivar in the early stages of grain maturity, but there were no significant differences between hybrids. Mathematical models using selected grain quality parameters accurately predicted trends in starch yield for the immature and mature corn samples in this study. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Proliant Inc, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ctr Crops Utilizat Res, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Myers, DJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 79 IS 5 BP 697 EP 702 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.5.697 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 594RV UT WOS:000178065500017 ER PT J AU Jennings, SD Myers, DJ Johnson, LA Pollak, LM AF Jennings, SD Myers, DJ Johnson, LA Pollak, LM TI Effects of maturity on corn starch properties SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MAIZE AB The effect of maturity on the quality of starch for two corn hybrids harvested at three different stages of development was measured by differential scanning calorimetry, rapid viscosity analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and image analysis. The onset of gelatinization and peak temperatures were 2-5degreesC higher for starch from immature grain than starch from mature grain. The gelatinization temperature range was 5degreesC larger as the grain matured. Peak and trough viscosities decreased with maturity, while pasting temperature increased. Between the two hybrids, the late maturing hybrid yielded a larger peak viscosity and trough. The early maturing hybrid exhibited a higher pasting temperature. Image analysis data showed that the starch granules from mature grain showed an increase in size compared with the starch granules from grain that were harvested at the late milk line stage for one, but not both hybrids. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ctr Crops Utilizat Res, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Myers, DJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 79 IS 5 BP 703 EP 706 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.5.703 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 594RV UT WOS:000178065500018 ER PT J AU Feng, F Myers, DJ Hojilla-Evangelista, MP Miller, KA Johnson, LA Singh, SK AF Feng, F Myers, DJ Hojilla-Evangelista, MP Miller, KA Johnson, LA Singh, SK TI Quality of corn oil obtained by sequential extraction processing SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Sequential extraction processing (SEP) is a new approach to fractionating dried, flaked corn using 95% ethanol. In the original process, corn oil was extracted at 76degreesC in a countercurrent mode while simultaneously dehydrating the ethanol. This resulted in approximate to20% of the protein (predominantly zein) coextracting with the oil. The process was modified to reduce the amount of coextracted protein. One modification (mSEP1) was to use a blend of 30% hexane and 70% ethanol at 56degreesC. A second modification (mSEP2) used a longer extraction column (L/D ratio 15) to replace the column with L/D 2 used in the original SEP system. To determine the effect of the modifications on oil quality, the quality of the crude corn oils produced from the modified SEP processes were compared with the quality of oil from the original SEP. To evaluate the quality of the three crude oils produced by SEP with the process typically used in industry, they were compared with the quality of laboratory hexane-extracted corn oil. The results of the three SEP oils exhibited larger concentrations of fatty acids, phospholipids, and carotenoids, smaller concentrations of triacylglycerols, and darker red color than the hexane-extracted oil. The oils from the two modified SEP processes contained smaller concentrations of free fatty acids and phospholipids and larger concentrations of triacylglycerols and carotenoids than the original SEP oil. In spite of the improvements to the oil through process modifications, the mSEP1 and mSEP2 oils exhibit greater refining losses than hexane-extracted oil. C1 USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Syst Bioind, Waukesha, WI 53187 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ctr Crops Utilizat Res, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Pillsbury Technol Ctr, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. Delimex, San Diego, CA 92173 USA. RP Myers, DJ (reprint author), USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 79 IS 5 BP 707 EP 709 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.5.707 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 594RV UT WOS:000178065500019 ER PT J AU Robertson, GH Cao, TK AF Robertson, GH Cao, TK TI Mixograph responses of gluten and gluten-fortified flour for gluten produced by cold-ethanol or water displacement of starch from wheat flour SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID QUALITY; SEPARATION AB The total protein of gluten obtained by the cold-ethanol displacement of starch from developed wheat flour dough matches that made by water displacement, but functional properties revealed by mixing are altered. This report characterizes mixing properties in a 10-g mixograph for cold-ethanol-processed wheat gluten concentrates (CE-gluten) and those for the water-process concentrates (W-gluten). Gluten concentrates were produced at a laboratory scale using batter-like technology: development with water as a batter, dispersion with the displacement fluid, and screening. The displacing fluid was water for W-gluten and cold ethanol (greater than or equal to70% vol, -12degreesC) for CE-gluten. Both gluten types were freeze-dried at -10degreesC and then milled. Mixograms were obtained for 1) straight gluten concentrates hydrated to absorptions of 123-234%, or 2) gluten blended with a low protein (9.2% protein) soft wheat flour to obtain up to 16.2% total protein. The mixograms for gluten or gluten-fortified flour were qualitatively and quantitatively distinguishable. We found differences in the mixogram parameters that would lead to the conclusion of greater stability and strength for CE-gluten than for W-Gluten. Differences between the mixograms for these gluten types could be markedly exaggerated by increasing the amount of water to the 167-234% range. Mixograms for evaluation of gluten have not been previously reported in this hydration range. Mixograms for fortification suggest that less CE-gluten than W-gluten would be required for the same effect. C1 ARS, Proc Chem & Engn Res Unit, Western Reg Res Ctr, Pacific W Area,USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Robertson, GH (reprint author), ARS, Proc Chem & Engn Res Unit, Western Reg Res Ctr, Pacific W Area,USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 79 IS 5 BP 737 EP 740 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.5.737 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 594RV UT WOS:000178065500025 ER PT J AU Shih, F Daigle, K AF Shih, F Daigle, K TI Preparation and characterization of low oil uptake rice cake donuts SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MOISTURE LOSS; PROTEIN; BATTERS AB Cake donuts were prepared using wheat flour (WF), long grain rice flour (LGRF), and waxy rice flour (WRF). They were also prepared with the flours partially replaced by pregelatinized rice flour (PGRF) or propylene glycol alginate (PGA). The dough consistency was maintained at a comparable predetermined level by adjusting the water content. Without PGRF or PGA in the formulation, the WRF donut had the lowest oil uptake (11.8%) and the WF donut the highest (23.6%). With modified flour formulations, the oil uptake decreased for LGRF donuts and WF donuts. Oil uptake of the LGRF donut decreased with increased PGRF. Up to 30% PGRF could be used, with characteristics comparable to the traditional WF donuts but as much as 54% lower in oil uptake on a dry basis. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Shih, F (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 79 IS 5 BP 745 EP 748 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.5.745 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 594RV UT WOS:000178065500027 ER PT J AU Decker, E Beecher, G Slavin, J Miller, HE Marquart, L AF Decker, E Beecher, G Slavin, J Miller, HE Marquart, L TI Whole grains as a source of antioxidants SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; FERULIC ACID; OAT PHENOLICS; PHYTIC ACID; CANCER; RISK; HEALTH; AVENANTHRAMIDES; FLAVONOLS; CEREALS C1 Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. USDA ARS, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Gen Mills, James Ford Bell Res Ctr, Minneapolis, MN USA. RP Decker, E (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. OI Decker, Eric/0000-0002-5159-4123 NR 35 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 47 IS 8 BP 370 EP 373 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 602UF UT WOS:000178522300004 ER PT J AU Ding, GW Novak, JM Herbert, S Xing, BS AF Ding, GW Novak, JM Herbert, S Xing, BS TI Long-term tillage effects on soil metolachlor sorption and desorption behavior SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE metolachlor; soil organic matter; sorption; hysteresis; tillage ID COASTAL-PLAIN SOILS; ORGANIC-MATTER; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; ADSORPTION; SEDIMENTS; ATRAZINE; ACIDS; PHENANTHRENE; SURFACE; NMR AB Sorption and desorption are two important processes that influence the amount of pesticides retained by soils. However, the detailed sorption mechanisms as influenced by soil tillage management are unclear. This study examined the sorption and desorption characteristics of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-l-methylethyl)-acetamide] using the soil samples collected from the long-term conservation tillage (CnT) and conventional tillage (CT) research plots established in 1979 in Darlinton, SC. Humic acid (HA) and humin were extracted from the soils and used in the sorption experiments along with the whole soil samples. The sorption experiments were conducted using a batch-equilibration method. Three sequential desorption rinses were carried out following the sorption experiments. By comparing metolachlor sorption and desorption results we observed hysteresis for all soil samples and their organic matter fractions. Sorption nonlinearity (N) and hysteresis were dependent on the structure and composition of soil organic matter (SOM), e.g., Freundlich isotherm exponents (N) of HA and humin from CnT were higher than those of CT treatment, which may be related to high aromaticity of SOM fractions in CT treatment. Sorption capacity (K(f)(l)) was positively correlated with soil organic carbon (SOC) content. These results show that longterm tillage management can greatly affect metolachlor sorption and desorption behavior probably by qualitative differences in the structural characteristics of the humic substances. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil, Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Xing, BS (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, POB 37245,Stockbridge Hall, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM bx@pssci.umass.edu NR 35 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD SEP PY 2002 VL 48 IS 9 BP 897 EP 904 AR PII S0045-6535(02)00188-1 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00188-1 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 584HY UT WOS:000177462200001 PM 12222784 ER PT J AU Perez-Garcia, J Joyce, LA McGuire, AD Xiao, XM AF Perez-Garcia, J Joyce, LA McGuire, AD Xiao, XM TI Impacts of climate change on the global forest sector SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; CARBON STORAGE; TERRESTRIAL BIOSPHERE; EQUILIBRIUM RESPONSES; AMAZONIAN ECOSYSTEMS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; UNITED-STATES; SENSITIVITY; MODEL; VARIABILITY AB The path and magnitude of future anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide will likely influence changes in climate that may impact the global forest sector. These responses in the global forest sector may have implications for international efforts to stabilize the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide. This study takes a step toward including the role of global forest sector in integrated assessments of the global carbon cycle by linking global models of climate dynamics, ecosystem processes and forest economics to assess the potential responses of the global forest sector to different levels of greenhouse gas emissions. We utilize three climate scenarios and two economic scenarios to represent a range of greenhouse gas emissions and economic behavior. At the end of the analysis period (2040), the potential responses in regional forest growing stock simulated by the global ecosystem model range from decreases and increases for the low emissions climate scenario to increases in all regions for the high emissions climate scenario. The changes in vegetation are used to adjust timber supply in the softwood and hardwood sectors of the economic model. In general, the global changes in welfare are positive, but small across all scenarios. At the regional level, the changes in welfare can be large and either negative or positive. Markets and trade in forest products play important roles in whether a region realizes any gains associated with climate change. In general, regions with the lowest wood fiber production cost are able to expand harvests. Trade in forest products leads to lower prices elsewhere. The low-cost regions expand market shares and force higher-cost regions to decrease their harvests. Trade produces different economic gains and losses across the globe even though, globally, economic welfare increases. The results of this study indicate that assumptions within alternative climate scenarios and about trade in forest products are important factors that strongly influence the effects of climate change on the global forest sector. C1 Univ Washington, Ctr Int Trade Forest Prod, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Univ Alaska, US Geol Survey, Alaska Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Perez-Garcia, J (reprint author), Univ Washington, Ctr Int Trade Forest Prod, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 42 TC 28 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD SEP PY 2002 VL 54 IS 4 BP 439 EP 461 DI 10.1023/A:1016124517309 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 572NP UT WOS:000176781800005 ER PT J AU O'Rourke, KI Duncan, JV Logan, JR Anderson, AK Norden, DK Williams, ES Combs, BA Stobart, RH Moss, GE Sutton, DL AF O'Rourke, KI Duncan, JV Logan, JR Anderson, AK Norden, DK Williams, ES Combs, BA Stobart, RH Moss, GE Sutton, DL TI Active surveillance for scrapie by third eyelid biopsy and genetic susceptibility testing of flocks of sheep in Wyoming SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB-DISEASE; PRION PROTEIN GENE; NATURAL SCRAPIE; GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT; PRECLINICAL DIAGNOSIS; LYMPHOID-TISSUE; SUFFOLK SHEEP; UNITED-STATES; PRPSC; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY AB Control of scrapie, an ovine transmissible spongiform encephalopathy or prion disorder, has been hampered by the lack of conventional antemortem diagnostic tests. Currently, scrapie is diagnosed by postmortem examination of the brain and lymphoid tissues for PrPSc, the protein marker for this group of disorders. For live, asymptomatic sheep, diagnosis using tonsil or third-eyelid lymphoid tissue biopsy and PrPSc assay has been described. To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of third-eyelid testing for identification of infected flocks and individual infected sheep, 690 sheep from 22 flocks were sampled by third-eyelid lymphoid tissue biopsy and immunohistochemistry. Sheep were further evaluated for relative genetic susceptibility and potential contact exposure to scrapie. Third-eyelid testing yielded suitable samples for 80% of the sheep tested, with a mean of 18.1 lymphoid follicles (germinal centers) per histologic section. Three hundred eleven of the sheep were sampled through passive surveillance programs, in which only sheep with potential contact with an infected sheep at a lambing event were tested, regardless of their scrapie susceptibility genotype. In addition, 141 genetically susceptible sheep with no record of contact with an infected animal at a lambing event were sampled through a targeted active surveillance program. Ten PrPSc-positive sheep were identified through the passive surveillance program, and an additional three PrPSc-positive sheep, including two from flocks with no history of scrapie, were identified through the active surveillance program. All PrPSc-positive sheep had the highly susceptible PrP genotype. Third-eyelid testing is a useful adjunct to flock monitoring programs, slaughter surveillance, and mandatory disease reporting in a comprehensive scrapie eradication and research program. C1 WSU, USDA, ARS, ADRU, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Casper, WY USA. Wyoming Livestock Board, Cheyenne, WY USA. Wyoming State Vet Lab, Laramie, WY USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Anim Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Vet Serv, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Riverdale, MD USA. USDA, Ctr Anim Hlth Monitoring, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP O'Rourke, KI (reprint author), WSU, USDA, ARS, ADRU, 3003 ADBF, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 32 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 9 IS 5 BP 966 EP 971 DI 10.1128/CDLI.9.5.966-971.2002 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 591UB UT WOS:000177897700004 PM 12204945 ER PT J AU Weggemans, RM Zock, PL Tai, ES Ordovas, JM Molhuizen, HOF Katan, MB AF Weggemans, RM Zock, PL Tai, ES Ordovas, JM Molhuizen, HOF Katan, MB TI ATP binding cassette G5 C1950G polymorphism may affect blood cholesterol concentrations in humans SO CLINICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE ABCG5; dietary fat; dietary response; genetic polymorphisms; lipids ID SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; DIETARY-CHOLESTEROL; CAFESTOL AB ATP binding cassette protein G5 (ABCG5) and G8 (ABCG8) may be involved in the regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption. Therefore, genetic variation at these loci may affect blood cholesterol concentrations by influencing dietary responsiveness. We studied the association between the ABCG5 C1950G (Gln640Glu) polymorphism and blood cholesterol concentrations in 486 subjects and responsiveness to dietary cholesterol in 99 participants in dietary trials. Mean baseline cholesterol concentrations were 0.65 +/- 0.22 mmol/l higher in 13 subjects with the G/G genotype than in 473 carriers of the C-allele (95% confidence interval 0.22-1.08 mmol/l). The response of serum total cholesterol to dietary cholesterol tended to be larger in subjects with the G/G genotype as compared with carriers of the C-allele. We suggest that the ABCG5 G/G genotype may increase serum cholesterol concentrations and, possibly responsiveness to dietary cholesterol in humans. Studies in other populations and experimental settings are required to confirm or reject this hypothesis. C1 Unilever Res & Dev Vlaardingen, Unilever Hlth Inst, NL-3130 AC Vlaardingen, Netherlands. Wageningen Ctr Food Sci, Wageningen, Netherlands. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Wageningen Univ, Div Human Nutr & Epidemiol, Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Weggemans, RM (reprint author), Unilever Res & Dev Vlaardingen, Unilever Hlth Inst, Oliver Van Noortlaan 120,3130 AT-PO,Box 114, NL-3130 AC Vlaardingen, Netherlands. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680; Tai, E Shyong/0000-0003-2929-8966 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776] NR 8 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0009-9163 J9 CLIN GENET JI Clin. Genet. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 62 IS 3 BP 226 EP 229 DI 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2002.620307.x PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 590YU UT WOS:000177853100009 PM 12220438 ER PT J AU Scheuerell, S Mahaffee, W AF Scheuerell, S Mahaffee, W TI Compost tea: Principles and prospects for plant disease control SO COMPOST SCIENCE & UTILIZATION LA English DT Review ID WATER EXTRACTS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; ORGANIC WASTES; APPLE SCAB; PHYLLOSPHERE; SUPPRESSION; GERMINATION; INHIBITION; LEAVES AB An increasing body of experimental evidence indicates that plant disease can be suppressed by treating plant surfaces with a variety of water-based compost preparations, referred to in the literature as watery fermented compost extracts or compost teas. The terms nonaerated compost teas (NCT) and aerated compost teas (ACT) are used in this review to refer to the common production methods that diverge in the intent to actively aerate. Very little data directly compares the efficacy of NCT and ACT for plant disease suppression. A variety of foliar plant pathogens and/or diseases have been suppressed by applications of NCT while few controlled studies have examined ACT. For some diseases the level of control would be considered inadequate for conventional agriculture; organic producers with limited control options consider partial disease control to be an important improvement. For both compost tea production methods, decisions that influence pathogen suppression include choice of compost feedstocks, compost age, water ratio, fermentation time, added nutrients, temperature and pH. Application technology choices include the dilution ratio, application equipment, timing, rates, spray adjuncts and adding specific microbial antagonists. Increased understanding of compost tea microbiology and the survival and interactions of microbes on plants surfaces should make it possible to modify compost tea production practices and application technology to optimize delivery of a microflora with multiple modes of pathogen suppression. Innovative growers and practitioners are leading the development of new compost tea production methods and uses, generating many potential research opportunities. The use of compost tea as part of an integrated plant health management strategy will require much additional whole systems research by a cohesive team of farmers and experts in composting, plant pathology, phyllosphere biology, molecular microbial ecology, fermentation science, plant physiology, plant breeding, soil science, and horticulture. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Scheuerell, S (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 95 TC 85 Z9 90 U1 9 U2 60 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 USA SN 1065-657X J9 COMPOST SCI UTIL JI Compost Sci. Util. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 10 IS 4 BP 313 EP 338 PG 26 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 617DQ UT WOS:000179346200004 ER PT J AU Bradley, CA Hartman, GL Wax, LM Pedersen, WL AF Bradley, CA Hartman, GL Wax, LM Pedersen, WL TI Influence of herbicides on Rhizoctonia root and hypocotyl rot of soybean SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; interaction; plant disease ID SUDDEN-DEATH SYNDROME; SEEDLING DISEASE; GLYCINE-MAX; IMPACT; COTTON; FUNGI; WHEAT AB Rhizoctonia root and hypocotyl rot, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is a common disease of soybean. Field studies established to observe how preemergence and postemergence herbicides affect the severity of Rhizoctonia root and hypocotyl rot on several soybean cultivars were conducted in Champaign, Dekalb, Monmouth, and Urbana, IL. Herbicides did not significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) decrease the R. solani disease severity index (DSI) compared to the control, but did cause some increases in DSI compared to the control at a low frequency in some years. In greenhouse studies, dimethenamid + metribuzin, pendimethalin, acifluorfen, and imazethapyr caused an increased Rhizoctonia root and hypocotyl rot severity compared to the no-herbicide control. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Natl Soybean Res Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Pedersen, WL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Natl Soybean Res Lab, 1101 W Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 21 IS 8 BP 679 EP 687 AR PII S0261-2194(02)00021-2 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00021-2 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 601ZL UT WOS:000178479500010 ER PT J AU Klindworth, DL Williams, ND Maan, SS AF Klindworth, DL Williams, ND Maan, SS TI Chromosomal location of genetic male sterility genes in four mutants of hexaploid wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HYBRID WHEAT AB Few genetic male sterility (GMS) genes have been mapped in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Our objective was to locate to chromosomes the GMS genes in mutants FS2, FS3, FS20, and FS24. We crossed each mutant to the Cornerstone male sterile, which has the ms1c allele, to determine allelic relationships. We crossed the FS20 mutant to 'Chris' monosomics, and observed segregation in the F-2 and backcrosses to FS20. After observing the results, we made appropriate crosses to Chinese Spring (CS) ditelosomic lines to locate and map the genes to chromosome arms. The allelism test to Cornerstone indicated that the mutants FS2, FS3, and FS24 were allelic to ms1. In the monosomic analysis of the mutated FS20 gene, half of the monosomic 3A plants were male sterile. Therefore, the mutated gene in FS20 was located in chromosome 3A. This conclusion was confirmed by analyzing segregation ratios in backcross populations involving chromosome 3A. The FS20 mutant was crossed with CS ditelosomic 3AS and 3AL, and the monotelodisomic 3AS plants were male sterile. Therefore, the FS20 gene was in chromosome arm 3AL. A backcross of monotelodisomic 3AL plants to FS20 was used to map the mutated gene in FS20 relative to the centromere. The linkage chi-square test indicated that the FS20 gene was not linked to the centromere of chromosome 3A. The gene symbol ms5 was assigned to the mutated gene in FS20, and gene symbols ms1d, ms1e, and ms1f were assigned to the mutations in FS2, FS3, and FS24, respectively. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Klindworth, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, State Univ Stn, POB 5677, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1447 EP 1450 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000008 ER PT J AU Raker, CM Spooner, DM AF Raker, CM Spooner, DM TI Chilean tetraploid cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum, is distinct from the Andean populations: Microsatellite data SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BREVICAULE COMPLEX SOLANACEAE; SEQUENCE REPEAT LOCI; PHYLOGENETIC TREES; SECT. PETOTA; DNA; EVOLUTION; DIVERSITY; COLLAPSE; ORIGIN AB This study tests the genetic difference between landrace populations of Solanum tuberosum L. subsp. tuberosum and subsp. andigenum (Juz. & Bukasov) Hawkes using nuclear DNA microsatellites. Microsatellite loci were amplified in subsp. andigenum (35 accessions), subsp. tuberosum (35 accessions), and other cultivated and wild species (22 accessions). A total of 208 alleles were scored from 18 microsatellite loci spread throughout all 12 chromosomes of potato. Using an infinite allele model and a least squares method of analysis, microsatellite loci separated subsp. tuberosum from subsp. andigenum, and cultivated and wild species. These results support the genetic difference of these two populations and their recognition at some classification level. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Spooner, DM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 41 TC 39 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1451 EP 1458 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000009 ER PT J AU Mahama, AA Lewers, KS Palmer, RG AF Mahama, AA Lewers, KS Palmer, RG TI Genetic linkage in soybean: Classical genetic linkage groups 6 and 8 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; GLYCINE-MAX L; MALE-STERILE; INHERITANCE; CHROMOSOME; CYTOLOGY; MUTANT; ADH1 AB Mapping mutants of classical linkage groups 6 and 8 (CLGs 6 and 8) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] can enhance the identification of important agronomic traits. Genetic data suggest that CLGs 6 and 8 may belong to the same linkage group. Our objectives were to determine if CLGs 6 and 8 are the same or different linkage groups and to determine the gene order. Genotypes containing mutants of CLGs 6 and 8 and mutants of other CLGs were crossed in various combinations. Data for the different characters were collected from F-2 populations and F-2:3 families. Recombination values confirmed that CLG 6 characters, Df(2) and Y-11 were linked (R = 27.0 +/- 5.9), Df2 was linked to Ms-1 (CLG 8) (R = 24.8 +/- 1.2) and to W-1 (CLG 8) (R = 36.4 +/- 1.3), and Y-11 was linked to Ms-1 (R = 31.7 +/- 1.4). F-2 data suggested that I'll segregated independently of W-1, while F2,3 data indicated the two were linked (R = 38.4 +/- 3.2). Our data indicated that CLGs 6 and 8 belong to the same linkage group, which is molecular linkage group F (MLG F), and chromosome 13. Y-11 and Adh(1) are at the ends of the chromosome segment studied, and Y-23 is located between Ms-6 and St(5). Recombination values among the other loci of CLG 8, and between them and loci of other CLGs were consistent with published values. This information will be useful in the reassignment of CLGs, ordering of loci, and will enhance molecular genetic linkage mapping in soybean. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, CICGR, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron & Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Forestry, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, PSI, SARL, Baltimore, MD 20705 USA. RP Palmer, RG (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, CICGR, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 60 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1459 EP 1464 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000010 ER PT J AU Bramble, T Herrman, TJ Loughin, T Dowell, F AF Bramble, T Herrman, TJ Loughin, T Dowell, F TI Single kernel protein variance structure in commercial wheat fields in western Kansas SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WINTER-WHEAT; GRAIN-GROWTH; NITROGEN; EAR AB This research was undertaken to quantify the structure of protein variation in a commercial hard red winter (HRW) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production system. This information will augment our knowledge and practices of sampling, segregating, marketing, and varietal development to improve uniformity and end-use quality of HRW wheat. The allocation of kernel protein variance to specific components in southwestern Kansas was performed by a hierarchical sampling design. Sources of variability included Field, Plot (plots within a field), Row (rows within a plot), Plant (plants within a row), Head (heads within a plant), Position (spikelets at a specific position on a head), Spikelet (spikelets within a position), and Kernel (kernels within a spikelet). Individual kernels (10 152) were collected from 46 fields planted to one of four cultivars: Jagger, 2137, Ike, or TAM 107. Kernels were evaluated for protein concentration by a single kernel characterization system equipped with a diode array near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer. For the cultivars 2137 and Ike, all sources of variability except Spikelet were statistically significant (P < 0.05). For Jagger, all sources except Row were significant and for TAM 107, variation attributed to Field and Plant were not significant. Field and Plot sources of variability contributed the greatest amount of variance within the hierarchy for Jagger, 2137, and Ike. For TAM 107, Plot was the greatest source of variability. The least squares means were calculated for the fixed effect Position. Jagger, Ike, and 2137 showed a significant protein gradient in which the highest protein concentration occurred at the base of the head and the lowest protein content at the top. For TAM 107, the greatest protein content was found at the base. Results of this study provide a benchmark for future efforts to improve wheat consistency through breeding and crop management. The protein variance structure described during this study also defines practical limits for managing and marketing protein content in HRW. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. King Arthur Flour Co, Norwich, VT 05055 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Stat, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Herrman, TJ (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, 201 Shellenberger Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1488 EP 1492 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000015 ER PT J AU Jensen, KB Asay, KH Johnson, DA Waldron, BL AF Jensen, KB Asay, KH Johnson, DA Waldron, BL TI Carbon isotope discrimination in orchardgrass and ryegrasses at four irrigation levels SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; DRY-MATTER PRODUCTION; LINE-SOURCE SPRINKLER; COOL-SEASON GRASSES; CRESTED WHEATGRASS; DIVERGENT SELECTION; SEED PRODUCTION; FORAGE GRASSES; GERMPLASM; RESPONSES AB Availability, of irrigation water is often the limiting factor in the establishment of improved pastures in the U.S. Intermountain Region, and grasses used for pasture should have enhanced water-use efficiency (WUE). Objectives of this study were to describe (i) relationships between carbon isotope discrimination (Delta) and dry matter (DM) yield, and (it) trends in Delta across four water levels (WL 2, wettest, to WL 5, driest) and two harvest dates under frequent defoliation in cultivars of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) perennial ryegrass, (Lolium perenne L.), intermediate ryegrass (L x hybridum Hausskn), and festulolium [x festulolium braunii (K. Richt.) A. Camus.]. Within all WLs, orchardgrass cultivars exhibited higher WUE than the ryegrasses, which includes intermediate ryegrass and festulolium. Significantly, more variation for Delta within WLs was observed in the ryegrasses than orchardgrass. For orchardgrass, DM yield and Delta were not correlated at WLs 2 to 4. However, they were negatively correlated at WL 5. Correlations between Delta and DM yield were not significant at WLs 2 and 3 for the ryegrasses, but were positive at WLs 4 and 5. To avoid possible declines in DM yield in breeding programs to increase WUE in orchardgrass and the ryegrasses, DM yield should also be monitored. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Jensen, KB (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1498 EP 1503 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000017 ER PT J AU Yaklich, RW Vinyard, B Camp, M Douglass, S AF Yaklich, RW Vinyard, B Camp, M Douglass, S TI Analysis of seed protein and oil from soybean Northern and Southern Region uniform tests SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Review AB Protein and oil concentration are seed constituents that make soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] an important crop. Reports have been published that the oil concentration and recently the protein concentration of U.S. soybean has been decreasing with respect to other exporting countries. The objective of this study was to utilize 51 yr of two data sets, The Uniform Soybean Tests, Northern Region and Southern Region to determine long-term trends in these constituents. Oil and protein composition data of lines from Regional Summaries of Maturity Groups OO through VIII were used for the analysis. Mean oil concentration was higher in the Southern Region compared with the Northern Region (209 and 206 g kg(-1),respectively), as was protein concentration (411 and 407 g kg(-1),respectively). Maturity group means for oil and protein concentration ranged from 198 to 212 g kg(-1) and 404 to 414 g kg(-1), respectively. Oil concentration increased in both data sets to 1973 and abruptly decreased in 1974 (21 g kg(-1)) to a low in 1982 (184 g kg(-1)) to higher than average values in 1983 (217 g kg(-1)) and by linear regression analysis, decreasing in the Northern Region since then. Analysis of lines evaluated from 1973 to 1974 and from 1982 to 1983 indicated that genetics was not the cause of the change in oil concentrations. Temporal protein concentrations were not as distinct as those of oil but indicated groups of years when protein concentration was above or below the mean. The data indicate that oil concentrations of soybean has been erratic and decreasing since 1974 because of unknown factors. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean Gen & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Stat Consulting Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Yaklich, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soybean Gen & Improvement Lab, Bldg 006, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 110 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1504 EP 1515 PG 12 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000018 ER PT J AU Willcox, MC Khairallah, MM Bergvinson, D Crossa, J Deutsch, JA Edmeades, GO Gonalez-de-Leon, D Jiang, C Jewell, DC Mihm, JA Williams, WP Hoisington, D AF Willcox, MC Khairallah, MM Bergvinson, D Crossa, J Deutsch, JA Edmeades, GO Gonalez-de-Leon, D Jiang, C Jewell, DC Mihm, JA Williams, WP Hoisington, D TI Selection for resistance to southwestern corn borer using marker-assisted and conventional backcrossing SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; BACTERIAL-BLIGHT RESISTANCE; LEAF FEEDING RESISTANCE; TROPICAL MAIZE; GENOMIC REGIONS; QTL; BARLEY; GENES; RICE; INTROGRESSION AB Two maize (Zea mays L) lines, susceptible and resistant to first-generation southwestern corn borer (SWCB), Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, were hybridized then backcrossed to the susceptible parent to form a population that was selected over three backcross generations by either marker-assisted or conventional selection for resistance to first generation SWCB leaf feeding. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was done by BC1F1 genotyping and BC1F2 infestation with SWCB. Three putative QTL were identified on chromosomes 7,9, and 10 accounting for 28% of the phenotypic variance. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) proceeded by selecting plants heterozygous at the QTL regions and homozygous for the recurrent parent genotype outside the QTL regions in the BC1F1 and BC2F1 generations. BC2F2 individuals were selected for the homozygous donor genotype in the QTL regions. Conventional selection initiated from the most resistant 30 BC1F2 lines. Conventional trials of BC2F2 and BC2F3 families were infested with SWCB and based on leaf damage ratings selected selfed progeny of the former generation formed the subsequent trial entries. A comparative trial of BC2F3 lines, selected by the two methods, was evaluated under SWCB infestation at three locations. Leaf damage ratings were taken at all locations and larvae weight was taken at one location. No significant differences for leaf damage ratings or larvae weight were found between lines selected by the two methods. Both methods produced lines significantly improved over the susceptible parent for SWCB leaf feeding damage indicating that the methods were equivalent as conducted in this experiment. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. CIMMYT Int, Mexico City 06600, DF, Mexico. CIMMYT Int, Mt Pleasant, Zimbabwe. French Agr Res Inc, Lamberton, MN 56152 USA. Garst Seed Co, Marshall, MO 65340 USA. Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, Waimea Res Ctr, Waimea, HI 96796 USA. Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63198 USA. RP Willcox, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Box 9555, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. OI Crossa, Jose/0000-0001-9429-5855 NR 41 TC 30 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 5 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1516 EP 1528 PG 13 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000019 ER PT J AU Tang, Y Garvin, DF Kochian, LV Sorrells, ME Carver, BF AF Tang, Y Garvin, DF Kochian, LV Sorrells, ME Carver, BF TI Physiological genetics of aluminum tolerance in the wheat cultivar Atlas 66 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; ROOT APICES; EXUDATION; MALATE; ACID; MECHANISMS; RESISTANCE; PHOSPHATE; TOXICITY; EFFLUX AB Aluminum toxicity limits wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production on acidic soils. The wheat cultivar Atlas 66 reportedly may have both more titan one Al tolerance gene and more than one Al tolerance mechanism. The purpose of this study was to identify the Al tolerance mechanisms conferred by the individual Atlas 66 Al tolerance genes present in near-isogenic lines (NILs) of the cv. Century and Chisholm ('Century-T' and 'Chisholm-T'). Seedling hydroponic culture analysis revealed that the NILs were not as Al tolerant, nor were they able to exclude Al from root apices as effectively as Atlas 66. Al-inducible malate release from root apices was significantly higher in the NILs compared with the recurrent parents, but less than that observed in Atlas 66. In contrast, root phosphate release was significantly lower than previously reported in Atlas 66, with no major differences observed among lines. These results indicate that the Atlas 66 Al tolerance gene present in each NIL acts by increasing Al-inducible malate release from root tips, but confers only a portion of the Al tolerance of Atlas 66 in both instances. Thus, differences in Al tolerance between the NILs and Atlas 66 can be attributed to malate release differences, and not differential phosphate release. Further, these results indicate that genetic variation at more than one locus underlies the malate-mediated Al tolerance differences in Atlas 66, when compared with Century and Chisholm. The Atlas 66 alleles for these loci have not been introgressed into the NILs. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Garvin, DF (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 23 TC 40 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1541 EP 1546 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000022 ER PT J AU Voigt, PW Mosjidis, JA AF Voigt, PW Mosjidis, JA TI Acid-soil resistance of forage legumes as assessed by a soil-on-agar method SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID IRON-DEFICIENCY CHLOROSIS; TEMPERATE LEGUMES; WHITE CLOVER; ALUMINUM; GROWTH; LIME; MANGANESE; TOLERANT; SUBSOIL; PLANTS AB Establishment of small-seeded legumes on strongly acid soils can be even more difficult than maintaining those stands once established. Our objectives were to use a soil-based procedure for characterization of acid-soil resistance of small-seeded forage-legumes and to determine the validity of primary root growth and specifically the soil-on-agar technique, using germplasm that varied widely in seed size and acid-soil resistance. We ran four experiments to evaluate 28 cultivars of 15 species. In general, species differences observed were in good agreement with previous knowledge. Large differences in acid-soil resistance, for example among crimson (Trifolium incarnatum L.), white (T. repens L.), and berseem clover (T. alexandrinum L.) were visually obvious. Smaller differences were not as clear but could still be detected statistically; for example, the greater acid-soil resistance of striate [Kummerowia striata (Thunb.) Schindl.] compared with Korean lespedeza [K. stipulacea (Maxim.) Makino]. Relative acid-soil resistance of rose clover (T. hirtum All.) is reported for the first time. Within species, the known greater acid-soil resistance of 'AU Dewey' birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), compared with other cultivars of that species, was detected. One major difference between our results and solution culture studies, kura clover (T. ambiguum M. Bieb.) was more acid-soil resistant than white clover. 'Cossack', a kura clover bred from germplasm developed on a high pH soil, was more sensitive to acid-soil stress than several other cultivars. A procedure characterizing primary root growth, the soil-on-agar technique, can do an effective job of evaluating acid-soil resistance of small-seeded legumes. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. Auburn Univ, Alabama Agr Expt Stn, Dept Agron & Soils, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Voigt, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. EM pvoigt@afsrc.ars.usda.gov NR 33 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1631 EP 1639 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000034 ER PT J AU Brauer, D Ritchey, D Belesky, D AF Brauer, D Ritchey, D Belesky, D TI Effects of lime and calcium on root development and nodulation of clovers SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOIL INFERTILITY FACTORS; GROWTH; ALUMINUM; MAIZE; ACID; NITROGENASE; SIGNAL AB Acidic soils can reduce the nodulation of forage legumes. Studies with a Gilpin series silt loam (fine loamy, mixed mesic Typic Hapludult) from New, WV, were conducted to determine the effects of lime on root development, and to assess effects of soil Ca and pH on nodulation. Liming increased soil pH from 4.8 to 5.3, nodulation, and root growth of white clover (Trifolium repens L., cultivar Huia) 28 d after planting. Seedlings from unlimed soil formed fewer indeterminate and determinate roots. Next, soils were amended with either CaCO3 or a mixture of CaCO3 and CaSO4 to achieve a soil pH of 4.7 to 6.1 and soil Ca of 170 to 680 mg kg(-1) soil. There was a strong quadratic relationship between number of nodules per white clover seedling 28 d after planting and soil pH. Another experiment was conducted to determine if these trends were expressed under field conditions. In 1993, field plots were amended with lime or a coal combustion by-product that supplied Ca as CaSO4 and seeded in 1994 to cool-season grasses. In spring of 1998, plots were drilled with either red (Trifolium pratense, L.) or white clover. The nodules per primary root were determined in May (1998,1999) and August (1998). Number of nodules per primary root was more closely associated with soil pH than soil Ca. These results indicate that changes in nodulation were more closely, associated with changes in soil pH than soil Ca. C1 USDA ARS, SPA, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. USDA ARS, NAA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Brauer, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, SPA, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, 6883 S State Kighway 23, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 10 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1640 EP 1646 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000035 ER PT J AU Berdahl, JD Ries, RE AF Berdahl, JD Ries, RE TI Russian wildrye seedling development under three temperature regimes SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID REGISTRATION; RYEGRASS AB Poor seedling vigor of Russian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski] has resulted in frequent establishment failures and deterred more widespread use of this grass. This study was conducted to ascertain coleoptile length and seedling emergence of Russian wildrye under three temperature regimes at a 70-mm planting depth in a Parshall fine-sandy loam soil (coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Pachic Haplustolls; bulk density = 1.3 g cm(-3)) and to compare seedling development of four tetraploid populations with two diploid check cultivars. Diurnal temperatures (12/12 h, both dark) were 7/10degreesC (low), 13/16degreesC (medium), and 19/22degreesC (high). Soil water was maintained near field capacity. Coleoptile lengths for the low-, medium-, and high-temperature treatments averaged 48.3, 50.2, and 55.5 mm, respectively. Low and sporadic seedling emergence of 'Vinall' at all temperature treatments resulted in a significant (P less than or equal to 0.01) entry X temperature interaction. Entries had similar ranking for emergence within each temperature regime, and all entries but Vinall had increased emergence in response to increasing temperatures. Seedling emergence from a 70-mm planting depth was dependent on elongation of both the coleoptile and first seedling leaf, and diploid entries failed to emerge in most instances. Seedling emergence at the low-, medium-, and high-temperature treatments averaged 4.5, 14.5, and 16.5%, respectively, for the two diploid check cultivars and 16.5, 27.0, and 37.0%, respectively, for the four tetraploid populations. Tetraploids had greater seedling establishment potential than diploids, but any advantage for early-spring seeding would be due to factors other than soil temperature. C1 USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Berdahl, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1647 EP 1650 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000036 ER PT J AU Fisher, DS AF Fisher, DS TI A review of a few key factors regulating voluntary feed intake in ruminants SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FOOD PREFERENCE; FORAGE INTAKE; RUMEN FILL; BEHAVIOR; CONSTRAINTS; PROTEIN AB During the history of ruminant nutrition many factors have been proposed as regulators of voluntary feed intake. In some cases, the implicit assumption has been that a factor acted independently and exclusively of other mechanisms. A knowledge of ruminant digestive anatomy aids in understanding both the ecological niche and the feeding behavior of the ruminant animal. Factors controlling ruminant intake should be assumed to function with multiple interactions. A number of feedback regulators such as distension, protein, and energy should be considered in the context of their interacting regulatory effects when attempting to predict intake. Behavioral aspects also influence voluntary feed intake through associations formed via post-ingestive feedback. Ruminants can learn to identify particular feeds and alter intake on the basis of past experiences. An integrated approach is proposed as a means of understanding ruminant feed intake regulation and eventually to improving prediction of intake. Empirical mathematical methods are likely to be fundamental to developing understanding and models of feed intake because of the difficulty of studying the central nervous system. In spite of these difficulties, knowledge of theoretical feedbacks has already been used to develop practical ruminant feeding strategies. C1 USDA ARS, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Fisher, DS (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. EM dsfisher-@arches.uga.edu NR 26 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1651 EP 1655 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000037 ER PT J AU Singer, JW AF Singer, JW TI Fresh versus field-cured grass quality, mineral, and nitrate concentration at different nitrogen rates SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HERBAGE; LEGUME; HAY AB Determining the extent of change in fresh versus field-cured grass hay quality, mineral, and NO3-N concentrations under rain-free conditions provides valuable information to hay producers. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the effect of fresh vs. field-cured forage on crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total digestible nutrients (TDN), P, K, Ca, and NO-3-N concentrations of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), and timothy (Phleum pratense L.), and to determine if interactions with N rate exist. At the low N rate in 1999 and 2000, orchardgrass CP in fresh and field-cured forage, NDF, and TDN concentrations were different. Orchardgrass P and K concentrations were lower in field-cured compared with fresh forage, but differences were inconsistent across N rates. In contrast, smooth bromegrass K (23 vs. 27 g kg(-1)) and Ca (4.3 vs. 6.2 g kg(-1)) concentrations were greater in field-cured compared with fresh forage in 1999 across N rates. Tissue NO-3-N concentration was greater in field-cured orchardgrass at all N rates and at the low N rate in smooth bromegrass in 1999, Interactions between N rate and fresh vs. Geld-cured smooth bromegrass were detected for all variables in 1999 and orchardgrass K concentration in 2000. These results demonstrate that changes in grass quality, mineral, and tissue NO-3-N concentrations occur under rain-free field curing conditions. Consequently, forage scientists conducting research on grass hay quality indices and mineral content should sample subsequent to field-curing to provide accurate results. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Singer, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Singer, Jeremy/G-6260-2010 NR 21 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1656 EP 1661 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000038 ER PT J AU Bushman, BS Snook, ME Gerke, JP Szalma, SJ Berhow, MA Houchins, KE McMullen, MD AF Bushman, BS Snook, ME Gerke, JP Szalma, SJ Berhow, MA Houchins, KE McMullen, MD TI Two loci exert major effects on chlorogenic acid synthesis in maize silks SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CORN-EARWORM LEPIDOPTERA; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; MAYSIN CONCENTRATION; METABOLIC PATHWAYS; PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; NOCTUIDAE LARVAE; PLANT DEFENSE; CAFFEIC ACID; GROWTH AB Chlorogenic acid (CGA) in maize (Zea mays L.) silks has been implicated in resistance to corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) with a mechanism similar to the flavone,maysin. However,the genetic basis of CGA synthesis is poorly understood. Our goal was to identify candidate loci affecting the biosynthesis of CGA using quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses on three F-2 populations: (A619 x Mp708)F-2, (A619 X Mo6)F-2, and (Mo6 x Mp708)F-2. Chlorogenic acid and flavone contents in silks were measured, linkage maps generated, and significant loci identified with composite interval mapping (CIM) and ANOVA multiple-effects models for the three populations. Of the QTLs detected, two exerted major effects; one corresponding to the p1 locus, and the other a novel locus we named qtl2. The main effect of the functional allele at the pi locus was to increase both CGA and flavones, while the positive allele at the qtl2 locus only increased CGA. An epistatic interaction between p1 and qtl2 alleles in the (A619 x Mo6)F-2 population caused an increase in CGA with a concomitant decrease in flavones. The rare ability of Mo6 and Mp708 to synthesize CGA in excess of flavones is primarily a result from the effects at the qtl2 locus. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Genet Area Program, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Biol Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Georgia, Richard B Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP McMullen, MD (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 40 TC 15 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 14 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1669 EP 1678 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000040 ER PT J AU Szalma, SJ Snook, ME Bushman, BS Houchins, KE McMullen, MD AF Szalma, SJ Snook, ME Bushman, BS Houchins, KE McMullen, MD TI Duplicate loci as QTL: The role of chalcone synthase loci in flavone and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in maize SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; CORN-EARWORM ANTIBIOSIS; ZEA-MAYS L.; GENETIC MECHANISMS; METABOLIC PATHWAYS; SILK MAYSIN; SEQUENCES; LARVAE; MAP AB The C-glycosyl flavone maysin is an important component of corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) (CEW) resistance in maize (Zea mays L.) silks. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a product of the phenylpropanoid pathway, has also been implicated in CEW antibiosis. The transition from the 9-carbon phenylpropanoid to the 15-carbon flavonoid pathway represents a potentially important regulation point in C-glycosyl flavone biosynthesis. The enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS) catalyzes this reaction and is represented by a set of duplicate loci in maize, colorless2 (c2) and white pollen (whp1). Chromosomal regions of the maize genome have been identified as quantitative trait loci (QTL) for maysin synthesis that correspond to these two loci. Our objective was to investigate the role of CHS in flavone and CGA biosynthesis. We tested c2 and whp I as candidate loci using three related F-2 populations segregating for both structural and regulatory loci. Silks were harvested and analyzed from each population for flavonoid and phenylpropanoid content. Phenotypic data was combined with linkage maps generated for each population to conduct statistical and QTL analysis. Our results (i) support earlier findings of the requirement of a functional pericarp color1 (p1) allele for C-glycosyl flavone biosynthesis, (ii) demonstrate that variation at the c2 region on chromosome 4 influences both maysin and CGA levels in silks, (iii) reveal a dosage-dependent relationship between c2 and whp1 in which the whp1 region acts cooperatively with functional c2 to increase flavones and partially compensates for nonfunctional c2, and (iv) demonstrate that mutations in c2 and whp1 shunt intermediates from maysin synthesis to CGA. These results demonstrate that CHS function is a regulatory focal point of substrate flow between the flavone and phenylpropanoid pathways. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Genet Area Program, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Richard B Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 31793 USA. RP McMullen, MD (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 26 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 5 U2 8 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1679 EP 1687 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000041 ER PT J AU Jessup, RW Burson, BL Burow, GB Wang, YW Chang, C Li, Z Paterson, AH Hussey, MA AF Jessup, RW Burson, BL Burow, GB Wang, YW Chang, C Li, Z Paterson, AH Hussey, MA TI Disomic inheritance, suppressed recombination, and allelic interactions govern apospory in buffelgrass as revealed by genome mapping SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; NON-MENDELIAN TRANSMISSION; MILLET PENNISETUM-GLAUCUM; LINKED MOLECULAR MARKERS; ORYZA-SATIVA L; SEGREGATION DISTORTION; QUANTITATIVE TRAITS; PASPALUM-NOTATUM; APOMICTIC MODE; RFLP MARKERS AB Molecular tools have not identified the gene(s) governing apomixis nor have they been used to successfully transfer the trait to important, sexually reproducing food crops. Several molecular studies addressing apomixis in grasses have used interspecific and intergeneric hybrids. The failure to recover specific F, genotypes from these wide crosses can be caused by unfavorable interactions between the gametes, Zygote, embryo, endosperm, and/ or maternal tissue. These interactions can eliminate recombinant genotypes with valuable information towards linkage analyses of the trait. Buffelgrass [Pennisetum cillare (L.) Link syn. Cenchrus cillaris L.], a polymorphic species with inter-fertile apomictic and sexual genotypes, offers an opportunity to genetically map apomixis by means of intraspecific hybrids with euploid genomes. This study reports a linkage map of the apospory region in buffelgrass. Apospory, classified by progeny testing and cytologically observing megagametophytes, mapped to a single locus in the apomictic parent's genome. Two buffelgrass cDNAs (pPAP3A07 and pPAP8C08) and three previously reported apospory markers (UGT197, QH8, and OPC4) were tightly linked (1.4 centimorgans, cM) to the trait. As a tetraploid species (2n = 4x = 36), four copies of each chromosome are expected in buffelgrass. A single homolog and two homeologs were identified for the chromosome carrying apospory, indicating the formation of two bivalents during meiosis and the disomic inheritance of apospory in buffelgrass. Allelic bridges between the parents revealed suppressed recombination in the apospory linkage group. Segregation distortion between a marker on the sexual parent's homolog to the apospory linkage group and a marker on a separate maternal linkage group suggested specific allelic combinations in female gametes affect offspring survival in buffelgrass. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, USDA ARS, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci Bot & Genet, Ctr Appl Genet Technol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Jessup, RW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 61 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1688 EP 1694 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000042 ER PT J AU Castro, AJ Chen, XM Hayes, PM Knapp, SJ Line, RF Toojinda, T Vivar, H AF Castro, AJ Chen, XM Hayes, PM Knapp, SJ Line, RF Toojinda, T Vivar, H TI Coincident QTL which determine seedling and adult plant resistance to stripe rust in barley SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID F-SP HORDEI; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; PUCCINIA-STRIIFORMIS; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; SP. HORDEI; VULGARE L; GENES; WHEAT; INHERITANCE; CHARACTERS AB Barley stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. hordei) is an important disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. subsp. vulgare). This disease reached the Americas in 1975. It is now endemic from the Andean region of South America to western North America. We are systematically, mapping quantitative resistance genes present in ICARDA/CIMMYT germplasm and introgressing these genes into barley germplasm adapted to western North America. Resistance to stripe rust in the Triticeae can he race- and growth-stage specific. In this study, we mapped genes conferring resistance at the seedling stage, after inoculation with defined isolates (PSII-I, PSH-13, PSH-14), in a doubled haploid population in which adult plant resistance genes had previously been mapped. The disease reaction data for each of three isolates fit a 3:1 (susceptible: resistant) ratio, indicating that two genes are required for resistance. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) effects and significance were estimated by means of QTL mapping procedures and logistic regression analysis, taking into account the binomial distribution of the trait. Two resistance QTL ne on chromosome 5 (511) and one on chromosome 6 (6H)-were detected and in all cases 'Shyri' contributed the resistance alleles. No QTL X race interaction was detected. The two seedling resistance QTL map to the same regions of the genome as two of the four adult plant resistance QTL. These data Jay the foundation for more detailed analyses directed at unraveling the genetics of qualitative and quantitative disease resistance mechanisms. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Kasetsart Univ, Natl Ctr Genet Engn & Biotechnol, DnA Fingerprinting Unit, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand. CIMMYT, ICARDA, Mexico City 06600, DF, Mexico. RP Hayes, PM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, 253 Crop Sci Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM patrick.m.hayes@orst.edu NR 45 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1701 EP 1708 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000044 ER PT J AU Steiner, JJ AF Steiner, JJ TI Birdsfoot trefoil flowering response to photoperiod length SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GERMPLASM; REGISTRATION AB Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) is an indeterminate Old World perennial forage legume that is widely adapted to environments ranging from Scandinavia in the north to highlands near the equator in the south. Because of poor root and crown rot resistance, natural reseeding in pastures is desired. Therefore, birdsfoot trefoil genotypes that flower and set seeds at lower latitudes would be desirable to aid persistence and thus improve pasture forage quality. The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of photoperiod length and collecting site ecogeography on flowering of 68 birdsfoot trefoil accessions from the USDA-ARS National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) collection. The flowering response index (FRI) described accession flowering In 10-, 13-, 16-, and 19-h photoperiod lengths. As photoperiod length increased from 13 to 19 h, the percentage of accession clones that flowered increased. Photoperiod lengths equal to 16 h were too long to differentiate germplasm differences, and thus are not suited as a selection criterion for flowering at low latitudes. Under 13-h photoperiod length, as collecting site latitude increased, the FRI and percentage of clones in an accession that flowered decreased. Only an induced mutant flowered in the 10-h photoperiod length treatment. Since wild accessions were collected from habitats as little as 7degrees N latitude, a new natural minimal critical photoperiod requirement at 12.5 h was inferred. When selecting genotypes for use in low latitude pastures, the flowering response at 13-h photoperiod length should be considered if reseeding is desired. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Steiner, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1709 EP 1718 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000045 ER PT J AU Franco, J Crossa, J Taba, S Eberhart, SA AF Franco, J Crossa, J Taba, S Eberhart, SA TI The modified location model for classifying genetic resources: II. Unrestricted variance-covariance matrices SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VARIABLES AB When evaluating genetic resources and forming core subsets, gene bank accessions are classified into homogeneous and well-separated groups. The modified location model (MLM) is used in the context of a two-stage clustering strategy in which initial groups are first defined using a hierarchical clustering method (such as Ward) and then the MLM is applied to the groups that are formed (Ward-MLM). The MLM allows assuming correlations (between attributes) and variances (of the attributes) among subpopulations (SPs) to be equal (homogeneous, HOM) or different (heterogeneous, HET). The objectives of this study were (i) to compare the effect of assuming homogeneity with the effect of assuming heterogeneity of,,variance-covariance matrices on the classification of two simulated data sets using the Ward-MLM strategy; and (H) to make the same type of comparison using data from maize (Zea mays L.) accessions from nine countries. When simulated ROM data were analyzed with the HOM model and the simulated HET data were analyzed with the HET model, some of the original SPs were represented in the resulting clusters but others changed and formed more separated groups. The HET model always formed the most compact and separated clusters, even for HOM data. Classification of 10 real data sets showed that the HET model produced more compact and well-separated groups than the HOM model. However, only the HOM model identified and grouped a small number of observations with very peculiar attributes. Although the HET model may suffice in most situations, the recommended strategy when classifying genetic resources would be to use both models. C1 CIMMYT, Biometr & Stat Unit, Mexico City 06600, DF, Mexico. CIMMYT, Maize Genet Resources Unit, Mexico City 06600, DF, Mexico. Univ Republ Oriental Uruguay, Fac Agron, Montevideo, Uruguay. USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Crossa, J (reprint author), CIMMYT, Biometr & Stat Unit, Apdo Postal 6-641, Mexico City 06600, DF, Mexico. OI Crossa, Jose/0000-0001-9429-5855 NR 20 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1727 EP 1736 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000047 ER PT J AU Li, ZL Nelson, RL AF Li, ZL Nelson, RL TI RAPD marker diversity among cultivated and wild soybean accessions from four Chinese provinces SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GENETIC DIVERSITY; LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; GLYCINE-SOJA; GERMPLASM; MICROSATELLITE; VARIABILITY; PRIMERS AB Wild soybean (Glycinc soja Siebold & Zucc.) is the ancestor of cultivated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and is widely distributed in China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and eastern Russia. In North America, modern soybean cultivars are derived from a very limited germplasm base. Use of more soybean introductions and G. soja lines in breeding programs to expand the genetic base of and incorporate specific traits into commercial soybean cultivars could be beneficial. This study was conducted to evaluate the genetic variation between and within annual Glycine species and to determine geographical patterns of variation within and between the annual Glycine species. Forty G. max and 40 G. soja accessions from four Chinese provinces, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Jiangsu, and Shanxi, were surveyed with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs). The results indicated that the genetic distance (GD) within the G. soja group was larger than that within the G. max group, but smaller than that between the G. max and G. soja groups. Twenty-three more polymorphic RAPD fragments were detected within the G. soja group than within the G. max group. Nine fragments were present only in G. soja lines. On the basis of AMOVA analysis, 18% of the total variation could be accounted for by species, 15% by populations within species, and 67% by individuals within populations. Cluster and principal component analyses completely separated the G. mar and G. soja groups. The groups formed by cluster analyses generally reflected the geographical regions of origin. Glycine max and G. soja lines for the same province were not more genetically related than were accessions of different species from different provinces, but the GDs between the G. soja lines from Heilongjiang and the G. may accessions from all other provinces were less than for the G. soja accessions from any other provinces. The results of this study could be used for exploiting the genetic diversity in the two species in breeding programs and in sampling and managing germplasm collections. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, Soybean Maize Germplasm Pathol & Genet Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Nelson, RL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, Soybean Maize Germplasm Pathol & Genet Res Unit, 1101 W Peabody Dr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 34 TC 36 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1737 EP 1744 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000048 ER PT J AU Kidwell, KK Shelton, GB Demacon, VL Burns, JW Carter, BP Morris, CF Chen, XM Hatchett, JH AF Kidwell, KK Shelton, GB Demacon, VL Burns, JW Carter, BP Morris, CF Chen, XM Hatchett, JH TI Registration of 'Tara 2000' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Qual Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, PSERU, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Kidwell, KK (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 2 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1746 EP 1747 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000051 ER PT J AU Baenziger, PS Moreno-Sevilla, B Graybosch, RA Krall, JM Shipman, MJ Elmore, RW Klein, RN Baltensperger, DD Nelson, LA McVey, DV Watkins, JE Hatchett, JH AF Baenziger, PS Moreno-Sevilla, B Graybosch, RA Krall, JM Shipman, MJ Elmore, RW Klein, RN Baltensperger, DD Nelson, LA McVey, DV Watkins, JE Hatchett, JH TI Registration of 'Wahoo' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Wyoming, Torrington Res & Ext Ctr, Torrington, WY 82240 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Baenziger, PS (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Baenziger, Peter/C-6490-2014 OI Baenziger, Peter/0000-0002-9109-6954 NR 1 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1752 EP 1753 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000059 ER PT J AU Anand, SC Shannon, JG Wrather, JA Arelli, PR Sleper, DA Young, LD AF Anand, SC Shannon, JG Wrather, JA Arelli, PR Sleper, DA Young, LD TI Registration of S96-2692 soybean germplasm line resistant to three soybean nematodes SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Delta Ctr, Portageville, MO 63873 USA. USDA ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, Jackson, TN 38301 USA. RP Shannon, JG (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, 210 Waters Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1753 EP 1754 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000060 ER PT J AU Jones, TA Larson, SR Nielson, DC Young, SA Chatterton, NJ Palazzo, AJ AF Jones, TA Larson, SR Nielson, DC Young, SA Chatterton, NJ Palazzo, AJ TI Registration of P-7 bluebunch wheatgrass germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Utah Crop Improvement Assoc, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Jones, TA (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1754 EP 1755 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000061 ER PT J AU McCarty, JC Jenkins, JN AF McCarty, JC Jenkins, JN TI Registration of 16 day length-neutral flowering primitive cotton germplasm lines SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Mississippi State Univ, USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP McCarty, JC (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. EM jmccarty@msa-msstate.ars.usda.gov NR 3 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1755 EP 1756 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000062 ER PT J AU Yu, MH AF Yu, MH TI Registration of sugarbeet germplasm M1-3 resistant to root-knot nematode SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BEET GERMPLASM C1 USDA ARS, US Agr Res Stn, Crop Improvement & Protect Res, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Yu, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Agr Res Stn, Crop Improvement & Protect Res, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1756 EP 1757 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 592GG UT WOS:000177928000064 ER PT J AU Walters, C Touchell, DH Power, P Wesley-Smith, J Antolin, MF AF Walters, C Touchell, DH Power, P Wesley-Smith, J Antolin, MF TI A cryopreservation protocol for embryos of the endangered species Zizania texana SO CRYOLETTERS LA English DT Article DE cryopreservation; desiccation tolerance; embryo; recalcitrant; vitrification; wildrice; Zizania ID DESICCATION-TOLERANCE; RECALCITRANT SEED; WATER-CONTENT; PALUSTRIS; SURVIVAL; AXES AB Seeds of the endangered species Zizania texana are recalcitrant, making it difficult to preserve the remaining genetic diversity of this species in genebanks. Excised embryos can be cryopreserved using solution-based cryoprotection protocols. Survival following cryoexposure increased from less than 5% to about 75% by preculturing embryos in high concentrations of sugars, bathing them in cryoprotectant solutions, and partially drying them to water contents of about 0.6 g H2O/g dry mass. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Genet Resources, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, San Marcos Natl Fish Hatchery & Technol Ctr, San Marcos, TX USA. Univ Natal, Electron Microscope Unit, ZA-4001 Durban, South Africa. Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Walters, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Genet Resources, 1111 S Mason St, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 4 PU CRYO LETTERS PI LONDON PA C/O ROYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE, ROYAL COLLEGE ST, LONDON NW1 0TU, ENGLAND SN 0143-2044 J9 CRYOLETTERS JI CryoLetters PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 23 IS 5 BP 291 EP 298 PG 8 WC Biology; Physiology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Physiology GA 630LR UT WOS:000180108800003 PM 12447488 ER PT J AU Coates, BS Hellmich, RL Lewis, LC AF Coates, BS Hellmich, RL Lewis, LC TI Nuclear small subunit rRNA group I intron variation among Beauveria spp provide tools for strain identification and evidence of horizontal transfer SO CURRENT GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Beauveria; group I intron; strain identification; horizontal transfer ID BASSIANA BALSAMO VUILLEMIN; OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS HUBNER; MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; INTERVENING SEQUENCE; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; VIRUS TRANSFER; 28S RDNA; BRONGNIARTII; SUPPRESSION AB An optional group I intron was characterized at a single insertion point In nuclear small subunit rRNA (nuSSU rRNA) genes of the imperfect entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana and B. brongniartii. Insertion points were conserved among nuSSU rRNA genes from 35 Beauveria isolates. PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing identified 12 group I intron variants and were applied to the identification of strains isolated from insect hosts. Alignment of 383-404-nt subgroup IB3 group I introns indicated that four insertion/deletion (indel) mutations were the main basis of fragment length variation. Phylogeny reconstruction using parsimony and neighbor-joining methods suggested six lineages may be present among nuSSU rRNA group I intron sequences from Beauveria and related ascomycete fungi. Terminal node placement of Beauveria introns conflicted with previously published phylogenies constructed from gene sequences, suggesting horizontal transfer of group I introns. PCR-RFLP among introns provided a means for the differentiation of Beauveria isolates. C1 Iowa State Univ, Genet Lab, USDA ARS, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Interdepartmental Genet Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Coates, BS (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Genet Lab, USDA ARS, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 65 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0172-8083 J9 CURR GENET JI Curr. Genet. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 41 IS 6 BP 414 EP 424 DI 10.1007/s00294-002-0317-8 PG 11 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 606ET UT WOS:000178721600006 PM 12228811 ER PT J AU Harvey, RB Droleskey, RE Hume, ME Anderson, RC Genovese, KJ Andrews, K Nisbet, DJ AF Harvey, RB Droleskey, RE Hume, ME Anderson, RC Genovese, KJ Andrews, K Nisbet, DJ TI In vitro inhibition of Salmonella enterica serovars choleraesuis and typhimurium, Escherichia coli F-18, and Escherichia coli O157 : H7 by a porcine continuous-flow competitive exclusion culture SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COLONIZATION; INFECTION; PIGS; MORTALITY; CHICKENS; ANIMALS AB A competitive exclusion (CE) culture of porcine cecal bacteria was developed as a continuous-flow culture in chemostats, was designated RPCF, and was used as a model to determine its usefulness against in vitro colonization by Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Choleraesuis, Escherichia coli strain F-18, and E. coli serotype O157:H7 (933). Chemostats with or without RPCF were inoculated with 10(6) colony-forming units (CFU)/ml of Typhimurium, Choleraesuis, F-18, or O157:H7. Chemostats were sampled for salmonellae and E. coli at 15 min, 7 h, and every 24 It thereafter. In control chemostats without RPCF. Typhimurium, Choleraesuis, F-18, and O157:H7 rapidly established colonization and had concentrations of 10(6) CFU/ml for 96-120 h post-inoculation. In the chemostats that contained RPCF, reductions (P < 0.05) of Choleraesuis, F-18, and O157:H7 were observed at 24 h post-inoculation. Typhimurium was decreased (P < 0.05) at 48 h post-inoculation, and by 120 h post-inoculation, all chemostats were negative for the four challenge microorganisms. These results demonstrate that RPCF cultures were able to inhibit the growth of Typhimurium, Choleraesuis, and E. coli strains F-18 and O157:H7 in vitro and suggest the potential for the use of CE in swine to prevent disease induced by these microorganisms. C1 ARS, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Harvey, RB (reprint author), ARS, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 45 IS 3 BP 226 EP 229 DI 10.1007/s00284-001-0103-8 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 575QW UT WOS:000176960000014 PM 12177747 ER PT J AU Engeman, RM Shwiff, SA Constantin, B Stahl, M Smith, HT AF Engeman, RM Shwiff, SA Constantin, B Stahl, M Smith, HT TI An economic analysis of predator removal approaches for protecting marine turtle nests at Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE endangered species; benefit-cost analysis; marine turtles; economics AB Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge (HSNWR) on Florida's east coast provides undisturbed nesting habitat for three species of threatened or endangered marine turtles. Predation by raccoons and armadillos poses the greatest risk to turtle nests, and predator control has been identified as the most important management tool for enhancing nesting productivity. Recently, estimates of the number of nests that would have been lost in the 2000 nesting and incubation season were made using the results from four control approaches. These approaches were, in order of descending complexity: (1) refuge control enhanced by a one person-month contract with federal control specialists, with that control optimized using a passive tracking methodology for monitoring predators; (2) refuge control enhanced by a one person-month contract with federal control specialists, without predator monitoring; (3) refuge control, but no contract with specialists; (4) no control. In that analysis, approach I resulted in the fewest turtles lost to predation. In this paper, we perform a benefit-cost analysis to determine if operational efficacy translates into economic efficiency. Approach I had by far the best benefit-cost ratio for loggerhead turtles, but approach 2 was best for Atlantic green and leatherback turtles. However, almost 90% of the turtles nesting at HSNWR are loggerhead, and this area is vital to loggerhead survival. Thus, approach I also had by far the best benefit-cost ratio over all turtle species, saving approximately $1.7 million over approach 2, $2.6 million over approach 3 and $8.4 million over approach 4. Given these results, one must ask how can we afford not to control predators, and furthermore, how can we not afford to take the minimal extra steps to maximize control efficacy. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. APHIS, USDA, WS, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. Hobe Sound NWR, Hobe Sound, FL 33455 USA. Florida Pk Serv, Florida Dept Environm Protect, Hobe Sound, FL 33455 USA. RP Engeman, RM (reprint author), Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 16 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 42 IS 3 BP 469 EP 478 AR PII S0921-8009(02)00136-2 DI 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00136-2 PG 10 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 602GD UT WOS:000178496800012 ER PT J AU Brown, TC Nannini, D Gorter, RB Bell, PA Peterson, GL AF Brown, TC Nannini, D Gorter, RB Bell, PA Peterson, GL TI Judged seriousness of environmental losses: reliability and cause of loss SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE preferences; environmental values; decision making; losses; paired comparisons; context ID WILLINGNESS-TO-PAY; CONTINGENT-VALUATION; DAMAGE SCHEDULES; PUBLIC-GOODS; JUDGMENTS; CHOICE AB Public judgments of the seriousness of environmental losses were found to be internally consistent for most respondents, and largely unaffected by attempts to manipulate responses by altering the mix of losses being judged. Both findings enhance confidence in the feasibility of developing reliable rankings of the seriousness of environmental losses to aid resource allocation and damage assessment. In addition, seriousness of loss was found to be sensitive to the cause of the loss, with human-caused environmental losses considered more serious than identical losses caused by natural events. This difference has important implications for assessment of environmental losses. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Brown, TC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2150-A Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 4 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 42 IS 3 BP 479 EP 491 AR PII S0921-8009(02)00171-4 DI 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00171-4 PG 13 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 602GD UT WOS:000178496800013 ER PT J AU Wilsey, BJ Polley, HW AF Wilsey, BJ Polley, HW TI Reductions in grassland species evenness increase dicot seedling invasion and spittle bug infestation SO ECOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PLANT DIVERSITY; ECOSYSTEM FUNCTION; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; PRODUCTIVITY; INVASIBILITY; BIODIVERSITY; RICHNESS; ORGANIZATION; RESISTANCE; RESOURCES AB Previous experiments that tested whether diverse plant communities have lower invasibility have all varied species richness. We experimentally varied evenness of four grassland species (three grasses and one forb) by planting a field experiment in Texas, and monitored the number of unplanted dicot and monocot species that invaded plots for two growing seasons. By varying evenness, we eliminated any sampling effect in our diversity treatment, because all plots contained the same plant species. Experimentally reducing evenness led to a greater number of dicot invaders, which emerged in plots throughout the growing season, but had less of an effect on monocot invaders, which emerged in flushes when experimental plants were semi-dormant. Frequency of Solidago canadensis (altissima ) stems with spittle bugs significantly increased with reductions in evenness during the first year, apparently because the greater number of Solidago stems in high evenness plots diluted the spittle-bug effect. These results support the view that higher diversity plant communities are more resistant to dicot invaders and insect herbivores. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Bot, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, USDA, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Wilsey, BJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Bot, 353 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. OI Wilsey, Brian J./0000-0002-0628-5006 NR 46 TC 74 Z9 77 U1 3 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1461-023X J9 ECOL LETT JI Ecol. Lett. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 5 IS 5 BP 676 EP 684 DI 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00372.x PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 592YR UT WOS:000177964900010 ER PT J AU Moran, FM Ford, JJ Corbin, CJ Mapes, SM Njar, VC Brodie, AM Conley, AJ AF Moran, FM Ford, JJ Corbin, CJ Mapes, SM Njar, VC Brodie, AM Conley, AJ TI Regulation of microsomal P450, redox partner proteins, and steroidogenesis in the developing testes of the neonatal pig SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIDE-CHAIN CLEAVAGE; FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN; AROMATASE CYTOCHROME-P450; HEMI-CASTRATION; 3-BETA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; PORCINE AROMATASE; GNRH ANTAGONIST; LEYDIG-CELLS AB Testicular growth and plasma androgen concentrations increase markedly in the first weeks of neonatal life of pigs. The regulation of steroidogenesis through this period was examined by measuring total microsomal cytochromes P450 (P450), 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase P450 (P450c17) and aromatase P450 (P450arom) enzyme activities, and the redox partner proteins nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH)-cytochrome P450 reductase (reductase) and cytochrome b(5) in testicular microsomes. Testes were collected from 1-24 d of age, and testicular development was suppressed by a GnRH antagonist in some animals from d 1-14. Both 17/20-lyase and aromatase activities increased from d 1-7 but not thereafter, and 17-20-lyase activity was always at least 200-fold higher than aromatase activity. Reductase decreased in wk 1, then increased to d 24. No changes were seen in cytochrome b(5) expression. GnRH antagonist treatment suppressed plasma LH, testosterone and testes growth to d 14. 17,20-Lyase and aromatase activities in testicular microsomes were reduced by 20% and 50%, respectively. Total microsomal P450 concentration was reduced by 50% on d 7, but there was no effect of treatment on reductase or cytochrome b(5) expression. These data support the hypothesis that the rise in neonatal testicular androgen secretion is more likely due to gonadotropin-stimulated gonadal growth, rather than specific P450c17 expression. Neither P450c17 nor P450arom can account for the decline in total microsomal P450. Reductase and cytochrome b(5) expression appears to be constitutive, but reductase levels saturate both P450c17 and P450arom. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Populat Hlth & Reprod, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Therapeut, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. RP Conley, AJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Populat Hlth & Reprod, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 82 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 4350 EAST WEST HIGHWAY SUITE 500, BETHESDA, MD 20814-4110 USA SN 0013-7227 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD SEP PY 2002 VL 143 IS 9 BP 3361 EP 3369 DI 10.1210/en.2002-220329 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 586CY UT WOS:000177567800019 PM 12193548 ER PT J AU Wieber, AM Webb, RE Reardon, RC Tatman, KM Thorpe, KW AF Wieber, AM Webb, RE Reardon, RC Tatman, KM Thorpe, KW TI Temporal patterns of hyperparasitoid emergence from Cotesia melanoscelus (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) cocoons SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article ID GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; LYMANTRIA-DISPAR LEP; PARASITE; HYM AB Cotesia melanoscelus is an important parasitoid of the gypsy moth whose effectiveness is reduced by a complex of hyperparasitoids. The hyperparasitoid complex of C. melanoscelus is characterized in the three different geographic provinces of Maryland, and the pattern of progeny adult emergence from parasitized C. melanoscelus cocoons as a function of month of attack is compared for the more prominent hyperparasitoid species. Several strategies for apportioning progeny adult emergence to meet the challenges and opportunities of within-season (horizontal) and overwinter (vertical) propagation were found and elucidated. The Simplest strategy was that of Ooencyrtus kuvanae, a species that produced new broods all year long without any obvious need for diapause. A more typical strategy used by several species was to produce a series of new broods until late summer, and then to produce a brood that undergoes diapause with adult emergence in the spring. A more complex strategy was used by Gelis tenellus, which, beginning in late spring, partitioned its progeny so that sonic progeny emerged as an immediate summer generation, while others from the same attack cohort entered diapause and emerged in the spring. The most complex strategy was that used by G. apantelis and G. obscurus. Beginning in late spring, the progeny from these two species were partitioned so that Some progeny would emerge as adults for an immediate summer generation and others from the same attack cohort would emerge in September to bolster the adult population that then produced the diapausing generation. This pattern persisted as the summer progressed, leading to a continuous emergence of multiple generations while simultaneously building up a fall generation upon which the overwintering survival of the species largely depends. C1 Maryland Dept Agr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. USDA ARS, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wieber, AM (reprint author), Maryland Dept Agr, Annapolis, MD 21401 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 4 U2 13 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 USA SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 113 IS 4 BP 253 EP 266 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 664RB UT WOS:000182073400007 ER PT J AU Parker, CT Harmon, B Guard-Petter, J AF Parker, CT Harmon, B Guard-Petter, J TI Mitigation of avian reproductive tract function by Salmonella enteritidis producing high-molecular-mass lipopolysaccharide SO ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENTERICA SEROVAR ENTERITIDIS; CONTAMINATED EGGS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; INFLUENZA-VIRUS; CHAIN-LENGTH; TYPHIMURIUM; SMOOTH; POLYMERIZATION; INDUCTION; EMERGENCE AB Hens were infected with a wild-type Salmonella enteritidis and its wzz mutant, which lacked the ability to make high-molecular-mass lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in six experiments paired by dosage and route of exposure. Involution of the reproductive tract occurred in 86% of hens that were injected subcutaneously with 10(8) cfu of the wild-type strain, but none did so when injected with the wzz mutant. In spite of the lack of a specific effect on the reproductive tract, infection of hens with the mutant produced more contaminated eggs and heterophilic granulomas in developing ova (yolks) than wild type; thus, overall, the mutant appeared to be more virulent except after intravenous injection. The mutant also decreased shell quality more often than wild type, regardless of dosage or route of infection. These results suggest that egg-contaminating Salmonella enteritidis that produces high-molecular-mass LPS mitigates signs of illness in poultry by altering the response of the avian reproductive tract to infection, but without altering the incidence of egg contamination following bacteraemia. Further research is warranted to determine whether analyses of shell quality might aid in identification of flocks at risk of producing contaminated eggs. C1 USDA, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Vet Pathol, Athens, GA 30603 USA. RP Guard-Petter, J (reprint author), USDA, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 42 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1462-2912 J9 ENVIRON MICROBIOL JI Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 4 IS 9 BP 538 EP 545 DI 10.1046/j.1462-2920.2002.00333.x PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 592QT UT WOS:000177948900007 PM 12220411 ER PT J AU Johnston, JJ Savarie, PJ Primus, TM Eisemann, JD Hurley, JC Kohler, DJ AF Johnston, JJ Savarie, PJ Primus, TM Eisemann, JD Hurley, JC Kohler, DJ TI Risk assessment of an acetaminophen baiting program for chemical control of brown tree snakes on Guam - Evaluation of baits, snake residues, and potential primary and secondary hazards SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BOIGA-IRREGULARIS; COLUBRIDAE; CUES AB The brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) is a significant ecological agricultural and economic pest on Guam Acetaminophen has recently been identified as a promising snake toxicant Subsequent experimentation has shown that acetaminophen-mouse baits are readily consumed by and acutely toxic to brown tree snakes Before implementing an island wide acetaminophen-mouse baiting program for the reduction of brown tree snake populations the potential risks to nontarget wildlife must be evaluated Quantification of nontarget hazards by comparing potential exposure levels to toxicity values suggested a significant level of concern for rodents cats pigs and birds For these species subsequent calculations and field and laboratory experiments which quantified acetaminophen consumption under field conditions indicated that acetaminophen consumption was minimal These results indicate that the advantages of using acetaminophen to reduce brown tree snake populations on Guam outweigh the minimal risks to nontarget feral and wildlife species. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Johnston, JJ (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 46 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD SEP 1 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 17 BP 3827 EP 3833 DI 10.1021/es015873n PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 591PH UT WOS:000177889100037 PM 12322757 ER PT J AU Lasky, T AF Lasky, T TI Foodborne illness - Old problem, new relevance SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ROUTINE RESTAURANT INSPECTIONS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; RISK-FACTORS; OUTBREAK INVESTIGATIONS; CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; TOXOPLASMA INFECTION; SPORADIC INFECTION; UNITED-STATES; SALMONELLOSIS; METAANALYSIS C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Lasky, T (reprint author), USDA, Maildrop 334 Aerosp Ctr,1400 Independence Ave, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 46 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD SEP PY 2002 VL 13 IS 5 BP 593 EP 598 DI 10.1097/01.EDE.0000025309.37329.C1 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 586CQ UT WOS:000177566700017 PM 12192231 ER PT J AU Asseng, S Turner, NC Ray, JD Keating, BA AF Asseng, S Turner, NC Ray, JD Keating, BA TI A simulation analysis that predicts the influence of physiological traits on the potential yield of wheat SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY LA English DT Article DE APSIM-NWHEAT; crop system simulation; grain yield; G x E interaction; model performance; traits; source-sink relations ID MEDITERRANEAN-TYPE ENVIRONMENT; GRAIN-YIELD; WATER-USE; USE EFFICIENCY; NITROGEN-FERTILIZER; MODEL ANALYSIS; PLANT TRAITS; SPRING WHEAT; LEAF-AREA; GROWTH AB Physiological traits such as increased kernel number, early flowering, and an increased rate and duration of kernel filling, are thought to increase the potential yield of wheat in certain environments. A crop simulation model (APSIM-NWHEAT) was used to evaluate the role of these traits in improving potential yield under a range of environmental conditions. APSIM-NWHEAT calculates the potential yield for a specific environment limited only by temperature, solar radiation, water and nitrogen supply. The model predicted crop production, soil water and N dynamics for low and high-yielding environments in Australia, The Netherlands and China. Applying the model to the various traits showed that a 20% increase in kernel number, early anthesis and a 20% increase in kernel filling rate had no or only minor effects on increasing potential yield in high- and extremely high-yielding environments. In these environments, when a maximum specific kernel size was imposed, a yield increase resulted mainly from a 20% extension in the duration of kernel filling, suggesting that the crop is usually source limited. In a low-yielding environment, each trait, except early flowering showed a small positive effect on average on increasing potential yield. Early flowering reduced the potential yield on a low water-holding capacity soil. The effect of the various traits on potential yield was also very variable in a low-yielding environment, varying with both seasonal rainfall and soil type, and all traits, except the increased rate of kernel filling, reduced potential yields in some seasons. The effect of the various traits on yield in the low-yielding environment depended on biomass accumulation at anthesis and water availability during kernel filling. When all the traits were simulated together, the relative increase in potential yield was of similar magnitude in both low- and high-yielding environments. The analysis suggested that an increase in the potential yield from 9 to 22% can be expected from selection for the above physiological traits, but selection in the appropriate environment is important. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 CSIRO, Plant Ind, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia. USDA ARS, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. APSRU CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Long Pocket Labs, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. RP Asseng, S (reprint author), CSIRO, Plant Ind, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia. EM senthold.asseng@csiro.au RI Keating, Brian/C-9817-2012; Turner, Neil/B-2689-2010 NR 75 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1161-0301 J9 EUR J AGRON JI Eur. J. Agron. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 17 IS 2 BP 123 EP 141 AR PII S1161-0301(01)00149-6 DI 10.1016/S1161-0301(01)00149-6 PG 19 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 590CA UT WOS:000177798800005 ER PT J AU Behall, KM Hallfrisch, J AF Behall, KM Hallfrisch, J TI Plasma glucose and insulin reduction after consumption of breads varying in amylose content SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE amylose; insulin; glycemic response; glucagon ID GLYCEMIC INDEX DIET; RESISTANT STARCH; METABOLIC VARIABLES; POSTPRANDIAL VARIABLES; AMYLOPECTIN STARCH; HEALTHY-SUBJECTS; MALE-VOLUNTEERS; IN-VITRO; FOODS; FIBER AB Objective: Consumption of a meal high in amylose starch (70%) decreases peak insulin and glucose levels and area under the curve (AUC). The objective was to determine the amount of amylose necessary in a meal for the beneficial decrease in glucose or insulin to occur. Design: Twenty-five subjects, 13 men (averaging 88.1kg, 41y,and 27.9 body mass index) and 12 women (averaging 72.4kg, 41y and 27.1 body mass index) were given six tolerance tests in a Latin Square design: glucose alone (1g glucose/kg body weight) and five breads (1g carbohydrate/kg body weight) made with 70% amylose cornstarch, standard cornstarch (30% amylose), and blends of the two starches (40, 50 and 60% amylose starch). A standard menu was fed for 3 days. One subject withdrew from the study. Results: Glucose, insulin and glucagon response to the carbohydrate loads was similar in men and women. Peak glucose response was lowest after the breads containing 50-70% amylose starch. AUC was significantly higher after the glucose load than after all bread loads. The lowest AUCs occurred after the 60 and 70% amylose starch breads. Insulin response and AUC were significantly lower after the 60 and 70% amylose starch breads than after the glucose or the other breads. Conclusion: Results indicate that the amylose content of the starch used in the acute meal needs to be greater than 50% to significantly reduce plasma glucose and insulin in men and women. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Diet & Human Performance Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Behall, KM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Diet & Human Performance Lab, BARC E, Bldg 308, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 42 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 11 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 56 IS 9 BP 913 EP 920 DI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601411 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 593YE UT WOS:000178021400015 PM 12209381 ER PT J AU Proctor, RH Desjardins, AE McCormick, SP Plattner, RD Alexander, NJ Brown, DW AF Proctor, RH Desjardins, AE McCormick, SP Plattner, RD Alexander, NJ Brown, DW TI Genetic analysis of the role of trichothecene and fumonisin mycotoxins in the virulence of Fusarium SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fusarium graminearum; F. verticillioides; gene disruption ID MATING POPULATION-A; GIBBERELLA-ZEAE; SPOROTRICHIOIDES ENCODES; POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE; REDUCED VIRULENCE; BIOSYNTHESIS; GRAMINEARUM; DISRUPTION; TRI101; YEAST AB The phytotoxicity of the Fusarium trichothecene and fumonisin mycotoxins has led to speculation that both toxins are involved in plant pathogenesis. This subject has been addressed by examining virulence of trichothecene and fumonisin-nonproducing mutants of Fusarium in field tests. Mutants were generated by transformation-mediated disruption of genes encoding enzymes that catalyze early steps in the biosynthesis of each toxin. Two economically important species of Fusarium were selected for these studies: the trichothecene-producing species Fusarium graminearum, which causes wheat head blight and maize ear rot, and the fumonisin-producing species F. verticillioides, which causes maize ear rot. Trichothecene-non-producing mutants of F. graminearum caused less disease than the wild-type strain from which they were derived on both wheat and maize, although differences in virulence on maize were not observed under hot and dry environmental conditions. Genetic analyses of the mutants demonstrated that the reduced virulence on wheat was caused by the loss of trichothecene production rather than by a non-target mutation induced by the gene disruption procedure. Although the analyses of virulence of fumonisinnon-producing mutants of F. verticillioides are not complete, to date, the mutants have been as virulent on maize ears as their wild-type progenitor strains. The finding that trichothecene production contributes to the virulence of F. graminearum suggests that it may be possible to generate plants that are resistant to this fungus by increasing their resistance to trichothecenes. As a result, several researchers are trying to identify trichothecene resistance genes and transfer them to crop species. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Proctor, RH (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 38 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1873 J9 EUR J PLANT PATHOL JI Eur. J. Plant Pathol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 108 IS 7 BP 691 EP 698 DI 10.1023/A:1020637832371 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 604BL UT WOS:000178595700012 ER PT J AU Serrano, MS Lapointe, SL AF Serrano, MS Lapointe, SL TI Evaluation of host plants and a meridic diet for rearing Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae) and its parasitoid Anagyrus kamali (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE pink hibiscus mealybug; artificial diet; invasive species; biological control ID HIBISCUS MEALYBUG; CASSAVA MEALYBUG; GREEN HOMOPTERA AB Biological control programs of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), in the Caribbean have relied on Japanese pumpkins and sprouted potatoes as hosts for rearing both the mealybug and its parasitoids. However, seasonal shortages of these substrates have necessitated that others be found with equal or better qualities for sustaining large mealybug populations. In this paper, we report experiments comparing mass-rearing M. hirsutus on acorn squash (Cucurbita pepo L, var. 'Turbinata'), chayote (Sechium edule [Jacques]), and prickly pear, Opuntia ficus-indica [L.]) with Japanese pumpkin and sprouted potato. In addition, a simple meridic diet based on canned pumpkins was developed and compared. Acorn squash produced large quantities of females (up to 1,300 per squash) with a life cycle and reproductive potential equal to that of mealybugs reared on Japanese pumpkin. Parasitoids reared on these mealybugs developed normally and had a female-biased sex ratio similar to those reared on mealybugs on Japanese pumpkins or potato sprouts. Development of M. hirsutus reared on chayote and prickly pear was delayed by 1.5-5.0 days compared to that of mealybugs reared on Japanese pumpkins. Mealybugs on these substrates produced parasitoids with prolonged developmental times and male-biased sex ratios. On diet, development and reproduction of M. hirsutus was possible only for 3 to 4 consecutive generations. Mealybugs with longer developmental time, lower survival, and smaller ovisacs with lower percentage eclosion were obtained. Parasitoids reared from these mealybugs did not possess desirable characteristics for biological control. The developmental rate of adult parasitoids increased linearly with that of female hosts depending on the quality of the rearing substrate for the mealybugs. C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Serrano, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 25 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 14 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 85 IS 3 BP 417 EP 425 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0417:EOHPAA]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 602CX UT WOS:000178488900002 ER PT J AU Reitz, SR AF Reitz, SR TI Seasonal and within plant distribution of Frankliniella thrips (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) in north Florida tomatoes SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE flower thrips; within plant distribution; seasonal trends; Frankliniella occidentalis; Frankliniella tritici; Frankliniella bispinosa ID WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS; STICKY TRAPS; OCCIDENTALIS; ABUNDANCE; WINTER; CROPS AB Frankiniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), the western flower thrips, is the primary insect pest of tomatoes and other vegetable crops in northern Florida and the rest of the southeastern USA. However, it is not the only flower thrips present in the region nor is it always the most abundant species. To determine the seasonal and within plant distribution of these various Frankliniella species, experimental tomato plants, grown under different nitrogen fertilization regimes, were sampled during the fall and spring growing seasons. Contrary to expectations, different levels of nitrogen fertilization did not affect the abundance of thrips species. Thrips were much more abundant in the spring than in the fall. In the spring F. occidentalis was the most abundant species, while in the fall F. tritici (Fitch) was the most abundant species. In both the fall and spring, significantly more adults occurred in flowers in the upper part of the plant canopy than in flowers in the lower part of the plant canopy. The sex ratio tended to be female biased, but with a greater percentage of males occurring in the upper canopy flowers. In contrast, significantly more immature thrips occurred in the lower part of the plant canopy than in flowers in the upper part of the plant canopy. Differences in seasonal patterns and within plant distribution should be considered in developing sampling protocols and management plans for thrips. C1 Florida A&M Univ, USDA ARS, Ctr Biol Control, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. RP Reitz, SR (reprint author), Florida A&M Univ, USDA ARS, Ctr Biol Control, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. RI Reitz, Stuart/B-7667-2008 NR 24 TC 40 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 7 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 85 IS 3 BP 431 EP 439 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0431:SAWPDO]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 602CX UT WOS:000178488900004 ER PT J AU Shelly, TE Robinson, AS Caceres, C Wornoayporn, V Islam, A AF Shelly, TE Robinson, AS Caceres, C Wornoayporn, V Islam, A TI Exposure to ginger root oil enhances mating success of male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) from a genetic sexing strain SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; sterile insect technique; ginger root oil; mating behavior ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA DIPTERA; STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE; FLY AB In the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly), Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), exposure to alpha-copaene, a botanically derived male attractant, and ginger root oil (GRO), Zingiber officinale (Roscoe), which contains alpha-copaene, increased the mating success of wild males, and GRO enhanced mating competitiveness of mass-reared males from a bisexual, mass-reared strain, The present study extends this research by examining the effects of GRO exposure on the mating success of mass-reared males from a genetic sexing strain based on a temperature sensitive lethal (tsl) mutation. Such strains are currently used for nearly all sterile insect technique (SIT) programs for this insect. In addition, potential negative effects of GRO exposure on male survival and female remating propensity were investigated. Following exposure to GRO, males from the tsl mass-reared strain showed enhanced mating porformance against wild-like males from two recently established colonies. Against wild-like males from a Guatemala strain, the proportion of matings obtained by males from the isl mass-reared strain increased from 16% per replicate for non-exposed (control) individuals to 30% for GRO-exposed (treated) individuals. Against wild-like males from a Madeira strain, the proportion of matings obtained by treated, tsl mass-reared males was 3917 per replicate compared to only 16% for control, tsl mass-reared males. Survivorship was similar between GRO-exposed and non-exposed males from the tsl strain, and females mated initially to treated or control tsl mass-reared males displayed similar remating propensity. The application of pre-release, GRO-exposure to males in the SIT against medfly is discussed. C1 USDA, APHIS, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. FAO, IAEA, Agr Biotechnol Lab, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria. RP Shelly, TE (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, POB 1040, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 85 IS 3 BP 440 EP 445 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0440:ETGROE]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 602CX UT WOS:000178488900005 ER PT J AU Tipping, PW Center, TD AF Tipping, PW Center, TD TI Evaluating acephate for insecticide exclusion of Oxyops vitiosa (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) from Melaleuca quinquenervia SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Biological Control; weeds; bioassay; phytotoxicity AB One method of evaluating the impact of insect weed biological control agents is to exclude them from their host with insecticides, thereby enabling comparisons of host fitness between infested and non-infested plants. However, the insecticide must not positively or negatively affect the plant being protected. The insecticide acephate was tested for its effects on Oxyops vitiosa Pascoe and Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S. T. Blake. Saplings of M. quinquenervia were sprayed with concentrations of 0, 0.073, 0.36, and 0.73% a.i. acephate every 7, 14, and 21 days. A bioassay using leaves from sprayed plants and third instars of O. vitiosa found reduced defoliation up to 21 days after treatment at the 0.36 and 0.73%,c concentrations of acephate. There were minor phytotoxic effects on younger, more tender leaves at the 0.73% concentration of acephate which reduced leaf biomass. Acephate can protect M. quinquenervia foliage from O. vitiosa larvae at the 0.36% concentration and spraying every 14 days will not affect the plant. C1 USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Tipping, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 85 IS 3 BP 458 EP 463 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0458:EAFIEO]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 602CX UT WOS:000178488900008 ER PT J AU Davidson, EW Farmer, FE Jones, WA AF Davidson, EW Farmer, FE Jones, WA TI Artificially-reared whiteflies, Bemisia argentifolii, (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) as hosts for parasitic wasps SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Encarsia formosa; Eretmocerus eremicus; Eretmocerus mundus; Bemisia tabaci B-biotype; parasitoid; biological control; rearing ID ENCARSIA-FORMOSA; TRIALEURODES-VAPORARIORUM; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BELTSVILLE STRAIN; 3 ENCARSIA; HYMENOPTERA; APHELINIDAE; OVIPOSITION; TABACI; POINSETTIA AB Bemisia argentifolii (Powell & Bellows) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) (= B. tabaci Gennadius B biotype) nymphs reared on an artificial feeding system were successfully parasitized by three species of wasps, Encarsia formosa Gahan, Eretmocerus eremicus Rose and Zolnerwich, and Eretmocerus mundus Mercet (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Encarsia formosa and Eretmocerus spp. preferred to parasitize third and fourth instar nymphs including the late fourth instar "red eye" stage. Oviposition rate and developmental time compared favorably to some reports on plants, but successful production of adult wasps was low. This system can be used to elucidate host-parasite interactions without confounding interactions with plants. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Davidson, EW (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 7 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 85 IS 3 BP 474 EP 480 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0474:ARWBAH]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 602CX UT WOS:000178488900010 ER PT J AU Robacker, DC Fraser, I AF Robacker, DC Fraser, I TI Do Mexican fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) prefer grapefruit to yellow chapote, a native host? SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Anastrepha ludens; fruit fly; grapefruit; yellow chapote; attraction; oviposition; experience ID APPLE MAGGOT FLIES; RHAGOLETIS-POMONELLA; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; OVIPOSITION; ATTRACTION; FLY; EXPERIENCE; BEHAVIOR; LEARN; FIND AB Wild strain, mated, female Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), with no prior experience with fruit (naive), were not attracted to and did not attempt oviposition in yellow chapote (Sargentia greggii) fruit more so than grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) in wind tunnel experiments. Naive, mated laboratory strain females preferred grapefruit. Prior experience with chapote increased attraction of both laboratory and wild strains to chapote. More naive than chapote-experienced females of both strains attempted to oviposit on the sides of the wind tunnel. Naive laboratory strain males were more attracted to grapefruit than chapote. Naive, wild males and chapote-experienced wild and laboratory males did not prefer either fruit. C1 USDA ARS, Kika De La Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Crop Qual & Fruit Insects Res, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Robacker, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kika De La Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Crop Qual & Fruit Insects Res, 2413 E Highway 83,Bldg 200, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 85 IS 3 BP 481 EP 487 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0481:DMFFDT]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 602CX UT WOS:000178488900011 ER PT J AU Goolsby, JA Kirk, AA Meyerdirk, DE AF Goolsby, JA Kirk, AA Meyerdirk, DE TI Seasonal phenology and natural enemies of Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Hemiptera : Pseudococcidae) in Australia SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE mealybugs; biological control; Cryptolaemus; Gyranusoidea indica; Australia ID HYMENOPTERA; APHELINIDAE AB Foreign exploration for natural enemies of pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, was conducted in Australia from 2000 to 2002. In Queensland, the predaceous beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, the predaceous drosophilid fly, Cacoxenus perspicax and the encrytid parasitoid Gyranusoidea indica were recovered. In Western Australia and the Northern Territory a predatory noctuid, Mataeomera sp., an aphelinid parasitoid Coccophagus sp,, and a probable encyrtid hyperparasitoid, Coccidoctonus sp. were reared from M. hirsutus on a native Hibiscus species. A field study was conducted from February 2000 to March 2002 in Sherwood, Queensland to document the seasonal phenology of M. hirsutus in its native habitat on its preferred host, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Populations of the mealybug stayed at or below detectable levels for most of the study with minor population peaks in the summer months. C1 CSIRO, Long Pocket Labs, Australian Biol Control Lab, USDA ARS, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. European Biol Control Lab, USDA ARS, F-34980 Montferrier Sur Lez, France. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Natl Biol Control Inst, Riverdale, MD USA. RP Goolsby, JA (reprint author), CSIRO, Long Pocket Labs, Australian Biol Control Lab, USDA ARS, 1200 Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068, Australia. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 85 IS 3 BP 494 EP 498 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0494:SPANEO]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 602CX UT WOS:000178488900013 ER PT J AU Wang, CL Powell, JE O'Connor, BM AF Wang, CL Powell, JE O'Connor, BM TI Mites and nematodes associated with three subterranean termite species (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE mites; nematodes; subterranean termites; Coptotermes formosanus; Reticulitermes flavipes; Reticulitermes virginicus ID SUPPRESSION; POPULATION AB Mites and nematodes associated with three subterranean termite species, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), Reticulitermes virginicus (Banks), and Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki were studied. Mites belonging to 8 families were found associated with the three termite species. Australhypopus sp. (Acari: Acaridae) was the most common mite on R. flavipes and R. virginicus. Histiostoma formosana Phillipsen and Coppel (Acari: Acaridae) was the dominant mite species living on C. formosanus. Nematode, Rhabditis sp. (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae) was found in the three termite species examined. Nematodes did not cause termite mortality or abnormal behavior. Percentages of R. flavipes, R. virginicus, and C. formosanus parasitized by nematodes were 67.9, 38.8, and 3.3%, respectively. The nematodes were found mainly in the termite heads (85.8% in R. flavipes and R. virginicus). The abundance of mites varied with colonies and termite species. Australhypopus sp. occurred in large numbers when injured or dead termites are present, or when moisture of the rearing medium is low in R. flavipes and R. virginicus colonies. Histiostoma formosana and Cosmoglyphus absoloni Samsinak occurred in large numbers in C. formosanus colonies. Australhypopus sp. was tested against R. flavipes in the laboratory. It did not cause significant termite mortality at a rate of 10 mites/termite. From a biological point of View, mites investigated were not good candidates for controlling termites. C1 USDA ARS, Formosan Subterranean Termite Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Univ Michigan, Museum Zool, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Wang, CL (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Ctr Urban & Ind Pest Management, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 21 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 10 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 85 IS 3 BP 499 EP 506 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0499:MANAWT]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 602CX UT WOS:000178488900014 ER PT J AU Briano, JA Calcaterra, LA Williams, DF Oi, DH AF Briano, JA Calcaterra, LA Williams, DF Oi, DH TI Attempts to artificially propagate the fire ant parasite Solenopsis daguerrei (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) in Argentina SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID FIELD C1 USDA ARS, S Amer Biol Control Lab, RA-1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Briano, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Amer Biol Control Lab, Bolivar 1559, RA-1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 85 IS 3 BP 518 EP 520 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0518:ATAPTF]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 602CX UT WOS:000178488900017 ER PT J AU Mizell, RF Bennett, FD Reed, DK AF Mizell, RF Bennett, FD Reed, DK TI Unsuccessful search for parasites of the crapemyrtle aphid, Tinocallis kahawaluokalani (Homoptera : Aphididae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 NFREC Quincy, Quincy, FL 32351 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Mizell, RF (reprint author), NFREC Quincy, 55 Res Rd, Quincy, FL 32351 USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 85 IS 3 BP 521 EP 523 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0521:USFPOT]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 602CX UT WOS:000178488900018 ER PT J AU Mankin, RW AF Mankin, RW TI Increase in acoustic detectability of Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) larvae in stored products after electrical stimulation SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID TERMITES ISOPTERA; COLEOPTERA; GRAIN; CURCULIONIDAE; KALOTERMITIDAE; POPULATIONS; INSECTS; KERNELS; SOIL C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Mankin, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 85 IS 3 BP 524 EP 526 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0524:IIADOP]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 602CX UT WOS:000178488900019 ER PT J AU Hight, SD Carpenter, JE Bloem, KA Bloem, S Pemberton, RW Stiling, P AF Hight, SD Carpenter, JE Bloem, KA Bloem, S Pemberton, RW Stiling, P TI Expanding geographical range of Cactoblastis cactorum (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) in north America SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 Florida A&M Univ, CESTA, Ctr Biol Control, USDA ARS, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. USDA ARS, CPMRU, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. Florida A&M Univ, CESTA, Ctr Biol Control, USDA,APHIS,PPQ,CPHST,NBCI, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. Univ Florida, NFREC, USDA, APHIS,NBCI, Quincy, FL 32351 USA. USDA ARS, Invas Plant Res Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. RP Hight, SD (reprint author), Florida A&M Univ, CESTA, Ctr Biol Control, USDA ARS, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. NR 9 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 11 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 85 IS 3 BP 527 EP 529 DI 10.1653/0015-4040(2002)085[0527:EGROCC]2.0.CO;2 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 602CX UT WOS:000178488900020 ER PT J AU Johnsson, L Baxter, GA Crooks, SRH Brandon, DL Elliott, CT AF Johnsson, L Baxter, GA Crooks, SRH Brandon, DL Elliott, CT TI Reduction of sample matrix effects - The analysis of benzimidazole residues in serum by immunobiosensor SO FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biosensor; matrix effects; surface plasmon resonance; albendazole ID ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; BOVINE LIVER; ANTHELMINTICS; SULFONAMIDES; DRUGS; PIGS AB Regulatory authorities, the food industry and the consumer demand reliable determination of chemical contaminants present in foods. A relatively new analytical technique that addresses this need is an immunobiosensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements. Although a range of tests have been developed to measure residues in milk, meat, animal bile and honey, a considerable problem has been encountered with both serum and plasma samples. The high degree of non-specific binding of some sample components can lead to loss of assay robustness, increased rates of false positives and general loss of assay sensitivity. In this paper we describe a straightforward precipitation technique to remove interfering substances from serum samples to be analysed for veterinary anthelmintics by SPR. This technique enabled development of an assay to detect a wide range of benzimidazole residues in serum samples by immunobiosensor. The limit of quantification was below 5 ng/ml and coefficients of variation were about 2%. C1 Dept Agr & Rural Dev No Ireland, Vet Sci Div, Belfast BT4 3SD, Antrim, North Ireland. Dept Food Sci, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. ARS, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Elliott, CT (reprint author), Dept Agr & Rural Dev No Ireland, Vet Sci Div, Stoney Rd, Belfast BT4 3SD, Antrim, North Ireland. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0954-0105 J9 FOOD AGR IMMUNOL JI Food Agric. Immunol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 14 IS 3 BP 209 EP 216 DI 10.1080/09540100220145000 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Immunology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Immunology; Toxicology GA 617KN UT WOS:000179361000005 ER PT J AU Billy, TJ AF Billy, TJ TI HACCP - a work in progress SO FOOD CONTROL LA English DT Article DE HACCP; pathogen reduction; performance standards AB A national policy and regulatory framework has guided the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) as it has developed a comprehensive food safety strategy. The framework involves establishing a National Public Health Goal, Microbiological Food Safety Objectives, and for the plant environment, Food Safety Performance Standards, mandatory Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures, and mandatory Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). In 1996, FSIS published its final rule on Pathogen Reduction and HACCP Systems, which established new requirements for slaughter and processing establishments that are consistent with this framework. FSIS' food safety initiatives remain a work in progress. FSIS has begun a public process to determine what improvements are needed to improve the quality of industry food safety programs and to improve FSIS' own role as a regulatory public health agency. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Billy, TJ (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Rm 331-E,Jamie Whitten Bldg,1400 Jefferson Dr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0956-7135 J9 FOOD CONTROL JI Food Control PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 13 IS 6-7 BP 359 EP 362 AR PII S0956-7135(01)00026-3 DI 10.1016/S0956-7135(01)00026-3 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 587YH UT WOS:000177671500003 ER PT J AU Sachs, S Hulebak, K AF Sachs, S Hulebak, K TI A dialogue on pathogen reduction SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 US Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Sachs, S (reprint author), US Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 56 IS 9 BP 55 EP + PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 596XU UT WOS:000178192400014 ER PT J AU Pereira, R Zweede, J Asner, GP Keller, M AF Pereira, R Zweede, J Asner, GP Keller, M TI Forest canopy damage and recovery in reduced-impact and conventional selective logging in eastern Para, Brazil SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Amazon; Brazil; canopy; gap fraction; reduced-impact logging; selective logging ID LOWLAND RAIN-FOREST; NATURAL-RESOURCE; AMAZON; MANAGEMENT; DESIGN; FIRE; PARAGOMINAS; INDONESIA; RESPONSES; FRONTIER AB We investigated ground and canopy damage and recovery following conventional logging and reduced-impact logging (RIL) of moist tropical forest in the eastern Amazon of Brazil. Paired conventional and RIL blocks were selectively logged with a harvest intensity of approximately 23 m(3) ha(-1) (geometric volume) in the dry seasons (July-December) of 1996 and 1998. Ground damage (roads + skid trails + log decks) in the conventional logging treatments occupied 8.9-11.2% of total operational area. In contrast, ground damage in RIL treatments ranged from 4.6 to 4.8% of the total area. Forest canopy damage was assessed using gap fraction measurements collected with an automated optical canopy analyzer (LAI-2000; Licor Inc.) in March 1999. Canopy opening varied by time since logging. The recently logged (1998) blocks had integrated canopy gap fractions of 21.6 and 10.9% of total area for conventional and RIL blocks, respectively. The blocks logged in 1996 had more closed canopies with 16.5 and 4.9% gap fraction for conventional and RIL blocks, respectively. For comparison, undisturbed forest had a canopy gap fraction of 3.1%. Measurements of ground disturbance and gap fraction using the Licor LAI-2000 generally agree with other field evaluations of RIL and conventional logging. Detailed understanding of canopy structural changes resulting from different logging intensities are critical to the prospect of logging damage estimation using current and future remote sensing products. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Fdn Floresta Trop, BR-66063140 Belem, Para, Brazil. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Environm Studies Program, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Keller, M (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Morse Hall, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012; Asner, Gregory/G-9268-2013 OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359; Asner, Gregory/0000-0001-7893-6421 NR 46 TC 100 Z9 101 U1 2 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP 1 PY 2002 VL 168 IS 1-3 BP 77 EP 89 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00732-0 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00732-0 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 584QJ UT WOS:000177478900007 ER PT J AU Williams, MS Eriksson, M AF Williams, MS Eriksson, M TI Comparing the two paradigms for fixed-area sampling in large-scale inventories SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE large-scale surveys; sampling frame; contiguous blocks AB The majority of large-scale forest inventories use some form of fixed-area sampling. In recent books and scientific publications, the estimators for these surveys have been derived using two different paradigms. The first, which will be referred to as the tessellated plane paradigm, relies on the assumption that the area is divided into equal area contiguous blocks which constitutes an area sampling frame. These blocks can be formed using the pixels of a satellite image. Inference for this paradigm is drawn by considering the distribution of the finite number of possible estimates derived from the area frame. The other approach will be referred to as the continuous plane paradigm, which assumes random positioning of the sample plots. Inference for this paradigm can be drawn without relying on an area frame. The necessary assumptions for using either paradigm are compared when current forestry techniques, such as the use of open cluster plots and satellite imagery, are used. The tessellated population paradigm requires many more assumptions, some of which may be difficult to justify. Estimators of both forest area and basal area under these paradigms are contrasted and the strengths and weaknesses of both are compared. The primary advantage of the tessellated population paradigm is that more strata can be used to reduce the variance of the estimators. Both paradigms appear to be reasonable alternatives until some of the practical problems of forest inventories are considered. Examples include the difficulty associated with measuring plots that partially cover water and adjusting for changes in remote sensing technologies over time. In these situations, the tessellated population paradigm may be more difficult to implement because of the difficulty in estimating changes over time and properly accounting for linear and fragmented strata, such as rivers and lakes. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Forest Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Williams, MS (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2150 A Ctr Dr,Suite 361, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP 1 PY 2002 VL 168 IS 1-3 BP 135 EP 148 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00739-3 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00739-3 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 584QJ UT WOS:000177478900012 ER PT J AU Emerson, R Pollock, D McLean, D Fridley, K Pellerin, R Ross, R AF Emerson, R Pollock, D McLean, D Fridley, K Pellerin, R Ross, R TI Ultrasonic inspection of large bridge timbers SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Timber bridges are susceptible to attack from wood decay fungi. Significant losses in wood material properties are associated with increasing decay. Therefore, timber bridges must be monitored for decay in order to maintain structural safety. Historically, decay has been identifiable in large timber structural elements only after significant losses in structural performance have occurred. Recent developments in nondestructive evaluation techniques have focused on identifying decay before large strength losses occur. For this study, an ultrasonic inspection technique was developed for identifying incipient decay in large bridge timbers. Two large bridge timbers were nondestructively evaluated via ultrasonic inspection. Relative ultrasonic wave velocity measurements were used to identify locations of moderate to advanced decay. The timbers were then dissected and the predicted internal condition compared favorably to the actual internal condition. Specimens suspected of containing incipient decay were removed from one of the bridge timbers and subjected to further ultrasonic testing followed by physical testing. The objective was to develop an ultrasonic inspection technique that can be used to identify the presence of decay before significant losses in physical properties occur. The developed technique involved transmitting ultrasonic waves through the specimen and measuring characteristics of the received signal. The characteristics of the received signal were then correlated with the physical properties of the specimen. Two main signal parameters can be used to identify decay. Wave velocity can be used to identify the presence of moderate to advanced decay but cannot be used to identify incipient decay. Relative ultrasonic wave attenuation can be used to identify incipient through advanced decay. The ability to identify incipient decay will allow for corrective action to take place before structural safety is compromised and before expensive structural repairs are required. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Emerson, R (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, 207 Engn S, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 5 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 52 IS 9 BP 88 EP 95 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 600FG UT WOS:000178379500017 ER PT J AU Figueroa, J Fernandez, K Haussmann, D Richards, G Barra, V Kausel, G AF Figueroa, J Fernandez, K Haussmann, D Richards, G Barra, V Kausel, G TI Glandular kallikreins in the teleost Cyprinus carpio: tissue distribution, possible involvement in prolactin processing, and effect of 17 beta-estradiol in vivo SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glandular kallikrein; prolactin; Cyprinus carpio ID RAT ANTERIOR-PITUITARY; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR PIT-1; SEASONAL ACCLIMATIZATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; LOWER-VERTEBRATES; IDENTIFICATION; FISH; LOCALIZATION; PURIFICATION; TEMPERATURE AB We examined glandular kallikrein (GK), a putative prolactin processing protease, in the teleost Cyprinus carpio. When employing an anti-Centropristis striata GK antibody proteins of 39 kDa in muscle, 52 kDa in gill, 52 kDa in kidney, and two proteins of 46 and 72 kDa in pituitary gland were detected. Immunoreactive kallikreins were recognized in intermuscle cell tissue, epithelial gill cells, apical region of tubular cells, and prolactin producing lactotrophs in pituitary gland, suggesting a osmoregulatory role for this enzyme. We found three prolactin (PRL) variants using anti-tilapia PRL antibodies, in pituitary gland 23 and 16 kDa, and in plasma 23 and 22 kDa forms. Clearly co-localization of GK and PRL in lactotrophs could be demonstrated. In winter-acclimatized male carp, where the pituitary PRL level is low, 17beta-estradiol treatment increased PRL but not GK immunoreactivity. In contrast to GK and PRL co-regulation by estrogen in mammalian pituitary gland, no similar effect on immunoreactive PRL and GK was observed in the ichtyc pituitary. No changes in GK immunostaining occurred in gill or muscle tissue in response to estrogen treatment. These results, taken with the observation of significantly increased GK immuno reactivity in the apical region of kidney tubular cells in estrogen treated male carp, indicate that the regulation of GK expression in pituitary and kidney could be different in fish with respect to mammals. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Univ Austral Chile, Inst Bioquim, Fac Ciencias, Valdivia, Chile. Delaware State Univ, USDA ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Dover, DE USA. RP Figueroa, J (reprint author), Univ Austral Chile, Inst Bioquim, Fac Ciencias, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile. OI Figueroa, Jaime/0000-0003-3036-6604 NR 35 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 128 IS 2 BP 135 EP 142 AR PII S0016-6480(02)00053-9 DI 10.1016/S0016-6480(02)00076-X PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 607HK UT WOS:000178785900005 PM 12392686 ER PT J AU McInnis, DO Shelly, TE Komatsu, J AF McInnis, DO Shelly, TE Komatsu, J TI Improving male mating competitiveness and survival in the field for medfly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera : Tephritidae) SIT programs SO GENETICA LA English DT Article DE aromatherapy; field survival ability; genetic selection; ginger root oil; mating competitiveness; sterile insect technique ID MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY; FLIES DIPTERA; STERILE; HAWAII; COURTSHIP; STRAINS; SUCCESS AB The success of the sterile insect technique (SIT) depends critically upon mating between released sterilized males and wild females. In Hawaii, improvements in the efficiency of sterile males were attempted on two separate fronts - mating enhancement and survival improvement. In the former, two methods have been investigated selective breeding and aromatherapy. In the latter, flies which survived in field cages for several days were selected and bred to produce progeny with enhanced survival ability compared to control flies. Regarding mating selection, standard laboratory-reared males that successfully mated with wild females in field cages were allowed to breed. F1 offspring were inbred, then the selection procedure was repeated for four additional cycles. In the aromatherapy procedure, laboratory-reared males were exposed to ginger root oil for several hours 1 day prior to testing in field cages. Compared to controls, the selected flies improved the mating competitiveness of male flies ca. 3-fold, irradiation reduced this increase to ca. 2.5-fold. Exposing the selected, hybrid strain raised the fitness of the lab males to ca. 9-fold that of wild males. In the ongoing survival selection study, we have obtained lines in which the selected males survived ca. 2-fold better than laboratory control males over several days in an outdoor field cage, with food and water provided. The goal is to combine the traits of higher survival and mating ability into a single strain for SIT release. C1 ARS, USDA, PBARC, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. APHIS, USDA, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. RP McInnis, DO (reprint author), ARS, USDA, PBARC, 2727 Woodlawn Dr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 27 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-6707 J9 GENETICA JI Genetica PD SEP PY 2002 VL 116 IS 1 BP 117 EP 124 DI 10.1023/A:1020919927542 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 610GA UT WOS:000178951300011 PM 12484531 ER PT J AU Handler, AM AF Handler, AM TI Prospects for using genetic transformation for improved SIT and new biocontrol methods SO GENETICA LA English DT Article DE fluorescent protein markers; genetic sexing; male sterility; sterile insect technique; Tet-on/off regulation; transgenic insects ID PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH; GERM-LINE TRANSFORMATION; GREEN-FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT MARINER; YELLOW-FEVER MOSQUITO; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; MUSCA-DOMESTICA; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; AEDES-AEGYPTI; FRUIT-FLY AB The genetic manipulation of non-drosophilid insect species is possible by the creation of recombinant DNA constructs that can be integrated into host genomes by several transposon-based vector systems. This technology will allow the development and testing of a variety of systems that can improve existing biological control methods, and the development of new highly efficient methods. For programs such as sterile insect technique (SIT), transgenic strains may include fluorescent protein marker genes for detection of released insects, and conditional gene expression systems that will result in male sterility and female lethality for genetic sexing. Conditional expression systems include the yeast GAL4 system and the bacterial Tet-off and Tet-on systems that can, respectively, negatively or positively regulate expression of genes for lethality or sterility depending on a dietary source of tetracycline. Importantly, strains for male sterility must also incorporate an effective system for genetic sexing, since typically, surviving females would remain fertile. Models for the use of these expression systems and associated genetic material come from studies in Drosophila and, while many of these systems should be transferable to other insects, continued research will be necessary in insects of interest to clone genes, optimize germ-line transformation, and perform vector stability studies and risk assessment for their release as transgenic strains. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Handler, AM (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 98 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-6707 J9 GENETICA JI Genetica PD SEP PY 2002 VL 116 IS 1 BP 137 EP 149 DI 10.1023/A:1020924028450 PG 13 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 610GA UT WOS:000178951300013 PM 12484533 ER PT J AU McLain, JET Kepler, TB Ahmann, DM AF McLain, JET Kepler, TB Ahmann, DM TI Belowground factors mediating changes in methane consumption in a forest soil under elevated CO2 SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Review DE methane oxidation; elevated carbon dioxide; forest soil; methane flux; loblolly pine ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; LEAF GAS-EXCHANGE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; TEMPERATE FOREST; METHANOTROPHIC BACTERIA; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; PERENNIAL RYEGRASS; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; LOLIUM-PERENNE; NITROUS-OXIDE AB [1] The sustained increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration observed over the past century, and projected to continue into the next, is of great significance for atmospheric CH4. Effects of elevated CO2 on microbial methane cycling are potentially mediated by its effects on plant physiology, which include enhancement of carbon assimilation, belowground carbon allocation, and water use efficiency. To determine the importance of such changes for methane cycling, belowground factors impacting soil CH4 consumption were investigated at the Free Air Carbon Transfer and Storage (FACTS)-I site in the Duke Forest, North Carolina, in which plots have been exposed to ambient (370 ppm) or elevated (ambient + 200 ppm) CO2 since August 1996. CH4 fluxes at the soil surface, porespace concentrations of CH4,O-2, and CO2, soil moisture, soil temperature, and soil pH were simultaneously measured over 24 months. Porespace CH4 concentrations were highest (1.98 +/- 0.25 ppm) at the soil surface and decreased to 0.65 +/- 0.22 ppm at 30 cm, indicating that methanotrophic activity was depleting CH4 in the upper soil layers and creating a gradient to draw atmospheric CH4 into the soil. This was confirmed by surface CH4 flux measurements, which averaged -1.54 +/- 0.65 mumol/m(2) h. Under elevated CO2, porespace CH4 was 25-30% higher in the upper 70 cm of soils; CH4 fluxes from the atmosphere into soil were diminished by similar to25%; soil CO2 increased by 10-70%; and volumetric soil moisture was greater by up to 40% during some seasons. Statistical modeling revealed that soil moisture strongly predicted variability in surface CH4 fluxes and that soil CO2 and soil moisture both predicted variability in soil CH4. Results also indicated that a portion of the net CH4 sink inhibition in elevated CO2 soils could be attributable to alterations in soil biological processes, suggesting that changes in the CH4 cycling microbial ecology had taken place. C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC USA. Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Div Environm Sci & Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP McLain, JET (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Stn, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 103 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD SEP PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 AR 1050 DI 10.1029/2001GB001439 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 639RW UT WOS:000180644000005 ER PT J AU Rehfeldt, GE Tchebakova, NM Parfenova, YI Wykoff, WR Kuzmina, NA Milyutin, LI AF Rehfeldt, GE Tchebakova, NM Parfenova, YI Wykoff, WR Kuzmina, NA Milyutin, LI TI Intraspecific responses to climate in Pinus sylvestris SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE climate-change impacts; climate response functions; microevolution; population adaptation; genetic responses to climate; predicting responses to change ID PROVENANCE TESTS; DOUGLAS-FIR; CONTORTA; POPULATIONS; EVOLUTION; RANGE AB Five population-specific response functions were developed from quadratic models for 110 populations of Pinus sylvestris growing at 47 planting sites in Eurasia and North America. The functions predict 13 year height from climate: degree-days > 5 degreesC; mean annual temperature; degree-days < 0 degreesC; summer-winter temperature differential; and a moisture index, the ratio of degree-days > 5 degreesC to mean annual precipitation. Validation of the response functions with two sets of independent data produced for all functions statistically significant simple correlations with coefficients as high as 0.81 between actual and predicted heights. The response functions described the widely different growth potentials typical of natural populations and demonstrated that these growth potentials have different climatic optima. Populations nonetheless tend to inhabit climates colder than their optima, with the disparity between the optimal and inhabited climates becoming greater as the climate becomes more severe. When driven by a global warming scenario of the Hadley Center, the functions described short-term physiologic and long-term evolutionary effects that were geographically complex. The short-term effects should be negative in the warmest climates but strongly positive in the coldest. Long-term effects eventually should ameliorate the negative short-term impacts, enhance the positive, and in time, substantially increase productivity throughout most of the contemporary pine forests of Eurasia. Realizing the long-term gains will require redistribution of genotypes across the landscape, a process that should take up to 13 generations and therefore many years. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Sikachev Inst Forest, Siberian Branch, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. RP Rehfeldt, GE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 1221 S Main, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 49 TC 183 Z9 192 U1 10 U2 72 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 8 IS 9 BP 912 EP 929 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00516.x PG 18 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 585VT UT WOS:000177545800009 ER PT J AU Lefsky, MA Cohen, WB Harding, DJ Parker, GG Acker, SA Gower, ST AF Lefsky, MA Cohen, WB Harding, DJ Parker, GG Acker, SA Gower, ST TI Lidar remote sensing of above-ground biomass in three biomes SO GLOBAL ECOLOGY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE above-ground biomass; biomass measurement; carbon storage; global carbon cycle; forest biomass; interbiome comparison; lidar remote sensing; SLICER sensor ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; DECIDUOUS FORESTS; LASER ALTIMETER; VEGETATION; CANOPY; ECOSYSTEM AB Estimation of the amount of carbon stored in forests is a key challenge for understanding the global carbon cycle, one which remote sensing is expected to help address. However, estimation of carbon storage in moderate to high biomass forests is difficult for conventional optical and radar sensors. Lidar (light detection and ranging) instruments measure the vertical structure of forests and thus hold great promise for remotely sensing the quantity and spatial organization of forest biomass. In this study, we compare the relationships between lidar-measured canopy structure and coincident field measurements of above-ground biomass at sites in the temperate deciduous, temperate coniferous, and boreal coniferous biomes. A single regression for all three sites is compared with equations derived for each site individually. The single equation explains 84% of variance in above-ground biomass (P < 0.0001) and shows no statistically significant bias in its predictions for any individual site. C1 Oregon State Univ, Forest Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Geodynam Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Lefsky, MA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Forestry Sci, Forestry Bldg 131, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Lefsky, Michael/A-7224-2009; Harding, David/F-5913-2012; OI Parker, Geoffrey/0000-0001-7055-6491 NR 24 TC 233 Z9 253 U1 8 U2 96 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7447 J9 GLOBAL ECOL BIOGEOGR JI Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 11 IS 5 BP 393 EP 399 DI 10.1046/j.1466-822x.2002.00303.x PG 7 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 596WQ UT WOS:000178189800004 ER PT J AU Griffin, T Giberson, E Wiedenhoeft, M AF Griffin, T Giberson, E Wiedenhoeft, M TI Yield response of long-term mixed grassland swards and nutrient cycling under different nutrient sources and management regimes SO GRASS AND FORAGE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE manure; nitrogen; phosphorus; nutrient management; forage ID HERBAGE PRODUCTION; TALL FESCUE; FERTILIZER NITROGEN; CATTLE SLURRY; FORAGE YIELD; PHOSPHORUS; MANURE; QUALITY; TEMPERATURE; POTASSIUM AB The response of a long-term, mixed-species hayfield in Maine, USA, to commercial fertilizers and liquid dairy manure was evaluated over a 6-year period, including the effects on yield, nutrient concentration and cycling, forage species composition and soil nutrient levels. Nutrient treatments included an unamended control, N fertilizer, NPK fertilizer and liquid dairy manure (LDM). The application rates of plant-available N, P, and K were constant across treatments. Application of nutrients in any form increased forage yield, generally by 2-4 t dry matter (DM) ha(-1) year(-1). Yield from NPK fertilizer was 0.05-0.25 higher than from LDM, due to differences in N availability. Yield responses to P and K were minimal and there appeared to be no difference between P and K in fertilizer and manure. The forage sward became increasingly dominated by grass species as the experiment progressed; application of P and K in fertilizer or LDM allowed Agropyron repens to increase at the expense of Poa pratensis. Forage nutrient removal accounted for all applied N and K, and nearly all applied P, throughout the study period, demonstrating the important role these forages can play in whole-farm nutrient management. C1 ARS, USDA, New England Plant Soil & Water Lab, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA USA. RP Griffin, T (reprint author), ARS, USDA, New England Plant Soil & Water Lab, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 29 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-5242 J9 GRASS FORAGE SCI JI Grass Forage Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 57 IS 3 BP 268 EP 278 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2494.2002.00325.x PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 621FP UT WOS:000179578100009 ER PT J AU Ye, H Haack, RA Petrice, TR AF Ye, H Haack, RA Petrice, TR TI Tomicus piniperda (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) within and between tree movement when migrating to overwintering sites SO GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID PINE CHRISTMAS TREES; SHOOT DEPARTURE; BEHAVIOR; COL AB Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is a univoltine bark beetle that conducts maturation feeding inside shoots of pine (Pinus) trees during summer and fall. In the northern portion of its range, where freezing winter temperatures occur, adults overwinter in the outer bark at the base of live pine trees. In the present study, we investigated how adults move to their overwintering sites. We collected infested shoots in late October 2001, applied fluorescent powder to the entrance holes of the feeding tunnels, and attached about 50 shoots to each of 8 test trees in early November. We installed interception traps around the trunks of four test trees, and placed barrier pitfall traps in the soil around the other four test trees. The eight test trees were cut 10 days later and an additional 32 neighboring trees, 4 trees per test tree, were cut in late November. Another 22 "control" trees, which were 8-17 m from any test tree, were cut in early December. We debarked the lower trunk of each cut tree, collected all overwintering adults, and inspected them for powder, using a dissecting microscope and ultraviolet light. Overall, we recovered 56% of the estimated number of released beetles (221 of 392) on the eight test trees. Powder was present on 97% of the 221 recovered beetles. The trunk traps intercepted 66% of all adults recovered on the four trees with trunk traps. No adults were recovered in the pitfall traps. On the 32 nearby trees, 6 of the recovered 129 overwintering adults had powder. No powder was found on any of the 53 overwintering adults recovered from the 22 control trees. There were significantly more overwintering adults found on the 32 trees that neighbored the 8 test trees (4.0 adults/tree) compared with the 22 control trees that were further away (2.4 adults/tree). The sex ratios of overwintering adults were similar among the three groups of trees. Daily maximum temperatures exceeded the flight threshold of T piniperda (10-12 degreesC) on each day during the 10-day field study. Results indicate that most adults overwinter on the same tree where they last shoot fed, but some adults will fly to nearby trees to overwinter when temperatures exceed the flight threshold of T piniperda. C1 Yunnan Univ, Dept Biol, Lab Conservat & Utilizat Bioresources, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, Peoples R China. Michigan State Univ, USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Ye, H (reprint author), Yunnan Univ, Dept Biol, Lab Conservat & Utilizat Bioresources, Kunming 650091, Yunnan, Peoples R China. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU MICH ENTOMOL SOC PI E LANSING PA MICH STATE UNIV DEPT ENTOMOL, E LANSING, MI 48823 USA SN 0090-0222 J9 GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL JI Gt. Lakes Entomol. PD FAL-WIN PY 2002 VL 35 IS 2 BP 183 EP 192 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 744WU UT WOS:000186656500013 ER PT J AU Rosebrough, RW AF Rosebrough, RW TI Carry over effects of dietary crude protein and methimazole in broiler chickens SO GROWTH DEVELOPMENT AND AGING LA English DT Article DE chickens; dietary protein; thyroid; hypothyroid; lipogenesis ID GROWTH-HORMONE; THYROID-HORMONES; ENERGY-METABOLISM; BREEDER HENS; PLASMA; LIPOGENESIS; RESTRICTION; COCKERELS; INCREASES; ENZYME AB Seven day old male broiler chickens were fed diets containing 12, 18 or 24% crude protein + 0 or 1 g methimazole/kg diet for 21 days to examine the interaction of the birds' thyroid status and crude protein levels on metabolism. Methimazole (1-methyl-2-mercaptimidazole) inhibits thyroidal production of thyroid hormones and results in hypothyroidism. Birds were fed a diet containing 18% crude protein for an additional 21 days to determine the carry over effects of treatments. Birds were killed at 28 and 49 d. In vitro lipogenesis was inversely related (P<0.05) to dietary protein levels in control birds at 28 d. Dietary methimazole attenuated (P<0.05) this effect, resulting in a common rate similar to that attained in the birds fed the highest level of protein without methimazole. Birds fed methimazole for an initial 21-day period (7 to 28 d of age) had greater lipogenic rates (P<0.05) at 49 d than did their control counterparts. In contrast, methimazole increased (P<0.05) abdominal fat pad (AFP) lipoprotein lipase (LPL) at both age periods, indicating increased ability by the AFP to remove 95 triglycerides from systemic circulation. Observations at 49 d suggest that perturbations in the thyroid of the young bird may substantially change metabolism in later life. Results also show that obesity in hypothyroid birds cannot be explained by increases in de novo lipogenesis, but probably relates to changes in LPL activity. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rosebrough, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Bldg 200 Rm 212,BARC EAST ,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU GROWTH PUBLISHING CO INC PI HULLS COVE PA PO BOX 205, HULLS COVE, ME 04609-0205 USA SN 1041-1232 J9 GROWTH DEVELOP AGING JI Growth Dev. Aging PD FAL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 BP 95 EP 106 PG 12 WC Developmental Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Developmental Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 634JJ UT WOS:000180336000005 PM 12542010 ER PT J AU Pope, KL Matthews, KR AF Pope, KL Matthews, KR TI Influence of anuran prey on the condition and distribution of Rana muscosa in the Sierra Nevada SO HERPETOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE anuran predation; condition; frog predation on tadpoles; high elevation anurans; Rana muscosa; relative mass; Sierra Nevada amphibians ID POPULATION DECLINES; FROG; CALIFORNIA; GROWTH AB Mountain yellow-legged frogs (Rana muscosa) at high elevations of the Sierra Nevada must obtain enough food during summer to survive 7-9 winter months when their aquatic habitats are frozen and food is presumably unavailable. Adults of R. muscosa prey of a variety of organisms, including aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates and anuran larvae. To determine if anuran larvae influence the condition, distribution, and survival of adults of R. muscosa we assessed body condition (variation from the expected mass for given length) and distribution of R. muscosa in relation to abundance and distribution of larval Hyla regilla, Bufo canorus, and Bufo boreas. Using three years of mark-recapture data, we found that abundance of larval H. regilla in a water body was positively correlated with the condition of R. muscosa. Moreover, R. muscosa had higher relative mass (W-r) values in areas with other anuran larvae than in areas with no other amphibian species. High W-r values significantly increased the probability of recapturing frogs in following years. Using surveys of over 1700 lakes and ponds in the John Muir Wilderness and Kings Canyon National Park, we also found that the presence of larval H. regilla or Bufo in a water body was a significant indicator of the presence of adults of R. muscosa after accounting for significant habitat and isolation variables. These findings taken together suggest that some adults of R. muscosa actively seek out water bodies with other anuran species during the critical summer months and that he anuran larvae provide a nutritious food source that increases the body condition and, therefore, survival of the frogs. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Pope, KL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, SW Res Stn, POB 245, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RI Matthews, Kathleen/G-8773-2012 NR 36 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 11 PU HERPETOLOGISTS LEAGUE PI EMPORIA PA EMPORIA STATE UNIV, DIVISION BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES, 1200 COMMERCIAL ST, EMPORIA, KS 66801-5087 USA SN 0018-0831 J9 HERPETOLOGICA JI Herpetologica PD SEP PY 2002 VL 58 IS 3 BP 354 EP 363 DI 10.1655/0018-0831(2002)058[0354:IOAPOT]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 582XM UT WOS:000177376500007 ER PT J AU Huhns, MN Stephens, LM Keele, JW Wray, JE Snelling, WM Harhay, GP Bradley, RR AF Huhns, MN Stephens, LM Keele, JW Wray, JE Snelling, WM Harhay, GP Bradley, RR TI Weaving a computing fabric SO IEEE INTERNET COMPUTING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. USDA, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Huhns, MN (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1089-7801 J9 IEEE INTERNET COMPUT JI IEEE Internet Comput. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 6 IS 5 BP 88 EP 91 DI 10.1109/MIC.2002.1036043 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 595ED UT WOS:000178093100014 ER PT J AU Niedz, RP Bausher, MG AF Niedz, RP Bausher, MG TI Control of in vitro contamination of explants from greenhouse- and field-grown trees SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT LA English DT Article DE antimicrobial; biocides; hypochlorous acid; isocyanurates; isothiazolones; plant tissue culture; stabilized chlorine ID TISSUE CULTURES; PROPAGATION AB Controlling fungal and bacterial contamination of woody plant material can be extremely difficult. Isothiazolone bioeides and sodium dichloroisocyanurate have been used singly and in combination to reduce microbial contamination in bud explants derived from greenhouse- and field-grown citrus trees. Explants from greenhouse-grown tree, were effectively disinfested (< 5% vs. 85% contamination) using a 'standard' disinfestation (SD) procedure followed by culture on medium containing 5 ml l(-1) Plant Preservative Mixture, or by the SD procedure. but substituting 300ppm sodium dichloroisocyanurate for 48 h for the treatment with 1.05% NaOCl in the SD procedure. Disinfestation of explants from field-grown trees was less effective than explants from the greenhouse, but was improved (10% vs. 47% contamination) by using a combination of the SD procedure with 1.05% NaOCl, or 100 or 300ppm sodium dichloroisocyanurate followed by culture onto medium containing 5 ml l(-1) Plant Preservative Mixture. C1 USDA ARS, USHRL, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. RP Niedz, RP (reprint author), USDA ARS, USHRL, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. EM rniedz@ushrl.ars.usda.gov NR 12 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1054-5476 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-PL JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 5 BP 468 EP 471 DI 10.1079/IVP2002316 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 613FM UT WOS:000179121900016 ER PT J AU Kelley, RY Zipf, AE Wesenberg, DE Sharma, GC AF Kelley, RY Zipf, AE Wesenberg, DE Sharma, GC TI Putrescine-enhanced somatic embryos and plant numbers from elite oat (Avena spp. L.) and reciprocal crosses SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT LA English DT Article DE genotypes; polyamines; regenerability; recalcitrance ID BIOSYNTHESIS; POLYAMINES; CULTURES; GROWTH AB Mature embryos from hulled, regenerable GP-1 (A. sativa L.), hull-less, recalcitrant Tibor (A. nuda L.) and reciprocal crosses were cultured in vitro on a putrescine- (Put) containing medium. Hormone-free Murashige and Skoog medium (MS-0) or shout proliferation medium (SPM) [2.0 mg l(-1) (9.0 muM) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,-4-D)], with and without 0.5 mM Put or 1 mM Put, were tested for effects on somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration. Put/SPM (0.5 mM) was the best medium for both somatic embryos (SEs) and plant numbers per grain of callus, regardless of genotype. This effect was most evident in Tibor, which produced no somatic embryos or plants on SPM, a previously published regeneration medium, and in Tibor X GP-1, which produced reduced numbers of SE and plants on the remaining media. The number of SEs per gram of callus for GP-1 and GP-1 X Tibor showed little significant differences between the different media. Put treatments produced plant., from the four genotypes but the regeneration efficiency on Put-containing medium was similar or even better than on SPM for explant., containing maternal GP-1 germplasm. This suggests that Put-containing MS-0 medium can be used for testing regeneration of other oat lines. In addition, SPM containing 0.5 mM Put can be used to induce significant regeneration of plants from normally recalcitrant genotypes. This improvement greatly increases the number of potential germplasms for further transformation efforts. C1 Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Normal, AL 35762 USA. USDA ARS, Small Grains & Potato Germplasm Res Ctr, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Zipf, AE (reprint author), Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Normal, AL 35762 USA. EM aamzip01@aamu.edu NR 13 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1054-5476 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-PL JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 5 BP 508 EP 512 DI 10.1079/IVP2002339 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 613FM UT WOS:000179121900023 ER PT J AU Webber, CL Bledsoe, VK AF Webber, CL Bledsoe, VK TI Plant maturity and kenaf yield components SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE kenaf; Hibiscus cannabinus L.; yield components; biomass; plant height; harvest age AB Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), an alternative fiber crop for paper pulp production, is normally grown during the entire summer growing season (150 days and longer) to maximize fiber production. However, it may be advantageous to harvest the kenaf crop earlier than 150 days after planting (DAP) depending on the harvesting conditions (e.g. soil moisture or equipment availability) or marketing opportunities (price fluctuations or alternative uses). In addition to affecting the final stalk yield, harvesting kenaf at an earlier maturity may significantly alter the composition of the kenaf plant. The objective of this field study was to determine the effect of kenaf plant maturity on kenaf yield components. Kenaf cultivar 'Everglades 41' was planted at Lane, Oklahoma, USA, in the spring of 1996, 1997, and 1998 on 76 cm row spacing at 250000 plants per hecatre. Kenaf plots were harvested at four harvest dates, 60, 90, 120, and 150 DAP. At each harvest date, plants from a 3 in length of row were cut at ground level and used to determine plant population, plant height, stalk, leaf and whole plant yields, stalk and leaf percentage by weight, and the rate of plant growth during the selected growing season. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with five replications. Harvest age (60, 90, 120, and 150 DAP) did not significantly affect plant populations, but significantly affected all other yield parameters. Kenaf plant height, stalk yield, stalk percentage, and total plant biomass yields were consistently significantly greater at 150 DAP than at 60, 90, and 120 DAP for the 3 year study. Although the growth rates per day did level off or even decreased after 120 DAP, the significant increases in stalk yields after 120 DAP justify the additional 30 day growth. This research provides information that can be applied to both kenaf fiber and forage production, especially in gaining a greater understanding of the relative response of the kenaf yield components and partitioning of dry matter during the growing season. The research procedures can also be used for evaluating kenaf cultivars that may be more suitable for forage production, by identifying cultivars that have greater leaf biomass yields and leaf percentages earlier in the season and increasing values throughout the growing season. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, SCARL, Lane, OK 74555 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Commerce, TX 75428 USA. RP Webber, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, SCARL, POB 159,Hwy 3 W, Lane, OK 74555 USA. EM cwebber-usda@lane-ag.org NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 EI 1872-633X J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 16 IS 2 BP 81 EP 88 AR PII S0926-6690(02)00011-0 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(02)00011-0 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 591BT UT WOS:000177860400001 ER PT J AU Cermak, SC Isbell, TA AF Cermak, SC Isbell, TA TI Physical properties of saturated estolides and their 2-ethylhexyl esters SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE estolides; oleic; pour point; cloud point; viscosity; saturated fatty acids; low temperature storage ID VEGETABLE-OILS; FATTY-ACIDS; LUBRICANTS AB Biodegradable, vegetable oil-based lubricants must have better low temperature properties before they can become widely acceptable in the marketplace. These low temperature properties are usually measured as the material's pour point, the minimum temperature at which a material will still pour. Viscosity and viscosity index also provide information about a fluid's properties where a high viscosity index denotes that a fluid has little viscosity change over a wide temperature range. Oleic acid and a series of saturated fatty acids, butyric through stearic, were treated with 0.4 equivalents of perchloric acid at either 45 or 55 degreesC to produce complex estolides, dimers and tetramers of fatty acids linked through the double bond and carbonyl group. Yields varied between 45 and 65% after Kugelrohr distillation. The estolide number (EN), the average number of fatty acid units added to a base fatty acid, varied with reaction temperature as well as with the change in saturated fatty acids. The saturate-capped, oleic estolides were esterified with 2-ethylhexanol to obtain high yields of the corresponding ester. As the chain length of saturate capping material increased from C-4 to C-10, the low temperature performance of the estolide 2-ethylhexyl esters, namely pour point, decreased to - 39 degreesC. The other mid-chain, saturated estolide 2-ethylhexyl esters C-6 through C-14 also had superior low temperature properties compared with their competitors; i.e. soy-based, synthetic-based and petroleum-based oils. The amount of oligomerization (EN) had an important role with the viscosities. Viscosity increased with higher oligomerization and the free acid estolides were generally several hundred centistokes (cst) more viscous than the corresponding esters. The viscosity index ranged from 122 to 155 for the free acids estolides while the estolide 2-ethylhexyl esters had slightly higher indices which ranged from 172 to 196. These new estolide esters displayed far superior low temperature properties, and were more suitable as a base stock for biodegradable lubricants and functional fluids than current commercial materials. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops & Proc Technol Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Cermak, SC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops & Proc Technol Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 23 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 4 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 16 IS 2 BP 119 EP 127 AR PII S0926-6690(02)00034-1 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(02)00034-1 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 591BT UT WOS:000177860400005 ER PT J AU Holser, RA AF Holser, RA TI Odor development in refined meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) oil SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE meadowfoam; Limnanthes alba; malodor; headspace analysis ID VOLATILE COMPOUNDS; DEODORIZATION; EXTRACTION; QUALITY; CROPS AB Meadowfoam (Limanthes alba) is an alternative oilseed crop that has application in personal care products. Offensive odor development in refined meadowfoam oil can be a problem for processors and formulators. To identify possible sources of the odor, the headspace above refined and deodorized meadowfoam oils was examined. Compound analyses were based on solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) techniques. Hexanal, heptanal, octanal, and nonanal were detected in the headspace of malodorous samples. Nonanal was also detected in the headspace of non-malodorous meadowfoam oil after a 4 week period at 60 degreesC. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops & Proc Technol Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Holser, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops & Proc Technol Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 16 IS 2 BP 129 EP 132 AR PII S0926-6690(02)00037-7 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(02)00037-7 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 591BT UT WOS:000177860400006 ER PT J AU Dickey, LC Parris, N Craig, JC Kurantz, MJ AF Dickey, LC Parris, N Craig, JC Kurantz, MJ TI Separation of maize particles from alcohol extracts with minimal losses SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE maize; extraction; ethanol; solvent recovery; centrifugation; gravitational particle settling AB Low-cost extraction of maize protein using ethanol at the front end of a dry grind ethanol plant has been discussed in recent articles. Thorough recovery of (alcoholic) extract from the extracted maize is essential to make the process economical and to prevent the ethanol from interfering with liquefaction enzymes or fermentation organisms where the solid residues are to be subsequently reduced to glucose and finally fermented to ethanol. Because the particles will be converted in water it is unnecessary to dry them, if a (miscible) liquid/liquid miscible displacement method can be used. Therefore, three methods of displacing extract liquid from the extracted corn particles were tried using (1) packed bed displacement, (2) centrifugation with rinsing, and (3) gravitational settling into water. Displacing extract (liquid) from a stationary bed of milled corn extract was too slow to be practical. This finding should discourage the use of similar techniques based on stationary layers of extracted corn. Continuous centrifugation, with rinsing by fresh ethanol solution, was effective at recovering protein in the extract with rinse rates comparable to extract feed rates. Settling the extracted corn into water appears to be the most feasible method of separation, requiring low extract dilution and inexpensive equipment. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Dickey, LC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Marmaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 16 IS 2 BP 145 EP 154 AR PII S0926-6690(02)00039-0 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(02)00039-0 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 591BT UT WOS:000177860400008 ER PT J AU Deshpande, MS Ambagala, TC Ambagala, APN Kehrli, ME Srikumaran, S AF Deshpande, MS Ambagala, TC Ambagala, APN Kehrli, ME Srikumaran, S TI Bovine CD18 is necessary and sufficient to mediate Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica leukotoxin-induced cytolysis SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID FUNCTION-ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN-1; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CYTO-TOXIN; ACTINOBACILLUS-ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS; LEUKOCYTES; HERPESVIRUS-1; NEUTROPHILS; RECEPTOR; CELLS AB Leukotoxin (Lkt) secreted by Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica is an RTX toxin which is specific for ruminant leukocytes. Lkt binds to beta(2) integrins on the surface of bovine leukocytes. beta(2) integrins have a common beta subunit, CD18, that associates with three distinct a chains, CD11a, CD11b, and CD11c, to give rise to three different beta(2) integrins, CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1), CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1), and CD11c/CD18 (CR4), respectively. Our earlier studies revealed that Lkt binds to all three (32 integrins, suggesting that the common [3 subunit, CD18, may be the receptor for Lkt. In order to unequivocally elucidate the role of bovine CD18 as a receptor for Lkt, a murine cell line nonsusceptible to Lkt (P815) was transfected with cDNA for bovine CD118. One of the transfectants, 2B2, stably expressed bovine CD18 on the cell surface. The 2132 transfectant was effectively lysed by Lkt in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas the P815 parent cells were not. Immunoprecipitation of cell surface proteins of 2B2 with monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine CD18 or murine CD11a suggested that bovine CD18 was expressed on the cell surface of 2B2 as a heterodimer with murine CD11a. Expression of bovine CD18 and the Lkt-induced cytotoxicity of 2B2 cells were compared with those of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophils and lymphocytes. There was a strong correlation between cell surface expression of bovine CD18 and percent cytotoxicity induced by Lkt. These results indicate that bovine CD18 is necessary and sufficient to mediate Lkt-induced cytolysis of target cells. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Srikumaran, S (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 37 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 70 IS 9 BP 5058 EP 5064 DI 10.1128/IAI.70.9.5058-5064.2002 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 584WE UT WOS:000177491100038 PM 12183553 ER PT J AU Hernandez, R Guerrero, FD George, JE Wagner, GG AF Hernandez, R Guerrero, FD George, JE Wagner, GG TI Allele frequency and gene expression of a putative carboxylesterase-encoding gene in a pyrethroid resistant strain of the tick Boophilus microplus SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Boophilus microplus; pyrethroid resistance; mRNA expression; specific allele detection; polymerase chain reaction ID SOUTHERN CATTLE TICK; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; LUCILIA-CUPRINA; POINT MUTATION; ESTERASE; IXODIDAE; ACARI; IDENTIFICATION; BIOCHEMISTRY; LEPIDOPTERA AB We utilized RNA Northern blot analysis and ribonuclease protection assays (RPA) to study the mRNA expression level of a putative carboxylesterase-encoding gene from several strains of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). Both the Northern analysis and RPAs indicated that an esterase transcript was more abundant in the pyrethroid resistant strain, Coatzacoalcos (Cz), compared to a susceptible control strain and a resistant strain whose pyrethroid resistance is mediated through a target site insensitivity mechanism. A PCR-based assay was designed to identify the presence of a previously reported point mutation in this B. microplus esterase gene. The reported G-A substitution at nucleotide 1120 creates an EcoR I site in the mutant allele which can be detected by EcoR I digestion of the amplification products. The PCR assays showed that the frequency of the mutant allele was highest in the Cz-resistant strain, which has been shown to have an esterase-mediated resistance mechanism. The PCR assay can be performed either on individual tick larvae or hemolymph from adults. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. SAGARPA, INIFAP, Cenid Parasitol Vet, Morelia 62500, Michoacan, Mexico. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Guerrero, FD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 24 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1009 EP 1016 AR PII S0965-1748(02)00037-1 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00037-1 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 599XW UT WOS:000178361300007 PM 12213237 ER PT J AU Goldarazena, A Ochoa, R Childers, CC AF Goldarazena, A Ochoa, R Childers, CC TI Systematic revision of the Genus Deleonia (Acari : Tarsonemidae) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ACAROLOGY LA English DT Article DE acari; Tarsonemidae; Deleonia; Camellia; citrus; neotropical; Australia; Costa Rica; USA AB The genus Deleonia Lindquist is revised, Two previously named species (D. filifer De Leon and D. floridanus Attiah) and four additional species (D. aguilari n. sp,, D. paniaguae n. sp,, D. laselva n. sp. and D. walteri n. sp.) are described and illustrated. The species were associated with trees and bushes of the families Apocynaceae, Capparidaceae, Cycadaceae, Fabaceac, Melastomataceae, Meliaceae. Moraceae, Myristicaceae, Ochnaceae, Rubiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Sterculiaceae, Simaroubaceae and Theaceae from arboreal habitats in tropical and agricultural ecosystems. Deleonia citri Attiah is synonymized with D. floridanus, and Tarsonemus rakowiensis Kropczynska is retained in the genus Tarsonemus. C1 USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Systemat Entomol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Florida, IFAS, Citrus Res & Educ Ctr, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. RP Goldarazena, A (reprint author), NEIKER, Inst Vasco Invest & Desarrollo Agr, Apdo 46, E-01080 Vitoria, Spain. RI Goldarazena, Arturo/A-3258-2009 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INDIRA PUBLISHING HOUSE PI WEST BLOOMFIELD PA P O BOX 250456, WEST BLOOMFIELD, MI 48325-0456 USA SN 0164-7954 J9 INT J ACAROL JI Int. J. Acarol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 28 IS 3 BP 221 EP 240 PG 20 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 673WG UT WOS:000182602800002 ER PT J AU Walsmith, J Roubenoff, R AF Walsmith, J Roubenoff, R TI Cachexia in rheumatoid arthritis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rheumatoid arthritis; cachexia; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; interleukin-1 beta; protein metabolism; physical activity; insulin action; exercise ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; MUSCLE PROTEIN BREAKDOWN; FACTOR-ALPHA; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; ADJUVANT ARTHRITIS; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; BODY-COMPOSITION; SYNOVIAL-FLUID; LONG-TERM AB Rheumatoid arthritis is a debilitating, chronic, systemic, autoimmune disease of unknown etiology that causes destruction of joint cartilage and bone. It generally occurs between the fourth and sixth decades of life, and affects two to three times more women than men. It is characterized by joint stiffness, pain, and swelling, and is accompanied by a loss of body cell mass. This loss of cell mass, known as rheumatoid cachexia, predominates in skeletal muscle, but also occurs in the viscera and immune system. Thus, rheumatoid cachexia leads to muscle weakness and a loss of functional capacity, and is believed to accelerate morbidity and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Currently there is no established mechanism for rheumatoid cachexia, but it is accompanied by elevated resting energy expenditure, accelerated whole-body protein catabolism, and excess production of the inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is probably the central mediator of muscle wasting in rheumatoid arthritis, and is known to act synergistically with interleukin-1beta to promote cachexia. In general, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta are thought to alter the balance between protein degradation and protein synthesis in rheumatoid arthritis to cause muscle wasting. The precise mechanism by which they do this is not known. Reduced peripheral insulin action and low habitual physical activity are important consequences of rheumatoid arthritis, and have also been implicated as mediators of rheumatoid cachexia. Insulin inhibits muscle protein degradation. Consequently, reduced peripheral insulin action in rheumatoid arthritis is thought to be permissive to cytokine-driven muscle loss. The cause of reduced peripheral insulin action in rheumatoid arthritis is not known, but tumor necrosis factor-a has been shown to interfere with insulin receptor signaling and is probably an important contributor. Low habitual physical activity has consistently been observed in rheumatoid arthritis and is an important consequence of, and contributor to, muscle wasting. In addition, low physical activity predisposes to fat gain and is believed to precipitate a negative reinforcing cycle of muscle loss, reduced physical function, and fat gain in rheumatoid arthritis, which leads to 'cachectic obesity'. To date, there is no standard treatment for rheumatoid cachexia. However, physical exercise is currently believed to be the most important and clinically relevant countermeasure against rheumatoid cachexia. In general, a combination of skeletal muscle strength training and aerobic exercise is recommended, but must be prescribed with the patient's disease status, overall health, and safety in mind. Future studies should investigate the safety, efficacy, and required dose of anti-cytokine therapy for the treatment of rheumatoid cachexia. In this review, we outline the current definition of rheumatoid cachexia, and discuss the etiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of rheumatoid cachexia. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol Immunol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roubenoff, R (reprint author), Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol Immunol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [T32 AG00209-09] NR 55 TC 124 Z9 127 U1 3 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0167-5273 J9 INT J CARDIOL JI Int. J. Cardiol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 85 IS 1 BP 89 EP 99 AR PII S0167-5273(02)00237-1 DI 10.1016/S0167-5273(02)00237-1 PG 11 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 586JH UT WOS:000177580500011 PM 12163213 ER PT J AU Lipow, SR Bernhardt, P Vance, N AF Lipow, SR Bernhardt, P Vance, N TI Comparative rates of pollination and fruit set in widely separated populations of a rare orchid (Cypripedium fasciculatum) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE fruit set; Orchidaceae; self-compatible; pollen limitation; pollen tube ID LADYS SLIPPER ORCHID; SEED PRODUCTION; POLLEN LOAD; REPRODUCTION; LIMITATIONS; PLANT; RESOURCE; BIOLOGY; SUCCESS; ACAULE AB The rare orchid Cypripedium fasciculatum offers no reward to the small wasps that pollinate its flowers. Nonrewarding species typically suffer from low rates of pollination and fruit set, yet they appear frequently in the Orchidaceae. In order to understand the dynamics of pollination and fruit set in nonrewarding orchids and to evaluate whether a conservation strategy for C. fasciculatum should include managing for pollinator service, we evaluated factors influencing reproductive success in three widely separated populations. The percentage of open-pollinated flowers maturing fruit varied greatly among populations, equaling 69% in Oregon, 29% in Idaho, and 18% in Colorado. These values are greater than is typical for a nonrewarding orchid. Thus, managing for pollinator service may be unnecessary, especially in the Oregon population. Like many nonrewarding orchids, the species appears to have a self-compatible breeding system; fruit set did not differ between flowers receiving self pollen and flowers receiving cross pollen (Z = 0.81, P > 0.1). Within- season fruit set may be pollen limited, however, since supplemental hand pollination with cross pollen significantly increased fruit production by ca. 4.5 times in Colorado and 1.5 times in Idaho in comparison with open pollination. Even so, many pollinated flowers failed to mature fruit. Pollen tube growth was studied using fluorescence microscopy, and the percentage of pistils with germinated pollen at the end of the flowering season was found to exceed significantly final fruit set by a rate of approximately two in both Idaho and Colorado. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. St Louis Univ, Dept Biol, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Lipow, SR (reprint author), Oregon Dept Forestry, 2600 State St, Salem, OR 97310 USA. NR 46 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 16 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 163 IS 5 BP 775 EP 782 DI 10.1086/342083 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 582HQ UT WOS:000177345100008 ER PT J AU Meinersmann, RJ Patton, CM Evins, GM Wachsmuth, IK Fields, PI AF Meinersmann, RJ Patton, CM Evins, GM Wachsmuth, IK Fields, PI TI Genetic diversity and relationships of Campylobacter species and subspecies SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Campylobacter spp.; multilocus enzyme electrophoresis; population genetics ID ELECTROPHORETIC PROTEIN-PATTERNS; SP-NOV; POPULATION-GENETICS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; NUMERICAL-ANALYSIS; UNITED-STATES; JEJUNI; DIFFERENTIATION; STRAINS; SEROTYPES AB The existence of tremendous genetic diversity within Campylobacter species has been well documented. To analyse the population structure of Campylobacter and determine whether or not a clonal population structure could be detected, genetic diversity was assessed within the genus Campylobacter by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis of 156 isolates representing 11 species and subspecies from disparate sources. Analyses of electrophoretic mobility of 11 enzymes revealed 109 electrophoretic types (ETs) and 118 ETs when nulls were counted as an allele. Cluster analysis placed most ETs into groups that correlated with species. With nulls counted as alleles, 19 ETs were identified among 33 isolates of Campylobacter lari, 31 ETs among 34 isolates of Campylobacter coli and 43 ETs among 59 isolates of Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni. Nine C, jejuni subsp. jejuni isolates, confirmed as this species by DNA-DNA hybridization, were hippuricase-negative. Reported linkage analyses were done with nulls ignored. Scores for mean genetic diversity (H) were high for the total population (mean H=0.802). Allelic mismatch-frequency distributions and allelic tracing pointed to possible genetic exchange between subpopulations. C. lari appears to be a panmictic species. Some pairs of species shared multiple alleles of certain loci, possibly indicating genetic exchange between species. Of the species tested, C. jejuni appeared to be the most active in sharing alleles. However, there was evidence of variable involvement in recombination by the different loci. Linkage analysis of loci in C, jejuni and C. coli revealed a clonal framework, with some loci tightly linked to each other. The loci appeared to occur in linkage groups or islands. Campylobacter may have a clonal framework with other portions of the genome involved in frequent recombination. Population genetic structure among Campylobacter is inconclusive and it remains to be seen if pathogenic types can be identified. C1 ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Meinersmann, RJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 41 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 52 BP 1789 EP 1797 DI 10.1099/ijs.0.02071-0 PN 5 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 595PG UT WOS:000178117500045 PM 12361288 ER PT J AU Ng, C Bansode, RR Marshall, WE Losso, JN Rao, RM AF Ng, C Bansode, RR Marshall, WE Losso, JN Rao, RM TI Process description and product cost to manufacture sugarcane bagasse-based granular activated carbon SO INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURAL BY-PRODUCTS; CANE BAGASSE; BINDERS; METALS AB Process flow diagrams and manufacturing costs were developed to convert sugarcane bagasse to granular activated carbon. Unit operations in the conversion process consisted of milling, pelletization, pyrolysis/activation, washing with acid and water, and drying/screening/collecting of the final product. Process parameters were calculated for a production facility processing 10,000 kg/day of bagasse and 4,000 kg/day of sugarcane molasses used as a binder. Final product yield for steam activation of the bagasse/binder pellets was 20% or 2,000 kg of activated carbon produced per day. Material losses were incurred during milling (20%), pyrolysis/activation (80%), acid/water washing (15%), and sieving the final product (5%). Based on an annual production cost of $1.94 million and an annual production of 621,000 kg of carbon, steam-activated bagasse carbon would cost $3.12/kg. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Food Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US FDA, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Lenexa, KS 66285 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Rao, RM (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Food Sci, Food Sci Bldg, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RI Bansode, Rishipal/E-9293-2010 OI Bansode, Rishipal/0000-0001-7826-2711 NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT SUGAR JOURNAL LTD PI KENT PA 80 CALVERLEY, TUNBRIDGE WELLS, KENT TN1 2UN, WALES SN 0020-8841 J9 INT SUGAR J JI Int. Sugar J. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 104 IS 1245 BP 401 EP + PG 6 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 596YU UT WOS:000178194700003 ER PT J AU Torfs, P Nachman, RJ Poulos, C De Loof, A Schoofs, L AF Torfs, P Nachman, RJ Poulos, C De Loof, A Schoofs, L TI Activity of crustacean myotropic neuropeptides on the oviduct and hindgut of the crayfish Astacus leptodactylus SO INVERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Congress on Invertebrate Reproduction and Development CY JUL 15-20, 2001 CL RHODES UNIV, GRAHAMSTOWN, SOUTH AFRICA HO RHODES UNIV DE crustacean; neuropeptide; oviduct; hindgut; tachykinin; myokinin; pyrokinin; sulfakinin; crayfish; shrimp; Litopenaeus vannamei ID VERTEBRATE TACHYKININ FAMILY; INSECT NEUROPEPTIDES; LOCUSTA-MIGRATORIA; PENAEUS-VANNAMEI; WHITE SHRIMP; IDENTIFICATION; PEPTIDE; HOMOLOGY; TISSUE AB In crustaceans, a large number of peptides have been identified because of their effect on visceral muscles. Predominantly the heart and the hindgut have been used to purify myotropic peptides from crustaceans. Lately, a number of myotropins were purified from the central nervous system of crustaceans through their ability to induce Leucophaea maderae hindgut contraction. Pevtachykinin, Pev-SK 2, Pev-kinins 1-6 and Pev-PK 1 and 2 were tested on their ability to affect the contractility of the crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) oviduct and hindgut. We have demonstrated for the first time that the muscular sheath surrounding the crayfish oviduct is a possible target for myotropic neuropeptides. The crustacean myokinins (Pev-kinins 1-6) were able to increase the basal tonus of the crustacean oviduct. The other tested myotropins were inactive in this bioassay. Pev-kinins proved to be potent stimulators of crayfish hindgut contraction, this in contrast to Pev-tachykinin and Pev-SK 2. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Dev Physiol & Mol Biol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. ARS, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Patras, Dept Chem, Patras 26500, Greece. RP Schoofs, L (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Dev Physiol & Mol Biol, Naamsestr 59, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT SCIENCE SERVICES/BALABAN PUBLISHERS PI REHOVOT PA PO BOX 2039, REHOVOT 76120, ISRAEL SN 0168-8170 J9 INVERTEBR REPROD DEV JI Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 41 IS 1-3 BP 137 EP 142 DI 10.1080/07924259.2002.9652744 PG 6 WC Reproductive Biology; Zoology SC Reproductive Biology; Zoology GA 605XM UT WOS:000178702400018 ER PT J AU Skolnik, PR Rabbi, MF Mathys, JM Greenberg, AS AF Skolnik, PR Rabbi, MF Mathys, JM Greenberg, AS TI Stimulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma blocks HIV-1 replication and TNF alpha production in acutely infected primary blood cells, chronically infected U1 cells, and alveolar macrophages from HIV-infected subjects SO JAIDS-JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE HIV lipodystrophy; thiazolidinediones; fat redistribution; TNF alpha; PPAR; alveolar macrophages ID NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA; INHIBITOR-ASSOCIATED LIPODYSTROPHY; PROTEASE INHIBITORS; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; 3T3-L1 ADIPOCYTES; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; FAT DISTRIBUTION; PPAR-GAMMA; PREADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; FASTING HYPERINSULINEMIA AB Metabolic disorders in HIV-infected patients, especially those receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimens containing protease inhibitors, are associated with insulin resistance. These metabolic disorders include fat redistribution, diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are used to treat patients with diabetes secondary to insulin resistance, and TZDs are being studied in HAART-related metabolic disorders. We studied the effects of TZDs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma [PPAR-gamma] agonists) and a PPARalpha agonist on HIV replication and TNFalpha production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) acutely infected with HIV-1, in a chronically infected monoblastoid cell line (U1) and in alveolar macrophages (AMs) from HIV-infected subjects and uninfected controls. Rosiglitazone, ciglitazone, troglitazone, and PgJ(2) (PPARgamma agonists) as well as fenofibrate (PPARalpha agonist) inhibited HIV replication in both PBMCs and U1 cells. These agents also inhibited TNFalpha production, but the magnitude of TNFalpha inhibition was not directly correlated with the quantitative decreases in HIV replication. In AMs, ciglitazone, rosiglitazone, and troglitazone reduced TNFalpha production. We hypothesize that alterations in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways have contemporaneous and interrelated effects on HIV replication, cytokine production, and lipid metabolism. Modulation of these pathways using PPAR agonists may improve the metabolic alterations during HAART in conjunction with desirable decreases in HIV replication and TNFalpha production. C1 Boston Univ, Ctr HIV AIDS Care & Res, Evans Biomed Res Ctr, Med Ctr,Evans Med Fdn, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Tupper Res Inst, Div Geog Med & Infect Dis, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Endocrinol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Skolnik, PR (reprint author), Boston Univ, Ctr HIV AIDS Care & Res, Evans Biomed Res Ctr, Med Ctr,Evans Med Fdn, 650 Albany St,Room 647, Boston, MA 02118 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [T32AI07389, P30AI42853] NR 59 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 JAIDS JI JAIDS PD SEP 1 PY 2002 VL 31 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1097/01.QAI.0000028881.58086.86 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 609AH UT WOS:000178880100001 PM 12352144 ER PT J AU Nelsen, TC AF Nelsen, TC TI The state of statistics in agricultural science SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Diversity in Statistics in Agriculture, Biology, and Environmental Statistics CY AUG 13-17, 2000 CL INDIANAPOLLIS, INDIANA DE applied; design; distribution; history; review AB The history of statistics in agricultural research is a history of designed experiments in the basic sciences combined with applications on production agriculture and commodity processing. In agriculture, we deal with the variabilities between and within plant and animal species growing and reproducing in variable environments. Early statistical procedures were primarily concerned with partitioning of variances and hypothesis testing. We continue to use these basic procedures, with many modern updates. The basic statistical toolbox of the agricultural scientist was changed by the computer revolution and is continuing to be changed by advances in experimental designs, computer graphics, and measurement systems. Agricultural scientists are using statistical procedures adapted from engineers, ecologists, and economists in order to deal with the growing problems of analysis and interpretation of more and more data. Problems associated with sampling will continue to grow, especially when dealing with rare or highly variable events, such as insect counts, microorganisms, mycotoxins, or specific metabolites. The statisticians will be asked to provide usable, efficient, understandable, user-friendly procedures to analyze and interpret more and more complex data. C1 ARS, Midw Area, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Nelsen, TC (reprint author), ARS, Midw Area, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC & INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 I ST NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 1085-7117 J9 J AGRIC BIOL ENVIR S JI J. Agric. Biol. Environ. Stat. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 7 IS 3 BP 313 EP 319 DI 10.1198/108571102276 PG 7 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA 588CT UT WOS:000177683700004 ER PT J AU Miller, DN Varel, VH AF Miller, DN Varel, VH TI An in vitro study of manure composition on the biochemical origins, composition, and accumulation of odorous compounds in cattle feedlots SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bacteria; cattle; manures; odors ID LIVESTOCK BUILDINGS; SWINE MANURE; EMISSIONS; ENUMERATION; COMPONENTS; METABOLISM; EFFLUENT; BACTERIA; WASTES; ACIDS AB Very little is known about the biochemical origin of cattle feedlot odors and the environmental factors controlling their production. The tie between diet and manure composition is well established, but the effect of different manure compositions on odorous chemical production is unknown. This study describes the effect of starch, casein, and cellulose substrate additions to slurries of fresh (< 24 h) and aged cattle manure (> 1 d) on the anaerobic production of fermentation products and the consumption of substrates relative to no addition treatments. Aged cattle manure accumulated more VFA (245 to 290 MAP than the fresh manure (91 to 181 mM) irrespective of substrate additions (P < 0.001). In fresh manures, VFA concentrations were increased (P < 0.01) over no addition treatments when carbohydrate (starch or cellulose) was added, whereas starch and protein treatments to aged manure increased VFA content relative to no addition treatments (P < 0.001). Branched-chain VFA and aromatic compounds accumulated only in the aged manure (no addition and protein treatments), indicating that some protein fermentation occurred in those treatments. Based upon substrate loss, starch fermentation was the dominant process in both manures and all treatments with losses exceeding 18.6 g/L. Protein fermentation occurred only in the aged manure, specifically the no addition and protein treatments, when starch was no longer available. The production of odorous compounds from manure was controlled by substrate availability and pH, with pH related to lactate accumulation. We believe that calcareous soil and lactate-consuming microorganisms in the aged manure slurries minimized slurry acidification and resulted in greater accumulations of odorous products. Substrate additions had little effect on the overall accumulation of odor compounds in manure but had profound effects on odor compound composition. We propose that modifying cattle diets to limit starch and protein excretion would profoundly affect the production and accumulation of odor compounds in feedlots. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Miller, DN (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. OI Miller, Daniel/0000-0003-3476-487X NR 18 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 80 IS 9 BP 2214 EP 2222 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 591VN UT WOS:000177901100002 PM 12349997 ER PT J AU Gaines, AM Carroll, JA Allee, GL Yi, GF AF Gaines, AM Carroll, JA Allee, GL Yi, GF TI Pre- and postweaning performance of pigs injected with dexamethasone at birth SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dexamethasone; parturition; pigs ID NEONATAL PIGS; SOMATOTROPIC AXIS; PROTEIN; GROWTH; PIGLETS; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; STRESS; FETAL AB A trial was conducted to determine pre- and postweaning performance of pigs injected with dexamethasone either 1 or 24 h after birth. In Exp. 1, 225 pigs (Triumph4 x PIC Camborough 22) were assigned according to birth weight and sex to three treatments. Treatments included either saline (Control), Dex1 (2 mg/kg BW i.m. injection of dexamethasone within 1 h of birth), or Dex24 (2 mg/kg BW i.m. injection of dexamethasone within 24 h after birth). Birth weights (1.56 +/- 0.06 kg) did not differ among treatments (P > 0.10) or between sexes (P > 0.10). There was a treatment x sex interaction on BW at weaning (15 d; P < 0.05) with Dex1 and Dex24 males 10% heavier than Control males (4.77 and 4.78 vs. 4.34 kg, respectively), and no significant differences in BW among the females (P > 0.05). In Exp. 2, 180 pigs from Exp. 1 were transported to a segregated early weaning nursery facility where each sex was assigned to 10 pens per treatment (60 pens total). Pigs were fed fortified corn-soybean meal diets in a three-phase feeding program. At the end of Exp. 2 (49-d period), there was a treatment x sex interaction (P < 0.01) for BW with Dex1 and Dex24 barrows being on average 8% heavier than the Control barrows (30.1 and 29.8 vs. 27.7 kg, respectively), and no significant difference in BW (P > 0.10) among the gilts. No treatment differences in feed efficiency (gain:feed) were observed during the nursery period (P > 0.10). In Exp. 3, pigs from the nursery were moved to a finishing facility where each sex was assigned to 4 pens per treatment (24 pens total). All pigs were fed fortified corn-soybean meal diets in a four-phase feeding program with sexes fed separately. Real-time ultrasound was used to measure 10th rib backfat depth and longissimus muscle area. At the end of Exp. 3 (83-d period), there was a treatment x sex interaction (P < 0.05) for final BW with Dex1 and Dex24 barrows being on average 5.45 kg heavier than Control barrows (119.6 and 120.7 vs. 114.4 kg, respectively), and no difference (P > 0.05) in BW among the gilts. No treatment differences (P > 0.10) were observed for backfat depth, longissimus muscle area or gain:feed. These studies demonstrate that dexamethasone (2 mg/kg BW) given within 24 h of birth significantly improves both pre- and postweaning performance of barrows with no beneficial effects on gilts. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Anim Sci Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Carroll, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Anim Sci Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM CarrollJA@Missouri.edu NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CHAMPAIGN PA 2441 VILLAGE GREEN PLACE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61822 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 80 IS 9 BP 2255 EP 2262 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 591VN UT WOS:000177901100007 PM 12350002 ER PT J AU Cassady, JP Young, LD Leymaster, KA AF Cassady, JP Young, LD Leymaster, KA TI Heterosis and recombination effects on pig growth and carcass traits SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE correlation; cytoplasm; epistasis; pigs; recombination; variance components ID CROSSBREEDING EXPERIMENTS; SWINE AB The primary objective was to estimate breed, heterosis, and recombination effects on growth and carcass traits of two different four-breed composite populations of pigs. Experiment 1 (Exp. 1) included purebred and crossbred pigs originating from Yorkshire, Landrace, Large White, and Chester White breeds, and Experiment 2 (Exp. 2) included pigs from Duroc, Hampshire, Pietrain, and Spot breeds. Data were recorded on purebred pigs, two-breed cross pigs, and pigs from generations F-1 through F-6, where F-1 pigs were the first generation of a four-breed cross. Pig weights were recorded at birth and at 14, 28, 56, 70, and 154 d of age. Average daily gain was calculated for intervals between weights, and ultrasonic backfat measurements (A-mode) were taken at 154 d of age. Feed intake was measured between 70 and 154 d of age on mixed pens of boars and barrows. Carcass backfat, length, and loin muscle area were measured on barrows at slaughter. Mixed-model analyses were done separately by experiment, fitting an animal model. Fixed effects included farrowing group and sex for growth traits and farrowing group for carcass traits. For ADFI, a weighted mixed-model analysis was done fitting far-rowing group as a fixed effect, sire nested within farrowing group as a random effect, and weighting each observation by the number of pigs in each pen. To test feed efficiency, a second analysis of ADFI was done adding ADG as a covariate in the previous model. Included as covariates in all models were direct, maternal, and maternal grandam breed effects, direct and maternal heterosis effects, and a direct recombination effect. Recombination is the breakup of additive x additive epistatic effects present in purebreds during gamete formation by crossbred parents. Effects of direct heterosis significantly increased weights at birth, 14, 56, 70, and 154 d of age in Exp. 1. Effects of direct heterosis significantly increased ADG from birth to 14, 28 to 56, and 70 to 154 d of age in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, effect of direct heterosis significantly increased weights and ADG at all ages. In Exp. 1, recombination significantly reduced loin muscle area. In Exp. 2, recombination significantly increased weights at birth, 14, 28, and 56 d, ADFI from 70 to 154 d, and ADFI adjusted for ADG. The correlation between maternal heterosis and recombination effects for all traits in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2 was approximately -0.90, Maternal heterosis and recombination effects were estimable, but greatly confounded. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Leymaster, KA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 10 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 80 IS 9 BP 2286 EP 2302 PG 17 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 591VN UT WOS:000177901100011 PM 12350006 ER PT J AU Cassady, JP Young, LD Leymaster, KA AF Cassady, JP Young, LD Leymaster, KA TI Heterosis and recombination effects on pig reproductive traits SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cytoplasm; epistasis; pigs; recombination; reproduction; variance components ID CROSSBREEDING EXPERIMENTS; SWINE AB The objective was to estimate breed, heterosis, and recombination effects on pig reproductive traits in two different four-breed composite populations. Breeds included Yorkshire, Landrace, Large White, and Chester White in Exp. 1 and Duroc, Hampshire, Pietrain, and Spot in Exp, 2. Data were recorded on purebred pigs, two-breed cross pigs, and pigs from generations F-1 through F-6, where F-1 pigs were the first generation of a four-breed cross. Litter traits were considered a trait of the gilt. There were 868 first parity litters in Exp. 1 and 865 in Exp. 2. Direct heterosis significantly increased sow weight at 110 d of gestation and litter weight at 14 and 28 d weaning) in both experiments. Direct heterosis significantly increased number of nipples, weight at puberty, lactation weight loss, litter size, and litter birth weight in Exp. 2. Gestation length in Exp. 1 and age at puberty in Exp. 1 and Exp. 2 were significantly decreased by direct heterosis. Maternal heterosis significantly increased age at puberty in Exp. 2 and decreased sow weight at 110 d of gestation in Exp. 1. Recombination significantly increased sow weight at 110 d of gestation and tended to increase total number born and litter birth weight in Exp. 1. Recombination significantly decreased age at puberty in Exp. 2. Litter heterosis significantly increased number of pigs at 14 and 28 d; litter weights at birth, 14, and 28 d; and tended to increase lactation weight loss in Exp. 1. Litter heterosis decreased litter size in Exp. 2. Maternal heterosis and recombination effects had a sampling correlation of -0.97 in Exp. 1 and -0.91 in Exp. 2 for number of fully formed pigs, Therefore, maternal heterosis and recombination effects were summed, and their net effect was tested. This net effect tended to increase number of nipples, lactation weight loss, and litter birth weight and significantly increased number of fully formed pigs in Exp. 1. Direct, maternal, and litter heterosis and recombination effects significantly influenced reproductive traits. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Leymaster, KA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 12 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 80 IS 9 BP 2303 EP 2315 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 591VN UT WOS:000177901100012 PM 12350007 ER PT J AU MacNeil, MD Grosz, MD AF MacNeil, MD Grosz, MD TI Genome-wide scans for QTL affecting carcass traits in Hereford x composite double backcross populations SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; carcasses; quantitative trait loci ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; BOVINE GENOME; POSTWEANING GROWTH; BEEF-CATTLE; LOCI; SELECTION; CROSS; LINE AB A genome-wide scan for chromosomal regions influencing carcass traits was conducted spanning 2.413 morgans on 29 bovine autosomes using 229 microsatellite markers. Two paternal half-sib families of backcross progenies were produced by mating Hereford x composite gene combination (CGC) bulls to both Hereford and CGC dams. Progeny of the first sire (n = 146) were born in 1996 and progeny of the second sire (n = 112) were born in 1997. Each year cattle were fed out and slaughtered serially when they were between 614 and 741 d of age. Phenotypes measured at harvest were: liveweight; carcass weight; fat depth; marbling; percentage kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (KPH); and rib eye area. Dressing percentage and USDA Yield Grade were calculated from these data. The phenotypes were adjusted to age-, live weight-, and fat depth-constant endpoints using analysis of covariance. The resulting residuals were analyzed by interval mapping to detect QTL. Within family, nominal significance was established by permutation analysis. Approximate genome-wide significance levels were established by applying the Bonferroni correction to the nominal probability levels. Regression and error sums of squares and degrees of freedom were pooled across families when suggestive linkage identified in one family was confirmed in the other. The results indicate promising locations for QTL affecting live weight on BTA 17 and marbling on BTA 2 that segregate in Bos taurus. Also, previously identified linkage between central markers on BTA 5 and USDA Yield Grade was confirmed in one family. Greater marker saturation in these regions coupled with refined methods for data analysis will lead to more precise determination of QTL positions. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RP MacNeil, MD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, 243 Ft Keogh, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 22 TC 57 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 80 IS 9 BP 2316 EP 2324 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 591VN UT WOS:000177901100013 PM 12350008 ER PT J AU Shappell, NW Billey, LO Feil, VJ AF Shappell, NW Billey, LO Feil, VJ TI Effects of clenbuterol on body stores of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) and dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) in rats SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE clenbuterol; dioxins; furans; rats ID SKELETAL-MUSCLE; EXCRETION; GROWTH; DISPOSITION; WITHDRAWAL; RESIDUES; TOXICITY; MASS AB Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), persistent pollutants that accumulate in the food chain, pose a risk to humans through consumption of tainted livestock. Clenbuterol, a leanness-enhancing agent, was tested for usefulness in PCDD/F body store reduction through body fat reduction (the predominant site of accumulation). To mimic the situation of contaminated animals, rats were given feed with or without a mixture of PCDD/F (0.6 to 2.7 ng/congener per day) for 10 d, followed by 16 d of feed with or without dietary clenbuterol (2 mg/kg feed), Clenbuterol reduced body fat by 28% (P < 0.05), increased muscle mass by 25% (P < 0.02), and decreased liver mass by 7% (P < 0.02). Although the concentrations of most PCDD/F per gram of fat were slightly increased after clenbuterol treatment, the total amount of PCDD/F that remained in fat was reduced by approximately 30%. Muscle PCDD/F concentrations and total burden were decreased by clenbuterol. In contrast, clenbuterol tended to increase concentration, but not total burden of PCDD/F in livers. One congener known to be rapidly metabolized and excreted, 2,3,7,8-TCDF, was the exception to this increase, decreasing 40% with clenbuterol treatment. This was also the congener that showed the greatest reduction in both fat and muscle. Examination of the ratio of PCDD/F in liver and fat revealed that clenbuterol increased the liver's share of the body burden of PCDD/F, from 38 to 75%. In a remediation/disposal context, these findings would be beneficial if clenbuterol lowered the meat and carcass burden of PCDD/F to safe levels, requiring only livers to be disposed of as hazardous waste. C1 USDA ARS, Red River Valley Agr Res Ctr, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Shappell, NW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, 1605 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 80 IS 9 BP 2461 EP 2475 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 591VN UT WOS:000177901100029 PM 12350024 ER PT J AU Lehotay, SJ Schaner, A Nemoto, S Harman-Fetcho, J Barney, J Heighton, L McIntyre, R Rosenblum, L Lightfield, A Barden, T Hopper, M Garcia, AV Pihlstrom, T Blomkvist, G Anastassiades, M Scherbaum, E Santer, J Deets, R Morrison, S Harvey, R AF Lehotay, SJ Schaner, A Nemoto, S Harman-Fetcho, J Barney, J Heighton, L McIntyre, R Rosenblum, L Lightfield, A Barden, T Hopper, M Garcia, AV Pihlstrom, T Blomkvist, G Anastassiades, M Scherbaum, E Santer, J Deets, R Morrison, S Harvey, R TI Determination of pesticide residues in nonfatty foods by supercritical fluid extraction and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: Collaborative study SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID MULTIRESIDUE ANALYSIS; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CARBON-DIOXIDE; VEGETABLES; FRUITS; AGRICULTURE; ENHANCEMENT; PRODUCE AB A collaborative study was conducted to determine multiple pesticide residues in apple, green bean, and carrot by using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Seventeen laboratories from 7 countries participated in the final study, and a variety of different instruments was used by collaborators. The procedure simply entails 3 steps: (1) mix 1.1 g drying agent (Hydromatrix) per 1 g frozen precomminuted sample, and load 4-5.5 g of this mixture into a 7-10 mL extraction vessel; (2) perform SIZE for 20-30 min with a 1-2 mL/min flow rate of carbon dioxide at 0.85 g/mL density (320 atm, 60degreesC); and (3) inject the extract, which was collected on a solid-phase or in a liquid trap, into the gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer, using either an ion-trap instrument in full-scan mode or a quadrupole-type instrument in selected-ion monitoring mode. The ability of GUMS to simultaneously quantitate and confirm the identity of the semivolatile analytes at trace concentrations is a strong feature of the approach. The selectivity of SFE and GC/MS avoids the need for post-extraction cleanup steps, and the conversion of the CO(2) solvent to a gas after SIZE eliminates the solvent evaporation step common in traditional methods. The approach has several advantages, but its main drawback is the lower recoveries for the most polar analytes, such as methamidophos and acephate, and the most nonpolar analytes, such as pyrethroids. Recoveries for most pesticides are >75%, and recoveries of nonpolar analytes are still >50%. The (within-laboratory) repeatability relative standard deviation (RSD(r)) values of the recoveries are generally <15%. More specifically, the average results from the 9-14 laboratories in the final analysis of 6 blind duplicates at 3 concentrations for each pesticide are as follows: carbofuran in apple (75-500 ng/g), 89% recovery, 7% RSD(r), 9% reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSD(R)); diazinon in apple (60-400 ng/g), 83% recovery, 13% RSD(r), 17% RSD(R); vinclozolin in apple (6-400 ng/g), 97% recovery, 13% RSD(r), 18% RSD(R); chlorpyrifos in apple (50-300 ng/g), 105% recovery, 11% RSD(r), 13% RSD(R); endosulfan sulfate in apple (150-1000 ng/g), 95% recovery, 15% RSD(r), 17% RSD(R); trifluralin in green bean (30-200 ng/g), 58 % recovery, 11 % RSD(r), 27% RSD(R); dacthal in green bean (60-400 ng/g), 88% recovery, 11 % RSD(r), 17% RSD(R); quintozene in green bean (60-400 ng/g), 79% recovery, 13% RSD(r), 18% RSD(R); chlorpyrifos in green bean (50-300 ng/g), 84% recovery, 11 % RSD(r), 17% RSD(R); p,p'-DDE in green bean (45-300 ng/g), 64% recovery, 14% RSD(r), 27% RSD(R); atrazine in carrot (75-500 ng/g), 90% recovery, 11 % RSD(r), 15% RSD(R); metalaxyl in carrot (75-500 ng/g), 89% recovery, 8% RSD(r), 12% RSD(R); parathion-methyl in carrot (75-500 ng/g), 84% recovery, 14% RSD(r), 15% RSD(R); chlorpyrifos in carrot (50-300 ng/g), 77% recovery, 13% RSD(r), 19% RSD(R); and bifenthrin in carrot (90-600 ng/g), 63% recovery, 12% RSD(r), and 25% RSD(R). All analytes except for the nonpolar compounds trifluralin, p,p'-DDE, and bifenthrin gave average Horwitz ratios of <1.0 when AOAC criteria were used. These 3 analytes had high RSDr values but lower RSD(R) values, which indicated that certain SFE instruments gave consistently lower recoveries for no The collaborative study results demonstrate that the method meets the purpose of many monitoring programs for pesticide residue analysis, and the Study Director recommends that it be adopted Official First Action. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Lehotay, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Ln, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM slehotay@arserrc.gov NR 32 TC 24 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 10 PU AOAC INT PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 N FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 85 IS 5 BP 1148 EP 1166 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 598KB UT WOS:000178274000022 PM 12374416 ER PT J AU Schenck, FJ Callery, P Gannett, PM Daft, JR Lehotay, SJ AF Schenck, FJ Callery, P Gannett, PM Daft, JR Lehotay, SJ TI Comparison of magnesium sulfate and sodium sulfate for removal of water from pesticide extracts of foods SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; VEGETABLES; RESIDUES; CLEANUP; FRUITS; AGRICULTURE; PRODUCE AB Water-miscible solvents, such as acetone and acetonitrile, effectively extract both polar and nonpolar pesticide residues from nonfatty foods. The addition of sodium chloride to the resulting acetonitrile-water or acetone-water extract (salting out) results in the separation of the water from the organic solvent. However, the organic solvent layer (pesticide extract) still contains some residual water, which can adversely affect separation procedures that follow, such as solid-phase extraction and/or gas chromatography. Drying agents, such as sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate, are used to remove the water from the organic extracts. In the present study, we used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to study the composition of the phases resulting from salting out and to compare the effectiveness of sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate as drying agents. The study showed that considerable amounts of water remained in the organic phase after phase separation. Sodium sulfate was a relatively ineffective drying agent, removing little or no residual water from the organic solvent. Magnesium sulfate proved to be a much more effective drying agent. C1 US FDA, SE Reg Lab, Atlanta, GA 30309 USA. W Virginia Univ, Dept Basic Pharmaceut Sci, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. USDA ARS, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Schenck, FJ (reprint author), US FDA, SE Reg Lab, 60 8th St,NE, Atlanta, GA 30309 USA. RI Gannett, Peter/J-3347-2015 OI Gannett, Peter/0000-0002-7859-5468 NR 19 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 16 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 85 IS 5 BP 1177 EP 1180 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 598KB UT WOS:000178274000024 PM 12374418 ER PT J AU Cox, NA Mauldin, JM Kumararaj, R Musgrove, MT AF Cox, NA Mauldin, JM Kumararaj, R Musgrove, MT TI Ability of hydrogen peroxide and Timsen to eliminate artificially inoculated Salmonella from fertile broiler eggs SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE broiler egg; hydrogen peroxide; Salmonella; Timsen ID HATCHING EGGS; BACTERICIDAL TREATMENT; CHICKEN EGGS; HATCHERIES; CONTAMINATION; TYPHIMURIUM AB Varying levels (10(5) to 10(7)/egg) of Salmonella Typhimurium were inoculated onto fertile hatching eggs by immersion. After this, the inoculated eggs were untreated (control), water-treated, hydrogen peroxide (1.5%) treated,: or Timsen treated (n-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride as a commercial bactericide-fungicide). Hydrogen peroxide was superior to Timsen as an egg treatment to eliminate artificially inoculated Salmonella from fertile eggs, but one-third of the treated eggs remained Salmonella positive. This study demonstrates how difficult it is to eliminate Salmonella that contaminate fertile hatching eggs. Until a more effective system or process is devised and commercially implemented, Salmonella and other organisms will continue to pass from one generation to the next through the fertile egg. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Madras Vet Coll, Madras 600007, Tamil Nadu, India. RP Cox, NA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 11 IS 3 BP 266 EP 269 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 622TL UT WOS:000179663100007 ER PT J AU Cox, NA Berrang, ME Bailey, JS Stern, NJ AF Cox, NA Berrang, ME Bailey, JS Stern, NJ TI Bactericidal treatment of hatching eggs V: Efficiency of repetitive immersions in hydrogen peroxide or phenol to eliminate salmonella from hatching eggs SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE disinfectant; hatching egg; multiple immersion; Salmonella ID TYPHIMURIUM; CHICKS AB in previous studies, immersion in hydrogen peroxide and phenol reduced Salmonella-positive eggs without reducing hatchability. This study was carried out to determine if three consecutive dips in a chemical was more effective than a single immersion to eliminate Salmonella from hatching eggs. Eggs were inoculated with a marker strain of Salmonella typhimurium by submerging the egg in a solution containing low numbers (10(3)) or high numbers (10(5)) of the organism. After allowing the eggs to dry, they were immersed for 1, 2, and 3 min in water, a 1.4% solution of hydrogen peroxide, or a 0.39% solution of phenol. With the low inoculation, Salmonella were eliminated from an additional 22 % of the eggs when three dips were used as compared to a single dip. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Cox, NA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 11 IS 3 BP 328 EP 331 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 622TL UT WOS:000179663100016 ER PT J AU Darwish, AM Rawles, SD Griffin, BR AF Darwish, AM Rawles, SD Griffin, BR TI Laboratory efficacy of oxytetracycline for the control of Streptococcus iniae infection in blue tilapia SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CHANNEL CATFISH; FISH; HISTOPATHOLOGY; BASS AB Experimental trials were performed to evaluate the efficacy of oxytetracycline in controlling Streptococcus iniae infection in blue tilapia Tilapia aurea. Minimum-inhibitory-concentration studies of oxytetracycline against multiple S. iniae isolates indicated a general sensitivity at concentrations of 0.25-0.50 mug/mL. The dose levels tested were 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg active ingredient per kilogram of fish body weight per day. Administration of medicated feed started within 4-5 h after infection by waterborne exposure to S. iniae (after skin scraping) and continued for 14 consecutive days, followed by a posttreatment period of 21 d. The 50-mg treatment significantly increased the survival of infected fish from 7% in the nonmedicated group to 45%. The 75- and 100-mg treatments had survival rates (85% and 98%, respectively) that were significantly higher than that of the 50-mg treatment. There was no significant difference between the 75- and 100-mg treatments and the uninfected, nonmedicated treatment (100% survival). Survivors from the 100-mg treatment were not found to be carriers of the infection (negative bacterial isolation), whereas the bacterium was recovered from 10% of the survivors from the 75-mg treatment. C1 USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. RP Darwish, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, POB 1050, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD SEP PY 2002 VL 14 IS 3 BP 184 EP 190 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2002)014<0184:LEOOFT>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 603LM UT WOS:000178561100004 ER PT J AU Santisteban, L Sieving, KE Avery, ML AF Santisteban, L Sieving, KE Avery, ML TI Use of sensory cues by fish crows Corvus ossifragus preying on artificial bird nests SO JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIMULATED DUCK NESTS; SITE SELECTION; QUAIL EGGS; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; SONGBIRD NESTS; PREDATION; CONCEALMENT; SUCCESS; EVOLUTION; DENSITY AB How predators locate avian nests is poorly understood and has been subjected to little experimental inquiry. We examined which sensory stimuli were important in the nest-Finding behavior of fish crows Corvus ossifragus, a common nest predator in the southeastern United States. Using an array of potted trees in a large enclosure, we presented artificial nests to captive crows and quantified responses to visual. auditory, and olfactory nest cues, and nest position. Partial ranks of nest-treatment preferences were analyzed using log-linear models. Nest visibility significantly increased the likelihood of predation by fish crows and increasing nest height was a marginally significant influence on nest vulnerability; no responses were apparent to auditory or olfactory stimuli. Our findings demonstrate that fish crows are visually-oriented nest predators that may preferentially prey on, or more readily encounter, above-ground nests. Moreover, the experimental design provides a new method for evaluating predator-prey interactions between nests and their predators. This study also illustrates how sensory capabilities of predators can interact with nest types to determine nest predation patterns. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Florida Field Stn, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. RP Santisteban, L (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Wildlife Ecol & Conservat, POB 110430, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. OI Sieving, Kathryn/0000-0002-0849-8101 NR 51 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0908-8857 J9 J AVIAN BIOL JI J. Avian Biol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 33 IS 3 BP 245 EP 252 DI 10.1034/j.1600-048X.2002.330306.x PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 599ZQ UT WOS:000178366000006 ER PT J AU Booth, SL Broe, KE McLean, RR Gagnon, DR Peterson, JW Hannan, MT Cupples, LA Cheng, DM Wilson, PWF Dawson-Hughes, B Kiel, DP AF Booth, SL Broe, KE McLean, RR Gagnon, DR Peterson, JW Hannan, MT Cupples, LA Cheng, DM Wilson, PWF Dawson-Hughes, B Kiel, DP TI Low vitamin K status is associated with low bone mineral density and quantitative ultrasound in men SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 24th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research CY SEP 20-24, 2002 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP American-Soc-Bone-Mineral-Res C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Hebrew Rehabil Ctr Aged, Boston, MA 02131 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. BU Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 17 SU 1 MA F275 BP S200 EP S200 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 592TK UT WOS:000177952800323 ER PT J AU Huang, DC Horst, RL Goltzman, D Kremer, R AF Huang, DC Horst, RL Goltzman, D Kremer, R TI Constitutive expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1 alpha-hydroxylase in a human melanoma cell line: Autocrine regulation by endogenous PTHrP production. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 24th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research CY SEP 20-24, 2002 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP American-Soc-Bone-Mineral-Res C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA USA. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 17 SU 1 MA 1028 BP S132 EP S132 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 592TK UT WOS:000177952800029 ER PT J AU McLean, RR Karasik, D Selhub, J Tucker, KL Ordovas, J Friso, S Cupples, LA Jacques, PF Kiel, DP AF McLean, RR Karasik, D Selhub, J Tucker, KL Ordovas, J Friso, S Cupples, LA Jacques, PF Kiel, DP TI A common polymorphism, in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene is associated with quantitative ultrasound in those with low plasma folate. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 24th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research CY SEP 20-24, 2002 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP American-Soc-Bone-Mineral-Res C1 Heb Rehab Ctr Aged, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Div Aging, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Hum Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02118 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 17 SU 1 MA SU143 BP S325 EP S325 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 592TK UT WOS:000177952800856 ER PT J AU Roughead, ZK AF Roughead, ZK TI Substituting soy protein for meat protein did not affect calcium retention in a controlled feeding study of healthy postmenopausal women. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 24th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research CY SEP 20-24, 2002 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP American-Soc-Bone-Mineral-Res C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 17 SU 1 MA SA320 BP S266 EP S266 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 592TK UT WOS:000177952800602 ER PT J AU Roughead, ZK Lukaski, HC AF Roughead, ZK Lukaski, HC TI Inadequate copper (Cu) intake reduces serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and bone strength in growing rats. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 24th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research CY SEP 20-24, 2002 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP American-Soc-Bone-Mineral-Res C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 17 SU 1 MA SA148 BP S240 EP S240 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 592TK UT WOS:000177952800493 ER PT J AU Tucker, KL Hannan, MT Jacques, P Selhub, J Rosenberg, I Wilson, PWF Kiel, DP AF Tucker, KL Hannan, MT Jacques, P Selhub, J Rosenberg, I Wilson, PWF Kiel, DP TI Low plasma vitamin B12 is associated with lower bone mineral density: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 24th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research CY SEP 20-24, 2002 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP American-Soc-Bone-Mineral-Res C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Hebrew Rehabil Ctr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 17 SU 1 MA 1210 BP S174 EP S174 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 592TK UT WOS:000177952800211 ER PT J AU White, J Harris, SS Dallal, GE Dawson-Hughes, B AF White, J Harris, SS Dallal, GE Dawson-Hughes, B TI Precision of single versus bilateral hip bone mineral density scans. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 24th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research CY SEP 20-24, 2002 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS SP American-Soc-Bone-Mineral-Res C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Calcium & Bone Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 17 SU 1 MA SU93 BP S314 EP S314 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 592TK UT WOS:000177952800806 ER PT J AU Rodriguez-Saona, C Crafts-Brandner, SJ Williams, L Pare, PW AF Rodriguez-Saona, C Crafts-Brandner, SJ Williams, L Pare, PW TI Lygus hesperus feeding and salivary gland extracts induce volatile emissions in plants SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lygus hesperus; induction; volatiles; systemic signal transport; salivary glands; volicitin ID PARASITOID APHIDIUS-ERVI; SYSTEMIC RELEASE; ORAL SECRETIONS; COTTON PLANTS; INSECT; IDENTIFICATION; HYMENOPTERA; HEMIPTERA; LOCATION; MIRIDAE AB Induction of plant volatiles by leaf-chewing caterpillars is well documented. However, there is much less information about volatile induction by insects with different feeding habits. We studied the induction of plant volatiles by a piercing-sucking insect, the western tarnished plant bug Lygus hesperus Knight. Adults of both genders and nymphs of Lygus induced the local emission of a blend of volatiles from both cotton and maize. Feeding by Lygus also induced the systemic emission of volatiles that was similar but less complex than the blend emitted at the site of feeding. Infestation by mated, mature adult females (>4 days old), but not by nymphs or mature males, caused detectable emission of alpha-pinene, myrcene, and (E)-beta-caryophyllene, compounds that are stored in the glands of cotton tissue. This indicated that damage to glands in the petiole and leaf by the female ovipositor, rather than feeding, contributed significantly to the emission of these volatiles. Girdling the plant stem to disrupt phloem transport markedly decreased the movement of C-14-labeled photosynthetic products to the apex of the plant, and this treatment also markedly reduced the amount of systemically induced volatiles caused by Lygus feeding. Lygus salivary gland extracts were capable of inducing emission of the same volatile blend as measured for plants infested by feeding insects or treated with volicitin, an elicitor isolated from caterpillar regurgitant. The results indicate that L. hesperus is capable of inducing the emission of plant volatiles and that induction is caused by an elicitor that is contained in the insect salivary gland. C1 ARS, USDA, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. ARS, USDA, So Insect Management Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Crafts-Brandner, SJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RI Pare, Paul/E-3055-2013 OI Pare, Paul/0000-0003-1644-723X NR 43 TC 52 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 28 IS 9 BP 1733 EP 1747 DI 10.1023/A:1020552932566 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 601XJ UT WOS:000178473900003 PM 12449502 ER PT J AU Zhang, QH Tolasch, T Schlyter, F Francke, W AF Zhang, QH Tolasch, T Schlyter, F Francke, W TI Enantiospecific antennal response of bark beetles to spiroacetal (E)-conophthorin SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ips typographus; Ips duplicatus; Ips subelongatus; Dendroctonus micans; Scolytus; Hylesinus; Phloeophthorus; (E)-conophthorin; enantiomers; 1-hexanol; nonhost volatiles; antennae; GC-EAD; dose-response ID MOUNTAIN PINE-BEETLE; IPS-TYPOGRAPHUS; PHEROMONE RESPONSE; ANGIOSPERM TREES; LEAF VOLATILES; CONE BEETLE; COLEOPTERA; SCOLYTIDAE; SEMIOCHEMICALS; PONDEROSAE AB Optically pure synthetic enantiomers of (E)-conophthorin [(E)7-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane], one of the volatiles affecting coniferophagous bark beetles, were tested on antennae of Ips typographus, I. duplicatus, I. subelongatus, Dendroctonus micans, and five Scolytus spp. by using combined gas chromatography-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD). EAD dose-responses indicated that all three Ips species perceived only the naturally occurring and quantitatively dominant (5S,7S)-enantiomer, while its antipode, (5R,7R)-(E)-conophthorin was antennally inactive. Response thresholds for the Ips species were estimated as between 0.1 ng and 1 ng, or lower. The antennal responses of the Ips species caused by 100 ng of the (5R,7R) enantiomer might be due to 1% impurity-(the active (5S,7S)-enantiomer) in the (5R,7R)-sample. At the 50-ng level, D. micans and five angiosperm Scolytus species (S. intracatus, S. mali, S. ratzeburgi, S. rugulosus, and S. scolytus) responded strongly to the (5S,7S)-enantiomer, while the (5R,7R)-enantiomer was antennally inactive. Currently updated knowledge on the natural occurrence, and electrophysiological and behavioral activity of (E)-conophthorin is summarized. C1 Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Crop Sci, SE-23053 Alnarp, Sweden. Univ Hamburg, Inst Organ Chem, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. RP Zhang, QH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, BARC W, B-007,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 34 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 28 IS 9 BP 1839 EP 1852 DI 10.1023/A:1020569303433 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 601XJ UT WOS:000178473900011 PM 12449510 ER PT J AU Ishida, Y Chiang, VP Haverty, MI Leal, WS AF Ishida, Y Chiang, VP Haverty, MI Leal, WS TI Odorant-binding proteins from a primitive termite SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE odorant-binding protein; chemosensory protein; Zootermopsis nevadensis nevadensis; Isoptera; Termopsidae; olfaction; dampwood termite ID PHEROMONE-BINDING; SOLUBLE-PROTEINS; SILKWORM MOTH; BOMBYX-MORI AB Hitherto, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) have been identified from insects belonging to more highly evolved insect orders (Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera), whereas only chemosensory proteins have been identified from more primitive species, such as orthopteran and phasmid species. Here, we report for the first time the isolation and cloning of odorant-binding proteins from a primitive termite species, the dampwood termite, Zootermopsis nevadensis nevadensis (Isoptera: Termopsidae). A major antennae-specific protein was detected by native PAGE along with four other minor proteins, which were also absent in the extract from control tissues (hindlegs). Multiple cDNA cloning led to the full characterization of the major antennae-specific protein (ZnevOBP1) and to the identification of two other antennae-specific cDNAs, encoding putative odorant-binding proteins (ZnevOBP2 and ZnevOBP3). N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the minor antennal bands and cDNA cloning showed that olfaction in Z. n. nevadensis may involve multiple odorant-binding proteins. Database searches suggest that the OBPs from this primitive termite are homologues of the pheromone-binding proteins from scarab beetles and antennal-binding proteins from moths. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Honorary Maeda Duffey Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Leal, WS (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Honorary Maeda Duffey Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 10 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 28 IS 9 BP 1887 EP 1893 DI 10.1023/A:1020537319805 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 601XJ UT WOS:000178473900015 PM 12449514 ER PT J AU Fouad, AF Barry, J Caimano, M Clawson, M Zhu, Q Carver, R Hazlett, K Radolf, JD AF Fouad, AF Barry, J Caimano, M Clawson, M Zhu, Q Carver, R Hazlett, K Radolf, JD TI PCR-based identification of bacteria associated with endodontic infections SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; ROOT-CANAL INFECTIONS; BLACK-PIGMENTED BACTEROIDES; PREVOTELLA-NIGRESCENS; APICAL PERIODONTITIS; SUBGINGIVAL PLAQUE; PORPHYROMONAS-GINGIVALIS; MOLECULAR-DETECTION; ENTEROCOCCUS-FAECALIS; CLINICAL-SIGNIFICANCE AB PCR primers that target the bacterial 16S rRNA genes (or the tuf gene for the genus Enterococcus) were used to identify 10 putative bacterial pathogens in root canals with necrotic pulp. In addition, the associations of these microorganisms with symptoms and a history of diabetes mellitus were investigated. Microbial samples from the root canals of 24 teeth with necrotic pulp were included in the study. PCR with universal bacterial primers identified bacterial DNA in 22 specimens; the remaining 2 specimens were from intact teeth that had been traumatized 6 months prior to treatment. PCR with specific primers showed that preoperative symptoms were significantly associated with the presence of Streptococcus spp. (P < 0.001 by chi-square analysis). There was also a nonsignificant trend for symptoms to be associated with Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis (odds ratio, >2) and for diabetes mellitus to be associated with P. gingivalis and Porphyromonas endodontalis (odds ratio, >2). Cloning and sequencing of the universal PCR product in one specimen revealed the presence of an organism related to the genus Olsenella, which has not previously been described in endodontic infections. C1 Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Endodontol, Sch Dent Med, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Pathol, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Ctr Microbial pathogenesis, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE USA. RP Fouad, AF (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Endodontol, Sch Dent Med, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. OI Clawson, Michael/0000-0002-3355-5390 FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01RR06192, M01 RR006192]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI-26756, AI-29735, R01 AI026756, R01 AI029735, R37 AI026756, R56 AI029735] NR 58 TC 105 Z9 119 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 40 IS 9 BP 3223 EP 3231 DI 10.1128/JCM.40.9.3223-3231.2002 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 590NX UT WOS:000177829900018 PM 12202557 ER PT J AU Spackman, E Senne, DA Myers, TJ Bulaga, LL Garber, LP Perdue, ML Lohman, K Daum, LT Suarez, DL AF Spackman, E Senne, DA Myers, TJ Bulaga, LL Garber, LP Perdue, ML Lohman, K Daum, LT Suarez, DL TI Development of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for type A influenza virus and the avian H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtypes SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID A VIRUSES; EMERGENCE; MEXICO; GENES AB A real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RRT-PCR) assay based on the avian influenza virus matrix gene was developed for the rapid detection of type A influenza virus. Additionally, H5 and H7 hemagglutinin subtype-specific probe sets were developed based on North American avian influenza virus sequences. The RRT-PCR assay utilizes a one-step RT-PCR protocol and fluorogenic hydrolysis type probes. The matrix gene RRT-PCR assay has a detection limit of 10 fg or approximately 1,000 copies of target RNA and can detect 0.1 50% egg infective dose of virus. The H5- and H7-specific probe sets each have a detection limit of 100 fg of target RNA or approximately 10(3) to 10(4) gene copies. The sensitivity and specificity of the real-time PCR assay were directly compared with those of the current standard for detection of influenza virus: virus isolation (VI) in embryonated chicken eggs and hemagglutinin subtyping by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The comparison was performed with 1,550 tracheal and cloacal swabs from various avian species and environmental swabs obtained from live-bird markets in New York and New Jersey. Influenza virus-specific RRT-PCR results correlated with VI results for 89% of the samples. The remaining samples were positive with only one detection method. Overall the sensitivity and specificity of the H7- and H5-specific RRT-PCR were similar to those of VI and HI. C1 ARS, SW Poultry Res Lab, USDA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Riverdale, MD USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Robbinsville, NJ 08691 USA. Natl Anim Hlth Monitoring Syst, Ctr Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Natl Anim Hlth Monitoring Syst, Ctr Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. ARS, Anim Waste Pathogens Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Technol & Diagnost Dev, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. RP Suarez, DL (reprint author), ARS, SW Poultry Res Lab, USDA, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 23 TC 859 Z9 898 U1 14 U2 101 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 40 IS 9 BP 3256 EP 3260 DI 10.1128/JCM.40.9.3256-3260.2002 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 590NX UT WOS:000177829900023 PM 12202562 ER PT J AU Read, JJ Tarpley, L McKinion, JM Reddy, KR AF Read, JJ Tarpley, L McKinion, JM Reddy, KR TI Narrow-waveband reflectance ratios for remote estimation of nitrogen status in cotton SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Bouyoucos 2000 Conference CY OCT, 2000 CL CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS ID LEAF REFLECTANCE; PLANT STRESS; CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT; RED EDGE; INDEXES; MANAGEMENT; PRECISION; SPECTRA; DEFICIENCY; REGRESSION AB Tailoring nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in response to leaf N status may optimize N use efficiency and reduce off-site effects of excessive fertilizer use. This study compared leaf and canopy reflectance within the 350 to 950 nm range in order to identify reflectance ratios sensitive to leaf chlorophyll (Chl), and hence N status, in cotton. Plants were grown outdoors in large pots using half-strength Hoagland's (control) solution until some three-row plots received a restricted supply of N. Treatments comprised control, 20% of control N at first flower bud (square) onward; 0 and 20% of control N at first flower onward; and 0% of control N at fruit-filling onward. Despite leaf N values ranging from 51 to 19 g kg(-1) across treatments and sampling dates, a weak correlation was obtained between Chl and N (r(2) = 0.32, df = 70). In general, N stress led to increased reflectance at 695 +/- 2.5 mn (R-695) and decreased reflectance at R-410, and changes in leaf N were best correlated with either R-695 or R-755 in leaves and either R-410 or R-700 in canopies. The strongest associations between leaf constituent and canopy reflectance ratio were Chl vs. R-415/R-695 (r(2) = 0.72), carotenoids vs. R-415/R-685 (r(2) = 0.79), and N vs. R-415/R-710 (r(2) = 0.70). The R-415 measure appears to be a more stable spectral feature under N stress, as compared with more pronounced changes along the reflectance red edge (690-730 nm). Multiple regression identified a three-waveband canopy reflectance model that explained 80% of the variability in leaf N. Results indicate that remote sensing of N status in cotton is feasible using narrow-waveband reflectance ratios that involve the violet or blue region of the spectrum (400 to 450 nm) and the more commonly featured red-edge region. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Res & Extens Ctr, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. Plant & Soil Sci Dep, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Read, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RI 黄, 建荣/B-8070-2011; OI Reddy, Kambham Raja/0000-0002-7906-7755 NR 35 TC 78 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1442 EP 1452 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596GR UT WOS:000178156800003 PM 12371160 ER PT J AU Coale, FJ Sims, JT Leytem, AB AF Coale, FJ Sims, JT Leytem, AB TI Accelerated deployment of an agricultural nutrient management tool: the Maryland Phosphorus Site Index SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Bouyoucos 2000 Conference CY OCT, 2000 CL CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS AB In 1998, the Maryland legislature mandated nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nutrient management planning for nearly all of Maryland's commercial agricultural operations. State regulations required that a phosphorus indexing too] (P Index) be used for determining the potential for P losses from agricultural land, even though a reliable P Index did not exist. The development and assessment of the P Index as a dependable too] for the evaluation of the potential for P losses was constrained by a very aggressive implementation schedule imposed by state regulations. The Maryland Phosphorus Site Index (PSI) was evaluated on 646 state-representative field sites beginning in the spring of 1999 and continuing through the spring of 2000. Of the representative fields, 69% were determined to have a "low" P loss rating, 19% were in the "medium" P loss rating category, 8% were determined to be a "high" risk for P loss, and 4% rated as "very high" P loss potential. Fifty-five percent of the fields evaluated had soil test phosphorus (STP) levels less than the 75 mg kg(-1) Mehlich-1 P environmental threshold established by state regulations. The frequency distribution of PSI performance was evaluated for several subcategories of the statewide data set. The Maryland PSI will he deployed for use in constructing farm nutrient management plans well before its predictive capabilities can be objectively and rigorously validated. Field validation is essential. In the meantime, the Maryland PSI should function adequately as a too] to assist in the prioritization of field P loss risk potential. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. USDA ARS, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Coale, FJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Nat Resource Sci & Landscape Architecture, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 9 TC 38 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1471 EP 1476 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596GR UT WOS:000178156800006 PM 12371163 ER PT J AU Sharmasarkar, S Vance, GF AF Sharmasarkar, S Vance, GF TI Soil and plant selenium at a reclaimed uranium mine SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Bouyoucos 2000 Conference CY OCT, 2000 CL CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS ID ALLUVIAL SOILS; SORPTION; ADSORPTION; SPECIATION AB Selenium (Se) associated with reclaimed uranium (U) mine lands may result in increased food chain transfer and water contamination. To assess post-reclamation bioavailabitity of Se at a U mine site in southeastern Wyoming, we studied soil Se distribution, dissolution, speciation, and sorption characteristics and plant Se accumulation. Phosphate-extractable soil Se exceeded the critical limit of 0.5 mg/kg in all the samples, whereas total soil Se ranged from a low (0.6 mg/kg) to an extremely high (26 mg/kg) value. Selenite was the dominant species in phosphate and ammonium bicarbonate-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA) extracts, whereas selenate was the major Se species in hot water extracts. Extractable soil Se concentrations were in the order of KH2PO4 > AB-DTPA > hot water > saturated paste. The soils were undersaturated with respect to various Se solid phases, albeit with high levels of extractable Se surpassing the critical limit. Calcium and Mg minerals were the potential primary solids controlling Se dissolution, with dissolved organic carbon in the equilibrium solutions resulting in enhanced Se availability. Adsorption was a significant (r(2) = 0.76-0.99 at P < 0.05) mechanism governing Se availability and was best described by the initial mass isotherm model, which predicted a maximum reserve Se pool corresponding to 87% of the phosphate-extractable Se concentrations. Grasses, forbs, and shrubs accumulated 11 to 1800 mg Se/kg dry weight. While elevated levels of bioavailable Se may be potentially toxic, the plants accumulating high Se may be used for phytoremediation, or the palatable forage species may be used as animal feed supplements in Se-deficient areas. C1 USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Sharmasarkar, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, 9611 S Riverband Ave, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. NR 33 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1516 EP 1521 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596GR UT WOS:000178156800012 PM 12371169 ER PT J AU Wang, D Shannon, MC Grieve, CM Shouse, PJ Suarez, DL AF Wang, D Shannon, MC Grieve, CM Shouse, PJ Suarez, DL TI Ion partitioning among soil and plant components under drip, furrow, and sprinkler irrigation regimes: Field and modeling assessments SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Bouyoucos 2000 Conference CY OCT, 2000 CL CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS ID SALT TOLERANCE; DRAINAGE WATER; CHLORIDE; REUSE; CROP; CONDUCTIVITY; TRANSPORT; SODIUM; TIME AB Soil and water resources can be severely degraded by salinity when total salt input exceeds output in irrigated agriculture. This study was conducted to examine partitioning of Ca2+, Na+, and Cl- between soil and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plants under different irrigation regimes with both field and modeling assessments. In drip and sprinkler treatments, the irrigation water was salinized with NaCl and CaCl2 salts to simulate a Cl- and Na+ dominant saline drainage water. In the furrow irrigation treatment, the soil was salinized, prior to planting, with NaCl and CaCl2 Salts to simulate a Cl- and Na+ dominant saline soil. A total of 756 soil and 864 plant samples were collected and analyzed for the salt ions to obtain ion partitioning and mass balance assessments. Modeling of salt ion uptake by plants and distribution in the soil profile was performed with a two-dimensional solute transport model for the three irrigation regimes. Results indicated that about 20% of the applied Ca2+ was recovered in harvested soybean biomass in all treatments. Plant uptake of either Na+ or Cl- was less than 0.5% in the drip and farrow, and about 2% in the sprinkler irrigation treatment. Significant increases in soil salinity were found in the sprinkler plot that received the highest cumulative amount of salts. Simulated ion distributions in the soil were comparable with the measurements. Compared with the total seasonal salt input, mass balances between 65 and 108% were obtained. Most salt inputs accumulate in the soil, and need to be removed periodically to prevent soil salinization. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dep Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Pacific W Area, Albany, CA 94710 USA. USDA ARS, Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Wang, D (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dep Soil Water & Climate, 1991 Upper Buford Castle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 31 IS 5 BP 1684 EP 1693 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596GR UT WOS:000178156800031 PM 12371187 ER PT J AU Burger, O Todd, LC Burnett, P Stohlgren, TJ Stephens, D AF Burger, O Todd, LC Burnett, P Stohlgren, TJ Stephens, D TI Multi-scale and nested-intensity sampling techniques for archaeological survey SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY LA English DT Article AB This paper discusses sampling techniques for archaeological survey that are directed toward evaluating the properties of surface artifact distributions. The sampling techniques we experimented with consist of a multi-scale sampling plot developed in plant ecology and the use of a nested-intensity survey design. We present results from the initial application of these methods. The sampling technique we borrowed from plant ecology is the Modified-Whittaker multiscale sampling plot, which gathers observations at the spatial scales of 1 sq m, 10 sq m, 100 sq m, and 1000 sq m. Nested-intensity surveys gather observations on the same sample unites at multiple resolutions. We compare the results of a closely-spaced walking survey, a crawling survey, and a test excavation to a depth of 10 cm. These techniques were applied to ten 20 x 50 m survey plots distributed over an area of 418 ha near the Hudson-Meng Bison Bonebed in NW Nebraska. These approaches can significantly improve the accuracy of survey data. Our results show that high-resolution coverage techniques overlook more material than archacologists have suspected. The combined approaches of multi-scale and nested-intensity sampling provide new tools to improve our ability to investigate the properties of surface records. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Anthropol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Geol Survey, Ft Collins Sci Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Forest Serv, Chadron, NE USA. RP Burger, O (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Anthropol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM oskar@unm.edu NR 26 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 7 PU JOURNAL FIELD ARCHAEOLOGY PI BOSTON PA BOSTON UNIV 675 COMMONWEALTH AVE, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA SN 0093-4690 J9 J FIELD ARCHAEOL JI J. Field Archaeol. PD FAL-WIN PY 2002 VL 29 IS 3-4 BP 409 EP 423 DI 10.2307/3250900 PG 15 WC Archaeology SC Archaeology GA 888FC UT WOS:000226358600009 ER PT J AU Evans, JJ Klesius, PH Glibert, PM Shoemaker, CA Al Sarawi, MA Landsberg, J Duremdez, R Al Marzouk, A Al Zenki, S AF Evans, JJ Klesius, PH Glibert, PM Shoemaker, CA Al Sarawi, MA Landsberg, J Duremdez, R Al Marzouk, A Al Zenki, S TI Characterization of beta-haemolytic Group B Streptococcus agalactiae in cultured seabream, Sparus auratus L., and wild mullet, Liza klunzingeri (Day), in Kuwait SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article DE characterization; Kuwait; Liza klunzingeri; Sparus auratus; Streptococcus agalactiae ID NONHEMOLYTIC GROUP-B; TILAPIA OREOCHROMIS-NILOTICUS; FISH; INIAE; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS; INOCULATION; DIFFICILE; IB AB Streptococcus agalactiae was isolated from cultured gilthead seabream, Sparus auratus L., and diseased wild Klunzinger's mullet, Liza klunzingeri (Day), in Kuwait Bay, Arabian Gulf. Isolates were catalase negative, beta-haemolytic, Gram-positive cocci and serogroup B. Experimental infectivity trials with mullet and seabream brain isolates in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L., caused 100 and 90% mortality, respectively, within 7 days post-inoculation indicating virulent S. agalactiae as the bacterial pathogen responsible for the epizootic in Kuwait Bay. C1 ARS, USDA, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, Chestertown, MD 21620 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, Cambridge, MD USA. Kuwait Environm Publ Author, Safat, Kuwait. Florida Marine Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Kuwait Inst Sci Res, Kuwait, Kuwait. RP Evans, JJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Lab, 151 Dixon Dr, Chestertown, MD 21620 USA. EM joyce.evans@washcoll.edu RI glibert, patricia/G-1026-2013 OI glibert, patricia/0000-0001-5690-1674 NR 24 TC 110 Z9 127 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 25 IS 9 BP 505 EP 513 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2002.00392.x PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 592RG UT WOS:000177950200001 ER PT J AU Pruett, WP Biela, T Lattuada, CP Mrozinski, PM Barbour, WM Flowers, RS Osborne, W Reagan, JO Theno, D Cook, V McNamara, AM Rose, B AF Pruett, WP Biela, T Lattuada, CP Mrozinski, PM Barbour, WM Flowers, RS Osborne, W Reagan, JO Theno, D Cook, V McNamara, AM Rose, B TI Incidence of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in frozen beef patties produced over an 8-hour shift SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; SYSTEM; FOOD; BAX AB A ground beef patty processor detected Escherichia coli O157:H7 in five production lots during routine testing with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology. This finding stimulated research to determine the incidence and potential entry points of the pathogen during processing. One of these lots (53,960 kg) was divided into 71 pallets (760 kg each) of food service ground beef patties. Ten cartons (19 kg each) were removed from each pallet, for a total of 710 cartons. Four patties were taken from each carton and subdivided to provide comparable samples for E. coli O157:H7 analyses by three different laboratories. Two laboratories employed different immunoassay tests, and one used PCR to screen samples. One sample set was analyzed for aerobic plate, coliform, and E. coli Biotype I counts to determine if any relationship existed between these microbial groups and the incidence of E coli O157:H7. For 73 samples, presumptive positive results for E. coli O157:H7 were obtained by one or more methods. For 48 of these 73 samples, positive results for the pathogen were culture confirmed. The largest number (29) of culture-confirmed positive E coli O157:H7 results were detected by PCR. Most positive results were obtained during a short segment of processing. All culture-confirmed E. coli O157:H7 strains were further characterized by two genetic subtyping techniques, resulting in two to four different patterns, depending on the subtyping procedure employed. For any sample tested, the aerobic plate count was <3.0 log CFU/g, and coliform and E. coli Biotype I counts were less than or equal to1.00 log CFU/g. The results of this study suggest that most positive samples were associated with a contaminated batch of raw material introduced just before the 1725- to 1844-h processing segment. These results also indicate that more aggressive sampling plans and genetic screening technologies such as PCR may be used to better detect low levels of E coli O157:H7 in ground beef products. C1 Silliker Labs, Chicago Hts, IL 60411 USA. ConAgra Refrigerated Prepared Foods, Downers Grove, IL 60515 USA. Texas Amer Food Serv, Ft Worth, TX 76012 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Qualicon Inc, DuPont Subsidiary A, Wilmington, DE 19810 USA. Natl Cattlemens Beef Assoc, Englewood, CO 80156 USA. Foodmaker Inc, San Diego, CA 92123 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Sara Lee Corp, Food Safety & Technol, Cordova, TN 38018 USA. RP Pruett, WP (reprint author), Silliker Labs, 1304 Halsted St, Chicago Hts, IL 60411 USA. EM ppruett@crfc.com NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 65 IS 9 BP 1363 EP 1370 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 592NX UT WOS:000177944700001 PM 12233844 ER PT J AU Sharma, VK AF Sharma, VK TI Detection and quantitation of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157, O111, and O26 in beef and bovine feces by real-time polymerase chain reaction SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; CAUSE HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; MULTIPLEX PCR; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SEROGROUPS O26; TOXIN GENES; SHIGA; IDENTIFICATION; SEROTYPES; ASSAY AB Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 and certain non-O157 EHEC serotypes (such as O26:H11, O26: NM, O111:H8, and O111:NM) have emerged as significant causes of human disease throughout the world. Important virulence attributes of EHEC are the intimin protein (encoded by the eae gene) and Shiga toxins 1 and 2 (encoded by the stx1 and stx2 genes, respectively). Two sets of real-time polymerase chain reaction (R-PCR) assays were developed for the simultaneous detection and quantitation of EHEC through the monitoring of the presence of the eae and stx genes, and these assays were evaluated. In the eae(R-PCR) assay, three sets of primers and TaqMan probes were designed for the amplification and real-time detection of a portion of the eae gene specific to the EHEC O26, O111, and O157 serotypes. In the Stx(R-PCR) assay, two sets of primers and TaqMan probes were used to amplify and detect the stx1 and stx2 genes. DNA prepared from 67 bacterial strains carrying known virulence markers was' tested to determine the specificities of the two assays. In the eae(R-PCR) assay, eae(O157)- and eae(O111)-specific primer-probe sets identified only EHEC O157 and O111 strains, respectively. The eae(O26)-specific primer-probe set identified all EHEC O26 isolates and some Shiga toxin-negative serotypes of enteropathogenic E. coli and rabbit diarrheagenic E. coli. The stx(R-PCR) assay was able to identify only those strains carrying either or both of the Shiga toxin-encoding genes. The detection range of both R-PCR assays was linear over DNA concentrations corresponding to 10(3) to 10(8) CFU/ml of an EHEC strain. Both assays were able to detect and quantify very low levels (1 to 10 CFU/g of food or feces) of EHEC in feces and ground beef enriched for 16 h in a modified Trypticase soy broth. In conclusion, eae- and stx-based R-PCR assays are reliable and sensitive methods for the rapid screening and specific and quantitative detection of important serotypes of EHEC in cattle and in foods of bovine origin. C1 USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Sharma, VK (reprint author), USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 33 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 65 IS 9 BP 1371 EP 1380 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 592NX UT WOS:000177944700002 PM 12233845 ER PT J AU Niemira, BA Sommers, CH Fan, XT AF Niemira, BA Sommers, CH Fan, XT TI Suspending lettuce type influences recoverability and radiation sensitivity of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-BEAM IRRADIATION; DOSE GAMMA-IRRADIATION; PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS; QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS; MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE; SHELF-LIFE; BLUEBERRIES; VEGETABLES; SURVIVAL; PRODUCE AB An outbreak strain of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was inoculated onto closely related but structurally distinct types of lettuce (Lactuca sativa): Boston (butterhead lettuce), iceberg (crisphead lettuce), and green leaf and red leaf (colored variants of looseleaf lettuce). The E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated either onto the surface of cut leaf pieces or into a homogenized leaf suspension. Samples were gamma irradiated, and the radiation sensitivity of the inoculated bacteria was expressed as a D-value (the amount of ionizing radiation necessary to reduce the bacterial population by 90% [kGy]). The recovery of bacteria from nonirradiated leaf pieces was also measured. When inoculated onto the leaf surface, E. coli O157:H7 had significantly stronger radiation sensitivity on red leaf lettuce (D = 0.119 +/- 0.004 [standard error]) and green leaf lettuce (D = 0.123 +/- 0.003) than on iceberg lettuce (D = 0.136 +/- 0.004) or Boston lettuce (D = 0.140 +/- 0.003). When E. coli O157:H7 was inoculated into a homogenized leaf suspension, its sensitivity was significantly stronger on iceberg lettuce (D = 0.092 +/- 0.002) than on green leaf lettuce (D = 0.326 +/- 0.012), Boston lettuce (D = 0.331 +/- 0.009), or red leaf lettuce (D = 0.339 +/- 0.010), with a threefold difference. Significantly fewer bacteria were recovered from the surface of iceberg lettuce than from the surfaces of the other types of lettuce examined. Following radiation doses of up to 0.5 kGy, the texture (maximum shear strength) of lettuce leaves was measured along the midrib and along the leaf edge for each type of lettuce. There was no meaningful change in texture for any type of lettuce for either leaf section examined at any dose up to 0.5 kGy. These data show (i) that relatively subtle differences between lettuce types can significantly influence the radiation sensitivity of associated pathogenic bacteria and (ii) that doses of up to 0.5 kGy do not soften lettuce leaves. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Food Safety Intervent Technol Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Niemira, BA (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Food Safety Intervent Technol Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 20 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 8 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 65 IS 9 BP 1388 EP 1393 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 592NX UT WOS:000177944700004 PM 12233847 ER PT J AU Niemira, BA Fan, XT Sommers, CH AF Niemira, BA Fan, XT Sommers, CH TI Irradiation temperature influences product quality factors of frozen vegetables and radiation sensitivity of inoculated Listeria monocytogenes SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article AB Four frozen vegetables (broccoli, corn, lima beans, and peas) were gamma irradiated at subfreezing temperatures ranging from -5 to -20degreesC to determine (i) the radiation sensitivity of an inoculated outbreak strain of Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 49594), (ii) the effect of changing irradiation conditions (i.e., temperature) on that sensitivity, and (iii) the effect of the recommended radiation dose on the texture and color of irradiated frozen vegetables. The amounts of radiation necessary to reduce the bacterial population by 90% (D-10-values) for L. monocytogenes differed significantly among vegetables at each irradiation temperature. D-10 increased significantly with decreasing temperature for all vegetables, with each vegetable showing a different response pattern. At an irradiation temperature of -5degreesC, D-10 ranged from 0.505 kGy for broccoli to 0.60 kGy for corn. At -20degreesC, D-10 ranged from 0.767 kGy for lima beans to 0.916 kGy for peas. At -20degreesC, radiation doses sufficient to achieve a 5-log(10) kill (3.9 to 4.6 kGy) caused significant softening of peas and broccoli stems but not of corn or lima beans. Lower doses of comparable antimicrobial efficacy delivered at -5degreesC (2.5 to 3.1 kGy) did not cause significant changes in texture in any vegetable. Color varied significantly among the dose-temperature combinations only for broccoli florets; this variation did not demonstrate a clear pattern of quality changes in response to irradiation. C1 USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Food Safety Intervent Technol Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Niemira, BA (reprint author), USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Food Safety Intervent Technol Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 65 IS 9 BP 1406 EP 1410 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 592NX UT WOS:000177944700006 PM 12233849 ER PT J AU Zaika, LL AF Zaika, LL TI Effect of organic acids and temperature on survival of Shigella flexneri in broth at pH 4 SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 88th Annual Meeting of the International-Association-for-Food-Protection CY AUG 05-08, 2001 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA SP Int Assoc Food Protect ID UNITED-STATES AB The survival of bacterial pathogens in acidified foods depends not only on the hydrogen ion concentration, but also on the type of acid and the storage temperature. Shigella flexneri is a foodborne pathogen that is acid tolerant. The survival of S. flexneri 5348 in brain heart infusion broth supplemented with 0.04 M acetic, citric, lactic, malic, or tartaric acid and adjusted to pH 4 with HCl or NaOH was studied. The control medium was brain heart infusion broth adjusted to pH 4 with HCl. Stationary-phase cells were inoculated into media at initial populations of 6 to 7 log(10) CFU/ml and incubated at 4, 19, 28, and 37degreesC. A two-phase linear inactivation model was applied to plate count data to derive lag times (t(L)) and slopes of the curves, from which D-values and time required for a 4-log(10) decrease in population (T-4D) were calculated. In all cases, survival increased with decreasing temperature. For each acid, t(L), the D-value, and T-4D increased with decreasing temperature. All acids inhibited S. flexneri to some extent but to differing degrees as follows: lactic acid, acetic acid > citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid > HCl. The T-4D values for the control medium and for media containing acetic, citric, lactic, malic, and tartaric acids were 64, 47, 50, 34, 58, and 52 h, respectively, at 37degreesC and 2,607, 1,498, 1,905, 1,346, 1,726, and 2,134 h, respectively, at 4degreesC. The results of this study indicate that organic acids may aid in the inactivation of Shigella. However, these data also suggest that foods stored at or below room temperature containing low levels (<1%) of acids could cause illness if contaminated with Shigella. C1 USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Zaika, LL (reprint author), USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 65 IS 9 BP 1417 EP 1421 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 592NX UT WOS:000177944700008 PM 12233851 ER PT J AU Kanuganti, SR Wesley, IV Reddy, PG McKean, J Hurd, HS AF Kanuganti, SR Wesley, IV Reddy, PG McKean, J Hurd, HS TI Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in pigs and pork SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID MEAT-PRODUCTS; UNITED-STATES; ANIMALS; CONTAMINATION; OUTBREAK; MARKET AB In this study, we surveyed hogs (n = 300) as well as pork products (ground pork and raw chitterlings) for Listeria monocytogenes. Pig specimens collected before (tonsil swabs) and after slaughter (tonsils, lymph nodes, carcass swabs, and rectal contents) were examined for L. monocytogenes by enrichment with conventional enrichment broths followed by subculturing to selective agar. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the highly conserved 16S rRNA gene of the Listeria species as well as the hlyA gene unique to L monocytogenes was used to screen aliquots of the enrichment (method I) as well as to confirm presumptive Listeria colonies from Columbia agar with 0.05% glucose supplemented with polymyxin B-acriflavine-lithium chloride-ceftazidime-aesculin-mannitol (PALCAM; method II). Subculturing to PALCAM agar was the more sensitive of the two methods on the basis of the overall detection of Listeria. For hog tissues, method I detected L monocytogenes (0.87% positive) and no other Listeria spp. in all samples (n = 1,849). In contrast, method II detected significantly more (P < 0.05) L. monocytogenes (2.38%) and Listeria spp. (0.38%) in these tissues. For small intestines (n = 300 raw chitterlings), L monocytogenes was identified in 8.3% of enrichments with University of Vermont modified Listeria enrichment broth; plating to PALCAM slightly improved recovery (9%). Overall, ground pork samples (n = 340) harbored L monocytogenes (45% positive) and other Listeria species (1.5% positive), as determined by method I. Subculturing to PALCAM significantly (P < 0.05) improved the detection of L. monocytogenes (50.2%) but not that of other Listeria species (1.7%). L monocytogenes isolates (n = 243) were assigned to serotype 1 (53.5%), serotype 4 (25%), and serotypes other than 1 and 4 (21.4%). C1 USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Tuskegee Univ, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Wesley, IV (reprint author), USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 25 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 65 IS 9 BP 1470 EP 1474 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 592NX UT WOS:000177944700017 PM 12233860 ER PT J AU Nutt, JD Kubena, LF Nisbet, DJ Ricke, SC AF Nutt, JD Kubena, LF Nisbet, DJ Ricke, SC TI Virulence response of a Salmonella Typhimurium hilA : lacZY fusion strain to spent media from pure cultures of selected bacteria and poultry cecal mixed culture SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID INVASION GENES; BROILER CHICKS; COLONIZATION; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION; LOCUS; MUCUS; CROP AB Virulence gene expression in Salmonella is triggered by a variety of environmental factors including changes in the gastrointestinal environment of birds during different dietary regimes. The objective of this study was to determine if growth of specific microorganisms alters the environmental conditions sufficiently to signal Salmonella Typhimurium virulence response. Spent media was obtained from a Salmonella Typhimurium hilA:lacZY fusion strain, a poultry Salmonella Typhimurium strain, Escherichia coli K12, and Lactobacillus caseii. Spent media samples were collected after 2, 4, 8 and 24 h of growth in brain heart infusion broth (BHI) and M9 media. beta-galactosidase assays were performed on the samples to determine virulence expression. Virulence response to Salmonella spent media was 2-fold greater than Lactobacillus spent media at 4, 8 and 24 h growth (P<0.05). Virulence expression almost doubled when exposed to Salmonella Typhimurium (NONA) spent media compared to mixed culture spent media at 4 h, and Salmonella Typhimurium (NONA) was significantly higher than mixed culture spent media at 24 h (P<0.05). Based on these results, it appears that growth of similar bacterial species may alter the composition of rich media sufficiently to influence virulence. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Ricke, SC (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, MS 2472, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 169 EP 181 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.2002.tb00339.x PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 593DQ UT WOS:000177976300003 ER PT J AU Fan, X Thayer, DW AF Fan, X Thayer, DW TI Formation of malonaldehyde, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde in apple juice induced by ionizing radiation SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acetaldehyde; formaldehyde; irradiation; juice; malonaldehyde ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ORAL TOXICITY; ORANGE JUICE; SORBIC ACID; OXIDATION; IRRADIATION; FOODS; INACTIVATION; SYSTEMS AB We investigated the effects of ionizing radiation on the formation of malonaldehyde (MA), formaldehyde (FA), and acetaldehyde (ACT) in apple juice. The formation of MA, FA, and ACT in both pasteurized and fresh juice increased with radiation dose. The G values (number of species formed per 100 eVabsorbed) for MA, FA, and ACT in pasteurized juice were 0.0056, 0.061, and 0.044, respectively. MA concentration decreased rapidly during storage at 5 degreesC, while ACT and FA did not. Irradiation-induced formation of MA, FA, and ACT decreased with decreasing irradiation temperature. Exclusion of oxygen during irradiation reduced formation of ACT and FA, but not MA. Adding 1000 ppm of ascorbate,sorbate,or sulfite to juice before irradiation also decreased MA formation. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fan, X (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 41 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 67 IS 7 BP 2523 EP 2528 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 603MR UT WOS:000178563900014 ER PT J AU Ruliffson, JA Gobster, PH Haight, RG Homans, FR AF Ruliffson, JA Gobster, PH Haight, RG Homans, FR TI Niches in the urban forest: Organizations and their role in acquiring metropolitan open space SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE open space; urban forestry; urbanization AB As a response strategy to minimize the impacts of urban sprawl, public and private organizations are striving to acquire open lands that will contribute to a resilient and multifunctional urban forest. In the Chicago metropolitan region, we interviewed representatives of 15 organizations to understand the land acquisition process-the structures and functions of groups involved, their acquisition goals, and the cooperation among groups as they work to build metropolitan green infrastructure. Our findings reveal strength in diversity-a variety of groups working at different levels with complementary goals can help meet the complex challenges of land protection in rapidly urbanizing areas. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Evanston, IL USA. USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Ruliffson, JA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Appl Econ, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Gobster, Paul/A-2826-2013 OI Gobster, Paul/0000-0002-8576-0310 NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 10 U2 19 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 100 IS 6 BP 16 EP 23 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 585ZK UT WOS:000177557300008 ER PT J AU Ellefson, PV Moulton, RJ Kilgore, MA AF Ellefson, PV Moulton, RJ Kilgore, MA TI An assessment of state agencies that affect forests SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE policy; state forestry ID FRAGMENTATION; CONSOLIDATION AB A 2000 assessment finds that-state agencies affecting forest conditions are dispersed over all levels of state government and that a state's lead forestry agency is often but one of many units involved in forestry. Most of these agencies directly determine forest uses and forest management activities, yet many affect forest conditions through programs focused on fisheries and wildlife, water pollution and park and recreation management. The consequences of dispersed responsibility for forests are usually viewed as adverse, yet there are also important benefits, including efficiencies arising from competition between agencies and additional ways that citizens can interact with government. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, State & Private Forestry, Forest Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Ellefson, PV (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Forest Resources, 115 Green Hall,1530 cleveland Ave N, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 100 IS 6 BP 35 EP 41 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 585ZK UT WOS:000177557300010 ER PT J AU Progar, RA Moldenke, AR AF Progar, RA Moldenke, AR TI Insect production from temporary and perennially flowing headwater streams in western Oregon SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AQUATIC INSECTS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; FEEDING ECOLOGY; FORESTS; INTERMITTENT; COMMUNITIES; HABITATS; SEDIMENT; MAYFLIES; DYNAMICS AB To evaluate the contribution of headwater streams to the forest ecosystem of the Pacific Northwest, we used emergence traps to examine the effect of stream flow (perennial vs. dry-season temporary) on emergent aquatic insect fauna at three sites in the conifer forests of western Oregon. Total density and biomass of aquatic insects were higher in temporary streams than in perennial streams. Taxonomic richness was consistently higher in perennial streams. The number of Chironomidae exceeded those of all other taxa, during the spring, but the chironomids were largely replaced by Mycetophilidae as the most abundant taxon during the summer, especially in temporary streams. Trichoptera, and Ephemeroptera emerged in higher numbers from perennial than from temporary streams. These results are consistent with our hypothesis that the absence of vertebrate predators (fish and giant salamanders) allows the populations of arthropods in temporary streams to flourish, serving as: (1) a potential source of colonization and (2) an important role in the terrestrial food web as an abundant food source for terrestrial insectivores. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Boise, ID 83709 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Entomol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Progar, RA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 1249 S Vinnell Way,Suite 200, Boise, ID 83709 USA. NR 58 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 8 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 391 EP 407 DI 10.1080/02705060.2002.9663913 PG 17 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 593WN UT WOS:000178017600007 ER PT J AU Brooks, RT Miller, SD Newsted, J AF Brooks, RT Miller, SD Newsted, J TI The impact of urbanization on water and sediment chemistry of ephemeral forest pools SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We compared the water and sediment composition of two ephemeral pools located in forested settings in a developed suburban area with two similar pools located in extensive forest in Massachusetts. We also compared the macroinvertebrate communities. The sediments of the forest pools were 100% organic material, while those of the urban pools were predominantly silt. The sediments of the urban pools were contaminated with elevated levels of barium, chromium, and lead. The water of the urban pools had higher pH, conductivity, and alkalinity and less dissolved oxygen than did the forest pools. Both urban and forest pool macroinvertebrate communities were dominated by Oligochaeta and Chironomidae, and while we expected to find differences in the macroinvertebrate communities, no commonly used metric or index clearly indicated differences. More extensive surveys of urban and reference pools may lead to the,development of invertebrate biomonitoring protocols for ephemeral forest pools. C1 Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn,Joldsworth Nat Resources Ctr 201, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Entrix, Okemos, MI 48864 USA. RP Brooks, RT (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn,Joldsworth Nat Resources Ctr 201, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 485 EP 488 DI 10.1080/02705060.2002.9663924 PG 4 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 593WN UT WOS:000178017600018 ER PT J AU Wang, Y Georgi, LL Reighard, GL Scorza, R Abbott, AG AF Wang, Y Georgi, LL Reighard, GL Scorza, R Abbott, AG TI Genetic mapping of the evergrowing gene in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID BULK SEGREGANT ANALYSIS; RAPD MARKERS; MOLECULAR MARKERS; RESISTANCE GENES; COLD-ACCLIMATION; EVERGREEN PEACH; SSR MARKERS; LINKAGE MAP; IDENTIFICATION; AFLP AB In temperate locations, terminal apices on evergrowing (also called evergreen) peach trees keep growing in winter until killed by low temperatures, while the lateral buds go into dormancy. A recessive allele of a single gene (evergrowing or evg) controls this trait in peach. The amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique and bulked segregant analysis were applied to construct a local genetic linkage map for the evg gene from the cross Empress op op dwarf x Evergrowing (P.I. 442380). This map, comprising nine AFLP markers and the evg locus, covers a total genetic distance of 79.3 cM. Four dominant AFLP markers (EAT/MCAC, ETT/ MCCA2, EAT/MCTA, and ETT/MACC) were linked to the evg locus at distances of 1, 5.3, 6.7, and 11.7 cM, respectively. EAT/MCAC and EAT/MCTA were converted into polymorphic sequence-tagged sites. Microsatellite markers in the evg region were developed from peach bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones that hybridized to the AFLP marker fragments. Using three microsatellite anchor markers (pchgms12, pchgms17, and pchgms19), the local genetic linkage map was integrated into one minor linkage group of a previously constructed peach rootstock genetic linkage map. Three AFLP markers from the rootstock genetic linkage map were found linked to the evg locus. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Hort, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Genet & Biochem, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Reighard, GL (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Hort, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 34 TC 36 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 93 IS 5 BP 352 EP 358 DI 10.1093/jhered/93.5.352 PG 7 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 635MJ UT WOS:000180402900007 PM 12547924 ER PT J AU Turley, RB Kloth, RH AF Turley, RB Kloth, RH TI Identification of a third fuzzless seed locus in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID INITIATION AB Segregating populations were developed to evaluate the inheritance of the fuzzless seed phenotypes in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Accession 143 of the Mississippi Obsolete Variety Collection (MOVC) has a fuzzless seed phenotype. This line carries the n(2) locus which is recessive to the seed fuzz phenotype. Data from the F-2, BC1F1, F-2:3, and BC1F2 populations of DP 5690 x 143 fit a two-loci model for expression of the recessive fuzzless seed phenotype. Fuzzless seeds were obtained in n(2)n(2) plants when a second recessive locus (n(3)) was present. The dominant N-3 allele found in DID 5690 confers the fuzzy seed phenotype in homozygous n2 plants. Accession 243 of the MOVC carries the N-1 locus, which is dominant to the presence of seed coat fuzz. No variation from expected ratios was observed in the F-2, BC1F1, F-2:3, and BC1F2 populations of the DP 5690 x 243 cross. The N-3 allele had no apparent effect on the expression of the N-1 locus. In a cross between accessions 243 x 143, a few plants were observed which were completely devoid of lint and fuzz fiber (fiberless). A fiberless line was developed from one of these fiberless plants. This line was designated MD 17 fiberless. In a cross between DP 5690 x MD 17 fiberless, we demonstrated that at least three loci were involved in the expression of the fiberless phenotype. The involvement of n(2) and n(3) in the expression of this fiberless phenotype was demonstrated in the F-2 progeny of the cross between 143 x MD 17 fiberless. This is the first demonstration that N-1, n(2), and n(3) interacted to produce fiberless seed. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Turley, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res, POB 345, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 21 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 93 IS 5 BP 359 EP 364 DI 10.1093/jhered/93.5.359 PG 6 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 635MJ UT WOS:000180402900008 PM 12547925 ER PT J AU Ledbetter, CA Aung, LH Palmquist, DE AF Ledbetter, CA Aung, LH Palmquist, DE TI The effect of fruit maturity on quality and colour shift of dried 'Patterson' apricot during eight months of cold storage SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; SOLUBLE SUGARS; CULTIVARS; PRUNUS; FRESH; PEACH AB Fresh 'Patterson' apricot was harvested at three fruit maturity levels and characterized with measurements of flesh colour, Brix, acidity and levels of specific sugars. Fruit from the three maturity classes were sun-dried under uniform conditions. Dry fruit was again analysed for the content of specific sugars before cold storage. Stored fruit were sampled periodically for colour coordinates L*, C* and Hdegrees during an eight-month period. The study was repeated for two harvest seasons. In each season, significant differences (P less than or equal to 0.05) were observed between the three fruit maturity classes for Brix, acidity, C* and Hdegrees. Levels of specific sugars varied significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) with regard to fruit maturity class, tissue type and fruit status. Regression analysis of colour coordinate changes during the storage period indicated significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) differences in rate of colour shift of L*, C* and Hdegrees relative to fruit maturity class. While dried fruit of the immature class was of substandard quality after the storage period, both medium and most mature dry fruit were of sufficient quality to warrant marketing even after eight months of cold storage. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, San Joaquin Valley Agr Sci Ctr, Hort Crops Res Lab, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Midw Area Off, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Ledbetter, CA (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, San Joaquin Valley Agr Sci Ctr, Hort Crops Res Lab, 9611 S Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU HEADLEY BROTHERS LTD PI ASHFORD PA INVICTA PRESS, ASHFORD TN24 8HH, KENT, ENGLAND SN 0022-1589 J9 J HORTIC SCI BIOTECH JI J. Horticult. Sci. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 77 IS 5 BP 526 EP 533 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 611NK UT WOS:000179024000004 ER PT J AU Lahr, ML Gibbs, RM AF Lahr, ML Gibbs, RM TI Mobility of section 8 families in Alameda County SO JOURNAL OF HOUSING ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID RESIDENTIAL-MOBILITY; GAUTREAUX PROGRAM; URBAN AREAS; LOGIT MODEL; MIGRATION; RACE; NEIGHBORHOODS; OPPORTUNITY; CHOICE; DETERMINANTS AB During the early 1990s, Section 8 vouchers were touted by the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) as the way to provide greater housing choice for the poor while also deconcentrating them. Toward the end of the 1990s, however, evidence mounted that the voucher system was not deconcentrating the poor. In response, HUD developed a set of five major demonstration programs that supplemented the vouchers with various arrays of social services. While waiting for results of these programs to return, HUD discovered that Section 8 participants in local housing authorities in Alameda County, California, were experiencing an unexpected amount of interjurisdictional mobility toward suburban locations. Using a local database of 16,951 Section 8 families and both logit and multinomial logit analysis, this paper presents a cursory examination into the motivations of their suburban mobility. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 State Univ New Jersey, Ctr Urban Policy Res, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Lahr, ML (reprint author), State Univ New Jersey, Ctr Urban Policy Res, 33 Livington Ave,Suite 400, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM lahr@rci.rutgers.edu; rgibbs@ers.usda.gov NR 60 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1051-1377 J9 J HOUS ECON JI J. Hous. Econ. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 11 IS 3 BP 187 EP 213 AR PII S1051-1377(02)00101-8 DI 10.1016/S1051-1377(02)00101-8 PG 27 WC Economics; Urban Studies SC Business & Economics; Urban Studies GA 602KJ UT WOS:000178504200002 ER PT J AU Lewis, DK Spurgeon, D Sappington, TW Keeley, LL AF Lewis, DK Spurgeon, D Sappington, TW Keeley, LL TI A hexamerin protein, AgSP-1, is associated with diapause in the boll weevil SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arylphorin; storage protein; boll weevil; Anthonomus grandis; diapause ID COLORADO POTATO BEETLE; HORMONE-SUPPRESSIBLE HEXAMERIN; PHENOL-CHLOROFORM EXTRACTION; SINGLE-STEP METHOD; JUVENILE-HORMONE; STORAGE PROTEINS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; HEMOLYMPH-PROTEINS; ANTHONOMUS-GRANDIS; MOLECULAR-CLONING AB The objective of this research was to identify a reliable biochemical indicator for diapause (dormancy) in the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis. Hemolymph polypeptides from reproductive and diapausing weevils were compared using denaturing sodium dodecyl sulpfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). A 77-kDa protein, which proved to be a hexamerin (AgSP-1), strongly correlated with morphological diapause characters in both male and female adult weevils. N-terminal sequence analysis identified the first 25 amino acids of the mature protein and was used to develop an antibody to AgSP-1. Anti-AgSP-1 reacted only with hemolymph from diapausing weevils of both sexes but not with hemolymph from reproductive weevils. Also, the yolk protein, vitellogenin (VG), inversely correlated with AgSP-1. When hemolymph VG was high, AgSP-1 was absent or barely perceptible. Juvenile hormone regulates VG synthesis in most insect species. Juvenile hormone is reported to stimulate reproductive maturation in the boll weevil (Physiological Entomology 22 (1997) 261) and to be absent during diapause (Physiological Entomology 22 (1997a) 269). Therefore, the juvenile hormone (JH) mimic, methoprene, was used to assess the role of JH activity in the boll weevil for terminating diapause, stimulating reproductive maturation and possibly influencing AgSP-1 titers. Application of methoprene was not effective in activating reproductive development. Hemolymph from methoprene-treated, females contained VG and AgSP-1 titers that were similar to acetone-treated and untreated control weevils. Using a genomic DNA library and 3' RACE, two clones were isolated that yielded the complete sequence of AgSP-1 as well as a portion of the 5' untranslated region. Northern blot analysis confirmed the presence of a 2.5 kB transcript for AgSP-1 in the fat body of diapausing weevils. AgSP-1 was also present in the fat body of reproductive weevils, but to a lesser extent. No sex-related differences in gene expression were observed; diapausing weevils of both sexes showed similar levels of AgSP-1 expression. An inverse correlation was observed between the VG transcript and AgSP-1 mRNA. VG was highly expressed in the fat body of reproductive females and only slightly expressed in tissue from diapausing females. Our data suggests that AgSP-1 is a diapause-specific protein in adult weevils and that JH, alone, is not effective in terminating diapause. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Keeley, LL (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 81 TC 22 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 48 IS 9 BP 887 EP 901 AR PII S0022-1910(02)00158-0 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(02)00158-0 PG 15 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 608MY UT WOS:000178851100006 ER PT J AU Lewis, EE Shapiro-Ilan, DI AF Lewis, EE Shapiro-Ilan, DI TI Host cadavers protect entomopathogenic nematodes during freezing SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cadaver; entomopathogenic nematode; freezing tolerance; Galleria mellonella; Heterorhabditis; Rhabditida; Steinernema; survival ID STEINERNEMA-SCAPTERISCI RHABDITIDA; HETERORHABDITIS-BACTERIOPHORA; AQUEOUS SUSPENSION; INFECTED HOSTS; COLD TOLERANCE; PERSISTENCE; COLEOPTERA; SURVIVAL; LARVAE; GRYLLOTALPIDAE AB The entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema glaseri, and Steinernema feltiae were exposed to freezing while inside their hosts. Survival was assessed by observing live and dead nematodes inside cadavers and by counting the infective juveniles (Us) that emerged after freezing, We (1) measured the effects of 24 h of freezing at different times throughout the course of an infection, (2) determined the duration of freezing entomopathogenic nematodes could survive, (3) deter-mined species differences in freezing survival. Highest stage-specific survival was IJs for S. carpocapsae, and adults for H. bacteriophora. When cadavers were frozen two or three days after infection, few Us emerged from them. Freezing between five and seven days after infection had no negative effect on U production. No decrease in IJ production was measured for H. bacteriophora after freezing. H. bacteriophora also showed improved survival inside versus outside their host when exposed to freezing. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Virginia Tech, Dept Entomol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, SAA, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RP Lewis, EE (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Dept Entomol, Price Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 25 TC 18 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 81 IS 1 BP 25 EP 32 AR PII S0022-2011(02)00115-5 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(02)00115-5 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 615UQ UT WOS:000179265700004 PM 12417210 ER PT J AU Pereira, RM Williams, DF Becnel, JJ Oi, DH AF Pereira, RM Williams, DF Becnel, JJ Oi, DH TI Yellow-head disease caused by a newly discovered Mattesia sp in populations of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GREGARINE PARASITE; LEPTOTHORAX ANTS; NORTH-AMERICA C1 USDA ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Pereira, RM (reprint author), USDA ARS, CMAVE, 1600 SW 23rd Dr,POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RI Pereira, Roberto/B-5008-2010 OI Pereira, Roberto/0000-0002-5618-7690 NR 19 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 81 IS 1 BP 45 EP 48 AR PII S0022-2011(02)00116-7 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(02)00116-7 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 615UQ UT WOS:000179265700006 PM 12417212 ER PT J AU Johansson, RC Coggins, JS AF Johansson, RC Coggins, JS TI Union density effects in the supermarket industry SO JOURNAL OF LABOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LIMITED DEPENDENT VARIABLES; WAGE; ENDOGENEITY; SELECTION AB Unions provide higher than competitive wages for members, but their effect on nonunion wages is not clear We investigate the effect of union density on supermarket wages from 1986 to 1993, a period of declining. real wages and declining union membership.. Full-information maximum likelihood techniques are used to estimate log wage equations for both the union and nonunion sectors. Decomposition techniques then separate the union wage premium into the relative effects of densities and union membership. We find a significant, positive effect of union density for both union and nonunion employees. This effect explains approximately one-third of the union-nonunion wage differential. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Johansson, RC (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOURNAL OF LABOR RESEARCH PI FAIRFAX PA DEPT ECONOMICS GEORGE MASON UNIV, FAIRFAX, VA 22030-4444 USA SN 0195-3613 J9 J LABOR RES JI J. Labor Res. PD FAL PY 2002 VL 23 IS 4 BP 673 EP 684 DI 10.1007/s12122-002-1035-1 PG 12 WC Industrial Relations & Labor SC Business & Economics GA 633WX UT WOS:000180308600011 ER PT J AU Guerrero, FD Alison, MW Kammlah, DM Foil, LD AF Guerrero, FD Alison, MW Kammlah, DM Foil, LD TI Use of the polymerase chain reaction to investigate the dynamics of pyrethroid resistance in Haematobia irritans irritans (Diptera : Muscidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Haematobia irritans; polymerase chain reaction; resistance mechanism; overwintering; sodium channel; mutation ID HORN FLIES DIPTERA; KNOCKDOWN RESISTANCE; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; FLY DIPTERA; POINT MUTATIONS; REACTION ASSAY; GENE; KDR; POPULATIONS; DIAZINON AB A field study was conducted from 1991 through 1997 to evaluate the use of pyrethroid and organophosphate (OP) car tags, alternated yearly, for the control of a pyrethroid resistant horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), population in Louisiana. Fly resistance was monitored by weekly fly counts, filter paper bioassays and diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the presence of pyrethroid resistance-associated mutations in the sodium channel gene coding region. Fly control in the first study year was poor, as pyrethroid ear tags were effective for only 7 wk. The following year, OP ear tags provided 15 wk of fly control. However, in all subsequent years, fly control was poor with both types of ear tags. The PCR assays showed that there were very few female flies homozygous for the pyrethroid susceptible sodium channel allele, never rising above 10% of the total females in the population. A fitness cost appeared to be associated with the pyrethroid resistant allele, as the resistant form was selected against in the absence of the pyrethroid ear tags. Despite this selection in favor of the susceptible allele and the annual alternation of pyrethroid and OP ear tags, the percentage of homozygous susceptible flies never reached over 19% of the population, resistant alleles of the sodium channel remained at high levels in the population, and horn fly control on cattle with either type of tag quickly became minimal. C1 USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, NE Res Stn, Winnsboro, LA 71295 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ctr Agr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Guerrero, FD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 26 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 39 IS 5 BP 747 EP 754 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-39.5.747 PG 8 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 594DE UT WOS:000178032800008 PM 12349858 ER PT J AU Davey, RB George, JE AF Davey, RB George, JE TI Efficacy of macrocyclic lactone endectocides against Boophilus microplus (Acari : Ixodidae) infested cattle using different pour-on application treatment regimes SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Boophilus microphis; control; macrocyclic lactone; cattle tick; moxidectin; ivermectin ID IVERMECTIN; FORMULATIONS; EPRINOMECTIN; INFESTATIONS; MOXIDECTIN; CALVES AB The efficacy of pour-on formulations of three macrocyclic lactone endectocides (moxidectin, ivermectin, and eprinomectin) was evaluated on cattle against Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) using two different treatment regimes. A single application treatment regime with each endectocide showed that fewer ticks per calf were recovered from all treated calves than from untreated cattle, but the level of control among the three treatments was similar (range; 78.7-87.7%) against all stages of ticks on the calves at the time of treatment. The engorged female and egg mass weights of all treated ticks were less than that of untreated ticks. Among the treated groups, the ivermectin and eprinomectin-treated females weighed less and produced lower weight egg masses than those from moxidectin-treated cattle. In a double application treatment regime with a 4-d interval between treatments, there were fewer ticks per calf recovered from the treated cattle than from untreated cattle. In addition, all treated females weighed less and produced lower weight egg masses than those from untreated cattle. Control with moxidectin (90.3%) was lower than with either ivermectin (98.9%) or eprinomectin (99.7%). The mean female and egg mass weight of the ivermectin and eprinomectin-treated groups was also less than that of the moxidectin treatment. A single application treatment against either 18- or 20-d-old adult ticks indicated that both moxidectin and ivermectin were less effective against 20-d-old ticks that were nearer to completing their parasitic development on the animal. In contrast, eprinomectin was the only endectocide tested that was equally effective against both 18- and 20-d-old ticks. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Area, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Davey, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Area, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, Route 3,Box 1010, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. NR 19 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 39 IS 5 BP 763 EP 769 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-39.5.763 PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 594DE UT WOS:000178032800010 PM 12349860 ER PT J AU Guerrero, FD Li, AY Hernandez, R AF Guerrero, FD Li, AY Hernandez, R TI Molecular diagnosis of pyrethroid resistance in Mexican strains of Boophilus microplus (Acari : Ixodidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Boophilus microplus; polymerase chain reaction; resistance mechanism; diagnostic; sodium channel; mutation ID SODIUM-CHANNEL GENE; SOUTHERN CATTLE TICK; POINT MUTATIONS; IDENTIFICATION; KDR; INSECTICIDES AB Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic assays were used to identify possible resistance-associated roles of two amino acid substitutions found in pyrethroid resistance-associated genes of Boophilus microplus (Canestrini). Individual larvae from the San Felipe target site resistant strain and the Coatzacoalcos (Cz) metabolic resistant strain were separated into resistant and susceptible groups by larval packet bioassays and analyzed by PCR. A Phe --> Ile amino acid mutation in the sodium channel gene S6 transmembrane segment of domain III was found to have a close association with survival of acaricide treatments containing as high as 30% permethrin. As the permethrin close was increased, an increase was seen in the proportion of surviving larvae that possessed two mutated sodium channel alleles. An Asp --> Asn amino acid Substitution, originally found in high allele frequency in alleles of the CzEst9 esterase of the Cz strain, appeared to provide some resistance to permethrin. However, the presence of the mutation did not associate with resistance in the dose-response fashion seen with the sodium channel amino acid mutation. Resistance provided by CzEst9 might be more dependent on concentration of CzEst9 more so than the presence of a mutated allele. C1 USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. Cenid Parasitol Vet INFAP SAGARPA, Morelos 62500, Mexico. RP Guerrero, FD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 20 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 39 IS 5 BP 770 EP 776 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-39.5.770 PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 594DE UT WOS:000178032800011 PM 12349861 ER PT J AU Shapiro-Ilan, DI Mizell, RF Campbell, JF AF Shapiro-Ilan, DI Mizell, RF Campbell, JF TI Susceptibility of the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar, to entomopathogenic nematodes SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control; Conotrachelus nenuphar; entomopathogenic nematode; Heterorhabditis; reproduction; Steinernema; virulence ID BLACK VINE WEEVIL; HETERORHABDITID NEMATODES; STEINERNEMATID NEMATODES; ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES; DIAPREPES-ABBREVIATUS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; COLEOPTERA; RHABDITIDA; LARVAE; HELIOTHIDIS AB The plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphur, is a major pest of pome and stone fruit. Our objective was to determine virulence and reproductive potential of six commercially available nematode species in C. nenuphur larvae and adults. Nematodes tested were Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Hb strain), H. marelatus (Point Reyes strains), H. megidis (UK211 strain). Steinernema riobrave (355 strain). S. carpocapsae (All strain), and S.feltiae (SN strain). Survival of C. nenuphar larvae treated with S. feltiae and S. riobrave, and survival of adults treated with S. carpocapsae and S. riobrave, was reduced relative to non-treated insects. Other nematode treatments were not different from the control. Conotrachelus nenuphar larvae were more susceptible to S. feltiae infection than were adults but for other nematode species there was no significant insect-stage effect. Reproduction in C. nenuphar was greatest for H. marelatus, which produced approximately 10,000 nematodes in larvae and 5.500 in adults. Other nematodes produced approximately 1,000 to 3,700 infective juveniles per C. nenuphar with no significant differences among nematode species or insect stages, We conclude that S. carpocapsae S. riobrave appears to have the most potential for controlling adults, whereas S. feltiae or S. riobrave appears to have the most potential for larval control. C1 USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol, Quincy, FL USA. USDA ARS, GMPRC, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Shapiro-Ilan, DI (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Fruit & Tree Nut Res Lab, Byron, GA 31008 USA. RI Campbell, James/J-9901-2012 NR 32 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 34 IS 3 BP 246 EP 249 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 639UU UT WOS:000180648400010 PM 19265940 ER PT J AU Handoo, ZA AF Handoo, ZA TI A key and compendium to species of the Heterodera avenae group (Nematoda : Heteroderidae) SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE compendium; cyst; diagnostic compendium; Heterodera avenae group; identification; kev; morphology; nematode taxonomy ID CEREAL CYST NEMATODES; SP-N NEMATODA; PROTEIN-PATTERNS; IDENTIFICATION; MORPHOMETRICS; GRASS AB A key based on cyst and juvenile characters is given for identification of 12 valid Heterodera species in the H. avenae group. A compendium providing the most important diagnostic characters for use in identification of species is included as a supplement to the key. Cyst characters are most useful for seperating species: these include shape, color, cyst wall pattern, fenestration, vulval slit length, and the posterior cone including presence or absence of bullae and underbridge. Also useful are those of second-stage juvenile characteristics including aspects of the stylet knobs, tail terminus, and lateral field. Photomicrographs of diagnostically important morphological features complement the compendium. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Handoo, ZA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 29 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 34 IS 3 BP 250 EP 262 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 639UU UT WOS:000180648400011 PM 19265941 ER PT J AU Lifschitz, CH Grusak, MA Butte, NF AF Lifschitz, CH Grusak, MA Butte, NF TI Carbohydrate digestion in humans from a beta-glucan-enriched barley is reduced SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE barley; stable isotope; beta-glucan; obesity; diabetes ID GLUCOSE; MEN; ABSORPTION; RESPONSES; HYDROGEN; INSULIN; CEREALS; RATS AB Obese and diabetic patients may benefit from foodstuffs that are poorly absorbed and/or digested at a slower rate. Prowashonupana (PW) is a cultivar of barley, whose grains are enriched in beta-glucans, and thus may be less digestible than standard barley (barley cultivar (BZ) 594.35.e). To test this, both kinds of barley were grown in a chamber into which (CO2)-C-13 was injected. On two occasions, 10 healthy hydrogen (H-2-producing adults consumed in random order one 35-g portion of each of the cooked, dehulled C-13-enriched grains. CO2 production was measured in a whole-body direct calorimeter, and H-2 and (CO2)-C-13 were measured in breath at baseline and intermittently for 450 min. The percentage of the C-13 dose recovered in breath was calculated. Results were compare(I by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The percentage of the C-13 dose oxidized was greater after BZ than after PW consumption (P < 0.05). The area under the curve for H-2 was greater after PW (mean So, 8658 +/- 6582) than after BZ (5178 +/- 4759) intake (P < 0.05), whereas 11 here was no difference in CO2 production. We conclude that absorption of PW is significantly lower than that of BZ, making the modified barley appropriate for obese and diabetic patients. C1 USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Lifschitz, CH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 19 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 132 IS 9 BP 2593 EP 2596 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 592WK UT WOS:000177959700018 PM 12221214 ER PT J AU Booth, SL Lichtenstein, AH Dallal, GE AF Booth, SL Lichtenstein, AH Dallal, GE TI Phylloquinone absorption from phylloquinone-fortified oil is greater than from a vegetable in younger and older men and women SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 99 Meeting CY APR 17-21, 1999 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. DE vitamin K; absorption; phylloquinone; triglycerides; age ID VITAMIN-K STATUS; ADULTS; PLASMA; SERUM AB Studies that have compared the absorption of phylloquinone from green vegetables and oils have equivocal results. To address differences in approaches used to assess absorption of phylloquinone, a 24-h absorption study was conducted in 18 younger (20-40 y) and 18 older (60-80 y) men and women as part of a larger metabolic study that compared changes in vitamin K status in response to broccoli and phylloquinone-fortified oil (377 +/- 46 and 417 +/- 45 mug/d respectively). Absorption was defined as the 24-h area under the curve (AUC) for plasma phylloquinone concentrations (both unadjusted and adjusted for triglyceride concentrations). The mean AUC for plasma phylloquinone concentrations (both unadjusted and adjusted) were significantly greater after consumption of the phylloquinone-fortified oil diet compared with the broccoli diet (P < 0.001). However, there were no differences between the two treatments in 24-h fasting plasma phylloquinone concentrations. Although there were no age differences in the AUC for plasma phylloquinone, adjusted for triglycerides, older adults had significantly higher plasma phylloquinone concentrations (both unadjusted and adjusted) at 0 and 24 h than the younger adults (P < 0.001). These data emphasize that the use of different approaches for the assessment of vitamin K absorption can result in disparate conclusions. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Booth, SL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 13 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 132 IS 9 BP 2609 EP 2612 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 592WK UT WOS:000177959700022 PM 12221218 ER PT J AU Sangild, PT Petersen, YM Schmidt, M Elnif, J Petersen, TK Buddington, RK Greisen, G Michaelsen, KF Burrin, DG AF Sangild, PT Petersen, YM Schmidt, M Elnif, J Petersen, TK Buddington, RK Greisen, G Michaelsen, KF Burrin, DG TI Preterm birth affects the intestinal response to parenteral and enteral nutrition in newborn pigs SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE ontogeny; birth; nutrient absorption; brush-border enzymes; development ID HUMAN GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT; NEONATAL PIGS; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; GROWTH; ABSORPTION; INFANTS; FETAL; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; CHEMOTAXIS; ENDOCRINE AB Maturation of gastrointestinal (GI) function in neonates is stimulated by enteral nutrition, whereas parenteral nutrition induces GI atrophy and malfunction. We investigated whether preterm birth alters the GI responses to parenteral and enteral nutrition. Pigs were delivered either preterm (107 d gestation) or at term (115 d gestation) and fed total parenteral nutrition (TPN) or enteral sow's milk (ENT) for 6 d after birth. Immaturity of the preterm pigs was documented by reduced blood pH, oxygen saturation and neutrophil granulocyte function, impaired intestinal immunoglobulin G uptake from colostrum, and altered relative weights of visceral organs (small intestine, liver, spleen, pancreas, and adrenals). For both ages at delivery, increases occurred in pancreatic weight (30-75%) and amylase activity (0.5- to 18-fold) after birth, but much more in ENT than in TPN pigs (P < 0.05). Six days of TPN feeding was associated with reduced intestinal weight for both delivery groups (60% of values in ENT, P < 0.001), but only in term TPN pigs was the weight lower than at birth (-20%, P < 0.05). Likewise, it was only in term TPN pigs that intestinal maltase activity increased, compared with ENT, and the absorption of glucose and proline decreased. Only in preterm pigs did TPN feeding increase lactase activity (+50% compared with ENT, P < 0.05). For both delivery ages, the mRNA of lactase-phloridzin hydrolase and sodium-coupled glucose transporter 1 were increased in TPN, compared with ENT. In conclusion, the trophic effect of enteral vs. parenteral nutrition on the GI tract is also present after preterm birth, but the postnatal maturation of many GI functions is modified, compared with term birth. The effects of nutritional regimen on the maturation of the gut epithelium in neonates depend on gestational age at birth. C1 Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Div Nutr & Reprod, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark. Leo Pharmaceut Prod, Dept Pharmacol, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. State Univ Hosp Copenhagen, Rigshosp, Neonatol Clin, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Res Dept Human Nutr, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark. USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Sangild, PT (reprint author), Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Div Nutr & Reprod, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark. OI Michaelsen, Kim F/0000-0003-0449-0839 NR 42 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 132 IS 9 BP 2673 EP 2681 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 592WK UT WOS:000177959700032 PM 12221228 ER PT J AU Owens, L Burrin, DG Berseth, CL AF Owens, L Burrin, DG Berseth, CL TI Minimal enteral feeding induces maturation of intestinal motor function but not mucosal growth in neonatal dogs SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE enteral feeding; preterm infants; intestinal motility; intestinal growth ID NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS; PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; PRETERM INFANTS; CHOLECYSTOKININ; CELLS AB Providing small enteral feedings for parenterally fed preterm infants during the first few weeks of life improves feeding tolerance. However, it is not known whether these feedings achieve this result via stimulation of gut growth and/or maturation of function. The minimal level needed to attain these responses is also critical to identify, because neonatologists often limit feeding volumes to minimize the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. Thus, we determined the dose-response relalionships between enteral feeding volume and gastrointestinal growth and small intestine motor function. Newborn canine pups (n = 51) received 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10, 30 or 100% of their daily fluid intake enterally with the remainder given parenterally for 4-5 d. Motor activity was recorded, blood drawn for determination of gastrin and motilin, and intestinal tissue harvested for determination of DNA and protein content and morphology. Feeding volumes that provided 30% or more of daily fluid intake significantly increased small intestinal mucosal growth above that of unfed pups, but feeding volumes that provided as little as 10% of daily fluid intake significantly induced maturation of motor patterns beyond that of unfed pups. Plasma concentrations of gastrin and motilin did not differ among groups. We conclude that small enteral feedings typically used for minimal enteral feeding strategies improve feeding tolerance by triggering maturation of motor function but not gut growth in neonatal dogs. Small feeding volumes trigger this maturation as well as large volumes. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Newborn Sect, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, USDA, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Berseth, CL (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Newborn Sect, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 30 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 132 IS 9 BP 2717 EP 2722 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 592WK UT WOS:000177959700039 PM 12221235 ER PT J AU Choumenkovitch, SF Selhub, J Wilson, PWF Rader, JI Rosenberg, IH Jacques, PF AF Choumenkovitch, SF Selhub, J Wilson, PWF Rader, JI Rosenberg, IH Jacques, PF TI Folic acid intake from fortification in United States exceeds predictions SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE folate; folic acid; fortification; folate intake; humans ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; FOOD FORTIFICATION; DIETARY-FOLATE; YOUNG-WOMEN; RISK FACTOR; SUPPLEMENTATION; PREVENTION; QUESTIONNAIRE; PREVALENCE AB In 1996, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a regulation requiring that all enriched cereal-grain products be fortified with folic acid by January 1998. An average increase in folic acid intake of 100 mug/d was projected as a result of this fortification. The objective of the present study was to estimate the effect of this fortification on the intake of folic acid and total folate, and on the prevalence of individuals with inadequate folate intake and with high folic acid intake. We used data on food and nutrient intake from 1480 individuals who participated in the 5th and 6th examinations of the Framingham Offspring Cohort Study. Fortification was instituted during the 6th examination so that 931 participants were examined before its implementation (nonexposed) and 549 after implementation (exposed). Published data on total folate in enriched cereal-grain products were used to correct folate content in these foods to reflect fortification. Among nonsupplement users, folic acid intake increased by a mean of 190 [95% confidence interval (CI): 176, 204] mug/d (P < 0.001) and total folate intake increased by a mean of 323 (95% CI: 296-350) mug dietary folate equivalents (DFE)/d (P < 0.001) in the exposed participants. Similar increases were seen among supplement users exposed to fortification. The prevalence of exposed individuals with total folate intake below the estimated average requirement (320 mug DFE/d) decreased from 48.6% (95% CI: 44.2-53.1%) before fortification to 7.0% (95% CI: 3.1-10.9%) after fortification in individuals who did not use folic acid supplements. This prevalence was similar to1% or less for users of supplements both before and after fortification. Prevalence of individuals with folic acid intake above the upper tolerable intake level (1000 mug folic acid/d) increased only among supplement users exposed to fortification (from 1.3 to 11.3%, P < 0.001). No changes in folic acid intake were observed over time in the nonexposed participants. By these estimations, folic acid fortification resulted in a mean increase in folic acid intake that was approximately twice as large as previously projected. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Epidemiol Program, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Framington Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701 USA. US FDA, Off Food Labeling, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. RP Jacques, PF (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38038]; NIDDK NIH HHS [1R01 DK 56105-01] NR 37 TC 185 Z9 191 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 132 IS 9 BP 2792 EP 2798 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 592WK UT WOS:000177959700051 PM 12221247 ER PT J AU Morris, MS Jacques, PF Rosenberg, IH Selhub, J AF Morris, MS Jacques, PF Rosenberg, IH Selhub, J TI Elevated serum methylmalonic acid concentrations are common among elderly americans SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE methylmalonic acid; cobalamin deficiency; vitamin B-12; survey; elderly people ID COBALAMIN DEFICIENCY; TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; VITAMIN-B-12 DEFICIENCY; FOLATE DEFICIENCIES; POPULATION; PREVALENCE; DIAGNOSIS; PLASMA; CHROMATOGRAPHY; TISSUE AB To describe serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) concentrations of elderly Americans and examine relationships between serum MMA and other factors, we used surplus serum samples collected from elderly (n = 1145) and young-adult (n = 1026) participants in Phase 2 of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1991-1994). In similar to20% of participants greater than or equal to65 y old, serum MMA was >370 nmol/L, the 90th percentile of the distribution of participants aged 30-39 y. Consistent with previous reports, we observed strong, independent positive associations between serum MMA concentration and serum concentrations of creatinine and homocysteine. After controlling for demographic factors and creatinine, geometric mean MMA concentration was lower in non-Hispanic blacks [223.6 nmol/L; 95% confidence interval (CI), 198.8-251.5] than non-Hispanic whites (265.1 nmol/L; 95% CI, 240.3-292.4). However, the prevalence of elevated levels did not vary with race/ethnicity. Serum MMA concentration bore a strong inverse relation to serum vitamin B-12 concentration. Nevertheless, elevated serum MMA concentrations affected similar to15% of those with both normal serum creatinine concentrations and serum B-12 concentrations >148 pmol/L. We conclude that many elderly Americans demonstrate metabolic evidence of low B-12 status, that elevations occur frequently in the absence of traditional deficiency indicators and that levels vary with race/ethnicity and renal function. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Morris, MS (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01-HL-52630] NR 30 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 132 IS 9 BP 2799 EP 2803 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 592WK UT WOS:000177959700052 PM 12221248 ER PT J AU Burri, BJ Lin, Y Hickenbottom, S Dueker, SR Clifford, AJ AF Burri, BJ Lin, Y Hickenbottom, S Dueker, SR Clifford, AJ TI Conversion of beta-carotene to vitamin A measured with a double-tracer method. SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 20th International-Vitamin-A-Consultative-Group Meeting CY FEB 12-15, 2001 CL HANOI, VIETNAM SP Int Vitamin A Consultat Grp C1 USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 132 IS 9 SU S MA 67 BP 2977S EP 2977S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 594DK UT WOS:000178033300084 ER PT J AU Thorsteinsson, B Harrison, PA Chatterton, NJ AF Thorsteinsson, B Harrison, PA Chatterton, NJ TI Fructan and total carbohydrate accumulation in leaves of two cultivars of timothy (Phleum pratense Vega and Climax) as affected by temperature SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE timothy; Phleum pratense; cv. Climax; cv. Vega; fructan; growth temperature; oligosaccharides; total carbohydrate ID TALL FESCUE; METABOLISM; SUCROSE; WHEAT; ENZYMES; CEREALS; BIOSYNTHESIS; OLIGOMERS; BARLEY; PLANTS AB Fructans are thought to have a role in physiological responses and growth under low temperatures in cool-season grasses. Two cultivars of timothy (Phleum pratense), Vega, a Scandinavian cultivar, and Climax, introduced from England and currently grown in the U.S., were compared in relation to their response to different growth temperatures. Leaf blades of neither of the two cultivars accumulated any fructan of high degree of polymerisation (DP) in leaves when grown at constant day/night temperature of 20degreesC. At temperatures lower than 20degreesC, content of total carbohydrate increased, especially in Vega. At 10/5degreesC (day/night), a pronounced accumulation of total carbohydrate and high DP fructans occurred. A pronounced accumulation occurred also when plants grown at 20degreesC were transferred to 10degreesC for several days before sampling. A decrease in temperature is thought to induce a temporary imbalance in source and sink activities. Accumulated fructan was in the 12-80 DP range. Only very small amounts of low DP oligosaccharides (DP 4-12) were detected. The two timothy cultivars showed no apparent qualitative difference in fructan accumulation. Generally, Vega had significantly higher total carbohydrate and fructan content than Climax, suggesting possible differences in genetic adaptation to cool growth temperatures. C1 Hvanneyri Agr Univ, IS-311 Borgarnes, Iceland. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Thorsteinsson, B (reprint author), Hvanneyri Agr Univ, IS-311 Borgarnes, Iceland. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA BRANCH OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, D-07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 159 IS 9 BP 999 EP 1003 DI 10.1078/0176-1617-00657 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 597WP UT WOS:000178244000008 ER PT J AU Kwanyuen, P Allina, SM Weissinger, AK Wilson, RF AF Kwanyuen, P Allina, SM Weissinger, AK Wilson, RF TI A new form of crystalline rubisco and the conversion to its common dodecahedral form SO JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE rubisco; purification; crystallization; recrystallization; dodecahedron; fraction 2-protein AB In this paper, we present a new purification procedure that yields a new crystalline form of rubisco and has enabled us to completely remove this most abundant protein from tobacco leaf extract. The crystals formed within 48 h after refrigeration at 4 degreesC at pH 5.6. However, these crystals were not well-ordered crystals and lacked well-defined facets or edges. The remaining leaf extract (fraction 2 protein) was void of rubisco. Conversion of this new crystalline form of rubisco to its common dodecahedral form was achieved by dialysing the protein solution in Tris buffer at pH 8.0 or purified water. Since the molecular size of its large subunit of rubisco (55 kD) is similar to that of the papillomavirus capsid protein, L1 (57 kD), its complete removal from fraction 2-protein may facilitate the detection, purification, and recovery of the L1 protein. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Kwanyuen, P (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1535-3893 J9 J PROTEOME RES JI J. Proteome Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 1 IS 5 BP 471 EP 473 DI 10.1021/pr025548e PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 601PF UT WOS:000178454700011 PM 12645920 ER PT J AU Bartlett, ET Torell, LA Rimbey, NR Van Tassell, LW McCollum, DW AF Bartlett, ET Torell, LA Rimbey, NR Van Tassell, LW McCollum, DW TI Valuing grazing use on public land SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE forage value; grazing fees; grazing leases; hedonic models; contingent valuation; public land grazing ID CONTINGENT VALUATION; RANCH; PRIVATE; POLICY; GOODS; RANGE AB The value of public land forage has been of key interest since grazing fees were first established on federal lands. Additionally, knowing the value of rangeland forage is important for assessing the economics of range improvements, grazing systems, and alternative land uses. It is important for resource value comparisons and impact assessments when public land forage is allocated to other uses. In this synthesis paper, we review the various methods that have been used to value public land forage and discuss the advantages and limitations of each. We highlight that past valuation efforts have concentrated on the value of public land forage for livestock production and, consequently, underestimated total forage value and rancher willingness to pay for forage and grazing permits. These research efforts failed to recognize that amenity and lifestyle attributes from ranch ownership and forage leasing play important roles in the use and pricing of rangeland forage. We review the numerous studies conducted to estimate public land forage value and suggest modifications to improve future value estimates. Because lifestyle attributes of ranch ownership have so strongly influenced ranch values and what ranchers are willing to pay for grazing use on public lands, we find the market value of federal grazing permits and a modification of the standard contingent valuation method for valuing non-market goods to hold the greatest promise for valuing public land grazing. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecosyst Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Agr Econ & Agr Business, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Agr Econ & Rural Sociol, Caldwell, ID 83605 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Agr Econ & Rural Sociol, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Bartlett, ET (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecosyst Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 104 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 16 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 55 IS 5 BP 426 EP 438 DI 10.2307/4003220 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 593KG UT WOS:000177990000001 ER PT J AU Karn, JF Ries, RE AF Karn, JF Ries, RE TI Free-choice grazing of native range and cool-season grasses SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE animal behavior; crested wheatgrass; western wheatgrass; smooth bromegrass ID PASTURES AB A grazing system which allows cattle to select a season-long diet more nearly meeting their nutrient requirements should facilitate optimal weight gains. A study was conducted near Mandan, N. D. comparing season-long weight gains of yearling steers free-choice grazing on composite pastures containing equal sized plots of 'Nordan' crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum) (Fisch. Ex. Link) Schult.), 'Rodan' western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Love), 'Lincoln' smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), and native range, to pastures containing the individual pasture types alone. The study was initiated in mid-May and terminated in early October each year from 1995-1997. Pastures were grazed at a stocking rate of 1.9 ha per steer for 147 days or 1.7 AUM ha(-1). Steer behavior on composite pastures was recorded every 10 min. from dawn to dusk 2 days per week each summer. In 1997, forage samples were clipped for chemical analysis at 4-week intervals from all pasture types either within composite pastures or as individual pasture types. Only in 1996 were daily gains of steers on the free-choice treatment different (P < 0.10) from all other treatments. Over the 3-year study, daily gains for steers on the free-choice treatment (1.11 kg) were statistically equal to steers on smooth bromegrass (1.04 kg) and western wheatgrass (1.00 kg) and were significantly greater than daily gains on native range (0.98 kg) and crested wheatgrass (0.97 kg). Steers tended to spend a greater percentage of observation time grazing smooth bromegrass; than the other 3 pasture types, especially early in the grazing season. The period of maximum grazing preference for the other pasture types was late in the season in 1995 and 1996 for crested wheatgrass, in mid-season in 1996 for native range, and late in the season in 1997 for western wheatgrass. Chemical analysis of forage samples collected in 1997 show that smooth bromegrass had the highest crude protein and in vitro dry matter digestibility, and the lowest neutral detergent fiber at all 3 summer grazing periods. Forage quality data and the preference of steers for smooth bromegrass help to explain why steers on this treatment had excellent daily gains, especially during early and mid-season. C1 USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Karn, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 55 IS 5 BP 469 EP 473 DI 10.2307/4003224 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 593KG UT WOS:000177990000005 ER PT J AU Starks, PJ Jackson, TJ AF Starks, PJ Jackson, TJ TI Estimating soil water content in tallgrass prairie using remote sensing SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE hydrology; microwave; water budget ID SURFACE MOISTURE; ASSIMILATION; MODEL; TEMPERATURE AB Increased demand for available water supplies necessitates that tools and techniques be developed to quantify soil water reserves over large land areas as an aid in management of water resources and watersheds. Microwave remote sensing can provide measurements of volumetric water content of the soil surface (theta(vSL)) up to about 10 cm deep. The objective of this study was to examine the feasibility of inferring the volumetric water content of the soil profile (theta(vBL)) by combining remotely sensed estimates of theta(vSL), in situ measurements, and modeling techniques. A simple soil water budget model was modified to estimate theta(vBL) from assimilated values of theta(vSL). Four modeling scenarios were evaluated at 4 tallgrass prairie sites located in central and south central Oklahoma: 1) unmodified model, 2) assimilation of field-measured theta(vSL) at 2-day intervals, 3) assimilation of field-measured theta(vSL) matching dates of remote sensing data acquisitions during the study period, and 4) assimilation of remotely sensed theta(vSL). The unmodified model (scenario 1) underestimated measurements with root mean square errors (RMSE) between 0.03 and 0.06 m(3)m(-3) and mean errors (ME) between 0.02 and 0.04 m(3)m(-3). Model output from scenario 2 a 5 reed well with measurements at all study sites (\ME\ less than or equal to 0.01 m(3)m(-3), RMSE:5 0.03 m(3)m(-3)). The RMSE and ME values from scenario 3 were comparable to those of scenario 2. Simulations from scenario 4 agreed well with measured data at 2 study sites (0.00 m(3)m(-3) greater than or equal to ME less than or equal to 0.02 m(3)m(-3), RMSE less than or equal to 0.03 m(3)m(-3)) but underestimated measurements at the remaining sites, in one case by as much as 0.15 m(3)m(-3). The underestimation was due largely to inaccurate remotely sensed theta(vSL) values. These preliminary results suggest that it is feasible to infer theta(vSL) in tallgrass prairies by combining remotely sensed estimates of theta(vSL), in situ field measurements, and modeling, provided that the remotely sensed data correctly estimates surface conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Starks, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 55 IS 5 BP 474 EP 481 DI 10.2307/4003225 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 593KG UT WOS:000177990000006 ER PT J AU Haferkamp, MR Grings, EE Heitschmidt, RK MacNeil, MD AF Haferkamp, MR Grings, EE Heitschmidt, RK MacNeil, MD TI Quality and persistence of forages in the Northern Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Agropyron spp. Pascopyron smithii; Elytrigia intermedia; Hycrest; Luna; Rosana; crude protein; digestibility; standing crop ID CRESTED WHEATGRASS; SOIL; CULTIVARS; PRAIRIE; GRASS AB Integrating use of seedings of perennial cool-season grasses with native range is used to increase available forage and for maintaining a high plane of nutrition for grazing livestock. Our goal was to evaluate performance of yearling cattle and stand persistence of 3 released wheatgrass cultivars. Twice replicated 3-ha pastures were seeded to 'Rosana' western wheatgrass [Pascopyron smithii (Rydb.) A. Love], 'Luna' pubescent wheatgrass [Elytrigia intermedia (Host) Nevski], and 'Hycrest' crested wheatgrass {[Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.] ssp. desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) A. Love} in autumn 1994. Yearling steers (n = 8) grazed from 9 May to 12 June 1997 and 24 April to 15 June 1998. Yearling heifers grazed from 27 April to 18 June 1999. Hycrest produced the largest herbage standing crop in spring 1997 (912 kg ha(-1)) and 1998 (1,223 kg ha(-1)) (P < 0.05), but by spring 1999 standing crops averaged 656 kg ha(-1), and cultivars were not significantly different. Digestible organic matter standing crop did not differ among pastures of seeded species, but declined (P < 0.05) from May to June each year. Crude protein standing crop varied among cultivars (P < 0.05) in April and May 1998 and May 1999; however, no clear trends emerged. Crude protein standing crops consistently declined from April-May to June. Average daily gains were similar among cultivars in 1997, but greater (P < 0.05) on Hycrest (1.28 kg day(-1)) than Rosana (1.03 kg day(-1)) in 1998. Gains on Hycrest (0.74 kg day(-1)) and Rosana (0.78 kg day(-1)) were greater (P < 0.05) than on Luna (0.52 kg day(-1)) in 1999. These findings show in some years, Hycrest provided more forage in spring than Rosana, and will allow an increase in livestock numbers. Based on the encroachment of invading species, persistence of Luna is marginal of the 335-mm precipitation zone in the Northern Great Plains. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RP Haferkamp, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 29 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 55 IS 5 BP 482 EP 487 DI 10.2307/4003226 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 593KG UT WOS:000177990000007 ER PT J AU Vermeire, LT Ganguli, AC Gillen, RL AF Vermeire, LT Ganguli, AC Gillen, RL TI A robust model for estimating standing crop across vegetation types SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE mixed prairie; non-destructive sampling; Robel pole; shortgrass; tallgrass ID VISUAL OBSTRUCTION; BIOMASS AB Some recent investigations have shown the visual obstruction (VO) measurement method to be an effective means of estimating herbage standing crop non-destructively in tallgrass prairie. Although the method is rapid and inexpensive, visual obstruction models have been limited to tallgrass prairie and sandhills range types. Our primary objective was to evaluate the relationships between visual obstruction and standing crop in shortgrass plains and mixed prairie. Secondly, we wanted to determine whether these models could be integrated with tallgrass prairie models without appreciable losses in prediction capabilities. We conducted 44 trials on non-burned sites with various levels of grazing pressure. Each trial was composed of 20 randomly selected plots and served as 1 experimental unit to represent pasture-level standing crop estimation. Visual obstruction readings were taken from a modified Robel pole placed centrally at the back of 0.1-m(2) quadrats and vegetation was clipped to estimate standing crop. Trial standing crop was regressed on visual obstruction and models were compared among range types. Visual obstruction explained 91 and 89% of the variation in shortgrass plains and mixed prairie standing crop, respectively. A single visual obstruction model effectively estimated herbage standing crop across range types and produced a coefficient of determination of 0.93. Although greater precision may be obtained from models developed for specific sites, the ability of a single visual obstruction model to predict standing crop across years, management schemes, and range types indicates visual obstruction models may be successfully employed on a regional basis. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. RP Vermeire, LT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RI Ganguli, Amy/J-3342-2014 OI Ganguli, Amy/0000-0003-3960-1404 NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 13 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 55 IS 5 BP 494 EP 497 DI 10.2307/4003228 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 593KG UT WOS:000177990000009 ER PT J AU Skinner, RH Hanson, JD Hutchinson, GL Shuman, GE AF Skinner, RH Hanson, JD Hutchinson, GL Shuman, GE TI Response of C-3 and C-4 grasses to supplemental summer precipitation SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE mixed-grass prairie; species composition; water stress ID BLUE-GRAMA; WESTERN WHEATGRASS; GRAZING INTENSITY; MIXED PRAIRIE; VEGETATION; DROUGHT; CARBON; SOILS; RATES AB Rangeland plant productivity and species composition are affected by moisture availability and grazing intensity. We examined warm- and cool-season grass productivity and relative distribution on grazed and ungrazed sites, receiving either natural precipitation or precipitation plus limited supplemental irrigation. The amount of additional water varied depending on rainfall during the previous week and was intended to shorten the interval between precipitation events and provide a more uniform seasonal moisture distribution. Irrigation treatments were superimposed in 1997 and 1998 on paddocks that had not been grazed for about 55 years or continuously stocked during the growing season for 15 years. Cool-season grasses dominated the ungrazed plots, comprising about 90% of the total biomass. In the grazed plots, the proportion of C-3 grasses ranged from 30 to 81%. The proportion of C-3 grasses in the grazed treatment decreased from spring to fall and decreased with supplemental irrigation. Root biomass was greater and more concentrated near the soil surface in the grazed compared with the ungrazed plots. Irrigation had no effect on root biomass in the grazed plots while irrigation reduced total root biomass and root biomass in the top 5 cm of the soil profile in the ungrazed plots. Irrigation increased total aboveground biomass only at the August 1997 harvest. Aboveground biomass of warm-season grasses, however, increased under irrigation in the grazed plots in August and November 1997 and August 1998. These increases, however, were offset by a reduction in cool-season grasses in November 1997 and August 1998. Warm-season grasses were particularly responsive to the supplemental irrigation treatments and tended to increase under irrigation at the expense of cool-season grasses. Because of the increased proportion of warm-season grasses, grazed plots were more responsive to irrigation than ungrazed plots. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. USDA ARS, Rangeland Resource Res Unit, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Skinner, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Bldg 3702 Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 55 IS 5 BP 517 EP 522 DI 10.2307/4003232 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 593KG UT WOS:000177990000013 ER PT J AU Donald, WW AF Donald, WW TI Glyphosate effects on ground cover of tall fescue waterways and estimated soil erosion SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE erosion; glyphosate; grass waterways; tall fescue ID FESTUCA-ARUNDINACEA; HERBICIDES; CROP; RENOVATION; PASTURE; FORAGE; GROWTH AB Glyphosate use for controlling weeds has increased in the Midwest, but drift or overspraying can damage tall fescue waterways. Farmers and conservation agents fear that glyphosate may reduce tall fescue ground cover in waterways and increase soil erosion. Glyphosate was applied in mid-May to tall fescue waterways at several rates from 0.14 to 2.24 kg ai/ha(1) + ammonium sulfate (2% by volume) to simulate drift or direct overspraying. Percentage cover of live and dead tall fescue, broadleaf weeds, and bare soil was measured after treatment at two sites in Missouri, and annual erosion was estimated using revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) software. Total (live + dead) tall fescue ground cover remained greater than 88% even at 10 to 11 months after treatment. Enough live tall fescue remained to grow into gaps. Glyphosate drift at low rates or single accidental incidents of overspraying glyphosate Up to 2.24 kg ai/ha are unlikely to permanently damage tall fescue waterways. C1 USDA ARS, Columbia, MO USA. RP Donald, WW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Columbia, MO USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 57 IS 5 BP 237 EP 243 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 604DJ UT WOS:000178600300008 ER PT J AU Yuan, Y Dabney, SM Bingner, RL AF Yuan, Y Dabney, SM Bingner, RL TI Cost effectiveness of agricultural BMPs for sediment reduction in the Mississippi Delta SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE conservation tillage; cover crop; grade control; vegetated buffers; water quality ID WINTER COVER CROPS; SOURCE POLLUTION-CONTROL; WATER-QUALITY; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; SOIL LOSS; COTTON; RUNOFF; YIELD; MODEL; AGNPS AB Sediment has been identified as the pollutant most limiting to fishery health in oxbow takes in the Mississippi Delta. The Mississippi Delta Management System Evaluation Area (MDMSEA) project seeks to reduce the adverse agricultural impacts on water resources and ecological processes through the development and adoption of alternative best management practices (BMPs). However, resource [imitations dictate that only a few combinations of BMPs can actually be physically tested over a few years at a limited number of locations. To extend results and better evaluate the effectiveness of alternative BMP combinations on sediment reduction, the Annualized Agricultural Nonpoint Source pollutant loading model (AnnAGNPS 2.1) was applied to a 12 ha 30 ac) MDMSEA subwatershed. BMPs considered included cover crops, filter strips, grade control pipes, and impoundments. Each BMP was considered in combination with three tillage systems: conventional tillage, reduced tillage, and no-till. Costs of BMPs were estimated using 2001 state average prices for Mississippi. Amortized fixed costs, using a 25 yr planning horizon and interest rates of both 5% and 10%, were combined with direct annual costs into total annual cost estimates. AnnAGNPS predicted that no-tit[ alone, reduced tillage with winter cover and an edge-of-field pipe, or conventional tillage with a small permanent impoundment (covering less than 3% of the watershed) would all reduce sediment yield by at least 5o%. The most cost-effective BMPs were management of volunteer winter weeds as cover crops and various types of edge-of-field grade-control pipes. The average marginal cost using BMPs for sediment yield reduction was about $8 MT-1 ($7.3 t(-1)) for conventional and reduced tillage. The cost was higher, about $10.7 MT-1, ($9.7 t(-1)) for no-till because the practice of no-till atone reduced sediment yield by half, and further marginal reductions were more expensive. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Yuan, Y (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 55 TC 26 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 12 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 57 IS 5 BP 259 EP 267 PG 9 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 604DJ UT WOS:000178600300011 ER PT J AU Potter, KN Velazquez-Garcia, JD Torbert, HA AF Potter, KN Velazquez-Garcia, JD Torbert, HA TI Use of a submerged jet device to determine channel erodibility coefficients of selected soils of Mexico SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE concentrated flow; erosion; submerged jet ID SURFACE ERODIBILITY; EARTHEN CHANNELS; HIGH STRESSES; EROSION AB More than half of Mexico's soil and water resources are considered moderately to severely degraded, primarily due to erosion and sedimentation. Characterization of soil susceptibility to erosion in the field is often hampered by difficulty in obtaining adequate water supplies. We tested a method to determine soil erodibility coefficients for concentrated water flow that had not been previously applied to agricultural soils. The submerged jet method of determining soil erodibility coefficients was tested on six soils in central Mexico of varying texture and predominant clay mineralogy near the end of the corn (Zea mays Q growing season. The resulting erodibility coefficients generally segregated soils of similar texture and mineralogy. Soil silt plus very fine sand percentage and Plasticity Index were important soil properties affecting the Jet Index values. Moldboard plowed soils were more erodible at the end of the growing season than no-tilled soils at all sites except for two recent volcanic soils. The results of these tests, along with the relative ease of use and minimum labor and water requirements, suggest that the submerged jet device is a useful too to determine soil erodibility coefficients of agricultural soils. C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. INIFAP, CENAPROS, Natl Ctr Sustainable Agr, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. RP Potter, KN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 57 IS 5 BP 272 EP 277 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 604DJ UT WOS:000178600300013 ER PT J AU Reicosky, DC Evans, SD Cambardela, CA Armaras, RR Wilts, AR Huggins, DR AF Reicosky, DC Evans, SD Cambardela, CA Armaras, RR Wilts, AR Huggins, DR TI Continuous corn with moldboard tillage: Residue and fertility effects on soil carbon SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE biomass removal; carbon dioxide; plow tillage; soil organic carbon ID ORGANIC-MATTER; BLACK CHERNOZEM; CROP RESIDUE; NITROGEN; MANAGEMENT; STORAGE; FLUXES; FERTILIZATION; CONSERVATION; DYNAMICS AB Greenhouse gas emissions from soil depend on land use, cropping systems, and tillage methods. The impact of30 years of continuous corn (Zea mays L.) with moldboard plow tillage was evaluated from four treatments and a control: silage removal versus grain removal, each with low [83 kg N ha(-1) (74 lb N ac(-1))] and high [166 kg N ha(-1) (148 lb N ac(-1))] fertility, and no added fertilizer with grain removal. Soil organic carbon (SOC) changes over a 30-yr period were measured, as well as tillage-induced CO2 loss immediately after moldboard plowing, in the spring of 1996. The 24 h cumulative tillage-induced CO2 loss was not significantly different among treatments (excluding the control). Total C, total N, and C:N ratio in the soil remained virtually unchanged after 30 yr in fertilized treatments. AR four treatments produced the same SOC content [21.9 g kg(-10) (2.2%)] in the 0 - 20 cm (0 - 8 in) depth. The cumulative total input of 241 Mg ha(-1) (107 t ac(-10)) of aboveground stover from the high fertility grain treatment, compared to none from the high fertility silage treatment, yielded no differences in SOC. Fertilizer N rates of 83 and 166 kg ha(-1) (74 and 148 lb ac(-1)) produced no difference in SOC or associated C:N ratios. Moldboard plow tillage caused rapid soil degassing that masked fertilizer and stover removal and/or return effects on SOC. This uncontrolled SOC decline agreed with other studies in this region, indicating that the soils were sources of CO2 regardless of other agronomic practices, as long as moldboard plow tillage was used. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. Univ Minnesota, W Cent Res & Outreach Ctr, Morris, MN 56267 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, St Paul, MN USA. USDA ARS, Land Management Water Conservat Res, Pullman, WA USA. RP Reicosky, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 40 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 19 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 57 IS 5 BP 277 EP 284 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 604DJ UT WOS:000178600300014 ER PT J AU Grellner, GF Fangman, TJ Carroll, JA Wiedmeyer, CE AF Grellner, GF Fangman, TJ Carroll, JA Wiedmeyer, CE TI Using serology in combination with acute phase proteins and cortisol to determine stress and immune function of early-weaned pigs SO JOURNAL OF SWINE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE swine; nursery; wean-to-finish; acute phase proteins; cortisol ID SERUM HAPTOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION; C-REACTIVE PROTEIN; ALPHA(1)-ACID GLYCOPROTEIN; SWINE; CATTLE; LEVEL; AGE AB Objectives: To evaluate serum concentrations of cortisol and acute phase proteins (APPs), specifically alpha I-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and haptoglobin (HPT), in the same early-weaned pigs over time and to determine whether changes in these APPs or cortisol are associated with health status and performance in pigs. Methods: Groups of pigs were evaluated in two management systems, wean-nursery-finish (WNF; 998 pigs) and wean-to-finish (WF; 999 pigs). Serum samples were obtained from the same 20 pigs in each group at weaning and at approximately 50, 85, 110, and 130 days of age. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae were endemic in this herd. Fisher's r to z analysis was used to determine relationships between serum APPs, serum cortisol, and serum titers for M hyopneumoniae and PRRSV Results: There were no production differences between WNF and WF groups. Serum AGP was negatively correlated with weight and PRRS S:P ratio in both groups, but there was no correlation between AGP and M hyopneumoniae titer. In WF pigs, HPT persistently increased, while a sharp increase occurred in WNF pigs on entry into the finisher. Serum HPT was highly correlated with M hyopneumoniae titer in WNF pigs but not WF pigs. Implications: Under the conditions of this study, increased serum AGP was negatively correlated with body weight, suggesting that an activated cellular immune response is a detriment to growth rate. Further investigations are needed to determine whether these or other APPs are reliable predictors of disease status in swine. C1 Countryside Vet Clin, Loose Creek, MO USA. Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO USA. USDA ARS, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Columbia, MO USA. RP Fangman, TJ (reprint author), Countryside Vet Clin, Loose Creek, MO USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC SWINE PRACTITIONERS PI PERRY PA 902 1ST AVE, PERRY, IA 50220-1703 USA SN 1537-209X J9 J SWINE HEALTH PROD JI J. Swine. Health Prod. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 10 IS 5 BP 199 EP 204 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 586WN UT WOS:000177609300004 ER PT J AU Ordeix, L Lloret, A Fondevila, D Dubey, JP Ferrer, L Fondati, A AF Ordeix, L Lloret, A Fondevila, D Dubey, JP Ferrer, L Fondati, A TI Cutaneous neosporosis during treatment of pemphigus foliaceus in a dog SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CANINUM INFECTION; DIAGNOSIS AB A 4-year-old, intact male rottweiler was presented with a 10-day history of papulonodular dermatitis. At the time of presentation, the dog was receiving prednisone and azathioprine to treat pemphigus foliaceus. Cutaneous neosporosis was diagnosed by immunohistochemistry on skin biopsy specimens and a high serum antibody titer to Neospora caninum by Neospora agglutination test. Electron microscopy examination of skin specimens further supported the diagnosis. Clindamycin therapy, together with withdrawal of immunosuppressive medication, resulted in prolonged clinical remission. This report documents cutaneous neosporosis in an adult dog and suggests that immunosuppressive therapy might be a predisposing factor. C1 Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Med & Cirurgia Anim, Bellaterra 08193, Spain. Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Hosp Clin Vet, Sch Vet, Bellaterra 08193, Spain. USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, ANRI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ordeix, L (reprint author), Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Med & Cirurgia Anim, Bellaterra 08193, Spain. NR 17 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOC PI LAKEWOOD PA PO BOX 150899, LAKEWOOD, CO 80215-0899 USA SN 0587-2871 J9 J AM ANIM HOSP ASSOC JI J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 38 IS 5 BP 415 EP 419 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 589GC UT WOS:000177749600003 PM 12220024 ER PT J AU Bowman, SA AF Bowman, SA TI Beverage choices of young females: Changes and impact on nutrient intakes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CALCIUM INTAKE; LACTOSE MALDIGESTION; AFRICAN-AMERICAN; DAIRY-PRODUCTS; GIRLS; FOODS; BONE AB Objective To examine trends in beverage consumption and evaluate the impact of beverage choices on the nutrient intakes of females ages 12 to 19 years. Design Dietary intake data from the USDA's Nationwide Food Consumption Surveys, including the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), were assessed for trends in beverage consumption. The CSFII 1994-1996 data was used to examine the diets of young females grouped based on their milk and soda consumption status. Mean energy, nutrient, and beverage intakes were compared. Subjects Females with complete dietary intake information on Day 1 of the survey were included in the study. There were 732 females ages 12 to 19 years in the CSFII 1994-1996, Statistical Analysis Percentages of females consuming specific beverages were estimated. Pairwise mean comparisons were made between groups based on milk and soda consumption status. Results Milk intakes decreased by 36% whereas that of sodas and fruit drinks almost doubled from the late 1970s to the mid 1990s. The CSFII 1994-1996 data showed that between ages 12 and 19 years, intakes of fruit juices, soda, tea, fruit drinks, and alcoholic beverages either increased or remained relatively steady, while milk intakes decreased with an increase in age. At age 12 years, 78% drank milk and had the lowest soda intake (276 g), while at age 19-years, only 36% drank milk and drank a high amount of soda (423 g). Those who did not drink milk had inadequate intakes of vitamin A, folate, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. Application A rapid decrease in milk intake during the early adolescent years indicates a need for interventions at this age. Dietitians should identify barriers to drinking milk and recommend strategies for including appropriate food sources to increase calcium intakes during growing years. Nutrition educators should provide parents of adolescent children with ideas for ensuring the adequacy of their children's calcium intakes. C1 USDA, Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bowman, SA (reprint author), 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 005,Rm 125,BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 84 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 102 IS 9 BP 1234 EP 1239 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90273-7 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 589ZJ UT WOS:000177791500010 PM 12792618 ER PT J AU Liu, CK Latona, NP DiMaio, GL AF Liu, CK Latona, NP DiMaio, GL TI Staking and its interaction with fatliquoring on vacuum-dried leather SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; RESISTANCE; ENERGY AB Staking is one of the key leather making operations to soften leather and to improve its pliability. Besides the number of staking passes, there are many other factors affecting the action of staking, and consequently the resultant physical properties of staked leather. Fatliquoring, for example, is another process to soften leather and will influence the results of staking. There is no report so far, however, to demonstrate the interaction of fatliquoring and staking on softening leather. This investigation is devoted to this important subject, aiming at a better understanding of their interaction on pliability and other important properties of concern to the leather industry, such as mechanical strength, elongation, toughness and area retention. We therefore have conducted a systematic study, using the SAS statistical program, to formulate their interactive relationship on the physical properties of leather. Observation showed that the tensile strength and tear strength both increase steadily with increasing number of staking passes. This trend slowly reverses, however, as the fatliquor concentration increases. Even more intricate is the effect of fatliquor on the behavior of staking softening. Without fatliquor, staking actually stiffens the leather. Data showed the softening action of staking only becomes effective after fatliquor concentration reaches a certain level. Area measurements showed no obvious link between the amount of staking and area retention. An association was observed, however, between the residual water content and area retention. The leather after vacuum drying with less residual water content shows better are yield. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Liu, CK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 97 IS 9 BP 329 EP 338 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 596EM UT WOS:000178151200001 ER PT J AU Gehring, AG Bailey, DG DiMaio, GL Crowther, JC AF Gehring, AG Bailey, DG DiMaio, GL Crowther, JC TI Improved hide quality and rapid unhairing SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 97th Annual Meeting of the American-Leather-Chemists-Association CY JUN 17-21, 2001 CL MCAFEE, NEW JERSEY SP Amer Leather Chemists Assoc AB The quality of hides suffers from their treatment by the packing industry as a byproduct, at best, of meat production. A meat packing company, Future Beef Operations, LLC (FBO), is changing this mentality by developing a vertically integrated cattle operation in which the hide is a product in its own right. A key component of this innovative operation is the rapid unhairing of stunned cattle carcasses prior to flaying in the slaughterhouse. Since it removes hair-associated manure, dirt, and microorganisms, rapid unhairing greatly reduces the cross-contamination of microorganisms on the hide to the meat, thus serving as a food safety measure while allowing for the rapid grading of hide quality and cost savings in downstream tanning operations. Under a cooperative agreement, Agricultural Research Service and FBO developed an effective rapid unhairing process based upon the earlier work (in 1977) by R. Dorstewitz on a rapid through-feed unhairing system. The rapid unhairing process was refined whereupon optimal conditions included 6.2% sodium sulfide at 35degreesC applied as a pressurized spray (in two applications) to warmed hide piece samples; an additional spray application of the sodium sulfide was used to remove the partially dissolved hair from the samples and subsequent neutralization of residual sulfide (still on the sample pieces) with 3% hydrogen peroxide was brought about in less than 5 min of total reaction time. The process sufficiently removed hair and hide-associated manure balls, allowing for splitting of green hide. The process was further developed to incorporate the recycling of the unhairing agent (sodium sulfide) and recovery of removed hair. Analysis of the recycled unhairing solution over 16 cycles showed a linear consumption of ca. 20% sulfide with a linear gain of ca. 1% nitrogen (proportional to dissolved hair protein content). C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Swystem Log GMBH, CH-7143 Morissen, Switzerland. RP Gehring, AG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 97 IS 9 BP 339 EP 347 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 596EM UT WOS:000178151200002 ER PT J AU Liu, CK Latona, NP DiMaio, GL AF Liu, CK Latona, NP DiMaio, GL TI Lubrication of leather with polyethylene glycol SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 98th Annual Meeting of the American-Leather-Chemists-Association CY JUN 20-23, 2002 CL SKYTOP, PENNSYLVANIA SP Amer Leather Chemists Assoc ID ANIONIC SURFACTANTS; ACOUSTIC-EMISSION; DESTABILIZATION; CALORIMETRY; COLLAGEN; SULFATES; HIDE AB One of the problems associated with leather quality is that traditional lubricants ("fatliquors" consisting of oils and surfactants) are known to destabilize collagen fibers. Moreover, because they do not promote the retention of essential moisture, they make the leather fibers prone to over-drying. We have recently applied an aqueous solution of low molecular weight polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) to leather without using any surfactants. The resultant stiffness was characterized by Young's modulus, initial strain energy and acoustic emission methods. Results showed that leather treated with polyethylene glycol solutions showed a significant reduction in its stiffness, indicating that PEG has a lubricating effect in leather. Efforts were also made to understand how factors affect the absorption of PEG into leather. Observations showed that the rate of absorption is not constant; therefore Fick's second law of diffusion, dealing with unsteady state processes, was employed to derive a mathematical model for the absorption rate. The effect of temperature on the absorption rate was also included in the model by incorporating a linear equation into Fick's diffusion equation. The resultant model fits the experimental data very well. It not only depicts the mechanism of absorption, but also predicts the absorption rate as a function of key variables. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Liu, CK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 97 IS 9 BP 355 EP 367 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 596EM UT WOS:000178151200005 ER PT J AU Bernier, UR Kline, DL Schreck, CE Yost, RA Barnard, DR AF Bernier, UR Kline, DL Schreck, CE Yost, RA Barnard, DR TI Chemical analysis of human skin emanations: Comparison of volatiles from humans that differ in attraction of Aedes aegypti (Diptera : Culicidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE human emanations; attractants; kairomones; mosquitoes; Aedes aegypti ID YELLOW-FEVER MOSQUITO; GAMBIAE-SENSU-STRICTO; L-LACTIC ACID; ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE; HUMAN SWEAT; MALARIA MOSQUITO; CARBON-DIOXIDE; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SURFACE LIPIDS; 1-OCTEN-3-OL AB Host odors are believed to play a major role in the location of blood meals by female mosquitoes. Previous work has shown that female Aedes aegypti (L.) are attracted to a residuum of skin emanations deposited on glass. The attraction of mosquitoes to handled or rubbed glass varies from person to person and from day to day. This variation indicates that mosquito behavior varies over time and that a relative difference exists in the ability of people over time to attract mosquitoes. Volatiles desorbed from glass handled by 2 human subjects that differed markedly in their attraction of Ae. aegypti were examined for differences in compound abundances. The attractive emanations, once deposited onto glass, are known to have a finite lifetime; therefore, compounds that decreased substantially during aging of handled glass also were noted. A study was conducted on the variations in compounds present from a single subject, which were recorded over a 5-day period. Emanations from the subject were transferred to glass, then thermally desorbed from the glass, and compounds present were compared on the 2 consecutive days that showed the largest difference in attraction. Some of the candidate attractants identified by these studies were screened in an olfactometer. A few of these compounds were found to be weak attractants for Ae. aegypti. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Chem, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Agr Res Serv, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Bernier, UR (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Chem, POB 117200,Chem Lab Bldg, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 41 TC 67 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOC PI EATONTOWN PA P O BOX 234, EATONTOWN, NJ 07724-0234 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 18 IS 3 BP 186 EP 195 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 747ZR UT WOS:000186837300009 PM 12322940 ER PT J AU Lloyd, JE Schmidtmann, ET Kumar, R Bobian, RJ Waggoner, JW Legg, DE Hill, DC AF Lloyd, JE Schmidtmann, ET Kumar, R Bobian, RJ Waggoner, JW Legg, DE Hill, DC TI Suppression of bloodfeeding by Ochlerotatus dorsalis and Ochlerotatus melanimon on cattle treated with Python (TM) ear tags SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE mosquitoes; Ochlerotatus dorsalis; Ochlerotatus melanimon; cattle ear tag; zeta-cypermethrin ID BOVINE-BAITED TRAP; MOSQUITOS; PERMETHRIN; CULICIDAE; DIPTERA AB Adult mosquitoes were collected by drop traps to compare bloodfeeding rates between cattle treated with 2 Python(TM) ear tags (10% zeta-cypermethrin and 20% piperonyl butoxide) per animal and animals that were untreated. Mosquitoes were collected both 2 and 4 wk after application of the ear tags. Bloodfeeding by Ochlerotatus dorsalis was reduced by 79 and 77%, respectively, and bloodfeeding by Ochlerotatus melanimon was reduced by 84 and 81%, respectively, at 2 and 4 wk. Based on chi-square analysis, differences in bloodfeeding rates due to treatment were significant. The effect of the treatment appeared to be repellency, because no mosquito mortality was observed at the time of collection and no mortality was observed among bloodfed mosquitoes that were collected and held for 24 h. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, USDA, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Lloyd, JE (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOC PI EATONTOWN PA P O BOX 234, EATONTOWN, NJ 07724-0234 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 18 IS 3 BP 207 EP 209 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 747ZR UT WOS:000186837300012 PM 12322943 ER PT J AU Cilek, JE Kline, DL AF Cilek, JE Kline, DL TI Adult biting midge response to trap type, carbon dioxide, and an octenol-phenol mixture in northwestern Florida SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Culicoides mississippiensis; Culicoides barbosai; Culicoides melleus; Culicoides jurens; attractants; traps ID DIPTERA; CERATOPOGONIDAE; 1-OCTEN-3-OL; ISLAND; USA AB The efficacy of Centers for Disease Control, ABC PRO, and counterflow geometry (CFG) mosquito suction traps to sample populations of adult Culicoides was investigated in northwestern Florida. These traps were baited either with a 4:1:8 mixture of octenol, 3-n-propylphenol, and 4-methylphenol alone or in combination with carbon dioxide (CO2). Control traps were operated without the octenol-phenol mixture or CO2. Four species, in order of descending abundance, were collected in all traps regardless of treatment: Culicoides mississippiensis, C. barbosai, C. melleus, and C. furens. Midge abundance from traps baited with octenol-phenol alone was not significantly different, regardless of species, when compared with traps without the mixture. However, when CO2 or CO2 plus the mixture was used, trap collections of C. mississippiensis and C. barbosai significantly increased, with the latter mixture exhibiting a synergistic effect on trap catch for both species. When this combination was used, the ABC PRO trap collected significantly more C. mississippiensis, whereas the CFG trap caught significantly more C. barbosai compared with all traps powered with 6-V batteries (P < 0.05). The effects of CO2 plus the octenol-phenol mixture on C. melleus collections appeared to be additive only for ABC PRO and CFG traps. Populations of C. furens were sporadic and too low (<0.5% of total collection) to determine any statistically meaningful differences. On the average, CFG traps powered with 12-V batteries only increased midge collection 1.2 times compared with similar traps powered by 6-V batteries. This increase was not significantly different (P > 0.05). C1 Florida A&M Univ, John A Mulrennan Sr Publ Hlth Entomol Res & Educ, Panama City, FL 32405 USA. ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Cilek, JE (reprint author), Florida A&M Univ, John A Mulrennan Sr Publ Hlth Entomol Res & Educ, 4000 Frankford Ave, Panama City, FL 32405 USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOC PI EATONTOWN PA P O BOX 234, EATONTOWN, NJ 07724-0234 USA SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 18 IS 3 BP 228 EP 231 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 747ZR UT WOS:000186837300016 PM 12322947 ER PT J AU Knothe, G AF Knothe, G TI Structure indices in FA chemistry. How relevant is the iodine value? SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Review DE allylic positions; biodiesel; bis-allylic positions; iodine value; lubricants; quality indices; saponification value; structure indices ID VEGETABLE-OILS AB Most common analytical methods in FA chemistry can be categorized as yielding either structure or quality indices. Quality indices often describe components in fats and oils arising from processing, storage, and naturally occurring, nonfatty materials. Common structure indices are the iodine value (IV), the saponification value, and the hydroxyl value. Although modern analytical methods yield more detailed and reliable information, structure indices are still widely used. The IV, which indicates total unsaturation, has even been included in some standards for industrial products such as biodiesel. However, the IV index is too general to allow the correlation of physical and chemical properties with FA composition. The IV is treated in a theoretical fashion regarding biodiesel- and oxidative stability-related issues. That the concept of IV as a structure index is unsatisfactory is shown by the development of a quaternary composition diagram (QCD). The QCD demonstrates the derivation of a specific IV from varying FA compositions. Improved correlations are possible among the structure indices. Alternative indices for the IV are developed. Possible alternatives are the allylic position equivalent (APE) and the bis-allylic position equivalent (BAPE), which better relate structure and amount of common component FA in vegetable oils to observed properties. The APE and BAPE indices are based on the number of reactive positions in oxidation. C1 ARS, USDA, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Knothe, G (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NCAUR, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 21 TC 180 Z9 181 U1 0 U2 22 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 79 IS 9 BP 847 EP 854 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0569-4 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 593UL UT WOS:000178012100001 ER PT J AU Irimescu, R Iwasaki, Y Hou, CT AF Irimescu, R Iwasaki, Y Hou, CT TI Study of TAG ethanolysis to 2-MAG by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase and synthesis of symmetrically structured TAG SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE ethanolysis; immobilized Candida antarctica lipase; 2-monoacylglycerols; polyunsaturated triacylglycerols; symmetrically structured triacylglycerols ID TRIGLYCERIDES AB Regiospecific ethanolysis of homogenous TAG with immobilized Candida antarctica lipase (Novozym 435) was studied using trioleoylglycerol (TO) as a model substrate. Optimization of the reactant weight ratio revealed that the 2-MAG reaction yield increased when a larger amount of ethanol was used. These results suggested that Novozym 435 showed strict regiospecificity in an excess amount of ethanol. The process optimization (reaction temperature and reactant molar ratio) and a study of lipase specificity for various substrates were performed. Under the optimized conditions (ethanol/TO molar ratio = 77:1 and 25degreesC), 2-monooleoylglycerol (2-MO) was obtained in more than 98% content among glycerides of the reaction mixture and approximately 88% reaction yield in 4 h. The above reaction conditions were applied for ethanolysis of tridocosahexaenoylglycerol, trieicosapentaenoylglycerol, triarachidonoylglycerol, tri-alpha-linolenoylglycerol, and trilinoleoylglycerol. Reaction yields ranging from 71.9 to 93.7% were obtained in short reaction times (2.5 to 8 h). Purified (>98%) 2-MO and 2-monodocosahexaenoylglycerol (2-MD) were reesterified with caprylic acid by immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase (Lipozyme IM) to afford symmetrical structured TAG. At a stoichionnetric ratio of 2-MAG/caprylic acid, 25degreesC and 2-5 mm Hg vacuum, the glyceride composition of the esterification mixture was approximately 95% 1,3-dicapryloyl-2-oleoylglycerol (COC) at 4 h, and 96% 1,3-d dicapryloyl-2-docosahexaenoylglycerol (CDC) at 8 h. The regioisomeric purity of both COC and CDC was 100%. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, MGB,Microbial Genom & Bioproc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hou, CT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, MGB,Microbial Genom & Bioproc Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 11 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 79 IS 9 BP 879 EP 883 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0573-8 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 593UL UT WOS:000178012100005 ER PT J AU Dunn, RO AF Dunn, RO TI Effect of oxidation under accelerated conditions on fuel properties of methyl soyate (biodiesel) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE acid value; antioxidant; diesel fuels; fatty acid methyl esters; kinematic viscosity; oxidative stability; peroxide value; soybean oil ID FATTY-ACID ESTERS; VEGETABLE-OILS; DIESEL FUELS; STABILITY; STORAGE AB Biodiesel derived from transesterification of soybean oil and methanol is an attractive alternative fuel for combustion in direct-injection compression ignition (diesel) engines. During long-term storage, oxidation due to contact with air (autoxidation) presents a legitimate concern with respect to maintaining fuel quality of biodiesel. This work examines the effects of oxidation under controlled accelerated conditions on fuel properties of methyl soyate (SME). SME samples from four separate sources with varying storage histories were oxidized at elevated temperature under a 0.5 standard cm(3)/min air purge and with continuous stirring. Results showed that reaction time significantly affects kinematic viscosity (v). With respect to increasing reaction temperature, v, acid value (AV), PV, and specific gravity (SG) increased significantly, whereas cold flow properties were minimally affected for temperatures up to 150degreesC. Antioxidants TBHQ and alpha-tocopherol showed beneficial effects on retarding oxidative degradation of SME under conditions of this study. Results indicated that v and AV have the best potential as parameters for timely and easy monitoring of biodiesel fuel quality during storage. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dunn, RO (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM dunnro@ncaur.usda.gov NR 27 TC 100 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 79 IS 9 BP 915 EP 920 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0579-2 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 593UL UT WOS:000178012100011 ER PT J AU Huang, HW Li, ZZ Li, JQ Kubisiak, TL Layne, DR AF Huang, HW Li, ZZ Li, JQ Kubisiak, TL Layne, DR TI Phylogenetic relationships in Actinidia as revealed by RAPD analysis SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE intrageneric subdivision; geographic groups; kiwifruit ID DNA POLYMORPHISMS; KIWIFRUIT AB Phylogenetic relationships within the Actinidia were investigated using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. DNAs from 40 taxa, including 31 species encompassing all four sections and four series of the traditional subdivisions within the genus, were amplified using 22 preselected 10-mer oligonucleotide primers. A total 204 DNA bands were scored across the 40 taxa, of which 188 (92%) were polymorphic. A wide range of genetic similarity was observed among the taxa (0.13 to 0.61). The average similarity between varieties of the same species was 0.54, and between different species was 0.28, respectively. Although the phylogenetic analysis revealed a clear indication that section Leiocarpae was a monophyletic group, subdivisions of the other three traditional sections were poorly supported. The UPGMA phenogram showed that the majority of the species clustered into geographic subgroups in accordance with their natural distribution (the Yangtzi River, southeastern China, southern China and southwestern China). The intrageneric subdivisions of Actinidia appeared to be difficult, but some subdivisions could be explained by the geographic distribution of the species, particularly for species of Liang's sections of Maculatae and Stellatae. The phylogenetic relationships among several species with previous taxonomic uncertainty are also discussed on the basis of the RAPD data. The results of this study supplement our previous understanding of the Actinidia taxonomy based solely on morphological characters. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Hort, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Wuhan Inst Bot, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, So Inst Forest Genet, Saucier, MS 39574 USA. RP Layne, DR (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Hort, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 35 TC 24 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 127 IS 5 BP 759 EP 766 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 586WR UT WOS:000177609600008 ER PT J AU Meng, RG Finn, C AF Meng, RG Finn, C TI Determining ploidy level and nuclear DNA content in Rubus by flow cytometry SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE propidium iodide (PI); blackberry; raspberry; genome size ID CLONAL-GERMPLASM-REPOSITORY; CHROMOSOME-NUMBERS AB Nuclear DNA flow cytometry was used to differentiate ploidy level and determine nuclear DNA content in Rubus. Nuclei suspensions were prepared from leaf discs of young leaves following published protocols with modifications. DNA was stained with propidium iodide. Measurement of fluorescence of 40 genotypes, whose published ploidy ranged from diploid to dodecaploid, indicated that fluorescence increased with an increase in chromosome number. Ploidy level accounted for 99% of the variation in fluorescence intensity (r(2) = 0.99) and variation among ploidy levels was much higher than within ploidy levels. This protocol was used successfully for genotypes representing eight different Rubus subgenera. Rubus ursinus Cham. and Schldl., a native blackberry species in the Pacific Northwest, which has been reported to have 6x, 8x, 9x, 10x, 11x, and 12x forms, was extensively tested. Genotypes of R. ursinus were predominantly 12x, but 6x, 7x, 8x, 9x, 11x, and 13x forms were found as well. Attempts to confirm the 13x estimates with manual counts were unsuccessful. Ploidy level of 103 genotypes in the USDA-ARS breeding program was determined by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry confirmed that genotypes from crosses among 7x and 4x parents had chromosome numbers that must be the result of nonreduced gametes. This technique was effective in differentiating chromosome numbers differing by 1x, but was not able to differentiate aneuploids. Nuclear DNA contents of 21 diploid Rubus species from five subgenera were determined by flow cytometry. Idaeobatus, Chamaebatus, and Anaplobatus were significantly lower in DNA content than those of Rubus and Cylactis. In the Rubus subgenus, R. hispidus and R. canadensis had the lowest DNA content and R. sanctus had the highest DNA content, 0.59 and 0.75 pg, respectively. Idaeobatus had greater variation in DNA content among diploid species than the Rubus subgenus, with the highest being from R. ellipticus (0.69 pg) and lowest from R. illecebrosus (0.47 pg). C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. ARS, USDA, HCRL, NW Ctr Small Fruit Res, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Meng, RG (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 22 TC 18 Z9 28 U1 4 U2 16 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 127 IS 5 BP 767 EP 775 PG 9 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 586WR UT WOS:000177609600009 ER PT J AU Ryder, EJ AF Ryder, EJ TI A mild systemic reaction to lettuce mosaic virus in lettuce: Inheritance and interaction with an allele for resistance SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE stem lettuce; plant introduction; markers; breeding; Lactuca sativa AB In crosses of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) between parents producing a mild or susceptible reaction to lettuce mosaic virus, a single gene segregated. The heterozygote reacted in an intermediate manner. In crosses between mild-reacting and resistant parents, the mild reaction gene and the resistant gene segregated independently. The resistant and mild alleles together produced a new phenotype that is usually symptomless. The gene symbol proposed is Mi'Mi, where Mi' gives the mild phenotype. Breeding is in progress to combine the mild and resistant traits in new lettuce cultivars. C1 ARS, USDA, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. RP Ryder, EJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 1636 E Alisal St, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 127 IS 5 BP 814 EP 818 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 586WR UT WOS:000177609600016 ER PT J AU Gong, YP Fan, XT Mattheis, JP AF Gong, YP Fan, XT Mattheis, JP TI Responses of 'Bing' and 'Rainier' sweet cherries to ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus avium; nonclimacteric fruit; respiration; fruit quality; stem browning ID SUPERFICIAL SCALD; STRAWBERRY FRUIT; APPLE; DIAZOCYCLOPENTADIENE; PROPYLENE; PLANTS; BIOSYNTHESIS; RECEPTOR; BINDING; 1-MCP AB 'Bing' and 'Rainier' sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) fruit treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) were stored at 20 degreesC in air or 35 muL-L-1 ethylene. Ethylene production by both 'Bing' and 'Rainier' fruit stored in air was transiently stimulated following 1-MCP treatments, however, there were no significant effects of 1-MCP on respiration rate. Exogenous ethylene stimulated respiration regardless of prior treatment with 1-MCP. Although 1-MCP treatment reduced the increase in 'Bing' respiration induced by ethylene, the reduction was less than reported previously for climacteric fruit. These results suggest that stimulation of sweet cherry fruit respiration by ethylene occurs via a process that may be independent of receptors to which 1-MCP binds. Postharvest changes in fruit color and development of stein browning were not altered by 1-MCP treatment, and exogenous ethylene accelerated the development of stein browning regardless of prior treatment with 1-MCP. C1 ARS, USDA, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Mattheis, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 NW Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 30 TC 34 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 EI 2327-9788 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 127 IS 5 BP 831 EP 835 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 586WR UT WOS:000177609600019 ER PT J AU Lester, GE Crosby, KM AF Lester, GE Crosby, KM TI Ascorbic acid, folic acid, and potassium content in postharvest green-flesh honeydew muskmelons: Influence of cultivar, fruit size, soil type, and year SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cucumis melo (Inodorus Group); 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolic acid; phytonutrients ID NUTRITIONAL ENHANCEMENT; PLANT FOODS; VITAMIN-C; FOLATE; HEALTH; METABOLISM; REDUCTASE; DISEASE; TOMATO AB Two important chemicals and an essential mineral (phytonutrients) for human health and well-being are ascorbic acid, 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolic acid (folic acid) and potassium. The influence of cultivar, fruit size, soil type and year on these compounds in [Cucumis melo L. (Inodorous Group)] was determined. Fully mature (abscised) commercial size fruit: 4,5,6, 8, and 9 (fruit/0.031 m(3) shipping box) from three commercial cultivars: Mega Brew, Morning Ice, and TAM Dew Improved (TDI); and one experimental hybrid 'TDI' x 'Green Ice' were grown on both clay loam and sandy loam soils. Total ascorbic acid and folic acid content increased with an increase in fruit size up to a maximum (size 6 or 5), then decreased with further fruit size increase. Total ascorbic acid and folic acid content for most fruit sizes were higher when grown on clay loam versus sandy loam soils. The experimental hybrid compared to the commercial cultivars contained generally higher total ascorbic acid levels and significantly higher folic acid levels regardless of fruit size or soil type. Free ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid contents were generally higher from clay loam versus sandy loam soils and in the experimental line versus the commercial cultivars. However, free ascorbic acid content was high in small fruit and remained unchanged with an increase in fruit size until size 6 or 5 then significantly decreased; while dehydroascorbic acid content linearly increased with an increase in fruit size. Potassium content averaged 1.7 mg.g(-1) fresh weight for each line and did not significantly differ due to fruit size, but did for soil type and year. Analyses of variance for the phytonutrients assayed demonstrated that cultivar (genetics) always was very highly significant (P = 0.001), whereas, soil and year (environment) were not. C1 ARS, USDA, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Texas A&M, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Lester, GE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Kika Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Business Highway 83,Bldg 200, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 30 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 127 IS 5 BP 843 EP 847 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 586WR UT WOS:000177609600021 ER PT J AU Black, BL Zimmerman, RH AF Black, BL Zimmerman, RH TI Mixtures of coal ash and compost as substrates for highbush blueberry SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vaccinium; sewage sludge ID SOIL-PH REGIMES; GROWTH AB Bottom ash from a coal-fired power plant and two composts were tested as components of soil-free media and as soil amendments for growing highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). Combinations of ash and compost were compared to Berryland sand, and Manor clay loam, and compost amended Manor clay loam. The pH of all treatment media was adjusted to 4.5 with sulfur at the beginning of the experiment. In 1997, plants of 'Bluecrop' and 'Sierra' were planted in 15-dm(3) pots containing the pH-adjusted treatment media. The first substantial crop was harvested in 1999. At the end of the 1999 season, one half of the plants were destructively harvested for growth analysis. The remaining plants Were cropped again in 2000. Yield and fruit size data were collected in both seasons, and leaf and fruit samples were collected in 1999 for elemental analysis. The presence of coal ash or composted biosolids in the media had no detrimental effect on leaf or fruit elemental content. Total growth and yield of both cultivars was reduced in clay loam soil compared to Berryland sand, whereas growth and yield of plants in coal ash-compost was similar to or exceeded that of plants in Berryland sand. C1 ARS, USDA, Henry A Wallace Beltsvile Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Black, BL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Henry A Wallace Beltsvile Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Bldg 010A,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Black, Brent/A-8822-2008 NR 31 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 127 IS 5 BP 869 EP 877 PG 9 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 586WR UT WOS:000177609600025 ER PT J AU Astor, BC Eustace, JA Fink, NE Powe, NR Klag, MJ Selhub, J Coresh, J AF Astor, BC Eustace, JA Fink, NE Powe, NR Klag, MJ Selhub, J Coresh, J TI No association between homocysteine and the risk of vascular access interventions among incident hemodialysis patients: The CHOICE study. SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Welch Ctr Prevent Epidemiol & Clin Res, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1046-6673 J9 J AM SOC NEPHROL JI J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 13 SU S BP 35A EP 35A PG 1 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 589KL UT WOS:000177757500172 ER PT J AU Friedman, AN Miskulin, DC Rosenberg, IH Levey, AS AF Friedman, AN Miskulin, DC Rosenberg, IH Levey, AS TI Overweight and obesity in kidney transplant recipients, 1987-2001: Implications for medical nutrition therapy. SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufs New England Med Ctr, Div Nephrol, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1046-6673 J9 J AM SOC NEPHROL JI J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 13 SU S BP 613A EP 613A PG 1 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 589KL UT WOS:000177757503002 ER PT J AU Friedman, AN Hunsicker, LG Selhub, J Bostom, AG AF Friedman, AN Hunsicker, LG Selhub, J Bostom, AG CA Collaborative Study Grp TI Correlates of plasma C-reactive protein levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and nephropathy. SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Rhode Isl Hosp, Div Renal Dis, Providence, RI USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA USA. Tufts NEMC, Div Nephrol, Boston, MA USA. USDA, JM, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1046-6673 J9 J AM SOC NEPHROL JI J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 13 SU S BP 630A EP 630A PG 1 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 589KL UT WOS:000177757503080 ER PT J AU Gould, DH Dargatz, DA Garry, FB Hamar, DW Ross, PF AF Gould, DH Dargatz, DA Garry, FB Hamar, DW Ross, PF TI Potentially hazardous sulfur conditions on beef cattle ranches in the United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID NUTRITIONALLY INDUCED POLIOENCEPHALOMALACIA; SULFATE-INDUCED POLIOENCEPHALOMALACIA; SULFIDE CONCENTRATIONS; WELL WATER; CALVES; TOXICITY; STEERS; LAMBS AB Objective-To analyze the sulfur content of water and forage samples from a geographically diverse sample of beef cow-calf operations in the United States and to estimate frequency and distribution of premises where forage and water resources could result in consumption of hazardous amounts of sulfur by cattle. Design-Cross-sectional study. Sample Population-709 forage samples from 678 beef cow-calf operations and individual water samples from 498 operations in 23 states. Procedure-Sulfur content of forage samples and sulfate concentration of water samples were measured. Total sulfur intake was estimated for pairs of forage and water samples. Results-Total sulfur intake was estimated for 454 pairs of forage and water samples. In general, highest forage sulfur contents did not coincide with highest water sulfate concentrations. Overall, 52 of the 454 (11.5%) sample pairs were estimated to yield total sulfur intake (as a percentage of dry matter) greater than or equal to 0.4%, assuming water intake during conditions of high ambient temperature. Most of these premises were in north-central (n = 19) or western 0 9) states. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggest that on numerous beef cow-calf operations throughout the United States, consumption of forage and water could result in excessively high sulfur intake. All water sources and dietary components should be evaluated when assessing total sulfur intake. Knowledge of total sulfur intake may be useful in reducing the risk of sulfur-associated health and performance problems in beef cattle. C1 Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Clin Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, APHIS, Ctr Epidemiol, VS, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, APHIS, Ctr Anim Hlth, VS, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, APHIS, VS, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Gould, DH (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 1 PY 2002 VL 221 IS 5 BP 673 EP 677 DI 10.2460/javma.2002.221.673 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 588UC UT WOS:000177718800018 PM 12216907 ER PT J AU Chaloner, DT Wipfli, MS AF Chaloner, DT Wipfli, MS TI Influence of decomposing Pacific salmon carcasses on macroinvertebrate growth and standing stock in southeastern Alaska streams SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Pacific salmon; carcasses; marine-derived nutrients; macroinvertebrates; growth; standing stock; southeastern Alaska; stream ID AQUATIC INSECTS; RESOURCE LIMITATION; FOOD QUALITY; RESPONSES; PRODUCTIVITY; TRICHOPTERA; ECOSYSTEMS; PHOSPHORUS; ENRICHMENT; PERIPHYTON AB We compared macroinvertebrate growth rates and standing stock in the absence and presence of meat from Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) carcasses in microcosm and natural stream rearing experiments in southeastern Alaska. In microcosm experiments, the presence of salmon meat increased growth rates and standing stock for the shredder Zapada cinctipes and the collector Psychoglypha subborealis, but not the predator Rhyacophila sp., or the scraper Cinygmula sp. In natural stream experiments, the presence of salmon meat increased the growth rate and standing stock of P subborealis, but increased only the growth rate of Z. cinctipes. Macroinvertebrate responses to inputs of salmon-derived organic material can vary by species, which may reflect their feeding ecology. Macroinvertebrate taxa belonging to the collector functional-feeding group are likely to be important in transferring the effects of spawning salmon to the rest of the food web in southeastern Alaska streams. C1 Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Chaloner, DT (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. NR 38 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 15 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 21 IS 3 BP 430 EP 442 DI 10.2307/1468480 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 586HG UT WOS:000177578100006 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Clark, WW Sutton, DL Miller, JM Stack, MJ Chaplin, MJ Jenny, AL AF Hamir, AN Clark, WW Sutton, DL Miller, JM Stack, MJ Chaplin, MJ Jenny, AL TI Resistance of domestic cats to a US sheep scrapie agent by intracerebral route SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; DIAGNOSIS; CATTLE AB Feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) is thought to have resulted from consumption of food contaminated with bovine spongiform. encephalopathy and the latter is believed to result from the consumption of food contaminated with scrapie. However, no direct experimental documentation exists to indicate that the scrapie agent is capable of amplifying in cats, and. therefore, crossing the species barrier. During 1979, 6 cats ranging in age from 3.5 to 18 months were intracerebrally inoculated with sheep scrapie (inoculum G-639-PP) and were observed for an extended period. Inoculated cats did not develop neurologic disease, and microscopic lesions of spongiform encephalopathy were not evident. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot techniques failed to detect the abnormal form of prion protein (PrPres). These results indicate that the sheep scrapie agent (G-639-PP) used in this study was not capable of amplifying in cats and therefore was unable to cross the species barrier to produce FSE. C1 ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. APHIS, VS, USDA, Helena, MT 59601 USA. APHIS, NAHPS, USDA, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. Vet Labs Agcy, Weybridge KT15 3NB, Surrey, England. APHIS, Pathobiol Lab, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RI Chaplin, Melanie/C-7218-2011; Stack, Michael/C-7590-2011 NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 14 IS 5 BP 444 EP 445 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 592CH UT WOS:000177918800019 PM 12296404 ER PT J AU Furr, M MacKay, R Granstrom, D Schott, H Andrews, F AF Furr, M MacKay, R Granstrom, D Schott, H Andrews, F TI Clinical diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th ACVIM Meeting CY 2001 CL DENVER, COLORADO SP ACVIM ID SARCOCYSTIS-NEURONA; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; ANTIBODIES; HORSES C1 Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Marion DuPont Scott Equine Med Ctr, Leesburg, VA 20177 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Tennessee, Coll Vet Med, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. RP Furr, M (reprint author), Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Marion DuPont Scott Equine Med Ctr, POB 1938, Leesburg, VA 20177 USA. NR 12 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER COLL VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE PI LAKEWOOD PA 7175 W JEFFERSON AVE, STE 2125, LAKEWOOD, CO 80235 USA SN 0891-6640 J9 J VET INTERN MED JI J. Vet. Intern. Med. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 16 IS 5 BP 618 EP 621 DI 10.1892/0891-6640(2002)016<0618:CDOEPM>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 593UE UT WOS:000178011300022 PM 12322717 ER PT J AU Juarez, MP Carlson, DA Schettino, PMS Mijailovsky, S Rojas, G AF Juarez, MP Carlson, DA Schettino, PMS Mijailovsky, S Rojas, G TI Cuticular hydrocarbons of Chagas disease vectors in Mexico SO MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ LA English DT Article DE Triatoma; Dipetalogaster; cuticular hydrocarbons; gas chromatography; chemotaxonomy; Mexico ID TRIATOMA-INFESTANS; DIPTERA; DIFFERENTIATION; COMPONENTS; CULICIDAE AB Capillary gas-liquid chromatography was used to analyse the cuticular hydrocarbons of three triatomine species, Triatoma dimidiata, T. barberi and Dipetalogaster maxima, domestic vectors of Chagas disease in Mexico. Mixtures of saturated hydrocarbons of straight and methyl-branched chains were characteristic of the three species, but, quantitatively different. Major methylbranched components mostly corresponded to different saturated isomers of monomethyl, dimethyl and trimethyl branched hydrocarbons ranging from 29 to 39 carbon backbones. Sex-depenant,quantitative differences in certain hydrocarbons were apparent in T. dimidiata. C1 Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Ciencias Med, CONICET, Inst Invest Bioquim, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. USDA ARS, Med & Vet Entomol Res Lab, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Fac Med, Dept Microbiol & Parasitol, Lab Biol Parasitos, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Juarez, MP (reprint author), Natl Univ La Plata, Fac Ciencias Med, CONICET, Inst Invest Bioquim, Calles 60&120, RA-1900 La Plata, Argentina. EM mjuarez@isis.unlp.edu.ar NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU FUNDACO OSWALDO CRUZ PI RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ PA AV BRASIL 4365, 21045-900 RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ, BRAZIL SN 0074-0276 J9 MEM I OSWALDO CRUZ JI Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz PD SEP PY 2002 VL 97 IS 6 BP 819 EP 827 DI 10.1590/S0074-02762002000600012 PG 9 WC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 598VQ UT WOS:000178297500012 PM 12386703 ER EF