FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Meeusen, T Mertens, I Clynen, E Baggerman, G Nichols, R Nachman, RJ Huybrechts, R De Loof, A Schoofs, L AF Meeusen, T Mertens, I Clynen, E Baggerman, G Nichols, R Nachman, RJ Huybrechts, R De Loof, A Schoofs, L TI Identification in Drosophila melanogaster of the invertebrate G protein-coupled FMRFamide receptor SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NEUROPEPTIDE GENE; LOCUSTA-MIGRATORIA; PHE-MET-ARG-PHE-NH2 FMRFAMIDE; CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; PEPTIDES; EXPRESSION; CLONING; FAMILY; ALLATOSTATINS; INHIBITION AB We here describe the cloning and characterization of the functionally active Drosophila melanogaster (Drm) FMRFamide receptor, which we designated as DrmFMRFa-R. The full-length ORF of a D. melanogaster orphan receptor, CG 2114 (Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project), was cloned from genomic DNA. This receptor is distantly related to mammalian thyroid-stimulating hormone-releasing hormone receptors and to a set of Caenorhabditis elegans orphan receptors. An extract of 5,000 central nervous systems from the related but bigger flesh fly, Neobellieria bullata (Neb), was used to screen cells expressing the orphan receptor. Successive purification steps, followed by MS, revealed the sequence of two previously uncharacterized endogenous peptides, APPQPSDNFIRFamide (Neb-FIRFamide) and pQPSQDFMRFamide (Neb-FMRFamide). These are reminiscent of other insect FMRFamide peptides, having neurohormonal as well as neurotransmitter functions. Nanomolar concentrations of the Drm FMRFamides (DPKQDFMRFamide, TPAEDFMRFamide, SDNFMRFamide, SPKQDFMRFamide, and PDNFMRFamide) activated the cognate receptor in a dose-dependent manner. To our knowledge, the cloned DrmFMRFa-R is the first functionally active FMRFamide G protein-coupled receptor described in invertebrates to date. C1 Catholic Univ Louvain, Lab Dev Physiol & Mol Biol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. Univ Michigan, Dept Biol Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Schoofs, L (reprint author), Catholic Univ Louvain, Lab Dev Physiol & Mol Biol, Naamsestr 59, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. RI Huybrechts, Roger/D-1650-2009; Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Huybrechts, Roger/0000-0003-3950-8920; Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH62177] NR 43 TC 62 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 4 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 26 PY 2002 VL 99 IS 24 BP 15363 EP 15368 DI 10.1073/pnas.252339599 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 620JJ UT WOS:000179530000023 PM 12438685 ER PT J AU Hoffman, MK Yoffe, A Deyrup, CL Epstein, RL Shishani, E Aznar, G AF Hoffman, MK Yoffe, A Deyrup, CL Epstein, RL Shishani, E Aznar, G TI An odyssey - meeting European Union analytical criteria for residues from afar: experiences from North America SO ANALYTICA CHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Hormone and Veterinary Drug Residue Analysis CY JUN 04-07, 2002 CL ANTWERP, BELGIUM DE chemical residues; meat; additional testing program; import; European Union; United States Department of Agriculture AB The Additional Testing Program (ATP) was designed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to ensure a strict control on chemical residue testing in meat destined for the European Union (EU). This paper summarizes relevant events since 1989 that have resulted in the final acceptance of ATP criteria by the EU. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, OPHS, Biosci Div,Chem Branch, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Maxxam Analyt Inc, Mississauga, ON L4Z 1P1, Canada. RP Hoffman, MK (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, OPHS, Biosci Div,Chem Branch, Aerosp Ctr Room 344,901 D St, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-2670 J9 ANAL CHIM ACTA JI Anal. Chim. Acta PD NOV 25 PY 2002 VL 473 IS 1-2 BP 49 EP 52 AR PII S0003-2670(02)00774-2 DI 10.1016/S0003-2670(02)00774-2 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 613EG UT WOS:000179118400005 ER PT J AU Lein, S Van Boven, M Holser, R Decuypere, E Flo, G Lievens, S Cokelaere, M AF Lein, S Van Boven, M Holser, R Decuypere, E Flo, G Lievens, S Cokelaere, M TI Simultaneous determination of carbohydrates and simmondsins in jojoba seed meal (Simmondsia chinensis) by gas chromatography SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE Simmondsia chinensis; food analysis; jojoba seed meal; carbohydrates; simmondsins ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; DETOXIFICATION; EXTRACTION; RATS AB Separate methods for the analyses of soluble carbohydrates in different plants and simmondsins in jojoba seed meal are described. A reliable gas chromatographic procedure for the simultaneous quantification of D-pinitol, myo-inositol, sucrose, 5-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-pinitol, 2-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-pinitol, simmondsin, 4-demethylsimmondsin, 5-demethylsimmondsin and 4,5-didemethylsimmondsin as trimethylsilyl derivatives in jojoba seed meal has been developed. The study of different extraction mixtures allowed for the quantitative recovery of the 9 analytes by a mixture of methanol-water (80:20, v/v) in the concentration range between 0.1 and 4%. Comparison of the separation parameters on three different capillary stationary phases with MS detection allowed for the choice of the optimal gas chromatographic conditions for baseline separation of the analytes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Toxicol & Food Chem, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops & Proc Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Physiol & Immunol Domest Anim, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Interdisciplinary Res Ctr, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium. RP Van Boven, M (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Toxicol & Food Chem, Van Evenstr 4, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD NOV 22 PY 2002 VL 977 IS 2 BP 257 EP 264 AR PII S0021-9673(02)01410-3 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01410-3 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 612GG UT WOS:000179041800013 PM 12456116 ER PT J AU Cohen, R Jensen, KA Houtman, CJ Hammel, KE AF Cohen, R Jensen, KA Houtman, CJ Hammel, KE TI Significant levels of extracellular reactive oxygen species produced by brown rot basidiomycetes on cellulose SO FEBS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE wood decay; hydroxyl radical; aromatic hydroxylation; 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone; Gloeophyllum trabeum; Postia placenta ID ONE-ELECTRON-OXIDATION; HYDROXYL RADICALS; GLOEOPHYLLUM-TRABEUM; WHITE-ROT; CERIPORIOPSIS-SUBVERMISPORA; CELL-WALL; PINE WOOD; FUNGUS; MECHANISM AB It is often proposed that brown rot basidiomycetes use extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) to accomplish the initial depolymerization of cellulose in wood, but little evidence has been presented to show that the fungi produce these oxidants in physiologically relevant quantities. We used [C-14]phenethyl polyacrylate as a radical trap to estimate extra-cellular ROS production by two brown rot fungi, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta, that were degrading cellulose. Both fungi oxidized aromatic rings on the trap to give monohydroxylated and more polar products in significant yields. All of the cultures contained 2,5-dimethoxyhydroquinone, a fungal metabolite that has been shown to drive Fenton chemistry in vitro. These results show that extracellular ROS occur at significant levels in cellulose colonized by brown rot fungi, and suggest that hydroquinone-driven ROS production may contribute to decay by diverse brown rot species. (C) 2002 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53726 USA. RP Hammel, KE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Hammel, Kenneth/G-1890-2011; Houtman, Carl/I-4469-2012 OI Hammel, Kenneth/0000-0002-2935-5847; NR 33 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 3 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-5793 J9 FEBS LETT JI FEBS Lett. PD NOV 20 PY 2002 VL 531 IS 3 BP 483 EP 488 AR PII S0014-5793(02)03589-5 DI 10.1016/S0014-5793(02)03589-5 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 619PY UT WOS:000179486300019 PM 12435597 ER PT J AU Gould, WA Edlund, S Zoltai, S Raynolds, M Walker, DA Maier, H AF Gould, WA Edlund, S Zoltai, S Raynolds, M Walker, DA Maier, H TI Canadian Arctic vegetation mapping SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Circumpolar Symposium on Remote Sensing of Polar Environments CY JUN 12-14, 2000 CL YELLOWKNIFE, CANADA SP Govt NW Territories, Dept Resources Wildlife & Econ Dev ID CLIMATE; TUNDRA; SCALE AB During the next few decades the Arctic is expected to experience unprecedented changes in climate and resource development. All of these will potentially affect land use and vegetation cover. There is a need for a comprehensive and consistent circumpolar map of arctic vegetation that will be useful for modelling vegetation change in the circumpolar region. The Canadian arctic vegetation map is part of the Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation Mapping project (CAVM) which was initiated to fulfil this need. The CAVM is an effort by an international group of arctic vegetation scientists to create a map and GIS database of circumpolar vegetation at the 1: 7 500 000 scale. The Canadian vegetation map and ultimate circumpolar map will be useful for the study of arctic vegetation, modelling vegetation change at the continental and circumpolar scale, interpreting patterns of wildlife distribution and migration, land management, and educational purposes. The mapping effort combines information on soils, bedrock and surficial geology, hydrology, remotely-sensed vegetation characteristics, previous vegetation studies and regional expertise of mapping scientists. Map units are drawn using photo-interpretation of a 1: 4 000 000 scale AHVRR false colour infrared image basemap. Mapped polygons represent homogeneous landscape terrain units (e. g. hills, plains, plateaus, mountains and valleys). A GIS database contains ancillary information for each polygon and vegetation is defined through a series of lookup tables with information on dominant climatic, parent material chemistry and topographic characteristics. We present the mapping methods, a vegetation map of the Canadian Arctic, and ancillary maps developed in the mapping process. Twenty land cover classes are presented on the map, including 17 vegetation classes that are defined by dominant physiognomy ( growth form), dominant moisture regime, characteristic plant communities and characteristic degree of vegetation cover. Ancillary data presented include the AVHRR CIR basemap and landscape unit polygons, a maximum NDVI image, bioclimatic and elevational zones, and a map of parent material pH. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Univ Alaska, IAB, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Gould, WA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RI Maier, Hilmar/A-9000-2010; OI Maier, Hilmar/0000-0002-8442-0701; Gould, William/0000-0002-3720-9735 NR 36 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD NOV 20 PY 2002 VL 23 IS 21 BP 4597 EP 4609 DI 10.1080/01431160110113962 PG 13 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 609PW UT WOS:000178915000005 ER PT J AU Molyneux, RJ AF Molyneux, RJ TI Research opportunities for bioactive natural constituents in agriculture and food SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PLANT AB The Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry recently introduced a new subject matter category titled "Bioactive Constituents" to cover investigations of. the composition of natural compounds and their biological activity in crops and foods. It is recognized by the Editors that a number. of other journals specialize in various aspects of the chemistry of natural products, but the intent of this classification is to emphasize and stimulate submission of manuscripts in such areas of agricultural and food chemistry that have so far been neglected or,under-represented. Selected topics dealing with bioactive constituents are given as representative examples of the types of investigations that would be appropriate to the scope of the Journal. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Molyneux, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV 20 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 24 BP 6939 EP 6942 DI 10.1021/jf0207068 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 615UU UT WOS:000179266000001 PM 12428940 ER PT J AU Gu, LW Tao, GJ Gu, WY Prior, RL AF Gu, LW Tao, GJ Gu, WY Prior, RL TI Determination of soyasaponins in soy with LC-MS following structural unification by partial alkaline degradation SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE LC-MS; saponin; soyasaponin; soy; Glycine max L. ID GLYCINE-MAX MERRILL; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PISUM-SATIVUM-L; SOYASAPOGENOL-A; SOYBEAN SEEDS; ELECTROSPRAY-IONIZATION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SAPONIN; SAPOGENOL; CONSTITUENTS AB High-performance liquid chromatography coupled With electrospray ionization mass spectrometer was used to study the soyasaponins in soy. It was found that each soyasaponin belonging to group A existed mainly in their genuine acetylated forms. The partially to fully deacetylated structures coexisted in various proportions. Likewise, the soyasaponins belonging to group Bin soy were detected.. as both 2,3-dihydro-2,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-pyrone (DDMP) conjugated forms and non-DDMP forms. The structural diversity of soyasaponins hinders the. separation and determination of the individual compounds in soy. In the present studies, the soyasaponins extracted from soy were treated with sodium hydroxide under mild conditions to cleave the acetyl groups from soyasaponins in group A as well as the DDMP from soyasaponins in group. B; while the glycoside structures remained unaffected. By doing so, all soyasaponins originating from the same initial structures were unified into well-defined structures and then quantified individually, using the selective ion recording of their [M-H](-) ions. The pure deacetyl and non-DDMP soyasaponins were used as the external standards. The quantification limits of soyasaponins in group A and group B were 1.74 and 1.89 ng injected on column with recovery rates of 94.1% +/- 4.2% and.96.9% +/- 2.9%, respectively. C1 Wuxi Univ Light Ind, Sch Food Sci & Technol, Wuxi 214036, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. Wuxi Univ Light Ind, Analyt & Testing Ctr, Wuxi 214036, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, Arkansas Childrens Nutr Ctr, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. RP Gu, LW (reprint author), Arkansas Childrens Nutr Ctr, 1120 Marshall St, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. RI Gu, Liwei/H-5875-2011 NR 34 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV 20 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 24 BP 6951 EP 6959 DI 10.1021/jf0257300 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 615UU UT WOS:000179266000003 PM 12428942 ER PT J AU Meepagala, KM Sturtz, G Wedge, DE AF Meepagala, KM Sturtz, G Wedge, DE TI Antifungal constituents of the essential oil fraction of Artemisia dracunculus L. var. dracunculus SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Artemisia dracunculus; antifungal activity; 5-phenyl-1,3-pentadiyne; methyleugenol; capillarin; Colletrotichum fragariae; Colletrotichum gloeosporioides; Colletrotichum acutatum; Botrytis cinerea ID BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITIES; GROWING BUDS; ASTERACEAE; CAPILLARIS; COMPONENTS; PLANTS AB The isolation and structure elucidation of antifungal constituents of the steam-distilled essential oil fraction of Artemisia dracunculus are described. Antifungal activities of 5-phenyl-1,3-pentadiyne and capillarin against Colletrotichum fragariae, Colletrotichum gloeosporioides, and Colletrotichum, acutatum are reported for the first time. The relative abundance of 5-phenyl-1,3-pentadiyne is about 11% of the steam-distilled oil, as determined by GC-MS. Methyleugenol was also isolated and identified as an antifungal constituent of the oil. C1 Univ Mississippi, USDA ARS, Nat Prod Ultilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. Aromagen, Albany, OR 97321 USA. RP Meepagala, KM (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, USDA ARS, Nat Prod Ultilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 25 TC 93 Z9 98 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV 20 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 24 BP 6989 EP 6992 DI 10.1021/jf020466w PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 615UU UT WOS:000179266000009 PM 12428948 ER PT J AU Futagawa, M Rimando, AM Tellez, MR Wedge, DE AF Futagawa, M Rimando, AM Tellez, MR Wedge, DE TI pH modulation of zopfiellin antifungal activity to Colletotrichum and Botrytis SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fungicide; natural products; zopfiellin; Zopfiella curvata; Botrytis cinerea; Colletotrichum acutatum; Colletotrichum fragariae; Colletotrichum gloeosporioides; Fusarium oxysporum ID DISCOVERY AB Zopfiellin, a novel cyclooctanoid natural product isolated from Zopfiella curvata No. 37-3, was evaluated in a 96-well microtiter assay for fungicidal activity against Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum fragariae. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Fusarium oxysporum. Zopfiellin exhibited pH-dependent activity, with the most mycelial growth inhibition demonstrated at pH 5.0. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies indicated that zopfiellin undergoes structural changes with changes in pH. At pH 5.0, zopfiellin showed the greatest activity against B. cinerea (IC80 = 10 muM), C. gloeosporioides (IC80 = 10 muM), and C. fragariae (IC80 = 10 muM) and intermediate activity against C. acutatum (IC80 = 30 muM), and was not active against F. oxysporum (IC80 > 100 muM). C1 USDA ARS, NPURU, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, University, MS 38677 USA. Nissan Chem Ind Co Ltd, Shiraoka Res Stn Biol Sci, Minami Saitama, Saitama 3490294, Japan. RP Wedge, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, NPURU, Natl Ctr Nat Prod Res, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV 20 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 24 BP 7007 EP 7012 DI 10.1021/jf025720z PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 615UU UT WOS:000179266000012 PM 12428951 ER PT J AU Puckhaber, LS Dowd, MK Stipanovic, RD Howell, CR AF Puckhaber, LS Dowd, MK Stipanovic, RD Howell, CR TI Toxicity of (+)- and (-)-gossypol to the plant pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Gossypium hirsutum; cotton; Rhizoctonia solani; racemic gossypol; (+) and (-)-gossypol; phytoalexins; host defense; Trichoderma virens ID GOSSYPOL ENANTIOMERS; CELL-LINES; TERPENOID PHYTOALEXINS; VERTICILLIUM-DAHLIAE; COTTON; (+)-GOSSYPOL; VASINFECTUM; FERTILITY AB The dimeric sesquiterpene gossypol occurs naturally in cottonseed and other parts of the cotton plant. Gossypol exists as enantiomers because of the restricted, rotation around the central binaphthyl bond. The (-)-enantiomer is toxic to nonruminant animals while. the, (+)-enantiomer exhibits little; if any, toxicity to these animals. Developing cotton plants with low levels of the (-)-gossypol could expand the use of cottonseed as a feed source. Gossypol also Tray play a role in protecting the plant from pathogens. The relative toxicity of (+)- and (-)-gossypol to plant pathogens has not been. reported. We measured the concentration of (+)- and (-)-gossypol in roots from cotton seedlings that were treated with the biocontrol agent Trichoderma virens that induces biosynthesis of gossypol and related terpenoids. in cotton roots. (-)-Gossypol was the minor enantiomer in control and treated roots; but levels were slightly higher in roots from T. virens-treated seed. We also determined the. toxicity of the gossypol enantiomers and the racemate to the seedling disease pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. The (+)- and (-)-enantiomers of-gossypol and the racemate are equally effective in inhibiting growth of this pathogen. The lethal doses of the gossypols required to kill the pathogen appeared,to be similar, but their, toxicities are significantly less than those of related, cotton and kenaf sesquiterpenes. The results indicate that altering the enantiomeric ratio in cotton roots will not adversely affect the resistance of seedlings to the seedling pathogen R. solani. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Stipanovic, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2765 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 33 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV 20 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 24 BP 7017 EP 7021 DI 10.1021/jf0207225 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 615UU UT WOS:000179266000014 PM 12428953 ER PT J AU Glenn, GM Klamczynski, AP Takeoka, G Orts, WJ Wood, D Widmaier, R AF Glenn, GM Klamczynski, AP Takeoka, G Orts, WJ Wood, D Widmaier, R TI Sorption and vapor transmission properties of uncompressed and compressed microcellular starch foam SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE starch; microcellular foam; starch plastic; sorption; vapor transmission; volatile compounds; encapsulation ID PHEROMONES; FLAVOR AB Microcellular starch foams (MCFs) are made by a solvent-exchange process and consist of a porous matrix with pores generally ranging from similar to2 mum to submicrometer size. MCF may potentially be useful as a slow-release agent for volatile compounds because of its ability to sorb chemicals from the atmosphere and to absorb liquids into its porous structure, and because it can be compressed to form a starch plastic. MCF made of high-amylose corn and wheat starches was prepared with or without 2% (w/w) silicone oil (SO) or palmitic acid (PA). The MCF was loaded with 1% of various volatile compounds with vapor pressures ranging from 0.02 to 28 mm. The MCF depressed the vapor pressure from 0.37 to 37% compared to a control containing no MCF. Incorporating SO or PA in the matrix of the MCF had little effect on sorption of volatiles. Compressing MCF at 1.4, 6.9, and 69 MPa made a starch plastic with varying porosity. The vapor transmission rate of various volatile compounds through MCF was positively correlated to the vapor pressure of the test compound but was inversely proportional to the compression force used to form the starch plastic. The results indicate that uncompressed and compressed MCFs could be effective slow-release agents for a variety of volatile compounds, especially if used together. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Widmaier Consulting, Woodinville, WA 98072 USA. RP Glenn, GM (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV 20 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 24 BP 7100 EP 7104 DI 10.1021/fj020589 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 615UU UT WOS:000179266000027 PM 12428966 ER PT J AU Holser, RA List, GR King, JW Holliday, RL Neff, WE AF Holser, RA List, GR King, JW Holliday, RL Neff, WE TI Modeling of hydrogenation kinetics from triglyceride compositional data SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hydrogenation; soybean oil; modeling; simulation; nickel catalysts; kinetics ID PRESSURE; OIL AB A mathematical model was developed to describe the reduction of soybean oil triglycerides during hydrogenation. The model was derived from reaction and transport mechanisms and formulated into a system of first-order irreversible rate expressions that included terms for temperature, hydrogen pressure, and catalyst concentration. The model parameters were estimated from experimental data, and the model was used to simulate the results of hydrogenation performed over the pressure range of 0.069-6.9 MPa. The model could be extended to include geometrical isomers formed,during hydrogenation. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Oil Chem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Holser, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV 20 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 24 BP 7111 EP 7113 DI 10.1021/jf011406d PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 615UU UT WOS:000179266000029 PM 12428968 ER PT J AU Anderson, RA Polansky, MM AF Anderson, RA Polansky, MM TI Tea enhances insulin activity SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE glucose; insulin; diabetes; polyphenols; epigallocatechin gallate; epigallocatechin ID GREEN TEA; CHROMIUM; CONSUMPTION; CATECHINS; HUMANS; BLOOD; POLYPHENOLS; GALLATE; URINE; CELLS AB The most widely known health benefits of tea relate to the polyphenols as the principal active ingredients in protection against oxidative damage and in antibacterial, antiviral, anticarcinogenic, and antimutagenic activities, but polyphenols in tea may also increase insulin activity. The objective of this study was to determine the insulin-enhancing properties of tea and its components. Tea, as normally consumed, was shown to increase insulin activity > 15-fold in vitro in an epididymal fat cell assay. Black, green, and oolong teas but not herbal teas, which are not teas in the traditional sense because they do not contain leaves of Camellia senensis, were all shown to increase insulin activity. High-performance liquid chromatography fractionation of tea extracts utilizing a Waters SymmetryPrep C18 column showed that the majority of the insulin-potentiating activity for green and oolong teas was due to epigallocatechin gallate. For black tea, the activity was present in several regions of the chromatogram corresponding to, in addition to epigallocatechin gallate, tannins, theaflavins, and other undefined compounds. Several known compounds found in tea were shown to enhance insulin with the greatest activity due to epigallocatechin gallate followed by epicatechin gallate, tannins, and theaflavins. Caffeine, catechin, and epicatechin displayed insignificant insulin-enhancing activities. Addition of lemon to the tea did not affect the insulin-potentiating activity. Addition of 5 g of 2% milk per cup decreased the insulin-potentiating activity one-third, and addition of 50 g of milk per cup decreased the insulin-potentiating activity similar to90%. Nondairy creamers and soy milk also decreased the insulin-enhancing activity. These data demonstrate that tea contains in vitro insulin-enhancing activity and the predominant active ingredient is epigallocatechin gallate. C1 USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 175 Z9 195 U1 4 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV 20 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 24 BP 7182 EP 7186 DI 10.1021/jf020514c PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 615UU UT WOS:000179266000041 PM 12428980 ER PT J AU Thibodeaux, DP Johnson, GP Stevens, ED French, AD AF Thibodeaux, DP Johnson, GP Stevens, ED French, AD TI Crystal structure of penta-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranose with modeling of the conformation of the acetate groups SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ab initio; aldohexose; Boltzmann distribution; carbohydrate; DFT; isopropyl acetates; triacetyl tetrahydropyran ID MOLECULAR MECHANICS; X-RAY; STATE; MM3 AB The crystal structure of penta-O-acetyl-beta-D-galactopyranose was determined with Mo K-x radiation at 150 K to R = 0.029. The space group is P2(1)2(1)2(1), and the unit cell dimensions are. a = 8.348 b = 9.021 and c = 25.418 Angstrom. The ring has the usual C-4(1) shape and O-6 is in the tg position as frequently observed for sugars having the axial galacto configuration at C-4. Conformations of the acetate groups were compared with those from the literature. Nearly eclipsed, 'Z' conformations are found for the ester moieties, and the torsion angles for the sequence involving the ring hydrogen, carbon, alkoxy oxygen and carbonyl carbon for both 1 and related compounds are eclipsed-to-gauche. Orientations and conformations of the acetate substituents were modeled with both MM3 molecular mechanics and various levels of quantum mechanics theory. Higher levels of theory and more complete models provided better prediction of the experimental observations. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Univ New Orleans, Dept Chem, New Orleans, LA 70148 USA. RP French, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM estevens@uno.edu; afrench@srrc.ars.usda.gov NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0008-6215 EI 1873-426X J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD NOV 19 PY 2002 VL 337 IS 21-23 BP 2301 EP 2310 AR PII S0008-6215(02)00266-5 DI 10.1016/S0008-6215(02)00266-5 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 618PB UT WOS:000179425500039 PM 12433494 ER PT J AU Lee, SS Hsu, JT Mantovani, HC Russell, JB AF Lee, SS Hsu, JT Mantovani, HC Russell, JB TI The effect of bovicin, HC5, a bacteriocin from Streptococcus bovis HC5, on ruminal methane production in vitro SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE ruminal fermentation; bacteriocin; methane ID RUMEN FERMENTATION; NISIN RESISTANCE; MONENSIN; DYNAMICS; GROWTH; CATTLE AB Methane represents a loss of feed energy to ruminant animals, and nutritionists have sought methods of inhibiting ruminal methane production. When mixed ruminal bacteria (approximately 400 mg protein ml(-1)) from a cow fed timothy hay were incubated in vitro with carbon dioxide and hydrogen (0.5 atm) for less than 8 It, the first-order rate of methane production was 17 mumol ml(-1). Semi-purified bacteriocin from Streptococcus bovis HC5 (bovicin HC5) inhibited methane production, by as much as 50%, and even a low concentration of bovicin HC5 (128 activity units (AU) ml(-1)) caused a significant decrease. Mixed ruminal bacteria that were transferred successively retained their ability to produce methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen, and the first-order rate of methane production did not decrease. Cultures that were treated with bovicin HC5 (128 AU ml-1) gradually lost their ability to produce methane, add methane was not detected after four transfers. These latter results indicated that ruminal methanogens could not adapt and become resistant to bovicin HC5. When the chromosomal DNA was amplified with 16S rDNA primers specific to archaea, digested with restriction enzymes (HhaI and HaeIII) and separated on agarose gels, approximately 12 fragments were observed. DNA from control and treated cultures (third transfer) had the same fragment pattern indicating bovicin HC5 was not selective. Given the perception that the routine use of antibiotics in animal feeds should be avoided, bacteriocins may provide an alternative strategy for decreasing ruminal methane production. (C) 2002 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Mantovani, Hilario/J-5287-2012 NR 31 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD NOV 19 PY 2002 VL 217 IS 1 BP 51 EP 55 AR PII S0378-1097(02)01044-3 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11455.x PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 620MJ UT WOS:000179536900008 PM 12445645 ER PT J AU Davis, KB Griffin, BR Gray, WL AF Davis, KB Griffin, BR Gray, WL TI Effect of handling stress on susceptibility of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus to Icthyophthirius multifiliis and channel catfish virus infection SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE channel catfish; ich; CCV; stress ID PLASMA CORTICOSTEROID DYNAMICS; ICHTHYOPHTHIRIUS-MULTIFILIIS; COPPER-SULFATE; RAFINESQUE; DISEASE; CORTISOL; INVITRO AB A quantitative bioassay employing immersion exposure was developed for the infection of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus with the protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, commonly referred to as ich. This bioassay as well as waterborne challenge of channel catfish with channel catfish virus (CCV) was used to investigate the effect of confinement stress on the sensitivity of the fish to exposure of these pathogens. Infestation by ich was shown to be proportional to the density of infective theronts in the exposure tank and low-water crowding stress was shown to increase susceptibility of catfish to infection. Mortality from CCV was related to the virus exposure dose; however, low-water crowding stress did not affect mortality. Increased susceptibility, due to crowding stress of naive channel catfish to I. multifiliis but not to CCV, suggests a difference in the defence mechanisms. Stress-induced increased susceptibility to I. multifiliis may be due to a suppression of an innate protection mechanism. The lack of effect of stress on CCV mortality may be due to protection afforded by an inducible system which was not affected by the stressor, or the lethal effects of the virus were too fast for the stress to change susceptibility in fish exposed to CCV for the first time. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. RP Davis, KB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Harry K Dupree Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, POB 1050, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 33 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 214 IS 1-4 BP 55 EP 66 AR PII S0044-8486(02)00362-9 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00362-9 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 607LV UT WOS:000178793800004 ER PT J AU Edwards, JV Eggleston, G Yager, DR Cohen, IK Diegelmann, RF Bopp, AF AF Edwards, JV Eggleston, G Yager, DR Cohen, IK Diegelmann, RF Bopp, AF TI Design, preparation and assessment of citrate-linked monosaccharide cellulose conjugates with elastase-lowering activity SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article DE elastase; monosaccharide; aldehyde; cellulose ID MULTIFUNCTIONAL CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; NEUTROPHIL ELASTASE; COTTON CELLULOSE; CITRIC-ACID; SPECTROSCOPY; PERFORMANCE; INHIBITOR AB Elastase-sequestering wound dressings were prepared as the fructose and glucose citrate-cellulose conjugates on the cotton fibers of gauze dressings. The modified dressings were designed for chronic wounds, which contain destructively high levels of neutrophil elastase. The design of the modified gauzes was based on anionic citrate-esterified cellulose and the open chain isomers of the hemiketal and hemiacetal of fructose and glucose, which possess partial ketone, and aldehyde functionality as is found in synthetic elastase inhibitors. The cellulose-citrate conjugates of glucose and fructose were prepared on cotton gauze by rapid acid-catalyzed esterification of fibrous cellulose with citric acid as an ester cross-linking agent. The glucose and fructose citrate ester conjugates of cellulose were characterized as both intermolecular ester bonds of citrate-cross-linked cellulose and as citrate esters of glucose and fructose. Glucose and fructose were released from the fabric through hydrolysis of the citrate ester of the monosaccharide and were characterized using high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection and a modified Fehling's test. Chromatographic analysis of the hydrolyzed glucose and fructose ester products revealed the cellulose conjugates to be formed at levels of 4 mg of glucose per gram of cotton and 0.9 mg of fructose per gram of cotton. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to detect the citrate-esterified conjugates on the cotton fiber. The modified cotton gauzes containing the monosaccharide ester conjugates and citrate-cross-linked cellulose were compared with untreated gauze for reduction of elastase activity in buffered saline, and in solutions of chronic wound fluid, The monosaccharide and citric acid conjugates of cellulose demonstrate a sequestration effect by extracting elastase from solution. The order of elastase-lowering potency of the monosaccharide-citrate cellulose conjugates in wound fluid was judged to be fructose-citrate > glucose-citrate = citrate. Elastase-lowering activity displayed a linear response over a range of 10-75 mg of gauze samples with the fructose-citrate cellulose conjugate (11.5-0.5 mumol of sugar/unit of elastase activity). (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Med Coll Virginia, Dept Surg, Wound Healing Ctr,Div Plast & Reconstruct Surg, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. RP Edwards, JV (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 3 BP 305 EP 314 AR PII S0144-8617(02)00029-2 DI 10.1016/S0144-8617(02)00029-2 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 578TY UT WOS:000177137100011 ER PT J AU Obin, M Lee, BY Meinke, G Bohm, A Lee, RH Gaudet, R Hopp, JA Arshavsky, VY Willardson, BM Taylor, A AF Obin, M Lee, BY Meinke, G Bohm, A Lee, RH Gaudet, R Hopp, JA Arshavsky, VY Willardson, BM Taylor, A TI Ubiquitylation of the transducin beta gamma subunit complex - Regulation by phosducin SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID UBIQUITIN-CONJUGATING ENZYME; ROD OUTER SEGMENTS; HETEROTRIMERIC G-PROTEINS; DEPENDENT PROTEOLYSIS; PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS; ALPHA-SUBUNIT; 3RD FORM; IN-VIVO; IDENTIFICATION; DEGRADATION AB G proteins (Galphabetagamma) are essential signaling molecules, which dissociate into Galpha and Gbetagamma upon activation by heptahelical membrane receptors. We have identified the betagamma subunit complex of the photoreceptor-specific G protein, transducin (T), as a target of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Ubiquitylated species of the transducin gamma-subunit (Tgamma) but not the alpha- or beta-subunits were assembled de novo in bovine photoreceptor preparations. In addition, Tgamma was exclusively ubiquitylated when Tbetagamma was dissociated from Talpha. Ubiquitylation of Tbetagamma on Tgamma was selectively catalyzed by human ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes UbcH5 and UbcH7 and was coincident with degradation of the entire Tbetagamma subunit complex in vitro by a mechanism requiring ATP and the proteasome. We also show that Tbetagamma association with phosducin, a photoreceptor-specific protein of unknown physiological function, blocks Tbetagamma ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation. Phosphorylation of phosducin by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, which inhibits phosducin-Tbetagamma complex formation, completely restored Toy ubiquitylation and degradation. We conclude that Tbetagamma is a substrate of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and suggest that phosducin serves to protect Tbetagamma following the light-dependent dissociation of Talphabetagamma. C1 Tufts Univ, JMUSDA, HNRCA, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Ctr Vis Res, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Boston Biomed Res Inst, Watertown, MA 02472 USA. Jules Stein Eye Inst, Sepulveda, CA 90095 USA. Greater Los Angeles Healthcare Syst, Sepulveda, CA 90095 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Mol & Cellular Biol, Boston, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirm, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Obin, M (reprint author), Tufts Univ, JMUSDA, HNRCA, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Gaudet, Rachelle/I-4133-2014 OI Gaudet, Rachelle/0000-0002-9177-054X FU NEI NIH HHS [EY10336, EY11704, EY13250, EY12287, P30 EY13078] NR 61 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 277 IS 46 BP 44566 EP 44575 DI 10.1074/jbc.M205308200 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 615XE UT WOS:000179272000129 PM 12215439 ER PT J AU Schneider, MJ Donoghue, DJ AF Schneider, MJ Donoghue, DJ TI Multiresidue analysis of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in chicken tissue using liquid chromatography-fluorescence-multiple mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE fluoroquinolone; antibiotics ID DANOFLOXACIN; CONFIRMATION; QUINOLONES; RESIDUES; LIVER; MICRODIALYSIS; ENROFLOXACIN; OFLOXACIN; ONLINE; MUSCLE AB An efficient liquid chromatographic method for the multiresidue analysis of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in chicken tissue has been developed in which quantitation using fluorescence and confirmation with multiple mass spectrometry (MS") was achieved simultaneously. Using this method, eight fluoroquinolones were analyzed in fortified samples of chicken liver and muscle tissue with recoveries at levels of 10-200 ng/g generally in the range of 60-93%, except for desethylene ciprofloxacin, which consistently gave recoveries greater than or equal to45%. Relative standard deviations were excellent in all cases, and the limits of detection in ng/g were determined as follows in liver and (muscle): desethylene ciprofloxacin 0.3 (0.1), norfloxacin 1.2 (0.2), ciprofloxacin 2 (1.5), danofloxacin 0.2 (0.1), enrofloxacin 0.3 (0.2), orbifloxacin 1.5 (0.5), sarafloxacin 2 (0.6), difloxacin 0.3 (0.2). Confirmation of the identities of the fluoroquinolones was achieved by monitoring the ratios of two prominent product ions in MS2 (desethylene ciprofloxacin) or MS3 (all others). Levels of confirmation as related to ion ratio variability criteria were established. Enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were also determined in enrofloxacin incurred chicken liver and muscle using this method. Published by Elsevier Science B. V. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Arkansas, Poultry Sci Ctr 0 408, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Schneider, MJ (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 19 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1570-0232 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 780 IS 1 BP 83 EP 92 AR PII S1570-0232(02)00437-3 DI 10.1016/S1570-0232(02)00437-3 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 613BF UT WOS:000179110200010 PM 12383483 ER PT J AU Garcia-Espinosa, G Moore, RW Berghman, LR Hargis, BM AF Garcia-Espinosa, G Moore, RW Berghman, LR Hargis, BM TI Relationship of bursal anti-steroidogenic peptide (BASP) and histone H1 SO LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE histone H1; bursa of fabricius; anti-steroidogenic; anti-DNA synthesis; B-lymphocytes; chicken ID HUMORAL IMMUNE-SYSTEM; CHICKEN; FABRICIUS; SECRETION; CELLS; DNA AB Previous in vitro research from our laboratory has demonstrated the existence of a protein purified from the chicken bursa of Fabricius, with potent antisteroidogenic and antiproliferative action on granulose cells and lymphocytes, respectively called Bursal anti-steroidogenic peptide (BASP). This protein is heat-labile, basic, and amino- and carboxy-terminus blocked. In highly purified form, the protein presents as a doublet on SDS-PAGE electrophoresis with an apparent MW of similar to 29 and similar to 32 kDa. Recently, Nanoflow Q-TOF Mass Spectrometry amino acid sequencing allowed determination of a convincing partial amino acid sequence, strongly suggesting a probable relationship of BASP with historic H1. Bursal cDNA expression library screening, using an antibody produced against BASP, also identified a clone with a sequence matching historic H1. Presently, we have demonstrated that SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of highly purified and bioactive BASP, and commercially available calf thymus derived historic H1, produced similar doublets at approximately the same apparent MW, and that the electrophoretic profile of these 2 preparations were strikingly similar following 2 dimensional gel electrophoresis. The BASP doublet produced on SDS-PAGE was recognized by a commercially available monoclonal antibody recognizing a highly conserved region of historic H1. Furthermore, calf thymus historic H1 was found to suppress mitogen-stimulated chicken B-cell proliferation in a concentration-related manner, similar to the action of BASP. These data indicate that BASP shares substantial structural homology with, and may be identical to, histone H1. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Hargis, BM (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0024-3205 J9 LIFE SCI JI Life Sci. PD NOV 15 PY 2002 VL 71 IS 26 BP 3071 EP 3079 AR PII S0024-3205(02)02170-7 DI 10.1016/S0024-3205(02)02170-7 PG 9 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 612QR UT WOS:000179087400004 PM 12408874 ER PT J AU Erhan, SZ Sheng, Q Adhvaryu, A AF Erhan, SZ Sheng, Q Adhvaryu, A TI Synthesis and characterization of the copolymer of dodecyl methacrylate/styrene containing an amidine functional group SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE copolymer; dodecyl methacrylate; styrene; dispersant ID DISPERSION COPOLYMERIZATION; GRAFT-POLYMERIZATION; INITIATOR TYPE; STYRENE; MACROMONOMER AB A copolymer of dodecyl methacrylate/styrene (DMA/St) containing the amidine functionality was synthesized and characterized. The one-step solution copolymerization process was carried out using a mixed solvent, high temperature, and a functional azo initiator, 2,2'-azobis[N,N'-dimethylene isobutyramidme]. Copolymers with different compositions (DMA/St 10/1 to 1/2), molecular weight (M-n 2000-9000), and functionality (1.0-2.0) were prepared and characterized by NMR, FTIR, DSC, and elemental analysis. The molecular weight of the copolymers could be controlled by the amount of the initiators. Co-polymer composition depends oil the feed molar ratio of comonomers. The amidine functionality of the copolymers was determined by elemental analysis. It was found that 72%. of the polymer chain has one functionality. The T-g of the copolymer depends on the feed molar ratio, This copolymer could be used as a potential dispersant for lubricant oil. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Erhan, SZ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 48 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD NOV 14 PY 2002 VL 86 IS 7 BP 1684 EP 1691 DI 10.1002/app.11064 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 592DM UT WOS:000177921500022 ER PT J CA CDC TI Outbreak of listeriosis - Northeastern United States, 2002 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 51, pg 950-951, 2002) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Philadelphia Dept Publ Hlth, Philadelphia, PA USA. New York City Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, New York, NY USA. Penn Dept Hlth, Harrisburg, PA 17108 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Svcs, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. Delaware Hlth & Social Svcs, New Castle, DE 19720 USA. Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. Michigan Dept Community Hlth, Lansing, MI 48913 USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. CDC, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Philadelphia Dept Publ Hlth, Philadelphia, PA USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 13 PY 2002 VL 288 IS 18 BP 2260 EP 2260 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 614JZ UT WOS:000179186400011 ER PT J AU Burke, JM Miller, JE AF Burke, JM Miller, JE TI Relative resistance of Dorper crossbred ewes to gastrointestinal nematode infection compared with St. Croix and Katahdin ewes in the southeastern United States SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hair breeds; nematode resistance; sheep ID HAEMONCHUS-CONTORTUS INFECTION; SHEEP; LAMBS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; RAMBOUILLET; PARASITISM; RESPONSES; BURDENS; SUFFOLK AB A study was conducted to evaluate relative resistance of Dorper crossbred (DO), Katahdin (KA), St. Croix (SC), and Hampshire (HA) ewes to natural and experimental gastro-intestinal (GI) nematode infection over a 20-month period. The objective of Experiment 1 was to evaluate breeds for resistance to infection acquired naturally from mixed grass pastures. In Year 1 (May-December 2000) de-worming of ewes occurred during wet, hot conditions in July and during late pregnancy in December. In Year 2 (January-December 2001), ewes were de-wormed after fecal egg count (FEC) for a breed group rose above 1000 eggs per gram (epg) or after blood packed cell volume (PCV) of an individual ewe fell below 20. FEC was determined every 28 days and PCV every 14-28 days. In both the years, ewes were pastured together, except during the 28-days breeding periods, on tall fescue, bermudagrass, or ryegrass, and rotated among pastures dependent on forage availability. Ewes were in good or excellent condition (body condition score of 3-4 out of 5) throughout the study. The objective of Experiment 2 was to evaluate the breeds for relative resistance to an experimental infection with Haemonchus contortus infective larvae. Both PCV and FEC were determined every 7 days from 14 to 42 days after inoculation with 30,000 infective larvae per ewe. In Experiment 1, Year 1, FEC was slightly greater and PCV was lower from July to September in DO ewes (breed x time, P < 0.001). In Year 2, de-worming occurred 14 days later in DO ewes compared with other breed types. Otherwise PCV and FEC were similar among the hair breeds and higher and lower, respectively, compared with HA ewes (breed x time, P < 0.001). In Experiment 2, FEC and PCV were similar among hair breeds; FEC was lower and PCV higher in hair breeds compared with that of HA ewes (P < 0.01). Relative resistance of mature Dorper crossbred ewes was comparable to that of Katahdin and St. Croix ewes and superior to that of Hampshire ewes. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Vet Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Burke, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 18 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD NOV 11 PY 2002 VL 109 IS 3-4 BP 265 EP 275 AR PII S0304-4017(02)00272-8 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00272-8 PG 11 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 617GB UT WOS:000179352700010 PM 12423938 ER PT J AU Chuck, G Muszynski, M Kellogg, E Hake, S Schmidt, RJ AF Chuck, G Muszynski, M Kellogg, E Hake, S Schmidt, RJ TI The control of spikelet meristem identity by the branched silkless1 gene in maize SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS; FLOWER DEVELOPMENT; ARABIDOPSIS; FIMBRIATA; TASSEL; FAMILY AB Most of the world's food supply is derived from cereal grains that are borne in a unique structure called the spikelet, the fundamental unit of inflorescence architecture in all grasses. branched silkless1 ( bd1) is a maize mutation that alters the identity of the spikelet meristem, causing indeterminate branches to form in place of spikelets. We show that bd1 encodes a putative ERF transcription factor that is conserved in different grasses and is expressed in a distinct domain of the spikelet meristem. Its expression pattern suggests that signaling pathways regulate meristem identity from lateral domains of the spikelet meristem. C1 ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Pioneer HiBred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. Univ Missouri, St Louis, MO 63121 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Div Biol Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Chuck, G (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Kellogg, Elizabeth/M-2845-2013; Muszyndski, Michael/L-2843-2016 OI Kellogg, Elizabeth/0000-0003-1671-7447; Muszyndski, Michael/0000-0002-0817-7594 NR 23 TC 122 Z9 139 U1 3 U2 28 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 8 PY 2002 VL 298 IS 5596 BP 1238 EP 1241 DI 10.1126/science.1076920 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 612MQ UT WOS:000179080400052 PM 12424380 ER PT J AU Friedman, AN AF Friedman, AN TI Renovascular hypertension, endothelial function, and oxidative stress SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID GLOMERULAR-FILTRATION RATE; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Friedman, AN (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC/NEJM PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD NOV 7 PY 2002 VL 347 IS 19 BP 1528 EP 1528 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 611XG UT WOS:000179042700013 PM 12421899 ER PT J AU Boato, F Wortley, GM Liu, RH Glahn, RP AF Boato, F Wortley, GM Liu, RH Glahn, RP TI Red grape juice inhibits iron availability: Application of an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell model SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE iron; bioavailability; juice; infant cereal; Caco-2; phenolics ID CULTURE MODEL; BIOAVAILABILITY; ABSORPTION; ACID AB Adequate bioavailable Fe intake is essential for optimal growth and intellectual development of infants and children. Fruit juices are nutritious and popular drinks for infants and children and are known to contain Fe uptake inhibitors (e.g., polyphenolic compounds) and a dominant promoter, ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid is naturally present in fruit juices and is added during processing to almost all juices found in supermarkets. With these facts taken into account, an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model was developed to compare the effects of apple, pear, white grape, red grape, prune, grapefruir, and orange juices on iron bioavailability. In two series of experiments, juices from a local supermarket were combined with FeCl3 or commercial infant cereal fortified with elemental iron and subject to gastric and intestinal digestion. Caco-2 cell ferritin formation in response to exposure to simulated the digests served as the measure, of,Fe uptake. The pear, apple, grapefruit, orange, and white grape juice significantly increased Fe bicavailability from FeCl3. For the infant cereal studies, the apple, orange, pear, and white grape juices increased the Fe bioavailability of the infant cereal. In contrast,, the red grape juice and prune juice had profound Inhibitory effects on iron bioavailability. These inhibitory effects were likely due to high levels of polyphenolic compounds that bind and thereby prevent absorption of soluble Fe. These inhibitory compounds appeaered to counteract the promotional effects of ascorbic acid as they were in considerable molar excess relative to ascorbic acid and Fe in the digest. From a nutritional standpoint, the results suggest that individuals in need of optimal,Fe absorption should avoid red grape and prune juice or at least vary the types of juices consumed. Alternatively, individuals seeking to limit Fe uptake (e.g., hemochromatitics and astronauts) may be able to utilize red grape or prune juice as effective inhibitors of Fe uptake. Consumers should be aware that the,compounds that inhibit Fe availability are also linked to anticancer benefits; thus, a dietary balance of the above juices may be optimal. C1 Cornell Univ, Inst Food Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Glahn, RP (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Inst Food Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Liu, Rui Hai/C-2865-2008 NR 13 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV 6 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 23 BP 6935 EP 6938 DI 10.1021/jf025832q PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 610UV UT WOS:000178980400047 PM 12405800 ER PT J AU Brockmeier, SL Lager, KM AF Brockmeier, SL Lager, KM TI Experimental airborne transmission of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Bordetella bronchiseptica SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pig-viruses; porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; Bordetella bronchiseptica; transmission ID PIGS AB Experiments were designed to determine if porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or Bordetella bronchiseptica could be transmitted through indirect airborne contact. Three principal pigs were infected with PRRSV, B. bronchiseptica or both. Five days after the principal pigs were challenged, the three principal pigs and one direct-contact pig were placed into one isolation tent together, and three indirect-contact pigs were placed into another isolation tent which received its air supply from the first isolation tent. Airborne transmission of B. bronchiseptica occurred in 5/5 trials where B. bronchiseptica was the only agent used, and in 3/5 trials where the principal pigs were coinfected with both agents. Airborne transmission of PRRSV occurred in 4/5 trials where PRRSV was the only agent used, and in 2/5 trials where the principal pigs were coinfected with both agents. Thus, airborne transmission of both agents over short distances, such as within a barn, is probable. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Brockmeier, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, 2300 Dayton Ave,POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 5 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD NOV 6 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 4 BP 267 EP 275 AR PII S0378-1135(02)00204-3 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00204-3 PG 9 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 607QZ UT WOS:000178803400002 PM 12383636 ER PT J AU Strati, GL Willett, JL Momany, FA AF Strati, GL Willett, JL Momany, FA TI Ab initio computational study of P-cellobiose conformers using B3LYP/6-311++G SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ab initio; density functional; cellobiose; geometry optimization; conformations ID ATOM FORCE-FIELD; CONFORMATIONAL-ANALYSIS; DISACCHARIDE ANALOGS; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; MALTOSE; PARAMETERS; LINKAGES; STATES; MM3 AB The molecular structure of 27 conformers of beta-cellobiose were studied in vacuo through gradient geometry optimization using B3LYP density functionals and the 6-311 + +G** basis set. The conformationally dependent geometry changes and energies were explored as well as the hydrogen-bonding network. The lowest electronic energy structures found were not those suggested from available crystallographic and NMR solution data, where the glycosidic dihedral angles fall in the region (phi, psi) similar to (40degrees, -20degrees). Rather, 'flipped' conformations in which the dihedral angles are in the range (phi, psi) similar to (180degrees, 0degrees) are energetically more stable by similar to2.5 kcal/mol over the 'experimentally accepted' structure. Further, when the vibrational free energy, AG, obtained from the calculated frequencies, is compared throughout the series, structures with (phi, psi) in the experimentally observed range still have higher free energy (similar to2.0 kcal/mol) than 'flipped' forms. The range of bridging dihedral angles of the 'normal' conformers, resulting from the variance in the phi dihedral is larger than that found in the 'flipped' forms. Due to this large flat energy surface for the normal conformations, we surmise that the summation of populations of these conformations will favor the 'normal' conformations, although evidence suggests that polar solvent effects may play the dominant role in providing stability for the 'normal' forms. Even though some empirical studies previously found the 'flipped' conformations to be lowest in energy, these studies have been generally discredited because they were in disagreement with experimental results. Most of the DFT/ab initio conformations reported here have not been reported previously in the ab initio literature, in part because the use of less rigorous theoretical methods, i.e. smaller basis sets, have given results in general agreement with experimental data, that is, they energetically favored the 'normal' forms. These are the first DFT/ab initio calculations at this level of theory, apparently because of the length and difficulty of carrying out optimizations at these high levels. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Momany, FA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 27 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0008-6215 J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD NOV 5 PY 2002 VL 337 IS 20 BP 1833 EP 1849 AR PII S0008-6215(02)00267-7 DI 10.1016/S0008-6215(02)00267-7 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 612UL UT WOS:000179093800005 PM 12431885 ER PT J AU Strati, GL Willett, JL Momany, FA AF Strati, GL Willett, JL Momany, FA TI A DFT/ab initio study of hydrogen bonding and conformational preference in model cellobiose analogs using B3LYP/6-311++G SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE density functional; ab initio; beta-cellobiose; analogs; B3LYP/6-31 I + + G ID OLIGOSACCHARIDES; MALTOSE; STATES AB A series of beta-cellobiose analogs were studied at the B3LYP/6-311 + + G** level of theory to isolate and understand how the various electronic components of the beta-(1 --> 4)-linked disaccharide, cellobiose, contribute to the energetic stability of the molecule in vacuo. Previous studies on beta-cellobiose (see accompanying paper) showed that the most energetically stable conformation was that in which the dihedral angle phi (phi(H)) was 'flipped' by similar to180degrees relative to the 'normal' form. From our examination of eight sets of structures in which different combinations of functional hydroxyl and hydroxymethyl groups were removed, it was determined that only beta-cellobiose and one other analog (analog 7, beta-xylobioside), an analog in which both hydroxymethyl groups were removed but the exocyclic hydroxyl groups retained, can form a 'cooperative' hydrogen-bonding network. Only in these two molecules did we find continuous synergistic 'communication' through hydrogen bonding from one sugar moiety to the other. This 'cooperative' hydrogen bonding energetically stabilizes the 'flipped' conformation of beta-cellobiose and beta-xylobioside, while the other analogs studied were unable to form a 'cooperative' grouping of hydrogen bonds and thus were more stable in their 'normal' conformational state. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Momany, FA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 17 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0008-6215 J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD NOV 5 PY 2002 VL 337 IS 20 BP 1851 EP 1859 AR PII S0008-6215(02)00269-0 DI 10.1016/S0008-6215(02)00269-0 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 612UL UT WOS:000179093800006 PM 12431886 ER PT J AU Lopez-Miranda, J Moreno, J Perez-Martinez, P Gomez, P Marin, C Paniagua, JA Fuentes, F Fernandez-Puebla, RA Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F AF Lopez-Miranda, J Moreno, J Perez-Martinez, P Gomez, P Marin, C Paniagua, JA Fuentes, F Fernandez-Puebla, RA Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F TI The influence of the apolipoprotein E promoter region gen variation on postprandial lipoprotein metabolism SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT American-Heart-Association Abstracts From Scientific Sessions CY NOV 17-20, 2002 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Heart Assoc C1 Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain. Tufts Univ, HNRC, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD NOV 5 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 19 SU S MA 3016 BP 610 EP 611 PG 2 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 613QJ UT WOS:000179142703055 ER PT J AU Perez-Martinez, P Ordovas, JM Lopez-Miranda, J Marin, C Bellido, C Gomez, P Fuentes, F de la Puebla, RAF Paniagua, JA Perez-Jimenez, F AF Perez-Martinez, P Ordovas, JM Lopez-Miranda, J Marin, C Bellido, C Gomez, P Fuentes, F de la Puebla, RAF Paniagua, JA Perez-Jimenez, F TI Polymorphism present in the Exon 1 variant at the SR-BI gene locus influence postprandial metabolism of triacylglycerol rich lipoproteins SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT American-Heart-Association Abstracts From Scientific Sessions CY NOV 17-20, 2002 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Heart Assoc C1 Hosp Univ Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain. Tufts Univ, Mayer HNRC, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD NOV 5 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 19 SU S MA 3339 BP 676 EP 677 PG 2 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 613QJ UT WOS:000179142703377 ER PT J AU Wang, YW Jones, PJH Ausman, LM Lichtenstein, AH AF Wang, YW Jones, PJH Ausman, LM Lichtenstein, AH TI Effect of soy protein versus animal protein with and without isoflavones on cholesterol (C) and triglyceride fatty acid (TGFA) biosynthesis SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT American-Heart-Association Abstracts From Scientific Sessions CY NOV 17-20, 2002 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Heart Assoc C1 McGill Univ, Sch Dietet & Human Nutr, Ste Anne De Bellevue, PQ, Canada. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD NOV 5 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 19 SU S MA 3340 BP 677 EP 677 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 613QJ UT WOS:000179142703378 ER PT J AU Welch, CM Peters, JG AF Welch, CM Peters, JG TI Performance of citric acid DP finishes on mercerized cotton twill SO AATCC REVIEW LA English DT Article DE citric acid; cotton durable press; finishing ID WHITENESS; ADDITIVES AB dUnder fairly mild curing conditions, citric acid was applied as a formaldehyde-free crosslinking agent to trouser weight fabric in the presence of sodium hypophosphite as catalyst and additives that suppressed fabric-yellowing. Results were high levels of smooth drying properties. The citric acid finishes withstood 6080 home launderings in extended durability tests. An epoxysilicone used as softener imparted higher wrinkle recovery angles than an aminosilicone, which in turn was superior to high-density polyethylene. Tearing strength retention decreased and breaking strength retention increased in this same order. The epoxysilicone imparted the softest hand and least stiffness. Fabric whiteness was independent of softener, and increased with time of exposure to moist air following the cure, finally approaching the level of untreated fabric. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Welch, CM (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC TEXTILE CHEMISTS COLORISTS PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA SN 1532-8813 J9 AATCC REV JI AATCC Rev. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 2 IS 11 BP 28 EP 30 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science GA 617AX UT WOS:000179338000004 ER PT J AU Muller, CA Richt, JA Meyermann, R Deininger, M Schluesener, H AF Muller, CA Richt, JA Meyermann, R Deininger, M Schluesener, H TI Accumulation of EMAP II+ microglial cells in brains of Borna virus infected rats SO ACTA NEUROPATHOLOGICA LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Joint Meeting of the Belgian-Dutch-and-German-Societies/47th Annual Meeting of the Deutsche-Gesellschaft-fur-Neuropathologie CY OCT 09-12, 2002 CL AACHEN, GERMANY SP Belgian Dutch & German Soc, Deutsch Gesell Neuropathol C1 Univ Tubingen, Inst Hirnforsch, D-72074 Tubingen, Germany. USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0001-6322 J9 ACTA NEUROPATHOL JI Acta Neuropathol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 104 IS 5 BP 562 EP 562 PG 1 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pathology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pathology GA 606TX UT WOS:000178750700098 ER PT J AU Sharmasarkar, S Vance, GF AF Sharmasarkar, S Vance, GF TI Selenite-selenate sorption in surface coal mine environment SO ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE selenite; selenate; adsorption; mine soils ID DIFFERENT SOILS; ALLUVIAL SOILS; ADSORPTION; SPECIATION; DESORPTION; EXTRACTION; SEDIMENTS AB Information is limited on the sorption characteristics of selenite (SeO32-) and selenate (SeO42-) in reclaimed coalmine environments. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the adsorption of both Se species using various isotherm models, and to quantify the relationship between sorption parameters and different soil properties. Ten coalmine soils were studied using Se treatments ranging from 0 to 2.5 mg/l. The results indicated that the percent sorption varied from 48 to 99% for SeO32-, and 44 to 95% for SeO42-; however, for all soil samples, percent SeO32- sorption was always greater than SeO42-, indicating SeO32- was the stronger adsorbate. The Langmuir model described SeO32- sorption in eight samples, whereas adsorption of SeO42- was described in only one sample by this model. The Freundlich model resulted in better statistical fitting of the data compared to the Langmuir model for both Se species; 10 and six samples conformed to adsorption of SeO32- - and SeO42- -, respectively. Adsorption of SeO32- in nine soils and SeO42- in six soils were described by the Temkin model. The best fitting of SeO32- and SeO42- adsorption (for all 10 soils) occurred with the Initial Mass isotherm. Higher K-i values for SeO32- in comparison to SeO42- suggested that SeO32- had a greater adsorption affinity for the coal mine soils. Difference in sorption strength of SeO32- and SeO42- was attributed to the structural difference of the two species based on the concepts of valence shell electron pair repulsion model and hybridization. Different adsorption indices, including Langmuir (B-1, K1B1), Freundlich (n(f)), Temkin (Kt1Kt2), and Initial Mass (K-i) model parameters, were linearly related (at P of 0.05) to various soil properties. Phosphate extractable Se and total soil Se were correlated to mainly SeO32- adsorption parameters including K1B1, Kt1Kt2, and K-i. Extractable Ca, Mn and Fe concentrations were correlated to B-1 and n(f), indicating the presence of oxides or oxyhydroxides of the metals could result in greater Se retention in the mine soils. Correlations of n(f) with electrical conductivity, clay content, and specific surface area also suggested a possible dependence of Se adsorption on other soil properties. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Water Management Res Lab, USDA, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Sharmasarkar, S (reprint author), ARS, Water Management Res Lab, USDA, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 31 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1093-0191 J9 ADV ENVIRON RES JI Adv. Environ. Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 7 IS 1 BP 87 EP 95 AR PII S1093-0191(01)00110-1 DI 10.1016/S1093-0191(01)00110-1 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 608WF UT WOS:000178870000006 ER PT J AU Entry, JA Rygiewicz, PT Watrud, LS Donnelly, PK AF Entry, JA Rygiewicz, PT Watrud, LS Donnelly, PK TI Influence of adverse soil conditions on the formation and function of Arbuscular mycorrhizas SO ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE arbuscular mycorrhizas; fungi; soil; stress ID PLANT COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; ZEA-MAYS L; RHIZOBIUM-GLOMUS SYMBIOSIS; CLOVER TRIFOLIUM-PRATENSE; WIDE HYDROLOGIC GRADIENT; SUBMERGED AQUATIC PLANT; DROUGHT STRESS; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; WATER RELATIONS; VA-MYCORRHIZAL AB The majority of plants have mycorrhizal fungi associated with them. Mycorrhizal fungi are ecologically significant because they form relationships in and on the roots of a host plant in a symbiotic association. The host plant provides the fungus with soluble carbon sources, and the fungus provides the host plant with an increased capacity to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. Adverse conditions are a pervasive feature in both natural and agronomic soils. The soil environment is constantly changing with regard to moisture, temperature and nutrient availability. In addition, soil properties are often manipulated to improve crop yields. in many cases, soils may be contaminated through disposal of chemicals that are toxic to plants and microorganisms. The formation and function of mycorrhizal relationships are affected by edaphic conditions such as soil composition, moisture, temperature, pH, cation exchange capacity, and also by anthropogenic stressors including soil compaction, metals and pesticides. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are of interest for their reported roles in alleviation of diverse soil-associated plant stressors, including those induced by metals and polychlorinated aliphatic and phenolic pollutants. Much mycorrhizal research has investigated the impact of extremes in water, temperature, pH and inorganic nutrient availability on mycorrhizal formation and nutrient acquisition. Evaluation of the efficacy of plant-mycorrhizal associations to remediate soils contaminated with toxic materials deserves increased attention. Before the full potential benefits of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to reclaim contaminated soils can be realized, research advances are needed to improve our understanding of the physiology of mycorrhizae subjected to adverse physical and chemical conditions. This paper will review literature and discuss the implications of soil contamination on formation and function of arbuscular mycorrhizal associations. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, E Kimberly, ID 83343 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Santa Fe Community Coll, Dept Biol, Santa Fe, NM 87505 USA. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N 3600, E Kimberly, ID 83343 USA. NR 207 TC 106 Z9 127 U1 6 U2 65 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1093-0191 J9 ADV ENVIRON RES JI Adv. Environ. Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 7 IS 1 BP 123 EP 138 AR PII S1093-0191(01)00109-5 DI 10.1016/S1093-0191(01)00109-5 PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 608WF UT WOS:000178870000010 ER PT J AU Coyle, DR McMillin, JD Hall, RB Hart, ER AF Coyle, David R. McMillin, Joel D. Hall, Richard B. Hart, Elwood R. TI Cottonwood leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) defoliation impact on Populus growth and above-ground volume in a short-rotation woody crop plantation SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Above-ground volume; chemical protection; Chrysomela scripta; defoliation impact; Populus; short-rotation forestry AB 1 The impact of cottonwood leaf beetle Chrysomela scripta F. defoliation on four plantation-grown Populus clones was examined over three growing seasons. We used a split-plot design with two treatments: protected (by insecticides) and an unprotected control. Tree height and diameter at 1 m were measured annually and above-ground volume was calculated. 2 Protected trees of most clones had grown over 2 m taller after three growing seasons. Diameter differences ranged from over 1-4 cm larger on protected trees. Insecticide protection increased above-ground volume over 20 dm(3) in one clone, and at least 4 dm3 in all others. Chrysomela scripta defoliation resulted in a 50-73% loss of above-ground volume. Defoliation also resulted in increased lateral branching and forked terminals on unprotected trees. 3 Defoliation impact varied among clone. The pure Populus deltoides clone 91 x 04-03 showed the greatest growth response to chemical protection, whereas clone NM2 (P. nigra x P. maximowiczii) responded the least. 4 Pest control is a key issue in short-rotation plantation management. Until adequate pest-resistant clones can be developed and natural enemy complexes better understood, chemical (biorational and organic) and cultural control may be used to reduce impacts of herbivorous pests. C1 [Coyle, David R.; Hart, Elwood R.] Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. [Coyle, David R.; McMillin, Joel D.; Hall, Richard B.; Hart, Elwood R.] Iowa State Univ, Dept Forestry, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Coyle, DR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Southern Res Stn, POB 700,Bldg 760-16G, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. EM dcoyle@fs.fed.us FU Bioenergy Feedstock Development Program of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC05-00OR22725]; University of Tennessee-Battelle LLC; Hatch Fund [3443]; McIntire-Stennis Fund [3443]; State of Iowa [3443] FX This article presents the results of research only. Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute endorsement or recommendation by the USDA Forest Service or Iowa State University for its use. We wish to thank the many Iowa State University technicians and student workers that helped make this project possible, especially J. Byrd and J. Jepsen. Their dedicated efforts, particularly in the areas of pesticide application and data collection, were invaluable. Thanks also to C. Kwit (University of Florida) for his help with statistical analyses. The contributions of Novodor and Raven were greatly appreciated by S. Krause (Abbott Laboratories) and T. Johnson (Ecogen Inc.), respectively. This research was supported in part by funding from the Bioenergy Feedstock Development Program of the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-00OR22725 with University of Tennessee-Battelle LLC. This is Journal Paper No. J-19248 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, IA, project no. 3443, supported by Hatch, McIntire-Stennis, and State of Iowa Funds. NR 38 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1461-9555 EI 1461-9563 J9 AGR FOREST ENTOMOL JI Agric. For. Entomol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 4 IS 4 BP 293 EP 300 DI 10.1046/j.1461-9563.2002.00149.x PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA V32LL UT WOS:000208952600007 ER PT J AU Dickens, JC AF Dickens, Joseph C. TI Behavioural responses of larvae of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), to host plant volatile blends attractive to adults SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article AB 1 Orientation of second- and fourth-instar Colorado potato beetle (CPB) Leptinotarsa deeendineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), to volatiles emitted from a solanaceous host, potato, and seven synthetic blends or three individual chemicals emitted by potato plants were investigated in laboratory bioassays. 2 Both second- and fourth-instar CPB were attracted to intact and mechanically damaged (MD) potato foliage. When offered a choice between intact and MD foliage, no preference was observed. 3 Among seven synthetic blends tested (of which six are attractive to adult CPB), second- and fourth-instar CPB were attracted only to a single three-component blend comprising (+/-)-linalool, methyl salicylate, and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate. Individual compounds and two-component blends were inactive. No significant difference was noted between larval responses to the attractive synthetic blend vs. MD potato foliage. 4 Second-and fourth-instar larvae had similar thresholds for behaviour for the three-component blend (50 mu g source load). Female CPB were attracted to source loads 10 x below the larval threshold (5 mu g). Male CPB were the most sensitive life form tested with a behavioural threshold at 0.5 mu g source load which was 10 x and 100x below female and larval thresholds, respectively 5 This is the first report of a synthetic chemical attractant for CPB larvae. As both larval and adult CPB are attracted to a single chemical blend, the usefulness of the attractant as a component of an attracticide or 'push-pull' strategies for management of pestiferous populations is enhanced. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Dickens, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Vegetable Lab, Bldg 010 A,Room 240,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM dickensj@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 22 TC 25 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1461-9555 EI 1461-9563 J9 AGR FOREST ENTOMOL JI Agric. For. Entomol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 4 IS 4 BP 309 EP 314 DI 10.1046/j.1461-9563.2002.00153.x PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA V32LL UT WOS:000208952600009 ER PT J AU Russell, AE AF Russell, AE TI Relationships between crop-species diversity and soil characteristics in southwest Indian agroecosystems SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE ancient agroecosystems; Kerala (India); soil organic C; soil quality; species diversity; tropical agroecosystems ID ORGANIC-MATTER; LAND-USE; CARBON; NITROGEN; LIGNIN; BIODIVERSITY; LITTER; DECOMPOSITION; CULTIVATION; FRACTIONS AB In humid tropical agroecosysterns, maintenance of soil fertility is critical to sustainability, yet inputs of fossil-fuel fertilizer are beyond the economic means of many farmers. One economically viable alternative is to manage soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics by altering the composition and number of crop species. The objectives of this study were to determine long-term effects of crop-species composition and richness on indices of soil fertility, in comparison with forests, and to evaluate mechanisms of crop-species influence. Study plots were established in the diverse array of agroecosystems in Kerala, India, where agriculture has been documented for >4000 year. With 91 different crops in the region, analyses were simplified by categorizing crops by functional groups, based on life form, nutrient cycling traits, and phenology. Mono-, bi- and polycultures contained 1, 2 and >2 functional groups, respectively. A paired-plot design in which a monoculture or biculture was paired with a polyculture within a farm was used, such that climate, soil, ownership, and management were as similar as possible for a pair. Soil properties (total soil organic carbon (SOC), N, pH, bulk density) and crop structural attributes that had the potential to influence SOC stocks (basal area and frequency) were measured in 100 m(2) plots (n = 70 pairs) within 50 farms. Three plots in nearby forests provided a basis for comparison. Total SOC ranged from 6 to 20 g kg(-1) (in coastal areas and uplands, respectively), compared to 34-60 g kg(-1) in nearby upland forests. Differences in total SOC between mono- and polycultures depended on identity of the functional group in the monoculture: SOC amounts were higher in polycultures if the monoculture in comparison was a palm (P = 0.02) or herbaceous annual (P = 0.001), but not if the monoculture was a deciduous tree. Total SOC was 61% lower in polycultures cultivated for 40-60 years than in nearby forests. Under some conditions, total SOC increased directly with basal area (BA), an index of shading, indicating that BA may be an important design element of agroecosystems. Modeling results indicated that differences in lignin content of crop inputs could influence SOM quantity and quality; hence, crop tissue-chemistry traits may also be important elements of design. These results from ancient, humid tropical agroecosystems suggest that for maintenance of long-term soil fertility, high species richness may not be as important as individual species traits that influence nutrient cycling. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Bot, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Russell, AE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM arussell@iastate.edu NR 54 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 92 IS 2-3 BP 235 EP 249 AR PII S0167-8809(01)00295-X DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00295-X PG 15 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 601VN UT WOS:000178469400011 ER PT J AU Osborne, SL Schepers, JS Francis, DD Schlemmer, MR AF Osborne, SL Schepers, JS Francis, DD Schlemmer, MR TI Detection of phosphorus and nitrogen deficiencies in corn using spectral radiance measurements SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID REFLECTANCE; CANOPIES; LEAVES; PLANTS; WHEAT; LEAF AB Applications of remote sensing in crop production are becoming increasingly popular due in part to an increased concern with pollution of surface and ground waters due to over-fertilization of agricultural lands and the need to compensate for spatial variability in a field. Past research in this area has focused primarily on N stress in crops. Other stresses and the interactions have not been fully evaluated. A field experiment was conducted to determine wavelengths and/or combinations of wavelengths that are indicative of P and N deficiency and also the interaction between these in corn (Zea mays L.). The field experiment was a randomized complete block design with four replications using a factorial arrangement of treatments in an irrigated continuous corn system. The treatment included four N rates (0, 67, 134, and 269 kg N ha(-1)) and four P rates (0, 22,45, and 67 kg P ha(-1)). Spectral radiance measurements were taken at various growth stages in increments from 350 to 1000 run and correlated with plant N and P concentration, plant biomass, grain N and P concentration, and grain yield. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) and blue regions was found to predict early season P stress between growth stages V6 and V8. Late season detection of P stress was not achieved. Plant N concentration was best predicted using reflectance in the red and green regions of the spectrum, while grain yield was estimated using reflectance in the NIR region, with the particular wavelengths of importance changing with growth stage. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Osborne, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 20 TC 80 Z9 122 U1 6 U2 31 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1215 EP 1221 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 667XV UT WOS:000182260900001 ER PT J AU Nielsen, DC Ma, LW Ahuja, LR Hoogenboom, G AF Nielsen, DC Ma, LW Ahuja, LR Hoogenboom, G TI Simulating soybean water stress effects with RZWQM and CROPGRO models SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL GREAT-PLAINS; FIELD-MEASURED DATA; QUALITY MODEL; COMPUTER-PROGRAM; CHICKPEA ROTATION; SOIL-WATER; BALANCE; OUTPUTS; YIELDS; AREAS AB The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) and CROPGRO-Soybean simulate soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] growth, development, and yield. The models require calibration for soybean grown in the specific environmental conditions of the central Great Plains before any long-term assessments can be made of dryland soybean yield potential under the highly variable precipitation patterns of this area. The objective of this study was to calibrate and test RZWQM and CROPGRO-Soybean for soybean growth, yield, and water use under a range of water stress conditions normally encountered by dryland production systems in the central Great Plains. Data from five experiments, each with four levels of water availability (20 data sets), were used to evaluate leaf area, plant height, aboveground biomass, evapotranspiration (ET), soil water extraction, and yield of soybean. Data from one water level of one experiment was used to calibrate the models, and the other 19 data sets were used as evaluation data sets. Both models correctly predicted the time course of volumetric water content, leaf area development, and plant and height biomass increase although RZWQM more-accurately simulated water extraction in the lower soil profile. The decline in ET that is a result of decreased water availability was generally predicted well by both models. The models generally estimated the yield to within 10 to 15% of measured values. The models should be useful tools in evaluating the potential for soybean as an alternative crop in dryland rotations in the central Great Plains. C1 USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, CO 80720 USA. USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP Nielsen, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, 40335 Cty Rd,GG, Akron, CO 80720 USA. RI Nielsen, David/A-8044-2009; Hoogenboom, Gerrit/F-3946-2010 OI Nielsen, David/0000-0002-8240-7183; Hoogenboom, Gerrit/0000-0002-1555-0537 NR 50 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1234 EP 1243 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 667XV UT WOS:000182260900003 ER PT J AU Ascough, JC Hoag, DL McMaster, GS Frasier, WM AF Ascough, JC Hoag, DL McMaster, GS Frasier, WM TI Computer use and satisfaction by Great Plains producers: Ordered logit model analysis SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURE; ADOPTION; WEED AB Agronomists rely increasingly on computers, and more than half of all producers have access to computers. Increasing farm computer ownership has resulted in intensified efforts to transfer new software technologies to producers; however, little is known about how satisfied producers are with computers and the extent to which computers are actually used. We extended our 1996 survey of Great Plains producers to examine producer computer use and satisfaction and discuss potential implications for agricultural software developers. Building on our earlier computer adoption research, we developed ordered logit models for user satisfaction, frequency of computer use, and number of software applications used. Despite using more robust ordered logit models that fit the data well, surprisingly few explanatory variables were significant. Greater computer skill significantly increased user satisfaction and number of software applications used. Greater education also increased user satisfaction and number of software applications used but reduced frequency of computer use. Farming experience showed similar conflicting results as education, i.e., greater number of years farming resulted in significantly increased computer satisfaction but lower frequency of use and number of software applications used. A few other explanatory variables (e.g., farm owner or operator as the primary computer user had a significant positive influence on frequency of use) were important in one of the three ordered logit models, but no consistent relationship between models was found. Generally, greater frequency of use and computer skill increased perceived usefulness of computers by producers. Implications of these results for agricultural software developers are discussed in the paper. C1 USDA ARS, NPA, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Ascough, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, NPA, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, 301 S Howes St,Room 353, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1263 EP 1269 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 667XV UT WOS:000182260900006 ER PT J AU Johnson, RM Downer, RG Bradow, JM Bauer, PJ Sadler, EJ AF Johnson, RM Downer, RG Bradow, JM Bauer, PJ Sadler, EJ TI Variability in cotton fiber yield, fiber quality, and soil properties in a Southeastern Coastal Plain SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB To maximize profitability, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) producers must attempt to control the quality of the crop while maximizing yield. The objective of this research was to measure the intrinsic variability present in cotton fiber yield and quality. The 0.5-ha experimental site was located in a producer's field (Norfolk-Coxville soil association) in Florence, SC, for 2 yr (1996 and 1997). Soil (0-20 cm) and fiber samples (1-m row) were collected from a regular grid (129.2 by 45.6 m, 7.6-m interval). Soil properties determined included soil moisture, soil texture, organic matter, pH, Ca, Mg, K, P, and Na. Fiber quality was estimated by the high-volume instrumentation method and the Advanced Fiber Information System. Fiber strength and elongation were also estimated by the stelometer procedure. All fiber and soils data were analyzed by both nonspatial statistics and geostatistical techniques. Distinct patterns of spatial correlation were observed in soils and fiber yield. These patterns were not equally evident in all fiber properties. Soil pH, soil P, and soil organic matter were correlated with fiber yield and a number of fiber properties, including micronAFIS, immature fiber fraction, fine fiber fraction, cross-sectional area, and micronaire. Factor analysis of soil properties identified four factors in 1996 and three in 1997. In both years, a Carolina bay factor and an exchangeable bases factor were obtained. These factors were not successfully related to fiber yield and quality. Kriged contour maps of soil properties provided useful indicators of fiber yield and quality variation. C1 Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70360 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Expt Stat, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Res Cent, Florence, SC USA. RP Johnson, RM (reprint author), Sugarcane Res Unit, Houma, LA 70360 USA. NR 17 TC 40 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1305 EP 1316 PG 12 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 667XV UT WOS:000182260900011 ER PT J AU Chen, M Glaz, B Gilbert, RA Daroub, SH Barton, FE Wan, Y AF Chen, M Glaz, B Gilbert, RA Daroub, SH Barton, FE Wan, Y TI Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy analysis of phosphorus in sugarcane leaves SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID EVERGLADES HISTOSOLS; MINERAL-CONTENT; PLANT; NITROGEN; GRASSLANDS; PREDICTION; NUTRITION; INDUSTRY; FORAGE; CARBON AB Rapid screening for high leaf P concentration may help sugarcane (interspecific hybrids of Saccharum spp.) growers in the Everglades Agricultural Area reduce P in discharge water, an important component of Everglades restoration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a potential tool to analyze sugarcane leaf P concentration. Local calibrations for samples with similar spectral characteristics were calculated using modified partial least-squares regression for the following categories: parents, offspring, fertilizer rate, and water table. Additionally, global calibrations were calculated for It groupings of these local categories. Analyses for much of the study found that the most accurate local calibration was that of fertilizer rate, with R-2 = 0.90 and ratio of standard deviation (s) to standard error of cross validation = 2.17. However, further multiplicative scatter correction of spectral data and the elimination of unneeded wavelength segment points by Martens Uncertainty regression with software that became available later in the study resulted in nearly perfect prediction equations, with r(2) = 0.99 and ratio of s to standard error of prediction greater than or equal to 32.0 for the offspring local equation and the parents + fertilizer rate + water table global equation. These results show that researchers not obtaining calibrations at desired levels of accuracy with NIRS should try to eliminate unneeded wavelength segments. Use of NIRS is proposed as a tool to provide rapid, accurate measurements of sugarcane leaf P content for characterizing commercial cultivars and for screening for high-P cultivars in breeding programs. C1 Univ Florida, Everglades Res & Educ Ctr, Belle Glade, FL 33430 USA. USDA ARS, Sugarcane Field Stn, Canal Point, FL 33438 USA. USDA ARS, Athens, GA 30605 USA. S Florida Water Manage Dist, W Palm Beach, FL 33416 USA. RP Chen, M (reprint author), Univ Florida, Everglades Res & Educ Ctr, 3200 E Palm Beach Rd, Belle Glade, FL 33430 USA. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1324 EP 1331 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 667XV UT WOS:000182260900013 ER PT J AU Viator, RP Kovar, JL Hallmark, WB AF Viator, RP Kovar, JL Hallmark, WB TI Gypsum and compost effects on sugarcane root growth, yield, and plant nutrients SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID VEGETABLE CROPS; SOIL; FERTILIZER; PATHOGENS; CUCUMBER; QUALITY; ROT AB Louisiana sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is produced mainly on heavy-textured soils that offer less than ideal conditions for growth and function of the root system. Cultural practices that improve the soil environment could benefit sugarcane production by increasing root growth and reducing the incidence of ratoon decline. The objective of our research was to determine the effect of gypsum and composted, municipal-biosolids application on root growth, crop yields' and leaf nutrient concentrations of sugarcane grown on a silty clay loam soil. Gypsum mixed into the rows at 2.24, 4.48, and 8.96 Mg ha(-1) did not affect (P > 0.05) root growth or cane and sugar yields. Likewise, both subsoil- and within-row applied compost at a rate of 44.8 Mg ha(-1) did not affect cane or sugar yields compared with the control. Gypsum increased Ca, S, Mn, and Zn leaf concentrations, but had no effect on N, P, K, Mg, Cu, and Fe concentrations. Subsoil and within-row compost increased leaf S concentration; within-row compost increased leaf K; and subsoil compost increased leaf Zn, but reduced leaf Mn compared with the control. Compost application did not increase Mn, Cu, Fe, or Zn concentrations in sugarcane leaf tissue beyond acceptable limits. Within-row applied compost reduced (P < 0.05) root surface area compared with the control, and reduced sugar yields compared with the subsoil compost treatment. This suggests that, at the compost rate used in our study, subsoil rather than within-row application of compost, is the preferred practice for sugarcane grown on this soil. C1 Iberia Res Stn, Jeanerette, LA 70544 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hallmark, WB (reprint author), Iberia Res Stn, POB 466, Jeanerette, LA 70544 USA. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 7 U2 15 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1332 EP 1336 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 667XV UT WOS:000182260900014 ER PT J AU Asay, KH Jensen, KB Waldron, BL Han, GD Johnson, DA Monaco, TA AF Asay, KH Jensen, KB Waldron, BL Han, GD Johnson, DA Monaco, TA TI Forage quality of tall fescue across an irrigation gradient SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LINE-SOURCE SPRINKLER; PERENNIAL RYEGRASS; GENETIC VARIANCES; PERFORMANCE; WHEATGRASS; YIELD AB Water available for irrigating pastures in the western USA is often limited and varies widely across sites and seasons. Objectives were to determine the trends in crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of 10 cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) at five levels of irrigation and three harvest dates (early, mid-, and late season). A secondary objective was to evaluate the effect of the endophytic fungus [Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones & Gams) Glenn, Bacon & Hanlin] on these trends. Cultivars differed significantly for CP, NDF, and IVTD, and differences were generally consistent across water levels (WLs). Concentration of CP increased in a near linear manner (154-189 g kg(-1)) from the highest to lowest WL; however, total protein yield decreased from 611 to 447 kg ha(-1) with less water, closely following the trend in forage yield. Forage quality at the late-season harvest, as indicated by lower NDF and higher IVTD values, was significantly higher at the lowest compared with the highest WL. Also, NDF was significantly lower and IVTD significantly higher at the late-season harvest at all WL. Presence or absence of the endophyte was not associated with CP; however, there was a tendency for the endophyte-free cultivar to have lower NDF and higher IVTD than its endophyte-infected counterpart at the higher WL. The magnitude of quality differences among the 10 cultivars indicates that forage quality should be a major consideration in the choice of cultivars for pastures of the Intermountain region. C1 Utah State Univ, Forage & Range Res Lab, USDA ARS, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Jensen, KB (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Forage & Range Res Lab, USDA ARS, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1337 EP 1343 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 667XV UT WOS:000182260900015 ER PT J AU Williams, MJ Valencia, E Sollenberger, LE AF Williams, MJ Valencia, E Sollenberger, LE TI No-till establishment of rhizoma peanut SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PERENNIAL PEANUT; PLANTING DATE; PERFORMANCE; EMERGENCE; YIELD AB Planting rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth.) directly into grass sod may be practical for producers [e.g., cow-calf (Bos taurus) production, low maintenance roadside or turf situations, wildlife feed, etc.] who do not need the feed value of pure rhizoma peanut stands. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of planter (no-till vs. conventional sprig planter), ground preparation (undisturbed sod vs. rotovated), planting date (winter vs. summer), and herbicide (glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] vs. none) on the establishment and survival-of rhizoma peanut. Planter type had no effect on rhizoma peanut establishment. In 1996 there was a planting date X ground preparation X herbicide interaction due to the winter-planted, rotovated plots without herbicide (0.9 sprouts m(-2)) having lower sprout counts than any other rotovated treatment at either planting date (>3.4 sprouts m(-2)). In 1997, only the main effects of planting date and ground preparation and their interaction affected sprout emergence and survival. Final sprout counts were positively correlated with bare ground (r = 0.37). Herbicide suppressed grass in the winter planting only, but did not consistently reduce total ground cover due to increased annual forb cover. There was a ground preparation X herbicide interaction on ground cover of rhizoma peanut (rotovated + herbicide, 22%; rotovated no herbicide, 13%; herbicide not rotovated, 5.9%; and no herbicide not rotovated, 2%). This study indicates that producers can select establishment practices for rhizoma peanut plantings that meet their production goals (clean cultivation establishment for hay production or dairy cattle grazing and sod planting without herbicide for less intensive situations). C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. Univ Virgin Isl, St Croix, VI 00850 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Williams, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1350 EP 1354 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 667XV UT WOS:000182260900017 ER PT J AU Aiken, GE AF Aiken, GE TI Cost of steer weight gain to rate of supplementation with ground corn on bermudagrass pasture SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS; BEEF-CATTLE; SYNOVEX-S; PERFORMANCE; TIFTON-85; DIGESTION; QUALITY; FORAGE; HAY; SUMMER AB Cattle (Bos sp.) weight gain on bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] pastures declines in the middle to late grazing season regardless of forage supply. Nutrient supplementation with concentrates is an option for boosting average daily gain (ADG), but economic feasibility of this management is not clearly understood. A grazing experiment was conducted in 1998 and 1999 with yearling steers grazing bermudagrass to evaluate ADG and costs as amounts of supplemented ground corn (Zea mays L.) (0, 0.45, 1.35, and 2.25 kg steer(-1) d(-1)) increased and to monitor seasonal changes in bermudagrass in vitro digestible dry matter and crude protein (CP) concentration. There was a curvilinear increase in ADG as supplementation was increased from 0 and 1.35 kg steer(-1) d(-1), but ADG stabilized between the 1.35- and 2.25-kg rates. In vitro digestible dry matter and CP concentrations declined over the two grazing seasons, but CP concentration increased following the second application of N fertilizer in 1998 when rainfall was adequate for bermudagrass growth and N uptake. Cost of additional ADG from supplementation tended to be lowest for the 1.35 kg steer(-1) d(-1) supplementation rate over a range in corn costs from $90 to $250 Mg-1. The 1.35-kg supplementation rate provided costs of additional ADG that were lower than break-even costs for low ($1.32 kg(-1) liveweight), intermediate ($1.77 kg(-1) liveweight), and high ($2.20 kg(-1) liveweight) cattle prices. Costs of additional ADG for the 0.45- and 2.25-kg supplementation rates were lower than the break-even costs for high cattle prices when corn costs were less than $170 and $190 Mg-1, respectively. Supplementation with ground corn at rates of 0.45 to 1.35 kg steer(-1) d(-1) can cost effectively enhance weight gain of yearling steers grazing bermudagrass. C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Cent, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. RP Aiken, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Cent, 6883 Hwy,23 South, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1387 EP 1392 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 667XV UT WOS:000182260900022 ER PT J AU Heatherly, LG Elmore, CD Spurlock, SR AF Heatherly, LG Elmore, CD Spurlock, SR TI Weed management systems for conventional and glyphosate-resistant soybean with and without irrigation SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GLYCINE-MAX; NARROW-ROW; NO-TILL; MIDSOUTHERN USA; REDUCED RATES; CLAY SOIL; HERBICIDES; PLANTINGS; TOLERANT; SPRAYER AB Management inputs that maximize economic return from the early soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] production system have not been evaluated fully. The objective was to determine the effect of weed management on yield and net return from early planted maturity group (MG) IV and MG V glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine]-resistant (GR) and conventional (CONV) soybean cultivars grown in the early soybean production system with (IRR) and without (NI) irrigation. Field studies were conducted from 1996 through 1999 on Sharkey day (very-fine, smectitic, thermic Chromic Epiaquert) at Stoneville, MS (33degrees26' N lat). Weed management systems were (i) pre-emergent (PRE) broadleaf followed by postemergent (POST) broadleaf and grass weed management (PRE + POST) and (ii) POST broadleaf and grass weed management (POST). Use of POST-only weed management was cheaper, yielded more, and resulted in greater net returns than did use of PRE + POST weed management with both CONV and GR cultivars. Under the conditions of this study, use of GR vs. CONV cultivars in an NI or low-yield environment resulted in greater profit ($52 vs. -$17 ha(-1) 3-yr average, respectively). Use of CONV vs. GR cultivars resulted in greater profit in an IRR or high yield environment ($382 vs. $266 ha(-1) 3-yr average, respectively). These results indicate that use of GR cultivars with POST-only weed management will result in greater profit in an NI environment while use of CONV cultivars with POST-only weed management will result in greater profit in an IRR environment. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, Appl & Prod Technol Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Dept Agr Econ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Heatherly, LG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, POB 343, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 41 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1419 EP 1428 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 667XV UT WOS:000182260900026 ER PT J AU Halvorson, AD Peterson, GA Reule, CA AF Halvorson, AD Peterson, GA Reule, CA TI Tillage system and crop rotation effects on dryland crop yields and soil carbon in the central Great Plains SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-CARBON; NITROGEN; FERTILIZATION; CORN AB Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow (WF) using conventional stubble mulch tillage (CT) is the predominant production practice in the central Great Plains and has resulted in high erosion potential and decreased soil organic C (SOC) contents. This study, conducted from 1990 through 1994 on a Weld silt loam (Aridic Argiustoll) near Akron, CO, evaluated the effect of WF tillage system with varying degrees of soil disturbance [no-till (NT), reduced till (RT), CT, and bare fallow (BF)] and crop rotation [WF, NT wheat-corn (Zea mays L.)-fallow (WCF), and NT continuous corn (CC)] on winter wheat and corn yields, aboveground residue additions to the soil at harvest, surface residue amounts at planting, and SOC. Neither tillage nor crop rotation affected winter wheat yields, which averaged 2930 kg ha(-1). Corn grain yields for the CC (NT) and WCF (NT) rotations averaged 1980 and 3520 kg ha(-1), respectively. The WCF (NT) rotation returned 8870 kg ha(-1) residue to the soil in each 3-yr cycle, which is 2960 kg ha(-1) on an annualized basis. Annualized residue return in WF averaged 2520 kg ha(-1), which was 15% less than WCF (NT). Annualized corn residue returned to the soil was 3190 kg ha(-1) for the CC (NT) rotation. At wheat planting, surface crop residues varied with year, tillage, and rotation, averaging WCF (NT) (5120 kg ha(-1)) > WF (NT) (3380 kg ha-1) > WF (RT) (2140 kg ha(-1)) > WF (CT) (1420 kg ha(-1)) > WF (BF) (50 kg ha(-1)). Soil erosion potential was lessened with WCF (NT), CC (NT), and WF (NT) systems because of the large amounts of residue cover. Levels of SOC in descending order in 1994 were CC (NT) WCF (NT) WF (NT) = WF (RT) = WF (CT) > WF (BF). Although not statistically significant, the CC (NT) treatment appeared to be accumulating more SOC than any of the rotations that included a fallow period, even more rapidly than WCF (NT), which had a similar amount of annualized C addition. Reduced tillage and intensified cropping increased SOC and reduced soil erosion potential. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Halvorson, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS, 301 S Howes,Rm 407, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. EM adhalvor@lamar.colostate.edu RI Peterson, Gary/B-8119-2013 NR 30 TC 80 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1429 EP 1436 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 667XV UT WOS:000182260900027 ER PT J AU Liu, C Chung, JY Seitz, HK Russell, RM Wang, XD AF Liu, C Chung, JY Seitz, HK Russell, RM Wang, XD TI Chlormethiazole treatment prevents, reduced hepatic vitamin a levels in ethanol-fed rats SO ALCOHOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ethanol; chlormethiazole; retinoids; LRAT; CRBP ID LECITHIN-RETINOL ACYLTRANSFERASE; INDUCED LIVER-DISEASE; CYTOCHROME-P450 2E1; ACID CONCENTRATION; BINDING PROTEIN; C-JUN; METABOLISM; INHIBITION; EXPRESSION; ALCOHOL AB Background: Chronic ethanol intake results in decreased hepatic vitamin A levels through both enhanced degradation of vitamin A via a cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP)-dependent process and increased mobilization of vitamin A from the liver into the circulation. This study investigated whether treatment with chlormethiazole, a CYP inhibitor, restores vitamin A in the livers of ethanol-fed rats. Methods: Ethanol-exposed and non-ethanol-exposed rats were treated with or without chlormethiazole (10 and 100 mg/kg body weight) for 1 month. Liver and plasma levels of retinol and retinyl palmitate were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Expressions of hepatic lecithin: retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) and cellular retinol-binding protein were analyzed with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Hepatic retinol esterification by LRAT was examined by using incubations of the microsomal fractions of livers with exogenous sources of retinol. Results: Ethanol-feeding in rats for a month resulted in lower hepatic levels of retinol and retinyl palmitate than those found in controls and the occurrence of several polar retinoid metabolites. In contrast, treatment with chlormethiazole at two different doses in ethanol-fed rats completely blocked the formation of hepatic retinoid polar metabolites and restored hepatic levels of retinol and hepatic retinyl palmitate in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, increased plasma concentrations of retinyl palmitate in rats fed with ethanol, which indicate increased mobilization of vitamin A, were partially inhibited by chlormethiazole treatment. However, neither ethanol nor chlormethiazole treatment altered the expression and activity of LRAT in the liver of rats. Hepatic expression of cellular retinol-binding protein increased significantly in ethanol-fed rats with or without chlormethiazole treatment compared with control rats. Conclusions: These data suggest that chlormethiazole can restore both hepatic retinol and retinyl ester concentrations to normal levels in ethanol-fed rats through blocking enhanced both degradation of vitamin A and mobilization of vitamin A from the liver into the circulation. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr,Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr & Canc Biol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Salem Med Ctr, Dept Med, Heidelberg, Germany. RP Wang, XD (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr,Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr & Canc Biol Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIAAA NIH HHS [AA12682] NR 29 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0145-6008 J9 ALCOHOL CLIN EXP RES JI Alcoholism (NY) PD NOV PY 2002 VL 26 IS 11 BP 1703 EP 1709 DI 10.1097/01.ALC.0000037135.09289.69 PG 7 WC Substance Abuse SC Substance Abuse GA 618GQ UT WOS:000179410700014 PM 12436060 ER PT J AU Paul, CJM Ball, VE Felthoven, RG Grube, A Nehring, RF AF Paul, CJM Ball, VE Felthoven, RG Grube, A Nehring, RF TI Effective costs and chemical use in United States agricultural production: Using the environment as a "free" input SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE agricultural production; cost structure; pesticide demand; shadow values; substitution ID ECONOMETRICS AB A cost-function-based production model is used to represent patterns of input use and output production in U.S. agriculture, and the implied costs of induced reductions in risk from agricultural chemicals ("bad outputs"). We estimate and evaluate shadow values for these harmful outputs, and the implied input- and output-specific substitution patterns, with a focus on the impacts on pesticide demand and its quality and quantity components. Using state-level data we find these measures to be statistically significant, vary substantively by region, and imply increased demand for effective pesticides associated with improvements in quality from embodied technology. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Paul, CJM (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 15 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 84 IS 4 BP 902 EP 915 PG 14 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 621CD UT WOS:000179570200002 ER PT J AU Ward, MB Shimshack, JP Perloff, JM Harris, JM AF Ward, MB Shimshack, JP Perloff, JM Harris, JM TI Effects of the private-label invasion in food industries SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE private label; entry; price; promotional activity; differentiation; supermarket ID MARKET-STRUCTURE DETERMINANTS; PRICE DIFFERENCES; COMPETITION; PHARMACEUTICALS; PRODUCTS; ENTRY; INFORMATION AB Using supermarket scanner data, we test a variety of hypotheses from trade journals about the invasion of private-label food products. According to conventional industry wisdom, name-brand firms defended their brands against new private-label products by lowering their prices, engaging in additional promotional activities, and increasingly differentiating their products. Our empirical evidence is inconsistent with these beliefs. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Tufts Univ, Dept Econ, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Ward, MB (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 38 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 84 IS 4 BP 961 EP 973 DI 10.1111/1467-8276.00360 PG 13 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 621CD UT WOS:000179570200006 ER PT J AU Elliott, SS Keim, NL Stern, JS Teff, K Havel, PJ AF Elliott, SS Keim, NL Stern, JS Teff, K Havel, PJ TI Fructose, weight gain, and the insulin resistance syndrome SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Review DE fructose; leptin; weight gain; insulin resistance; triacylglycerol; hypertension; obesity; review ID CIRCULATING LEPTIN CONCENTRATIONS; CULTURED RAT ADIPOCYTES; DIETARY-FAT CONTENT; PLASMA LEPTIN; BODY-WEIGHT; FOOD-INTAKE; INDUCED HYPERTENSION; GLUCOSE-METABOLISM; HYPERINSULINEMIC MEN; DIABETES-MELLITUS AB This review explores whether fructose consumption might be a contributing factor to the development of obesity and the accompanying metabolic abnormalities observed in the insulin resistance syndrome. The per capita disappearance data for fructose from the combined consumption of sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup have increased by 26%, from 64 g/d in 1970 to 81 g/d in 1997. Both plasma insulin and leptin act in the central nervous system in the long-term regulation of energy homeostasis. Because fructose does not stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, the consumption of foods and beverages containing fructose produces smaller postprandial insulin excursions than does consumption of glucose-containing carbohydrate. Because leptin production is regulated by insulin responses to meals, fructose consumption also reduces circulating leptin concentrations. The combined effects of lowered circulating leptin and insulin in individuals who consume diets that are high in dietary fructose could therefore increase the likelihood of weight gain and its associated metabolic sequelae. In addition, fructose, compared with glucose, is preferentially metabolized to lipid in the liver. Fructose consumption induces insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, hypertriacylglycerolemia, and hypertension in animal models. The data in humans are less clear. Although there are existing data on the metabolic and endocrine effects of dietary fructose that suggest that increased consumption of fructose may be detrimental in terms of body weight and adiposity and the metabolic indexes associated with the insulin resistance syndrome, much more research is needed to fully understand the metabolic effect of dietary fructose in humans. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA USA. Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Monell Chem Senses Inst, Philadelphia, PA USA. RP Havel, PJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nutr, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL091333]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-35747, DK-50129] NR 135 TC 482 Z9 501 U1 11 U2 88 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 76 IS 5 BP 911 EP 922 PG 12 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 609PE UT WOS:000178913500002 PM 12399260 ER PT J AU Sarnak, MJ Wang, SR Beck, GJ Kusek, JW Selhub, J Greene, T Levey, AS AF Sarnak, MJ Wang, SR Beck, GJ Kusek, JW Selhub, J Greene, T Levey, AS TI Homocysteine, cysteine, and B vitamins as predictors of kidney disease progression SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES LA English DT Article DE homocysteine; B vitamins; progression of kidney disease; glomerular filtration rate (GFR) ID STAGE RENAL-DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; VASCULAR-DISEASE; SERUM; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; MORTALITY; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Background: Pathological similarities between atherosclerosis and glomerulosclerosis suggest that risk factors for the two processes may be similar. Elevated total homocysteine (tHcy) levels and low B vitamin levels are risk factors for atherosclerosis, but have not been evaluated sufficiently as risk factors for the progression of kidney disease. Methods: Frozen samples from the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study were assayed for serum tHcy, cysteine, pyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP), folate, and vitamin B-12 levels in 804 participants. These factors were evaluated in both continuous and categorical analyses as risk factors for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline by using univariate and multivariable analyses. Results: At baseline, mean tHcy levels in study A (GFR, 25 to 55 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) and study B (GFR, 13 to 24 mL/min/1.73 m(2)) were 16.9 mumol/L (median, 15.6 mumol/L) and 23.0 mumol/L (median, 20.5 mumol/L), respectively. Mean follow-up was 2.2 years. Mean GFR declines were -4.35 and -3.65 mL/min/y in studies A and B, respectively. There was no significant association between change in GFR with baseline level of tHcy in univariate (-0.26 mL/min/y per 1-SD unit increase in tHcy level; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.67 to 0.15) or multivariable (-0.18 mL/min/y per 1-SD unit increase in tHcy level; 95% CI, -0.53 to 0.17) analysis in study A or univariate (0.07 mL/min/y per 1-SD unit increase in tHcy level; 95% CI, -0.36 to 0.51) or multivariable (0.24 mL/min/y per 1-SD unit increase in tHcy level; 95% CI, -0.16 to 0.64) analysis in study B. Similarly, higher cysteine levels and lower B vitamin levels were not associated with faster rates of GFR decline in multivariable analysis in either study. Conclusion: Higher tHcy or cysteine levels and lower folate, PLP, and vitamin Bit levels are not independent risk factors for progression of nondiabetic kidney disease. C1 Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Sarnak, MJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Box 391,750 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [U01 DK35073, K23 DK02904-02] NR 39 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0272-6386 J9 AM J KIDNEY DIS JI Am. J. Kidney Dis. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 40 IS 5 BP 932 EP 939 DI 10.1053/ajkd.2002.36323 PG 8 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 611ZA UT WOS:000179047100007 PM 12407637 ER PT J AU Kado, DM Bucur, A Selhub, J Rowe, JW Seeman, T AF Kado, DM Bucur, A Selhub, J Rowe, JW Seeman, T TI Homocysteine levels and decline in physical function: MacArthur studies of successful aging SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; VASCULAR-DISEASE; PLASMA; FOLATE; HOMOCYST(E)INE; PERFORMANCE; GROWTH; SERUM AB PURPOSE: To test whether elevated homocysteine levels are associated with an increased risk of decline in physical function in older persons. METHODS: We performed a prospective cohort study of 499 highly functioning men and women aged 70 to 79 years who were enrolled in the MacArthur Studies, of Successful Aging. We measured total homocysteine levels and performance-based physical function at baseline; physical function measures were repeated an average of 28 months later. A summary measure of physical performance from tests of balance, gait, lower body strength and coordination, and manual dexterity was developed, and a change score was calculated as the difference in scores from 1988 to 1991. RESULTS: The mean (+/-SD) homocysteine level was 11.6 +/- 4.3 mumol/L. With each SD increase in homocysteine, there was an increased risk of being in the worst quartile of decline in physical function (odds ratio = 1.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.2 to 1.9) in analyses that adjusted for age, sex, baseline physical performance, smoking status, vitamin B-12 levels, and incident stroke. Similar results were seen when change in physical performance was treated as a continuous variable. CONCLUSION: Older persons with elevated plasma homocysteine levels are at an increased risk of decline in physical function. (C)2002 by Excerpta Medica, Inc. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Div Geriatr, Dept Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Aetna Inc, Hartford, CT USA. RP Kado, DM (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Div Geriatr, Dept Med, 10945 Le Conte Ave,Suite 2339, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG 00586, 1K12 AG 01004, AG 17056] NR 30 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 1 PU EXCERPTA MEDICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 650 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0002-9343 J9 AM J MED JI Am. J. Med. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 113 IS 7 BP 537 EP 542 AR PII S0002-9343(02)01269-X DI 10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01269-X PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 619BR UT WOS:000179453900001 PM 12459398 ER PT J AU Orellana, RA O'Connor, PMJ Nguyen, HV Bush, JA Suryawan, A Thivierge, MC Fiorotto, ML Davis, TA AF Orellana, RA O'Connor, PMJ Nguyen, HV Bush, JA Suryawan, A Thivierge, MC Fiorotto, ML Davis, TA TI Endotoxemia reduces skeletal muscle protein synthesis in neonates SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE sepsis; nutrition; infection; insulin; amino acids ID INSULIN-RESISTANCE; AMINO-ACIDS; SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION; SEPSIS; METABOLISM; TURNOVER; KINETICS; TISSUES; LEUCINE; RATS AB Protein synthesis in skeletal muscle is reduced by as much as 50% as early as 4 h after a septic challenge in adults. However, the effect of sepsis on muscle protein synthesis has not been determined in neonates, a highly anabolic population whose muscle protein synthesis rates are elevated and uniquely sensitive to insulin and amino acid stimulation. Neonatal piglets (n = 10/group) were infused for 8 h with endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 0 and 10 mug . kg(-1) . h(-1)]. Plasma amino acid and glucose concentrations were kept at the fed level by infusion of dextrose and a balanced amino acid mixture. Fractional protein synthesis rates were determined by use of a flooding dose of [H-3] phenylalanine. LPS infusion produced a septic-like state, as indicated by an early and sustained elevation in body temperature, heart rate, and plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1, cortisol, and lactate concentrations. Plasma levels of insulin increased, whereas glucose and amino acids decreased, suggesting the absence of insulin resistance. LPS significantly reduced protein synthesis in longissimus dorsi muscle by only 11% and in gastrocnemius by only 15%, but it had no significant effect in masseter and cardiac muscles. LPS increased protein synthesis in the liver (22%), spleen (28%), kidney (53%), jejunum (19%), diaphragm (21%), lung (50%), and skin (13%), but not in the stomach, pancreas, or brain. These findings suggest that, when substrate supply is maintained, skeletal muscle protein synthesis in neonates compared with adults is relatively resistant to the catabolic effects of sepsis. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Univ, Dept Pediat, Sect Crit Care, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Univ, Dept Pediat, Sect Neonatol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Davis, TA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR-44474, R01 AR044474, R01 AR046308]; NICHD NIH HHS [T32 HD-07445] NR 43 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 283 IS 5 BP E909 EP E916 DI 10.1152/ajpendo.00220.2002 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA 602PW UT WOS:000178514500005 PM 12376317 ER PT J AU Christ, BJ Haynes, KG Vinyard, BT AF Christ, BJ Haynes, KG Vinyard, BT TI Inheritance of early blight resistance from open-pollinated 4x-2x potato hybrids SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Alternaria solani; Solanum tuberosum; Solanum phureja; Solanum stenotomum; interspecific hybridizations; diploid potato; tetraploid potato; general combining ability; broad-sense heritability ID X DIPLOID CROSSES; ALTERNARIA-SOLANI; HERITABILITY; POPULATION; DISEASE AB Early blight, caused by Alternaria solani Sorauer, is a serious disease of potatoes that occurs in most potato-growing regions in the world. There is little resistance to early blight among commercial potato cultivars. However, resistance to early blight in diploid (Solanum phureja-S. stenotomum) potatoes has been identified, and was found to be highly heritable and readily transferred to the tetraploid level via 4x-2x crosses. The purposes of this study were to identify good levels of early blight resistance in open-pollinated 4x-2x (Solanum. tuberosum x S. phureja- S. stenotomum) hybrids selected for horticultural characteristics, to estimate broad-sense heritability for early blight resistance in these hybrids, and to investigate the general and specific combining ability for resistance to early blight from some of these early blight resistant tetraploid selections. Four early bright resistant clones were crossed as female parents with four different male parents in a design II mating scheme to generate 16 families. Approximately 20 randomly chosen offspring per family were visually evaluated for early blight resistance in 1995 and 1996 in a randomized complete block design in Pennsylvania. Broad-sense heritability for early blight resistance among the open-pollinated 4x-2x hybrids which were originally selected for horticultural characteristics was 0.91 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.80, 0.94. There were significant differences among female and male parents for area under the disease progress curve, indicating the importance of general combining ability for early blight resistance in this germplasm. The female x male source of variation was not significant, indicating that specific combining ability was not important. The greatest number of resistant progeny were observed in families where both parents were derived from the early blight resistant population; however, at least one highly resistant progeny was produced in all families. These results suggest that the early blight resistance in these clones can be readily incorporated into the commercial tetraploid breeding population.. C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Buckhout Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Biometr Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Haynes, KG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 010A,Rm 312, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 1099-209X J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 79 IS 6 BP 403 EP 410 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 636YD UT WOS:000180484100003 ER PT J AU Haynes, KG Christ, BJ Weingartner, DR Douches, DS Thill, CA Secor, G Fry, WE Lambert, DH AF Haynes, KG Christ, BJ Weingartner, DR Douches, DS Thill, CA Secor, G Fry, WE Lambert, DH TI Foliar resistance to late blight in potato clones evaluated in national trials in 1997 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Phytophthora infestans; genotype x environment; phenotypic stability ID PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS; PHENOTYPIC STABILITY; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; UNITED-STATES; MATING-TYPE; CULTIVARS; FIELDS AB Changes in the oomycete Phytophthora infestans in the United States and other parts of the world pose a significant threat to potato production. A continual evaluation of potato clones for resistance to late blight is necessary to identify clones with resistance and to monitor the stability of resistance in light of the emergence of new and more aggressive strains of this pathogen. Twenty-two potato clones (10 cultivars and 12 selections) were evaluated in 1997 for late blight resistance at seven U.S. locations. Seven late blight differentials (R1R2R3R4, R1R2R4,R1R3R4, R-3,R-8,R-10, and R-multi) were also included in the test at five of these locations. The US-8 strain of P. infestans was present at all locations. Percent infected foliage was recorded at approximately weekly intervals following the onset of disease. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. The nonparametric stability statistics mean absolute rank differences (S-i((1))) and variances of the ranks (S-i((2))) were used to analyze phenotypic stability. Although neither of these statistics was significant for individual clones, both of these statistics were significant when summed over clones, indicating the importance of genotype x environment interactions on the rankings of these clones across locations. The most late blight-resistant and susceptible clones were the most stable; clones in the intermediate ranges were most subject to rank changes due to genotype x environment interactions. The most late blight-resistant clones were AWN86514-2, B0692-4, B0718-3, and B0767-2. The most susceptible clones were B0811-13, B1004-8, Nor-Donna, and Krantz. AUDPC was very low for the late blight differentials R-8 and R-multi, moderately low for R-10 and very high for the remaining differentials. This study is important in characterizing the reaction of potato clones to new strains of P. infestans. C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Florida, Agr Res Ctr, Hastings, FL 32145 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Plant Soil & Environm Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Haynes, KG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 1099-209X J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 79 IS 6 BP 451 EP 457 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 636YD UT WOS:000180484100008 ER PT J AU Kaneene, JB Bruning-Fann, CS Dunn, J Mullaney, TP Berry, D Massey, JP Thoen, CO Halstead, S Schwartz, K AF Kaneene, JB Bruning-Fann, CS Dunn, J Mullaney, TP Berry, D Massey, JP Thoen, CO Halstead, S Schwartz, K TI Epidemiologic investigation of Mycobacterium bovis in a population of cats SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NEW-ZEALAND; TUBERCULOSIS; ANIMALS; IDENTIFICATION; INFECTIONS; MICHIGAN; STRAINS AB Objective-To determine whether cats exposed at a residence were infected with Mycobacterium bovis, whether the tuberculin skin test can identify cats infected with M bovis, and whether an ELISA could identify tuberculosis-infected cats. Animals-20 domestic cats exposed to a cat with laboratory-confirmed disseminated M bovis infection. Procedure-Cats were administered a tuberculin skin test and monitored for 72 hours. Blood and fecal samples were collected. Cats were then euthanatized, and postmortem examinations were performed. Tissues were examined grossly and histologically for signs of mycobacteriosis. Pooled tissue samples and fecal samples were submitted for mycobacterial culture. Blood samples were examined for evidence of tuberculosis by use of a comparative ELISA. Results-4 cats had positive responses for the ELISA, and 2 cats had suspicious responses. All tuberculin skin tests yielded negative results. No gross or histologic lesions of tuberculosis were detected in any tissues, and mycobacteria were not isolated from tissues or feces obtained from the 20 cats. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-All cats that had positive or suspicious responses for the ELISA were offspring of the cat with tuberculosis. Evidence of tuberculosis was not seen in other cats at the residence, the owner, or the attending veterinarian. The most likely source of tuberculosis for the infected cat was through the consumption of M bovis-infected wildlife carcasses or offal. Because M bovis is endemic in wildlife in northeastern Michigan, there is a risk of exposure to tuberculosis in companion animals, their owners, and attending veterinarians. C1 Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Populat Med Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol & Diagnost Invest, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Michigan Dept Community Hlth, Lansing, MI 48909 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Prevent Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Michigan Dept Agr, Lansing, MI 48933 USA. Alcona Anim Clin, Lincoln, MI 48742 USA. RP Kaneene, JB (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Populat Med Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 26 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 63 IS 11 BP 1507 EP 1511 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1507 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 611ZN UT WOS:000179048600006 PM 12428659 ER PT J AU Liebler-Tenorio, EM Ridpath, JE Neill, JD AF Liebler-Tenorio, EM Ridpath, JE Neill, JD TI Distribution of viral antigen and development of lesions after experimental infection with highly virulent bovine viral diarrhea virus type 2 in calves SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Virology CY JUL 08-12, 2000 CL FT COLLINS, COLORADO SP Amer Soc Virol ID MUCOSAL DISEASE; GENOTYPES; CATTLE; PESTIVIRUSES; BVDV; PATHOGENESIS; APOPTOSIS; BIOTYPES; TISSUES AB Objective-To correlate tissue distribution with development of lesions after experimental infection with a virulent strain of noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 2 in calves. Animals-Ten 14-day-old and two 2-month-old colostrum-deprived calves. Procedure-Calves were intranasally inoculated with BVDV type-2 strain 1373 from an outbreak of clinically severe bovine viral diarrhea (BVD). Two 14-day-old calves served as noninfected controls. Two calves each were euthanatized on postinoculation days 3, 6, and 12, and 1 each on days 8, 9, 13, and 14. Tissues were collected for immunohistologic and histologic examination. Results-Inoculated calves developed nonspecific clinical signs characterized by high fever and decreased numbers of leukocytes and thrombocytes. Viral antigen was detected focally in lymphoid tissues on day 3. On days 6, 8, 9, 12, and 14, viral antigen became increasingly widespread throughout organs and tissues. Viral antigen in lymphoid tissues was associated with severe depletion of all compartments. Lesions in other tissues were not well correlated with distribution of viral antigen. Depletion of lymphoid tissues was observed in a calf on day 13, but viral antigen had been cleared from most tissues and was detected in vascular walls only. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Infection with a virulent BVDV strain resulted in wide dissemination of viral antigen in host tissues. Severe lymphoid depletion developed in lymphoid tissues, whereas viral antigen was generally not associated with lesions in other tissues. Findings suggest that development of lesions in acute BVD is not solely a function of viral replication and is also attributable to host reaction to infection. C1 Vet Sch Hannover, Dept Pathol, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Liebler-Tenorio, EM (reprint author), Vet Sch Hannover, Dept Pathol, Buenteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. NR 38 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 63 IS 11 BP 1575 EP 1584 DI 10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.1575 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 611ZN UT WOS:000179048600017 PM 12428670 ER PT J AU Carlson, SA Casey, TA Wu, MT Hammes, BD Jones, BD AF Carlson, SA Casey, TA Wu, MT Hammes, BD Jones, BD TI A high-throughput genetic system for assessing the inhibition of proteins: identification of antibiotic resistance and virulence targets and their cognate inhibitors in Salmonella SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE plasmid; oligopeptide; Salmonella; invasion; antibiotic resistance ID ENTERICA SEROTYPE TYPHIMURIUM; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; DT104; CHLORAMPHENICOL; INVASION; PEPTIDE; CELLS; INVASIVENESS; FLORFENICOL; EXPRESSION AB This study describes the development of a high-throughput genetic system for producing oligopeptides that can be used to identify molecular interactions leading to inhibition of specific proteins. Using a pathogenic bacteria model, we screened a library of clones expressing intracellular oligopeptides in order to identify inhibitors of proteins involved in antibiotic resistance and virulence. This method involved transforming the pathogen with an oligopeptide-encoding plasmid library, constructed using polymerase chain reaction and an oligonucleotide template designed to produce random oligopeptides composed of 2-16 amino acids, and high-throughput screening for phenotype alterations in the pathogen. A subsequent complementation phase enabled the identification of the full-length bacterial protein inhibited by the oligopeptide. Using this method we were able to identify oligopeptides that inhibit virulence and/or drug resistance in Salmonella, Shigella, and Escherichia coli; specific virulence and/or drug resistance proteins of Salmonella, Shigella, and E coli that are sensitive to inhibition; and putative oligopeptide-binding sites on the inhibited proteins. This system is versatile and can be extended to other pathogens for analogous studies and it can be modified for used in eukaryotic models for identifying protein interactions that can be targeted for inhibition. Additionally, this system can be used for identifying protein domains involved in any biomolecular interaction. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Pre Harvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Carlson, SA (reprint author), USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Pre Harvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Rd,Box 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 31 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 310 IS 1 BP 72 EP 83 AR PII S0003-2697(02)00251-8 DI 10.1016/S0003-2697(02)00251-8 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 619ZA UT WOS:000179506800010 PM 12413476 ER PT J AU Johnson, CA Topoff, H Vander Meer, RK Lavine, B AF Johnson, CA Topoff, H Vander Meer, RK Lavine, B TI Host queen killing by a slave-maker ant queen: when is a host queen worth attacking? SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID CUTICULAR HYDROCARBON PATTERNS; SOCIALLY PARASITIC ANT; CAMPONOTUS-VAGUS SCOP; POLYERGUS-RUFESCENS; MAKING ANT; COLONY FOUNDATION; DUFOURS GLAND; NESTMATE RECOGNITION; PHEROMONE PRODUCTION; POLISTES-GALLICUS AB A new colony of the slave-making ant Polyergus breviceps is initiated when a newly mated gyne invades a host nest and kills the resident queen. This process seems to result in chemical camouflage of the invading gyne and allows her to usurp the position of colony reproductive. Young, recently mated Formica gynes, however, are not attacked. To determine whether worker and/or immature presence is the basis for aggression, we placed eggs, larvae, pupae and workers from mature F. gnava queens with newly, mated F. gnava queens and observed the responses of introduced P. breviceps queens. Because no newly mated gyne was attacked, we tested newly mated F. gnava queens (1) once they had produced eggs, (2) when the offspring reached the larval, pupal and callow stages of development, and (3) every 2 weeks until aggression ensued. Eventually all F. gnava queens were attacked but only 29 weeks after having mated. Thus, although offspring are the ultimate benefit from attacking an established F. gnava queen, P. breviceps queens detect mature queens using another time-dependent feature that is reliably indicative of reproductive status. The similarity of host queen hydrocarbon profiles, often correlated with reproductive status in other ant species, suggests that other compounds reflect queen fecundity and produce a kairomonal effect, or that another cue signals host queen and colony suitability. Our findings indicate P. breviceps gynes have evolved to respond aggressively to a host gyne cue that appears long after mating, preventing attacks on gynes without the workers necessary for colony founding. (C) 2002 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CUNY Grad Sch & Univ Ctr, Dept Psychol, New York, NY 10021 USA. USDA ARS, Med & Vet Entomol Res Lab, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Clarkson Univ, Dept Chem, Potsdam, NY 13699 USA. RP Johnson, CA (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Entomol Lab, Naamsestr 59, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. NR 62 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 64 BP 807 EP 815 DI 10.1006/anbe.2002.1971 PN 5 PG 9 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 623KA UT WOS:000179701200014 ER PT J AU Pogue, MG AF Pogue, MG TI Identity of a sugar cane pest, Scolecocampa mochisa (Schaus), in Mexico, and a new generic synonym (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Scolecocampa; sugar cane; pest; egg; larva; pupa AB A sugar cane pest in Mexico, Scolecocampa mochisa (Schaus) (new combination), was originally described in the monotypic genus Saccharaphagos Schaus (1923), which is considered a new synonym of Scolecocampa Guenee (1852). The adult and larva are illustrated. The genitalia, egg, and pupa are described and illustrated. The closely related species, Scolecocampa stygialis (Smith), is a new combination. C1 Smithsonian Inst, Systemat Entomol Lab, Inst Plant Sci, ARS,USDA,NMNH, Washington, DC 20013 USA. RP Pogue, MG (reprint author), Smithsonian Inst, Systemat Entomol Lab, Inst Plant Sci, ARS,USDA,NMNH, MRC-168,POB 37012, Washington, DC 20013 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 95 IS 6 BP 653 EP 657 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0653:IOASCP]2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 625NJ UT WOS:000179822300001 ER PT J AU Horn, S Hanula, JL AF Horn, S Hanula, JL TI Life history and habitat associations of the broad wood cockroach, Parcoblatta lata (Blattaria : Blattellidae) and other native cockroaches in the coastal plain of South Carolina SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE coarse woody debris; wood cockroaches; Parcoblatta lata; red-cockaded woodpecker; Picoides borealis; snags ID RED-COCKADED WOODPECKERS; LONGLEAF PINE; MOVING AIR; DICTYOPTERA; BLATTIDAE; WATER; TEMPERATURE; LANDSCAPE; ABUNDANCE; AMERICAN AB Wood cockroaches (Blattaria: Blattellidae) are important prey of the red-cockaded woodpecker, Picoides borealis Wilson (Piciformes: Picidae), an endangered species inhabiting pine (Pinus spp.) forests in the southern United States. These woodpeckers forage on the holes of live pine trees, but their prey consists of a high proportion of wood cockroaches, Parcoblatta spp., that are more commonly associated with dead plant material. Consequently, we sampled large woody debris, logs and standing dead trees (snags), in a South Carolina pine forest to determine densities of wood cockroaches in these habitats. Nearly 80% of the 662 wood cockroaches we collected from woody debris were found in snags. However, when we estimated the number of wood cockroaches per hectare, we found that the two habitats contained approximately equal numbers because logs are more abundant than snags. The broad wood cockroach, Parcoblatta lata Brunner, was the most common cockroach on live pine boles constituting 46% of the wood cockroaches. Males were present from late April to late July in field studies suggesting that P. lata has only one generation per year, which is consistent with laboratory studies in which males lived an average of 91.3 d. Female P. lata lived almost twice as long (158.2 d) and produced an average of 12.6 oothecae/female (SE=3.4) or approximate to517 offspring/female. Although P. lata were common on boles of live trees, our results show that snags and logs also are important habitats of these wood cockroaches in pine forests. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Horn, S (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 40 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 95 IS 6 BP 665 EP 671 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0665:LHAHAO]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 625NJ UT WOS:000179822300003 ER PT J AU Yee, WL AF Yee, WL TI Daily and seasonal activity patterns of Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera : Tephritidae) in Washington State SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Rhagoletis indifferens; daily and seasonal activity; mating; sweet cherry ID POMONELLA DIPTERA; MATING BEHAVIOR; FLIES DIPTERA; HOST AB The diurnal and seasonal activity patterns of the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran, were determined on three sweet cherry trees, Prunus avium (L.), from 0700 to 1900 hours during June and July 2001 in Yakima County, WA. There were significant effects of time of day and season on numbers of flies seen on fruit relative to leaves, indicating that presence on or attraction to these substrates for feeding, mating, or oviposition, whether caused by visual or chemical cues, was greatly modified by temperature. When temperatures were 15-16degreesC at 0700 hours in early June, flies of both sexes were seen mostly on leaves, but when the temperature reached 20degreesC, more flies of both sexes moved onto fruit. Peak fly sightings occurred at 25-35degreesC, usually after 1000 hours. At >35degreesC, most flies vanished from view, and those seen were less active. Over the entire season, males were seen four times more often than females and spent more time on fruit than on leaves. Females were seen equally on and spent equal time on fruit and leaves when temperatures were 20-35degreesC. Mating was initiated on fruit but was completed on fruit and leaves. Overall fly sightings and daily temperatures were positively correlated early in the season when it was cooler, uncorrelated in the middle of the season, and negatively correlated in late season when it was warmest. The results show that R. indifferens presence and times spent on fruit and leaves are greatly altered by daily and seasonal changes in temperature, but they also suggest that at 20-35degreesC substrate-seeking behaviors of each sex do not change with time of day or season. C1 ARS, USDA, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Yee, WL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 25 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 95 IS 6 BP 701 EP 710 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0701:DASAPO]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 625NJ UT WOS:000179822300006 ER PT J AU Pankiw, T Rubink, WL AF Pankiw, T Rubink, WL TI Pollen foraging response to brood pheromone by Africanized and European honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Africanized honey bee; sucrose response threshold; pollen foraging behavior; brood pheromone ID DIVISION-OF-LABOR; THRESHOLDS; BEHAVIOR; GENOTYPE; SUCROSE; COLONY; HYMENOPTERA; COLLECTION; APIDAE; PROFITABILITY AB We examined the pollen foraging responses of Africanized and European honey bee colonies to hexane extractable compounds of Africanized and European larvae (brood pheromone). Brood pheromone was presented to broodless Africanized and European colonies equalized for numbers of bees, food stores and, empty comb space. The pheromone significantly increased the ratio of pollen to nonpollen foragers returning to colonies. There was no differential pollen foraging response to pheromone racial origin. European colonies in this study had a significantly higher proportion of pollen to nonpollen foragers entering colonies than did Africanized colonies for pheromone and control treatments. The proboscis extension response to sucrose was used to test the sensitivity to sucrose of eight Africanized (most similar to Apis mellifera scutellata Lepeletier) and six European colonies (most similar to Apis mellifera ligustica L.). Individual sensitivity to sucrose has been demonstrated as a neuro-sensory correlate of foraging behavior in European bees such that individuals that forage for pollen have lower response thresholds to sucrose than bees that forage for nectar. Africanized bees were significantly more likely to respond to lower concentrations of sucrose than European bees. We concluded that sucrose response threshold was a poor predictor for comparative foraging behavior of these races because the neuro-sensory systems of the two races may be differentially "tuned" by thresholds to defensive cues. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Honey Bee Grp, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Pankiw, T (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM t-pankiw@tamu.edu NR 55 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0013-8746 EI 1938-2901 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 95 IS 6 BP 761 EP 767 DI 10.1603/0013-8746(2002)095[0761:PFRTBP]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 625NJ UT WOS:000179822300013 ER PT J AU Lee, MD Sanchez, S Zimmer, M Idris, U Berrang, ME McDermott, PF AF Lee, MD Sanchez, S Zimmer, M Idris, U Berrang, ME McDermott, PF TI Class 1 integron-associated tobramycin-gentamicin resistance in Campylobacter jejuni isolated from the broiler chicken house environment SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID BETA-LACTAMASE; GENE CASSETTES; AMINOGLYCOSIDE 6'-N-ACETYLTRANSFERASE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; DNA; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ELEMENTS; RECOMBINATION; TRIMETHOPRIM; PLASMID AB Using PCR, we screened 105 isolates of poultry-associated Campylobacter jejuni for the presence of class 1 integrons. Of those isolates, 21% (22 of 105) possessed the integrase gene, but only 5 isolates produced an amplicon in a 5'-3' conserved sequence PCR directed toward amplification of the resistance cassettes. DNA sequencing demonstrated that all five isolates possessed the aminoglycoside resistance gene, aacA4. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Med Microbiol & Parasitol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens Diagnost Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, Poultry Prod & Meat Qual, Athens, GA 30604 USA. US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Lee, MD (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Med Microbiol & Parasitol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 33 TC 39 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 46 IS 11 BP 3660 EP 3664 DI 10.1128/AAC.46.11.3660-3664.2002 PG 5 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 606BK UT WOS:000178712800055 PM 12384387 ER PT J AU Rinderer, TE Oldroyd, BP de Guzman, LI Wattanachaiyingchareon, W Wongsiri, S AF Rinderer, TE Oldroyd, BP de Guzman, LI Wattanachaiyingchareon, W Wongsiri, S TI Spatial distribution of the dwarf honey bees in an agroecosystem in southeastern Thailand SO APIDOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE Asian honeybees; Apis andreniformis; Apis florea; spatial distribution; Thailand ID APIS-LABORIOSA SMITH; HYMENOPTERA; APIDAE; AGGREGATIONS; BIOLOGY; ENTOMOLOGY; COLONIES AB Colonies of Apis andreniformis and A. florea, had highly significant tendencies to be located near nests of their own species in a southeastern Thailand agro-ecosystem. A. andreniformis and A. florea chose similar nest sites, but the spatial correlations of their nesting sites were significantly negative, indicating that colonies may avoid areas containing nests of the other species. A. andreniformis nested at heights averaging about 6 m while A. florea nested at heights averaging about 4 m. The tendency of colonies of these species to establish their nest sites near existing nest sites of colonies of the same species may increase the probability that the newly selected nest sites are near suitable floral resources capable of supporting the survival and reproduction of the newer arrivals to the area. More importantly, spatial clumping probably helps assure that a colony's future reproductives will have potential mates within their mating range. Avoiding close association with colonies of conspecifics may help diminish interspecific interference with mating that may arise from the species having similar sex pheromones. C1 USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. Univ Sydney, Sch Biol Sci A12, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Chulalongkorn Univ, Dept Biol, Bee Biol Res Unit, Bangkok 10330, Thailand. RP Rinderer, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0044-8435 J9 APIDOLOGIE JI Apidologie PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 33 IS 6 BP 539 EP 544 DI 10.1051/apido:2002034 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 622DC UT WOS:000179630400002 ER PT J AU DeGrandi-Hoffman, G Page, RE Martin, J Fondrk, MK AF DeGrandi-Hoffman, G Page, RE Martin, J Fondrk, MK TI Can the frequency of reduced Varroa destructor fecundity in honey bee (Apis mellifera) pupae be increased by selection? SO APIDOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE Varroa destructor; Apis mellifera; genetic crosses; selection; mite fecundity ID JACOBSONI OUD; GROOMING BEHAVIOR; WORKER CELLS; BROOD CELLS; REPRODUCTION; MITES; MESOSTIGMATA; HYMENOPTERA; APIDAE; COLONIES AB Crosses were made between queens and drones from 16 different commercial sources of European honeybees to determine if reproductive rates for Varroa destructor differed. Worker brood from four different crosses averaged 4.2 mites per cell and were chosen as the high mite reproduction group. Four others averaged 2.4 mites per cell and were chosen for the low mite reproduction group. A second set of crosses within the high and low mite reproduction groups were made and the worker offspring tested for differences in mite fecundity. Worker brood of the high and low mite reproduction lines did not differ significantly in the average number of mites per cell. The proportion of infested cells with non-reproductive mites also was not affected by selection. These results suggest that the frequency of larval or pupal characteristics that we measured in worker honeybees that might influence mite reproductive rates cannot be increased by selection based on average mite fecundity. C1 ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, USDA, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP DeGrandi-Hoffman, G (reprint author), ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, USDA, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0044-8435 J9 APIDOLOGIE JI Apidologie PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 33 IS 6 BP 563 EP 570 DI 10.1051/apido:2002039 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 622DC UT WOS:000179630400005 ER PT J AU Barrangou, R Yoon, SS Breidt, F Fleming, HP Klaenhammer, TR AF Barrangou, R Yoon, SS Breidt, F Fleming, HP Klaenhammer, TR TI Characterization of six Leuconostoc fallax bacteriophages isolated from an industrial sauerkraut fermentation SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; LACTOCOCCAL BACTERIOPHAGES; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; OENOS; VIRUSES; PHAGE; DIFFERENTIATION; MESENTEROIDES; STRAINS AB Six bacteriophages active against Leuconostoc fallax strains were isolated from industrial sauerkraut fermentation brines. These phages were characterized as to host range, morphology, structural proteins, and genome fingerprint. They were exclusively lytic against the species L. fallax and had different host ranges among the strains of this species tested. Morphologically, three of the phages were assigned to the family Siphoviridae, and the three others were assigned to the family Myoviridae. Major capsid proteins detected by electrophoresis were distinct for each of the two morphotypes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting showed that all six phages were genetically distinct. These results revealed for the first time the existence of bacteriophages that are active against L. fallax and confirmed the presence and diversity of bacteriophages in a sauerkraut fermentation. Since a variety of L. fallax strains have been shown to be present in sauerkraut fermentation, bacteriophages active against L.fallax are likely to contribute to the microbial ecology of sauerkraut fermentation and could be responsible for some of the variability observed in this type of fermentation. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, SE Dairy Foods Res Ctr, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Yonsei Univ, Dept Biol Resources & Technol, Wonju 220710, South Korea. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Klaenhammer, TR (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, SE Dairy Foods Res Ctr, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Barrangou, Rodolphe/I-2878-2014 OI Barrangou, Rodolphe/0000-0002-0648-3504 NR 58 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 68 IS 11 BP 5452 EP 5458 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.11.5452-5458.2002 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 611PU UT WOS:000179027600032 PM 12406737 ER PT J AU Vanden Wymelenberg, A Denman, S Dietrich, D Bassett, J Yu, XC Atalla, R Predki, P Rudsander, U Teeri, TT Cullen, D AF Vanden Wymelenberg, A Denman, S Dietrich, D Bassett, J Yu, XC Atalla, R Predki, P Rudsander, U Teeri, TT Cullen, D TI Transcript analysis of genes encoding a family 61 endoglucanase and a putative membrane-anchored family 9 glycosyl hydrolase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID I-LIKE GENES; TRICHODERMA-REESEI; SPOROTRICHUM-PULVERULENTUM; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; ENZYME-SYSTEM; CELLULOSE; CELLOBIOHYDROLASE; PURIFICATION; ORGANIZATION; CLONING AB Phanerochaete chrysosporium cellulase genes were cloned and characterized. The cel61A product was structurally similar to fungal endoglucanases of glycoside hydrolase family 61, whereas the cel9A product revealed similarities to Thermobifida fusca Cel9A (E4), an enzyme with both endo- and exocellulase characteristics. The fungal Cel9A is apparently a membrane-bound protein, which is very unusual for microbial cellulases. Transcript levels of both genes were substantially higher in cellulose-grown cultures than in glucose-grown cultures. These results show that P. chrysosporium possesses a wide array of conventional and unconventional cellulase genes. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Royal Inst Technol, Stockholm Ctr Phys Astron & Biotechnol, Dept Biotechnol, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US DOE, Joint Genome Inst, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA. RP Cullen, D (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. EM dcullen@facstaff.wisc.edu RI Denman, Stuart/A-5823-2011; Teeri, Tuula/E-7509-2013 OI Denman, Stuart/0000-0002-9910-3709; NR 39 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 EI 1098-5336 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 68 IS 11 BP 5765 EP 5768 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.11.5765-5768.2002 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 611PU UT WOS:000179027600073 PM 12406778 ER PT J AU Kincaid, DC Trout, TJ AF Kincaid, DC Trout, TJ TI Squeezer: A device for indirect pressure measurement inthin-walled microirrigation tubing SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE pressure measurement; microirrigation; drip irrigation; thin-walled tubing AB A simple device was developed for measuring pressure in thin-walled collapsible emitting hose or tubing in the field. The device, called a "Squeezer," senses pressure by measuring the force necessary to compress a short section of tubing between two parallel plates to 50% of its original diameter The force can be measured by either an electronic load cell or " spring balance, and the output, calibrated for a particular size of tubing, read directly in pressure units. The device provides " convenient, non-intrusive and low-cost means for irrigators to assess pressure variations within their microirrigation laterals without installing special fittings or puncturing the tubing. C1 USDA ARS, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Kincaid, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, 3793N 3600 E, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. OI Trout, Thomas/0000-0003-1896-9170 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 18 IS 6 BP 685 EP 690 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648VM UT WOS:000181171500006 ER PT J AU Hanson, GJ Cook, KR Hahn, W AF Hanson, GJ Cook, KR Hahn, W TI Image-based erosion measurement technique SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE digital; photographic; headcut; embankment AB Two- and three- dimensional analysis using close-range digital photographs can be very useful in measuring changes in erosion on the landscape. Computer software exists for conducting photographic analysis but it is often either cost prohibitive or very labor intensive to use. This article describes a simple 2-D image-based technique used to conduct simple measurements photographically using software that would typically already be in use in an engineering office (i.e. CAD, image editing, and spreadsheet programs). The technique is very repeatable and results in reliable measurements when compared to actual physical measurements. The accuracy of using these measurements was evaluated by comparing physically measured distances and photographically measured distances between parallel ropes on the landscape. The standard error was 17 mm with a coefficient of determination of 1.0 for the linear regression. The overall mean absolute deviation of residuals was 18 mm and the maximum absolute residual was 52 mm. The application selected for this article is the documentation of the extent and width of erosion during an embankment-overtopping test. This technique was demonstrated to be an effective method for measuring distances and locations on the landscape. C1 USDA, ARS, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. HDR Engn Inc, Dallas, TX USA. RP Hanson, GJ (reprint author), USDA, ARS, 1301 N Western St, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 18 IS 6 BP 697 EP 700 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648VM UT WOS:000181171500008 ER PT J AU Chao, K Liu, Y Chen, YR Thayer, DW Hruschka, WR AF Chao, K Liu, Y Chen, YR Thayer, DW Hruschka, WR TI Characterization of spectral variations of irradiated chicken breasts with 2D-correlation spectroscopy SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE food safety; irradiation; myoglobin; poultry; two-dimensional correlation analysis ID 2-DIMENSIONAL CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; REFLECTANCE SPECTRA; MEATS; PORK; STORAGE; COLOR AB The spectral characteristics of irradiated chicken breasts with dose and storage time were studied by two-dimensional (2D) correlation visible spectroscopy. A Matlab-based 2D-correlation computer program was developed and used to analyze 2D spectra of irradiated chicken meats at various irradiation doses and storage times. The results indicated that the relative amount of oxymyoglobin (560 nm) increases as a result of irradiation. The similarities and differences between the spectral effects at different irradiation doses were also clear, and agreed in general with previously reported spectral changes related to the different forms of myoglobin. The results of the 2D correlation analysis showed that the wavelength region at 560 nm was affected the most during storage. An asymmetric second derivative there showed that highly irradiated meats begin to change approximately 12 days later than raw meats. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, ISL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, ERRC, Food Safety Unit, Wyndmoor, PA USA. RP Chao, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, ISL, Bldg 303,BARC East,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 18 IS 6 BP 745 EP 750 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648VM UT WOS:000181171500014 ER PT J AU Tang, M Harp, JA Wesley, RD AF Tang, M Harp, JA Wesley, RD TI Recombinant adenovirus encoding the HA gene from swine H3N2 influenza virus partially protects mice from challenge with heterologous virus: A/HK/I/68 (H3N2) SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELLULAR IMMUNE-RESPONSES; DNA VACCINE; A VIRUS; VECTORED VACCINES; CROSS-PROTECTION; UNITED-STATES; T-CELLS; PIGS; INFECTION; IMMUNIZATION AB Immunization with recombinant adenoviral vaccine that induces potent immunity has been applied to many infectious diseases. We report here developing a recombinant adenoviral vaccine encoding the HA gene from swine H3N2 influenza virus (SIV). Two replication-defective recombinant adenoviruses were generated: (1) rAd-HA: recombinant adenovirus encoding the HA gene from swine H3N2 influenza virus, and (2) rAd-vector: a control recombinant adenovirus containing adenovirus and transfer plasmids without a foreign HA gene. Mice given rAd-HA developed high titers of neutralizing and hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to SIV in comparison to mice inoculated with rAd-vector or PBS as early as 2 weeks after immunization, and these antibodies were substantially increased in the mice given rAd-HA within the next 3 weeks following the first dose. However, these antibodies were not able to neutralize the virus, A/HK/68 (H3N2), used for challenge. Nonetheless mice immunized with one or two doses of rAd-HA were protected from lethal challenge with heterologous virus, A/HK/1/68 (H3N2). A statistically significant (P < 0.03) difference between survival rates of rAd-HA mice vs. rAd-vector or PBS mice was observed. C1 USDA ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA, Periparturient Dis Cattle Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA USA. RP Tang, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 45 TC 31 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 147 IS 11 BP 2125 EP 2141 DI 10.1007/s00705-002-0870-y PG 17 WC Virology SC Virology GA 615BP UT WOS:000179226200006 PM 12417948 ER PT J AU Cole, DN Monz, CA AF Cole, DN Monz, CA TI Trampling disturbance of high-elevation vegetation, Wind River Mountains, Wyoming, USA SO ARCTIC ANTARCTIC AND ALPINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Trampling experiments were conducted in five high-elevation plant communities in the Wind River Mountains. In one experiment (simulating infrequent acute disturbance), plots were trampled once and recovery was followed for 3 yr. In another experiment (simulating chronic disturbance), plots were trampled for three successive years and recovery was followed for one year. Yearly trampling intensities were 0 to 500 passes (up to 800 and 1000 in two communities). Structural responses (reductions in cover and height) were more pronounced than compositional responses. Low levels of trampling caused substantial reductions in cover and height, but rates of change decreased as trampling intensity increased. The ability of different plant communities to tolerate trampling disturbance varied by at least an order of magnitude, suggesting that impacts can be reduced by directing use to more tolerant plant communities. Moreover, tolerance can be gauged on the basis of readily observable plant characteristics. Plant communities with groundcover dominated by chamaephytes (primarily low, woody shrubs) or by erect, caulescent forbs were less resistant than those with groundcovers dominated by turf-forming or caespitose graminoids, or by forbs with matted, caespitose or rosette growth forms. Plant communities with woody, chamaephytic groundcover were less resilient than other plant communities. C1 US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. Sterling Coll, Craftsbury Commons, VT 05827 USA. RP Cole, DN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 20 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 9 PU INST ARCTIC ALPINE RES PI BOULDER PA UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, CO 80309 USA SN 1523-0430 J9 ARCT ANTARCT ALP RES JI Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 34 IS 4 BP 365 EP 376 DI 10.2307/1552194 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 682MT UT WOS:000183096400002 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, AH Jalbert, SM Adlercreutz, H Goldin, BR Rasmussen, H Schaefer, EJ Ausman, LM AF Lichtenstein, AH Jalbert, SM Adlercreutz, H Goldin, BR Rasmussen, H Schaefer, EJ Ausman, LM TI Lipoprotein response to diets high in soy or animal protein with and without isoflavones in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE soy protein; isoflavones; animal protein; saturated fat; diet; triglyceride; LDL cholesterol; HDL cholesterol; vegetable protein; cardiovascular disease ID COMMERCIAL IMMUNOTURBIDIMETRIC ASSAY; SYSTEMIC ARTERIAL COMPLIANCE; IMPROVE PLASMA-LIPIDS; SOYBEAN-PROTEIN; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; II HYPERLIPOPROTEINEMIA; REFERENCE INTERVALS; MENOPAUSAL WOMEN; SERUM-LIPIDS; RED-CLOVER AB Objective-The objective of this study was to assess the independent effect of soy relative to common sources of animal protein and soy-derived isoflavones on blood lipids. Methods and Results-Forty-two subjects with LDL cholesterol levels greater than or equal to 3.36 mmol/L were fed each of four diets in randomized order for 6 weeks per phase. Diets contained a minimum of 25 g animal protein or isolated soy protein/4.2 MJ, with each containing trace amounts or 50 mg of isoflavones/4.2 MJ. Soy protein had a modest effect on total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations (-2%, P = 0.017; -2%, P = 0.042; +3%; P = 0.034, -11%, P < 0.001, respectively). Soy protein had no significant effect oil plasma lipids in individuals with LDL cholesterol < 4.14 mmol/L and significantly reduced total and LDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in individuals with LDL cholesterol :4.14 mmol/L (-4%, P = 0.001; -5%, P = 0.003; -15%, P < 0.001, respectively). No significant effect of isoflavones on plasma lipid levels was observed either constituent to the soy protein or supplemental to the animal protein. Conclusions-Although potentially helpful when used to displace products containing animal fat from the diet, the regular intake of relatively high levels of soy protein (> 50 g/day) had only a modest effect on blood cholesterol levels and only in subjects with elevated LDL cholesterol levels (greater than or equal to 4.14 mmol/L). Soy-derived isoflavones had no significant effect. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Cardiovasc Nutr Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Helsinki, Folkhalsan Res Ctr, Helsinki, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Dept Clin Chem, SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Community Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Community Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Lichtenstein, AH (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 58008] NR 43 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 11 BP 1852 EP 1858 DI 10.1161/01.ATV.0000033513.18431.A1 PG 7 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 615QM UT WOS:000179258000020 PM 12426215 ER PT J AU Czaja, K Lakomy, M Sienkiewicz, W Kaleczyc, J Pidsudko, Z Barb, CR Rampacek, GB Kraeling, RR AF Czaja, K Lakomy, M Sienkiewicz, W Kaleczyc, J Pidsudko, Z Barb, CR Rampacek, GB Kraeling, RR TI Distribution of neurons containing leptin receptors in the hypothalamus of the pig SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE hypothalamus; leptin; leptin receptor; neuroendocrinology; pig ID HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE; MODULATING NEUROENDOCRINE FUNCTION; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; GROWTH-HORMONE; MESSENGER-RNA; RAT-BRAIN; GENE-EXPRESSION; LONG-FORM; MOUSE-BRAIN; OB-R AB Leptin, secreted by white adipocytes, has profound feeding, metabolic, and neuroendocrine effects. Leptin acts on the brain, but specific anatomical sites and pathways responsible for mediating these effects are still unclear. We have systematically examined the distribution of leptin receptor containing neurons in the porcine hypothalamus by means of immunohistochemical staining methods. Leptin receptor immunoreactivity (OBR-IR) was observed in both the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamic area. No immunoreactive structures were found in the median eminence. Only single, small neurons were observed in the arcuate nucleus. The most abundant OBR-IR cell bodies were located in the supraoptic nucleus. In the paraventricular nucleus, OBR-IR neurons were moderate in number. Single, dispersed neurons were found in the ventromedial nucleus. These findings indicate that there are distinct OBR-IR neuronal populations in the porcine hypothalamus and leptin not only plays an integrative role in feeding behavior, but also in neuroendocrine activity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Res Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Warmia & Mazury Univ, Dept Anim Anat, Olsztyn, Poland. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Kraeling, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Res Unit, 950 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30613 USA. NR 39 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 298 IS 3 BP 333 EP 337 AR PII S0006-291X(02)02461-0 DI 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02461-0 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 612PR UT WOS:000179085100006 PM 12413944 ER PT J AU Hyder, PW Fredrickson, EL Estell, RE Tellez, M Gibbens, RP AF Hyder, PW Fredrickson, EL Estell, RE Tellez, M Gibbens, RP TI Distribution and concentration of total phenolics, condensed tannins, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) in creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) SO BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE allelopathy; secondary compounds ID DESERT SHRUBS; SOIL; PATTERNS; COMPETITION; HERBIVORES; VEGETATION; ECOSYSTEM; ANIMALS; CLIMATE AB This paper focuses on the presence and distribution of secondary phenolic compounds found within creosotebush [Larrea tridentata (Sess. & Moc. ex DC.) Cov.]. Total phenolics, condensed tannins and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) were measured in nine categories of tissue within creosotebush. Total phenolic and condensed tannin concentrations were determined using colorimetric methods while NDGA content was determined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phenolics were present throughout the plant with the highest concentrations in leaves (36.2 mg/g), green stems (40.8 mg/g) and roots (mean for all root categories=28.6 mg/g). Condensed tannins were found in all tissues with highest concentrations in flowers (1.7 mg/g), seeds (1.1 mg/g), and roots less than 5 mm in diameter (1.1 mg/g). Flowers, leaves, green stems and small woody stems (<5 nun in diameter) all contained NDGA with highest concentrations in leaves (38.3 mg/g) and green stems (32.5 mg/g). This is the first report we are aware of giving secondary chemical characteristics of creosotebush roots. Data reported here will be used to support further research into the dynamics of shrub replacement and dominance of and grasslands. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. USDA, ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res, University, MS 38677 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Fredrickson, EL (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 37 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-1978 J9 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL JI Biochem. Syst. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 30 IS 10 BP 905 EP 912 AR PII S0305-1978(02)00050-9 DI 10.1016/S0305-1978(02)00050-9 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 607UF UT WOS:000178808600001 ER PT J AU Weekley, CW Kubisiak, TL Race, TM AF Weekley, CW Kubisiak, TL Race, TM TI Genetic impoverishment and cross-incompatibility in remnant genotypes of Ziziphus celata (Rhamnaceae), a rare shrub endemic to the Lake Wales Ridge, Florida SO BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE cluster analysis; cross-incompatibility; endangered species; genetic diversity; genetic impoverishment; Lake Wales Ridge; RAPDs; sexual reproductive failure; Ziziphus celata ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY; BREEDING SYSTEM; PLANT; CONSERVATION; CONSEQUENCES; POPULATIONS; DIVERSITY; RECOVERY AB The loss of genetic diversity in fragmented populations of self-incompatible plant species may result in sexual reproductive failure and local extinctions. Florida ziziphus (Ziziphus celata) is a self-incompatible clonal shrub known only from five genetically depauperate populations on the Lake Wales Ridge, Florida, USA. Recovery of this species requires identification of cross-compatible genotypes that can be used to create viable (i.e., sexually reproducing) populations. To further development of a recovery program for this highly imperiled species, we investigated its genetic structure and sexual reproductive viability. We used random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) to investigate genetic variability within remnant populations and we conducted experimental compatibility trials to determine the cross-compatibility of remnant genotypes. One hundred and ninety-nine unique stem samples collected from one ex situ and five in situ populations were assayed for the presence or absence of a band for 32 RAPD markers. Based on unweighted pair-group mean cluster analysis (UPGMA), only 11 multi-locus genotypes (MLGs) were identified. Eight of these MLGs correspond to MLGs identified in an earlier allozyme study. In addition, we identified three new RAPD-based MLGs. Three of the five natural populations consisted of only one MLG, while the largest and most genetically diverse population comprised only four MLGs. Coefficients of similarity ranged from 96.6% for the most closely related MLGs to 20.7% for the most distantly related. The compatibility trials demonstrated that most MLGs are cross-incompatible. With 69% of all possible one-way crosses tested (38/55), we have identified only eight compatible crosses via germination trials. Based on the results of the compatibility trials, we assigned MLGs to self-incompatibility (SI) mating types. On present evidence, the current breeding population of Florida ziziphus may comprise as few as two SI mating types. These SI mating types will be used to guide future breeding efforts and an experimental introduction. C1 Archbold Biol Stn, Lake Placid, FL 33862 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, So Inst Forest Genet, Saucier, MS 39574 USA. Trout Lake Nat Ctr, Eustis, FL 32727 USA. RP Weekley, CW (reprint author), Archbold Biol Stn, POB 2057, Lake Placid, FL 33862 USA. NR 66 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0960-3115 J9 BIODIVERS CONSERV JI Biodivers. Conserv. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 11 IS 11 BP 2027 EP 2046 DI 10.1023/A:1020810800820 PG 20 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 609WP UT WOS:000178929600009 ER PT J AU Qualls, RG Haines, BL Swank, WT Tyler, SW AF Qualls, RG Haines, BL Swank, WT Tyler, SW TI Retention of soluble organic nutrients by a forested ecosystem SO BIOGEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE adsorption; biodegradation; carbon; decomposition; dissolved organic nitrogen; flux; hydrology; organic matter; phosphorus; soil; stream ID LODGEPOLE PINE ECOSYSTEMS; CARBON CONCENTRATIONS; DECIDUOUS FORESTS; STREAM WATERS; SOIL SOLUTION; CLEAR-CUT; NITROGEN; MATTER; FLOW; MECHANISMS AB We document an example of a forested watershed at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory with an extraordinary tendency to retain dissolved organic matter (DOM) generated in large quantities within the ecosystem. Our objectives were to determine fluxes of dissolved organic C, N, and P (DOC, DON, DOP, respectively), in water draining through each stratum of the ecosystem and synthesize information on the physicochemical, biological and hydrologic factors leading to retention of dissolved organic nutrients in this ecosystem. The ecosystem retained 99.3, 97.3, and 99.0% of water soluble organic C, N and P, respectively, produced in litterfall, throughfall, and root exudates. Exports in streamwater were 4.1 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) of DOC, 0.191 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) of DON, and 0.011 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) of DOP. Fluxes of DON were greater than those of inorganic N in all strata. Most DOC, DON, and DOP was removed from solution in the A and B horizons, with DOC being rapidly adsorbed to Fe and Al oxyhydroxides, most likely by ligand exchange. DON and DOC were released gradually from the forest floor over the year. Water soluble organic C produced in litterfall and throughfall had a disjoint distribution of half-decay times with very labile and very refractory fractions so that most labile DOC was decomposed before being leached into the mineral soil and refractory fractions dominated the DOC transported through the ecosystem. We hypothesize that this watershed retained soluble organic nutrients to an extraordinary degree because the soils have very high contents of Fe and Al oxyhydroxides with high adsorption capacities and because the predominant hydrologic pathway is downwards as unsaturated flow through a strongly adsorbing A and B horizon. The well recognized retention mechanisms for inorganic nutrients combine with adsorption of DOM and hydrologic pathway to efficiently prevent leaching of both soluble inorganic and organic nutrients in this watershed. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Environm Resource Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. RP Qualls, RG (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Environm Resource Sci, MS 370, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 76 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 37 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-2563 J9 BIOGEOCHEMISTRY JI Biogeochemistry PD NOV PY 2002 VL 61 IS 2 BP 135 EP 171 DI 10.1023/A:1020239112586 PG 37 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology GA 594TA UT WOS:000178066000002 ER PT J AU Forys, EA Allen, CR Wojcik, DP AF Forys, EA Allen, CR Wojcik, DP TI Influence of the proximity and amount of human development and roads on the occurrence of the red imported fire ant in the lower Florida Keys SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE red imported fire ant; Solenopsis invicta; lower Keys of Florida; invasion biology; non-indigenous species; fragmentation ID SOLENOPSIS-INVICTA; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; IMPACT AB We examined the influence of both the proximity and extent of human developments and paved roads on the presence of the predatory, non-indigenous, red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta). This species was inadvertently introduced into the United States at the port of Mobile, Alabama, around 1930 and rapidly spread to many southeastern states, including Florida. More recently, S. invicta colonized the Florida Keys, an area with a high proportion of rare and endemic vertebrate and invertebrate species. We placed bait transects in transitional salt-marsh, pineland, and hardwood hammocks on 13 of the lower Florida Keys and compared habitat type, the shortest distance of the bait transect to a development or road, and area of development and roads 50, 70, 100, and 150 m around each bait transect for areas with and without red imported fire ants. Red imported fire ants were detected on 21 of the 80 transects and were equally abundant in all habitat types. While all of the development and road variables differed significantly between bait transects with and without red imported fire ants, transects that were closest to roads and that had the largest amount of development within a 150 m radii had the highest probability of presence of red imported fire ants. Recovery efforts for endangered species in areas invaded by red imported fire ants should include analyses of the cumulative impacts of roads and developments in areas near protected lands. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Eckerd Coll, Nat Sci Collegium, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. Clemson Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, S Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. ARS, USDA, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Forys, EA (reprint author), Eckerd Coll, Nat Sci Collegium, 4200 54th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. EM forysea@eckerd.edu NR 37 TC 29 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 108 IS 1 BP 27 EP 33 AR PII S0006-3207(02)00086-1 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00086-1 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 591NB UT WOS:000177885800003 ER PT J AU Ng, C Losso, JN Marshall, WE Rao, RM AF Ng, C Losso, JN Marshall, WE Rao, RM TI Freundlich adsorption isotherms of agricultural by-product-based powdered activated carbons in a geosmin-water system SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE activated carbon; pecan shells; sugarcane bagasse; geosmin; Freundlich model; adsorption isotherm ID DRINKING-WATER; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; OFF-FLAVORS; METHYLISOBORNEOL; REMOVAL; CATFISH; MIB AB The present study was designed to model the adsorption of geosmin from water under laboratory conditions using the Freundlich isotherm model. This model was used to compare the efficiency of sugarcane bagasse and pecan shell-based powdered activated carbon to the efficiency of a coal-based commercial activated carbon (Calgon Filtrasorb 400). When data were generated from Freundlich isotherms, Calgon Filtrasorb 400 had greater geosmin adsorption at all geosmin concentrations studied than the laboratory produced steam-activated pecan shell carbon, steam-activated bagasse carbon, and the CO(-)activated pecan shell carbon. At geosmin concentrations < 0.07 mug/l for the phosphoric acid-activated pecan shell carbon and below 0.08 mug/l for a commercially produced steam-activated pecan shell carbon obtained from Scientific Carbons, these two carbons had a higher calculated geosmin adsorption than Filtrasorb 400. While the commercial carbon was more efficient than some laboratory prepared carbons at most geosmin concentrations, the results indicate that when the amount of geosmin was below the threshold level of human taste (about 0.1 mug/l), the phosphoric acid-activated pecan shell carbon and the Scientific Carbons sample were more efficient than Filtrasorb 400 at geosmin removal. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Food Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Food & Drug Adm, Lenexa, KS 66285 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Losso, JN (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Food Sci, 111 Food Sci Bldg, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 23 TC 115 Z9 118 U1 2 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-8524 J9 BIORESOURCE TECHNOL JI Bioresour. Technol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 85 IS 2 BP 131 EP 135 AR PII S0960-8524(02)00093-7 DI 10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00093-7 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA 586LX UT WOS:000177586400005 PM 12227536 ER PT J AU Brincat, MC Gibson, DM Shuler, ML AF Brincat, MC Gibson, DM Shuler, ML TI Alterations in taxol production in plant cell culture via manipulation of the phenylalanine ammonia lyase pathway SO BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID TRANS-CINNAMIC ACID; FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION; MOLECULAR-CLONING; SUSPENSION CULTURES; PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; TAXUS-BREVIFOLIA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SALICYLIC-ACID; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; TAXANE PRODUCTION AB One approach to increasing secondary metabolite production in plant cell culture is to manipulate metabolic pathways to utilize more, resources toward production of one. desired compound or class of compounds, such as diverting carbon flux from competing secondary pathways. Since phenylalanine provides both the phenylisoserine side chain and the benzoyl moiety at C-2 of Taxol, we speculated that blockage of the phenylpropanoid pathway might divert phenylalanine into Taxol biosynthesis. We used specific enzyme inhibitors to target the first enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), the critical control point for conversion of L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid. Cinnamic acid acted quickly in reducing PAL activity by 40-50%, without affecting total protein levels, but it generally inhibited the taxane pathway, reducing Taxol by 90% of control levels. Of the taxanes produced, 13-acetyl-9-dihydro-baccatin III and 9-dihydrobaccatin III doubled as a percentage of total taxanes in C93AD and CO93P cells treated with 0.20 and 0.25 mM cinnamic acid, when all other taxanes were lowered. The PAL inhibitor alpha-aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) almost entirely shut down Taxol production at both 0.5. and 1.5 mM, whereas. L-alpha-aminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP) had the opposite effect, slightly enhancing Taxol production at 1 muM but having no effect at 10 muM. The discrepancy in the effectiveness of AOA and AOPP and the lack of effect with addition of phenylalanine or benzoic acid derivatives further indicates that the impact of cinnamic acid on Taxol is related not to its effect on PAL but rather to a specific effect on the taxane pathway. On the basis of these results, a less direct route for inhibiting the phenylpropanoid pathway may be required to avoid unwanted side effects and potentially enhance Taxol production. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Gibson, DM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 45 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 8756-7938 J9 BIOTECHNOL PROGR JI Biotechnol. Prog. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1149 EP 1156 DI 10.1021/bp0256115 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 624KZ UT WOS:000179760000003 PM 12467445 ER PT J AU Po, LS Wang, TT Chen, ZY Leung, LK AF Po, LS Wang, TT Chen, ZY Leung, LK TI Genistein-induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells involves changes in Bak and Bcl-x without evidence of anti-oestrogenic effects SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE genistein; oestrogen receptor; anti-oestrogen; cell death ID ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR-ALPHA; BREAST-CANCER CELLS; TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVITY; MAMMARY-CANCER; IN-VITRO; BETA; PHYTOESTROGENS; EXPRESSION; GROWTH; GENE AB South-east Asian women have a lower rate of breast cancer compared with their counterparts in western countries and the difference in soyabean consumption has been claimed to be a major contributing factor. Genistein is the most studied phytochemical in the soyabean. An anti-oestrogenic effect is believed to play a crucial part in its chemopreventive mechanism. In the present study, we expressed oestrogen receptor (OR) in an OR-negative cell line, HepG2, to investigate the pro- and anti-oestrogenic effect of genistein on the OR transcriptional activity. Genistein by itself had an estimated concentration that induced 50 % of the maximum response (EC50) of 2.5 mum for the binding to OR-alpha. In these experiments, genistein concentration as high as 50 mum could not reduce the oestrogen response element-driven luciferase activities initiated by oestradiol. Instead, genistein potentiated the OR transactivational activity while cell death was detected. On the other hand, an increased Bak and a reduced Bcl-x(L) was observed at 50 mum-genistein by Western analysis. The combined effect of these two proteins could be important in the apoptotic process. Since plasma genistein >50 mum has never been documented following consuming of soyabean or soyabean products, the present study does not support the notion that dietary soyabean exerts its chemopreventive effect through antagonizing OR. C1 Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Food & Nutr Sci Programme, Shatin, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Dept Biochem, Fac Med, Shatin, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Leung, LK (reprint author), Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Food & Nutr Sci Programme, Shatin, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RI Leung, Lai/C-6511-2013; LEUNG, Lai K./E-6314-2011 OI Leung, Lai/0000-0002-7781-3099; LEUNG, Lai K./0000-0002-7781-3099 NR 39 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU C A B I PUBLISHING PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-1145 J9 BRIT J NUTR JI Br. J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 88 IS 5 BP 463 EP 469 DI 10.1079/BJN2002693 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 614FU UT WOS:000179178300003 PM 12425726 ER PT J AU Brillinger, DR Preisler, HK Ager, AA Kie, JG Stewart, BS AF Brillinger, DR Preisler, HK Ager, AA Kie, JG Stewart, BS TI Employing stochastic differential equations to model wildlife motion SO BULLETIN BRAZILIAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Brazilian School in Probability CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2001 CL UBATUBA, BRAZIL DE circadian rhythm; diffusion model; elk; elephant seal; nonparametric regression; potential function; ringed-seal; stochastic differential equation; vector field ID DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENT; SEXUAL SEGREGATION; MIGRATION AB The concern is with the properties of stochastic differential equations (SDEs) describing the motion of particles in 3 dimensional space, on the sphere or in the plane. There is consideration of the case where the drift function comes from a potential function. There is study of SDEs whose parameters are periodic in time. These are useful for incorporating circadian rhythm in the behavior. The cases of a seal in a frozen lake in Alaska, an elephant seal migrating a great distance in the Pacific Ocean and of a group of "free-ranging" elk in a reserve in Oregon are referred to. For the elk nonparametric estimates of the drift and variance terms of an SDE model are discussed and evaluated and the fit of the model assessed. One issue is how to include explanatories, beyond location and time, in the model. A number of questions motivated by the wildlife motion concerning diffusion processes of the type considered are posed at the end of the paper. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Stat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. Hubbs Sea World Res Inst, San Diego, CA 92109 USA. RP Brillinger, DR (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Stat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 33 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0100-3569 J9 BULL BRAZ MATH SOC JI Bull. Braz. Math. Soc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 33 IS 3 BP 385 EP 408 DI 10.1007/s005740200021 PG 24 WC Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 661EP UT WOS:000181878500008 ER PT J AU Rossman, AY Farr, DF Castlebury, LA Shoemaker, R Mengistu, A AF Rossman, AY Farr, DF Castlebury, LA Shoemaker, R Mengistu, A TI Setomelanomma holmii (Pleosporales, Phaeosphaeriaceae) on living spruce twigs in Europe and North America SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE Loculoascomycetes; Phaeosphaeriaceae; Picea; Pleosporales; needle chlorosis AB Setomelanomma holmii M. Morelet, previously known only from the type specimen in France, was discovered in the U.S.A. (Kansas and Wisconsin) and Canada (Ontario) on living twigs of spruce (Picea pungens and Picea glauca). This fungus was grown from ascospores and compared with the ex-holotype culture. Morphology and ITS rDNA sequence similarities indicate that S. holmii belongs in the Pleosporales, Phaeosphaeriaceae. Sequence analysis of the SSU nrDNA places S. holmii in a clade containing members of the Leptosphaeriaceae and Phaeosphaeriaceae. Setomelanomma holmii is redescribed and illustrated based on the holotype and North American specimens. C1 USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Rossman, AY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Room 304,B044A,10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1209 EP 1215 DI 10.1139/B02-111 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 632HN UT WOS:000180218000009 ER PT J AU Battaglia, MA Mou, P Palik, B Mitchell, RJ AF Battaglia, MA Mou, P Palik, B Mitchell, RJ TI The effect of spatially variable overstory on the understory light environment of an open-canopied longleaf pine forest SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PHOTON FLUX-DENSITY; RAIN-FOREST; GAPS; HETEROGENEITY; CHRONOSEQUENCE; REGENERATION; RESPONSES; PALUSTRIS; REMOVAL; REGIMES AB Spatial aggregation of forest structure strongly regulates understory light and its spatial variation in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) forest ecosystems. Previous studies have demonstrated that light availability strongly influences longleaf pine seedling growth. In this study, the relationship between spatial structure of a longleaf pine forest and spatial pattern of understory light availability were investigated by comparing three retention harvest treatments: single-tree, small-group, large-group, and an uncut control. The harvests retained similar residual basal area but the spatial patterns of the residual trees differed. Hemispherical photographs were taken at 300 stations to calculate gap light index (GLI), an estimate of understory light availability. Stand-level mean, variation, and spatial distribution of GLI were determined for each treatment. By aggregating residual trees, stand mean GLI increased by 20%, as well as its spatial variation. Spatial autocorrelation of GLI increased as the size of the canopy gaps increased and the gaps were better defined; thus, the predictability of GLI was enhanced. The ranges of detrended semivariograms were increased from the control to the large-group harvest indicating the spatial patterns of understory GLI became coarser textured. Our results demonstrated that aggregated canopy structure of longleaf pine forest will facilitate longleaf pine seedling regeneration. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Greensboro, NC 27402 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Forestry, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. Jones Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. RP Mou, P (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol, Greensboro, NC 27402 USA. EM ppmou@uncg.edu NR 40 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 25 U2 42 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 32 IS 11 BP 1984 EP 1991 DI 10.1139/X02-087 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 611WL UT WOS:000179040700009 ER PT J AU Seymour, RS Kenefic, LS AF Seymour, RS Kenefic, LS TI Influence of age on growth efficiency of Tsuga canadensis and Picea rubens trees in mixed-species, multiaged northern conifer stands SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID CONTORTA VAR LATIFOLIA; LEAF-AREA; LOBLOLLY-PINE; STEM GROWTH; PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATES; ABIES-LASIOCARPA; CENTRAL OREGON; CENTRAL MAINE; SITE QUALITY; RED SPRUCE AB Well-known patterns in the fundamental relationship between tree-level stemwood volume increment (VINC) and projected leaf area (PLA) are examined and quantified for Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere (eastern hemlock) and Picea rubens Sarg. (red spruce) growing in managed, mixed-species, multiaged stands in east-central Maine, U.S.A. Both species follow a sigmoid pattern, suggesting a peak growth efficiency (GE, stemwood volume growth per unit of PLA) in mid- to upper-canopy trees with PLAs of less than half that of the largest trees sampled. Tree age negatively influenced the VINC-PLA relationship in the expected manner: at a given PLA, older trees produce less stemwood than younger ones. The combined effect of leaf area and age is accurately modeled with a Weibull-like function in which the asymptote is an index of tree maturity defined as tree age relative to an estimated maximum for the species. Although previous studies have independently documented both the sigmoid relationship between VINC and PLA and the negative effect of age, their conclusions have been confounded by the strong correlation between age and mean tree PLA. This study addresses both issues simultaneously, and is the first to demonstrate a decline in GE with age independent from the effect of increasing PLA. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Forest Ecosyst Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Bradley, ME 04411 USA. RP Seymour, RS (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Forest Ecosyst Sci, 5755 Nutting Hall, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RI Kenefic, Laura/H-3177-2014 NR 49 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 32 IS 11 BP 2032 EP 2042 DI 10.1139/X02-120 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 611WL UT WOS:000179040700014 ER PT J AU Buyer, JS Roberts, DP Russek-Cohen, E AF Buyer, JS Roberts, DP Russek-Cohen, E TI Soil and plant effects on microbial community structure SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rhizosphere; microbial community; fatty acid; substrate utilization ID GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; CARBON-SOURCE UTILIZATION; BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES; RHIZOSPHERE; DIVERSITY; PROFILES; PATTERNS; CHRYSANTHEMUM; SHIFTS; BULK AB We investigated the effects of two different plant species (corn and soybean) and three different soil types on microbial community structure in the rhizosphere. Our working hypothesis was that the rhizosphere effect would be strongest on fast-growing aerobic heterotrophs, while there would be little or no rhizosphere effect on oligotrophic and other slow-growing microorganisms. Culturable bacteria and fungi had larger population densities in the rhizosphere than in bulk soil. Communities were characterized by soil fatty acid analysis and by substrate utilization assays for bacteria and fungi. Fatty acid analysis revealed a very strong soil effect but little plant effect on the microbial community, indicating that the overall microbial community structure was not affected by the rhizosphere. There was a strong rhizosphere effect detected by the substrate utilization assay for fast-growing aerobic heterotrophic bacterial community structure, with soil controls and rhizosphere samples clearly distinguished from each other. There was a much weaker rhizosphere effect on fungal communities than on bacterial communities as measured by the substrate utilization assays. At this coarse level of community analysis, the rhizosphere microbial community was impacted most by soil effects, and the rhizosphere only affected a small portion of the total bacteria. C1 ARS, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Buyer, JS (reprint author), ARS, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, USDA, Bldg 001 BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Buyer, Jeffrey/0000-0003-2098-0547 NR 30 TC 111 Z9 133 U1 3 U2 42 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 48 IS 11 BP 955 EP 964 DI 10.1139/W02-095 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA 638BW UT WOS:000180550400002 PM 12556123 ER PT J AU Chen, RJ Bhagwat, AA Yaklich, R Keister, DL AF Chen, RJ Bhagwat, AA Yaklich, R Keister, DL TI Characterization of ndvD, the third gene involved in the synthesis of cyclic beta-(1 -> 3),(1 -> 6)-D-glucans in Bradyrhizobium japonicum SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE beta-glucans; Bradyrhizobium; soybean; nitrogen fixation ID GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; BETA-GLUCAN SYNTHESIS; RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; FAMILY RHIZOBIACEAE; PLANT DEFENSE; PROTEIN; LOCUS; MUTANTS; BETA-(1->2)-GLUCAN AB Previously, we identified two genes in Bradyrhizobium japonicum (ndvB, ndvC) that are required for cyclic beta-(1-->3),(1-->6)-D-glucan synthesis and successful symbiotic interaction with soybean (Glycine max). In this study, we report a new open reading frame (ORF1) located in the intergenic region between ndvB and ndvC, which is essential for beta-glucan synthesis and effective nodulation of G. max. This new gene is designated ndvD (nodule development). The ndvD translation product has a predicted molecular mass of 26.4 kDa with one transmembrane domain. Genetic experiments involving gene deletion, Tn5 insertion, and gene complementation revealed that the mutation of ndvD generated pleiotropic phenotypes, including hypoosmotic sensitivity, reduced motility, and defects in conjugative gene transfer, in addition to symbiotic ineffectiveness. Although deficient in in vivo beta-glucan synthesis, membrane preparations from the ndvD mutant synthesized neutral beta-glucans in vitro. Therefore, ndvD does not appear to be a structural gene for beta-glucan synthesis. Our hypothesis for the mechanism of beta-(1-->3),(1-->6)-D-glucan synthesis is presented. C1 ARS, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP ARS, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, USDA, B-002,BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM bhagwata@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 57 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 EI 1480-3275 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 48 IS 11 BP 1008 EP 1016 DI 10.1139/W02-099 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA 638BW UT WOS:000180550400007 PM 12556128 ER PT J AU Pilliod, DS Peterson, CR Ritson, PI AF Pilliod, DS Peterson, CR Ritson, PI TI Seasonal migration of Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris) among complementary resources in a high mountain basin SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID POPULATIONS; AMPHIBIANS; MUSCOSA AB Information on how animals partition their activities and travel among complementary resources, such as breeding or overwintering habitats, is needed for species conservation. In a mountain basin at 2500 m elevation in central Idaho, we studied the habitat use and movement patterns of 736 marked and 87 radio-tagged Columbia spotted frogs (Rana luteiventris) from 1995 to 1998. The goals of this study were to (i) identify and characterize R. luteiventris breeding, summer foraging, and overwintering habitats, (ii) describe the movement patterns of juvenile, male, and female R. luteiventris among these resources, and (iii) determine migration routes. Juvenile and adult R. luteiventris occupied a variety of widely distributed wetlands from late June to September. On average, 1-32% of juvenile, 6-11% of male, and 16-51% of female frogs moved from breeding ponds to summer habitats. Migratory males remained within 200 m of the breeding sites, whereas females traveled up to 1030 m to reach summer habitats. From late August through September, frogs migrated to deep (>3 m) lakes to overwinter. Frog migrations occurred quickly and often followed shortest-distance travel routes through dry, open forest even when stream corridors were available nearby. This study exemplifies the need to protect both complementary resources and the corridors connecting these anuran habitats. C1 Idaho State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Herpetol Lab, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA. RP Pilliod, DS (reprint author), USDA, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. OI Pilliod, David/0000-0003-4207-3518 NR 38 TC 74 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 14 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1849 EP 1862 DI 10.1139/Z02-175 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 638MB UT WOS:000180573800003 ER PT J AU Kutz, SJ Hoberg, EP Nishi, J Polley, L AF Kutz, SJ Hoberg, EP Nishi, J Polley, L TI Development of the muskox lungworm, Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis (Protostrongylidae), in gastropods in the Arctic SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID EMERGING INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; ELAPHOSTRONGYLUS-RANGIFERI; INTERMEDIATE HOST; OVIBOS-MOSCHATUS; WINTER SURVIVAL; STAGE LARVAE; NEMATODA; TRANSMISSION; VEGETATION AB Development of the muskox protostrongylid lungworm, Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis, in its slug intermediate host, Deroceras laeve, was investigated under field conditions in the Arctic. Every 2 weeks, from 19 June to 28 August 1997, groups of 10 experimentally infected slugs were placed in tundra enclosures in a mesic sedge meadow near Kugluktuk, Nunavut, Canada. First-stage larvae (L1) infecting slugs on or before 17 July developed to third-stage larvae (L3) in 4-6 weeks. Intensity of L3 in slugs peaked at 6-8 weeks post infection (PI) and then progressively declined by 10, 12, and 48-50 weeks PI. Abundance of L3 in slugs was greatest during mid to late August. L1 infecting slugs on 31 July or later did not develop to L3 before the end of September but overwintered in slugs on the tundra as L1 or as second-stage larvae, completing development to L3 the following summer. The years 1997 and 1998 were exceptionally warm and, in cooler years, rates of larval development may be slower and patterns of availability may differ. The amount of heating (degree-days) accumulated during each trial was calculated using the 8.5degreesC threshold determined in the laboratory, a 21degreesC maximum, and either surface, soil, or air temperature. Only degree-days accumulated at the surface were sufficient to correspond to the observed rates of larval development. This enclosure-based system and associated degree-day calculations may be used for predicting the effects of climate and climate change on patterns of parasite development and transmission in the Arctic. C1 Univ Saskatchewan, Western Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada. ARS, US Natl Parasite Collect & Parasite Biol Epidemio, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Govt NW Terr, Dept Resources Wildlife & Econ Dev, Ft Smith, NT X0E 0P0, Canada. RP Kutz, SJ (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Western Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada. NR 42 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 24 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1977 EP 1985 DI 10.1139/Z02-197 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 638MB UT WOS:000180573800014 ER PT J AU Cheung, NKV Modak, S Vickers, A Knuckles, B AF Cheung, NKV Modak, S Vickers, A Knuckles, B TI Orally administered beta-glucans enhance anti-tumor effects of monoclonal antibodies SO CANCER IMMUNOLOGY IMMUNOTHERAPY LA English DT Article DE ADCC; CMC; CR3; 1 -> 3),(1 -> 4)-beta-D-glucan ID COMPLEMENT-REGULATORY PROTEINS; RECEPTOR TYPE 3; HUMAN NK CELLS; ANTITUMOR-ACTIVITY; CR3 CD11B/CD18; ADJUVANT IMMUNOCHEMOTHERAPY; CURATIVE RESECTION; COLORECTAL-CANCER; LIGHT-SCATTERING; RANDOMIZED TRIAL AB beta-Glucan primes leukocyte CR3 for enhanced cytotoxicity and synergizes with anti-tumor monoclonal antibodies (mAb). We studied readily available (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan using the immune deficient xenograft tumor models, and examined the relationship of its anti-tumor effect and physico-chemical properties. Established subcutaneous (s.c.) human xenografts were treated for 29 days orally with daily beta-glucan by intragastric injection and mAb intravenously (i.v.) twice weekly. Control mice received either mAb alone or beta-glucan alone. Tumor sizes were monitored over time. beta-Glucans were studied by carbohydrate linkage analysis, and high performance size-exclusion chromatography with multiple angle laser scattering detection. Orally administered beta-D-glucan greatly enhanced the anti-tumor effects of mAb against established tumors in mice. We observed this beta-glucan effect irrespective of antigen (GD2, GD3, CD20, epidermal growth factor-receptor. HER-2), human tumor type (neuroblastoma, melanoma. lymphoma, epidermoid carcinoma and breast carcinoma) or tumor sites (s.c. versus systemic). This effect correlated with the molecular size of the (1-->3),(1-->4)-beta-D-glucan, Orally administered (1-->3).(1-->6)-beta-D-glucans also synergized with mAb., although the effect was generally less marked. Given the favorable efficacy and toxicity profile of oral beta-D-glucan treatment, the role of natural products that contain beta-glucan in cancer treatment as an enhancer of the effect of mAb therapy deserves further study. C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Pediat, New York, NY 10021 USA. Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Integrat Med, New York, NY 10021 USA. Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Biostat Serv, New York, NY 10021 USA. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Cheung, NKV (reprint author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 096321] NR 58 TC 92 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0340-7004 J9 CANCER IMMUNOL IMMUN JI Cancer Immunol. Immunother. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 51 IS 10 BP 557 EP 564 DI 10.1007/s00262-002-0321-3 PG 8 WC Oncology; Immunology SC Oncology; Immunology GA 618PJ UT WOS:000179426200005 PM 12384807 ER PT J AU Grant, LA Ostenson, AM Rayas-Duarte, P AF Grant, LA Ostenson, AM Rayas-Duarte, P TI Determination of amylose and amylopectin of wheat starch using high performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; COLORIMETRIC PROCEDURE; FLOURS; CEREAL C1 N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Food & Agr Prod Res Ctr, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Grant, LA (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 18 TC 38 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 23 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 79 IS 6 BP 771 EP 773 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.6.771 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 612UH UT WOS:000179093500005 ER PT J AU Chung, OK Ohm, JB Guo, AM Deyoe, CW Lookhart, GL Ponte, JG AF Chung, OK Ohm, JB Guo, AM Deyoe, CW Lookhart, GL Ponte, JG TI Free lipids in air-classified high-protein fractions of hard winter wheat flours and their effects on breadmaking quality SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BAKING; DOUGH AB Free lipids (FL) were extracted from straight-grade flours (SF) and the air-classified high-protein fractions (ACHPF) of nine hard winter wheats. The mean values of FL contents in 10 g (db) SF and ACHPF were, respectively, 92.8 and 178.5 mg for total FL, 74.1 and 141.9 mg for nonpolar lipids (NL), 12.8 and 20.9 mg for glycolipids (GL), and 4.9 and 12.0 mg for phospholipids (PL). FL compositions of SF and ACHPF showed nonsignificant differences in NL (80.7 and 81.1% of the FL) but significant differences in GL (13.9 and 12.0% of the FL) and PL (5.4 and 6.9% of the FL). Fortification of SF with ACHPF by blending to reach 13% protein content increased gluten quantity and thereby loaf volume but decreased gluten index, loaf volume regression, and crumb grain scores. NL contents showed significant relationships with dry gluten contents (r = 0.79) and gluten index (r = -0.83) values, indicating that high NL content in ACHPF could decrease gluten quality of fortified flours. Thus, an optimum balance should be maintained during fortification. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Drayton Enterprise LLC, Fargo, ND 58106 USA. RP Ohm, JB (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 79 IS 6 BP 774 EP 778 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.6.774 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 612UH UT WOS:000179093500006 ER PT J AU Rosell, CM Aja, S Bean, S Lookhart, G AF Rosell, CM Aja, S Bean, S Lookhart, G TI Effect of Aelia spp. and Eurygaster spp. damage on wheat proteins SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID NEW-ZEALAND WHEATS; PERFORMANCE CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; CEREAL STORAGE PROTEINS; BREAD BAKING QUALITY; BUG DAMAGE; NYSIUS-HUTTONI AB The effect of Aelia spp. and Eurygaster spp. wheat bugs on the protein fractions of different wheat cultivars has been studied by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) and free-zone capillary electrophoresis (FZCE). Those methods were used to quantify and characterize the extent of protein modification. A decrease in the amount of alcohol-insoluble polymeric proteins along with an increase in the alcohol-soluble polymeric proteins and gliadins were observed in damaged wheat. The high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin fractions were barely detected in the incubated damaged wheat from some cultivars, which indicated hydrolysis of those proteins by the bug proteinases. In damaged wheats, both incubated and unincubated, gliadin electrophoregrams revealed the presence of some new peaks with mobilities similar to the omega gliadins. The overall results suggest that the bug proteinases are potent enzymes that appear to be nonspecific because they hydrolyze all gluten proteins. C1 CSIC, Inst Agroquim & Tecnol Alimentos, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Rosell, CM (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Agroquim & Tecnol Alimentos, POB 73, Burjassot 46100, Valencia, Spain. RI Rosell, Cristina/F-4888-2010; OI Rosell, Cristina/0000-0001-7197-5874; Bean, Scott/0000-0001-8678-8094 NR 29 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 79 IS 6 BP 801 EP 805 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.6.801 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 612UH UT WOS:000179093500012 ER PT J AU Liang, XM King, JM Shih, FF AF Liang, XM King, JM Shih, FF TI Pasting property differences of commercial and isolated rice starch with added lipids and beta-cyclodextrin SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RAPID VISCO-ANALYZER; MILLED RICE; WHEAT-STARCH; MONOGLYCERIDE COMPLEXES; BOTANICAL SOURCES; POTATO STARCH; MODEL SYSTEM; CORN STARCH; RETROGRADATION; AMYLOSE AB Lipids are known to generally affect starch properties but the effects of lipid structure and beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) on different starches has not been investigated. This study compared the effects of lipids and P-CD on pasting properties of isolated rice starch with commercial rice starch. Flour was defatted by Soxhlet extraction and deproteinated by alkaline protease digestion. Fatty acids, monopalmitin (MP), tripalmitin, lysophosphatidylcholine (LC), lysophophatidylethanolamine (LE), each added at 0.2 and 0.6% (starch db), and beta-CD added at 2 and 6% (starch db) were tested. Pasting temperature (PT) increased with added phospholipid, particularly in the commercial starch, while all lipids except tripalmitin increased final viscosity (FV) and total setback (TSB). Breakdown (BKD) was mainly affected and increased by up to 39 RVU for fatty acids while decreasing by up to 80 RVU for other lipids in both starches. TSB doubled by the addition of 0.6% MP but decreased to one-third by 0.6% LE or LC. Addition of beta-CD decreased minimum viscosity (MV) and FV while increasing BKD in isolate but decreased TSB in commercial starch. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Food Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP King, JM (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Dept Food Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. EM jking@agctr.lsu.edu NR 52 TC 28 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU AACC INTERNATIONAL PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 EI 1943-3638 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 79 IS 6 BP 812 EP 818 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.6.812 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 612UH UT WOS:000179093500014 ER PT J AU Ram, MS Dowell, FE Seitz, L AF Ram, MS Dowell, FE Seitz, L TI Invisible coatings for wheat kernels SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB It is occasionally necessary to tag wheat kernels without altering their appearance. Coatings have potential applications to tag wheat of a particular color or protein class, diseased wheat such as Karnal bunt, or genetically modified wheat. This methodology will aid in development of calibrations for sorting instruments. Procedures were developed to coat wheat kernels with invisible ultraviolet (UV) fluorescent and near-infrared (NIR) absorbing noncarcinogenic dyes. Wheat coated with UV-fluorescent compounds were identified under black light. The NIR-absorbing coating required lower concentrations of dye than the UV dyes and wheat coated with NIR-absorbing dye were identified from their NIR spectrum. C1 USDA ARS, Engn Res Unit, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Qual & Struct Res Unit, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Ram, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Engn Res Unit, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 79 IS 6 BP 857 EP 860 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.6.857 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 612UH UT WOS:000179093500021 ER PT J AU Delwiche, SR Graybosch, RA Nelson, LA Hruschka, WR AF Delwiche, SR Graybosch, RA Nelson, LA Hruschka, WR TI Environmental effects on developing wheat as sensed by near-infrared reflectance of mature grains SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RED WINTER-WHEAT; PROTEIN-COMPOSITION; DOUGH PROPERTIES; HEAT-STRESS; QUALITY; FLOUR; TEMPERATURE; NITROGEN; GENOTYPE; GLIADIN AB For 30 years, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has routinely been applied to the cereal grains for the purpose of rapidly measuring concentrations of constituents such as protein and moisture. The research described herein examined the ability of NIR reflectance spectroscopy on harvested wheat to determine weather-related, quality-determining properties that occurred during plant development. Twenty commercial cultivars or advanced breeding lines of hard red winter and hard white wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in 10 geographical locations under prevailing natural conditions of the U.S. Great Plains. Diffuse reflectance spectra (1,100-2,498 nm) of ground wheat from these samples were modeled by partial least squares one (PLS1) and multiple linear regression algorithms for the following properties: SDS sedimentation volume, amount of time during grain fill in which the temperature or relative humidity exceeded or was less than a threshold level (i.e., >30, >32, >35 <24degreesC; >80%, <40% rh). Rainfall values associated with four pre- and post-planting stages also were examined heuristically by PLS2 analysis. Partial correlation analysis was used to statistically remove the contribution of protein content from the quantitative NIR models. PLS1 models of 9-11 factors on scatter-corrected and (second order) derivatized spectra produced models whose dimensionless error (RPD, ratio of standard deviation of the property in a test set to the model standard error for that property) ranged from 2.0 to 3.3. Multiple linear regression models, involving the sum of four second-derivative terms with coefficients, produced models of slightly higher error compared with PLS models. For both modeling approaches, partial correlation analysis demonstrated that model success extends beyond an intercorrelation between property and protein content, a constituent that is well-modeled by NIR spectroscopy. With refinement, these types of NIR models may have the potential to provide grain handlers, millers, and bakers a tool for identifying the cultural environment under which the purchased grain was produced. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron & Hort, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Delwiche, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 79 IS 6 BP 885 EP 891 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.6.885 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 612UH UT WOS:000179093500026 ER PT J AU Meiners, T Wackers, F Lewis, WJ AF Meiners, T Wackers, F Lewis, WJ TI The effect of molecular structure on olfactory discrimination by the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes SO CHEMICAL SENSES LA English DT Article ID HONEYBEE APIS-MELLIFERA; ELECTROANTENNOGRAM RESPONSES; AIRBORNE SEMIOCHEMICALS; PHEROMONE COMPONENT; AGROTIS-SEGETUM; TURNIP MOTH; (Z)-5-DECENYL ACETATE; HOMOLOGOUS SERIES; PLANT VOLATILES; NATURAL ENEMIES AB Flight chamber experiments were conducted to examine the capacity of the larval parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to learn to distinguish between structurally related aliphatic alcohols differing in the carbon chain-length and the position of the functional group, and between an alcohol and the respective aldehyde. The parasitoid's ability to discriminate between the components depended on the chain-length of the alcohol to which they had been conditioned. Discrimination improved with increasing difference in carbon chain-length, e.g. the parasitoids made clear distinction between 1-hexanol and 1-octanol. Microplitis croceipes could also distinguish different isomers of six-carbon alcohols on the basis of the position of the alcoholic group as well as between 1-hexanol and 1-hexanal. The learning abilities of M. croceipes correspond to the specificity of antennal odour receptors towards aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes in previous electrophysiological studies of M. croceipes and other insects. Differences in perception or processing of single compounds might reflect differences of their ecological relevance. C1 Free Univ Berlin, Inst Biol, D-12163 Berlin, Germany. NIOO CTO, NL-6666 ZG Heteren, Netherlands. ARS, USDA, IBPMRL, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Meiners, T (reprint author), Angew Zool Oekol Tiere, Haderslebener Str 9, D-12163 Berlin, Germany. NR 50 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0379-864X J9 CHEM SENSES JI Chem. Senses PD NOV PY 2002 VL 27 IS 9 BP 811 EP 816 DI 10.1093/chemse/27.9.811 PG 6 WC Behavioral Sciences; Food Science & Technology; Neurosciences; Physiology SC Behavioral Sciences; Food Science & Technology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Physiology GA 621ER UT WOS:000179576000006 PM 12438206 ER PT J AU Rice, CP Chernyak, SM Begnoche, L Quintal, R Hickey, J AF Rice, CP Chernyak, SM Begnoche, L Quintal, R Hickey, J TI Comparisons of PBDE composition and concentration in fish collected from the Detroit river, MI and Des Plaines River, IL SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE polybrominated diphenyl ethers; carp; Detroit River; Des Plaines River; large mouth bass ID POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS; FLAME RETARDANTS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; DIETARY UPTAKE AB Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were identified in fish collected from the Detroit River, MI and Des Plaines Rivers, IL. In the Detroit River fish, carp and large mouth bass, the congener patterns were dominated by the 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromo (BDE-47) congener; however, in Des Plaines River carp the dominant isomers were the heptabromo congeners BDE-181 and BDE-183 and lesser amounts of another heptabromo congener, BDE-190, and two hexabromo congeners, BDE-154 and BDE-153. Three possible sources exist for these less-commonly identified PBDE congeners: (a) waste discharge from manufacturing or discarded products near the river, (b) public owned treatment work (POTW) effluents which constitute more than 75% of the flow in the Des Plaines River, (c) or formation of these congeners by debromination of in-place deposits of decabromodiphenyl ether. Average concentration totals (sum of concentrations for seven of the dominant PBDE congeners) were similar on a wet weight bases for the carp (5.39 ng/g wet weight) and large mouth bass (5.25 ng/g) in the Detroit River samples; however, the bass were significantly higher, rho = 0.01, when compared on a lipid basis (bass-163 ng/g vs. carp-40.5 ng/g lipid weight). Some of the PBDE congeners were positively correlated with increasing lipid levels in both fish species. Average total PBDE concentrations in the carp from the Des Plaines River (12.48 ng/g wet weight) were significantly higher, rho = 0.01, than in carp from the Detroit River. The residues were isolated using standard organochlorine methods for fish and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry-negative chemical ionization methods. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, BARC W, Environm Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Rice, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC W, Environm Qual Lab, Bldg 007,Rm 224,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 27 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 2002 VL 49 IS 7 BP 731 EP 737 AR PII S0045-6535(02)00398-3 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00398-3 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 607RQ UT WOS:000178804900005 PM 12431009 ER PT J AU Cunha, CW Kappmeyer, LS McGuire, TC Dellagostin, OA Knowles, DP AF Cunha, CW Kappmeyer, LS McGuire, TC Dellagostin, OA Knowles, DP TI Conformational dependence and conservation of an immunodominant epitope within the Babesia equi erythrocyte-stage surface protein equi merozoite antigen 1 SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; THEILERIA; HORSES; ANTIBODY; SEROPREVALENCE; ELISA AB Equi merozoite antigen 1 (EMA-1) is an immunodominant Babesia equi erythrocyte- stage surface protein. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), based on inhibition of monoclonal antibody (MAb) 36/133.97 binding to recombinant EMA-1 by equine anti-B. equi antibodies, detects horses infected with strains present throughout the world. The objectives of this study were to define the epitope bound by MAb 36/133.97 and quantify the amino acid conservation of EMA-1, including the region containing the epitope bound by MAb 36/133.97. The alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence of full-length EMA-1 (Florida isolate) with 15 EMA-1 sequences from geographically distinct isolates showed 82.8 to 99.6% identities (median, 98.5%) and 90.5 to 99.6% similarities (median, 98.9%) between sequences. Full-length and truncated recombinant EMA-1 proteins were expressed and tested for their reactivities with MAb 36/133.97. Binding required the presence of amino acids on both N- and C-terminal regions of a truncated peptide (EMA-1.2) containing amino acids 1 to 98 of EMA-1. This result indicated that the epitope defined by MAb 36/133.97 is dependent on conformation. Sera from persistently infected horses inhibited the binding of MAb 36/133.97 to EMA-1.2 in a competitive ELISA, indicating that equine antibodies which inhibit binding of MAb 36/133.97 also recognize epitopes in the same region (the first 98 residues). Within this region, the deduced amino acid sequences had 85.7 to 100% identities (median, 99.0%),with similarities of 94.9 to 100% (median, 100%). Therefore, the region which binds to both MAb 36/133.97 and inhibiting equine antibodies has a median amino acid identity of 99.0% and a similarity of 100%. These data provide a molecular basis for the use of both EMA-1 and MAb 36/133.97 for the detection of antibodies against B. equi. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Fed Univ Pelotas, Ctr Biotechnol, BR-99010 Pelotas, RS, Brazil. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Knowles, DP (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Dellagostin, Odir/C-2331-2009 OI Dellagostin, Odir/0000-0003-2803-4088 NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 9 IS 6 BP 1301 EP 1306 DI 10.1128/CDLI.9.6.1301-1306.2002 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 615WV UT WOS:000179271100023 PM 12414764 ER PT J AU Nelson, DR Olson, DL Fatland, CL AF Nelson, DR Olson, DL Fatland, CL TI Cuticular hydrocarbons of the flea beetles, Aphthona lacertosa and Aphthona nigriscutis, biocontrol agents for leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aphthona; lacertosa; nigriscutis; flea beetle; hydrocarbons; methylalkanes; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry; leafy spurge; cuticular lipids; insects ID BRANCHED ALKANES; TOBACCO HORNWORM; SEX-PHEROMONE; C-13 NMR; LIPIDS; BIOSYNTHESIS; IDENTIFICATION; SPECTRA; PUPAE; ANT AB The adult beetles Aphthona lacertosa and Aphthona nigriscutis, used as biocontrol agents for leafy spurge, had a complex mixture of hydrocarbons on their cuticular surface consisting of alkanes, methylalkanes, alkenes and alkadienes as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A trace amount of wax esters were present. In both species, the hydrocarbons were the major cuticular lipid class and the gas chromatographic profiles of the total hydrocarbons were similar. However, the profiles for the saturated hydrocarbon fraction were distinct for each species. Alkanes (nalkanes and methyl-branched alkanes), alkenes and alkadienes comprised 26, 44 and 30%, respectively, for A. lacertosa, and 48, 26 and 26%, respectively, for A. nigriscutis, of the total hydrocarbons. The major methyl-branched hydrocarbons were 2-methylalkanes: 2-methyloctacosane and 2-methyltriacontane. The major monoene was hentriacontene and the major diene was tritriacontadiene. The species were unique in that a number of di- and trimethyl-branched alkanes were present in minor quantities in which the first methyl branch was on carbon 2 or 3. Examples of structures were 2,10-, 2,12-, 2,6-, 2,4- and 3,7-dimethylalkanes. 2,10,12-Trimethylalkanes and a 2,10,12,24-tetramethylalkane with one methylene between adjacent methyl branch points also were identified. The adjacent methyl branch points of the 2,4 and 2,10,12- and 2,10,12,24-methyl-branched alkanes appeared to cause additional fragmentations in the mass spectra. Dimethylalkanes with an odd number of carbons in the backbone of the molecule were identified as 2,2,3-dimethylnonacosane and 2,25-dimethylhentriacontane; their mass spectra also corresponded to mass spectra expected for a 2,6 branching sequence. However, a 2,6 branching sequence is not biosynthetically feasible because such a structure has a straight-chain tail with an odd number of carbon atoms beyond the last methyl branch point. The 2,23 and 2,25 branching sequences could be synthesized starting with a primer derived from the amino acid leucine which would account for both the even number of carbons between the branch points and an even number of carbons beyond the last methyl branch point. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Entomol, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Nelson, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, 1605 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 42 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 4 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1096-4959 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 133 IS 3 BP 337 EP 350 AR PII S1096-4959(02)00161-6 DI 10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00161-6 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 623FE UT WOS:000179692000008 PM 12431402 ER PT J AU Chen, YR Chao, KL Kim, MS AF Chen, YR Chao, KL Kim, MS TI Machine vision technology for agricultural applications SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Engineering and Technological Sciences CY OCT 11-14, 2000 CL BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA DE multispectral; hyperspectral; quality; safety; inspection; real-time ID POULTRY CARCASSES INSPECTION; FLUORESCENCE IMAGING-SYSTEM; DEFECT DETECTION; REFLECTANCE; ALGORITHM; QUALITY; LEAVES AB Current applications of machine vision in agriculture are briefly reviewed. The requirements and recent developments of hardware and software for machine vision systems are discussed, with emphases on multispectral and hyperspectral imaging for modern food inspection. Examples of applications for detection of disease, defects, and contamination on poultry carcasses and apples are also given. Future trends of machine vision technology applications are discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chen, YR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Bldg 303,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 143 Z9 169 U1 6 U2 50 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0168-1699 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 36 IS 2-3 BP 173 EP 191 AR PII S0168-1699(02)00100-X DI 10.1016/S0168-1699(02)00100-X PG 19 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA 623AQ UT WOS:000179681100007 ER PT J AU Gullino, ML Minuto, A Gilardi, G Garibaldi, A Ajwa, H Duafala, T AF Gullino, ML Minuto, A Gilardi, G Garibaldi, A Ajwa, H Duafala, T TI Efficacy of preplant soil fumigation with chloropicrin for tomato production in Italy SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE soil disinfestation; soil-borne pathogens; tomato; chloropicrin ID OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIALS; METHYL-BROMIDE; 1,3-DICHLOROPROPENE VOLATILIZATION; ALTERNATIVES AB The efficacy of chloropicrin (CP) as a possible alternative fumigant to methyl bromide (MB) was investigated in tomato production systems in Northern (Albenga, Liguria) and Southern (Acate, Sicily) Italy, in six experimental trials. Two different application methods were tested: soil injection using traditional shank fumigation equipment and drip fumigation through the irrigation systems using different amounts of water to deliver CP. In the presence of severe attacks of Verticillium dahliae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, CP applied by shank injection at rates greater than or equal to 30 g/m(2), provided a satisfactory and consistent control of tomato diseases, without causing phytotoxicity. However, CP applied by shank injection at 30 or 40 g/m(2) was less effective than MB applied using the standard rate (60 g/m(2)) and method. The concentration of CP providing the most control of fungal pathogens ranged from 400 to 700 mul/l. CP efficacy applied through the drip irrigation systems seemed affected by the amount of irrigation water more than the application rate or concentration. Soil type and organic matter content may influence the efficacy of the treatment, particularly when CP is applied through shank injection. With this type of application, the same application rate of CP was more effective in Acate soil that contains more sand and less organic matter than in Albenga soil. For any application rate of CP, the efficacy of drip fumigation was greater than shank injection, particularly in the Albenga soil. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Turin, DiVa PRA Patol Vegetal, I-10095 Turin, Italy. USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA USA. Trical, Hollister, CA USA. RP Gullino, ML (reprint author), Univ Turin, DiVa PRA Patol Vegetal, Grugliasco, I-10095 Turin, Italy. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 21 IS 9 BP 741 EP 749 AR PII S0261-2194(02)00031-5 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(02)00031-5 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 612EF UT WOS:000179061000006 ER PT J AU Martinez-Reyna, JM Vogel, KP AF Martinez-Reyna, JM Vogel, KP TI Incompatibility systems in switchgrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ENDOSPERM BALANCE NUMBER; DNA CONTENT; CROSSES AB Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a cross-pollinated perennial, produces very little or no seed when self-pollinated, indicating the presence of self-incompatibility mechanisms. Knowledge of self-incompatibility mechanisms is required to use germplasm effectively in a breeding program. The objective of this study was to characterize features of the incompatibility systems in switchgrass. Seed set and seed characteristics of reciprocal matings of tetraploid, octaploid, and tetraploid X octaploid plants were used as measures of incompatibility. Both bagged mutual pollination and manual emasculation and pollination methods were used to make crosses. The percentages of self-compatibility in the tetraploid and octaploid parent plants were 0.35 and 1.39%, respectively. Prefertilization incompatibility in switchgrass is apparently under gametophytic control, since there were significant differences in percentage of compatible pollen as measured by percentage of total seed set between reciprocal matings within ploidy levels. Results indicated that the prefertilization incompatibility system in switchgrass is similar to the S-Z incompatibility system found in other members of the Poaceae. A postfertilization incompatibility system also exists that inhibits intermatings among octaploid and tetraploid plants. In these interploidy crosses, two very distinctive types of abnormal seed were found. When the female parent was the tetraploid plant, the resulting seed was small and shriveled, while when the female parent was the octaploid, small seed with floury endosperm was obtained. These results are similar to those obtained for endosperm incompatibility due to the endosperm balance number system found in other species. C1 Univ Autonoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico. RP Vogel, KP (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 344 Keim Hall,POB 830937, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 27 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 4 U2 24 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1800 EP 1805 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200004 ER PT J AU Delgado, NJ Casler, MD Grau, CR Jung, HG AF Delgado, NJ Casler, MD Grau, CR Jung, HG TI Reactions of smooth bromegrass clones with divergent lignin or etherified ferulic acid concentration to three fungal pathogens SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DRY-MATTER DIGESTIBILITY; CORN-BORER RESISTANCE; 3 MAIZE POPULATIONS; BROWN LEAF-SPOT; F SP TRITICI; PHENOTYPIC SELECTION; DISEASE RESISTANCE; FORAGE QUALITY; DIETARY FIBER; STEM RUST AB Increased digestibility of smooth bromegrass is associated with a reduction in lignin concentration or etherified ferulic acid (EthFA) concentration, either of which may reduce host resistance to fungal diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship of lignin and EthFA concentration with disease reaction in smooth bromegrass. Host clones, divergently selected for lignin and EthFA concentration, were challenged by three pathogenic fungi, one biotroph (Puccinia coronata Corda) and two necrotrophs [Pyrenophora bromi (Died.) Drechs., anamorph = Drechslera bromi (Died.) Shoem., and Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem]. Significant positive and negative associations were found between lignin or EthFA and host reaction to P. bromi or R sorokiniana. The frequencies of these associations suggested that they arose by chance associations between alleles, rather than tight linkages or pleiotropic (causal) effects. Host reaction to P. coronata was consistently and negatively associated with lignin, less so with EthFA. These associations, together with results from other species, suggest that lignin, and perhaps EthFA, may be important components of rust resistance mechanisms in the Poaceae. If these mechanisms are real, they will cause considerable difficulty for breeders attempting to simultaneously improve both rust resistance and forage nutritional value. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Ctr Nacl Invest Agropecuarias, Acarigua 3301A, Venezuela. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Casler, MD (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Agron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 58 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1824 EP 1831 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200008 ER PT J AU Gutierrez, OA Basu, S Saha, S Jenkins, JN Shoemaker, DB Cheatham, CL McCarty, JC AF Gutierrez, OA Basu, S Saha, S Jenkins, JN Shoemaker, DB Cheatham, CL McCarty, JC TI Genetic distance among selected cotton genotypes and its relationship with F-2 performance SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; MOLECULAR MARKER HETEROZYGOSITY; SINGLE-CROSS PERFORMANCE; HOST-PLANT GERMPLASM; HYBRID PERFORMANCE; MAIZE INBREDS; COMBINING ABILITY; HETEROTIC GROUPS; UPLAND COTTON; RAPD MARKERS AB Knowledge of genetic diversity and relationships among breeding materials has a significant impact on crop improvement. Association between parental divergence and progeny performance has not been well documented in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The objectives of this study were to estimate genetic diversity among selected cotton genotypes on the basis of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, and to investigate the relationship between genetic diversity and F-2-bulk population performance. Five U.S. and four Australian cultivars, and two day-neutral converted lines of G. hirsutum were genotyped by means of 90 SSR primer pairs providing 69 polymorphic marker loci. Genetic distance (GD) between genotypes ranged from 0.06 to 0.34 for the 11 parental genotypes. The highest GD (0.34) was observed between ST474 and the day-neutral converted line B1388. The lowest GD (0.06) was detected between cultivars FM832 and FM975. The GD between day-neutral converted lines and cultivars ranged from 0.26 to 0.34. Among the Australian cultivars, GD ranged from 0.06 to 0.19 while GD among U.S. cultivars varied from 0.10 to 0.22, indicating a narrow genetic base. Significant correlations between agronomic and fiber traits of F-2-bulk populations and GD ranged from negative to positive depending on the traits, genetic background, and environment. On the basis of SSR markers, GD revealed a lack of genetic diversity among all genotypes and it was a poor predictor of overall F-2 performance. However, when genotypes with maximum range of GD were present, it was a better predictor for some traits. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Genet & Precis Agr Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. Delta & Pine Land Co, Scott, MS USA. RP Saha, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Genet & Precis Agr Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 46 TC 56 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1841 EP 1847 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200010 ER PT J AU Vogel, KP Hopkins, AA Moore, KJ Johnson, KD Carlson, IT AF Vogel, KP Hopkins, AA Moore, KJ Johnson, KD Carlson, IT TI Winter survival in switchgrass populations bred for high IVDMD SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DRY-MATTER DIGESTIBILITY; DIFFERING DIGESTIBILITY; FORAGE QUALITY; INVITRO; REGISTRATION; SELECTION AB In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was improved by three cycles (C) of recurrent selection in a switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) population but significant winter kill occurred in the Cycle 4 (C4) mass selection nursery. Stand density losses in strains differing in IVDMD also were noted in pastures intensively grazed for 3 yr. Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of genetic changes in IVDMD on plant survival of switchgrass. Seed was harvested from the original high IVDMD C3 parent clones to produce half-sib family seedlings that were planted into a replicated half-sib progeny evaluation nursery in 1991 at Mead, NE. This nursery was harvested in 11993 and 1995 for biomass yield after plants had headed, forage was analyzed for IVDMD, and plant survival was determined. There were significant differences among the families for biomass yield, IVDMD, and plant survival. Among the half-sib families, the correlations of 1993 and 1995 IVDMD with 1995 survival were not significant nor were the correlations between 1993 and 1995 yields and 1995 stands. In the C3 high IVDMD populations, some families had decreased winter survival but other families had high IVDMD and good survival. Randomly selected plants from pasture trials (PC or pasture clones) of 'Trailblazer' and 'Pathfinder' were polycrossed and the resulting bulk populations were evaluated with parent populations in replicated sward trials at three locations along with the High IVDMD C3 population and its derived winter survival (WS) population produced by harvesting bulk seed from surviving plants in the C4 selection nursery. Differences among populations for stand were not detected in the sward trials, likely because survival and IVDMD have low correlations within populations. It should be feasible to continue to breed for high IVDMD in switchgrass but survival will need to be an additional selection criterion. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Samuel Roberts Noble Fdn Inc, Ardmore, OK 73402 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Vogel, KP (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 344 Keim Hall,POB 830937, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 13 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1857 EP 1862 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200012 ER PT J AU Jan, CC Zhang, TX Miller, JF Fick, GN AF Jan, CC Zhang, TX Miller, JF Fick, GN TI Inheritance of fertility restoration for two cytoplasmic male sterility sources of Helianthus pauciflorus (rigidus) Nutt SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB New sources of cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) and fertility restoration genes would reduce the genetic vulnerability of commercial sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids because of the current use of a single male sterile H. petiolaris Nutt. cytoplasm and a few fertility restoration genes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the inheritance of fertility restoration, to compare the cytoplasmic similarity between the two cms sources, and to confirm the vigor reducing effect of combining perennial species cytoplasms with cultivated nuclei. Cms-RMX plants, maintained by backcrossing with inbred line HA89, were crossed with 21 prospective restoration lines. Male-fertile F, progeny were observed in crosses with 'Luch' and 'RCMG1'. Segregation of male sterility in F-2 and testcrosses with HA89 indicated fertility restoration was controlled by two complementary dominant genes. Identical segregation ratios of male fertile to male sterile in both F-2 and testcross IT, were obtained with cms-RIG1 using the fertility restoration genes identified for cms-RIGX. These results suggest a single origin of the two cms sources. In a field test, cms-RIGX plants produced no seeds after self-pollination, and 99% seed set from open-pollination, indicating complete male sterility and female fertility. The new ems-RIG sources and corresponding fertility restoration genes will provide cytoplasmic diversity for sunflower hybrid production. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Monsanto Seed Grp, Kihei, HI 96753 USA. Seeds 2000 Inc, Breckenridge, MN 56520 USA. RP Jan, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, POB 5677, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1873 EP 1875 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200014 ER PT J AU Mornhinweg, DW Porter, DR Webster, JA AF Mornhinweg, DW Porter, DR Webster, JA TI Inheritance of Russian wheat aphid resistance in spring barley germplasm line STARS-9577B SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), has become a major pest of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in the western USA. STARS-9577B (PI 591617), a six-rowed, spring barley germplasm line with a high level of resistance to RWA, was recently released to barley breeders for barley improvement. Understanding the inheritance of RWA resistance in this germplasm line is necessary for breeders to develop an effective strategy for utilization of this germplasm in their breeding programs. This greenhouse study was conducted to determine the genetic control of RWA resistance in STARS-9577B. Crosses were made between 'Morex', a susceptible, six-rowed, malting barley cultivar, and STARS-9577B. Genetic analyses were performed on reaction to RWA of parents, F-1, reciprocal F-1, F-2, backcrosses (BC1F1) to both parents, and F-2-derived F-3 families. Reaction was based on a visual rating scale of 1 to 9 (1 = no damage, 9 = dead plant). Segregation in the F-2 and BC1F1 populations indicated multiple gene control. Seventy-seven F., families were found to be homozygous resistant and 18 homozygous susceptible, indicating two gene control of RWA resistance in STARS-9577B. Analysis of data from F-2 and BC1F1 populations suggested RWA resistance in STARS-9577B is controlled by dominant alleles at two loci, with alleles at one locus conferring a high level of resistance and alleles at the other locus conferring an intermediate level of resistance only when recessive alleles are present at the first locus. C1 USDA, ARS, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Mornhinweg, DW (reprint author), USDA, ARS, 1301 N Western Rd, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 12 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1891 EP 1893 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200017 ER PT J AU Betran, FJ Isakeit, T Odvody, G AF Betran, FJ Isakeit, T Odvody, G TI Aflatoxin accumulation of white and yellow maize inbreds in diallel crosses SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ASPERGILLUS EAR ROT; KERNEL INFECTION; CORN GENOTYPES; FLAVUS; RESISTANCE; FIELD; CONTAMINATION; REGISTRATION; INHERITANCE; INOCULATION AB Preharvest aflatoxin (AF) contamination is one of the main limitations for corn (Zea mays L.) production in the southern USA causing enormous economic losses and posing a risk to animal and human health. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate and compare hybrids of new and selected potential sources of AF resistance for AF accumulation under field conditions, (ii) to identify the inbreds with the most consistent expression of resistance under different hybrid combinations and growing conditions; and (iii) to estimate combining abilities of white and yellow inbreds for aflatoxin accumulation and secondary traits. Two diallels among six local and exotic white and six yellow maize inbreds were evaluated at three locations in Texas. Inoculation with Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr. isolate NRRL 3357, either directly through the silk channel or as infested kernels on the soil surface, was effective in promoting AF accumulation in hybrids. White hybrids with low aflatoxin were CML269 X TxX24 and CML269 X CML176. CML269, CML176, and CML322 were the white inbreds with the lowest most consistent AF in hybrids and had the best GCA for aflatoxin resistance. Yellow hybrids with low AF were FR2128 X Mp715, Tx772 X Mp715, and Tx772 X CML326. Tx772 and FR2128 had the best GCA for reduced AF across locations or at specific locations. Inbreds CML326 and Tx772 had consistently low aflatoxin accumulation in hybrids across environments. AF content was correlated with husk cover, ear rot ratings, and insect damage. Exotic inbreds have genetic factors that can contribute to the reduction of aflatoxin contamination. C1 USDA ARS, Corn Breeding & Genet Program, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, College Stn, TX USA. Texas A&M Univ Res & Extens Ctr, Corpus Christi, TX USA. RP Betran, FJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Corn Breeding & Genet Program, Route 5, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 33 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 12 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1894 EP 1901 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200018 ER PT J AU Gesch, RW Forcella, F Barbour, N Phillips, B Voorheees, WB AF Gesch, RW Forcella, F Barbour, N Phillips, B Voorheees, WB TI Yield and growth response of Cuphea to sowing date SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DENSITY; CROP AB Select germplasm of Cuphea, developed from an interspecific hybridization of C. viscosissima Jacq. and C. lanceolata f. Silenoides W.T. Aiton, shows good potential for commercial production in short-season temperate climates. Cuphea seed oil could serve as a domestic source of medium-chain fatty acids, which are in high demand by the chemical manufacturing industry. However, little is known about proper management practices for Cuphea agronomic production. A field study was conducted in west central Minnesota to determine optimum time of sowing in the northern Corn Belt region and describe influences of sowing date on growth and seed yield components of a semidomesticated germplasm line (PSR23). Seed was sown on 15 April, 1 May, 15 May, 1 June, and 15 June 1999 and 2000. Sowing in May resulted in greatest seed and seed-oil yields, which were as high as 1.09 and 0.29 Mg ha(-1), respectively. Seed yield declined as much as 31% when sown 15 April and 65% when sowing was delayed until 15 June. Plants developed from seed sown before June tended to form more branches and accumulated a greater amount of aboveground biomass. Typically, there was a distinct decrease in plant biomass accumulation and most seed yield components when sowing date was delayed until June. Cuphea PSR23 can be successfully grown in the northern Corn Belt, with early to mid May being the best time for sowing. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Gesch, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 15 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1959 EP 1965 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200026 ER PT J AU Johnson, AW Snook, ME Wiseman, BR AF Johnson, AW Snook, ME Wiseman, BR TI Green leaf chemistry of various turfgrasses: Differentiation and resistance to fall armyworm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CORN SILKS; ZEA-MAYS; LARVAE; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE AB Six grass species (zoysiagrass, bermudagrass, centipedegrass, tall fescue, St. Augustinegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass) were analyzed for polyphenols and flavonoids by high performance liquid chromatography. Each gave a characteristic leaf chemistry profile that allowed it to be differentiated from the other grasses. 'Emerald' zoysiagrass was characterized by the presence of chlorogenic acid and a group of luteolin-glycosides containing glucose and/or arabinose. 'Tifgreen' bermudagrass contained no chlorogenic acid, and at least two of the flavonoids were apigenin-glycosides in addition to several luteolinglycosides. Common centipedegrass and Ky 31 tall fescue both contained high levels of chlorogenic acid, but their flavonoid composition was different. Centipedegrass contained luteolin-type flavonoid-glycosides and maysin, an unusual luteolin-diglycoside that possesses a unique keto-sugar. Tall fescue contained quercetin-type flavonoids rather than luteolin. Rutin was found as a major constituent of tall fescue. 'Kenbluel Kentucky bluegrass and 'Raleigh' St. Augustinegrass contained no chlorogenic acid. These two grasses contained several luteolin-glycosides but not the broad, multiple flavonoid profiles of zoysiagrass and bermudagrass. Fall armyworm [FAW; Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)] larval growth was significantly affected by the type of grass they fed upon in laboratory no-choice tests. Fall armyworm larval weight reductions (as a percentage of the bermudagrasses) at 7 d after infestation were 90, 79, and 29% for zoysiagrass, centipedegrass, and St. Augustinegrass, respectively. Chlorogenic acid, luteolin, and the flavonoid-glycosides rutin, maysin, and isoorientin were highly active in a laboratory bioassay in reducing FAW larval weights; however, no correlations could be made between FAW resistance and the levels of chlorogenic acid, flavonoids, or total phenolics extractable from the grasses evaluated. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Entomol, Pee Wee & Educ Ctr, Florence, SC 29506 USA. Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Johnson, AW (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Entomol, Pee Wee & Educ Ctr, 2200 Pocket Rd, Florence, SC 29506 USA. NR 24 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 2004 EP 2010 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200032 ER PT J AU Skinner, RH Gustine, DL AF Skinner, RH Gustine, DL TI Freezing tolerance of chicory and narrow-leaf plantain SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GRASSLANDS PUNA CHICORY; CICHORIUM-INTYBUS L; FORAGE CHICORY; NUTRITIVE-VALUE; ABSCISIC-ACID; WINTER-WHEAT; DROUGHT; COLD; STRESS; TEMPERATURE AB 'Ceres Tonic' and 'Grasslands Lancelot' narrow-leaf plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) and 'Grasslands Puna' chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) have received considerable interest as potential new forages for the northeastern USA because of their reported drought tolerance and high forage quality. However, all three cultivars were developed under New Zealand conditions and may not have sufficient winter hardiness to survive northeastern USA winters. Growth chamber and field studies were conducted to determine the freezing tolerance and winter survival of these new forages under well-watered and drought conditions. Winter survival of chicory in the field ranged from 73% of marked plants in the wet treatment to 93% following summer drought. Likewise, winter survival of plantain in the field increased from 3% in the wet treatment to 41% in the dry treatment. Survival of Lancelot plantain in the growth chamber increased from 4% in the well-watered to 16% in the drought treatment. However, survival of Tonic plantain and Puna chicory in the growth chamber was not affected by drought. Chicory survival was greater than survival of plantain in both controlled and field environments. Puna chicory appears to have sufficient winter hardiness to survive winters in the northeastern United States. Although Lancelot had slightly greater survival than Tonic, neither plantain cultivar had sufficient freezing tolerance to be recommended for use in the northeastern USA. Improved cultivars will need to be developed from populations that have evolved under more severe winter conditions before plantain can become a viable forage for most of this region. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Skinner, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Bldg 3702 Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 5 U2 12 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 2038 EP 2043 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200037 ER PT J AU Sanderson, MA Elwinger, GF AF Sanderson, MA Elwinger, GF TI Plant density and environment effects on orchardgrass-white clover mixtures SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRIFOLIUM-REPENS L.; DEFOLIATION FREQUENCY; TALL FESCUE; GROWTH; PHOSPHORUS; WATER; SOIL; ESTABLISHMENT; COMPATIBILITY; COMPETITION AB Earlier research indicated that orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars affected white clover (Trifolium repens L.) stolon structure during establishment. We conducted a field study to determine if plant density and environment modified the effect of orchardgrass cultivars on white clover. 'Dawn' and 'Pennlate' orchardgrasses were established at 10-, 20-, or 40-cm spacings in mixture with 'Will' white clover in a systematic plant spacing design. Plots were established in September 1996 on a Hagerstown, Berks, or Rayne soil in central Pennsylvania. Orchardgrass was harvested monthly from May to September 1997 and 1998 to determine yield and tiller number per plant. White clover plants were dug from each plant spacing and site in the fall to determine stolon structure. Orchardgrass cultivar did not affect white clover stolon structure. Orchardgrass and white clover plants were larger and more complex on the Hagerstown soil than on the lower fertility Berks and Rayne soils. The highest stolon densities occurred at the 40-cm plant spacing on the Hagerstown soil in 1998 with >22 m of main stolon m(-2) along with 8 m of first-order branches and 1 m of second-order branches. On the Rayne soil, plant spacing had little effect on stolon structure. Weed competition was greater on the Rayne soil (788 plants m(-2) from 33 species) than on the higher fertility Hagerstown soil (157 plants m(-2) from 19 species). Interspecific competition, edaphic factors, and climate interacted to govern the structure of white clover stolons and overwhelmed orchardgrass cultivar effects. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sanderson, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 35 TC 10 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 2055 EP 2063 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200040 ER PT J AU Somleva, MN Tomaszewski, Z Conger, BV AF Somleva, MN Tomaszewski, Z Conger, BV TI Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of switchgrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; T-DNA; TUMEFACIENS; PLANTS; RICE; MARKER; MAIZE; CELLS; REGENERATION; INTEGRATION AB Although Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been successfully used to transfer genes to a wide range of plant species, it has received little attention for transformation of forage grasses. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to demonstrate Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). The A. tumefaciens strain AGL 1 carrying the binary vector pDM805, coding for the phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (bar) and beta-glucuronidase (gus) genes, was utilized in these experiments. Somatic embryos, embryogenic calluses, mature caryopses, and plantlet segments served as target tissues for infection. Treated cultures were selected in the presence of 10 mg L-1 bialaphos and the resultant plantlets were treated with the herbicide Basta [monoammonium 2-amino4(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoate]. T-DNA delivery efficiency was affected by genotype, explant used and the presence or absence of acetosyringone (3',5'-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxyacetophenone) during inoculation and cocultivation. Approximately 600 transgenic plants were produced, and transformation efficiencies ranged from 0 to nearly 100%. Stable integration, expression, and inheritance of both transgenes were confirmed by molecular and genetic analyses. Approximately 90% of the tested plants appeared to have only one or two copies of the T-DNA inserts. Controlled crosses between T-0 and nontransgenic 'Alamo' plants indicated the expected ratio of 1:1 (transgenic:nontransgenic) in T-1 plants for both transgenes according to a chi(2) test at P = 0.05. These results indicate that the Agrobacteriam method is effective for transferring foreign genes into switchgrass. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dep Plant Sci & Landscape Syst, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. USDA ARS, PWA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Conger, BV (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dep Plant Sci & Landscape Syst, 2431 Ctr Dr, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. NR 35 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 31 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 2080 EP 2087 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200043 ER PT J AU Hill-Ambroz, KL Brown-Guedira, GL Fellers, JP AF Hill-Ambroz, KL Brown-Guedira, GL Fellers, JP TI Modified rapid DNA extraction protocol for high throughput microsatellite analysis in wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BREAD WHEAT; MARKERS; LOCI; MAP AB New technology is allowing marker-assisted selection to fulfill the promise of increasing efficiency of cultivar development. However, these techniques depend upon the ability to extract DNA from large populations of plants. The objective of this project was to develop a high-throughput DNA extraction procedure without the need for greenhouse space or growing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants. A sodium hydroxide rapid DNA extraction was modified for a 96-well format to reduce costs. Seeds were germinated in 8-well tissue culture plates, and 4-d-old seedling tissue was used to extract DNA by means of sodium hydroxide methodology. Approximately 1 mug of genomic DNA per 10 mg of tissue was isolated at a cost of about $0.10. The DNA quality was verified by amplification of microsatellite markers. Results were consistent with either fresh or stored tissue extracts. This technique allows one person to extract nearly 1000 storage-stable DNA samples daily, while keeping costs at a minimum. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Sci & Entomol Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Fellers, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Sci & Entomol Unit, 4008 Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 2088 EP 2091 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200044 ER PT J AU Karaca, M Saha, S Zipf, A Jenkins, JN Lang, DJ AF Karaca, M Saha, S Zipf, A Jenkins, JN Lang, DJ TI Genetic diversity among forage bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.): Evidence from chloroplast and nuclear DNA fingerprinting SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID AFLP; MARKERS; PROBES; RAPD AB Genetic analysis of forage bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) lags considerably behind other species, including the turf-type bermudagrasses. This research was undertaken to identify and characterize genetic relationships within and between forage bermudagrass ecotypes and varieties. Genetic relationships within 31 forage bermudagrass genotypes were determined by means of 15 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), 10 chloroplast-specific Simple sequence repeat length polymorphism (CpSSRLP), 10 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and 10 directed amplification of minisatelliteregion DNA (DAMD) primers or primer pairs. The unweighted pair group method, using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and the bootstrap analyses with 2000 replications, were used to calculate the relationships. Overall results indicated that forage bermudagrass genotypes have a narrow genetic base, with genetic similarity (GS) ranging from 0.608 to 0.977. The most genetically similar forage bermudagrass lines were 'Tifton 78 WH' and 'Tifton 78' (GS = 0.977), whereas 'McDonald' and 'Alicia' were the most genetically diverse bermudagrass lines (GS = 0.608). 'Sumrall 007', 'Tanberg', 'Maddox', McDonald, 'Holly Springs', 'Murphy', 'Murphy II', and 'Stallings' were distantly related to known varieties. The GS values of these genotypes were less than 0.85 compared with any other genotypes, indicating that these ecotypes were unique in their genome structure and provided genetic justification for their release as varieties. Close genetic relationships between some ecotypes and varieties were detected as follows: 'Prairie I', 'Prairie II', and 'Prairie HP to 'Grazer'; 'Lott I', 'Lott II', and 'Lancaster' to 'Callie'; and Tifton 78 WH to Tifton 78. Although DNA markers could differentiate these ecotypes, additional molecular, cytological, and phenological evidences are required to further confirm whether they could be considered as new varieties. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dep Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Akdeniz Univ, Fac Agr, Dep Field Crops, TR-07759 Antalya, Turkey. USDA ARS, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Alabama A&M Univ, Dep Plant & Soil Sci, Normal, AL 35762 USA. RP Lang, DJ (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dep Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RI Karaca, Mehmet/C-2683-2009 OI Karaca, Mehmet/0000-0003-3219-9109 NR 20 TC 44 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 2118 EP 2127 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200048 ER PT J AU Jia, YL Wang, ZH Singh, P AF Jia, YL Wang, ZH Singh, P TI Development of dominant rice blast Pi-ta resistance gene markers SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NEAR-ISOGENIC LINES; MAGNAPORTHE-GRISEA; PYRICULARIA-GRISEA; DISEASE RESISTANCE; REGISTRATION; INHERITANCE AB Incorporation of resistance genes into existing rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars is a powerful strategy and is commonly applied in breeding rice resistance to blast disease [caused by Pyricularia grisea Sacc. = P. oryzae Cavara (teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr)]. The rice blast resistance gene, Pi-ta, originally introgressed into japonica from indica rice is important in breeding for rice blast resistance worldwide. In the southern USA, the rice cultivar Katy contains Pita and is resistant to the predominant blast M. grisea races IB-49 and IC-17 and has been used as the blast resistant breeding parent. Three pairs of DNA primers specific to the dominant indica Pi-ta gene were designed to amplify the Pi-ta DNA fragments by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR products amplified by these Pi-ta specific primers were cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of the dominant indica Pi-ta allele. These Pi-ta primers were used to examine the presence of Pi-ta alleles in advanced Arkansas rice breeding lines. The Pi-ta containing rice lines, as determined by PCR analysis, were resistant to both IB-49 and IC-17 in standard pathogenicity assays. In contrast, lines lacking the Pi-ta genes failed to protect rice plants against both races IB-49 and IC-17. The presence of Pi-ta markers correlated with the Pi-ta resistance spectrum. Thus, the Pi-ta gene markers provide a basis for stacking other blast resistance genes into high yielding and good quality advanced breeding rice lines. C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Natl Rice Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. Zhejiang Univ, Inst Nucl Agr Sci, Hangzhou 310029, Peoples R China. RP Jia, YL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Natl Rice Res Ctr, POB 1090, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 20 TC 64 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 2145 EP 2149 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200051 ER PT J AU Springer, TL McGraw, RL Aiken, GE AF Springer, TL McGraw, RL Aiken, GE TI Variation of condensed tannins in roundhead Lespedeza germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SERICEA-LESPEDEZA; LOTUS-CORNICULATUS; BIRDSFOOT-TREFOIL; TEMPERATURE AB Roundhead lespedeza, Lespedeza capitata Michx., is a deep-rooted, perennial legume native to the eastern and central USA and is relatively common on remnant upland prairies throughout the Midwest. Information on condensed tannin (CT) concentrations from different plant parts is needed for cultivar development and also to provide data for developing management and feeding strategies. The objectives of this study were to determine variation of CT concentrations in roundhead lespedeza leaves, stems, and inflorescences; evaluate genotype variation over environments; and select germplasm lines that could be used for breeding parents and/or bulked into a synthetic variety. Thirty-nine roundhead lespedeza plant introductions (PI) were sampled from replicated nurseries grown in two environments in 1996. Plant shoots were collected at flowering and seed filling. Each plant shoot sample was divided into leaf, stem, and inflorescence. Condensed tannin concentrations were determined by means of a modified vanillin-HCl method. We found that variation due to the environment was low, variation due to genotype was high, and variation due to genotype X environment interaction was high. Of these 39 plant introductions, we selected eight that were common to both environments and had low CT concentrations in leaves at flowering. The CT content of these plant introductions, however, was still relatively high when compared with sericea lespedeza [Lespedeza cuneata (Dumont) G. Don] that was bred for low tannin content. Collections should be made from a larger geographical region to look for germplasm with lower CT concentrations. C1 ARS, USDA, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. ARS, USDA, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Springer, TL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Plains Range Res Stn, 2000 18th St, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 2157 EP 2160 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200053 ER PT J AU Clement, SL Hardie, DC Elberson, LR AF Clement, SL Hardie, DC Elberson, LR TI Variation among accessions of Pisum fulvum for resistance to pea weevil SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BRUCHUS-PISORUM L; BEETLE CALLOSOBRUCHUS-MACULATUS; ALPHA-AMYLASE INHIBITOR; VIGNA-RADIATA; L COLEOPTERA; BEAN WEEVIL; SATIVUM-L; BRUCHIDAE; COWPEA; INFESTATION AB The pea weevil, Bruchus pisorum (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), is one of the most intractable pest problems of cultivated pea, Pisum sativum L. The availability of resistant cultivars would give growers more pest management options. Searches for plant resistance to pea weevil were expanded to the Pisum secondary gene pool (P. fulvum Sm.) because seed resistance had not been located in P. sativum and subspecies. The objectives of this study were to determine the extent of pod and seed resistance to pea weevil in P. fulvum, and to use the life table format to characterize weevil stage-specific mortality and survivorship on different P. fulvum accessions. Mortality of first instar larvae on pods, mortality of all weevil stages within seed, adult emergence from seed, and seed damage levels were quantified. In two greenhouse trials, more larvae died (14 to 50% averages) on pods of P. fulvum accessions than on pods of 'Alaska 81' (6% average), and mortality of first instar larvae entering seed of P. fulvum accessions averaged 83.7%. Seed damage ratings (1 = feeding sear on seed testa, 0-1% cotyledon tissue eaten, dead first instar larva; 5 = extensive damage, live adult) averaged <3.0 for 26 P. fulvum accessions, compared with mean ratings of 4.9 for Alaska 81. Using weevil mortality and survivorship values in life tables and adult emergence rates, entries were classified as susceptible (two controls and five accessions), moderately resistant (14 accessions), and resistant (12 accessions). Antibiosis resistance was based on the death of weevil larvae on pods and seed testa and cotyledon tissues. The results identify sources of natural weevil resistance in the Pisum genome (26 moderately resistant and resistant accessions of P. fulvum) to endow pea cultivars with pod and/or seed resistance to B. pisorum. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Germplasm Intro & Testing Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Western Australia Dept Agr, Entomol Sect, S Perth, WA 6151, Australia. RP Clement, SL (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Germplasm Intro & Testing Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM slclement@wsu.edu NR 46 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 2167 EP 2173 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200055 ER PT J AU Ullrich, SE Muir, CE Jitkov, VA Burns, JW Reisenauer, PE Wesenberg, DM Line, RF Chen, X Jones, BL Liu, CT Robertson, LD Karow, RS Hayes, PM AF Ullrich, SE Muir, CE Jitkov, VA Burns, JW Reisenauer, PE Wesenberg, DM Line, RF Chen, X Jones, BL Liu, CT Robertson, LD Karow, RS Hayes, PM TI Registration of 'Farmington' barley SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Aberdeen, ID USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. ARS, USDA, Madison, WI 53505 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. Univ Idaho, Aberdeen Res & Ext Ctr, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Ullrich, SE (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 2209 EP 2210 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200063 ER PT J AU Cash, SD Ditterline, RL Wichman, DM Majerus, ME AF Cash, SD Ditterline, RL Wichman, DM Majerus, ME TI Registration of 'Montana' meadow bromegrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Montana State Univ, Plant Sci & Plant Pathol Dept, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Cent Montana Agr Res Ctr, Moccasin, MT 59462 USA. NRCS, USDA, Plant Mat Ctr, Bridger, MT 59014 USA. RP Cash, SD (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, POB 172820, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 2211 EP 2212 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200065 ER PT J AU Taliaferro, CM Anderson, JA Richardson, WL Baker, JL Coleman, SW Phillips, WA Sandage, LJ Moyer, JL Hansen, TL Kallenbach, RL Crawford, RJ AF Taliaferro, CM Anderson, JA Richardson, WL Baker, JL Coleman, SW Phillips, WA Sandage, LJ Moyer, JL Hansen, TL Kallenbach, RL Crawford, RJ TI Registration of 'Midland 99' forage bermudagrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Hort & Landscape Architecture Dept, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Samuel Roberts Noble Fdn Inc, Ardmore, OK 73402 USA. SW Missouri Agr Res & Educ Ctr, Mt Vernon, MO 65712 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Springfield, MO 65802 USA. Kansas State Univ, Res & Extens SE Area, Chanute, KS 66720 USA. Univ Arkansas, Cooperat Extens Serv, Little Rock, AR 72003 USA. ARS, Grasslands Res Lab, USDA, El Reno, OK USA. ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, USDA, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. RP Taliaferro, CM (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 2212 EP 2213 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200066 ER PT J AU Jan, CC Fernandez-Martinez, JM Ruso, J Munoz-Ruz, J AF Jan, CC Fernandez-Martinez, JM Ruso, J Munoz-Ruz, J TI Registration of four sunflower germplasms with resistance to Orobanche cumana Race F SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. CSIC, Dep Mejora & Agron, Inst Agr Sostenible, E-14080 Cordoba, Spain. RP Jan, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, POB 5677, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RI Fernandez-Martinez, Jose/A-7193-2010; Ruso, Juan/C-1089-2009 OI Ruso, Juan/0000-0001-5909-6754 NR 5 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 2217 EP 2218 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200072 ER PT J AU Morris, CF King, GE AF Morris, CF King, GE TI Registration of soft and hard red winter wheat near-isogenic sister lines of 'Weston' SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Food Sci & Human Nutr Facil E E202, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Morris, CF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, POB 646394, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 2218 EP 2219 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200073 ER PT J AU Hopkins, AA Yun, L Walker, DW AF Hopkins, AA Yun, L Walker, DW TI Registration of NF-1, and NF-1 profuse ligule, compass plant germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Samuel Roberts Noble Fdn Inc, Forage Biotechnol Grp, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA. ARS, USDA, Wyndmore, PA 19038 USA. RP Hopkins, AA (reprint author), Samuel Roberts Noble Fdn Inc, Forage Biotechnol Grp, 2510 Sam Noble Pkwy, Ardmore, OK 73401 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 42 IS 6 BP 2219 EP 2220 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 653HY UT WOS:000181430200074 ER PT J AU Rychlik, JL LaVera, R Russell, JB AF Rychlik, JL LaVera, R Russell, JB TI Amino acid deamination by ruminal Megasphaera elsdenii strains SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMMONIA PRODUCTION; BACTERIA; RUMEN; MONENSIN; FERMENTATION; PEPTIDES; INVITRO AB When ruminal fluid from a cow fed timothy hay was serially diluted (10-fold increments into anaerobic broth containing 15 mg ml(-1) Trypticase), the low dilutions (less than or equal to 10(-6)) had optical densities greater than 2.0 and ammonia concentrations greater than 100 mm. The optical densities and ammonia concentrations of the 10(-8) and 10(-9) dilutions were very low, but large cocci were observed in the 10-8 dilution. The large cocci were isolated and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as Megasphaera elsdenii. The freshly isolated strain (JL1) grew well on Trypticase, but less than 4% of the amino acid nitrogen in Trypticase was converted to ammonia. Optical density and ammonia production were twice as great if Casamino acids were provided. and similar results were obtained with seven other strains (B159, AW106, YT91, LC1, T81, J1, and YZ70). Specific activities of deamination (based on Casamino acids) of the eight strains ranged from 100 (strain JL1) to 325 (strain B 159) nmol mg protein(-1) min(-1). None of the strains could utilize branched-chain amino acids as an energy source for growth, but specific activities of branched-chain amino acid deamination ranged from 15 to 65 nmol mg protein(-1) min(-1). All eight of the M. elsdenii strains grew well in the presence of 5 muM monensin. and only two of the strains were strongly inhibited by 20 muM monensin. On the basis of these results. it appears that M. elsdenii is deficient in peptidase activity and can utilize only a few amino acids. Some M. elsdenii strains produced ammonia and branched-chain volatile fatty acids nearly as fast as obligate amino acid-fermenting ruminal bacteria, but the extent of this production was at least fourfold tower. Because all of the strains could tolerate 5 muM monensin, it is unlikely that this feed additive would significantly inhibit M. elsdenii in vivo. C1 Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 45 IS 5 BP 340 EP 345 DI 10.1007/s00284-002-3743-4 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 596BW UT WOS:000178144700006 PM 12232664 ER PT J AU Rana, D Krishnan, HB AF Rana, D Krishnan, HB TI Molecular cloning and characterization of nodD genes from Rhizobium sp SIN-1, a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of Sesbania and other tropical legumes SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NODULATION GENES; MELILOTI; COPIES AB Rhizobium sp. SIN-1, a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of Sesbania aculeata and other tropical legumes, carries two copies of nodD, both on a sym plasmid. We have isolated these two nodD genes by screening a genomic library of Rhizobium sp. SIN-1 with a nodD probe from Sinorhizobium meliloti. Nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence analysis indicated that the nodD Genes of Rhizobiuni sp. SIN-1 are most closely related to those of R. tropici and A70rh7iobiwn caldinodans. Rhizobium sp. SIN-1 nodD1 complemented a S. meliloti nodD1D2D3 negative mutant for nodulation on alfalfa, but failed to complement a nodD1 mutant of S. fredii USDA191 for soybean nodulation. A hybrid nodD gene, containing the N-terminus of S. fredii USDA191 nodD I and the C-terminus of Rhizobium sp. SIN-1 nodD1, complemented the nodD1 negative Mutant of USDA191 for nodulation on soybean. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Krishnan, HB (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, 108W Curtis Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 45 IS 5 BP 378 EP 382 DI 10.1007/s00284-002-3772-z PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 596BW UT WOS:000178144700012 PM 12232670 ER PT J AU Tigas, SK Sunehag, AL Haymond, MW AF Tigas, SK Sunehag, AL Haymond, MW TI Impact of duration of infusion and choice of isotope label on isotope recycling in glucose homeostasis SO DIABETES LA English DT Article ID PRODUCTION-RATES; PLASMA-GLUCOSE; GLUCONEOGENESIS; TURNOVER; TRACERS; NIDDM AB The purposes of this study were to quantify the impact of the duration of infusion and choice of stable isotope of glucose on measures of glucose rate of appearance (glucose R-a) and to determine whether the differences observed were due to tracer recycling via the glycogen pool (direct pathway) or gluconeogenesis (indirect pathway). Six healthy adult volunteers were studied on four occasions in the postabsortive state during infusions of [1-C-13]glucose and [6,6-H-2(2)]glucose: 2.5-h infusion of both (A), and 2.5-h infusion of one (B) and 14.5-h infusion of the other isotope (C), and 5-h infusion of [6,6-H-2(2)]glucose and 2.5-h infusion of [1-C-13]glucose (D). Infusion of both isotopes for 2.5 h resulted in similar glucose R-a values. When compared with a 14.5-h infusion, the 2.5-h glucose tracer infusion overestimated glucose R-a by 26-35%. Glucose C-13 recycled via the Cori cycle, resulting in slower decay from the plasma pool and longer half-life of [1-13C]glucose compared with [6,62112]glucose. There was no detectable release of [13C]glucose or [2112]glucose tracer into the plasma pool after administration of glucagon. These data demonstrate that glucose R-a varies not as a result of isotope cycling but as a result of differences in duration of isotope infusion regardless of the isotope used. This is most likely due to incomplete isotope and substrate equilibration with the 2.5-h infusion. The potential error was reduced by nearly 80% using a 5-h infusion of [6,6-H-2(2)]glucose. These studies demonstrate that the duration of isotope infusion has significantly greater impact on quantitation of glucose R-a than does the selection of isotope. C1 ARS, Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA,Dept Pediat Nutr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Haymond, MW (reprint author), ARS, Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA,Dept Pediat Nutr, 100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Tigas, Stelios/0000-0001-7325-8983 FU NICHD NIH HHS [R01 HD37957]; NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK55478] NR 27 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0012-1797 J9 DIABETES JI Diabetes PD NOV PY 2002 VL 51 IS 11 BP 3170 EP 3175 DI 10.2337/diabetes.51.11.3170 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 609PV UT WOS:000178914900004 PM 12401707 ER PT J AU Friedman, AN Hunsicker, LG Selhub, J Bostom, AG AF Friedman, AN Hunsicker, LG Selhub, J Bostom, AG CA Collaborative Study Grp TI Proteinuria as a predictor of total plasma homocysteine levels in type 2 diabetic nephropathy SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID GLOMERULAR-FILTRATION-RATE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; MORTALITY; MELLITUS; DETERMINANTS; MICROALBUMINURIA; NIDDM; SERUM; ALBUMINURIA; ASSOCIATION AB OBJECTIVE - Patients with diabetes who manifest proteinuria are at increased risk for cardiovascular events. Some studies suggest that proteinuria exerts its cardiovascular effects at feast partly through a positive association with total plasma homocysteine (tHcy). Modestly sized but better designed contrary studies find no such link through a limited range of serum creatinine and proteinuria. We tested the hypothesis that proteinuria independently predicts tHcy levels in a larger cohort of type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy throughout a much broader range of kidney disease and proteinuria. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - Baseline data for the cross-sectional study were obtained from 717 patients enrolled in the multicenter Irbesartan Diabetic Nephropathy Trial. All subjects had type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and proteinuria and were between 29 and 78 years of age. Data included age, sex, BMI, serum creatinine and albumin, LDL and HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, proteinuria and albuminuria, plasma folate, B12, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) (the active form of B6), HbA(1c), and tHcy levels. Unadjusted and multivariable models were used in the analysis. RESULTS - Crude analyses revealed significant associations between tHcy and age (r = 0.074; P = 0.008), creatinine (r = 0.414; P < 0.001), PLP (r = -0.105; P = 0.021), B12 (r = -0.216; P < 0.001), folate (r = -0.241; P < 0.001), and HbA(1c) (r = -0.119; P = 0.003), with serum albumin approaching significance (r = 0.055; P = 0.072). Only serum creatinine, plasma folate, B12, serum albumin, sex, HbA(1c), and age were independent predictors of tHcy after controlling for all other variables. CONCLUSIONS - By finding no independent correlation between proteinuria (or albuminuria) and tHcy levels, this study improves the external validity of previous negative findings. Therefore, it is unlikely that the observed positive association between proteinuria and cardiovascular disease is directly related to hyperhomocysteinemia. C1 Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts New England Med Ctr, Div Nephrol, Boston, MA USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Internal Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Rhode Isl Hosp, Div Renal Dis, Providence, RI USA. RP Friedman, AN (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Jean Mayer USDA, 711 Washington St Rm 829, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL 67695-02] NR 38 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1701 N BEAUREGARD ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22311-1717 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD NOV PY 2002 VL 25 IS 11 BP 2037 EP 2041 DI 10.2337/diacare.25.11.2037 PG 5 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 724UG UT WOS:000185504600023 PM 12401753 ER PT J AU Kim, JG Vallet, JL Rohrer, GA Chirstenson, RK AF Kim, JG Vallet, JL Rohrer, GA Chirstenson, RK TI Characterization of porcine uterine estrogen sulfotransferase SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLAVONOL SULFOTRANSFERASES; PROTEIN SECRETION; MOLECULAR-CLONING; MESSENGER-RNA; EXPRESSION; PREGNANCY; SWINE; CDNA; IDENTIFICATION; PROGESTERONE AB A quantitative trait locus (QTL) for uterine capacity is located on chromosome 8. Comparison of porcine and human genetic maps suggested that the estrogen sulfotransferase (STE) gene may be located near this region. The objectives of this study were to clone the full coding region for STE, compare endometrial STE gene expression between Meishan and White composite pigs during early pregnancy, and map the STE gene. We obtained a clone (1886 bp) containing the full coding region of STE by iterative screening of an expressed sequence tag library. Endometrial STE mRNA expression in White composite gilts was determined by Northern blotting on days 10, 13, and 15 of the estrous cycle; and on days 10, 13, 15, 20, 30, and 40 of pregnancy. STE mRNA expression was elevated (P < 0.01) on days 20 and 30 of pregnancy compared to other days of the cycle or pregnancy. Endometrial STE mRNA expression during early pregnancy, determined using real-time RT-PCR, was elevated (P < 0.01) on day 20 compared to day 15, decreased (P = 0.02) between days 20 and 30, and decreased further (P < 0.01) between days 30 and 40 in both Meishan and White composite pigs. Expression of STE mRNA was greater (P = 0.01) in White composite pigs compared to Meishan pigs. Using a microsatellite from an STE containing BAC genomic clone, the STE gene was mapped to 65 centimorgans on chromosome 8. Because STE mRNA expression differs between Meishan and White composite pigs, the STE gene may be a candidate for the uterine capacity QTL. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Chirstenson, RK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 23 IS 4 BP 493 EP 506 AR PII S0739-7240(02)00172-8 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(02)00172-8 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 688JX UT WOS:000183431900004 PM 12457956 ER PT J AU Waring, RH Coops, NC Ohmann, JL Sarr, DA AF Waring, RH Coops, NC Ohmann, JL Sarr, DA TI Interpreting woody plant richness from seasonal ratios of photosynthesis SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; environmental analyses; Oregon (USA) forests; photosynthesis; process modeling; site index; species richness ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; FOREST PRODUCTIVITY; SPECIES RICHNESS; MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN; ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; USE EFFICIENCY; GENERAL-MODEL; OREGON; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; CAPACITY AB In forested portions of Oregon, species richness of woody plants on plots 400-500 m(2) ranged from 1 to >20. We investigated what might account for this variation using a Satellite-driven process model that predicts gross photosynthesis and establishes, on a monthly time step, the most constraining environmental variable. Independent satellite and ground-based, data confirmed that the highest species richness occurs on sites of intermediate productivity, where 60-70% of the light is intercepted by vegetation. We demonstrated that most photosynthesis takes place during the spring and summer months for both evergreen and deciduous species. We estimated that the spring to summer ratio of gross photosynthesis (APG) varies from <1 to >5 across the state. Both the most productive coastal rainforests and least productive and woodlands exhibited the lowest values of DeltaP(G) near 1, and had lowest species richness. Plots with highest species richness were located in areas with mild, moist, spring weather conditions, followed by a summer drought, with DeltaP(G) averaging above 3. Satellite-derived estimates of gross photosynthesis are available for more extensive analysis. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. CSIRO, Forestry & Forest Prod, Melbourne, Vic 3169, Australia. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Forest & Range Expt Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Waring, RH (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Coops, Nicholas/J-1543-2012; Waring, Richared/C-4796-2014 OI Coops, Nicholas/0000-0002-0151-9037; Waring, Richared/0000-0003-2533-3664 NR 41 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD NOV PY 2002 VL 83 IS 11 BP 2964 EP 2970 DI 10.2307/3071831 PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 622AT UT WOS:000179624600003 ER PT J AU Peltonen, M Liebhold, AM Bjornstad, ON Williams, DW AF Peltonen, M Liebhold, AM Bjornstad, ON Williams, DW TI Spatial synchrony in forest insect outbreaks: Roles of regional stochasticity and dispersal SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE autocorrelation; Choristoneura fumiferana; Choristoneura occidentalis; defoliation; Dendroctonus ponderosae; landscape ecology; Lymantria dispar; Malacosoma disstria; population dynamics; spatial synchrony; Zeiraphera diniana ID MICROTINE POPULATION-CYCLES; SPRUCE BUDWORM OUTBREAKS; EASTERN NORTH-AMERICA; GEOGRAPHICAL SYNCHRONY; DYNAMICS; FLUCTUATIONS; AUTOCORRELATION; LEPIDOPTERA; VARIABILITY; ASYNCHRONY AB Spatial synchrony, that is, correlated population fluctuation over wide geographical areas, has been detected in diverse taxa and over various geographical scales. The most commonly suggested mechanisms to explain Spatial synchrony include dispersal, and regional stochasticity (i.e., "the Moran effect"). We analyzed landscape-scale historical outbreak data for six forest insect species: spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana), western spruce budworm (C. occidentalis), larch bud moth (Zeiraphera diniana), forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria), mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), and gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). We used a recently developed statistical method (the nonparametric covariance function) for quantifying the magnitude and spatial range of synchrony in both outbreak and corresponding weather data. The varying dispersal capabilities of the species enabled us to speculate on the relative importance of dispersal vs. the Moran effect as potential mechanisms behind the observed patterns. Our results indicated that spatial synchrony was not directly associated with dispersal capabilities at the spatial scales considered. In contrast, the spatial correlation in weather variables was high enough to account for the levels of synchrony observed in the outbreak data. Therefore, the Moran effect appeared to be the more dominant process affecting the spatial dynamics of these species at the landscape scale. In general, however, the synchrony in outbreaks declined more steeply with geographical distance than the correlation in the weather variables, breaking with the predictions of Moran's theorem. A more detailed analysis of gypsy moth outbreak data showed that local dynamics varied considerably in a spatially dependent manner. The existence of such variation violates one of the assumptions of the Moran's theorem, namely, that the dynamic properties of disjunct populations are identical. We used a simple theoretical model to demonstrate that such geographical variation in local population dynamics may indeed force synchrony to decline more rapidly with distance than the correlation in the environment. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Newtown Sq, PA 19073 USA. RP Minist Agr & Forestry, Dept Forestry, POB 30,Hallituskatu 3A, FIN-00023 Helsinki, Finland. EM mikko.peltonen@mmm.fi RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008; Lundquist, John/B-6433-2012; Bjornstad, Ottar/I-4518-2012 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534; NR 51 TC 167 Z9 172 U1 6 U2 75 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD NOV PY 2002 VL 83 IS 11 BP 3120 EP 3129 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[3120:SSIFIO]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 622AT UT WOS:000179624600019 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Dapoto, G Giganti, H AF Smith, DR Dapoto, G Giganti, H TI A new species of Periclista (Hymenoptera : Tenthredinidae) associated with Nothofagus (Fagaceae) in Argentina and Chile SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article AB Periclista dapotoae, Smith, n. sp., is described from Argentina and Chile and separated from the described species of Periclista from South America. It was reared from Nothofagus antarctica (Fagaceae). Periclista leucoma is a new combination. C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Natl Museum Nat Hist,Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Univ Nacl Comahue, Dept Biol Aplicada, RA-8303 Cinco Saltos, RN, Argentina. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,Natl Museum Nat Hist,Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 USA SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 113 IS 5 BP 328 EP 331 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 666NZ UT WOS:000182184500010 ER PT J AU Dosskey, MG AF Dosskey, MG TI Setting priorities for research on pollution reduction functions of agricultural buffers SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE nonpoint source pollution; water quality; buffers; research; policy ID NONPOINT-SOURCE POLLUTION; VEGETATIVE FILTER STRIPS; RIPARIAN ECOTONES; MANAGEMENT; NITRATE; WATERSHEDS; TRANSPORT; EROSION; DESIGN; STORMS AB The success of buffer installation initiatives and programs to reduce nonpoint source pollution of streams on agricultural lands will depend the ability of local planners to locate and design buffers for specific circumstances with substantial and predictable results. Current predictive capabilities are inadequate, and major sources of uncertainty remain. An assessment of these uncertainties cautions that there is greater risk of overestimating buffer impact than underestimating it. Priorities for future research are proposed that will lead more quickly to major advances in predictive capabilities. Highest priority is given for work on the surface runoff filtration function, which is almost universally important to the amount of pollution reduction expected from buffer installation and for which there remain major sources of uncertainty for predicting level of impact. Foremost uncertainties surround the extent and consequences of runoff flow concentration and pollutant accumulation. Other buffer functions, including filtration of groundwater nitrate and stabilization of channel erosion sources of sediments, may be important in some regions. However, uncertainty surrounds our ability to identify and quantify the extent of site conditions where buffer installation can substantially reduce stream pollution in these ways. Deficiencies in predictive models reflect gaps in experimental information as well as technology to account for spatial heterogeneity of pollutant sources, pathways, and buffer capabilities across watersheds. Since completion of a comprehensive watershed-scale buffer model is probably far off, immediate needs call for simpler techniques to gage the probable impacts of buffer installation at local scales. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Dosskey, MG (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, E Campus, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 33 TC 31 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 30 IS 5 BP 641 EP 650 DI 10.1007/s00267-002-2755-y PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 606FE UT WOS:000178722900005 PM 12375085 ER PT J AU Tarrant, MA Cordell, HK AF Tarrant, MA Cordell, HK TI Amenity values of public and private forests: Examining the value-attitude relationship SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE amenity forest values; private forests; public forests; environmental attitudes; biocentrism; moderation effects; value-attitude correspondence ID ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN; UNITED-STATES; NEWS MEDIA; MANAGEMENT; PARADIGM; WILDLIFE; SERVICE; GENDER; LAND AB Public values toward forests have changed since the late 1980s, from a commodity-oriented perspective toward a more inclusive (commodity and non-commodity) orientation. This study examines the influence of four indicators of population diversity (age, ethnic background, place of residence, and gender) on amenity values of forests, environmental attitudes, and forest value-attitude correspondence. Four values of public and private forests were assessed, wood production (utilitarian value), clean air (a life support value), scenic beauty (an aesthetic value), and heritage (a spiritual value). Environmental attitudes were measured using a modified version of the New Environmental Paradigm scale. Five hundred and forty-eight randomly selected residents of households in 13 states of the Southern United States participated in a telephone interview. Age and ethnic background were found to moderate the value-attitude relationship, with the strength of the association being dependent upon the type of forest (i.e., public or private) and the forest value (i.e., utilitarian, life support, spiritual, and aesthetic). Females, younger persons (less than 43 years old), and whites reported lower utilitarian values of forests than their respective counterparts. Results are interpreted within the context of an emerging post-material society, in which a biocentric orientation to forests and the natural environment may be favored more by a younger (versus older) generation and increasingly racially diverse U.S. population. Implications for managing forests using a multiple-values (versus multiple-uses) approach are discussed. C1 Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch forest Resources 1 309, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Tarrant, MA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch forest Resources 1 309, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 49 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 5 U2 16 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 30 IS 5 BP 692 EP 703 DI 10.1007/s00267-002-2722-7 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 606FE UT WOS:000178722900009 PM 12375089 ER PT J AU Groffman, PM Boulware, NJ Zipperer, WC Pouyat, RV Band, LE Colosimo, MF AF Groffman, PM Boulware, NJ Zipperer, WC Pouyat, RV Band, LE Colosimo, MF TI Soil nitrogen cycle processes in urban Riparian zones SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NITRATE REMOVAL; ORGANIC-CARBON; RIVER BASIN; FOREST; DENITRIFICATION; GROUNDWATER; CATCHMENTS; WATERSHEDS; BENEFITS; COSTS AB Riparian zones have been found to function as "sinks" for, nitrate (NO3-), the most common groundwater pollutant in the U. S., in many areas. The vast majority of riparian research, however, has focused on agricultural watersheds. There has been little analysis of riparian zones in urban watersheds, despite the fact that urban areas are important sources of NO3- to nitrogen (N)-sensitive coastal waters in many locations. In this study, we measured stream incision, water table depths, and pools, production (mineralization, nitrification), and consumption (denitrification) of NO3- in urban soils. Samples were taken from soil profiles (0100 cm) of three forested urban and suburban zones and one forested reference riparian zone in the Baltimore, Maryland metropolitan area. Our objectives were to determine (1) if stream incision associated with urbanization results in lower riparian water tables, and (2) if pools, production, and consumption of NO3- vary systematically with stream incision and riparian water table levels. Two of the three urban and suburban streams were more incised and all three had lower water tables in their riparian zones than the forested reference stream. Urban and suburban riparian zones had higher NO3- pools and nitrification rates than the forested reference riparian zone, which was likely due to more aerobic soil profiles, lower levels of available soil carbon, and greater N enrichment in the urban and suburban sites. At all sites, denitrification potential decreased markedly with depth in the soil profile. Lower water tables in-the urban and suburban,riparian zones thus inhibit interaction of groundwater-borne NO3- with near surface soils that have the highest denitrification potential. These results suggest that urban hydrologic, factors can increase the production and reduce the consumption of NO3- in riparian,zones, reducing their ability to function as sinks for NO3- in the landscape. C1 Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Geog, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Baltimore, MD 21203 USA. RP Groffman, PM (reprint author), Inst Ecosyst Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. NR 49 TC 147 Z9 152 U1 11 U2 113 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 21 BP 4547 EP 4552 DI 10.1021/es020649z PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 611ED UT WOS:000179002700027 PM 12433163 ER PT J AU Bulygin, SY Nearing, MA Achasov, AB AF Bulygin, SY Nearing, MA Achasov, AB TI Parameters of interrill erodibility in the WEPP model SO EURASIAN SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The results of investigations into interrill erodibility as determined by the WEPP method are considered. Limitations in the applicability of the WEPP model are discussed. The potential for its correct adaptation and modernization is evaluated. C1 Sokolovskii Inst Soil Sci & Agrochem, Kharkov, Ukraine. USDA, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN USA. RP Bulygin, SY (reprint author), Sokolovskii Inst Soil Sci & Agrochem, Ul Chaikovskogo 4, Kharkov, Ukraine. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU INTERPERIODICA PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 1831, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35201-1831 USA SN 1064-2293 J9 EURASIAN SOIL SCI+ JI Eurasian Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 35 IS 11 BP 1237 EP 1242 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 624EU UT WOS:000179748000012 ER PT J AU Fiorotto, ML Schwartz, RJ Delaughter, MC AF Fiorotto, ML Schwartz, RJ Delaughter, MC TI Persistent IGF-I overexpression in skeletal muscle transiently enhances DNA accretion and growth SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE body composition; RNA; myonuclear domain size; fiber type ID TRANSGENIC MICE; GENE-EXPRESSION; SATELLITE CELLS; MOUSE MODELS; ACTIN GENE; LONG-TERM; RAT PUPS; INSULIN; HYPERTROPHY; DIFFERENTIATION AB Adult transgenic mice with muscle-specific overexpression of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I have enlarged skeletal muscles. In this study, we; 1) characterized the development of muscle hypertrophy with respect to fiber type, age, and sex; 2) determined the primary anabolic process responsible for development of hypertrophy; and 3) identified secondary effects of muscle hypertrophy on body composition. Transgene expression increased with age and was present only in fibers expressing type IIB fast myosin heavy chain. Muscle masses were greater by 5 wk of age, and by 10 wk of age the differences were maximal despite continued transgene expression. Total DNA and RNA contents of the gastrocnemius muscle were greater for transgenic mice than for nontransgenic littermates. The differences were maximal by 5 wk of age and preceded the increase in protein mass. The accelerated protein deposition ceased when the protein/DNA ratio attained the same value as in nontransgenic controls. Despite localization of IGF-I expression to muscle without changes in plasma IGF-I concentrations, genotype also modified the normal age and sex effects on fat deposition and organ growth. Thus, enhanced DNA accretion by IGF-I was primarily responsible for stimulating muscle growth. In turn, secondary effects on body composition were incurred that likely reflect the impact of muscle mass on whole body metabolism. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Cell Biol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Fiorotto, ML (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM martaf@bcm.tmc.edu NR 54 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 16 IS 13 BP 59 EP + DI 10.1096/fj.02-0189fje PG 24 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 632HU UT WOS:000180218500027 ER PT J AU Dietenberger, M AF Dietenberger, M TI Update for combustion properties of wood components SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID LIGNIN CONTENT; HEAT; CELLULOSE AB The combustion properties of various biomass and wood materials from various references and from our laboratory were reanalysed. The net heat of combustion for cellulosic materials was found to be 13.23 kJ/g times the ratio of stoichiometric oxygen mass to fuel mass, r(0), regardless of the material composition. Bomb calorimeter data for original, charred and volatilized material components provide gross heating values, while elemental analysis of the materials for carbon hydrogen, oxygen and ash provide direct evaluation for r(0). We corrected these data as provided in various references by converting gross heating values to lower heating values and converting elemental compositions, char fractions and r(0) to a moisture-free and ash-free basis. Some existing formulae were found to disagree with data from vegetation, charred wood with high ash content, and with volatiles from cellulose treated with the fire retardant NaOH. We also established various functional correlations of r(0) with elemental compositions, or volatization fractions of untreated and treated materials, or material fractions for cellulose, lignin and extractives, or volatile fractions for tar, combustible gases and inert gases in pure nitrogen carrier gas. An interesting predictive result provides nearly constant heat of combustion while the volatile tar fraction is decreasing and combustible and inert gas fractions are increasing with time during the charring of Douglas-fir wood. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53726 USA. RP Dietenberger, M (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Glifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53726 USA. NR 28 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 26 IS 6 BP 255 EP 267 DI 10.1002/fam.807 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 642TU UT WOS:000180821400002 ER PT J AU Schmidt, EL Highley, TL Freeman, MH AF Schmidt, EL Highley, TL Freeman, MH TI A new fungicide combination for prevention of kiln brown stain of white pine SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Eastern white pine often develops a surface brown non-microbial stain when kiln-dried. Such stain downgrades high quality lumber and is likely to occur when fresh, unseasoned lumber is stacked during warm weather prior to kiln-drying. Use of chemical reducing agents or pH alteration have been successful control agents, but may have some practical limitations for general use. A new combination of fungicides (chlorothalonil and methylene bis[thiocynate]) was tested for ability to also control brown stain in pine lumber by a short dip treatment of green lumber. The results from two independent laboratories indicated that the new formulation was more effective than sodium thiosulfate, and similar in performance to sodium azide. This co-biocide system should provide the white pine lumber industry with both sapstain and brown stain protection. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Wood & Paper Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. ISK Bioscides Inc, Memphis, TN 38109 USA. RP Schmidt, EL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2004 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 52 IS 11-12 BP 51 EP 52 PG 2 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 625UT UT WOS:000179834500005 ER PT J AU Jiang, T Gardner, DJ Baumann, MGD AF Jiang, T Gardner, DJ Baumann, MGD TI Volatile organic compound emissions arising from the hot-pressing of mixed-hardwood particleboard SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FORMALDEHYDE AB This study investigated the effects of adhesive type and press variables on the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions arising from hot-pressing mixed-hardwood particleboard. Three adhesive types, urea-formaldehyde resin (UF), phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF), and polymeric methylene diisocyanate resin (pMDI), were evaluated in this study. A 2(5-1) fractional factorial design was used to evaluate the primary effect of five press variables (press temperature, press time, mat resin content, mat moisture content, and board density) and their interactions. A total of 27 chemical compounds were identified and quantified in the VOC emissions using four analytical techniques. Formaldehyde, methanol, acetic acid, and HMw VOCs with hexanal being the predominant chemical were the major compounds comprising the VOC emissions. The results revealed that formaldehyde and methanol emissions from UF particleboard, as well as the methanol emissions from PF particleboard were the most abundant components of the VOC emissions, and they contributed about 92 and 72 percent of the total identified VOCs, respectively. Lower levels of formaldehyde and acetic acid were released during the hot-pressing of PF particleboard. Acetic acid and HMw VOC emissions were the most abundant components of the VOC emissions arising from pMDI-bonded particleboard. pMDI significantly reduced the methanol emissions from the mixed-hardwood particleboard. The most significant press variables controlling VOC emissions were press time, mat resin content, press temperature, and interactions among these three variables. These press variables had different effects on the individually identified compounds based on the adhesive type used. In general, formaldehyde emissions arising from hardwood particleboard hot-pressmg were significantly lower than those from softwood particleboard. However, formaldehyde emissions from UF-bonded hardwood particleboard were significantly higher than from the softwood UF-bonded particleboard. C1 Univ Maine, Adv Engineered Wood Composites Ctr, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Jiang, T (reprint author), Univ Maine, Adv Engineered Wood Composites Ctr, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 52 IS 11-12 BP 66 EP 77 PG 12 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 625UT UT WOS:000179834500008 ER PT J AU McDill, ME Rebain, SA Braze, J AF McDill, ME Rebain, SA Braze, J TI Harvest scheduling with area-based adjacency constraints SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE forest management; area-based forest planning; spatial optimization; integer programming; area restriction models; unit restriction models ID FOREST PLANNING PROBLEMS; RESTRICTIONS; ALGORITHM; MODELS; PLANS AB Adjacency constraints in harvest scheduling models prevent the harvest of adjacent management units within a given time period. Two mixed integer linear programming (MILP) harvest scheduling formulations are presented that include adjacency constraints, yet allow the simultaneous harvest of groups of contiguous management units whose combined areas are less than some predefined limit. These models are termed Area Restriction Models, or ARMs, following Murray (1999). The first approach, the Path Algorithm, generates a set of constraints that prevent concurrent harvesting of groups of contiguous stands only when the combined area of a group exceeds the harvest area restriction. The second approach defines the set of Generalized Management Units (GMUs) that consist of groups of contiguous management units whose combined areas do not exceed the maximum harvest area limit. This formulation of the model can recognize direct cost savings-such as sale administration costs or harvest costs-or higher stumpage prices that may be realized by jointly managing stands. Example problems are formulated and solved using both ARM approaches and compared with models that restrict concurrent harvests on all adjacent units, regardless of area [termed Unit Restriction Models, or URMs, again following Murray (1999)]. The ARM formulations usually result in larger models and take longer to solve, but allow for higher objective function values than otherwise similar URM formulations. While the proposed ARM approaches should be applicable to more general problems, the examples are constructed so that the largest number of contiguous stands that can be harvested jointly is three. Strategies for reducing the size of the ARM formulations are discussed and tested. C1 Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. Geog Dynam Corp, Edmonton, AB, Canada. RP McDill, ME (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, 214B Ferguson Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 23 TC 67 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 48 IS 4 BP 631 EP 642 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 614KM UT WOS:000179187900001 ER PT J AU Liu, CM Zhang, LJ Davis, CJ Solomon, DS Gove, JH AF Liu, CM Zhang, LJ Davis, CJ Solomon, DS Gove, JH TI A finite mixture model for characterizing the diameter distributions of mixed-species forest stands SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Weibull function; maximum likelihood; goodness-of-fit test; model comparison ID MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; WEIBULL-DISTRIBUTIONS; FREQUENCY DATA; GROWTH-MODEL; PERCENTILE; PARAMETERS; INFORMATION; PREDICTION; ALGORITHM; TABLES AB A finite mixture model is used to describe the diameter distributions of mixed-species forest stands. A three-parameter Weibull function is assumed as the component probability density function in the finite mixture model. Four example plots, each with two species, are selected to demonstrate model fitting and comparison. It appears that the finite mixture model is flexible enough to fit irregular, multimodal, or highly skewed diameter distributions. Compared with traditional methods in which a single Weibull function is fit to either the whole plot or each species component separately, the finite mixture model produces much smaller root mean square error and bias, and fits the entire distribution of the plots with extreme peaks, bimodality, or heavy-tails well. In some cases, a single Weibull function fitted to individual species separately may produce more accurate estimations for the component distributions of the two species than the finite mixture model. The summation of the two independent species results, however, may not produce a better prediction for the entire plot. This study shows that the finite mixture model is a promising alternative method for modeling the diameter distribution of multispecies mixed forest stands. C1 SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Liu, CM (reprint author), SUNY Syracuse, Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Forestry, 1 Forestry Dr, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 60 TC 58 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 48 IS 4 BP 653 EP 661 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 614KM UT WOS:000179187900003 ER PT J AU Hiremath, AJ Ewel, JJ Cole, TG AF Hiremath, AJ Ewel, JJ Cole, TG TI Nutrient use efficiency in three fast-growing tropical trees SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE litterfall; nitrogen; nutrient uptake; phosphorus; productivity ID NITROGEN-USE EFFICIENCY; LEAF LONGEVITIES; PRODUCTIVITY; FOREST; PLANT; AVAILABILITY; PHOSPHORUS; EVERGREEN; SOILS; PLANTATIONS AB measured nutrient use efficiency (NPP/nutrient uptake) in three species of tropical trees, Hyeronima alchorneoides, Cedrela odorata, and Cordia alliodora. We tested the prediction that on fertile soils species with very different biomass and nutrient allocation and turnover would converge on a common value of nutrient use efficiency. Due to high soil fertility, nutrient use efficiencies of the species studied were low (95-150 and 433-962 for N and P use efficiency, respectively). Nutrient use efficiency was examined in terms of its components, nutrient productivity and the mean residence time of nutrients. Although the species converged on the same nitrogen (but not phosphorus) use efficiency, differences in nutrient productivity and nutrient residence time may confer varying abilities to deal with nitrogen limitation. A combination of high nutrient productivity and longer nutrient retention (e.g., Hyeronima) signals an ability to prosper on infertile sites, whereas high nutrient productivity in the absence of long nutrient retention (e.g., Cedrela) indicates a capacity for high productivity, but only on fertile soil. Nutrient use efficiency and its components help explain species' distributions in natural communities and can be important criteria in selecting perennial plants for human use. C1 Ashoka Trust Res Ecol & Environm, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, India. US Forest Serv, USDA, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RP Hiremath, AJ (reprint author), Ashoka Trust Res Ecol & Environm, 659 5th A Main Rd,Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, India. EM hiremath@atree.org NR 64 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 48 IS 4 BP 662 EP 672 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 614KM UT WOS:000179187900004 ER PT J AU Prestemon, JP Pye, JM Butry, DT Holmes, TP Mercer, DE AF Prestemon, JP Pye, JM Butry, DT Holmes, TP Mercer, DE TI Understanding broadscale wildfire risks in a human-dominated landscape SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE vegetation management; wildfire production; wildland-urban interface; El Nino-Southern Oscillation ID OPTIMAL ROTATION; FIRE MANAGEMENT; UNITED-STATES; FOREST STAND; EFFICIENCY; REGIMES AB Broadscale statistical evaluations of wildfire incidence can answer policy-relevant questions about the effectiveness of microlevel vegetation management and can identify subjects needing further study. A dynamic time series cross-sectional model was used to evaluate the statistical links between forest wildfire and vegetation management, human land use, and climatic factors in Florida counties. Four forest wildfire risk functions were estimated: one for fires regardless of ignition source, and three others for fires of specific ignition sources: arson, lightning, and accident (unintentional anthropogenic). Results suggest that current wildfire risk is negatively related to several years of past wildfire and very recent site prep burning, and risk is positively related to pulpwood removals. The effect of traditional prescribed burning on wildfire risk varies by ignition source. El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies were also significantly linked to forest wildfire risk, but a measure of the wildland-urban interface was not significant. Although these county-level results hold promise for aggregate risk assessment, modeling at finer spatial and temporal scales might further enhance our understanding of how land managers can best reduce the longer term risk of catastrophic wildfire damages. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Prestemon, JP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, POB 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. EM jprestemon@fs.fed.us; jpye@fs.fed.us; dbutry@fs.fed.us; tholmes@fs.fed.us; emercer@fs.fed.us RI Pye, John/B-2983-2008 OI Pye, John/0000-0001-8413-1216 NR 38 TC 62 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 20 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 48 IS 4 BP 685 EP 693 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 614KM UT WOS:000179187900006 ER PT J AU Stone, DM Kabzems, R AF Stone, DM Kabzems, R TI Aspen development on similar soils in Minnesota and British Columbia after compaction and forest floor removal SO FORESTRY CHRONICLE LA English DT Article DE sustainable management; organic matter removal; soil compaction; aspen sucker density; height growth ID REGENERATION; DISTURBANCE AB Forest management practices that decrease soil porosity and remove organic matter can reduce site productivity. We evaluated effects of four treatments-merchantable bole harvest (MBH) with three levels of soil compaction (none, light, or heady), and total woody vegetation harvest plus forest floor removal (FFR)-on fifth-year regeneration and growth of aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) growing on soils with similar textures (20-40 cm silt loam over clay loam till) in northern Minnesota (MN) and northeastern British Columbia (BC). Overall mean sucker density was significantly greater in BC than in MN, and mean height was significantly lower. Soil compaction did not affect sucker density in BC. but significantly reduced it in MN, primarily due to late spring treatment. In BC, mean sucker heights generally decreased with level of compaction, but only the differences between non-compacted and the heavy compaction treatments were significant. On the MN plots, sucker heights were reduced significantly by compaction, Treatment responses were similar on both sites: (1) the greatest sucker densities were in the FFR treatment (2) greatest mean heights were on the non-compacted]MBH plots and were significantly greater than those in the FFR treatment (3) sucker heights generally decreased with level of compaction; and (4) soil compaction decreased the number of suckers that had reached a dbh of 25 mm after five years and will likely delay future stand development and reduce site productivity. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. British Columbia Minist Forests, Prince George Reg, Ft St John, BC V1J 6M2, Canada. RP Stone, DM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, 1831 Highway 169 E, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. EM dstone01@fs.fed.us NR 28 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 4 PU CANADIAN INST FORESTRY PI MATTAWA PA C/O CANADIAN ECOLOGY CENTRE, PO BOX 430, 6905 HWY 17 W, MATTAWA, ONTARIO P0H 1V0, CANADA SN 0015-7546 J9 FOREST CHRON JI For. Chron. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 78 IS 6 BP 886 EP 891 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 641FJ UT WOS:000180734100035 ER PT J AU Smith, MA Casadesus, G Joseph, JA Perry, G AF Smith, MA Casadesus, G Joseph, JA Perry, G TI Amyloid-beta and tau serve antioxidant functions in the aging and Alzheimer brain SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE Alzheimer disease; amyloid-beta; antioxidant; free radical; phosphorylation; redox-active metals; tau ID NEURONAL SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; A-BETA; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; TRANSGENIC MICE; BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS; HEME OXYGENASE; IN-VIVO; DISEASE; PROTEIN AB Historically, amyloid-beta and T (tau), the major components of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, respectively, have been considered central mediators of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease. Therefore, efforts to understand disease mechanisms have concentrated on understanding either the processes involved in amyloid-beta deposition as senile plaques or on the phosphorylation and aggregation of T as neurolibrillary tangles. However, in light of recent evidence, such "lesion-centric" approaches look to be inappropriate. In fact, rather than initiators of disease pathogenesis, the lesions occur consequent to oxidative stress and function as a primary line of antioxidant defense. Given this, it is perhaps not surprising that the increased sensitivity to oxidative stress in the aged brain, even in control individuals, is invariably marked by the appearance of both amyloid-beta and tau. Additionally, in Alzheimer disease, where chronic oxidative stress persists and is superimposed upon an age-related vulnerable environment, one would predict, and there is, an increased lesion load. ne notion that amyloid-beta and T function as protective components brings into serious question the rationale of current therapeutic efforts targeted toward lesion removal. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Inst Pathol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Smith, MA (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Inst Pathol, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RI Smith, Mark/A-9053-2009; Perry, George/A-8611-2009 OI Perry, George/0000-0002-6547-0172 NR 57 TC 127 Z9 131 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 33 IS 9 BP 1194 EP 1199 AR PII S0891-5849(02)01021-3 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(02)01021-3 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 606HR UT WOS:000178729000004 PM 12398927 ER PT J AU Linnemannstons, P Schulte, J Prado, MD Proctor, RH Avalos, J Tudzynski, B AF Linnemannstons, P Schulte, J Prado, MD Proctor, RH Avalos, J Tudzynski, B TI The polyketide synthase gene pks4 from Gibberella fujikuroi encodes a key enzyme in the blosynthesis of the red pigment bikaverin SO FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS WA; PACC TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; NITROGEN REGULATORY GENE; AMBIENT PH; STERIGMATOCYSTIN BIOSYNTHESIS; COLLETOTRICHUM-LAGENARIUM; VIRULENCE; IDENTIFICATION; PARASITICUS; AFLATOXIN AB The ascomycete Gibberella fujikuroi mating population C (MP-C) is well known for the production of gibberellins, but also produces many other secondary metabolites, including the red polyketide pigment bikaverin. Here, we used a differential display method to clone a polyketide synthase gene pks4 responsible for the first step of bikaverin biosynthesis. Sequence analysis indicated that pks4 encoded a 2009-amino acid polypeptide consisting of four functional domains: beta-ketoacyl synthase (KS), acyltransferase (AT), acyl carrier (ACP), and thioesterase (TE). Disruption of pks4 resulted in the loss of both pks4 transcripts and bikaverin biosynthesis in G. fujikuroi cultures. Expression of pks4 is strongly repressed by high amounts of ammonium and basic pH. Unexpectedly, pks4 was overexpressed in mutants of the regulatory gene, areA, which is responsible for the activation of nitrogen assimilation genes. Three additional polyketide synthase genes have been cloned from G. fujikuroi MP-C by heterologous hybridization. The presence of these four PKS genes demonstrates the diversity of polyketide biosynthetic pathways in this fungus. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Univ Munster, Inst Bot, D-48149 Munster, Germany. Univ Sevilla, Fac Biol, Dept Genet, E-41012 Seville, Spain. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Tudzynski, B (reprint author), Univ Munster, Inst Bot, Schlossgarten 3, D-48149 Munster, Germany. RI Avalos, Javier/B-4218-2011 OI Avalos, Javier/0000-0001-5484-2893 NR 69 TC 91 Z9 97 U1 4 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1087-1845 J9 FUNGAL GENET BIOL JI Fungal Genet. Biol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 37 IS 2 BP 134 EP 148 AR PII S1087-1845(02)00501-7 DI 10.1016/S1087-1845(02)00501-7 PG 15 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mycology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mycology GA 614YB UT WOS:000179218100002 PM 12409099 ER PT J AU Polley, HW Johnson, HB Derner, JD AF Polley, HW Johnson, HB Derner, JD TI Soil- and plant-water dynamics in a C3/C4 grassland exposed to a subambient to superambient CO(2) gradient SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE C3 species; C4 grasses; soil-water content; stable carbon isotopes; water-use efficiency; xylem potentials ID CARBON ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE ECOSYSTEM; GAS-EXCHANGE; BIOMASS PRODUCTION; USE EFFICIENCY; ACCLIMATION; RESPONSES; DIOXIDE; VAPOR AB Plants may be more sensitive to carbon dioxide (CO(2) ) enrichment at subambient concentrations than at superambient concentrations, but field tests are lacking. We measured soil-water content and determined xylem pressure potentials and delta(13) C values of leaves of abundant species in a C3/C4 grassland exposed during 1997-1999 to a continuous gradient in atmospheric CO(2) spanning subambient through superambient concentrations (200-560 mumol mol(2-1) ). We predicted that CO(2) enrichment would lessen soil-water depletion and increase xylem potentials more over subambient concentrations than over superambient concentrations. Because water-use efficiency of C3 species (net assimilation/leaf conductance; A/g) typically increases as soils dry, we hypothesized that improvements in plant-water relations at higher CO(2) would lessen positive effects of CO(2) enrichment on A/g. Depletion of soil water to 1.35 m depth was greater at low CO(2) concentrations than at higher CO(2) concentrations during a mid-season drought in 1998 and during late-season droughts in 1997 and 1999. During droughts each year, mid-day xylem potentials of the dominant C4 perennial grass (Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng) and the dominant C3 perennial forb (Solanum dimidiatum Raf.) became less negative as CO(2) increased from subambient to superambient concentrations. Leaf A/g-derived from leaf delta(13) C values-was insensitive to feedbacks from CO(2) effects on soil water and plant water. Among most C3 species sampled-including annual grasses, perennial grasses and perennial forbs-A/g increased linearly with CO(2) across subambient concentrations. Leaf and air delta(13) C values were too unstable at superambient CO(2) concentrations to reliably determine A/g. Significant changes in soil- and plant-water relations over subambient to superambient concentrations and in leaf A/g over subambient concentrations generally were not greater over low CO(2) than over higher CO(2). The continuous response of these variables to CO(2) suggests that atmospheric change has already improved water relations of grassland species and that periodically water-limited grasslands will remain sensitive to CO(2) enrichment. C1 ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, USDA, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Polley, HW (reprint author), ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, USDA, Temple, TX 76502 USA. EM polley@brc.tamus.edu NR 31 TC 34 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 29 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 8 IS 11 BP 1118 EP 1129 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 599QP UT WOS:000178346900007 ER PT J AU Motamayor, JC Risterucci, AM Lopez, PA Ortiz, CF Moreno, A Lanaud, C AF Motamayor, JC Risterucci, AM Lopez, PA Ortiz, CF Moreno, A Lanaud, C TI Cacao domestication I: the origin of the cacao cultivated by the Mayas SO HEREDITY LA English DT Article DE Theobroma cacao L.; Criollo; genetic diversity; domestication; RFLP; microsatellites ID THEOBROMA-CACAO; GENETIC DIVERSITY; LINKAGE MAP; RFLP; MARKERS; VARIABILITY; VULGARIS; MEXICO; RAPD; DNA AB Criollo cacao (Theobroma cacao ssp. cacao) was cultivated by the Mayas over 1500 years ago. It has been suggested that Criollo cacao originated in Central America and that it evolved independently from the cacao populations in the Amazon basin. Cacao populations from the Amazon basin are included in the second morphogeographic group: Forastero, and assigned to T. cacao ssp. sphaerocarpum. To gain further insight into the origin and genetic basis of Criollo cacao from Central America, RFLP and microsatellite analyses were performed on a sample that avoided mixing pure Criollo individuals with individuals classified as Criollo but which might have been introgressed with Forastero genes. We distinguished these two types of individuals as Ancient and Modern Criollo. In contrast to previous studies, Ancient Criollo individuals formerly classified as 'wild', were found to form a closely related group together with Ancient Criollo individuals from South America. The Ancient Criollo trees were also closer to Colombian-Ecuadorian Forastero individuals than these Colombian-Ecuadorian trees were to other South American Forastero individuals. RFLP and microsatellite analyses revealed a high level of homozygosity and significantly low genetic diversity within the Ancient Criollo group. The results suggest that the Ancient Criollo individuals represent the original Criollo group. The results also implies that this group does not represent a separate subspecies and that it probably originated from a few individuals in South America that may have been spread by man within Central America. C1 CIRAD, F-34398 Montpellier 5, France. INIFAP, Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. Colegio Postgrad, Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. FONAIAP, Estac Expt Miranda, Caucagua, Edo Miranda, Venezuela. RP Motamayor, JC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 13601 Old Cutler Rd, Miami, FL 33158 USA. EM motamayor@hotmail.com NR 43 TC 98 Z9 104 U1 12 U2 33 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0018-067X J9 HEREDITY JI Heredity PD NOV PY 2002 VL 89 BP 380 EP 386 DI 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800156 PN 5 PG 7 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 616ZT UT WOS:000179334600008 PM 12399997 ER PT J AU Naiman, BM Blumerman, S Alt, D Bolin, CA Brown, R Zuerner, R Baldwin, CL AF Naiman, BM Blumerman, S Alt, D Bolin, CA Brown, R Zuerner, R Baldwin, CL TI Evaluation of type 1 immune response in naive and vaccinated animals following challenge with Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo: Involvement of WC1(+) gamma delta and CD4 T cells SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; CANDIDA-ALBICANS; INTERFERON-GAMMA; BOVIS INFECTION; PROTECTIVE ROLE; LYMPHOCYTES-T; IFN-GAMMA; CATTLE; MICE AB Organisms within the Hardjo serovar of Leptospira species are harbored in cattle throughout the world, causing abortion in pregnant animals as well as being shed in the urine, thereby providing sources of zoonotic infection for humans. We recently showed that sterile immunity in vaccinated cattle is associated with induction of a type 1 (Th1) cell-mediated immune response. Here naive and previously vaccinated pregnant cattle were challenged with a virulent strain of serovar Hardjo and subsequently evaluated for expression of a type 1 immune response. Lymphocytes that responded in a recall response to antigen by undergoing blast transformation were evident in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from vaccinated cattle throughout the postchallenge test period while those from naive cattle were evident at one time point only. Nevertheless, beginning at 2 weeks after challenge, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) was measured in supernatants of antigen-stimulated PBMC cultures from nonvaccinated animals although the amount produced was always less than that in cultures of PBMC from vaccinated animals. IFN-gamma(+) cells were also evident in antigen-stimulated cultures of PBMC from vaccinated but not from nonvaccinated animals throughout the postchallenge period. The IFN-gamma(+) cells included CD4(+) and WC1(+) gammadelta T cells, and a similar proportion of these two subpopulations were found among the dividing cells in antigen-stimulated cultures as ascertained by carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester loading. Finally, while naive and vaccinated animals had similar levels of antigen-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) following challenge, vaccinated animals had twofold-more IgG2. In conclusion, while infection may induce a type 1 response we suggest that it is too weak to prevent establishment of chronic infection. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Paige Lab, Dept Vet & Anim Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Nacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Pathobiol & Diagnost Invest, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Baldwin, CL (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Paige Lab, Dept Vet & Anim Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 55 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 70 IS 11 BP 6147 EP 6157 DI 10.1128/IAI.70.11.6147-6157.2002 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 605JQ UT WOS:000178675100029 PM 12379692 ER PT J AU Gaywee, J Radulovic, S Higgins, JA Azad, AF AF Gaywee, J Radulovic, S Higgins, JA Azad, AF TI Transcriptional analysis of Rickettsia prowazekii invasion gene homolog (invA) during host cell infection SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI K1; RESPONSE REGULATOR; STRESS PROTEINS; MACROPHAGE; INDUCTION; IDENTIFICATION; VECTORS; ABILITY; FEVER; PCR AB An invasion gene homolog, invA, of Rickettsia prowazekii has recently been identified to encode a member of the Nudix hydrolase subfamily which acts specifically on dinucleoside oligophosphates (NpnN; n greater than or equal to 5), a group of cellular signaling molecules known as alarmones. InvA is thought to enhance intracellular survival by regulating stress-induced toxic nucleotide levels during rickettsial infection. To further characterize the physiological function of InvA, the gene expression pattern during various stages of rickettsial intracellular growth was investigated. Using semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and real-time fluorescent probe-based quantitative RT-PCR, a differential expression profile of invA during rickettsial host cell infection was examined. The invA transcript temporarily increased during the early period of infection. Expression of rickettsial groEL, a molecular indicator of cellular stresses, was also shown to be upregulated during the early period of infection. Furthermore, invA was cotranscribed in a polycistronic message with rrp, a gene encoding the response regulator protein homolog, which is a part of a two-component signal transduction system. These results support our earlier findings that under such stress conditions dinucleoside oligophosphate pyrophosphatase may function as a buffer, enhancing rickettsial survival within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. The expression of rickettsial dinucleoside oligophosphate pyrophosphatase may be regulated by a part of the two-component signal transduction system similar to that described for response regulators in other bacterial systems. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Azad, AF (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, 655 W Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R37 AI017828, AI 17828, R01 AI017828] NR 22 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 70 IS 11 BP 6346 EP 6354 DI 10.1128/IAI.70.11.6346-6354.2002 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 605JQ UT WOS:000178675100051 PM 12379714 ER PT J AU Lu, YM Zen, KC Muthukrishnan, S Kramer, KJ AF Lu, YM Zen, KC Muthukrishnan, S Kramer, KJ TI Site-directed mutagenesis and functional analysis of active site acidic amino acid residues D142, D144 and E146 in Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) chitinase SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chitinase; tobacco hornworm; site-directed mutagenesis; active site residues; mechanism; pH optimum; aspartic acid; glutamic acid; glycosyl hydrolase; insect; molting; chitin; Lepidoptera; Sphingidae; mutation; baculovirus expression ID SUBSTRATE-ASSISTED CATALYSIS; BACILLUS-CIRCULANS WL-12; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; GENE; RESOLUTION; SEQUENCE; ALLOSAMIDIN; EXPRESSION; DICHROISM; INHIBITOR AB Chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) are glycosyl hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of beta-(1, 4)-glycosidic bonds in chitin, the major structural polysaccharide present in the cuticle and gut peritrophic matrix of insects. Two conserved regions have been identified from amino acid sequence comparisons of family 18 glycosyl hydrolases, which includes Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) chitinase as a member. The second of these regions in M. sexta chitinase contains three very highly conserved acidic amino acid residues, D142, D144 and E146, that are probably active site residues. In this study the functional roles of these three residues were investigated using site-directed mutagenesis for their substitutions to other amino acids. Six mutant. proteins, D142E, D142N, D144E, D144N, E146D and E146Q, as well as the wild-type enzyme, were produced using a baculovirus-insect cell line expression system. The proteins were purified by anion-exchange chromatography, after which their physical, kinetic and substrate binding properties were determined. Circular dichroism spectra of the mutant proteins were similar to that of the wild-type protein, indicating that the presence of mutations did not change the overall secondary structures. E146 was required for enzymatic activity because mutants E146Q and E146D were devoid of activity. D144E retained most of the enzymatic activity, but D144N lost nearly 90%. There was a shift in the pH optimum from alkaline pH to acidic pH for mutants D142N and D144E with minimal losses of activity relative to the wild-type enzyme. The pH-activity profile for the D142E mutation resembled that of the wild-type enzyme except activity in the neutral and acidic range was lower. All of the mutant proteins bound to chitin. Therefore, none of these acidic residues was essential for substrate binding. The results indicate that E146 probably functions as an acid/base catalyst in the hydrolytic mechanism, as do homologous residues in other glycosyl hydrolases. D144 apparently functions as an electrostatic stabilizer of the positively charged transition state, whereas D142 probably influences the pKa values of D144 and E146. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Biochem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Kramer, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. EM kramer@gmprc.ksu.edu NR 45 TC 47 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 32 IS 11 BP 1369 EP 1382 AR PII S0965-1748(02)00057-7 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00057-7 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 608MH UT WOS:000178849800003 PM 12530205 ER PT J AU Lee, KY Horodyski, FM Valaitis, AP Denlinger, DL AF Lee, KY Horodyski, FM Valaitis, AP Denlinger, DL TI Molecular characterization of the insect immune protein hemolin and its high induction during embryonic diapause in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diapause; hemolin; immune protein; gypsy moth; 20-hydroxyecdysone; midgut; KK-42; pharate first instar larvae ID BACTERIA-INDUCED PROTEIN-P4; NEURAL ADHESION MOLECULE; FIRST INSTAR LARVAE; MANDUCA-SEXTA; IMMUNOGLOBULIN SUPERFAMILY; SARCOPHAGA-CRASSIPALPIS; FLESH FLY; PUPAL DIAPAUSE; UP-REGULATION; IG SUPERFAMILY AB During the embryonic (pharate first instar) diapause of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, a 55 kDa protein is highly up-regulated in the gut. We now identify that protein as hemolin, an immune protein in the immunoglobulin superfamily. We isolated a gypsy moth hemolin cDNA and demonstrated a high degree of similarity with hemolins from three other moth species. Hemolin mRNA levels increased at the time of diapause initiation and remained high throughout the mandatory period of chilling required to terminate diapause in this species, and then dropped in late diapause. This mRNA pattern reflects the pattern of protein synthesis. These results suggest that hemolin is developmentally up-regulated in the gut during diapause. Diapause in this species can be prevented using KK-42, an imidazole derivative known to inhibit ecdysteroid biosynthesis, and gypsy moths treated in this manner failed to elevate hemolin mRNA. Conversely, this diapause appears to be initiated and maintained by the steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone, and the addition of 20-hydroxyecdysone to the culture medium elevated hemolin mRNA in the gut. Our results thus indicdte a role for 20-hydroxyecdysone in the elevation of hemolin mRNA during diapause. Presumably, hemolin functions to protect the gypsy moth from microbial infection during its long, overwintering diapause. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Entomol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. Ohio Univ, Dept Biomed Sci, Athens, OH 45701 USA. Ohio Univ, Coll Osteopath Med, Athens, OH 45701 USA. RP Denlinger, DL (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Entomol, 1735 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 49 TC 32 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 32 IS 11 BP 1457 EP 1467 AR PII S0965-1748(02)00066-8 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00066-8 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 608MH UT WOS:000178849800012 PM 12530213 ER PT J AU Zhang, H Huang, X Fukamizo, T Muthukrishnan, S Kramer, KJ AF Zhang, H Huang, X Fukamizo, T Muthukrishnan, S Kramer, KJ TI Site-directed mutagenesis and functional analysis of an active site tryptophan of insect chitinase SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chitinase; tobacco hornworm; site-directed mutagenesis; active site tryptophan; hydrophobicity; pH optimum; glycosyl hydrolase; insect; molting; chitin; Lepidoptera; Sphingidae; enzyme mechanism; hydrolysis; binding; Manduca sexta ID BACILLUS-CIRCULANS WL-12; FAMILY 18 CHITINASES; X-RAY-STRUCTURE; GLYCOSIDE HYDROLYSIS; COCCIDIOIDES-IMMITIS; GROUP CATALYSIS; MANDUCA-SEXTA; LYSOZYME; RESOLUTION; MECHANISM AB Chitinase is an enzyme used by insects to degrade the structural polysaccharide, chitin, during the molting process. Tryptophan 145 (W145) of Manduca sexta (tobacco homworm) chitinase is a highly conserved residue found within a second conserved region of family 18 chitinases. It is located between aspartate 144 (D144) and glutamate 146 (E146), which are putative catalytic residues. The role of the active site residue, W145, in M. sexta chitinase catalysis was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis. W145 was mutated to phenylalanine (F), tyrosine (Y), isoleucine (1), histidine (H), and glycine (G). Wild-type and mutant forms of M. sexta chitinases were expressed in a baculovirus-insect cell line system. The chitinases secreted into the medium were purified and characterized by analyzing their catalytic activity and substrate or inhibitor binding properties. The wild-type chitinase was most active in the alkaline pH range. Several of the mutations resulted in a narrowing of the range of pH over which the enzyme hydrolyzed the polymeric substrate, CM-Chitin-RBV, predominantly on the alkaline side of the pH optimum curve. The range was reduced by about 1 pH unit for W145I and W145Y and by about 2 units for W145H and W145F. The W145G mutation was inactive. Therefore, the hydrophobicity of W145 appears to be critical for maintaining an abnormal pK, of a catalytic residue, which extends the activity further into the alkaline range. All of the mutant enzymes bound to chitin, suggesting that W145 was not essential for binding to chitin. However, the small difference in K(m)'s of mutated enzymes compared to K(m) values of the wildtype chitinase towards both the oligomeric and polymeric substrates suggested that W145 is not essential for substrate binding but probably influences the ionization of a catalytically important group(s). The variations in k(cat)'s among the mutated enzymes and the IC(50) for the transition state inhibitor analog, allosamidin, indicate that W145 also influences formation of the transition state during catalysis. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kinki Univ, Fac Agr, Nara 6318505, Japan. Kansas State Univ, Dept Biochem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Kramer, KJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. EM kramer@gmprc.ksu.edu NR 48 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 32 IS 11 BP 1477 EP 1488 AR PII S0965-1748(02)00068-1 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00068-1 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 608MH UT WOS:000178849800014 PM 12530215 ER PT J AU Zhu, YC Specht, CA Dittmer, NT Muthukrishnan, S Kanost, MR Kramer, KJ AF Zhu, YC Specht, CA Dittmer, NT Muthukrishnan, S Kanost, MR Kramer, KJ TI Sequence of a cDNA and expression of the gene encoding a putative epidermal chitin synthase of Manduca sexta SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Manduca sexta; tobacco hornworm; chitin; chitin synthase; cDNA; gene; amino acid sequence; fruit fly; glycosyltransferase; nucleotide sequence; RNA expression; phylogeny; nematode; yeast; blow fly; Drosophila; cuticle; epidermis; development; transmembrane protein ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS; INSECT CHITIN; GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASES; ACID; CLASSIFICATION; IDENTIFICATION; YEAST; TRANSPORTERS; PREDICTION AB Glycosyltransferases are enzymes that synthesize oligosaccharides, polysaccharides and glycoconjugates. One type of glycosyltransferase is chitin synthase, a very important enzyme in biology, which is utilized by insects, fungi, and other invertebrates to produce chitin, a polysaccharide of beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine. Chitin is an important component of the insect's exoskeletal cuticle and gut lining. To identify and characterize a chitin synthase gene of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, degenerate primers were designed from two highly conserved regions in fungal and nematode chitin synthase protein sequences and then used to amplify a similar region from Manduca cDNA. A full-length cDNA of 5152 nucleotides was assembled for the putative Manduca chitin synthase gene, MsCHS1, and sequencing of genomic DNA verified the contiguity of the sequence. The MsCHS1 cDNA has an ORF of 4692 nucleotides that encodes a transmembrane protein of 1564 amino acid residues with a mass of approximately 179 kDa (GenBank no. AY062175). It is most similar, over its entire length of protein sequence, to putative chitin synthases from other insects and nematodes, with 68% identity to enzymes from both the blow fly, Lucilia cuprina, and the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. The similarity with fungal chitin synthases is restricted to the putative catalytic domain, and the MsCHS1 protein has, at equivalent positions, several amino acids that are essential for activity as revealed by mutagenesis of the fungal enzymes. A 5.3kb transcript of MsCHS1 was identified by northern blot hybridization of RNA from larval epidermis, suggesting that the enzyme functions to make chitin deposited in the cuticle. Further examination by RT-PCR showed that MsCHS1 expression is regulated in the epidermis, with the amount of transcript increasing during phases of cuticle deposition. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Protect Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Med, Infect Dis Sect, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Biochem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Jamie Whitten Delta States Res Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Protect Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. EM kramer@gmprc.ksu.edu FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 31318]; PHS HHS [R01 A125780] NR 49 TC 50 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 EI 1879-0240 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 32 IS 11 BP 1497 EP 1506 AR PII S0965-1748(02)00070-X DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00070-X PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 608MH UT WOS:000178849800016 PM 12530217 ER PT J AU Steed, JE DeWald, LE Kolb, TE AF Steed, JE DeWald, LE Kolb, TE TI Physiological and growth responses of riparian sedge transplants to groundwater depth SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE sedges; Carex; physiology; water stress; transplants ID WATER RELATIONS; GAS-EXCHANGE; CAREX; TABLE; TREE; TRANSLOCATION; TOLERANCE; RHIZOMES; MEADOWS; ROOTS AB Understanding of the influence of groundwater depth on the physiology and growth of transplanted sedges is needed to improve revegetation efforts in degraded riparian meadows. In a greenhouse experiment, we exposed transplants of Carex lanuginosa, Carex nebrascensis, and Carex rostrata to three simulated groundwater depths (4, 19, and 35 cm). Groundwater depth was manipulated over two phases: (1) water depths were held constant for 16 wk and (2) water depths were then increased over the next 6 wk. Leaf gas exchange, water relations, and shoot growth were measured periodically during each phase, and aboveground and belowground biomass were measured at the end of each phase. All species adjusted rooting depth to groundwater depth in response to the constant groundwater treatments, and groundwater depth had no effect on net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. Net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of all species initially increased when groundwater levels dropped but decreased rapidly after 4 wk of lowering groundwater. This response indicates that anaerobic conditions hindered leaf gas exchange under shallow but constant groundwater depths and also indicates that transplants may be less tolerant of shallow groundwater than naturally established sedges because of their smaller root systems. Compared with the other species, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of C. rostrata were more sensitive to declines in leaf water potential, and this species allocated proportionately more root growth to saturated soil zones. Carex rostrata's growth and physiological characteristics indicate that its transplants have lower tolerance to dry soil and water stress than C. lanuginosa and C. nebrascensis. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Steed, JE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2500 S Pine Knoll Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 163 IS 6 BP 925 EP 936 DI 10.1086/342634 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 610QU UT WOS:000178972600006 ER PT J AU Lei, TT Semones, SW Walker, JF Clinton, BD Nilsen, ET AF Lei, TT Semones, SW Walker, JF Clinton, BD Nilsen, ET TI Effects of Rhododendron maximum thickets on tree seed dispersal, seedling morphology, and survivorship SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Quercus rubra; Prunus serotina; Tsuga canadensis; recruitment limitation; shrub understories; shade adaptation; southern Appalachian forest ID SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN FORESTS; SHADE TOLERANCE; CANOPY GAPS; LOW-LIGHT; SUCCESSIONAL STATUS; HARDWOOD SEEDLINGS; ECOLOGICAL FILTER; FERN UNDERSTORY; LEAF-LITTER; OLD-FIELD AB In the southern Appalachian forests, the regeneration of canopy trees is severely inhibited by Rhododendron maximum L., an evergreen understory shrub producing dense thickets. While light availability is a major cause, other factors may also contribute to the absence of tree seedlings under R. maximum. We examined the effects of R. maximum on several life history stages of tree species, including seed dispersal, seed bank germination, seedling growth, and survivorship. We found no significant effect of R. maximum on seed reaching the forest floor for Acer rubrum, Liriodendron tulipifera, Quercus rubra, Quercus prinus, Carya spp., and Nyssa sylvatica. This indicates that either seed output of maternal trees rooted within the thicket were unaffected by R. maximum or seed dispersal from surrounding areas into thickets compensated for a lower seed production of canopy trees rooted in the thickets. Germination of tree seeds (A. rubrum, L. tulipifera, Q. rubra, and Betula lenta) from the seed bank also was not reduced by leaves and substrates within the thickets. Seedling mortality of all species (Q. rubra, Prunus serotina, and Tsuga canadensis) planted in our experimental plots was up to fivefold higher in thickets of R. maximum compared with those outside the thickets. The order of mortality under the R. maximum thickets,, was consistent with the shade tolerance Prunus 1 Quercus 1 Tsuga ranking of these species. Loss of Tsuga seedlings was attributed to burial by litter rather than shade. Surviving seedlings of Quercus and Prunus in R. maximum thickets were taller than those outside the thickets, but the seedlings in R. maximum thickets produced significantly fewer leaves, smaller total leaf area, leaf mass, and stem mass. Leaf N (%) was significantly higher in Quercus seedlings in R. maximum thickets compared with seedlings outside the thickets. Moreover, no difference was found in leaf N (%) between forest types for Prunus and Tsuga, indicating that seedlings in R. maximum thickets were not N limited. Rather, light limitation, herbivory, and litter fall contributed to the lack of tree regeneration under R. maximum thickets. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. RP Lei, TT (reprint author), Commonwealth Sci & Ind Res Org, Cotton Res Unit, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW 2390, Australia. NR 62 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 15 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 163 IS 6 BP 991 EP 1000 DI 10.1086/342711 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 610QU UT WOS:000178972600012 ER PT J AU Donahue, JM Williams, NM Sells, SF Labeda, DP AF Donahue, JM Williams, NM Sells, SF Labeda, DP TI Crossiella equi sp nov., isolated from equine placentas SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pseudonocardineae; nocardioform placentitis ID ABORTION; NOCARDIA AB Over the course of the past decade, actinomycetes have been isolated from the placentas of horses diagnosed with nocardioform placentitis. The incidence of this infection has generally been low, with typically no more than 30 animals affected in most years, but the incidence increased through 1999, with placentas from 144 mares found to be infected. Approximately half of the cases result in loss of the foal. A typical actinomycete with branching mycelium was isolated from placental lesions, and a comparison of the sequence of the 16S rDNA gene against the public databases indicated a relationship to members of the suborder Pseudonocardineae. Phylogenetic analysis of representative isolates revealed a close relationship to Crossiella cryophila, and subsequent polyphasic comparisons determined that these isolates represent a novel species of Crossiella, for which the name Crossiella equi sp. nov. is proposed, with strain ILDDC 22291-98(T) ( = NRRL B-24104(T) = DSM 44580(T)) as the type strain. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Genom & Bioproc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Kentucky, Livestock Dis Diagnost Ctr, Dept Vet Sci, Lexington, KY 40511 USA. RP Labeda, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Genom & Bioproc Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1466-5026 J9 INT J SYST EVOL MICR JI Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 52 BP 2169 EP 2173 DI 10.1099/ijs.0.02257-0 PN 6 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 625WG UT WOS:000179838100038 PM 12508885 ER PT J AU Dwyer, JT AF Dwyer, JT TI Steering between weight extremes SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Dwyer, JT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. OI Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1054-139X J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD NOV PY 2002 VL 31 IS 5 BP 389 EP 390 AR PII S1054-139X(02)00532-3 DI 10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00532-3 PG 2 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA 607PX UT WOS:000178800900001 PM 12401423 ER PT J AU Gopinath, M Pick, D Worth, T AF Gopinath, M Pick, D Worth, T TI Price variability and industrial concentration in US food industries SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID RELATIVE PRICES; OUTPUT DEFLATORS; INFLATION; ADJUSTMENT; BEHAVIOR; ERRORS; INDEX; LEVEL AB This paper focuses on the sources of intra-industry price variability in US food industries during a period of increasing concentration, while accounting for the impact of variations in prices of primary agricultural products. Results suggest that intra-industry price variability in food industries increases with their respective mean rate of inflation and product heterogeneity. However, industrial concentration lowers the sensitivity of relative prices to changes in the mean rate of inflation. Hence, static welfare losses to consumers from increasing concentration in food industries, a subject of recent and intensive investigation, can partly be offset by gains such as reduced price variability. C1 USDA, ERS, Specialty Crops Branch, Markets & Trade Econ Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Risk Management Agcy, Kansas City, KS USA. RP Gopinath, M (reprint author), USDA, ERS, Specialty Crops Branch, Markets & Trade Econ Div, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV NOTTINGHAM SCHOOL ECONOMICS PI NOTTINGHAM PA C/O DR TIM LLOYD, EDITOR, NOTTINGHAM NG7 2 RD, ENGLAND SN 0021-857X J9 J AGR ECON JI J. Agric. Econ. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 53 IS 3 BP 589 EP 606 DI 10.1111/j.1477-9552.2002.tb00039.x PG 18 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 640BA UT WOS:000180665000007 ER PT J AU Thorne, BL Breisch, NL Haverty, MI AF Thorne, BL Breisch, NL Haverty, MI TI Longevity of kings and queens and first time of production of fertile progeny in dampwood termite (Isoptera; Termopsidae; Zootermopsis) colonies with different reproductive structures SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dampwood termite; demography; incipient colonies; intraspecific competition ID LIFE-SPAN; NASUTITERMES-CORNIGER; EVOLUTIONARY-THEORIES; RELATEDNESS; REPLACEMENT; ANTS; EUSOCIALITY; SENESCENCE; PREFERENCE; MORTALITY AB 1. We report age-specific survivorship of founding kings and queens and colony age of first production of fertile progeny (alates) of two cohorts, containing 52 and 42 complete colonies, respectively, in the primitive dampwood termite Zootermopsis nevadensis ssp. nevadensis. 2. Longevity of kings and queens was determined and compared in various experimental manipulations of reproductive structure of incipient colonies (removal of king or queen or both vs. unmanipulated pairs as controls) performed one year after pairing. Life span of reproductives was also evaluated in circumstances of interactions between young colonies, a treatment inspired by field observations of natural nest spacing and intraspecific competition between young dampwood termite colonies. 3. In our first experimental series, founding pairs survived 2-7 years ((x) over bar = 4.5 +/- 0.3 SE) after pairing. Kings lived significantly longer ((x) over bar = 4.7 +/- 0.3 years after pairing; range 2.2-7.3 years) in treatments initiated as pairs than when left as the remaining founder in the queen removal treatment ((x) over bar = 3.2 +/- 0.6 years after pairing; range 1.5-5.3 years), even though one or more female replacement reproductives differentiated within several months after queen loss. Queen life span in the absence of kings averaged 4.9 +/- 0.4 years (range 3.6-6.3 years) after pairing, not significantly different from the life span of queens living with kings. There was no significant difference between king and queen life spans in non-interaction treatments in our first experiment. Results from the second experimental series (35 colonies) are presented to date. 4. Survival of pairs until death of one mate was significantly shorter in interaction treatments compared with control colonies, suggesting that intraspecific competition between young colonies may create opportunities for replacement reproductives. 5. The first alates were produced between 1.8 and 6.5 years after pairing in our first experimental series, and between 2.4 and 5 years, to date, in the second experiment. 6. Ecological and evolutionary correlates of long life span in social insect reproductives and other animals are discussed. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Thorne, BL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, 4112 Plant Sci Bldg, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 87 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8790 J9 J ANIM ECOL JI J. Anim. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 71 IS 6 BP 1030 EP 1041 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2002.00666.x PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 610RT UT WOS:000178975100012 ER PT J AU Bohnert, DW Schauer, CS Falck, SJ DelCurto, T AF Bohnert, DW Schauer, CS Falck, SJ DelCurto, T TI Influence of rumen protein degradability and supplementation frequency on steers consuming low-quality forage: II. Ruminal fermentation characteristics SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE degradation; fermentation; forage; frequency; protein; supplements ID TALLGRASS-PRAIRIE FORAGE; BLUE GRAMA RANGELAND; BEEF STEERS; COTTONSEED MEAL; SOYBEAN-MEAL; GRASS HAY; DIGESTION; PERFORMANCE; PASSAGE; INTERVALS AB Seven ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers (264 +/- 8 kg BW) consuming low-quality forage (5% CP; 61% NDF; 31% ADF) were used to determine the influence of CP degradability and supplementation frequency (SF) on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Treatments included an unsupplemented control and degradable intake protein (DIP) or undegradable intake protein (UIP) provided daily, every 3 d, or every 6 d. The DIP treatments (18% UIP) were calculated to provide 100% of the DIP requirement, while the UIP treatments (60% UIP) were provided on an isonitrogenous basis compared with DIP. Ruminal NH3-N was increased on the day all supplements were provided with supplemental CP (P = 0.04) and for DIP compared with UIP (P < 0.01). Also, because ruminal NH3-N increased at a greater rate with DIP compared with UIP as SF decreased, a linear effect of SF x CP degradability interaction (P = 0.02) was observed. In addition, NH3-N was greater on the day only daily supplements were provided for supplemented treatments (P = 0.04), and decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as SF decreased. Concentration of total VFA increased linearly (P = 0.02) as SF decreased on the day all supplements were provided, whereas on the day only daily supplements were provided, total VFA were greater for UIP compared with DIP (P = 0.01), and decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as SF decreased. An interaction concerning the linear effect of SF and CP degradability (P = 0.02) was observed for ruminal liquid volume on the day all supplements were provided. This was the result of an increase in liquid volume with DIP as SF decreased compared with a minimal effect with UIP. In contrast, there was no influence of supplementation on liquid volume the day only daily supplements were provided. Ruminal liquid dilution rate was greater (P = 0.02) with CP supplementation on the day all supplements were provided. We did observe a quadratic effect of SF x CP degradability interaction (P = 0.01) for dilution rate because of a quadratic response with DIP (greatest value with the every-third-day treatment) compared with a decrease as SF decreased for UIP. On the day only daily supplements were provided, ruminal liquid dilution rate decreased linearly (P = 0.02) as SF decreased. These results suggest that DIP and UIP elicit different effects on ruminal fermentation when supplemented infrequently to ruminants consuming low-quality forage while not adversely affecting nutrient intake and digestibility. C1 Oregon State Univ, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Burns, OR USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Burns, OR USA. Oregon State Univ, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Union, OR USA. RP Bohnert, DW (reprint author), 67826 A Hwy 205, Burns, OR 97720 USA. NR 37 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 80 IS 11 BP 2978 EP 2988 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 613VT UT WOS:000179152700026 PM 12462267 ER PT J AU Phillips, WA Rao, SC Fitch, JQ Mayeux, HS AF Phillips, WA Rao, SC Fitch, JQ Mayeux, HS TI Digestibility and dry matter intake of diets containing alfalfa and kenaf SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE digestibility; hay; intake; kenaf; lambs; production ID DEGRADABLE INTAKE PROTEIN; FEED-INTAKE; LOW-QUALITY; NITROGEN-BALANCE; DIGESTION; PERFORMANCE; MOLASSES; FORAGES; STEERS; CATTLE AB Two experiments were conducted to determine the dietary value of pellets containing kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus cv. 'Everglade 41') hay. Averaged across both experiments, kenaf pellets contained 82.6% kenaf hay, 16.6% liquid molasses, and 0.8% mineral oil. The chemical composition of the kenaf pellet was 12.6% crude protein (CP), 41.2% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and 14.4% acid detergent fiber (ADF). In Exp. 1 (digestion and N balance trial), 18 lambs (body weight [BW] = 36.4 kg) were blocked by BW. Lambs were randomly assigned within a block to Diet 1 (59.5% corn and 40.5% alfalfa pellet), Diet 2 (59.7% corn, 28.4% alfalfa pellets, and 11.9% kenaf pellets), or Diet 3 (59.6% corn, 16.5% alfalfa pellets, and 23.9% kenaf pellets). Diets were formulated so that CP was the first-limiting nutrient. Each diet was limit-fed at 2.4% of BW. Replacing alfalfa pellets with kenaf pellets tended to decrease (P = 0.10) CP and ADF intakes, but increased (P = 0.01) DM digestibility. Diet had no effect (P = 0.33) on N balance. In Exp. 2 (dry matter [DM] intake trial), 32 lambs (BW = 30.4 kg) were blocked by gender and BW. Within a block, lambs were randomly assigned to one of four diets in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Main effects were hay (bermudagrass or fescue) and supplemental protein source (kenaf or alfalfa pellets). Lambs were housed in individual pens with ad libitum access to the assigned hay. Supplemental protein was fed (185 g of DM) once daily. Hay intake was measured weekly for 8 wk. Lambs consumed more (P = 0.002) fescue than bermudagrass hay (743 vs 621 g/d). Lambs fed fescue hay gained weight more rapidly (P = 0.001) than lambs fed bermudagrass hay (120 vs 72 g/d). Hay intake and ADG were similar (P = 0.90) for lambs fed alfalfa or kenaf pellets. Kenaf hay mixed with molasses and mineral oil can be formed into a pellet. In the diets used in this experiments, kenaf pellets can replace alfalfa pellets in diets fed to lambs without altering forage intake, gain, or N retention. C1 USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74074 USA. RP Phillips, WA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne St, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 80 IS 11 BP 2989 EP 2995 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 613VT UT WOS:000179152700027 PM 12462268 ER PT J AU Van Kessel, JS Nedoluha, PC Williams-Campbell, A Baldwin, RL McLeod, KR AF Van Kessel, JS Nedoluha, PC Williams-Campbell, A Baldwin, RL McLeod, KR TI Effects of ruminal and postruminal infusion of starch hydrolysate or glucose on the microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract in growing steers SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bacteria; cattle; Escherichia coli; fermentation; rumen ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; DIGEST CELLULOSE; ACID RESISTANCE; SMALL-INTESTINE; RUMEN CONTENTS; CATTLE; DIET; PH AB Forty crossbred steers were used to determine the effects of carbohydrate supply site on the indigenous bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract. Steers were fitted with ruminal and abomasal infusion catheters and assigned randomly to one of eight groups in a complete randomized block design. The experimental period was 36 d. Treatments included: 1) a pelleted ;basal diet fed at 0.163 Mcal ME.(kg BW0.75)(-1).d(-1) (LE); 2) the basal diet fed at 0.215 Mcal ME-(kg BW0.75) (-1).d(-1) (HE); 3) the basal diet fed at 0.163 Meal ME.(kg BW0.75)(-1).d(-1) with ruminal infusion of starch hydrolysate (SH) (RSH); 4) the basal diet fed at 0.163 Meal ME.(kg BW0.75)(-1)d(-1) with abomasal infusion of SH (ASH); and 5) the basal diet fed at 0.163 Mcal ME-(kg BW0.75)(-1).d(-1) with abomasal infusion of glucose (AG). The total volume of infusate (5 kg.site(-1).d(-1)) was equalized across treatments and infusion sites by infusion of water. Glucose and SH were infused at rates of 14.35 and 12.64 g . (kg BW0.75).d(-1), respectively. Ruminal, cecal, and fecal samples were obtained on d 36. Ruminal pH was low (5.79) in LE steers and unaffected (P > 0.10) by increased energy intake or carbohydrate infusion. Cecal and fecal pH were 6.93 and 7.00, respectively, for LE steers. Increasing energy intake (P < 0.10) and the rate of carbohydrate infusion (P < 0.01) significantly decreased cecal and fecal pH compared with LE. Ruminal counts of anaerobic bacteria in LE steers were 8.99 log(10) cells/g and abomasal carbohydrate infusion had no affect (P > 0.10) on these numbers. However, ASH and AG steers had approximately 1.5 log(10) cells/g more (P < 0.01) cecal and fecal anaerobic populations. Ruminal, cecal, and fecal aerobic bacterial counts were 40, 22, and 23%, respectively, lower than anaerobic counts. Generally, aerobic counts responded similarly to the anaerobic counts. Less than 1% of the anaerobic bacteria enumerated in the rumen, cecum, and feces were coliforms, and 97% of the coliforms were Escherichia coli. Carbohydrate infusions resulted in only numerical increases in fecal coliform and E. coli concentrations (P > 0.10). Fecal E. coli were highly acid sensitive in all steers, with less than 1% surviving a 1-h exposure to low pH (2.0). This suggests that cecal or fecal pH is not a good indicator of acid resistance, and it supports the concept that there are other factors that may induce acid resistance. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Food Safety & Technol Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. USDA ARS, Anim Manure & Byprod Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Van Kessel, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Bldg 173,Rm 204,BARC East, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 80 IS 11 BP 3027 EP 3034 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 613VT UT WOS:000179152700032 PM 12462273 ER PT J AU Mertens, DR Allen, M Carmany, J Clegg, J Davidowicz, A Drouches, M Frank, K Gambin, D Garkie, M Gildemeister, B Jeffress, D Jeon, CS Jones, D Kaplan, D Kim, GN Kobata, S Main, D Moua, X Paul, B Robertson, J Taysom, D Thiex, N Williams, J Wolf, M AF Mertens, DR Allen, M Carmany, J Clegg, J Davidowicz, A Drouches, M Frank, K Gambin, D Garkie, M Gildemeister, B Jeffress, D Jeon, CS Jones, D Kaplan, D Kim, GN Kobata, S Main, D Moua, X Paul, B Robertson, J Taysom, D Thiex, N Williams, J Wolf, M TI Gravimetric determination of amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds with refluxing in beakers or crucibles: Collaborative study SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID FIBROUS FEEDS; NUTRITION; LIGNIN AB As an important constituent of animal feeds, fiber represents the portion of feeds that is bulky and difficult to digest. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) method, developed over 30 years ago, is the method of choice for measuring total fiber in for- ages and other feeds. Several modifications that were made to improve its general applicability to all feeds and others developed in individual laboratories often resulted in variability among laboratories in measuring NDF. The amylase-treated NDF (aNDF) method, therefore, was developed as an accurate and precise method of measuring total insoluble fiber in feeds. A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the repeatability and reproducibility of the aNDF method over the full range of animal feed materials. Twelve laboratories representing research, feed company, regulatory, and commercial feed testing laboratories analyzed 11 materials as blind duplicates. The materials represented feed matrixes, including animal products; high-protein, high-fat, and high-pectin feeds; oil seeds; grains; heated by-product feeds; and legume and grass hays and silages. Materials selected varied in chemical composition and contained 0-90% aNDF, 1-16% ash, 1-20% crude fat, 1-40% crude protein, and 0-50% starch. Correcting results for changes in blanks and reporting results as ash-free aNDF organic matter (aNDFom) improved the repeatability and reproducibility of results when aNDF was <25%. The within-laboratory repeatability standard deviation (Sr) for percentage aNDFom in feeds varied from 0.21 to 1.82 and among-laboratory reproducibility standard deviation (s(R)) varied from 0.37 to 2.24. The HORRAT Was <2 for all materials except feed materials containing >10% fat. However, standard deviations of repeatability and reproducibility for feeds with >10% fat were similar to those of other materials. It is recommended that the aNDF method be accepted for Official First Action status. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Mertens, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM davem@dfrc.wisc.edu RI Allen, Michael/B-5771-2009 NR 18 TC 841 Z9 885 U1 10 U2 72 PU AOAC INT PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 N FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1217 EP 1240 PG 24 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 620GB UT WOS:000179524700003 PM 12477183 ER PT J AU Clark, SB O'Rangers, JJ Rowe, WD Madson, MR Hurlbut, JA Sofos, JN Fuerst, B James, G Griffith, S Readnour, RS AF Clark, SB O'Rangers, JJ Rowe, WD Madson, MR Hurlbut, JA Sofos, JN Fuerst, B James, G Griffith, S Readnour, RS TI Interlaboratory comparison of methods for the determination of incurred tilmicosin residues in bovine liver SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; TISSUES; MUSCLE; CATTLE; SWINE AB The objective of this study was to compare 2 methods for the determination of tilmicosin residues in bovine liver samples. Three laboratories participated in the comparison of the 2 methods. The first method was described in a New Animal Drug Application (NADA 140-929), and the second was a modification of that method in which hexane was substituted for carbon tetrachloride in one cleanup step. Each of the 3 laboratories analyzed subsamples of 10 bovine livers containing incurred tilmicosin. Residues ranged from 2.3 to 81 ppm tilmicosin in the 10 liver samples with an 11.8% relative standard deviation obtained by using both methods. In addition, fortified-control liver tissue samples were analyzed concurrently with tissues containing incurred residues by using the modified method in one of the laboratories. The fortification levels ranged from 0.3 to 112 ppm, with recoveries ranging from 76 to 92%. The results from the 3 laboratories were comparable, indicating that the modified method was not only as effective as the original NADA method, but also more desirable because of the change to a less hazardous solvent. C1 US FDA, Denver, CO 80225 USA. US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. Western Washington Univ, Dept Chem, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, St Louis, MO 63120 USA. Elanco Anim Hlth, Greenfield, IN 46140 USA. RP Clark, SB (reprint author), US FDA, POB 25087, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1260 EP 1267 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 620GB UT WOS:000179524700007 PM 12477187 ER PT J AU Shelver, WL Smith, DJ AF Shelver, WL Smith, DJ TI Immunoaffinity column as sample cleanup method for determination of the beta-adrenergic agonist ractopamine and its metabolites SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; ILLEGAL USE AB A monoclonal antibody-based immunoaffinity column (RAC-IAC) was developed as a cleanup method for the determination of ractopamine and ractopamine glucuronides. [C-14]Ractopamine (5 mug) and [C-14]ractopamine glucuronides (5 mug) were fortified into 10 mL cattle urine, and loaded onto an RAC-IAC (5 mg IgG/mL) column. The column was washed and the bound analytes were eluted. In the initial loading and washing, 22% of the radioactivity was washed off and the subsequent elution step recovered 78%. A blank column prepared from nonspecific IgG retained <10% of the radioactivity. The RAC-IACs were damaged by high methanol concentrations, preventing reuse. Elution of the analytes with 5OmM glycine buffer, pH 2.8, prevented damage, and the columns could be reused at least 20 times with no change in performance. They were stored >3 months in phosphate-buffered saline with 0.02% sodium azide at 4degreesC. The method was used with fortified cattle muscle, liver, and kidney samples with recoveries of 82.1 +/- 7.6, 87.8 +/- 1.9, and 92.5 +/- 0.4%, respectively (n = 3). Similar studies with sheep Muscle, liver, and kidney samples gave recoveries of 91.8 +/- 0.2, 91.7 +/- 0.3, and 92.3 +/- 0.3, respectively (n = 3). Liver and kidney samples were diluted to prevent column plugging, but all of the eluants were suitable for liquid chromatography analysis. This IAC is a selective, efficient, and economical cleanup method in a variety of matrixes for ractopamine determination. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Shelver, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1302 EP 1307 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 620GB UT WOS:000179524700012 PM 12477192 ER PT J AU Mersie, W Clegg, C Wauchope, RD Dumas, JA Leidy, RB Riley, MB Young, RW Mattice, JD Mueller, TC Senseman, SA AF Mersie, W Clegg, C Wauchope, RD Dumas, JA Leidy, RB Riley, MB Young, RW Mattice, JD Mueller, TC Senseman, SA TI Interlaboratory comparison of pesticide recovery from water using solid-phase extraction disks and gas chromatography SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID MEMBRANE APPROACH; DRINKING-WATER; HERBICIDES AB An interlaboratory study was conducted to assess the suitability Of C-18 solid-phase extraction disks to retain and ship different pesticides from water samples. Surface and deionized water samples were fortified with various pesticides and extracted using C-18 disks. Pesticides were eluted from disks and analyzed in-house, or disks were sent to another laboratory where they were eluted and analyzed. Along with the disks, a standard pesticide solution in methanol was also shipped to be used for fortification, extraction, and analysis. The highest recovery from deionized or surface water using shipped disks was obtained for cyanazine (>97%), followed by metalaxyl (>96%), and atrazine (>92%). Although <40% of the bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, and chlorothalonil fortified in surface water was recovered from shipped disks, recoveries from deionized water were >70%. From in-house eluted disks, bifenthrin and chlorpyrifos were recovered at 118 and 105%, whereas chlorothalonil showed 71% recovery, indicating that poor recovery from surface water was due to loss during shipping rather than low retention by the C18 disks. There was no consistent relationship between recovery from C18 disk and physicochemical properties for the pesticides included in this study. For most of the 13 pesticides tested, there were no differences in recovery between in-house extracted disks and shipped disks, indicating the suitability of disks to concentrate and transport pesticides extracted from water samples. C1 Virginia State Univ, ARS, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Puerto Rico Agr Expt Stn, Pesticide Res Lab, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Pesticide Res Lab, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Physiol, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biochem, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant Sci & Landscape Syst, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Mersie, W (reprint author), Virginia State Univ, ARS, POB 9061, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. RI Senseman, Scott/E-7714-2011 NR 17 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 85 IS 6 BP 1324 EP 1330 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 620GB UT WOS:000179524700015 PM 12477195 ER PT J AU Alves, SB Alves, LFA Lopes, RB Pereira, RM Vieira, SA AF Alves, SB Alves, LFA Lopes, RB Pereira, RM Vieira, SA TI Potential of some Metarhizium anisopliae isolates for control of Culex quinquefasciatus (Dipt., Culicidae) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ENTOMOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID BACILLUS-SPHAERICUS; RESISTANCE AB The potential of some isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana for use in the integrated management of Culex quinquefasciatus was evaluated. Metarhizium anisopliae isolate 1037 was selected in initial bioassays with a 50% lethal concentration (LC50) of 1.97 x 10(4) conidia/ml. This fungus caused higher mosquito larva mortality when applied as a conidial suspension to the surface of the water than as dry conidia, with a time to 50% lethal (LT50) of 1 day compared with 3.6 days for the dry conidial application. However, results with UV- and heat-inactivated conidia did not confirm a possible role of fungal toxins in causing mortality when ingested by C. quinquefasciatus larvae. Metarhizium anisopliae did not remain active for as long as the bacterium Bacillus sphaericus isolate 2362. At 24 h after application, the fungus-induced mortality on mosquito larvae was significantly lower than the mortality caused by the bacterium. By the second day, almost no activity by the fungus was observed. Results suggest that M. anisopliae isolate 1037 has potential for use in mosquito control programmes. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, ESALQ, Dept Entomol Fitopatol & Zool Agr, BR-13418990 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. RP Pereira, RM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, CMAVE, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RI Pereira, Roberto/B-5008-2010; Lopes, Rogerio/L-3534-2013 OI Pereira, Roberto/0000-0002-5618-7690; Lopes, Rogerio/0000-0003-4756-878X NR 16 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2048 J9 J APPL ENTOMOL JI J. Appl. Entomol.-Z. Angew. Entomol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 126 IS 9 BP 504 EP 509 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0418.2002.00674.x PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 615HV UT WOS:000179240500011 ER PT J AU Alverson, J Samuels, DS AF Alverson, J Samuels, DS TI groEL expression in gyrB Mutants of Borrelia burgdorferi SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LYME-DISEASE; DNA GYRASE; HEAT-SHOCK; THERMAL-STRESS; PROTEIN; GENE; SPIROCHETE; RELAXATION; MUTATIONS AB GroEL protein and groEL mRNA transcript were up-regulated in gyrB mutants of Borrelia burgdorferi, a causative agent of Lyme disease. Furthermore, the protein and transcript levels in gyrB mutants were greater than those in experimentally heat-shocked cultures of wild-type B. burgdorferi. Circular DNA in the gyrB mutants was more relaxed than in wild-type cells, although groEL is on the linear chromosome of B. burgdorferi. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence, albeit indirect, for the effect of DNA topology on gene expression from a linear DNA molecule in a bacterium. C1 ARS, USDA, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Univ Montana, Div Biol Sci, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Alverson, J (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Biol Control & Mass Rearing Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RI Samuels, D Scott/B-7549-2012 OI Samuels, D Scott/0000-0001-8352-7593 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R15 AI039695-01, R15 AI039695, AI39695] NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 184 IS 21 BP 6069 EP 6072 DI 10.1128/JB.184.21.6069-6072.2002 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 603XP UT WOS:000178586800031 PM 12374843 ER PT J AU Kagan, IA Hammerschmidt, R AF Kagan, IA Hammerschmidt, R TI Arabidopsis ecotype variability in camalexin production and reaction to infection by Alternaria brassicicola SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Arabidopsis thaliana; ecotypes; Cochlioboluscarbonum; Alternaria brassicicola; camalexin; disease resistance; microscopy; thin-layer chromatography; bioassays ID PHYTOALEXIN-DEFICIENT MUTANTS; CAULIFLOWER MOSAIC-VIRUS; SALICYLIC-ACID; CAMELINA-SATIVA; RESPONSE PATHWAYS; PAD4 ENCODES; RESISTANCE; THALIANA; GENE; IDENTIFICATION AB Camalexin production was compared in 24 ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana. Detached Arabidopsis leaves were inoculated with Cochliobolus carbonum, an incompatible pathogen of Arabidopsis, to test the ability of each ecotype to produce camalexin. Whole plants were inoculated with Alternaria brassicicola, a crucifer pathogen, to determine if there was a correlation between the ability of an ecotype to produce camalexin and its resistance to A. brassicicola. All ecotypes were capable of producing camalexin, but the amounts produced relative to the Columbia ecotype (used as a standard) varied within and among ecotypes, and among experiments. Different degrees of resistance to A. brassicicola were observed among ecotypes, both macroscopically and microscopically. Extraction of A. brassicicola-moculated leaves revealed that only four ecotypes (two resistant and two susceptible) produced easily detectable amounts of camalexin in response to this pathogen. TLC plate bioassays suggested that A. brassicicola was relatively insensitive to camalexin, thus casting some doubt on the importance of this compound in defense. These studies suggest that the role of camalexin in disease resistance varies among different Arabidopsis populations in nature, and they provide some clues to other possible determinants of resistance to A. brassicicola. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Kagan, IA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NPURU, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 54 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 28 IS 11 BP 2121 EP 2140 DI 10.1023/A:1021020512846 PG 20 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 615BT UT WOS:000179226500002 PM 12523558 ER PT J AU Ralphs, MH Gardner, DR Turner, DL Pfister, JA Thacker, E AF Ralphs, MH Gardner, DR Turner, DL Pfister, JA Thacker, E TI Predicting toxicity of tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi): Measurement of the variation in alkaloid concentration among plants and among years SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tall larkspur; Delphinium barbeyi; N-(methylsuccinimido)anthranilic ester; methyllycaconitine; poisonous plant; cattle ID NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS AB Tall larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi) is the principal mountain larkspur responsible for the majority of cattle deaths on mountain rangelands in western Colorado and central and southern Utah in the United States. Ten plants in each of two tall larkspur populations in the mountains near Ferron and Salina, Utah, were marked, and single stalks were harvested periodically through the growing season for 4 yr. Toxic alkaloid concentration [alkaloids containing the N-(methylsuccimimido)-anthranilik ester group] was determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Individual larkspur plants varied in alkaloid concentrations, especially in early growth (14-38 mg/g). As the concentration declined over the growing season, variation among plants also declined. There were yearly differences in alkaloid concentration among individual plants (P < 0.01) and populations (P < 0.001), even after accounting for differences in phenological growth between years. Variables such as precipitation, temperature, days since snow melt, growing degree days (sum of mean temperature each day from snow melt), and plant height and weight were all considered in a Mallows Cp multiple regression selection procedure to predict alkaloid concentration. The mixed model procedure in SAS adjusted the regression equation for locations and years. Growing degree days was the best single predictor of alkaloid levels: In y = (3.581 - 0.00423 GDD), R-2 = 0.85. Internal validation of this equation within individual years and locations from which the equation was developed, produced correlations between observed versus predicted values ranging from r = 0.73 to 0.93. External validations on nine other larkspur populations produced correlations ranging from r = 0.76 to 0.99. This predictive equation can provide a tool for ranchers and land managers to make management decisions of when to graze cattle in larkspur areas. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Logan, UT 84321 USA. RP Ralphs, MH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 15 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 28 IS 11 BP 2327 EP 2341 DI 10.1023/A:1021013719206 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 615BT UT WOS:000179226500016 PM 12523572 ER PT J AU Preston, CA Betts, H Baldwin, IT AF Preston, CA Betts, H Baldwin, IT TI Methyl jasmonate as an allelopathic agent: Sagebrush inhibits germination of a neighboring tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Artemisia tridentata ssp tridentata; Nicotiana attenuata; Nicotiana; trigonophylla; allelopathy; methyljasmonate; germination; seed dormancy ID ARTEMISIA-TRIDENTATA; L SEEDS; PLANTS; ACID; BIOSYNTHESIS; ETHYLENE; GROWTH; COMMUNICATION; GRASSLAND; SMOKE AB Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata is the dominant and defining shrub in the Great Basin Desert, with well-documented allelopathic tendencies that have generally been ascribed to its most abundantly released secondary metabolites. However, as a minor component, sagebrush releases a highly biologically active substance, methyljasmonate (MeJA), which is known to function as both a germination inhibitor and promoter in laboratory studies. Nicotiana attenuata is a tobacco species native to the Great Basin Desert and grows in newly burned juniper sagebrush habitats for 2-3 yr following a fire. With a combination of field and laboratory studies, we examined the role of MeJA release from sagebrush by both air and water transport in inhibiting N. attenuata seed germination. We demonstrated that sagebrush interacts allelopathically with the seed bank of N. attenuata through its release of MeJA. In the field, seeds buried 0-40 cm from sagebrush plants for 4 months in net bags had significantly reduced germination compared to seeds buried similarly but protected in plastic bags. Moreover, germination on soils collected from underneath sagebrush plants was reduced by 60% compared to seeds placed on soils collected between sagebrush plants or outside of the sagebrush population. Exposure to A. tridentata seeds and seedlings did not affect N. attenuata germination, suggesting that established sagebrush plants only influence the tobacco's seed bank. In the laboratory, exposure of seeds to sagebrush emissions resulted in germination delays of up to 6 d. Exposure to volatile and aqueous MeJA also inhibited germination of N. attenuata seeds at quantities that are released naturally by sagebrush: 3.5 mug/hr and 1.12 mug/seed cup (56 ng/seed), respectively. A. tridentata seeds were significantly more resistant to MeJA, being inhibited at 336 mug MeJA (16.8 mug/seed), 300 times greater than the level of aqueous MeJA required to inhibit N. attenuata seeds. MeJA inhibited N. attenuata germination regardless of the seed's dormancy state and the specific epimer (trans- or cis-) of MeJA. Germination on sagebrush chaff that had been heated to reduce MeJA content was negatively correlated with the amount of MeJA remaining in the chaff. Germination of a nondormant, conspecific tobacco, N. trigonophylla, which grows in the same area but is not associated with fire, is less sensitive than N. attenuata to the extracts of sagebrush litter, but similarly sensitive to MeJA. Additionally, four of five other tobacco species that are not known to be associated with sagebrush are less sensitive to MeJA, suggesting an evolved sensitivity to MeJA. To determine the proportion of germination inhibition of a sagebrush extract that could be attributed to MeJA, we serially diluted sagebrush extracts with water and restored the quantity of MeJA of the original extract by adding appropriate quantities of synthetic MeJA; 16-60% of the inhibitory activity of the original extract could be attributed to the MeJA. We conclude that MeJA release from sagebrush plays an allelopathic role for N. attenuata seed banks, but other unidentified compounds are also involved. C1 Max Planck Inst Chem Ecol, D-07745 Jena, Germany. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Biol Sci, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Plant Sci, Oxford OX1 3RB, England. RP Baldwin, IT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, CMAVE, 1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RI Baldwin, Ian /K-1809-2013 NR 60 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 4 U2 37 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 28 IS 11 BP 2343 EP 2369 DI 10.1023/A:1021065703276 PG 27 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 615BT UT WOS:000179226500017 PM 12523573 ER PT J AU Ross, R Freeman, J Hudson, R Janssen, I AF Ross, R Freeman, J Hudson, R Janssen, I TI Abdominal obesity, muscle composition, and insulin resistance in premenopausal women SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM LA English DT Article ID VISCERAL ADIPOSE-TISSUE; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; REGIONAL ADIPOSITY; GLUCOSE DISPOSAL; LIPID-CONTENT; WEIGHT-LOSS; LIVER FAT; BODY-FAT; SENSITIVITY; MEN AB The independent relationships between visceral and abdominal sc adipose tissue (AT) depots, muscle composition, and insulin sensitivity were examined in 40 abdominally obese, premenopausal women. Measurements included glucose disposal by euglycemic clamp, muscle composition by computed tomography, abdominal and nonabdominal (e.g. leg) AT by magnetic resonance imaging and cardiovascular fitness. Glucose disposal rates were negatively related to visceral AT mass (r = -0.42, P < 0.01). These observations remained significant (P < 0.01) after control for nonabdominal and abdominal sc AT, muscle attenuation, and peak oxygen uptake. Total, abdominal, or leg sc AT or muscle attenuation was not significantly (P > 0.10) related to glucose disposal. Subdivision of abdominal se AT into anterior and posterior depots did not alter the observed relationships. Further analysis matched two groups of women for abdominal sc AT but with low and high visceral AT. Women with high visceral AT had lower glucose disposal rates compared wish;h those with low visceral AT (P < 0.05). A similar analysis performed on two groups of women matched for visceral AT but. high and low abdominal sc AT revealed no statistically different values for insulin sensitivity (P > 0.10). In conclusion, visceral AT alone is a strong correlate of insulin resistance independent of nonabdominal, abdominal se AT, muscle composition, and cardiovascular fitness. Subdivision of abdominal sc AT did not provide additional insight into the relationship between abdominal obesity and metabolic risk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87: 5044-5051, 2002). C1 Queens Univ, Sch Phys & Hlth Educ, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Queens Univ, Div Endocrinol & Metab, Dept Med, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ross, R (reprint author), Queens Univ, Sch Phys & Hlth Educ, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada. EM rossr@post.queensu.ca RI Janssen, Ian/B-7700-2009 NR 50 TC 120 Z9 125 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0021-972X J9 J CLIN ENDOCR METAB JI J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 87 IS 11 BP 5044 EP 5051 DI 10.1210/jc.2002-020570 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 613FL UT WOS:000179121800032 PM 12414870 ER PT J AU Sunehag, AL Toffolo, G Treuth, MS Butte, NF Cobelli, C Bier, DM Haymond, MW AF Sunehag, AL Toffolo, G Treuth, MS Butte, NF Cobelli, C Bier, DM Haymond, MW TI Effects of dietary macronutrient content on glucose metabolism in children SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM LA English DT Article ID HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE DIET; DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; HEART-DISEASE RISK; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; BODY-COMPOSITION; FAT INTAKE; MINIMAL MODEL; PREPUBERTAL CHILDREN; US CHILDREN; IN-VIVO AB Effects of carbohydrate, fat, and fructose intake on substrate and hormone concentrations, glucose production, gluconeogenesis, and insulin sensitivity were determined in healthy, nonobese prepubertal children (n = 12) and adolescents (n = 24) using a cross-over design. In one group (12 prepubertal children and 12 adolescents), subjects were studied after 7 d of isocaloric, isonitrogenous diets providing either 60% carbohydrate and 25% fat [high carbohydrate (H(CHO))/low fat (L(F))] or 30% carbohydrate and 55% fat [low carbohydrate (L(CHO))/ high fat (H(F))], and in a second group (12 adolescents) H(CHO)/L(F) diets containing either 40% or 10% fructose was used. All subjects adapted to changes in carbohydrate and fat intakes primarily by appropriately adjusting their substrate oxidation rates to match the intakes, with only minor changes in parameters of glucose metabolism. Changing from a L(CHO)/H(F) to H(CHO)/L(F) diet resulted in increased insulin sensitivity (stable labeled iv glucose tolerance test) in adolescents [from 3.2 +/- 0.7 x 10(-4) to 5.0 +/- 1.4 X 10(-4) (min(-1))/(muU(.)ml(-1)) (mean +/- SE)] but not in prepubertal children [9.4 +/- 2.5 x 10(-4) to 9.9 +/- 1.5 X 10(-4) (min(-1))/(muU(.)ml(-1))], whereas beta-cell sensitivity was unaffected in both groups. Insulin sensitivity was higher in prepubertal children than in adolescents (P < 0.05). The dietary fructose content did not affect any measured parameter. We conclude that in the short term, dramatic changes in fat and carbohydrate intakes (regardless of fructose content) did not adversely affect glucose and lipid metabolism in healthy nonobese children. In the adolescents, the high carbohydrate diet resulted in increased insulin sensitivity, thus facilitating insulin-mediated glucose uptake. (J Clin Endocrinal Metab 87: 5168-5178,2002). C1 USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Padua, Dept Elect & Informat, I-35131 Padua, Italy. RP Sunehag, AL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM asunehag@bem.tmc.edu NR 75 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0021-972X J9 J CLIN ENDOCR METAB JI J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 87 IS 11 BP 5168 EP 5178 DI 10.1210/jc.2002-020674 PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 613FL UT WOS:000179121800050 PM 12414888 ER PT J AU Tunick, MH Van Hekken, DL AF Tunick, MH Van Hekken, DL TI Torsion gelometry of cheese SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cheese; oscillatory shear; texture profile analysis; torsion gelometry ID TEXTURE; GELS; FRACTURE; RHEOLOGY; CHEDDAR AB Torsion gelometry, a fundamental rheological test in which specimens are twisted until they fracture, was applied to several different cheese varieties to determine its suitability for measuring their textural properties. Fresh and aged Brick, Cheddar, Colby, Gouda, Havarti, Mozzarella, and Romano cheeses were subjected to torsion analysis, and the results were compared with those from small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) tests and texture profile analysis (TPA). Strong relationships (correlation coefficients > 0.8) were found between torsion shear stress and TPA hardness, and between torsion shear strain and TPA cohesiveness. SAOS, which measures rheological properties of intact samples, did not correlate well with torsion or TPA. A map showing trends during aging toward brittle, mushy, rubbery, and tough texture was drawn using the torsion data. The findings show that torsion gelometry provides fundamental rheological data on cheese at the fracture point. The information can be used to compare textural qualities of cheese samples as they are being cut. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tunick, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM mtunick@arserrc.gov RI Tunick, Michael/C-9761-2010 NR 25 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 85 IS 11 BP 2743 EP 2749 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74361-0 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 621WT UT WOS:000179614500005 PM 12487441 ER PT J AU Eicher, SD Dailey, JW AF Eicher, SD Dailey, JW TI Indicators of acute pain and fly avoidance behaviors in Holstein calves following tail-docking SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pain; flies; behavior ID DAIRY-CATTLE; CORTISOL RESPONSES; RAT PUPS; CLEANLINESS; ENDOCRINE; PROTEIN; NEURONS; STRESS; FOS AB Previous work showed that the banding process of docking minimally affected mature cows' behavior and physiology, but cutting. off the necrotic tail increased haptoglobin. Additionally, the docked cows had more flies on the rear legs and exhibited more fly avoidance behaviors. Because many producers dock young calves while they are in hutches where fly problems are more pronounced, we investigated changes in behavior and physiology of young calves following docking by banding. Twenty calves ( to 5 wk of age) were assigned to a docked or control group, at each of two locations (Indiana and Wisconsin). After applying a band to dock the tail, calves were tested every 15 min for sensitivity to heat below the band at the Indiana location. Calf behavior was recorded for 2 h postbanding and analyzed continuously for that period. After 3 wk, tails were removed and then 1 wk later, fly counts and fly avoidance behaviors were observed at both locations. Tails were sensitive to heat below the banding site, for 60 to 120 min postbanding (moan 87 min). Banded calves were more active than control calves during the 2 h following banding. Percentage of time spent lying was greater for control calves, and the percentage of time spent walking was. greater for docked than control calves. More importantly, movements of the head to touch the tail were increased for banded calves (eight-fold more movements). Fly avoidance behaviors directed toward the rear of the calf were evident, at noon or in the afternoon. Ear twitches were more frequent for the docked calves and less frequent in the morning for all calves. Licking was more frequent for the docked calves at 1200 and 1600 h. Tail swings were most frequent at 1200 and more frequent for control calves. Two acute phase proteins, haptoglobin and a, acid-glycoprotein, were not different at any time. In this study, calves that were banded at 37wk-of-age showed behaviors indicative of discomfort for 2 h, were attacked by more flies, and showed increased fly avoidance behaviors when docked. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Livestock Behav Res Unit, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Eicher, SD (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Livestock Behav Res Unit, 125 S Russell St,216 Poultry, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 35 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 23 U2 41 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 85 IS 11 BP 2850 EP 2858 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74372-5 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 621WT UT WOS:000179614500016 PM 12487452 ER PT J AU Ruiz, R Tedeschi, LO Marini, JC Fox, DG Pell, AN Jarvis, G Russell, JB AF Ruiz, R Tedeschi, LO Marini, JC Fox, DG Pell, AN Jarvis, G Russell, JB TI The effect of a ruminal nitrogen (N) deficiency in dairy cows: Evaluation of the cornell net carbohydrate and. protein system ruminal N deficiency adjustment SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CNCPS; dairy cow; N-15 kinetics; ruminal nitrogen deficiency ID RUMEN AMMONIA CONCENTRATION; VOLATILE FATTY-ACIDS; OBSERVED IN-VITRO; GAS-PRODUCTION; MICROBIAL PROTEIN; STARCH DIGESTION; FIBER DIGESTION; CATTLE DIETS; BEEF STEERS; GRASS HAY AB Twenty-four multiparous and fifteen first lactation Holstein cows averaging 263 days in milk and weighing 614 kg were fed diets adequate or deficient in ruminal nitrogen (N) based on predictions of the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS). After adjustment to a low crude protein (QP) total mixed rations (TMR; 12.6 % CP), the cows were allocated to 13 blocks based on lactation number,. milk production, body condition score, and body weight. Within each block, cows were randomly assigned to one of the 3 treatment (TRT) diets (9.4, 11.1 and 14.1 % CP for TRT 1, 2, and 3, respectively). All diets contained the same proportion of high moisture corn, chopped grass hay, and minerals, with urea substituted for corn silage as needed to reach the three CP levels. The TRT diets were then fed to the cows for 4 wk. Milk production was significantly affected by TRT: 15.5, 18.8, and 21.7 kg/d for, TRT diets 1, 2, and 3, respectively. DMI was increased. significantly as the percentage of CP increased from 9.4 to 14.1% CP: 17.6, 20.0, and 21.2 kg/d for TRT diets 1, 2, and 3, respectively. CNCPS predictions for production (with and without the N adjustment for ruminal N deficiency) of metabolizable protein (MP) allowable milk were compared with observed milk production. Using the average individual weekly cow data from all 3 TRT, we found that the CNCPS accounted for 72 and 68% of the variation in MP allowable milk, without and with the N deficiency adjustment, respectively. The overall mean bias without the N adjustment was 3.3 kg of milk (over prediction model bias of 14.6 % , P < 0.001), and the N adjustment reduced the model over-prediction bias to 0.01 kg of milk (P = 0.96). C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Fox, DG (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Tedeschi, Luis/C-4395-2016 OI Tedeschi, Luis/0000-0003-1883-4911 NR 64 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 85 IS 11 BP 2986 EP 2999 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74384-1 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 621WT UT WOS:000179614500028 PM 12487464 ER PT J AU Rotz, CA Sharpley, AN Satter, LD Gburek, WJ Sanderson, MA AF Rotz, CA Sharpley, AN Satter, LD Gburek, WJ Sanderson, MA TI Production and feeding strategies for phosphorus management on dairy farms SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE farm system; nutrient management; simulation; economics ID ALTERNATIVES; SYSTEMS; MODEL AB Long-term accumulation of soil phosphorus (P) is becoming a concern on some watersheds heavily populated with animal feeding facilities, including dairy farms. Management changes in crop production and feeding may help reduce the accumulation of excess P, but farm profitability must be maintained or improved to assure adoption of such changes. Whole-farm simulation was used to evaluate the long-term effects of changes in feeding, cropping, and other production strategies on P loading and the economics of 100-cow and 800-cow dairy farms in southeastern New York. Simulated farms maintained a long-term P balance if the following occurred: 1) animals were fed to meet recommended minimum amounts of,dietary P, 2) the cropping strategy and land base supplied all of the forage needed, 3) all animals were fed a high forage diet, and 4) replacement heifers were produced on the farm to utilize more forage. The most easily implemented change was to reduce the supplemental mineral P fed to that required to meet current NRC recommended amounts, and this provided an annual increase in farm profit of about $22/cow. Intensifying the use of grassland and improving grazing practices increased profit along with a small reduction in excess P. Conversion from dairy production to heifer raising or expansion from 100 cows to a 250-cow "state-of-the-art" confine-' ment facility (with a 70% increase in land area) were also profitable options. These options provided a long-term P balance for the farm as long as the production and use of forage was maximized and minimum dietary P amounts were those recommended by the NRC. Thus, management changes can be made to prevent the longterm accumulation of soil P on dairy farms while improving farm profitability. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Rotz, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 32 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 85 IS 11 BP 3142 EP 3153 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(02)74402-0 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 621WT UT WOS:000179614500046 PM 12487482 ER PT J AU McCoard, SA Wise, TH Ford, JJ AF McCoard, SA Wise, TH Ford, JJ TI Expression levels of Mullerian-inhibiting substance, GATA4 and 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase cytochrome P450 during embryonic gonadal development in two diverse breeds of swine SO JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SF-1; SIDE-CHAIN CLEAVAGE; STEROIDOGENIC ENZYME EXPRESSION; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS GATA-4; MOUSE LEYDIG MA-10; WILMS-TUMOR GENE; SERTOLI-CELLS; SEXUAL-DIFFERENTIATION; CHINESE MEISHAN; HORMONE GENE AB Sexual differentiation and early embryonic/fetal gonad development is a tightly regulated process controlled by numerous endocrine and molecular signals. These signals ensure appropriate structural organization and subsequent development of gonads and accessory organs. Substantial differences exist in adult reproductive characteristics in Meishan (MS) and White Composite (WC) pig breeds. This study compared the timing of embryonic sexual differentiation in MS and WC pigs. Embryos/fetuses were evaluated on 26, 28, 30, 35, 40 and 50 days postcoitum (dpc). Gonadal differentiation was based on morphological criteria and on localization of GATA4, Mullerian-inhibiting substance (MIS) and 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase cytochrome P450 (P450(c17)). The timing of testicular cord formation and functional differentiation of Sertoli and Leydig cells were similar between breeds. Levels of GATA4, MIS and P450(c17) proteins increased with advancing gestation, with greater levels of MIS and P450(c17) in testes of MS compared with WC embryos. Organization of ovarian medullary cords and formation of egg nests was evident at similar ages in both breeds; however, a greater number of MS compared with WC embryos exhibited signs of ovarian differentiation at 30 dpc. In summary, despite breed differences in MIS and P450(c17) levels in the testis, which may be related to Sertoli and Leydig cell function, the timing of testicular differentiation did not differ between breeds and is unlikely to impact reproductive performance in adult boars. In contrast, female MS embryos exhibited advanced ovarian differentiation compared with WC embryos which may be related to the earlier reproductive maturity observed in this breed. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP McCoard, SA (reprint author), AgResearch, Nutr & Behav Grp, Private Bag 11008,Tennent Dr, Palmerston North, New Zealand. EM sue.mccoard@agresearch.co.nz NR 67 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOSCIENTIFICA LTD PI BRISTOL PA EURO HOUSE, 22 APEX COURT WOODLANDS, BRADLEY STOKE, BRISTOL BS32 4JT, ENGLAND SN 0022-0795 EI 1479-6805 J9 J ENDOCRINOL JI J. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 175 IS 2 BP 365 EP 374 DI 10.1677/joe.0.1750365 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 617YD UT WOS:000179383500010 PM 12429034 ER PT J AU Banuelos, GS AF Banuelos, GS TI Irrigation of broccoli and canola with boron- and selenium-laden effluent SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID WATER; VOLATILIZATION; ACCUMULATION; SOIL; DRAINAGE; QUALITY; PLANTS AB Selenium (Se), boron (B), and salinity contamination of agricultural drainage water is potentially hazardous for water reuse strategies in central California. To demonstrate the feasibility of using plants to extract Se from drainage water, Se accumulation was determined in canola (Brassica napus L.) and broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) irrigated with drainage effluent in the San Joaquin Valley, California. In the 2-yr field study, both crops were irrigated with a typical drainage water containing Se (150 mug L-1), B (5 mg L-1), and a sulfate dominated salinity (EC of 7 dS m(-1)). Total dry matter yields were at least 11 Mg ha(-1) for both canola and broccoli, and plant tissue Se concentrations did not exceed 7 mg kg(-1) DM for either crop. Based on the amount of soluble Se applied to crops with drainage water and the estimated amount of soluble Se remaining in soil to a depth of 90 cm at harvest, both canola and broccoli accumulated at least 40% of the estimated soluble Se lost from the soil for both years. Applied Se not accounted for in plant tissue or as soluble Se in the soil was presumably lost by biological volatilization. This study suggests that irrigating two high value crops such as canola and broccoli with Se-laden effluent helps manage Se-laden effluent requiring treatment, and also produces economically viable Se-enriched crops. Future research should focus on managing residual salt and B in the soil for sustaining long time water reuse strategies. C1 USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. RP USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, 9611 S Riverbend Ave, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. EM gbanuelos@fresno.ars.usda.gov NR 43 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 EI 1537-2537 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 31 IS 6 BP 1802 EP 1808 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 662NH UT WOS:000181953300006 PM 12469829 ER PT J AU Heagle, AS Miller, JE Burkey, KO Eason, G Pursley, WA AF Heagle, AS Miller, JE Burkey, KO Eason, G Pursley, WA TI Growth and yield responses of snap bean to mixtures of carbon dioxide and ozone SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; OPEN-TOP CHAMBERS; SOYBEAN RESPONSE; PLANT-RESPONSES; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ENRICHMENT; STRESS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SEEDLINGS; CULTIVARS AB Elevated CO2 concentrations expected in the 21st century can stimulate plant growth and yield, whereas tropospheric O-3 suppresses plant growth and yield in many areas of the world. Recent experiments showed that elevated CO2 often protects plants from O-3 stress, but this has not been tested for many important crop species including snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The objective of this study was to determine if elevated CO2 protects snap bean from O-3 stress. An O-3-tolerant cultivar (Tenderette) and an O-3-sensitive selection (S156) were exposed from shortly after emergence to maturity to mixtures of CO2 and O-3 in open-top field chambers. The two CO2 treatments were ambient and ambient with CO2 added for 24 h d(-1) resulting in seasonal 12 h d(-1) (0800-2000 h EST) mean concentrations of 366 and 697 muL L-1, respectively. The two O-3 treatments were charcoal-filtered air and nonfiltered air with O-3 added for 12 h d(-1) to achieve seasonal 12 h d-1 (0800-2000 h EST) mean concentrations of 23 and 72 nL L-1, respectively. Elevated CO2 significantly stimulated growth and pod weight of Tenderette and S156, whereas elevated O-3 significantly suppressed growth and pod weight of S156 but not of Tenderette. The suppressive effect of elevated 03 on pod dry weight of S156 was approximately 75% at ambient CO2 and approximately 60% at elevated CO2 (harvests combined). This amount of protection from 03 stress afforded by elevated CO2 was much less than reported I I or other crop species. Extreme sensitivity to O-3 may be the reason elevated CO2 failed to significantly protect S156 front O-3 stress. C1 USDA ARS, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Heagle, AS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, 3908 Inwood Rd, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. NR 33 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 31 IS 6 BP 2008 EP 2014 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 662NH UT WOS:000181953300028 PM 12469851 ER PT J AU Kleinman, PJA Sharpley, AN Moyer, BG Elwinger, GF AF Kleinman, PJA Sharpley, AN Moyer, BG Elwinger, GF TI Effect of mineral and manure phosphorus sources on runoff phosphorus SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; SIMULATED RAINFALL; NITROGEN; TILLAGE; SURFACE; FERTILIZER; COMPOST; RELEASE; LOSSES; FORMS AB Concern over nonpoint-source phosphorus (P) losses from agricultural lands to surface waters has resulted in scrutiny of factors affecting P loss potential. A rainfall simulation study was conducted to quantify the effects of alternative P sources (dairy manure, poultry manure, swine slurry, and diammonium phosphate), application methods, and initial soil P concentrations on runoff P losses from three acidic soils (Buchanan-Hartleton, Hagerstown, and Lewbeach). Low P (12 to 26 mg kg(-1) Mehlich-3 P) and high P (396 to 415 mg kg(-1) Mehlich-3 P) members of each soil were amended with 100 kg total P ha(-1) from each of the four P sources either by surface application or mixing, and subjected to simulated rainfall (70 turn h(-1) to produce 30 min runoff). Phosphorus losses from fertilizer and manure applied to the soil surface differed significantly by source, with dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) accounting for 64% of total phosphorus JP) (versus 9% for the unamended soils). For manure amended soils, these losses were linearly related to water-soluble P concentration of manure (r(2) = 0.86 for DRP, r(2) = 0.78 for TP). Mixing the P sources into the soil significantly decreased P losses relative to surface P application, such that DRP losses from amended, mixed soils were not significantly different from the unamended soil. Results of this study can be applied to site assessment indices to quantify the potential for P loss from recently manured soils. C1 USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Kleinman, PJA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Baulch, Helen/I-9529-2012 NR 41 TC 173 Z9 183 U1 10 U2 57 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 31 IS 6 BP 2026 EP 2033 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 662NH UT WOS:000181953300030 PM 12469853 ER PT J AU Dungan, RS Yates, SR Frankenberger, WT AF Dungan, RS Yates, SR Frankenberger, WT TI Volatilization and degradation of soil-applied dimethylselenide SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID METHYLATED SULFUR-COMPOUNDS; SELENIUM VOLATILIZATION; VOLATILE SELENIUM; MOISTURE; SEDIMENTS; SORPTION; SULFIDE; TRANSFORMATIONS; TEMPERATURE; METHANOGEN AB Dimethylselenide (DMSe) is a highly volatile gas that is produced by indigenous microorganisms in seleniferous soils and sediments; however, little is known about the soil conditions that affect the persistence of DMSe and its transport to the atmosphere. In this study we investigated the effect of moisture content, temperature, and organic amendments on the degradation of soil-applied DMSe. The degradation of DMSe was entirely a result of biological mechanisms, but changes in temperature (20-40degreesC) and soil moisture content (30-70% of the maximum water holding capacity) had little influence on the degradation rate. In contrast, amending soil with either 1% casein or gluten (by weight) had an inhibitory effect on the degradation of DMSe. After 18 d, 2.1 times more DMSe was present in the casein-amended soil and 2.6 times more DMSe was present in the gluten-amended soil. The transport of DMSe in packed soil columns was also investigated. Increasing the depth to soil surface was found to significantly decrease the amount of DMSe transported to the air. After 6 d, 57% of DMSe injected 10 cm below the soil surface was volatilized. At an injection depth of 20 cm the cumulative emissions were reduced by 38% and at 30 cm the cumulative emissions were reduced by 51%. In columns containing 1% casein or gluten in the top 5 cm of soil the cumulative loss of DMSe was about 9% higher than in unamended soil. Increasing our understanding of the soil conditions that influence the gaseous diffusion of DMSe should help in determining the feasibility of using Se volatilization as a remediation technique. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92501 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Dungan, RS (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92501 USA. EM Rdungan@ussl.ars.usda.gov NR 40 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 31 IS 6 BP 2045 EP 2050 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 662NH UT WOS:000181953300032 PM 12469855 ER PT J AU Preusch, PL Adler, PR Sikora, LJ Tworkoski, TJ AF Preusch, PL Adler, PR Sikora, LJ Tworkoski, TJ TI Nitrogen and phosphorus availability in composted and uncomposted poultry litter SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID LOSS-ON-IGNITION; ORGANIC-MATTER; SOIL; MINERALIZATION; SURFACE; MANURES; DYNAMICS AB Poultry litter applications to land have been based on crop N requirements, resulting in application of P in excess of plant requirements, which may cause degradation of water quality in the Chesapeake Bay watershed. The effect of litter source (the Delmarva Peninsula and Moorefield, West Virginia) and composting of poultry litter on N mineralization and availability of P in two soil types (sandy loam and silt loam) was determined in a controlled environment for 120 d. Nitrogen mineralization (percent total organic N converted to inorganic nitrogen) rates were higher for fresh litter (range of 42 to 64%) than composted litter (range of 1 to 9%). The N mineralization rate of fresh litter from the Delmarva Peninsula was consistently lower than the fresh litter from Moorefield, WV. The N mineralization rate of composted litter from either source was not significantly different for each soil type (7 to 9% in sandy loam and 1 to 5% in silt loam) even though composting conditions were completely different at the two composting facilities. Litter source had a large effect on N mineralization rates of fresh but not composted poultry litter. Composting yielded a more predictable and reliable source of mineralizable N than fresh litter. Water-extractable phosphorus (WEP) was similar in soils amended with composted litter from WV and fresh litter from both sources (approximately 10 to 25 and 2 to 14 mg P kg(-1) for sandy loam and silt loam, respectively). Mehlich 1-extractable phosphorus (MEP) was similar in soils amended with WV fresh litter and composted litter from both sources (approximately 100 to 140 and 60 to 90 mg P kg(-1) for sandy loam and silt loam, respectively). These results suggest that the composting process did not consistently reduce WEP and MEP, and P can be as available in composted poultry litter as in fresh poultry litter. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Hood Coll, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Cool & Cold Water Aquaculture, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Manure & By Prod Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Tworkoski, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 32 TC 90 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 19 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 31 IS 6 BP 2051 EP 2057 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 662NH UT WOS:000181953300033 PM 12469856 ER PT J AU Morgan-Ryan, UM Fall, A Ward, LA Hijjawi, N Sulaiman, I Fayer, R Thompson, RCA Olson, M Lal, A Xiao, LH AF Morgan-Ryan, UM Fall, A Ward, LA Hijjawi, N Sulaiman, I Fayer, R Thompson, RCA Olson, M Lal, A Xiao, LH TI Cryptosporidium hominis n. sp (Apicomplexa : Cryptosporidiidae) from Homo sapiens SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE "cattle" genotype; Cryptosporidium hominis n. sp.; Cryptosporidium parvum; "human" genotype; molecular analysis; new species; pathogenicity; taxonomy transmission studies ID PCR-RFLP ANALYSIS; RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE; LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM ANALYSIS; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS; PROTEIN HSP70 GENE; BETA-TUBULIN GENE; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; PARVUM HUMAN; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS AB The structure and infectivity of the oocysts of a new species of Cryptosporidium from the feces of humans are described. Oocysts are structurally indistinguishable from those of Cryptosporidium parvum. Oocysts of the new species are passed fully sporulated, lack sporocysts, and measure 4.4-5.4 mum (mean = 4.86) X 4.4-5.9 mum (mean = 5.2 mum) with a length to width ratio 1.0-1.09 (mean 1.07) (n = 100). Oocysts were not infectious for ARC Swiss mice, nude mice, Wistar rat pups, puppies, kittens or calves, but were infectious to neonatal gnotobiotic pigs. Pathogenicity studies in the gnotobiotic pig model revealed significant differences in parasite-associated lesion distribution (P = 0.005 to P = 0.02) and intensity of infection (P = 0.04) between C. parvum and this newly described species from humans. In vitro cultivation studies have also revealed growth differences between the two species. Multi-locus analysis of numerous unlinked loci, including a preliminary sequence scan of the entire genome demonstrated this species to be distinct from C. parvum and also demonstrated a lack of recombination, providing further support for its species status. Based on biological and molecular data, this Cryptosporidium infecting the intestine of humans is proposed to be a new species Cryptosporidium hominis n. sp. C1 Murdoch Univ, Div Vet & Biomed Sci, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Food Anim Hlth Res Program, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Vet Preventat Med, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. USDA, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Calgary, Fac Med, Dept Gastrointestinal Sci, Anim Resources Ctr, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada. RP Morgan-Ryan, UM (reprint author), Murdoch Univ, Div Vet & Biomed Sci, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013; OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727; Olson, Merle/0000-0003-3654-7692 NR 94 TC 244 Z9 268 U1 0 U2 12 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 49 IS 6 BP 433 EP 440 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2002.tb00224.x PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 626GK UT WOS:000179863300001 PM 12503676 ER PT J AU Tyree, MT Vargas, G Engelbrecht, BMJ Kursar, TA AF Tyree, MT Vargas, G Engelbrecht, BMJ Kursar, TA TI Drought until death do us part: a case study of the desiccation-tolerance of a tropical moist forest seedling-tree, Licania platypus (Hemsl.) Fritsch SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE desiccation tolerance; drought resistance; hydraulic conductance; Licania platypus; water potential ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTANCE; ROOT; EMBOLISM AB Studies of the desiccation tolerance of 15-month-old Licania platypus (Hemsl.) Fritsch seedlings were performed on potted plants. Pots were watered to field capacity and then dehydrated for 23-46 d to reach various visible wilting stages from slightly-wilted to dead. Root hydraulic conductance, k(r), was measured with a high-pressure flow meter and whole-stem hydraulic conductance, k(ws), was measured by a vacuum chamber method. Leaf punches were harvested for measurement of leaf water potential by a thermocouple psychrometer and for measurement of fresh- and dry-weight. L. platypus was surprisingly desiccation-tolerant, suggesting that most species of central Panama may be well adapted to the seasonality of rainfall in the region. The slightly-wilted stage corresponded to leaf water potentials and relative water contents of -2.7 MPa and 0.85, respectively, but plants did not die until these values fell to -7.5 MPa and 0.14, respectively. As desiccation proceeded k(r) and k(ws) declined relative to irrigated controls, but k(ws) was more sensitive to desiccation than k(r). Values of k(ws) declined by 70-85%. in slightly-wilted to dead plants, respectively. By comparison, k(r) showed no significant change in slightly-wilted plants and fell by about 50% in plants having severely-wilted to dead shoots. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Balboa, Panama. Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Tyree, MT (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, POB 968, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. RI Engelbrecht, Bettina/E-9914-2012 NR 12 TC 53 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 25 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 53 IS 378 BP 2239 EP 2247 DI 10.1093/jxb/erf078 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 610JT UT WOS:000178957500013 PM 12379791 ER PT J AU Sommers, CH Fan, XT AF Sommers, CH Fan, XT TI Antioxidant power, lipid oxidation, color, and viability of Listeria monocytogenes in beef bologna treated with gamma radiation and containing various levels of glucose SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID MAILLARD REACTION-PRODUCTS; PORK PATTIES; PACKAGED PORK; BREAST MEAT; IRRADIATION; TURKEY; VOLATILES; STORAGE; PEROXIDATION; EXPRESSION AB Ionizing radiation can be used to pasteurize ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products. Thermal processing of RTE meats that contain dextrose results in the production of antioxidants; that may interfere with ionizing radiation pasteurization of RTE meat products. Beef bologna was manufactured with dextrose concentrations of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8%. Antioxidant activity, as measured by the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power assay, increased with dextrose concentration but was unaffected by ionizing radiation. Lipid oxidation increased significantly in irradiated bologna (4 kGy) that contained dextrose. Hunter color analysis indicated that the addition of dextrose reduced the ionizing radiation-induced loss of redness (a-value) but promoted the loss of brightness (L-value). The radiation resistance, D-10-value, of Listeria monocytogenes that was surface-inoculated onto bologna slices was not affected by dextrose concentration. L. monocytogenes strains isolated from RTE meats after listeriosis outbreaks were utilized. Increased antioxidant activity generated by thermal processing of dextrose in fine emulsion sausages does not present a barrier to radiation pasteurization of RTE meats. However, a high dextrose concentration in combination with gamma irradiation increases lipid oxidation significantly. C1 USDA ARS, Food Safety Res Unit, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmorr, PA 19038 USA. RP Sommers, CH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Safety Res Unit, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmorr, PA 19038 USA. NR 44 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 65 IS 11 BP 1750 EP 1755 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 612UE UT WOS:000179093200013 PM 12430697 ER PT J AU Fan, XT Sokorai, KJB AF Fan, XT Sokorai, KJB TI Sensorial and chemical quality of gamma-irradiated fresh-cut iceberg lettuce in modified atmosphere packages SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; SHELF-LIFE; VEGETABLES; POTATOES; STRAWBERRIES; PRODUCE; GROWTH; FRUIT AB A study was conducted to investigate the effects of various doses of irradiation on the quality of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce and to determine a suitable maximum dose. Fresh-cut iceberg lettuce packaged in film bags was exposed to 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 kGy of gamma radiation and stored at 3degreesC for 14 days. CO2 levels were higher and O-2 levels were lower in packages containing irradiated lettuce than in those containing nonirradiated lettuce for most of the storage period. Comparison with nonirradiated lettuce indicated that total ascorbic acid (ascorbic acid plus dehydroascorbic acid) content and firmness were not significantly influenced by irradiation at 1 or 2 kGy. The overall visual appearance was best for lettuce irradiated at I or 2 kGy. This improved quality may be related to the high CO2 and low O-2 levels observed for the irradiated samples. Electrolyte leakage for lettuce increased with higher radiation doses and was correlated (R-2 = 0.99) with a soggy appearance. The leakage for lettuce irradiated at greater than or equal to2 kGy was significantly more extensive than that for nonirradiated lettuce. The irradiation of fresh-cut lettuce in modified atmosphere packages at doses of 1 kGy and perhaps 2 kGy for safety enhancement and quality improvement is feasible. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Fan, XT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mem Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM xfan@arserrc.gov NR 29 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X EI 1944-9097 J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 65 IS 11 BP 1760 EP 1765 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 612UE UT WOS:000179093200015 PM 12430699 ER PT J AU Murphy, RY Duncan, LK Marcy, JA Berrang, ME Driscoll, KH AF Murphy, RY Duncan, LK Marcy, JA Berrang, ME Driscoll, KH TI Effect of packaging-film thicknesses on thermal inactivation of Salmonella and Listeria innocua in fully cooked chicken breast meat SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; Listeria; thermal lethality; fully cooked chicken; packaging-film thickness ID MONOCYTOGENES; PATTIES; RESISTANCE; INDICATOR; PROTEINS; HEAT AB The study was conducted to determine the effect of packaging-film thicknesses on thermal inactivation of Salmonella and Listeria innocua in cooked chicken breast meat. The meat was inoculated to contain 10(7) CFU/g of Salmonella or L. innocua and vacuum-packaged in a thickness of 0.0762- or 0.2032-mm film. The packaged meat was heat-treated in a water bath at 68 degreesC for 10 to 120 s and then cooled in an ice-water bath. The survivors of Salmonella or L. innocua were enumerated. This study revealed that packaging-film thicknesses affected thermal inactivation of Salmonella and L. innocua. The results are useful for surface pasteurization of fully cooked and vacuum-packaged meat and poultry products. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Math Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Arkansas, Ctr Excellence Poultry Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Murphy, RY (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 525 WEST VAN BUREN, STE 1000, CHICAGO, IL 60607-3814 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 67 IS 9 BP 3435 EP 3440 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb09602.x PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 628EQ UT WOS:000179980000037 ER PT J AU Rosenbaum, HC Weinrich, MT Stoleson, SA Gibbs, JP Baker, CS DeSalle, R AF Rosenbaum, HC Weinrich, MT Stoleson, SA Gibbs, JP Baker, CS DeSalle, R TI The effect of differential reproductive success on population genetic structure: Correlations of life history with matrilines in humpback whales of the Gulf of Maine SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID TERM LABORATORY EVOLUTION; MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; SOUTHERN GULF; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; HATCHING ASYNCHRONY; TRADE-OFF; SELECTION; BEHAVIOR; SURVIVAL AB To examine whether demographic and life-history traits are correlated with genetic structure, we contrasted mtDNA lineages of individual humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) with sighting and reproductive histories of female humpback whales between 1979 and 1995. Maternal lineage haplotypes were obtained for 323 whales, either from direct sequencing of the mtDNA control region (n = 159) or inferred from known relationships along matrilines from the sequenced sample of individuals (n = 164). Sequence variation in the 550 bp of the control region defined a total of 19 maternal lineage haplotypes that formed two main clades. Fecundity increased significantly over the study period among females of several lineages among the two clades. Individual maternal lineages and other clades were characterized by significant variation in fecundity. The detected heterogeneity of reproductive success has the potential to substantially affect the frequency and distribution of maternal lineages found in this population over time. There were significant yearly effects on adult resighting rates and calf survivorship based on examination of sighting histories with varying capture-recapture probability models. These results indicate that population structure can be influenced by interactions or associations between reproductive success, genetic structure, and environmental factors in a natural population of long-lived mammals. C1 Wildlife Conservat Soc, Sci Resource Ctr, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. Amer Museum Nat Hist, Mol Systemat Lab, New York, NY 10024 USA. Whale Ctr New England, Gloucester, MA 01931 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Irvine, PA 16329 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Univ Auckland, Ecol & Evolut Grp, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland, New Zealand. RP Rosenbaum, HC (reprint author), Wildlife Conservat Soc, Sci Resource Ctr, 2300 So Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. NR 71 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 25 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 93 IS 6 BP 389 EP 399 DI 10.1093/jhered/93.6.389 PG 11 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 651EJ UT WOS:000181307300001 PM 12642638 ER PT J AU Stinard, PS Sachs, MM AF Stinard, PS Sachs, MM TI The identification and characterization of two dominant r1 haplotype-specific inhibitors of aleurone color in Zea mays SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID REGULATORY GENE; TRANSCRIPTIONAL ACTIVATORS; ANTHOCYANIN PRODUCTION; TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; MULTIGENE FAMILY; B-ALLELES; MAIZE; EXPRESSION; PROTEIN AB We report the identification and characterization of two novel dominant inhibitors of aleurone color in Zea mays that interact with specific haplotypes of the r1 locus. One inhibitor locus, inr1 (inhibitor of r1 aleurone color 1), maps to the long arm of chromosome 10, distal to the TB-10L19 breakpoint and tightly linked to dull1, and the second inhibitor locus, inr2 (inhibitor of r1 aleurone color 2), maps to the long arm of chromosome 9. Dominant inhibitory alleles of inr1 and inr2 act by suppressing aleurone color conditioned by certain r1 haplotypes. Two haplotypes, R1-ch:Stadler and R1-Randolph, exhibit nearly complete suppression of aleurone color in the presence of inhibitory alleles of inr1 or inr2. Two members of the R1-d class of haplotypes, R1-d:Catspaw and R1-d:Arapaho, show partial suppression. Other haplotypes tested were not visibly affected. The response of r1 haplotypes to inhibitory inr1 and inr2 alleles provides another means of analyzing the complex behavior of the seed color components of r1 haplotypes. Possible mechanisms of action of inr1 and inr2 are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Pathol & Genet Res Unit, Urbana, IL USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Sachs, MM (reprint author), Maize Genet Cooperat Stock Ctr, S-123 Turner Hall,1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 54 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 93 IS 6 BP 421 EP 428 DI 10.1093/jhered/93.6.421 PG 8 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 651EJ UT WOS:000181307300005 PM 12642642 ER PT J AU Dien, BS Nichols, NN Bothast, RJ AF Dien, BS Nichols, NN Bothast, RJ TI Fermentation of sugar mixtures using Escherichia coli catabolite repression mutants engineered for production of L-lactic acid SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE catabolite repression; lactic acid production; xylose fermentation; Escherichia coli ID GLYCINE BETAINE; LACTATE-DEHYDROGENASE; PENTOSE SUGARS; XYLOSE; ETHANOL; HEXOSE AB Conversion of lignocellulose,to lactic acid requires strains capable of fermenting sugar mixtures of glucose and xylose. Recombinant Escherichia coli strains were engineered to selectively produce L-lactic acid and then used to ferment sugar mixtures. Three of these strains were catabolite repression mutants (ptsG(-)) that have the ability to simultaneously ferment glucose and xylose. The best results were obtained for ptsG- strain FBR19. FBR19 cultures had a yield of 0.77 (g lactic acid/g added sugar) when used to ferment a 100 g/l total equal mixture of glucose and xylose. The strain also consumed 75% of the xylose. In comparison, the ptsG(+) strains had yields of 0.47-0.48 g/g and consumed 18-22% of the xylose. FBR19 was subsequently used to ferment a variety of glucose (0-40 g/l) and xylose (40 g/l) mixtures. The lactic acid yields ranged from 0.74 to 1.00 g/g. Further experiments were conducted to discover the mechanism leading to the poor yields for ptsG(+) strains. Xylose isomerase (XI) activity, a marker for induction of xylose metabolism, was monitored for FBR19 and a ptsG+ control during fermentations of a sugar mixture. Crude protein extracts prepared from FBR19 had 10-12 times the specific XI activity of comparable samples from ptsG(+) strains. Therefore, higher expression of xylose metabolic genes in the ptsG(-) strain may be responsible for superior conversion of xylose to product compared to the ptsG(+) fermentations. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dien, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Dien, Bruce/0000-0003-3863-6664 NR 35 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 29 IS 5 BP 221 EP 227 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.7000299 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 612BB UT WOS:000179052500003 PM 12407454 ER PT J AU Min, WI Lillehoj, HS AF Min, WI Lillehoj, HS TI Isolation and characterization of chicken interleukin-17 cDNA SO JOURNAL OF INTERFERON AND CYTOKINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LYMPHOBLASTOID CELL-LINES; T-CELLS; MESSENGER-RNA; ALLOGRAFT-REJECTION; UP-REGULATION; IL-17; CYTOKINE; EXPRESSION; DIFFERENTIATION; ESTABLISHMENT AB Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by activated T cells. A 917-bp cDNA encoding the IL-17 gene was isolated from our EST cDNA library prepared from intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) of Eimeria-infected chickens. It contained a 507-bp open reading frame (ORF) predicted to encode a protein of 169 amino acids (aa) with a molecular mass of 18.9 kDa, a 27-residue NH2-terminal signal peptide, a single potential N-linked glycosylation site, and 6 cysteine residues conserved with mammalian IL-17. Chicken IL-17 (chIL-17) shared 37%-46% amino acid sequence identity to the previously described mammalian homologs and also was homologous to the ORF 13 of Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS 13). By Northern blot analysis, IL-17 transcripts were identified in a reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV)-transformed chicken lymphoblast cell line (CU205) and conconavalin A (ConA)-stimulated splenic lymphocytes but not other chicken cell lines or normal tissues. Conditioned medium from COS-7 cells transfected with ChIL-17 cDNA induced IL-6 production by chicken embryonic fibroblasts, suggesting a functional role for the cytokine in avian immunity. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville Agr Res Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville Agr Res Serv, Bldg 1040,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Min, Wongi/0000-0003-2437-7366 NR 36 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1079-9907 J9 J INTERF CYTOK RES JI J. Interferon Cytokine Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 11 BP 1123 EP 1128 DI 10.1089/10799900260442548 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology GA 625JH UT WOS:000179813000006 PM 12513911 ER PT J AU Kanga, LHB James, RR Boucias, DG AF Kanga, LHB James, RR Boucias, DG TI Hirsutella thompsonii and Metarhizium anisopliae as potential microbial control agents of Varroa destructor, a honey bee parasite SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Varroa destructor; Apis mellifera; Hirsutella thompsonii; Metarhizium anisopliae; microbial control; observation hive ID APIS-MELLIFERA HYMENOPTERA; FAR-EASTERN RUSSIA; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI; JACOBSONI ACARI; ACARAPIS-WOODI; FORMIC-ACID; COLONIES; FLUVALINATE; MITES; INFESTATION AB The potential of Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschinkoff) as biological control agents of the parasitic mite, Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman was evaluated in the laboratory and in observation hives. In the laboratory, time required for 90% cumulative mortality of mites (LT90) was 4.16 (3.98-4.42) days for H. thompsonii and 5.85 (5.48-7.43) days for M. anisopliae at 1.1 X 10(3) conidia mm(-2). At a temperature (34 +/- 1 degreesC) similar to that of the broodnest in a honey bee colony, Apis mellifera L., H. thompsonii [LC90 = 9.90 x 10(1) (5.86-19.35) conidia mm(-2) at Day 7] and M. anisopliae [LC90 = 7.13 X 10(3) (2.80-23.45) conidia mm(-2) at Day 7] both showed significant virulence against V destructor. The applications of H. thompsonii to observation hives resulted in significant mortality of mites, and reduction of the number of mites per bee 21 and 42 days post-treatments. The treatments did not significantly affect the mite population in sealed brood. However, the fungus must have persisted because infected mites were still observed [82.97 +/- (0.6)%] 42 days post-treatment. In addition, the fungus was found to sporulate on the host. A small percentage [2.86 +/- (0.2)%] of dead mites found in the control hives also showed fungal infection, suggesting that adult bees drifted between hives and disseminated the fungus. H. thompsonii was harmless to the honey bees at the concentrations applied and did not have any deleterious effects on the fecundity of the queens. Microbial control with fungal pathogens provides promising new avenues for control of V. destructor and could be a useful component of an integrated pest management program for the honey bee industry. Published by Elsevier Science (USA). C1 USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, USDA, Agr Res Serv,Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol & Nematol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Kanga, LHB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 45 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 81 IS 3 BP 175 EP 184 AR PII S0022-2011(02)00177-5 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(02)00177-5 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 637YN UT WOS:000180541500005 PM 12507487 ER PT J AU Valles, SM Oi, DH Perera, OP Williams, DF AF Valles, SM Oi, DH Perera, OP Williams, DF TI Detection of Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporidia : thelohaniidae) in Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera : formicidae) by multiplex PCR SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Thelohania solenopsae; Solenopsis invicta; multiplex PCR; diagnostic test ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; IMPORTED FIRE ANT; DNA PROBES; SPECIMENS AB Oligonucleotide primer pairs were designed to unique areas of the small subunit (16S) rRNA gene of Thelohania solenopsae and a region of the Gp-9 gene of Solenopsis invicta. Multiplex PCR resulted in sensitive and specific detection of T solenopsae infection of S. invicta. The T solenopsae-specific primer pair only amplified DNA from T solenopsae and T solenopsae-infected S. invicta. This primer pair did not produce any amplification products from DNA preparations from uninfected S. invicta, seven additional species of microsporidia (including Vairimorpha invictae), or Mattesia spp. The Gp-9-specific primers recognized and amplified DNA from Solenapsis xyloni, Solenopsis richteri, Solenopsis geminata, the invicta/richteri hybrid, and monogyne and polygyne S. invicta, but not from T solenopsae, and, as such, served as a positive control verifying successful DNA preparation. Multiplex PCR detected T solenopsae in worker fire ants infected with as few as 5000 spores. Furthermore, multiplex PCR detected T solenopsae in all developmental stages of S. invicta. However, detection could be made more sensitive by using only the T solenopsae-specific primer pair; ants infected with as few as 10 spores were able to be discerned. Multiplex PCR detection of T solenopsae offers the advantages of a positive control, a single PCR amplification, detection of all developmental stages, and increased sensitivity and specificity compared with microscopy. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Valles, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 23 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 81 IS 3 BP 196 EP 201 AR PII S0022-2011(02)00175-1 DI 10.1016/S0022-2011(02)00175-1 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 637YN UT WOS:000180541500007 PM 12507489 ER PT J AU Wahlin, BT Clemmens, AJ AF Wahlin, BT Clemmens, AJ TI Performance of historic downstream canal control algorithms on ASCE test canal 1 SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE automation; feedback control; canals; algorithms AB Researchers have developed several algorithms to automatically control water levels in irrigation canals. Proportional-integral (PI) control logic has been used for downstream water-level control, but its performance has not always been satisfactory. Heuristic downstream water-level controllers (e.g., canal automation for rapid demand deliveries, or CARDD) have also been proposed but not rigorously tested. The ASCE Task Committee on Canal Automation Algorithms developed a series of test cases to evaluate the performance of canal control algorithms. In this paper, simulation tests were performed on the ASCE Test Canal 1 using three downstream control algorithms: (1) The standard PI control logic; (2) The PI control logic with hydraulic decouplers; and (3) The heuristic CARDD control logic. These controllers were tuned manually using trial-and-error techniques. Perforrnance of the PI control logic improved with the addition of hydraulic decouplers. CARDD did not perform as well as the PI controllers under the condition imposed on ASCE Test Canal 1. Robustness of these controllers depends on the aggressiveness of the controller as well as the initial flow rate. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Wahlin, BT (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 14 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 128 IS 6 BP 365 EP 375 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2002)128:6(365) PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA 619WQ UT WOS:000179500800005 ER PT J AU Castleberry, SB King, TL Wood, PB Ford, WM AF Castleberry, SB King, TL Wood, PB Ford, WM TI Microsatellite DNA analysis of population structure in allegheny woodrats (Neotoma magister) SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Allegheny woodrat; genetic differentiation; microsatellite DNA; molecular markers; Neotoma magister; population genetics ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; SPECIES GROUP; MARKERS; DISTANCES; ALLELES AB Eleven polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers were screened to investigate patterns and processes of genetic variation in Allegheny woodrats at 2 spatial scales, geographically distinct populations and subpopulations within populations. The microsatellite markers detected considerable genetic variation and diversity, with an average heterozygosity of 62.0% (range 25.7-75.0%) and an average of 10.4 alleles per locus (range 5-19). Subpopulations conformed to Hardy-Weinberg expectations in 98.9% of comparisons, and allele frequency differed among subpopulations in 99.3% of comparisons. All statistical tests indicated significant genetic subdivision at the population and subpopulation levels. Theoretical estimates of gene flow were low among subpopulations, suggesting that effective dispersal is limited among subpopulations separated by as little as 3 km. A significant range-wide relationship between geographic and genetic distance at both scales suggests isolation by distance as a mechanism for the observed differentiation. The relationship between genetic distance and geographic distance among the 19 subpopulations within the central Appalachians was significant but weak. Results suggest that Allegheny woodrats associated with clusters of geographically proximate rock outcrops may function as population units. We recommend that individual rock outcrops or groups of geographically proximate outcrops be considered as population units for management. C1 W Virginia Univ, Div Forestry, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Leetown Sci Ctr, Aquat Ecol Lab, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. W Virginia Univ, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, W Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. RP Castleberry, SB (reprint author), Univ Athens, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 83 IS 4 BP 1058 EP 1070 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<1058:MDAOPS>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 621HP UT WOS:000179583200015 ER PT J AU Barnard, DR Bernier, UR Posey, KH Xue, RD AF Barnard, DR Bernier, UR Posey, KH Xue, RD TI Repellency of IR3535, KBR3023, para-menthane-3,8-diol, and deet to black salt marsh mosquitoes (Diptera : Culicidae) in the Everglades National Park SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus repellent field testing; bioassay ID ATTRACTION AB IR3535, KBR3023, para-menthane-3,8-diol (PMD), and deet were evaluated in controlled studies with human subjects (n = 5) for repellency to black salt marsh mosquitoes (Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus Wiedemann), in the Everglades National Park, FL. In tests of 6-h duration, with an average mosquito biting pressure on exposed forearm skin of 19.5 (+/-13.7) bites per minute, the mean percent repellencies (SE) for IR3535, KBR3023, PMD, and deet was 88.6 (3.2), 97.5 (1.7), 89.2 (2.9), and 94.8 (2.5), respectively. Mean complete protection times (SE) for IR3535, KBR3023, PMD, and deet were 3.0 (1.0), 5.4 (0.6), 3.8 (1.4), and 5.6 (0.5) h, respectively. Untreated (ethanol) controls provided 0% repellency. When mosquito biting rates on the untreated forearm skin of repellent-treated subjects were compared with biting rates on the forearm skin of control subjects, the former were 23%-40% lower early in tests and as much as 22% higher late in tests. These differences cast doubt on the technical merit of test designs comprising evaluation of more than one repellent at a time on the same human subject while underscoring the importance of untreated subjects as negative controls in field repellent bioassays. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Barnard, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 19 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 39 IS 6 BP 895 EP 899 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-39.6.895 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 622WE UT WOS:000179669900014 PM 12495189 ER PT J AU Cruz-Vazquez, C Altamira, G Ramos, M Medina, L Garcia-Vazquez, Z George, J AF Cruz-Vazquez, C Altamira, G Ramos, M Medina, L Garcia-Vazquez, Z George, J TI Susceptibility of Haematobia irritans (Diptera : Muscidae) to permethrin in dairies in aguascalientes, Mexico SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hematobia irritans; pyrethroid susceptibility; dairy herd; Mexico ID HORN FLIES; RESISTANCE AB The purpose of this study was to conduct a survey for the susceptibility of the horn fly, Hematobia irritans (L.), populations to permethrin on dairy cattle from Aguascalientes, Mexico. Samples of populations of horn flies at 25 dairies were exposed to two discriminating doses (2.5 and 6.0 mug/cm(2)) on permethrin-treated filter papers and the percentage of mortality was compared with that of a susceptible strain treated with same doses of permethrin. The results show that there was a difference in the mortality from two discriminating doses and the mortality of the susceptible strain. Therefore, horn fly populations at all dairies tested in Aguascalientes, Mexico, were susceptible to permethrin. This insecticide, as well as other pyrethroids, could continue to be used to provide satisfactory control of horn flies in the study region. C1 INIFAP SAGAR, Jiutepec 62500, Morelos, Mexico. USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res Lab, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Cruz-Vazquez, C (reprint author), Inst Tecnol Agropecuario Aguascalientes, AP 74-2,Admon,Postal 2, Aguascalientes 20041, Mexico. OI Cruz-Vazquez, Carlos/0000-0003-0970-6811 NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 39 IS 6 BP 939 EP 941 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-39.6.939 PG 3 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 622WE UT WOS:000179669900022 PM 12495197 ER PT J AU Joshi, BK Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT AF Joshi, BK Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT TI Bioactive natural products from a sclerotium-colonizing isolate of Humicola fuscoatra SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article AB Chemical studies of an organic extract from solid-substrate fermentations of the mycoparasitic fungus Humicola fuscoatra NRRL 22980, originally isolated as a colonist of Aspergillus flavus sclerotia, afforded two new unrelated compounds that we have named fuscoatroside (1) and fuscoatramide (2). The structures of these metabolites were elucidated by analysis of NMR and MS data. Fuscoatroside (1) is a triterpenoid glycoside that exhibited activity in antifungal assays against A. flavus. This extract also contained the known metabolites 7-deoxysterigmatocystin, sterigmatocystin, isosclerone, and decarestrictines A(1) and I. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Gloer, JB (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. EM james-gloer@uiowa.edu NR 10 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 4 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 65 IS 11 BP 1734 EP 1737 DI 10.1021/np020295p PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 618AK UT WOS:000179394400050 PM 12444718 ER PT J AU Demaree, SR Gilbert, CD Mersmann, HJ Smith, SB AF Demaree, SR Gilbert, CD Mersmann, HJ Smith, SB TI Conjugated linoleic acid differentially modifies fatty acid composition in subcellular fractions of muscle and adipose tissue but not adiposity of postweanling pigs SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE conjugated dienes; fatty acids; microsomes; adiposity; pigs ID BODY-COMPOSITION; GENE-EXPRESSION; 3T3-L1 PREADIPOCYTES; ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; LIVER-MICROSOMES; RAT-LIVER; MICE; CLA; METABOLISM; GROWTH AB This study examined the interaction between conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and dietary fat type on the enrichment of subcellular fractions, the Delta(9) desaturase index and adiposity in pigs. Early weaned piglets (n = 6/group) were fed for 35 d diets supplemented with 15 g/100 g diet beef tallow or corn oil, or 12 g/100 g tallow or corn oil plus 3 g CLA. There were no effects of dietary fat or CLA on the mass of dissected skin, bone, muscle or adipose tissue of the 7th to 9th thoracic rib sections. Medial subcutaneous adipose tissue of pigs fed tallow had smaller adipocytes than that of pigs fed corn oil. The lateral subcutaneous site was unaffected by dietary fat type. Microsomes accumulated <50% the concentration of trans-10,cis-12, cis-11,trans-13, and cis-9,trans-11 CLA as membrane and nonmembrane fractions of adipose tissue and longissimus muscle. There was no evidence of preferential incorporation of any CLA isomer into any of the subcellular fractions. Addition of CLA to the diets reduced adipose tissue nonmembrane monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA; g/100 g total fatty acids) by 15% in corn oil-fed pigs and by 19% in tallow-fed pigs. Total saturated fatty acids (SFA) were increased by CLA commensurately in this lipid fraction. This resulted in a reduced Delta(9) desaturase index [MUFA/(SFA + MUFA)] in the nonmembrane lipid fraction of pigs fed either the corn oil or tallow diets. Thus, in spite of marked effects on fatty acid composition and the Delta(9) desaturase index, CLA had no effect on adiposity in early weaned piglets fed high fat diets. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Smith, SB (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Smith, Stephen/H-7046-2014 OI Smith, Stephen/0000-0002-2779-8281 NR 51 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 132 IS 11 BP 3272 EP 3279 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 613AX UT WOS:000179109300006 PM 12421839 ER PT J AU Lambert, BD Stoll, B Niinikoski, H Pierzynowski, S Burrin, DG AF Lambert, BD Stoll, B Niinikoski, H Pierzynowski, S Burrin, DG TI Net portal absorption of enterally fed alpha-ketoglutarate is limited in young pigs SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE glutamate; ammonia; glutamate dehydrogenase; dicarboxylic acid transport; pigs ID GLUTAMINE; METABOLISM; PIGLETS; ACID AB Our aim was to quantify the intestinal metabolic fate of dietary alpha-ketoglutarate (AKG). Female pigs In = 6; 21 d old) were implanted with arterial, venous, portal and gastric catheters and an ultrasonic portal flow probe and fed a corn and soybean meal-based diet. On (t)he day of the experiment, the pigs received a 4-h intragastric infusion of sodium AKG at a rate equivalent to 0, 2.5, 5 or 10% of dietary intake. The net portal AKG balance of the control and 2.5% treatments did not differ and were not different from zero. However, the net portal AKG balance of both the 5 [163 mumol/(kg (.) h)] and 10% [159 mumol/(kg (.) h)] treatments were greater (P < 0.05) than the control. Despite significant net AKG absorption at the 5 and 10% levels, the net portal appearance represented only 10.8 and 6.7%, respectively, of the enteral input. The net portal appearances of glutamate, glutamine, ammonia and the branched-chain amino acids were not affected by dietary AKG level. We conclude that the absorption of dietary AKG is limited in young pigs and does not change the net portal balance of amino acids or ammonia. C1 USDA, ARS Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Gramineer Int, SE-22370 Lund, Sweden. Lund Univ, Dept Anim Physiol, SE-23363 Lund, Sweden. RP Burrin, DG (reprint author), USDA, ARS Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RI Lambert, Barry/I-3463-2016 OI Lambert, Barry/0000-0003-1488-3118 NR 12 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 132 IS 11 BP 3383 EP 3386 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 613AX UT WOS:000179109300022 PM 12421855 ER PT J AU Bhargava, A Guthrie, JF Hays, J AF Bhargava, A Guthrie, JF Hays, J TI Behavioral variables and education are predictors of dietary change in the Women's Health Trial: Feasibility Study in Minority Populations SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT International Research Conference on Food, Nutrition and Cancer CY JUL 11-12, 2002 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP BASF Aktiengesell, California Dried Plum Board, Campbell Soup Co, Danisco Cultor, Galileo Labs Inc, Mead Johnson Nutr, Roche Vitamins Inc, Yamanouchi, Shaklee, INOBYS C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC USA. Baylor Sch Med, Dept Med, Houston, TX USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 132 IS 11 SU S BP 3545S EP 3545S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 614PU UT WOS:000179199200048 ER PT J AU Bhagwat, S Beecher, GR Haytowitz, DB Holden, J Gebhardt, S Dwyer, J Peterson, J Eldridge, A AF Bhagwat, S Beecher, GR Haytowitz, DB Holden, J Gebhardt, S Dwyer, J Peterson, J Eldridge, A TI Development of a database for flavonoids in foods SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT International Research Conference on Food, Nutrition and Cancer CY JUL 11-12, 2002 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP BASF Aktiengesell, California Dried Plum Board, Campbell Soup Co, Danisco Cultor, Galileo Labs Inc, Mead Johnson Nutr, Roche Vitamins Inc, Yamanouchi, Shaklee, INOBYS C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Gen Mills, Minneapolis, MN USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 132 IS 11 SU S BP 3548S EP 3548S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 614PU UT WOS:000179199200059 ER PT J AU de Jesus, V Cutrufelli, R Lemar, L Haytowitz, D Thomas, R AF de Jesus, V Cutrufelli, R Lemar, L Haytowitz, D Thomas, R TI Food composition data online: Supporting cancer research needs SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT International Research Conference on Food, Nutrition and Cancer CY JUL 11-12, 2002 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP BASF Aktiengesell, California Dried Plum Board, Campbell Soup Co, Danisco Cultor, Galileo Labs Inc, Mead Johnson Nutr, Roche Vitamins Inc, Yamanouchi, Shaklee, INOBYS C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Data Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 132 IS 11 SU S BP 3548S EP 3548S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 614PU UT WOS:000179199200058 ER PT J AU Mai, V Katki, H Clevidence, B Hursting, S Harmsen, H Schatzkin, A AF Mai, V Katki, H Clevidence, B Hursting, S Harmsen, H Schatzkin, A TI Changes in the fecal flora composition of human volunteers in a double-blind randomized black tea feeding study SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT International Research Conference on Food, Nutrition and Cancer CY JUL 11-12, 2002 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP BASF Aktiengesell, California Dried Plum Board, Campbell Soup Co, Danisco Cultor, Galileo Labs Inc, Mead Johnson Nutr, Roche Vitamins Inc, Yamanouchi, Shaklee, INOBYS C1 NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NCI, Div Canc Prevent, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands. RI Katki, Hormuzd/B-4003-2015 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 132 IS 11 SU S BP 3551S EP 3551S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 614PU UT WOS:000179199200068 ER PT J AU Verghese, M Rao, DR Chawan, CB Walker, LT Shackelford, L AF Verghese, M Rao, DR Chawan, CB Walker, LT Shackelford, L TI Inhibitory effect of dietary phytic acid and inositol on azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci in fisher male rats SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT International Research Conference on Food, Nutrition and Cancer CY JUL 11-12, 2002 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP BASF Aktiengesell, California Dried Plum Board, Campbell Soup Co, Danisco Cultor, Galileo Labs Inc, Mead Johnson Nutr, Roche Vitamins Inc, Yamanouchi, Shaklee, INOBYS C1 Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Food & Anim Sci, Nutr & Carcinogenesis Lab, Normal, AL 35762 USA. USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 132 IS 11 SU S BP 3553S EP 3553S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 614PU UT WOS:000179199200075 ER PT J AU MacDonald, RS Browning, JD Li, X Berhow, M AF MacDonald, RS Browning, JD Li, X Berhow, M TI Soy isoflavones and saponins inhibit the growth of cultured colon adenocarcinoma cells SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT International Research Conference on Food, Nutrition and Cancer CY JUL 11-12, 2002 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP BASF Aktiengesell, California Dried Plum Board, Campbell Soup Co, Danisco Cultor, Galileo Labs Inc, Mead Johnson Nutr, Roche Vitamins Inc, Yamanouchi, Shaklee, INOBYS C1 Univ Missouri, Genet Area Program, Columbia, MO USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 132 IS 11 SU S BP 3554S EP 3554S PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 614PU UT WOS:000179199200079 ER PT J AU Bhathena, SJ Ali, AA Mohamed, AI Hansen, CT Velasquez, MT AF Bhathena, SJ Ali, AA Mohamed, AI Hansen, CT Velasquez, MT TI Differential effects of dietary flaxseed protein and soy protein on plasma triglyceride and uric acid levels in animal models SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; flaxseed; hypertriglyceridemia; hyperuricemia; plasma lipids; soy protein ID ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC ATHEROSCLEROSIS; SERUM-LIPIDS; UNDIGESTED FRACTION; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; DEFATTED FLAXSEED; SOYBEAN PROTEIN; BLOOD-PRESSURE; CORPULENT RAT AB The effect of dietary soy protein and flaxseed meal on metabolic parameters was studied in two animal models, F344 rats with normal lipid levels and obese SHR/N-cp rats with elevated levels of cholesterol and triglyceride. The rats were fed AIN 93 diet differing only in the source of protein. The rats were fed either 20% casein, 20% soy protein or 20% flaxseed meal. Plasma was analyzed for cholesterol, triglyceride, uric acid, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and total protein. In both strains of rats, flaxseed meal significantly decreased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. The effect of soy protein on lipids was not as striking as that of flaxseed meal. Flaxseed meal also lowered uric acid in F344 rats and BUN in SHRIN-cp rats. Since cholesterol, triglyceride and uric acid are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disorders, our data show that both flaxseed meal and soy protein may have beneficial effects. Which chemical constituent(s) of flaxseed meal or soybean is (are) responsible for the beneficial effects need to be identified. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. Ain Shams Univ, Cairo, Egypt. Virginia State Univ, Peterburg, VA USA. George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Washington, DC 20037 USA. NIH, Anim Genet Resource, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Bhathena, SJ (reprint author), ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. NR 44 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 13 IS 11 BP 684 EP 689 AR PII S0955-2863(02)00227-9 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(02)00227-9 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 620VW UT WOS:000179554300007 ER PT J AU Crescenzi, A Piazzolla, P Hadidi, A AF Crescenzi, A Piazzolla, P Hadidi, A TI First report of Peach latent mosaic viroid in sweet cherry in Italy SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Basilicata, Dipartimento Biol Difesa & Biotecnol Agro Foresta, I-85100 Potenza, Italy. USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Crescenzi, A (reprint author), Univ Basilicata, Dipartimento Biol Difesa & Biotecnol Agro Foresta, C Macchia Romana, I-85100 Potenza, Italy. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDIZIONI ETS PI PISA PA PIAZZA CARRARA 16-19, 56126 PISA, ITALY SN 1125-4653 J9 J PLANT PATHOL JI J. Plant Pathol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 84 IS 3 BP 168 EP 168 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 623ZH UT WOS:000179734500007 ER PT J AU Gillen, RL Sims, PL AF Gillen, RL Sims, PL TI Stocking rate and cow-calf production on sand sagebrush rangeland SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Artemisia filifolia; mixed prairie; Southern Plains; animal performance; optimum stocking rate ID TEXAS AB Stocking rate is generally considered to be the most important management factor in sustainable grazing of Great Plains grasslands over management periods of 10 to 20 years or longer. Most studies to determine optimum stocking rates have compared only 2 or 3 discrete stocking rates. Our objective was to determine cow, calf, and economic performance on sand sagebrush (Artemisia filifolia Torr.) rangeland as a continuous function of stocking rate. Replicated stocking rates of 0.11, 0.15, and 0.22 head ha(-1) were studied over an 8-year period. Cow weight declined as stocking rate increased in drought years but was not affected by stocking rate in wetter years. Weaning percentage was not affected by stocking rate but variation within treatment groups was high. Calf birth weight and weaning weight both declined as stocking rate increased. Comparing 0.11 and 0.22 head ha(-1), calf production cow(-1) declined from 206 to 144 kg cow(-1) as stocking rate increased but calf production ha(-1) increased from 22.6 to 31.7 kg calf ha(-1). Net returns were maximized at $7.87 ha(-1) year(-1) at a stocking rate of 0.172 head ha(-1), well within the range of experimental treatments. Net returns were within 5% of maximum between stocking rates of 0.156 and 0.183 head ha(-1). The variability of all responses increased as stocking rate increased. Simulation indicated-that improved livestock prices and increased animal productivity shifted the economic optimum stocking rate to higher levels, which would put more pressure on the conservation ethic of land managers. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. RP Gillen, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, 2000 18th St, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 55 IS 6 BP 542 EP 550 DI 10.2307/4003997 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 614JM UT WOS:000179184900004 ER PT J AU Pierson, FB Spaeth, KE Weltz, MA Carlson, DH AF Pierson, FB Spaeth, KE Weltz, MA Carlson, DH TI Hydrologic response of diverse western rangelands SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE rangeland hydrology; infiltration; erosion; hydrologic modeling ID VEGETATION TYPES; EDWARDS-PLATEAU; GRAZING SYSTEMS; ROLLING PLAINS; WATER YIELD; TEXAS; INFILTRATION; EROSION; MODEL; OAK AB There are several generalizations or assumptions concerning rangeland hydrology and erosion relationships found in the literature and in the management arena. These generalizations have found their way into rangeland models, where modelers have assumed that diverse rangeland types can be lumped or averaged together in some way to develop one algorithm or equation to describe a process or relationship across the entire spectrum of rangeland types. These assumptions and modeling approaches based on the universal concept may not be appropriate for diverse rangeland types. This paper presents a comprehensive data set of vegetation, soils, hydrology, and erosion relationships of diverse western rangelands, and utilizes the data to assess the validity of the various assumptions/generalizations for rangelands. The data set emphasizes the difficulty in understanding hydrologic responses on semiarid rangelands, where the relationship between plant/soil characteristics and infiltration/erosion is not well established. When all sites were pooled together, infiltration and sediment production were not correlated with any measured vegetation or soil characteristic. A myriad group of factors determine infiltration and erosion, and is dependent on rangeland type and site conditions. The infiltration and erosion responses and correlation/regression analyses presented highlight the risk of using generalized assumptions about rangeland hydrologic response and emphasize the need to change the current modeling approach. Universal algorithms to represent the response of all rangeland types, such as the pooled multiple regression equations presented, will not provide sufficient accuracy for prediction or assessment of management. We need to develop a rationale to organize rangeland types/vegetation states according to similarities in relationships and responses. These functional rangeland units would assist in the development of more accurate predictive equations to enhance model performance and management of rangelands. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, NRCS, Boise, ID 83712 USA. USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Pierson, FB (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, NRCS, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 45 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 21 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 55 IS 6 BP 558 EP 570 DI 10.2307/4003999 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 614JM UT WOS:000179184900006 ER PT J AU Longland, WS Bateman, SL AF Longland, WS Bateman, SL TI Viewpoint: The ecological value of shrub Islands on disturbed sagebrush rangelands SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Artemisia tridentata Nutt.; biological diversity; disturbance; Island Biogeography Theory; succession; terrestrial habitat islands ID PREDATION; PREFERENCE; HABITAT AB Undisturbed plant communities dominated by shrubs or trees are often left isolated within landscapes otherwise devoid of woody vegetation following large-scale disturbances such as wild-fires. We discuss potential ecological benefits associated with these terrestrial vegetation "islands", giving special attention to islands in disturbed shrub systems dominated by big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.). Shrub habitat islands provide important refugia for plant and animal species that are associates of shrubs-from those that generally require shrub cover to those that have evolved obligate symbioses with a particular shrub species. Even if islands are not able to support breeding populations, they may provide essential temporary habitat for maintaining a plant or animal metapopulation or for dispersing animals. Habitat islands are likely to enhance local biological diversity of plants and animals, because they harbor species that are lacking in disturbed areas, and because abrupt structural changes from disturbed to undisturbed vegetation provide a habitat mosaic that facilitates high levels of species turnover. A previous study confirmed that small mammal species richness in sagebrush islands is intermediate to the high species richness in undisturbed sagebrush "mainlands" and the low richness associated with burned sagebrush habitats. In re-analyzing some of the data from the latter study, we found that small mammal richness in sagebrush islands increases with time since the surrounding habitat burned. Finally, habitat islands provide more evenly dispersed seed sources for re-establishment of decimated vegetation within disturbed areas, and they may harbor animal species that provide seed dispersal services. Thus, they should accelerate vegetation recovery after disturbance. Managers, fire crews, and others who may influence how disturbance patterns affect habitat heterogeneity should be aware of these ecological benefits of habitat islands. C1 Univ Nevada, USDA ARS, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Biol, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RP Longland, WS (reprint author), Univ Nevada, USDA ARS, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 12 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 55 IS 6 BP 571 EP 575 DI 10.2307/4004000 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 614JM UT WOS:000179184900007 ER PT J AU Pyke, DA Herrick, JE Shaver, P Pellant, M AF Pyke, DA Herrick, JE Shaver, P Pellant, M TI Rangeland health attributes and indicators for qualitative assessment SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Review DE soil stability; hydrologic function; biological integrity; ecosystem status; erosion; infiltration; inventory ID SOUTHERN NEW-MEXICO; SOIL-EROSION; WIND EROSION; HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS; SEMIARID RANGELANDS; SAGEBRUSH RANGELAND; MESQUITE DUNELANDS; INTERRILL EROSION; FORMER GRASSLANDS; VEGETATION AB Panels of experts from the Society for Range Management and the National Research Council proposed that status of rangeland ecosystems could be ascertained by evaluating an ecological site's potential to conserve soil resources and by a series of indicators for ecosystem processes and site stability. Using these recommendations as a starting point, we developed a rapid, qualitative method for assessing a moment-in-time status of rangelands. Evaluators rate 17 indicators to assess 3 ecosystem attributes (soil and site stability, hydrologic function, and biotic integrity) for a given location. Indicators include rills, water flow patterns, pedestals and terracettes, bare ground, gullies, wind scour and depositional areas, litter movement, soil resistance to erosion, soil surface loss or degradation, plant composition relative to infiltration, soil compaction, plant functional/structural groups, plant mortality, litter amount, annual production, invasive plants, and reproductive capability. In this paper, we detail the development and evolution of the technique and introduce a modified ecological reference worksheet that documents the expected presence and amount of each indicator on the ecological site. In addition, we review the intended applications for this technique and clarify the differences between assessment and monitoring that lead us to recommend this technique be used for moment-in-time assessments and not be used for temporal monitoring of rangeland status. Lastly, we propose a mechanism for adapting and modifying this technique to reflect improvements in understanding of ecosystem processes. We support the need for quantitative measures for monitoring rangeland health and propose some measures that we believe may address some of the 17 indicators. C1 US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Grazing Land Technol Inst, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Dept Interior, Bur Land Management, Idaho State Off, Boise, ID 83709 USA. RP Pyke, DA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, US Dept Interior, Forest & Rangeland Ecosyst Sci Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM david_a_pyke@usgs.gov; jherrick@nmsu.edu; patrick.shaver@orst.edu; mike_pellant@blm.gov NR 115 TC 102 Z9 106 U1 3 U2 52 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 55 IS 6 BP 584 EP 597 DI 10.2307/4004002 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 614JM UT WOS:000179184900009 ER PT J AU Grieshop, MJ Nowierski, RM AF Grieshop, MJ Nowierski, RM TI Selected factors affecting seedling recruitment of dalmatian toadflax SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE seed limitation; microsite; weed management; biological control; rangeland; ecology; overseeding; Brachypterolus pulicarius; plant competition; Linaria genistifolia; ssp Dalmatica ID SPOTTED KNAPWEED; INTERMEDIATE WHEATGRASS; FEEDING INSECTS; LEAFY SPURGE; COMPETITION; HERBIVORY; ESTABLISHMENT; RAGWORT; FITNESS; BIOLOGY AB Seedling recruitment of Dalmatian toadflax, (Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica (L.) Maire and Petitmengin (Scrophulariaceae)), was examined in a 2-year field study in Montana using overseeding and plant/insect exclusion methods, to determine whether it was more limited by seed availability or interspecific plant competition. Overseeding test plots with toadflax seed had no effect on seedling recruitment. Exclusion of plant competition (via herbicide application and pruning) significantly increased total, and cumulative seedling recruitment of Dalmatian toadflax on the last sampling date in 3 of 4, and 2 of 4 cases examined, respectively. Insect exclusion (via insecticide application) significantly increased total seedling recruitment of Dalmatian toadflax on the last sampling date in only 1 of 4 cases examined, and had no effect on cumulative seedling recruitment of Dalmatian toadflax on the last sampling date. We conclude that seedling recruitment in Dalmatian toadflax was more strongly influenced by plant competition than herbivory in our study. Hence, microsite limitation (i.e., competition for "safe sites for germination") rather than seed limitation appears to play a more important role in toadflax seedling recruitment. In light of this, current biological control agents that impact seed production will likely have minimal capabilities of influencing toadflax density. Thus, a premium should be placed on establishing biological control agents that are able to cause significant damage to the stem and root system of Dalmatian toadflax, and in maintaining a healthy plant community that, through interspecific competition, will negatively affect toadflax seedling recruitment. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66507 USA. USDA, CREES PAS, Washington, DC 20520 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Grieshop, MJ (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66507 USA. NR 29 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 55 IS 6 BP 612 EP 619 DI 10.2307/4004005 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 614JM UT WOS:000179184900012 ER PT J AU McNeill, KL Sanders, TH Civille, GV AF McNeill, KL Sanders, TH Civille, GV TI Descriptive analysis of commercially available creamy style peanut butters SO JOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES LA English DT Article ID FLAVOR AB This study was undertaken to establish category and product descriptive characteristics of commercial creamy style peanut butters for use in subsequent modeling of consumer response. An established descriptive lexicon for peanut flavor was modified with additional appearance and texture terminology to describe these samples. To determine the full category space for the appearance, flavor and texture characteristics for commercial creamy style peanut butters, a highly trained descriptive panel screened 42 brands. A subset of 22 peanut butters was identified which represented the available range of appearance, flavor and texture variations and determined the product category. These 22 commercial creamy style peanut butters were subsequently evaluated and quantitatively described using 4 appearance, 19 flavor and 12 texture descriptors. Using both hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis, 4 logical associative groupings of products were identified: store and name brands, natural brands, reduced fat brands, and some store or name brands with unique or unusual appearance, flavor or texture characteristics. Omission of products with redundant characteristics within a factor grouping enabled further reduction to 15 products for subsequent quantitative consumer testing to establish a model for descriptive analysis as a predictor of consumer research responses. C1 USDA ARS, MQHRU, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Sensory Spectrum Inc, Chatham, NJ 07928 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Sanders, TH (reprint author), USDA ARS, MQHRU, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 9 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0887-8250 J9 J SENS STUD JI J. Sens. Stud. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 17 IS 5 BP 391 EP 414 DI 10.1111/j.1745-459X.2002.tb00355.x PG 24 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 626XZ UT WOS:000179900300002 ER PT J AU Dominick, MD AF Dominick, MD TI Partnerships make for success SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Letter C1 USDA, NRCS, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Dominick, MD (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 138A EP 138A PG 1 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500002 ER PT J AU Bentrup, G Leininger, T AF Bentrup, G Leininger, T TI Agroforestry: Mapping the way with GIS SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID MANAGEMENT C1 USDA, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Bentrup, G (reprint author), USDA, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Lincoln, NE USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 148A EP 153A PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500006 ER PT J AU Shaffer, MJ Delgado, JA AF Shaffer, MJ Delgado, JA TI Essentials of a national nitrate leaching index assessment tool SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Editorial Material DE nitrate; nitrate leaching index; nitrogen; underground water; water quality ID IRRIGATED LEAF LETTUCE; WINTER COVER CROPS; WATER INTERACTIONS; NITROGEN; MANAGEMENT; NLEAP; SOIL; ROTATION; COLORADO; QUALITY AB Nitrogen (N) inputs are essential for increasing yields and maintaining the economic viability of farming systems worldwide. Although best irrigation and N management practices have been used, increases in worldwide use of N fertilizers combined with average N use efficiencies of 50 percent have contributed to increased leakage from the N cycle (e.g., higher nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) leaching losses). Specific land use patterns have been correlated with higher NO3-N concentrations in underground water resources. There is a critical need to continue improving best management practices to reduce NO3-N leaching losses, increase the economic viability of farming operations, and conserve water quality. To help meet these objectives, this paper recommends the essentials for the development of a national NO3-N leaching assessment tool The resulting NO3-N leaching index (NLI) should be based on hydrological soil properties and climate, must consider management practices and associated crop rotations, and incorporate off-site effects. Development of the NO should include the use of simulation models and expert systems; databases for soils, climate, and management; and use of the Internet. The index also needs to allow input of local site-specific information from producers and field personnel. The index needs to be national in scope and yet flexible enough for use in specialized or difficult cases. Routine use of the index needs to be kept simple and quick with minimal input from the user so that field office personnel can apply the tool. on a regular basis. Application of the NLI should be linked to the phosphorus (P) index so that management of key nutrients-N and P-can be accomplished simultaneously. We recommend a 3-tier approach to developing the NLI that would provide a uniform index yet allow for refinement of accuracy in the index values as necessary to meet study needs. Tier 1 would involve the initial use of an expert system to separate medium, high, and very high NO3-N leaching potentials from low and very low potential levels by qualitatively screening non-numeric inputs obtained from users. This initial screening technique is similar to that used to develop the P index, but would be designed specifically for NO3-N leaching. Tier 2 would involve computation of the NO3-N leached (NL) index using application models or databases based on models, followed by introduction of off-site effects and local interpretation and normalization to produce the final NLI. In difficult cases, a tier 3 study involving detailed research models and field data would be needed along with the off-site effects, interpretation, and normalization. The NO could be used routinely in conjunction with the P index to allow alternative management scenarios that optimize both N and P for maximal economic return while protecting the environment. C1 USDA ARS, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv, No Plains Area,Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Shaffer, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv, No Plains Area,Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 60 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 13 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 327 EP 335 PG 9 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500007 ER PT J AU Dosskey, MG Helmers, MJ Eisenhauer, DE Franti, TG Hoagland, KD AF Dosskey, MG Helmers, MJ Eisenhauer, DE Franti, TG Hoagland, KD TI Assessment of concentrated flow through riparian buffers SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE concentrated flow; nonpoint source pollution; riparian buffers; sediment; surface runoff; vegetative filter strips ID VEGETATIVE FILTER STRIPS; SIMULATED VEGETATION; AGRICULTURAL CATCHMENTS; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; GRASS FILTERS; RUNOFF; FILTRATION; REDUCTION; RAINFALL; LOSSES AB Concentrated flow of surface runoff from agricultural fields may limit the capability of riparian buffers to remove pollutants. This study was conducted on four farms in southeastern Nebraska to develop a method for assessing the extent of concentrated flow in riparian buffers and for evaluating the impact that it has on sediment-trapping efficiency. Field methods consisted of mapping field runoff areas and their pathways to and through riparian buffers to streams. Mathematical relationships were developed from a mode (VFSMOD) that estimates sediment-trapping efficiency from the ratio of buffer area to field runoff area. Among the farms surveyed, riparian buffers averaged 9 to 35 m wide, and gross buffer area ranged from 1.5 to 7.2 ha, but the effective buffer area that actually contacts runoff water was only 0.2 to 1.3 ha. Patterns of topography and microrelief in fields and riparian zones prevented uniform distribution of field runoff across entire buffer areas. Using the mathematical relationships, it is estimated that riparian buffers at each of the four farms could potentially remove 99%, 67%, 59%, and 41% of sediment from field runoff if the runoff is uniformly distributed over the entire gross buffer area. However, because of non-uniform distribution, it is estimated that only 43%, 15%, 23%, and 34%, respectively, would actually be removed. The results indicate that concentrated flow through riparian buffers can be substantial and may greatly limit filtering effectiveness in this region. C1 USDA, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Lincoln, NE USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Lincoln, NE USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Dosskey, MG (reprint author), USDA, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Lincoln, NE USA. NR 42 TC 84 Z9 89 U1 3 U2 28 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 336 EP 343 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500008 ER PT J AU Huang, X Skidmore, EL Tibke, GL AF Huang, X Skidmore, EL Tibke, GL TI Soil quality of two Kansas soils as influenced by the Conservation Reserve Program SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE aggregate stability; CRP; soil quality; soil total carbon; wind erosion ID LONG-TERM TILLAGE; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; BULK-DENSITY; CRP; IMPACT; INDICATORS; EROSION; PLAINS; CARBON; LANDS AB Achieving and maintaining a good soil quality is essential for sustaining agricultural production in an economically viable and environmentally safe manner. The transition of land management provides an opportunity to measure soil-quality indicators to quantify the effects of those management practices. This study compared soil chemical and physical properties after 10 years of grass on Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) land with those in continuously cropped land (CCL). The sample sites, located in central Kansas, have two mapping units, Harney silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Typic Arigiustolls) and Naron fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed, thermic Udic Argiustolls). Soil samples were collected at two depth increments, 0 to 5 cm and 5 to 10 cm. Soil-quality indicators measured were soil acidity (pH), exchangeable cations, nutrients, total carbon, structure, and aggregation. Soil pH was significantly lower in CCL than in CRR Soil total C and N in the surface layer (0 to 5 cm) was much greater than in the deeper layer (5 to 10 cm) in the CRP site. The mass of total carbon of Naron soil was significantly higher for 0 to 5 cm and lower for 5 to 10 cm depth in CRP land than in CCL. However, the mass of total carbon of Harney soil was significantly higher in no-tilled CCL than in CRP. Bulk density significantly increased in CCL. Based on dry and wet aggregate stability analysis, the results indicated that CRP land had a greater resistance to erosion by both water and wind than CCL. The improvements in soil quality resulting from CRP included reducing soil acidification, alleviating compaction, and reducing topsoil susceptibility to erosion. However, when CRP was taken out for crop production with conventional tillage, total carbon in the surface layer (0 to 5 cm) and aggregate stability gradually decreased. This suggested that appropriate land management practices are needed to extend residual benefit from CRP on soil quality. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Huang, X (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 344 EP 350 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500009 ER PT J AU Bonta, JV AF Bonta, JV TI Modification and performance of the Coshocton wheel with the modified drop-box weir SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE composite sampler; drop box weir; erosion plot; flow measurement; flow proportional sampler; sediment; water sampler ID 3 OHIO WATERSHEDS; IMPACT; HYDROLOGY; SEDIMENT AB Water-chemistry, sediment, and runoff data from erosion plots and small watersheds are often needed for erosion and water-quality studies where sediment concentrations can be large. Data may also be needed under conditions where approach channels are not appropriate for conventional measuring devices, such as in steep and skewed channels. The performance (sampler fraction) of the modified drop-box weir as the approach to the Coshocton wheel proportional water sampler was evaluated to meet these needs. Three splash-shield configurations on the sampling slot of the Coshocton wheel were investigated to control splashing of water and duplicate water sampling. Of the three shields, a dual-splash shield was required to control water splashing below the sampling slot and to insure proportional sampling of large flows. The Coshocton wheel worked well with the drop-box weir as the sampler approach under steady and unsteady flow conditions. The average proportional sampler fraction for the dual-shield configuration under steady flows was 0.0127 and for unsteady flows was 0.0120. This difference was not statistically significant. Coshocton wheel rotational speed was regular and increased with flow rate to about 35 rpm. After that, rotation became irregular, and the wheel stalled. No difference was found in a maximum-depth-of-flow parameter needed for sizing a drop-box weir based on sampler performance, compared with the parameter determined by performance of the drop-box weir alone (i.e., the wheel sampled proportionally at 100% of the design flow for the weir). This study extends the utility of the combined drop-box weir and Coshocton wheel system to steep and skewed channels. C1 USDA ARS, Coshocton, OH 43810 USA. RP Bonta, JV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coshocton, OH 43810 USA. NR 16 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 364 EP 373 PG 10 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500011 ER PT J AU Giasson, E Bryant, RB DeGloria, SD AF Giasson, E Bryant, RB DeGloria, SD TI GIS-based spatial indices for identification of potential phosphorous export at watershed scale SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE soil; water quality; watershed; New York; Cannonsville; pollution; dairy; manure; model; GIS AB Spatial indices for identifying potential pollution resulting from manure spread on agricultural lands were developed for evaluating lands in support of decision- and policy-making. An existing nutrient-delivery ratio was modified by calculating actual distance that water would have to travel to reach a stream and was further tailored to better represent runoff source areas in New York state by incorporating soil drainage class. The Animal Manure Potential Pollution Index (AMPPI) was derived from this modified delivery ratio and animal population census data. The AMPPI and other derived indices use geographical information and nutrient application data to identify and rank geographical areas with respect to potential nutrient export to streams. These indices were applied in the Cannonsville Reservoir Basin in Delaware County, New York. Results demonstrate the potential for using the AMPPI and its derivative indices for selecting priority areas for implementing conservation practices or enrolling lands in programs such as the Conservation Reserve Program. For example, conservation practices would result in large reductions of potential pollution per unit of area when implemented in identified areas of croplands with high AMPPI. Additionally, an efficient way to reduce total nutrient concentration in those streams that have high nutrient loading would be to enroll in conservation programs those farms located in subbasins with high nutrient export per unit area, which correspond to areas with high animal density. Farms located in subbasins that have high ratios of nutrient loss per animal unit would benefit from improved manure-management practices, such as improved manure allocation. C1 Univ Fed Rio Grande Sul, Dept Soils, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Giasson, E (reprint author), Univ Fed Rio Grande Sul, Dept Soils, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. RI GIASSON, ELVIO/J-3623-2012; DeGloria, Stephen/B-8513-2015 OI GIASSON, ELVIO/0000-0003-3659-6873; DeGloria, Stephen/0000-0002-3343-6607 NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 373 EP 381 PG 9 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500012 ER PT J AU Delgado, J Cox, C van Es, H Reeves, W AF Delgado, J Cox, C van Es, H Reeves, W TI Nutrient management in the United States - Special section introduction SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Soil & Water Conservat Soc, Ankeny, IA USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Ithaca, NY USA. USDA ARS, Soil Dynam Res Unit, Watkinsville, GA USA. RP Delgado, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 388 EP 389 PG 2 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500014 ER PT J AU Delgado, JA AF Delgado, JA TI Quantifying the loss mechanisms of nitrogen SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SC SP Soil Water Conservat Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc Amer (SSSA) DE denitrification (15)N; nitrogen; nitrate leaching; NO(x); nutrient management ID COLORADO SHORTGRASS STEPPE; NITRIC-OXIDE EMISSIONS; IRRIGATED LEAF LETTUCE; N-15 TRACER TECHNIQUES; USE EFFICIENCY; AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION; WIND EROSION; ACETYLENE-INHIBITION; FIELD MEASUREMENT; WATER-QUALITY AB Nitrogen (N) is a key factor in maintaining higher yield production and worldwide economic viability of agricultural systems. Since N is one of the most dynamic and mobile elements, its management is difficult, especially in irrigated systems where significant losses can be produced by leaching or denitrification. The major pathways for N loss are ammonia (NH(3)) volatilization; emissions of nitrous oxide (N(2)O), oxides of N (NO and NO(2))and dinitrogen (N(2)) gases; leaching of nitrates (NO; and off-site transport due to wind and water erosion of N tied in the organic matter and in the inorganic NO(3) and ammonium (NH(4)) compartments. Nitrogen is dynamic and mobile. Its fate and transport in agricultural systems is affected by management and unpredictable events. Its average worldwide N use efficiencies (NUEs) have been reported to be about 50% and even as tow as 33% for cereals. Farmers usually apply a uniform rate of N to agricultural fields assuming that N sources, sinks, and mechanisms for toss are constant across fields. It is welt documented that variability of soil properties that affect N sources makes managing N to maximize NUE difficult. Such variable soil properties include soil organic matter content, residual soil NO(3)-N, amount of crop residue returned to the surface soil, yield variability (N sink), and changes in soil chemical and physical properties. Fields vary from coarse gravelly areas where N losses are primarily attributed to NO(3)-leaching, to clayey areas where water is ponded and N tosses may be primarily dominated by denitrification (N(2)/N(2)O). Management is being established as the predominant factor that, can reduce N losses in the environment. If we are to improve N management to increase NUE we will need to do it within the context of the N cycle accounting for N loss mechanisms and how to manage them. This paper will review how we can quantify these N losses. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Delgado, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 149 TC 48 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 17 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 389 EP 398 PG 10 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500015 ER PT J AU Lemunyon, JL Daniel, TC AF Lemunyon, JL Daniel, TC TI Quantifying phosphorus losses from the agricultural system SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Soil Water Conservation Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc America (SSSA) DE erosion; phosphorous; runoff; sediment delivery ratio; sediment enrichment ratio ID RUNOFF; SOIL; MANAGEMENT; LITTER AB Phosphorus is transferred from agricultural lands to water bodies dissolved in surface runoff, attached to eroded sediment, and leached through the soil profile. It is also removed from the agricultural system as a component of the harvested crop. While communicating with landowners and producers during the nutrient management planning process, it is important to emphasize the relative quantity of phosphorus tosses via these mechanisms. This manuscript covers methods of assessing these losses. Field specific parameters such as runoff volume, erosion rate, soil test phosphorus, and crop phosphorus concentration need to be considered in relation to estimates of total P enrichment ratios, sediment delivery ratios, and soil sediment enrichment ratios. These estimates can be used to assess how best soil and water conservation practices and other techniques minimize off-site transport of phosphorus. These estimates of phosphorus field loss will contribute to a better understanding of nutrient application risks, wise land use decisions, and increased implementation of management practices. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Ft Worth, TX USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Lemunyon, JL (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Ft Worth, TX USA. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 399 EP 401 PG 3 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500016 ER PT J AU Follett, RF Delgado, JA AF Follett, RF Delgado, JA TI Nitrogen fate and transport in agricultural systems SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SC SP Soil Water Conservat Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc Amer (SSSA) DE agricultural systems; air quality; gaseous N losses; nitrate leaching; nitrogen fate; nitrogen transport; water quality ID AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION; NORTHEASTERN COLORADO; SOIL; EMISSIONS; PLANT; SIMULATION; DYNAMICS; CORN AB To sustain and maximize agricultural production in order to supply the nutritional needs of a continually growing world population, agricultural systems will need nitrogen (N) inputs. In its inert form as elemental dinitrogen (N(2)) gas in the atmosphere (78%), nitrogen does not impact environmental quality. But the extensive use of N in agricultural systems and the associated transformations of N into various ions or gaseous forms contribute to leaks from the N cycle. These N losses may contribute to the degradation of water, air, and soil in many regions of the world. When N is in its nitrate (NO(3-)) form, it is one of the most mobile ions in agricultural systems, and NO(3-) leaching is a primary source of the contamination in drinking water. Soil erosion that transports soil particles and N also contributes to surface water contamination. The gaseous transport of ammonia (NH(3)) from manures and the denitrification of NO(3-) and nitrite (NO(2-)) ions and their transformation into gaseous forms of N such as nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and nitric oxide (NO) can contribute to air quality and greenhouse warming impacts. Since N inputs are necessary for maintaining the viability of intensive agricultural systems, we must understand how management impacts the transformations, transport, and fate of N. The discussion of the transport and fate of N through agricultural systems must take into account the N cycle. Mitigation strategies that reduce the primary and secondary flows of N through the environment and that benefit farming and livestock operations must be developed. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Follett, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 62 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 5 U2 30 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 402 EP 408 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500017 ER PT J AU Hansen, NC Daniel, TC Sharpley, AN Lemunyon, JL AF Hansen, NC Daniel, TC Sharpley, AN Lemunyon, JL TI The fate and transport of phosphorus in agricultural systems SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Soil Water Conservation Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc America (SSSA) DE best management practices; reactive P; P sorption; particulate P; soil test P; soluble P; stable P; water quality ID EXTRACTABLE SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; SURFACE WATERS; POULTRY LITTER; SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE; TILLAGE SYSTEMS; NUTRIENT LOSSES; RUNOFF LOSSES; MANURE; CORN; NITROGEN AB Phosphorus (P) is an important input for economic crop and livestock production systems. Excessive tosses of P from agricultural systems to surface waters can accelerate eutrophication and degrade water quality. This paper reviews the behavior of P in agricultural soils and discusses the transport of P from land to water. The forms, measurement, and sorption processes of P in both soil and water are discussed. Soil test P, the most common soil P analysis, is described relative to other forms of soil P and its use for agricultural and environmental purposes is explained. Loss of soil P to water can occur in particulate forms with eroded surface soil and in soluble forms in runoff, soil interflow, and deep leaching. This paper discusses the relative importance of each transport pathway as affected by soil type and management. Soil P dynamics and water quality risks associated with fertilizer and manure application are illustrated with several examples. Finally, the paper reviews management practices that can effectively reduce the loss of agricultural P to surface waters. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Ft Worth, TX USA. RP Hansen, NC (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 73 TC 77 Z9 78 U1 7 U2 48 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 408 EP 417 PG 10 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500018 ER PT J AU Shaffer, MJ AF Shaffer, MJ TI Nitrogen modeling for soil management SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Soil Water Conservation Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc America (SSSA) DE C/N cycling; fertilizers; manure; N2O emissions; nitrate leaching; nutrient management; water quality ID WINTER-WHEAT; WATER; SIMULATION; DYNAMICS; BEHAVIOR; CARBON; CROP AB Simulation models of the nitrogen (N) cycle have been used for well over 20 years to help estimate nitrate (NO3-N) leaching, soil residual NO3-N, fertilizer N requirements, soil organic N status, and gaseous N emissions associated with agriculture. These models have been coupled with simulations of other related processes such as water and solute transport, crop growth, soil chemistry, temperature regimes, and management to make more complete models of cropping systems. At the core of these toots have been databases for soils, climate, model coefficients, and field/farm/watershed management scenarios. This paper reviews the basic types of N models, modeling techniques, and required databases. The accuracy of N models along with their strengths and limitations are discussed in a management context. Tips are provided on initializing N constituent pools, on using N models in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) applications, on developing confidence bands for N model output, and on using web-based N models. Finally, methods are described to analyze simulated NO3-N leached, nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, and N use efficiencies. C1 ARS, USDA, No Plains Area, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Shaffer, MJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Plains Area, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 47 TC 12 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 13 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 417 EP 425 PG 9 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500019 ER PT J AU Sharpley, AN Kleinman, PJA McDowell, RW Gitau, M Bryant, RB AF Sharpley, AN Kleinman, PJA McDowell, RW Gitau, M Bryant, RB TI Modeling phosphorus transport in agricultural watersheds: Processes and possibilities SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Soil Water Conservation Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc America (SSSA) DE agricultural runoff prediction; erosion; eutrophication; manure management; nonpoint source models; overland flow; subsurface flow; Total Maximum Daily Loads; water quality modeling; watersheds ID LAND-USE CHANGE; QUALITY IMPACTS; SOUTHERN PLAINS; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; MANAGEMENT-PRACTICES; SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE; MANURE APPLICATION; SURFACE WATERS; RUNOFF; SEDIMENT AB Modeling phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural watersheds is key to quantifying the long term water quality benefits of alternative best management practices. Scientists engaged in this endeavor struggle to represent processes controlling P transport at scales and time frames that are meaningful to farmers, resource managers, and policy makers. To help overcome these challenges, we reviewed salient issues facing scientists that model P transport, providing a conceptual framework from which process-based P transport models might be evaluated. Recent advances in quantifying the release of soil P to overland and subsurface flow show that extraction coefficients relating soil and flow P are variable but can be represented as a function of land cover or erosion. Existing information on best management effects on P export should be linked to watershed models to better represent changes in P transport. The main needs of P transport models are inclusion of flexible coefficients relating soil and overland flow P, fertilizer and manure management and P loss, stream channel effects on edge-of-field P losses prior to water body input, and linkage of watershed and water-body response models. However, it is essential that the most appropriate model be carefully selected, according to a user's needs in terms of available input data, level of predictive accuracy, and scale of simulation being considered. C1 ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA USA. AgRes Ltd, Invernay Agr Res Ctr, Mosgiel, New Zealand. Penn State Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sharpley, AN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA USA. OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 103 TC 121 Z9 127 U1 4 U2 32 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 425 EP 439 PG 15 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500020 ER PT J AU Mallarino, AP Stewart, BM Baker, JL Downing, JD Sawyer, JE AF Mallarino, AP Stewart, BM Baker, JL Downing, JD Sawyer, JE TI Phosphorus indexing for cropland: Overview and basic concepts of the Iowa phosphorus index SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Soil Water Conservation Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc America (SSSA) DE phosphorus; phosphorus assessment tool; phosphorus index; phosphorus management; phosphorus risk index ID EXTRACTABLE SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; FILTER STRIPS; RUNOFF; SEDIMENT; LAKES; COMPOST; EROSION; MANURE; FOREST; FORMS AB Excessive phosphorus (P) loss from soils impairs surface water resources. An assessment toot or index has been proposed to identify fields with high potential risk of P delivery. The P index integrates P source and transport factors into a decision making process that may lead to changes in current P management and soil conservation practices. The index recognizes that a single soil P threshold alone is not an appropriate evaluation factor because of the varying conditions across fields. Although most indices being developed in the United States include similar factors, source and transport characteristics are considered in various ways to best address the variable conditions across regions. The Iowa P index reflects conditions that predominate under grain-crop production systems, considers source factors in a multiplicative manner within three main transport mechanisms, and approximates loads of P likely to enter and become available to aquatic ecosystems. An erosional component considers sheet and rill erosion, P enrichment, total soil P, buffers, sediment delivery, distance to a stream, and the long term biotic availability of particulate P in take ecosystems. A runoff component considers water runoff based on a modification of the runoff curve number (RCN), soil-test P (STP), rate, time, and method of P application. An internal drainage component considers the presence of tiles, water flow to tile lines, subsurface recharge from subsurface flow, and soil-test P. When the erosion risk is high, the index weighs particulate P loss heavily compared with dissolved P toss, and emphasizes tong-term processes comparatively more than short-term processes. This P assessment toot helps identify alternative P and soil conservation management options for reducing total P delivery from fields to surface water resources. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Ecol, Ames, IA USA. Nat Resources Consverat Serv, USDA, Des Moines, IA USA. RP Mallarino, AP (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 58 TC 32 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 440 EP 447 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500021 ER PT J AU Weld, JL Parsons, RL Beegle, DB Sharpley, AN Gburek, WJ Clouser, WR AF Weld, JL Parsons, RL Beegle, DB Sharpley, AN Gburek, WJ Clouser, WR TI Evaluation of phosphorus-based nutrient management strategies in Pennsylvania SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Soil Water Conservation Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc America (SSSA) DE eutrophication; farm economic analysis; nonpoint source pollution; nutrient management planning; phosphorus; phosphorus index; soil phosphorus ID SURFACE AB Farm management and financial impacts of three phosphorus (P) nutrient management strategies outlined in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (1999) Unified Strategy for Animal Feeding Operations-soil test crop response (STCR), environmental soil P threshold (ESPT), and P Index (PI)-were evaluated on ten Pennsylvania farms. For each farm, a nutrient management plan (NMP) writer and project economist developed one nitrogen-based and three P-based NMPs and associated partial budgets. Greater management and financial restrictions occurred on high animal density I(> 2 animal equivalent units ac(-1)) and multiple production enterprise farms. Although NMPs for the Pl were more expensive to develop, writers and farmers found it the most flexible and practical strategy. Variable P-based NMP impacts indicated the need for a strategy such as the PI that accounted for multiple farm management factors. First-year total NMP implementation costs (across all ten farms) were $61,690 for the STCR, $47,862 for the ESPT, and $45,380 for the Pl. C1 ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA USA. Univ Vermont, Dept Commun Dev & Appl Econ, Burlington, VT USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. State Conservat Commiss, Altoona, PA USA. RP Weld, JL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA USA. NR 12 TC 21 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 448 EP 454 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500022 ER PT J AU Delgado, JA Follett, RF AF Delgado, JA Follett, RF TI Carbon and nutrient cycles SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Soil Water Conservation Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc America (SSSA) DE biosphere; carbon; macronutrients; micronutrients; nitrogen; nutrient cycling; nutrient management ID ANNUAL COVER CROPS; NO-TILLAGE CORN; ALUMINUM ORGANIC-MATTER; USE EFFICIENCY; ACID SOILS; WATER-QUALITY; WEST-AFRICA; NITROGEN; RELEASE; MANAGEMENT AB Soil erosion and off-site transport of nutrients are reducing soil productivity and impacting water bodies across the world. Additionally, anthropogenic activities are increasing the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and nitric oxide (NO) that contribute to global warming. We want to present the concept that nutrient management plans should incorporate soil organic carbon (SOC) management to reduce soil erosion, cycle macro- and micronutrients, increase nutrient use efficiency, and conserve air, soil, and water quality. Plant-derived materials are the primary source of carbon (C) in soil organic matter (SOM), with C being the most abundant constituent and common partner of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and sulfur (S). Manures, compost, and other organic sources can help cycle organic C and other nutrients. Organic C can contribute to forming chelate compounds that increase the availability of essential micronutrients that interchange with the root surface. Management practices that increase C inputs, help reduce erosion, and increase SOC improve soil quality factors such as cation exchange capacity, water holding capacity, aggregate formation, porosity, and drainage. Carbon management and nutrient cycling should be an integral part of nutrient management plans for maintaining the sustainability of our biosphere. C1 ARS, USDA, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Delgado, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 76 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 11 U2 24 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 455 EP 464 PG 10 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500023 ER PT J AU Vigil, MF Eghball, B Cabrera, ML Jakubowski, BR Davis, JG AF Vigil, MF Eghball, B Cabrera, ML Jakubowski, BR Davis, JG TI Accounting for seasonal nitrogen mineralization: An overview SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Soil Water Conservation Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc America (SSSA) DE nitrogen mineralization; soil organic matter ID WATER-STABLE AGGREGATION; SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; FIELD CONDITIONS; CROP RESIDUES; TILLAGE; TEMPERATURE; DYNAMICS; NITRATE; CARBON AB Accurately predicting the amount of nitrogen (N) made available for crop use by N mineralization (N-min) of native soil organic matter (SOM) is complicated by different soils, climate, and management, all highly variable from one location to the next. In this paper, we have compiled seasonal estimates of N in from eleven field studies. We only include data for native SOM and do not include organically-amended soils. Initially, the data sets were graphed and regression was performed on the data as is. To further analyze the data, and because different incubation times were used for the different studies, we normalized reported N-min to a twenty-week incubation period. Values of N-min. for a season range between 0.4 and 152 kg N ha(-1) (0.3 and 136 lb N ac(-1)). The average amount of N-min for all of these studies was 49.3 kg N ha(-1) (44 lb N ac(-1)). A graph of Nmin for all of the data against SOM shows a negative relationship. A simple linear fit on that data results in a non significant R-2 of 0.0008. A similar fit of all of the data against total N was also of little value. Eliminating the data collected from short incubations (less than fifteen weeks long) improved the fit; 42% of the variability in normalized twenty-week N-min could be explained by total N. Regression analyses of the total soil N and of SOM content on the seasonal N-min indicated that neither SOM nor total N is a good predictor for the seasonal N-min amount. Soil type, management, and climate at the various locations obviously influence the magnitude of the estimates. More importantly, this review supports the push for an accurate predictive simulation model for seasonal N-min that is non site-specific. C1 ARS, USDA, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, OH USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Vigil, MF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, OH USA. RI Davis, Jessica/C-1903-2013 NR 26 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 11 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 464 EP 469 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500024 ER PT J AU Eghball, B Wienhold, BJ Gilley, JE Eigenberg, RA AF Eghball, B Wienhold, BJ Gilley, JE Eigenberg, RA TI Mineralization of manure nutrients SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Soil Water Conservation Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc America (SSSA) DE animal waste; compost; micronutrients; nutrient availability ID CATTLE FEEDLOT MANURE; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; ORGANIC WASTES; SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; AVAILABILITY; COMPOST; FIELD; TRANSFORMATIONS; CARBON AB In order to apply manure or compost to fulfill the nutrient requirements of a crop, knowledge of the amount of nutrients mineralized following application is needed. Nutrient mineralization from applied manure depends on temperature, soil moisture, soil properties, manure characteristics, and microbial activity. Since these factors cannot be accurately predicted, nutrient mineralization from applied manure can only be approximated. Nitrogen (N) availability from applied manure includes the inorganic N (NO3-N and NH4-N) in manure plus the amount of organic N mineralized following application. Nitrogen mineralization differs for different manure types since the inorganic/organic fraction and quality of organic N varies among manure types. Mineralization of organic N is expected to be low for composted manure (similar to 18%) and high for swine or poultry (hens) manure (similar to 55%). Phosphorus (P) availability from all animal production sources of manure is high (> 70%), as most of the manure P is inorganic and becomes plant-available after application. Potassium (K) availability from manure is nearly 100%; therefore, manure can be used similar to K fertilizer. When manure was analyzed for plant-available nutrients, greater than 55% of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) and less than 40% of zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), sulfur (S), and boron (B) were plant-available. To effectively utilize the nutrients in manure, their mineralization potential should be considered when determining application rates. C1 ARS, USDA, Lincoln, NE USA. ARS, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE USA. RP Eghball, B (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Lincoln, NE USA. RI Baulch, Helen/I-9529-2012 NR 32 TC 110 Z9 114 U1 9 U2 51 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 470 EP 473 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500025 ER PT J AU Davis, JG Iversen, KV Vigil, MF AF Davis, JG Iversen, KV Vigil, MF TI Nutrient variability in manures: Implications for sampling and regional database creation SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Soil Water Conservation Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc America (SSSA) DE manure sampling; manure variability; regional manure database ID DAIRY MANURE AB The variability of manure nutrient levels within and across farms makes manure sampling and development of reliable tabular values challenging. The chemical characteristics of beef, dairy, horse, sheep, and chicken solid manures in Colorado were evaluated by sampling six to ten different livestock operations for each manure type and comparing the results to values found in the literature. Due to the semi-arid climate of Colorado, manure tends to be drier and have lower ammonium (NH4-N) levels and higher phosphate (P2O5) and potash (K2O) levels than those reported in the Midwest. Within-farm variability was assessed by analyzing ten sub-samples from each of nine manure sources. Coefficients of variation were calculated and the sample numbers necessary to achieve 10% probable error were determined. On average, about 25 sub-samples are necessary for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) characterization of solid manures, but determining NH4-N and nitrate (NO3-N) concentrations requires over loo sub-samples to form a representative sample, due to their relatively low concentrations. Data from Colorado, Utah, and New Mexico were combined to form a Mountain West Manure Database. The manure types, with a minimum Of 72 farms represented in the database, have narrow confidence intervals. Until we have adequate sample numbers (>72 farms) to establish reliable table values based on local data for all manure types, manure sampling will be recommended. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. ARS, USDA, Cent Plains Res Stn, Akron, OH USA. RP Davis, JG (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Davis, Jessica/C-1903-2013 NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 8 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 473 EP 478 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500026 ER PT J AU Bowman, RA Vigil, MF AF Bowman, RA Vigil, MF TI Soil testing for different phosphorus pools in cropland soils of the Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SC SP Soil Water Conservat Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc Amer (SSSA) DE available P; Bray-1; calcareous soils; organic P; phosphorous; phosphorus pools; threshold soil P ID AGRICULTURAL PHOSPHORUS; ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS; BIOAVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS; PHOSPHATE SORPTION; RUNOFF; TRANSFORMATIONS; TILLAGE; WATER; FERTILIZATION; AVAILABILITY AB Knowledge of soil phosphorus (P) pools and their measurements is important in nutrient cycling studies. An overview of the P cycle, with emphasis on calcareous cropland soils of the Great Plains, was prepared to meet this objective. Phosphorus pools can broadly be placed into four main groups: primary P minerals, secondary P minerals, occluded P minerals, and organic R The dominant groups and their amounts in the soil are highly dependent upon Soil pH, weathering intensity, P fertilization, cropping history, and crop-residue management. Chemical procedures for the first three groups are usually based upon the ability of the extractant to separate P from the dominant cations, such as calcium, iron, and aluminum, or from reactive clay surfaces. Generally, the first three groups exist in inorganic forms, and the fourth as part of the soil organic matter. These pools require combustion or oxidation to orthophosphate before analysis. The primary and secondary P minerals, through equilibrium with the soil solution P, contribute to the plant available P, and consequently to the extractable P in a soil test. The organic P requires mineralization to orthophosphate first before it becomes a part of the available P, and the occluded P requires dissolution of an outer protective coating. Areas of similar soil mineralogy and pH (acid soils, calcareous soils, etc.) usually use the same soil test or P-availability index. Thus, in arid western states, the sodium bicarbonate (Olsen) procedure is used, and in areas of greater rainfall where acid soils exist, the Bray-1 procedure is used. More universal methods include the Mehlich 3 procedure, which is acceptable for both acid and basic soils. Other P procedures exist, but regardless of the procedure used, all have to show good correlation with soil P levels and P uptake and crop yields. Thus, categories (low, medium, high) are established for soil-test values based upon the probability of response of a crop to added fertilizer P. Knowledge of the cycling and fate of this nutrient, the second-most-important soil element for plant growth, is essential for good soil management and productivity. C1 ARS, USDA, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, OH USA. RP Bowman, RA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, OH USA. NR 55 TC 2 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 18 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 479 EP 485 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500027 ER PT J AU Meisinger, JJ Delgado, JA AF Meisinger, JJ Delgado, JA TI Principles for managing nitrogen leaching SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Soil Water Conservation Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc America (SSSA) DE irrigation; nitrate; nitrogen leaching; nutrient leaching; nutrient management plan ID WINTER COVER CROPS; HELD CHLOROPHYLL METER; CORN-SOYBEAN ROTATION; MANAGEMENT-PRACTICES; CROPPING SYSTEMS; USE EFFICIENCY; WATER-QUALITY; TILE DRAINAGE; NITRIFICATION INHIBITORS; IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT AB Managing leaching presents a challenge to nutrient managers who must develop nitrogen (N) management plans that consider rate and application strategies that account for soil properties, hydrology, and crop-tillage systems of specific sites. Nitrogen-leaching losses from common grain-production systems typically range from 10% to 30% of the total N input. Major leaching events occur when soil N concentrations are high and water is moving through the soil profile. The universal tools for managing N leaching include understanding the soil-crop-hydrologic cycle, avoiding excess N applications, and applying N in phase with crop demand. Specific cropping system toots for managing leaching include use of grass cover crops, adding a legume to a rotation, and adding crops that more fully utilize the soil-water resources. The primary water-management tool to reduce N leaching is irrigation scheduling. Other watershed approaches to reduce leaching losses include use of riparian zones and conservation reserve program areas. Site monitoring tools such as the pre-sidedress soil-nitrate test, the leaf chlorophyll meter, and tissue-nitrate tests are useful in identifying N-sufficient sites and avoiding excess N rates. Real-time monitoring techniques, such as the N Reflectance Index, can be combined with global positioning systems and geographic information systems to produce maps of the crop N status. Crop simulation models can also be used to integrate N and water dynamics during a growing season, and they can provide guidance in designing practices for reducing N leaching. The application of the above N management tools to fields, or to specific management areas within fields, will improve crop N recoveries with subsequent reductions in N leaching. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Meisinger, JJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. NR 99 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 10 U2 42 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 485 EP 498 PG 14 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500028 ER PT J AU Mosier, AR Doran, JW Freney, JR AF Mosier, AR Doran, JW Freney, JR TI Managing soil denitrification SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SC SP Soil Water Conservat Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc Amer (SSSA) DE gaseous N loss; N(2); N(2)O; nitrification ID NITROUS-OXIDE EMISSIONS; IRRIGATED CORN; GAS FLUXES; NITRATE; N2O; DINITROGEN; MODEL; WATER; FIELD; VARIABILITY AB Denitrification of nitrate in the soil can be a mechanism of significant loss of fertilizer and soil nitrogen, but it can also serve to remove excess NO(3) that is leached below the root zone. Inappropriate management of irrigation water and fertilizer N in irrigated corn has resulted in leaching of excess N from the rooting zone and contamination of groundwater and also has contributed to the increasing concentration of N(2)O in the atmosphere. Denitrification can be both microbial and chemical, but the microbial process dominates in most soils through a stepwise reduction of NO(3)(-) to N(2) . Soil atmosphere O(2) concentration, which is regulated by soil water content interactively with soil texture and microbial respiration, is the main controller of the process. The oxygen consumption rate depends on the amount of easily degradable organic C compounds and the interplay of water and carbon in developing in the soil reduced oxic conditions, which regulate not only the amount of total denitrification but also the ratio of N(2)O to N(2) produced. Appropriate management of nutrient input, relative to crop demand and soil water status, can limit nitrogen toss from denitrification. This paper describes the role of denitrification in the nitrogen economy of crop production and the environment, describes the process involved, and presents suggestions for limiting N loss caused by denitrification. C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. CSIRO, Div Plant Ind, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. ARS, USDA, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Mosier, AR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. RI Freney, John/E-9462-2011; OI Freney, John/0000-0001-7545-6529 NR 55 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 4 U2 34 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 505 EP 513 PG 9 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500030 ER PT J AU Khosla, R Fleming, K Delgado, JA Shaver, TM Westfall, DG AF Khosla, R Fleming, K Delgado, JA Shaver, TM Westfall, DG TI Use of site-specific management zones to improve nitrogen management for precision agriculture SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Soil Water Conservation Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc America (SSSA) DE nitrogen; nitrogen management; precision agriculture; site-specific management zones ID USE EFFICIENCY AB Nitrogen (N) input is one of the most important factors in maximizing yields and economic returns to farmers. Of the essentials nutrients, N is required in large quantities, and it is the most mobile and dynamic nutrient in soil systems. It is well-documented that soil physical and chemical properties are spatially variable and affect N dynamics and the mechanisms for its tosses. For example, N dynamics could vary from high denitrification N, losses from ponded areas with tow drainage to high NO3- teaching losses from coarse-gravelly areas of the field. Recent developments in new technologies are allowing us to identify, measure, and map these changes across the field. We found that N management using site-specific management zones (SSMZ) that account for soil variability and productivity provides the amounts of N needed to increase yields and maximize the agronomic Use efficiency of the applied N. The SSMZ-based N application outperformed treatments that used yield-goal-based and uniform N application rates. Grid-based N application treatments performed as well as the SSMZ for yields but were more inefficient as far as the unit of yields produced by unit of N fertilizer applied. The SSMZ can be used to improve N management and use efficiency of the applied N to increase yields and reduce N losses to the environment. C1 Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. ARS, Soil Plant Nutr Res Unit, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Khosla, R (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 20 TC 69 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 20 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 513 EP 518 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500031 ER PT J AU Scharf, PC Schmidt, JP Kitchen, NR Sudduth, KA Hong, SY Lory, JA Davis, JG AF Scharf, PC Schmidt, JP Kitchen, NR Sudduth, KA Hong, SY Lory, JA Davis, JG TI Remote sensing for nitrogen management SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Soil Water Conservation Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc America (SSSA) DE aerial; imagery; nitrogen; satellite; soil organic matter; spectral; variable-rate ID FERTILIZER NITROGEN; CORN; SOIL; RECOMMENDATIONS; REFLECTANCE; TESTS AB Nitrogen application often dramatically increases crop yields, but N needs vary spatially across fields and landscapes. Remote sensing collects spatially dense information that may contribute to, or provide feedback about, N management decisions. There is potential to accurately predict N fertilizer need at each point in the field. This would reduce surplus N in the crop production system without reducing crop yield, which would in turn reduce N losses to surface and ground waters. Soil spectral properties (color) are related to soil organic matter and soil moisture levels, factors that influence the N-supplying ability of the soil. Plant spectral properties reflect crop N status and soil N availability, and they can be useful for directing in-season variable-rate N applications. Plant color may also be useful for assessing the adequacy of crop nitrogen supply achieved with a given nitrogen management practice. We outline the current status of these approaches, offer examples, discuss several N management contexts in which these approaches might be used, and consider possible future directions for this technology. C1 Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Kansas State Univ, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. ARS, USDA, Columbia, MO USA. Natl Inst Agr Sci & Technol, Suwon, South Korea. RP Scharf, PC (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 32 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 13 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 518 EP 524 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500032 ER PT J AU Bjorneberg, DL Westermann, DT Aase, JK AF Bjorneberg, DL Westermann, DT Aase, JK TI Nutrient losses in surface irrigation runoff SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Soil Water Conservation Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc America (SSSA) DE erosion; irrigation runoff; nutrient enrichment; phosphorus; sediment ID FURROW EROSION; PHOSPHORUS LOSSES AB Runoff from surface-irrigated fields is typically managed to improve infiltration uniformity by reducing differences in infiltration opportunity times between the upper and lower ends of fields. Runoff water not used on other fields within an irrigation tract is discharged to streams or rivers, along with sediment and nutrients. Return flow nutrient and sediment concentrations may be greater than in the diverted water, but the total sediment and nutrient mass returned may be less if most of the diverted water infiltrates within the irrigation tract. Controlling erosion reduces total phosphorus loss, because total phosphorus concentration relates directly to sediment concentration. On-farm management practices, such as polyacrylamide (PAM) application and conservation tillage, reduce erosion from fields, white sediment ponds in the field or on return-flow streams trap suspended sediment that is not controlled by on-farm practices. Surface irrigation return-flow water quality can be improved with an organized effort using a combination of practices. C1 ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, USDA, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Bjorneberg, DL (reprint author), ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, USDA, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 524 EP 529 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500033 ER PT J AU Gilley, JE Risse, LM Eghball, B AF Gilley, JE Risse, LM Eghball, B TI Managing runoff following manure application SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Soil Water Conservation Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc America (SSSA) DE animal waste; conservation planning; land application; manure application; manure management; manure runoff; pollution control; runoff; runoff volume ID FEEDLOT MANURE; SOIL LOSS; PHOSPHORUS; NITROGEN; TILLAGE; MANAGEMENT; EROSION AB Rainfall patterns, soil factors, topography, climate, and land use may all influence runoff. To minimize environmental concerns, excessive runoff should be avoided on areas where manure has been applied. Management practices used to control runoff include contouring, strip cropping, conservation tillage, terraces, and buffer strips. In some cases, secondary containment systems, sedimentation basins, or ponds may be necessary to collect runoff. More than one runoff-control practice may be necessary for protection in areas with high runoff potential. Soil properties, including infiltration, may be improved by manure application. The method, rate and timing of manure application should be considered to reduce environmental impacts. The transport of nutrients and pathogens by overland flow is influenced by manure characteristics, loading rates, incorporation, and the time between manure addition and the first rainfall. Through proper management, manure can serve as a valuable nutrient source and soil amendment without causing environmental concerns. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA, ARS, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Gilley, JE (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA, ARS, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 6 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 530 EP 533 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500034 ER PT J AU Gburek, WJ Drungil, CC Srinivasan, MS Needelman, BA Woodward, DE AF Gburek, WJ Drungil, CC Srinivasan, MS Needelman, BA Woodward, DE TI Variable-source-area controls on phosphorus transport: Bridging the gap between research and design SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Joint Conference of the Soil-and-Water-Conservation-Society/Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY AUG 04-08, 2001 CL MYRTLE BEACH, SOUTH CAROLINA SP Soil Water Conservation Soc (SWCS), Soil Sci Soc America (SSSA) DE nutrient management; phosphorus index; runoff; transport; watersheds ID RUNOFF CURVE NUMBERS; AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS; CATCHMENTS; PATTERNS; SOIL; FLOW AB Transport factors incorporated within most versions of the phosphorus index (PI) are expected to represent the potential for phosphorus (P) to be mobilized on the field and subsequently move from the field source to a stream or other surface-water body. Consequently, these factors must be designed to capture the nature of the hydrologic properties of both the field and the watershed. The field-related transport factors typically included in PIS, e.g., the NRCS soil runoff class and erosion loss via RUSLE are generally accepted as sufficient to represent edge-of-field P loss. However, there has not been a unified approach to represent connectivity of field to stream within the PI. Here, we develop a generalized connectivity factor for inclusion in PIS based on design rainfall, the variable-source-area (VSA) hydrologic concept, and readily available watershed geomorphic data. The NRCS curve number method is used to determine runoff volume from the watershed for design rainfalls representing a range of return periods. A simplification of VSA hydrology is used to derive the contributing area from which this runoff is expected to occur. Finally, the width of land adjacent to the stream contributing surface runoff is estimated using drainage density. For illustration, the methodology is applied to a small upland watershed in east-central Pennsylvania, and the results are examined in light of hydrologic investigations being conducted on the watershed. C1 ARS, USDA, University Pk, PA USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Eau Claire, WI USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Gburek, WJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, University Pk, PA USA. NR 40 TC 72 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 14 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 57 IS 6 BP 534 EP 543 PG 10 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 636NW UT WOS:000180463500035 ER PT J AU Stewart, RJ Askew, EW McDonald, CM Metos, J Jackson, WD Balon, TW Prior, RL AF Stewart, RJ Askew, EW McDonald, CM Metos, J Jackson, WD Balon, TW Prior, RL TI Antioxidant status of young children: Response to an antioxidant supplement SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DIETARY ANTIOXIDANTS; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; US CHILDREN; BODY-MASS; PERCENTILES; CREATININE; HUMANS AB Objective To study oxidative stress indicators in healthy young children and their response to a commercially available fruit- and vegetable-based antioxidant supplement. Design Healthy children were randomly assigned to a placebo and a supplement (commercial antioxidant supplement produced from dried fruit and vegetable extracts and fortified with antioxidants, resembling a gummy-type candy). The placebo and the supplement were taken in 2 doses per day for 21 days. Subjects Participants were 39 children (26 boys and 13 girls) aged 5 to 10 years. Research was conducted at Primary Children's Medical Center and the University of Utah, Salt Lake City. Main outcome measures Breath and urine samples were collected on days 1 and 21 and assayed for breath pentane and urine 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, malondialdehyde, nitrites, and 8-isoprostane as noninvasive indicators of oxidative stress. Urine oxygen radical absorbance capacity was measured at days 1 and 21 as an indirect indicator of the antioxidant capacity of the body. Three-day food records were collected at the beginning and end of the study to measure intake of dietary fruit; vegetable; and antioxidant vitamins A, C, and E. Statistical analysis Descriptive statistics, repeated measures analysis of variance, paired t tests, and Pearson r correlations. Results Markers of oxidative stress were not significantly different between the placebo and supplement groups at day 1 or day 21. The oxidative stress indicators of the healthy children in this study appear to be similar to those of healthy adults and were not changed by antioxidant supplementation. The diet record analyses indicated that mean fruit and vegetable intakes (2.75 servings/day) were similar to the national average intake for children in the United States. Applications/conclusions This research presents original information on the subject of oxidative stress in healthy children. The results of this study may be useful as reference baseline markers to use in conjunction with clinical dietary evaluations and for future research with healthy children and with children in disease states who are subject to elevated levels of oxidative stress. C1 Univ Utah, Div Foods & Nutr, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. St Lukes Wood River Med Ctr, Ketchum, ID USA. Primary Childrens Med Ctr, Salt Lake City, UT 84103 USA. City Hope Natl Med Ctr, Beckman Res Inst, Dept Diabet Endocrinol & Metab, Duarte, CA 91010 USA. USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Little Rock, AR USA. RP Askew, EW (reprint author), Univ Utah, Div Foods & Nutr, 250 S,1850 E,Rm 239 N HPR, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 102 IS 11 BP 1652 EP 1657 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90352-4 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 614EK UT WOS:000179175200018 PM 12449290 ER PT J AU Liu, CK Latona, NP DiMaio, GL AF Liu, CK Latona, NP DiMaio, GL TI Physical property studies for leather lubricated with various types of fatliquors SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB The use of fatliquors is critical to attain the required physical characteristics for leather products. Currently a wide variety of fatliquors are being used in leather manufacturing. There is a lack of information, however, regarding their performance in terms of physical properties of the resultant leather. Such information certainly is very informative for the leather manufacturers to select the right fatliquors to-meet quality demands. We have therefore recently conducted a comparison study on the physical properties of leather prepared with various types of fatliquors. Results showed that the type of fatliquor applied in a fatliquoring process does not directly affect the physical properties of leather, instead, the actual concentration of fatliquor will govern the results' Data indicated that a lower Young's modulus induced higher elongation and resulted in increased tear strength. Observation showed an excellent correlation between the softness of leather determined by manual assessment and the Young's modulus. It appears that one of the key functions of fatliquoring is to reduce the initial deformation resistance. Data also showed that the initial strain energy is an improved method to determine the initial deformation resistance, which takes the non-linear viscoelasticity of leather into account and is easier to measure and to define. Therefore the initial strain energy is a better objective method to determine the softness of leather instead of the subjective manual assessment. C1 USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Liu, CK (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 15 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI LUBBOCK PA TEXAS TECH UNIV, BOX 45300, LUBBOCK, TX 79409-5300 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 97 IS 11 BP 431 EP 440 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 611YE UT WOS:000179044900001 ER PT J AU Abigor, RD Uadia, PO Foglia, TA Haas, MJ Scott, K Savary, BJ AF Abigor, RD Uadia, PO Foglia, TA Haas, MJ Scott, K Savary, BJ TI Partial purification and properties of lipase from germinating seeds of Jatropha curcas L. SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Jatropha curcas L. seed; lipase; protein purification; Raphia hookeri ID OIL AB Lipase present in the seeds of Jatropha curcas L. was isolated and some of its properties studied. Lipase activity was detected in both dormant and germinating seeds. The lipase was partially purified using a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation and ultrafiltration, which increased the relative activity of the lipase by 28- and 80-fold, respectively. The lipase hydrolyzed palm kernel, coconut, and olive oils at comparable rates (approximately 5 mug FFA/mug protein/min); palm-Raphia hookeri and Jatropha curcas L.-oils at about twice the rate of the first group of oils; and palm and fish oils at a higher rate than all other oils. The lipase, however, had the highest activity with monoolein. Optimal pH and temperature for maximal lipase activity were 7.5 and 37degreesC, respectively. The addition of ferric ion (15 mM) to the lipase assay medium caused 90% inhibition of lipase activity, whereas calcium and magnesium ions enhanced lipase activity by 130 and 30%, respectively. C1 USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Nigerian Inst Oil Palm Res, Div Biochem, Benin, Nigeria. Univ Benin, Dept Biochem, Benin, Nigeria. RP Foglia, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, ERRC, 300 E Mermaid L, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 24 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 79 IS 11 BP 1123 EP 1126 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0614-3 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 614RN UT WOS:000179204500012 ER PT J AU Taylor, SL King, JW AF Taylor, SL King, JW TI Preparative-scale supercritical fluid extraction/supercritical fluid chromatography of corn bran SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; chromatography; extraction; phytosterols; supercritical fluid ID EXTRACTION; OIL; FRACTIONATION; CHOLESTEROL; ENRICHMENT; REDUCTION; FERULATE; ESTERS; FIBER AB A preparative-scale supercritical fluid extraction/ supercritical fluid chromatography (SFE/SFC) procedure has been developed for the removal of oil from corn bran to obtain fractions enriched with free sterols and ferulate-phytosterol esters (FPE). Operational parameters from an analytical-scale supercritical fluid fractionation technique were translated to and optimized on a home-built, preparatory-scale SFE/SFC apparatus. SFE was performed at 34.5 MPa and 40degreesC using supercritical carbon dioxide. These conditions did not result in exhaustive extraction of the corn bran, but yielded about 96% of the available oil. SFC was conducted in three steps, followed by reconditioning of the sorbent bed. Preparative-scale SFE/SFC of corn bran produced a fraction enriched greater than fourfold in free sterols and 10-fold in FPE, suggesting that such a scheme could be used industrially to produce a functional food ingredient. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops Proc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Taylor, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops Proc Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 79 IS 11 BP 1133 EP 1136 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0616-1 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 614RN UT WOS:000179204500014 ER PT J AU Hojilla-Evangelista, MP AF Hojilla-Evangelista, MP TI Adhesive qualities of soybean protein-based foamed plywood glues SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE adhesive qualities; animal blood protein; foam extrusion; foam stability; plywood glue; soy proteins ID MODIFIED SOY PROTEIN AB The potential of soy protein-based plywood glues for foam extrusion was evaluated. Standard glue mixes containing the soy flours Honeysoy 90, ISU-CCUR, Nutrisoy 7B, and defatted Soyafluff, and the soy concentrates Arcon F and Pro-con 2000 showed excellent foaming and adhesive qualities but did not have the ability to refoam. To improve refoaming capability, the formulations were modified by increasing the quantities of soy flour or concentrate so that they provided 3.48 g protein/100 g of glue mix. This was the amount of protein contributed by animal blood when it was used as the extender in the standard formulation for foamed glue. All the modified glues containing soy flour or concentrate had good refoaming properties and adhesive strengths that were at least equal to that of the control glue. Simple cost analysis also indicated that when soy flour was used, the modified formulations were cheaper to produce than the current blood-based glue. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hojilla-Evangelista, MP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 12 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 79 IS 11 BP 1145 EP 1149 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0618-z PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 614RN UT WOS:000179204500016 ER PT J AU Kenar, JA McElligott, J Hwang, HS Erhan, SZ AF Kenar, JA McElligott, J Hwang, HS Erhan, SZ TI A DSC study of Z(2)-Z(3) viscosity blown soybean oil SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE activation energy; blown soybean oil; differential scanning calorimetry; heat-bodied soybean oil; nuclear magnetic resonance; oxidation; thermal oxidation kinetics ID DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; AUTOXIDATION KINETICS; LINOLENIC ACID; FATTY-ACIDS; DECOMPOSITION; ESTERS AB The thermal oxidation of four commercially available neat blown soybean oil samples and a heat-bodied soybean oil sample, obtained from various manufacturers, having Gardner bubble viscosities between Z(2) and Z(3) was investigated using nonisothermal DSC under a constant oxygen flow and a heating rate (beta) ranging from 3 to 20degreesC/min. The extrapolated onset temperatures (T-e1 and T-e2) and maximum temperature of heat flow (T-p2) at different beta were determined from the DSC curves and used in conjunction with the Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method to estimate the kinetic parameters of oil thermal oxidation. At a beta of 10degreesC/min, the calculated activation energies (E-a) for the blown soybean oil samples investigated ranged between 57.7 and 74.3 kJ/mol for T-e1, 37.6 and 55.3 kJ/mol for T-e2, and 54.7 and 63.0 kJ/mol for T-p2. For comparison, a Z(2)-Z(3) heat-bodied soybean oil sample had activation energies of 72.5, 39.8, and 61.9 for T-e1, T-e2, and T-p2, respectively. By H-1 NMR, the amount of allylic and bis-allylic hydrogens present in the blown soybean oil samples relative to an unmodified soybean oil sample was determined to range from 40.3 to 48.2% and 14.9 to 22.4%, respectively. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kenar, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 79 IS 11 BP 1151 EP 1155 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0619-y PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 614RN UT WOS:000179204500017 ER PT J AU Erhan, SZ Asadauskas, S Adhvaryu, A AF Erhan, SZ Asadauskas, S Adhvaryu, A TI Correlation of viscosities of vegetable oil blends with selected esters and hydrocarbons SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE mineral oil; rheology; vegetable oil; viscometry; viscosity grade ID TRIGLYCERIDES; MIXTURES AB Blending is often used to reduce the viscosity of vegetable oil lubricants. Experimental rheological results were compared with traditional blending charts and calculation methods. Kinematic viscosities of 90% oleic sunflower, canola, and soybean oils blended with adipates, oleates, poly-alphaolefins, and mineral oil were determined at 40degreesC using capillary viscometers. Blending charts related the viscosities to blend composition with 5% inaccuracy compared with more than 10% deviation made by the cubic equation of Kendall and Monroe. Even more accurate and simpler correlations could be derived. A semilog relationship between viscosities and composition was more accurate than a cubic model. Higher accuracy was also achieved when relating viscosities to volume fractions rather than to weight or mole fractions. Mineral oil blends did not follow the observed rules. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Erhan, SZ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RI Asadauskas, Svajus/A-6766-2010 OI Asadauskas, Svajus/0000-0001-9267-5280 NR 20 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 79 IS 11 BP 1157 EP 1161 DI 10.1007/s11746-002-0620-5 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 614RN UT WOS:000179204500018 ER PT J AU Lopez-Sese, AI Staub, J AF Lopez-Sese, AI Staub, J TI Combining ability analysis of yield components in cucumber SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cucumis sativus; Cucumis hardwickii; general combining ability; half-diallel; multiple lateral-branching; specific combining ability; vegetable breeding; sex expression ID FRUIT YIELD; POPULATIONS; SATIVUS AB Three U.S.-adapted Cucumis sativus var. sativus L. lines and one C. sativus var. hardwickii (R.) Alef.-derived line were crossed in a half-diallel design to determine their combining ability for several yield-related traits (yield components). Six F progenies were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with eight replications in 1999 and 2000 for fruit number and length/diameter ratio (L:D), lateral branch number, number of female flowering nodes, and days to anthesis. Combining ability was significantly influenced (p < 0.05) by year for most of the horticultural traits examined. General combining ability (GCA) was significant for all traits in each year. Specific combining ability (SCA) was significant in magnitude and direction for only fruit number and days to anthesis. Data indicate that the C. sativus var. hardwickii-derived inbred line WI5551 possessed SCA for yield component traits, and thus maybe useful for improving fruit yield in commercial cucumber. C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Staub, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Lopez-Sese, Anabel/C-5085-2008 OI Lopez-Sese, Anabel/0000-0001-5686-0884 NR 32 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 127 IS 6 BP 931 EP 937 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 610CV UT WOS:000178943900007 ER PT J AU Gokce, AF Havey, MJ AF Gokce, AF Havey, MJ TI Linkage equilibrium among tightly linked RFLPs and the Ms locus in open-pollinated onion populations SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Allium cepa; cytoplasmic-genic male sterility; male-fertility restoration; restriction fragment length polymorphisms ID CYTOPLASM; GENOME AB Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in onion (Allium cepa L.) is conditioned by the interaction of the male-sterile (S) cytoplasm with recessive alleles at a single nuclear male-fertility restoration locus (Ms). In order to seed propagate male-sterile plants (S msms), onion breeders must identify maintainer lines possessing normal (N) male-fertile cytoplasm and homozygous recessive at the Ms locus (N msms). Molecular markers have been identified distinguishing N and S cytoplasms and closely linked to the nuclear Ms locus. In this study, we evaluated testcross progenies from randomly selected N-cytoplasmic plants from three open-pollinated populations for nuclear restoration of male fertility over at least three environments. The Ms locus and linked restriction fragment length polymorphisms (0.9 and 1.7 cM) were at linkage equilibrium in all three open-pollinated onion populations, indicating that these linked markers cannot be used to identify maintaining genotypes in open-pollinated onion populations. However, cytoplasmic evaluations were effective in reducing the number of testcrosses required to identify CMS-maintaining genotypes. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Uludag Univ, Dept Hort, TR-16059 Bursa, Turkey. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 16 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 127 IS 6 BP 944 EP 946 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 610CV UT WOS:000178943900009 ER PT J AU Griesbach, RJ AF Griesbach, RJ TI Inheritance of the An2 gene and epistatic interactions in Petunia exserta x P-axillaris hybrids SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE flavonoids; flower color; anthocyanins ID FLOWERS; ANTHOCYANINS; EXPRESSION; TAXA; PIGMENTATION; BIOCHEMISTRY; BIOSYNTHESIS; SYNTHASE; ENCODES; PROTEIN AB A regulatory gene, An2, controls structural genes within the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. The inheritance of An2 expression in crosses between P. axillaris (an2) and P. exserta (An(2+)) was studied. Floral pigmentation was quantitatively inherited and involved the expression of a single regulatory gene (An2) and three structural genes (Hf1, An6 and Fl). White flowers were produced in an2(-) genotypes; while pigmented flowers were produced in An2(+) genotypes. The intensity of pigmentation was determined by the interaction of An2 with An6, Hf1 and Fl, as well as substrate competition between the An6 and Fl encoded enzymes. C1 USDA ARS, United State Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Griesbach, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, United State Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 127 IS 6 BP 947 EP 956 PG 10 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 610CV UT WOS:000178943900010 ER PT J AU Saftner, RA Abbott, JA Conway, WS Barden, CL Vinyard, BT AF Saftner, RA Abbott, JA Conway, WS Barden, CL Vinyard, BT TI Instrumental and sensory quality characteristics of 'Gala' apples in response to prestorage heat, controlled atmosphere, and air storage SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Malus xdomestica; apple volatiles; flavor; low temperature storage; postharvest physiology; respiration ID GOLDEN DELICIOUS APPLES; PENICILLIUM-EXPANSUM; VOLATILE COMPOUNDS; AROMA; FRUIT; FIRMNESS; CALCIUM; METABOLISM; MATURITY; TEXTURE AB Fruit quality, sensory characteristics, and volatiles produced by 'Gala' apples (Malus xdomestica Borkh.) were characterized following regular atmosphere (RA) storage without and with a prestorage heat treatment (38 degreesC for 4 days) or controlled atmosphere (CA) storage at 0 and 2 degreesC for 0 to 6 months plus 7-day shelf life at 20 degreesC. Static CA conditions were 0.7 kPa O-2 Plus 1.0 kPa CO2, 1.0 kPa O-2 plus 1.0 kPa CO2, and 1.5 kPa O-2 plus 2.5 kPa CO2. Most of the more abundant volatiles were esters; the rest were alcohols, an aldehyde, a ketone, and an aryl ether. Respiration and ethylene production rates, internal atmospheres of CO2 and ethylene, and volatile levels were reduced following CA storage compared with RA storage without and with a prestorage heat treatment. Magness-Taylor and compression firmness, titratable acidity, and sensory scores for firmness, sourness, apple-fruity flavor, and overall acceptability were higher for CA- than for RA-stored fruit. Soluble solids content and sensory scores for sweetness were similar among all treatments. Quality and sensory characteristics were generally similar in heated and nonheated RA-stored fruit, and between 0 and 2 degreesC in CA-and RA-stored fruit. While one CA regime had a higher CO2 concentration than the others tested, CA effects on quality and sensory characteristics were generally more pronounced at the lower 02 levels. Quality characteristics declined between 2 and 4 months storage. The results indicate that short-term CA storage can maintain instrumental and sensory quality of 'Gala' apples. C1 USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Prod Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Penn State Univ, Fruit Res & Extens Serv, Biglerville, PA 17307 USA. USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biometr Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Saftner, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Prod Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 51 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 127 IS 6 BP 1006 EP 1012 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 610CV UT WOS:000178943900018 ER PT J AU Maass, JM Martinez-Yrizar, A Patino, C Sarukhan, J AF Maass, JM Martinez-Yrizar, A Patino, C Sarukhan, J TI Distribution and annual net accumulation of above-ground dead phytomass and its influence on throughfall quality in a Mexican tropical deciduous forest ecosystem SO JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon pool; Chamela forest; coarse woody debris; forest canopy; litterfall; nutrient cycling; throughfall quality; watershed ID NORTHEASTERN YUCATAN PENINSULA; DRY FOREST; WOODY DEBRIS; TREES; DECOMPOSITION; LITTERFALL; TURNOVER; DETRITUS; DYNAMICS; BIOMASS AB The amount and annual net accumulation of above-ground dead woody material were quantified in a tropical deciduous forest in western Mexico. Three plots were located within a small watershed (16 ha) and distributed along a 150-m-elevation gradient (Upper, Middle and Lower plot). Total amount of above-ground dead phytomass (fine + coarse) was 27.2 Mg ha(-1). Coarse dead category (branches + logs) made up 70.6% (19.2 Mg ha(-1)) of the total. The rest comprised the fine fraction, which was lying on the forest floor as surface litter. Of the total coarse dead woody mass, 70.8% was standing, hanging or still attached to live trees (13.6 Mg ha(-1)). Dead wood net accumulation was 6.6 Mg ha(-1) y(-1); 58% of this was coarse woody material and the rest comprised the fine litterfall fraction. The amount of standing, hanging/attached dead branches (2-20 cm circumference) varied significantly among plots, with the highest value in the Upper plot. Dead wood net accumulation was similar between the Upper and Middle plots, and significantly higher than the Lower plot. Compared to the intact canopy, the removal of dead mass (hanging/attached dead branches and standing dead logs) caused a significant decrease in throughfall nutrient concentration and nutrient flux by this pathway. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Morelia 58089, Michoacan, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Hermosillo 83000, Sonora, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Ecol, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. RP Maass, JM (reprint author), USDA FS, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, 3160 Coweeta Lab Rd, Otto, NC 28763 USA. NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 8 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0266-4674 J9 J TROP ECOL JI J. Trop. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 18 BP 821 EP 834 DI 10.1017/S0266467402002535 PN 6 PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 611MG UT WOS:000179020900002 ER PT J AU Plantinga, AJ Lubowski, RN Stavins, RN AF Plantinga, AJ Lubowski, RN Stavins, RN TI The effects of potential land development on agricultural land prices SO JOURNAL OF URBAN ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE land use; agricultural land prices; land development; urban spatial models ID FARMLAND VALUES; SPATIAL MODEL; URBAN FRINGE; UNCERTAINTY; ESTIMATOR; GRADIENT; GROWTH; IMPACT; OPTION; CITY AB We conduct a national-scale analysis of the determinants of agricultural land values. The theoretical basis for the study is a spatial city model with stochastic returns to future land development. The empirical model of agricultural land prices is estimated with a cross-section on approximately three thousand counties in the contiguous US. The results provide evidence that option values associated with irreversible and uncertain land development are capitalized into current farmland values. For each county, we decompose the current agricultural land value into components measuring rents from agricultural production and rents from future land development. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Harvard Univ, John F Kennedy Sch Govt, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Plantinga, AJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, 212B Ballard Extens Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 35 TC 83 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 21 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0094-1190 J9 J URBAN ECON JI J. Urban Econ. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 52 IS 3 BP 561 EP 581 AR PII S0094-1190(02)00503-X DI 10.1016/S0094-1190(02)00503-X PG 21 WC Economics; Urban Studies SC Business & Economics; Urban Studies GA 628VW UT WOS:000180018100009 ER PT J AU Waters, WR Palmer, MV Whipple, DL AF Waters, WR Palmer, MV Whipple, DL TI Mycobacterium bovis-infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus): detection of immunoglobulin specific to crude mycobacterial antigens by ELISA SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; ANTIBODY-RESPONSES; TUBERCULOSIS; DIAGNOSIS; CATTLE; LIPOARABINOMANNAN; PARATUBERCULOSIS; ARABINOMANNAN; MODEL; TESTS AB White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have recently emerged as a source of Mycobacterium bovis infection for cattle within North America. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibody response of M. bovis-infected deer to crude mycobacterial antigens. Deer were experimentally inoculated with M. bovis strain 1315 either by intratonsilar instillation or by exposure to M. bovis-infected (i.e., in contact) deer. To determine the time course of the response, including the effects of antigen administration for comparative cervical skin testing, serum was collected periodically and evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for immunoglobulin (i.e., IgG heavy and light chains) reactivity to mycobacterial antigens. The reactivity to M. bovis purified protein derivative (PPDb) exceeded (P < 0.05) the reactivity to M. avium PPD (PPDa) only after in vivo administration of PPDa and PPDb for comparative cervical testing of the infected deer. The mean immunoglobulin response, as measured by ELISA, of intratonsilar-inoculated deer to a proteinase K-digested whole-cell sonicate (WCS-PK) of M. bovis strain 1315 exceeded (P < 0.05) the mean of the prechallenge responses to this antigen at approximately 1 month after inoculation and throughout the remainder of the study (i.e., similar to11 months). This response also exceeded (P < 0.05) that of the uninfected deer. Although this is encouraging, further studies are necessary to validate the use of the proteinase K-digested M. bovis antigens in the antibody-based assays of tuberculosis. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Waters, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Unit, POB 70,2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 35 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 14 IS 6 BP 470 EP 475 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 609PR UT WOS:000178914600004 PM 12423028 ER PT J AU Palmer, MV Olsen, SC AF Palmer, MV Olsen, SC TI Hepatic lipidosis in pregnant captive American bison (Bison bison) SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID TOXEMIA; COWS AB Hepatic lipidosis, a hallmark lesion of lipid mobilization disorders in ruminants, was noted in four 3-year-old, pregnant bison (Bison bison) after periods of anorexia that progressed to recumbency and death. The affected bison were part of a herd at the National Animal Disease Center (NADC) that was used for brucellosis vaccine research. Microscopically, the liver contained swollen hepatocytes with numerous, variably sized, round, smoothly contoured vacuoles that displaced cytoplasmic structures. Hepatocytes in all zones of the lobule were affected equally. Hypoglycemia, decreased total carbon dioxide, elevated gamma-glutamyltransferase, elevated alkaline phosphatase, and increased nonesterified fatty acid levels were noted. As in the case of cattle, altered nutritional demands of late gestation combined with management factors such as obesity, nutrition, stress, and concomitant disease may be critical in the pathophysiology of lipid mobilization disorders in bison. Additionally, stressors unique to this research herd likely contributed to fatal hepatic lipidosis. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Palmer, MV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 14 IS 6 BP 512 EP 515 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 609PR UT WOS:000178914600013 PM 12423037 ER PT J AU Goyal, SM Boujihad, M Haugerud, S Ridpath, JF AF Goyal, SM Boujihad, M Haugerud, S Ridpath, JF TI Isolation of bovine viral diarrhea virus from an alpaca SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID BORDER DISEASE; LAMA-GLAMA; ANTIBODIES; GENOTYPES; INFECTION; ENGLAND; CATTLE AB A frozen, stillborn alpaca (Lama pacos) was submitted to the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory for diagnostic purposes. No gross or histopathologic changes of any significance were seen. A pool of lung, liver, and brain tissues was positive for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. On inoculation in cell cultures, a noncytopathic BVDV (type 1b) was isolated. No evidence of BVDV was seen on immunohistochemical examination of tissues. This indicates the importance of using multiple tests for arriving at a diagnosis and appears to be the first report of BVDV isolation from alpaca. C1 Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Diagnost Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Goyal, SM (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Diagnost Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 22 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 14 IS 6 BP 523 EP 525 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 609PR UT WOS:000178914600016 PM 12423040 ER PT J AU Wesley, R AF Wesley, R TI Neutralizing antibody decay and lack of contact transmission after inoculation of 3-and 4-day-old piglets with porcine respiratory coronavirus SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID GASTROENTERITIS VIRUS; PIGS; PREVALENCE; SWINE AB Ten female neonatal piglets were infected with porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) to measure the decay of a specific neutralizing antibody. By 42 weeks after exposure, 1 of the gilts was serologically negative (<5) for PRCV, and by 48 weeks 2 more gilts were serologically negative. These data demonstrate that young mature gilts can be serologically negative, yet they could have been exposed to PRCV. Sentinel pigs were commingled with the PRCV-infected pigs at 8 weeks after exposure, and no virus transmission occurred. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Wesley, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 14 IS 6 BP 525 EP 527 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 609PR UT WOS:000178914600017 PM 12423041 ER PT J AU Champ, PA Flores, NE Brown, TC Chivers, J AF Champ, PA Flores, NE Brown, TC Chivers, J TI Contingent valuation and incentives SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID PUBLIC-GOODS; FREE RIDE; PROVISION; CHOICE AB We empirically investigate the effect of the payment mechanism on contingent values by asking a willingness-to-pay question with one of three different payment mechanisms: individual contribution, contribution with provision point, and referendum. We find statistical evidence of more affirmative responses in the referendum treatment relative to the individual contribution treatment, some weak statistical evidence of more affirmative responses in the referendum treatment relative to the provision point treatment, and no statistical evidence of more affirmative responses in the provision point treatment relative to the individual contribution treatment. The relative credibility of the three payment mechanisms is also examined. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Econ, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Champ, PA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 21 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 10 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 USA SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 78 IS 4 BP 591 EP 604 DI 10.2307/3146855 PG 14 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 639XZ UT WOS:000180656700009 ER PT J AU Lugo, AE AF Lugo, AE TI Can we manage tropical landscapes? - an answer from the Caribbean perspective SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE biodiversity; Caribbean islands; deforestation; development; fragmentation; Puerto Rico; reforestation; secondary forests; tropical forests; tropical landscapes ID NATIVE FOREST REGENERATION; CENTRAL NEW-ENGLAND; PUERTO-RICO; LAND-USE; COSTA-RICA; NATURAL DISTURBANCE; ABANDONED PASTURES; BRAZILIAN AMAZON; EASTERN AMAZONIA; RAIN-FORESTS AB Humans have used Caribbean island landscapes for millennia. The conversion of wild lands to built-up lands or to agricultural lands in these tropical countries follows predictable patterns. Conversion of moist forest life zones and fertile flatlands is faster than conversion of wet and rain forest life zones and low fertility steep lands. In Puerto Rico, these trends are leading to increased built-up areas, environmental surprises, and increased dependence on external subsidies. Changes over the past 50 yr also include a reversal in deforestation and increase in forest patch size in spite of increasing human population density. Present forests have different species composition than the original ones but are indistinguishable in physiognomy and basic function. The reversal of deforestation and forest fragmentation trends, if accompanied by an understanding of the forces that cause the reversal, can result in the development of tools for landscape management. Tropical landscape management requires understanding and application of natural resilience mechanisms of ecosystems, greater use of ecological engineering approaches to infrastructure development, enforcement of zoning laws, enlightened economic development policies, and an understanding and agreement of a conservation vision among all sectors of society. Mixing species in new combinations to form new ecosystems is a necessary step in the development of future landscapes. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Lugo, AE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. NR 120 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 17 IS 7 BP 601 EP 615 DI 10.1023/A:1021419815480 PG 15 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 624EB UT WOS:000179746400001 ER PT J AU Nunez, A Savary, BJ Foglia, TA Piazza, GJ AF Nunez, A Savary, BJ Foglia, TA Piazza, GJ TI Purification of lipoxygenase from Chlorella: Production of 9-and 13-hydroperoxide derivatives of linoleic acid SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE; PYRENOIDOSA; EXTRACTS AB Oxygenation of linoleic acid by the enzyme lipoxygenase (LOX) that is present in the microalga Chlorella pyrenoidosa is known to produce the corresponding 9- and 13-hydroperoxide derivatives of linoleic acid (9- and 13-HPOD, respectively). Previous work with this microalga indicated that partially purified LOX, present in the 30-43 and 45-80% saturated (NH4)(2)SO4 precipitate fractions, produced both HPOD isomers but in different ratios. It was not clear, however, if the observed activity in the two isolates represented the presence of one or more isozymes. In the present work, LOX isolated from the intracellular fraction of Chlorella by (NH4)(2)SO4 precipitation (35-80% saturated) was purified by ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography to apparent homogeneity. Analysis of the purified protein by SIDS-PAGE and subsequent native size exclusion chromatography demonstrated that LOX in Chlorella is a single monomeric protein with a molecular mass of approximately 47 kDa. The purified LOX produced both the 9-HPOD and 13-HPOD isomers from linoleic acid in equal amounts, and the isomer ratio was not altered over the pH range of 6 to 9. Optimal activity of LOX was at pH 7.5. C1 USDA ARS, Fats Oils & Anim Coprod Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP USDA ARS, Fats Oils & Anim Coprod Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM anunez@arserrc.gov OI Piazza, George/0000-0003-4896-4928 NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0024-4201 EI 1558-9307 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD NOV PY 2002 VL 37 IS 11 BP 1027 EP 1032 DI 10.1007/s11745-002-0996-x PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 638BX UT WOS:000180550500002 PM 12558051 ER PT J AU Araba, A Byers, FM AF Araba, A Byers, FM TI Environmentally friendly beef production from two genotypes fed cereal/molasses diets SO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE growth; beef cattle; carcass; environment; grain; molasses ID STEERS FED SILAGE; PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION; LIVEWEIGHT GAIN; DAIRY-COWS; MOLASSES; ENERGY; PERFORMANCE; DIGESTION; MONENSIN; NITROGEN AB The role of sugar beet molasses, a by-product of the food industry, for producing environmentally friendlier beef than with less fossil energy-intensive grain was assessed with respect to growth, carcass merit and feed efficiency. Cattle investigated included bulls and heifers of Holstein x native Brown of Atlas (HB) or Holstein x Friesian (HF). Molasses included at 0, 20, 40 or 60% of total ration dry matter (DM) replaced barley in a typical grain-based diet. Cattle were individually fed ad libitum, from 180 to 420 kg and bulls were then slaughtered. Animals fed 0, 20, 40 or 60% molasses averaged 259, 257, 318 and 374 days on feed (P < 0.001), grew 0.96, 0.96, 0.72 and 0.69 kg/day (P < 0.0001), consumed 8.3, 8.9, 7.5 and 7.6 kg DM/day (P < 0.01), required 9.0, 9.5, 10.6 and 11.8 kg DM/kg live weight gain (P < 0.0001). Dressing percentage averaged 53.5% for cattle fed 0-40% molasses and was lower (P < 0.01) for cattle fed 60% molasses (50.8%). Faster gaining animals deposited more fat. Animal measures including feet (8.63 vs. 9.37 kg), carcass compactness (1.79 vs. 1.85 kg/cm), kidney, pelvic and heart fat (4.15 vs. 2.57 kg) and mesenteric fat (5.04 vs. 3.96 kg), differed (P < 0.05) for HB vs. HF, respectively. Whereas adding molasses above 20% somewhat decreased animal performance, this response was economically offset by the lower price of molasses. The economical optimum of molasses in the diet was 40%, whereas the positive environmental impact of reducing grain fossil energy needs improved through 60%. A feeding system based on 40% molasses in the diet, if applied to the similar to 100 000 cattle in Morocco annually fed for meat production would save 47% of the barley grain otherwise needed while also converting 84% of the Moroccan sugar industry molasses by-product annually produced, to meet the meat-sourced food protein needs of Moroccan consumers in an environmentally friendlier meat protein production system. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Agron & Vet Hassan II, Dept Anim Prod, Rabat, Morocco. USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Araba, A (reprint author), Inst Agron & Vet Hassan II, Dept Anim Prod, Rabat, Morocco. NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-6226 J9 LIVEST PROD SCI JI Livest. Prod. Sci. PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 77 IS 2-3 BP 301 EP 309 AR PII S0301-6226(02)00029-5 DI 10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00029-5 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 618KB UT WOS:000179416300018 ER PT J AU Giraud, K Turcin, B Loomis, J Cooper, J AF Giraud, K Turcin, B Loomis, J Cooper, J TI Economic benefit of the protection program for the Steller sea lion SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article DE endangered species; Steller sea lion; contingent valuation ID CONTINGENT VALUATION; WELFARE EVALUATIONS; GOODS AB This paper examines willingness to pay (WTP) for an endangered species across geographically nested samples using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The three samples range from (1) the boroughs that contain critical habitat for the Steller sea lion to (2) the state that contains these boroughs to and (3) the entire United States. Depending on the assumptions of the model, WTP varies tremendously from sample to sample. WTP for the United States is the highest and it is the lowest for the boroughs. The null hypotheses that mean WTP estimates are greater then zero were rejected for the boroughs and the state but were not rejected for the United States based on the 95% confidence intervals. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Dept Resource Econ & Dev, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Giraud, K (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Dept Resource Econ & Dev, 312 James Hall, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI Cullen, Kelly/C-6418-2017 OI Cullen, Kelly/0000-0001-6642-9676 NR 27 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 26 IS 6 BP 451 EP 458 AR PII S0308-597X(02)00025-8 DI 10.1016/S0308-597X(02)00025-8 PG 8 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA 621ZX UT WOS:000179622500005 ER PT J AU Koohmaraie, M Kent, MP Shackelford, SD Veiseth, E Wheeler, TL AF Koohmaraie, M Kent, MP Shackelford, SD Veiseth, E Wheeler, TL TI Meat tenderness and muscle growth: is there any relationship? SO MEAT SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 48th International Congress of Meat Science and Technology CY AUG 25-30, 2002 CL ROME, ITALY DE meat; muscle; growth; tenderness; synthesis; degradation; calpain ID BETA-ADRENERGIC AGONIST; EASILY RELEASABLE MYOFILAMENTS; OVINE SKELETAL-MUSCLE; MYOFIBRILLAR PROTEINS; LONGISSIMUS MUSCLE; CALLIPYGE LAMBS; CALPAIN SYSTEM; MYOSTATIN GENE; WETHER LAMBS; MUTATIONS AB Our objectives for this manuscript are to review the mechanisms of muscle growth, the biological basis of meat tenderness, and the relationship between these two processes. Muscle growth is determined by hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Muscle cell size is determined by the balance between the amount of muscle protein synthesized and the amount of muscle protein degraded. Current evidence suggests that the calpain proteolytic system is a major regulator of muscle protein degradation. Sarcomere length, connective tissue content, and proteolysis of myofibrils and associated proteins account for most, if not all, of the explainable variation in tenderness of meat after postmortem storage. The relative contribution of each of the above components is muscle dependent. The calpain proteolytic system is a key regulator of postmortem proteolysis. While changes in muscle protein degradation affect meat tenderization/tenderness, changes in muscle protein synthesis are not expected to affect meat tenderization/tenderness. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Koohmaraie, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,Spur 18-D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 51 TC 162 Z9 189 U1 3 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1740 J9 MEAT SCI JI Meat Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 62 IS 3 SI SI BP 345 EP 352 AR PII S0309-1740(02)00127-4 DI 10.1016/S0309-1740(02)00127-4 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 588NF UT WOS:000177707000008 PM 22061610 ER PT J AU Proctor, KL Adams, WC Shaffrath, JD Van Loan, MD AF Proctor, KL Adams, WC Shaffrath, JD Van Loan, MD TI Upper-limb bone mineral density of female collegiate gymnasts versus controls SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE bone mass; physical activity; female athletes; impact loading; dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; body composition ID PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; MASS ACCUMULATION; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; BODY-COMPOSITION; DIETARY-INTAKE; YOUNG-WOMEN; EXERCISE; ELITE; RESTRAINT; PUBERTY AB Purpose: We examined bilateral bone mineral density (BMD) in the arms of female college gymnasts to assess the relative contribution of high-impact loading forces versus daily activities on bone plasticity. Methods: Twenty-five female collegiate gymnasts and 25 controls were studied. BMD of the lumbar spine, proximal femur, and whole body were assessed via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Upper-limb BMD was determined by custom analyses of the whole-body scans to examine arms individually. Results: BMD of gymnasts was significantly (P < 0.0001) greater than controls at all sites. Whole-body BMD was 8% higher in gymnasts (1.270 +/- 0.078 vs 1.175 +/- 0.073 g.cm(-2)), With 18-19% differences in the lumbar spine (1.427 +/- 0.144 vs 1.212 +/- 0.106 g.cm(-2)), right proximal femur (1.298 +/- 0.101 vs 1.100 +/- 0.129 g.cm(-2)), and left proximal femur (1.293 +/- 0.111 vs 1.104 +/- 0.133 g.cm(-2)). Arm BMD was 17% greater in gymnasts, with higher values in both dominant (1.013 + 0.067 vs 0.875 + 0.066 g.cm(-2)) and nondominant (1.002 + 0.060 vs 0.849 + 0.062 g.cm(-2)) arms. Intragroup comparisons revealed a significantly (P < 0.0001) greater BMD in the dominant arm of the controls but no side-to-side difference in the arms of the gymnasts. Conclusions: Upper-limb BMD followed use patterns in both gymnasts and controls, demonstrating that the forces imposed on the arms with gymnastics training enhanced BMD and resulted in no bilateral differences. These findings illustrate the association between gymnastics training and increased BMD throughout the body, suggesting that the high BMD values observed in gymnasts are due primarily to the activity itself rather than selection bias. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Exercise Biol Program, Human Performance Lab, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Van Loan, MD (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 29 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 34 IS 11 BP 1830 EP 1835 DI 10.1249/01.MSS.0000037094.71541.B9 PG 6 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 613ZB UT WOS:000179160700021 PM 12439090 ER PT J AU Mantovani, HC Hu, HJ Worobo, RW Russell, JB AF Mantovani, HC Hu, HJ Worobo, RW Russell, JB TI Bovicin HC5, a bacteriocin from Streptococcus bovis HC5 SO MICROBIOLOGY-SGM LA English DT Article DE rumen; lactic acid bacteria; purification; N-terminal amino acids ID LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA; ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES; PURIFICATION; NISIN; LANTIBIOTICS; MONENSIN AB Previous work indicated that Streptococcus bovis HC5 had significant antibacterial activity, and even nisin-resistant S. bovis JB1 cells could be strongly inhibited. S. bovis HC5 inhibited a variety of Gram-positive bacteria and the spectrum of activity was similar to monensin, a commonly used feed additive. The crude extracts (ammonium sulfate precipitation) were inactivated by Pronase E and trypsin, but the activity was resistant to heat, proteinase K and alpha-chymotrypsin. Most of the antibacterial activity was cell associated, but it could be liberated by acidic NaCl (100 mM, PH 2.0) without significant cell lysis. When glycolysing S. bovis JB1 cells were treated with either crude or acidic NaCl extracts, intracellular potassium declined and this result indicated the antibacterial activity was mediated by a pore-forming peptide. The peptide could be purified by HPLC and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight analysis indicated that it had a molecular mass of approximately 2440 Da. The terminal amino acid sequence was VGXRYASXPGXSWKYVXF. The unnamed amino acid residues (designated by X) had approximately the same position as dehydroalanines found in some lantibiotics, but samples that were reduced and alkylated prior to Edman degradation did not have cysteine residues. The only other bacteriocin that had significant similarity was the lantibiotic precursor of Streptococcus pyogenes SF370, but the identity was only 55%. Based on these results, the bacteriocin of S. bovis HC5 appears to be novel and the authors now designate it as bovicin HC5. C1 Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci & Technol, NYSAES, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Mantovani, Hilario/J-5287-2012; Worobo, Randy/D-8779-2014 NR 23 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1350-0872 J9 MICROBIOL-SGM JI Microbiology-(UK) PD NOV PY 2002 VL 148 BP 3347 EP 3352 PN 11 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 617LN UT WOS:000179363300008 PM 12427926 ER PT J AU McCartney, AW Dyer, JM Kim, PK Andrews, DW Mullen, RT AF McCartney, AW Dyer, JM Kim, PK Andrews, DW Mullen, RT TI Plant fatty acid desaturases are inserted co-translationally into the ER and contain different ER retrieval motifs at their carboxy termini SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Cell-Biology CY DEC 14-18, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Cell Biol C1 Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA USA. McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2002 VL 13 MA 539 BP 96A EP 96A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 621BR UT WOS:000179569100539 ER PT J AU Fletcher, JC Sharma, VK Grigg, SP Leasure, CD Ramirez, J AF Fletcher, JC Sharma, VK Grigg, SP Leasure, CD Ramirez, J TI Stem cell signaling in the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Cell-Biology CY DEC 14-18, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Cell Biol C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2002 VL 13 MA 647 BP 115A EP 115A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 621BR UT WOS:000179569100647 ER PT J AU Masler, EP AF Masler, EP TI Metabolism of an insect neuropeptide by the nematode C-elegans SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Cell-Biology CY DEC 14-18, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Cell Biol C1 USDA, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2002 VL 13 MA 1418 BP 252A EP 252A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 621BR UT WOS:000179569101417 ER PT J AU Hurkman, WJ Tanaka, CK Vensel, WH Crawford, JH AF Hurkman, WJ Tanaka, CK Vensel, WH Crawford, JH TI Proteome analysis of the effects of high temperature on wheat grain development SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Cell-Biology CY DEC 14-18, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Cell Biol C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Nonlinear Dynam Ltd, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne & Wear, England. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2002 VL 13 MA 1453 BP 258A EP 258A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 621BR UT WOS:000179569101452 ER PT J AU Duque, H Baxt, B AF Duque, H Baxt, B TI Foot-and-mouth disease virus receptors: Comparison of bovine alpha(v) integrin utilization by types A and O viruses SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Cell-Biology CY DEC 14-18, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Cell Biol C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Foot & Mouth Dis Res Unit, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2002 VL 13 MA 1958 BP 348A EP 348A PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 621BR UT WOS:000179569101957 ER PT J AU Engel, ML Chaboud, A Dumas, C McCormick, S AF Engel, ML Chaboud, A Dumas, C McCormick, S TI Sperm of Zea mays express diverse mRNAs SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Cell-Biology CY DEC 14-18, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Cell Biol C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Albany, CA USA. Univ Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Super Lyon, Lab Plant Reprod & Dev, UMR 5667,CNRS,INRA, F-69365 Lyon, France. USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOLOGY PI BETHESDA PA 8120 WOODMONT AVE, STE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2755 USA SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 2002 VL 13 MA 2162 BP 383A EP 384A PG 2 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 621BR UT WOS:000179569102161 ER PT J AU Huang, DC Papavasiliou, V Rhim, JS Horst, RL Kremer, R AF Huang, DC Papavasiliou, V Rhim, JS Horst, RL Kremer, R TI Targeted disruption of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D-3 1 alpha-hydroxylase gene in ras-transformed keratinocytes demonstrates that locally produced 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 suppresses growth and induces differentiation in an autocrine fashion SO MOLECULAR CANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DEPENDENT RICKETS TYPE-1; VITAMIN-D METABOLITE; D ANALOG; 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D3; KIDNEY; CLONING; CALCIUM; CANCER; EXPRESSION; RESISTANCE AB It has been previously shown that keratinocytes express a high level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-3 (25-OHD3) 1alpha-hydroxylase (1alpha-hydroxylase). 1alpha-Hydroxylase catalyzes the conversion of 25-OHD3 to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 [1,25(OH)(2)D-3]. 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 is both anti proliferative (i.e., suppresses cell growth) and prodifferentiative (i.e., induces cell differentiation) in many cell types. We hypothesized that local production of 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 by keratinocytes may suppress their growth and induce their differentiation in an autocrine fashion. To test this hypothesis, we inactivated both 1alpha-hydroxylase alleles in a ras-transformed keratinocyte cell line, HPK1Aras, which typically produces squamous carcinoma in nude mice. To inactivate 1alpha-hydroxylase expression by HPK1Aras cells, we disrupted both alleles of the lot-hydroxylase gene by homologous recombination. Lack of expression and activity of lot-hydroxylase was confirmed by Northern blot analysis and detected conversion of 25-OHD3 to 1,25(OH)(2)D-3. We then examined the effect of substrate 25-OHD3 on parameters of growth and differentiation in the double knockout cell line as compared to wild-type HPK1Aras cells in vitro. It was found that lot-hydroxylase inactivation blocked the anti proliferative and prodifferentiative effect of 25-OHD3. These in vitro effects were further analyzed in vivo by injecting knockout or control cells subcutaneously in severely compromised immunodeficient mice. Tumor growth was accelerated and differentiation was inhibited in mice given injections of knockout cells as compared to control cells in the presence of substrate 25-OHD3. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that 1alpha-hydroxylase expression by keratinocytes plays an important role in autocrine growth and differentiation of these cells, and suggest that expression of this enzyme may modulate tumor growth in squamous carcinomas. C1 Royal Victoria Hosp, Dept Med, Calcium Res Lab, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A1, Canada. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Ctr Prostate Dis Res, Bethesda, MD USA. Natl Anim Dis Ctr, ARS, USDA, Ames, IA USA. RP Kremer, R (reprint author), Royal Victoria Hosp, Dept Med, Calcium Res Lab, Room H4 67,687 Pine Ave W, Montreal, PQ H3A 1A1, Canada. NR 46 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1541-7786 J9 MOL CANCER RES JI Mol. Cancer Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 1 IS 1 BP 56 EP 67 PG 12 WC Oncology; Cell Biology SC Oncology; Cell Biology GA 659HZ UT WOS:000181772400007 PM 12496369 ER PT J AU Skory, CD AF Skory, CD TI Homologous recombination and double-strand break repair in the transformation of Rhizopus oryzae SO MOLECULAR GENETICS AND GENOMICS LA English DT Article DE Rhizopus; transformation; recombination; Mucorales; Zygomycota ID AUTONOMOUSLY REPLICATING PLASMID; ZYGOMYCETE MUCOR-CIRCINELLOIDES; INTEGRATIVE TRANSFORMATION; PHYCOMYCES-BLAKESLEEANUS; CRYPTOCOCCUS-NEOFORMANS; ABSIDIA-GLAUCA; SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES-POMBE; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; KANAMYCIN RESISTANCE; YEAST TRANSFORMATION AB Genetic transformation of the Mucorales fungi has been problematic, since DNA transformed into the host rarely integrates and usually is mitotically unstable in the absence of selective pressure. In this study, transformation of Rhizopus oryzae was investigated to determine if the fate of introduced DNA could be predicted based on double-strand break repair and recombination mechanisms found in other fungi. A transformation system was developed with uracil auxotrophs of Rhizopus oryzae that could be complemented with the pyrG gene isolated in this work. DNA transformed as circular plasmids was maintained extrachromosomally in high-molecular-weight ( > 23 kb) concatenated arrangement. Type-I crossover integration into the pyrG locus and type-III pyrG gene replacement events occurred in approximately 1-5% of transformants. Linearization of the plasmid pPyr225 with a single restriction enzyme that cleaves within the vector sequence almost always resulted in isolates with replicating concatenated plasmids that had been repaired by end-joining recombination that restored the restriction site. The addition of a 40-bp direct repeat on either side of this cleavage site led to repair by homologous recombination between the repeated sequences on the plasmid, resulting in loss of the restriction site. When plasmid pPyr225 was digested with two different enzymes that cleave within the vector sequence to release the pyrG containing fragment, only pyrG gene replacement recombination occurred in transformants. Linearization of plasmid pPyr225 within the pyrG gene itself gave the highest percentage (20%) of type-I integration at the pyrG locus. However, end-joining repair and gene replacement events were still the predominant types of recombination found in transformations with this plasmid topology. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Skory, CD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biotechnol Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 47 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1617-4615 J9 MOL GENET GENOMICS JI Mol. Genet. Genomics PD NOV PY 2002 VL 268 IS 3 BP 397 EP 406 DI 10.1007/s00438-002-0760-8 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 627FX UT WOS:000179923900011 PM 12436261 ER PT J AU Hou, ZM Xue, CY Peng, YL Katan, T Kistler, HC Xu, JR AF Hou, ZM Xue, CY Peng, YL Katan, T Kistler, HC Xu, JR TI A mitogen-activated protein kinase gene (MGV1) in Fusarium graminearum is required for female fertility, heterokaryon formation, and plant infection SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE fungal pathogenicity; Gibberella zeae ID GIBBERELLA-ZEAE; VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY; REDUCED VIRULENCE; CANDIDA-ALBICANS; FUNGUS; WHEAT; SCAB; INCOMPATIBILITY; CONSTRUCTION; MUTANTS AB Fusarium graminearum is an important pathogen of small grains and maize in many areas of the world. Infected grains are often contaminated with mycotoxins harmful to humans and animals. During the past decade, E graminearum has caused several severe epidemics of head scab in wheat and barley. In order to understand molecular mechanisms regulating fungal development and pathogenicity in this pathogen, we isolated and characterized a MAP kinase gene, MGV1, which is highly homologous to the MPS1 gene in Magnaporthe grisea. The MGV1 gene was dispensable for conidiation in E graminearum but essential for female fertility during sexual reproduction. Vegetative growth of mgv1 deletion mutants was normal in liquid media but reduced on solid media. Mycelia of the mgv1 mutants had weak cell walls and were hypersensitive to cell wall degrading enzymes. Interestingly, the mgv1 mutants were self-incompatible when tested for heterokaryon formation, and their virulence was substantially reduced. The ability of the mutants to accumulate trichothecene mycotoxins on inoculated wheat was also greatly reduced. Our data suggest that MGV1 in E graminearum is involved in multiple developmental processes related to sexual reproduction, plant infection, and cell wall integrity. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Volcani Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Xu, JR (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 37 TC 211 Z9 229 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 15 IS 11 BP 1119 EP 1127 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2002.15.11.1119 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 607GK UT WOS:000178783600003 PM 12423017 ER PT J AU Desjardins, AE Munkvold, GP Plattner, RD Proctor, RH AF Desjardins, AE Munkvold, GP Plattner, RD Proctor, RH TI FUM1 - A gene required for fumonisin biosynthesis but not for maize ear rot and ear infection by Gibberella moniliformis in field tests SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE gene disruption ID FUJIKUROI MATING POPULATION; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; MYCOTOXINS; STRAINS; VIRULENCE AB We have analyzed the role of fumonisins in infection of maize (Zea mays) by Gibberella moniliformis (anamorph Fusarium verticilloides) in field tests in Illinois and Iowa, United States. Fumonisin-nonproducing mutants were obtained by disrupting FUM1 (previously FUM5), the gene encoding a polyketide synthase required for fumonisin biosynthesis. Maize car rot, ear infection, and fumonisin contamination were assessed by silk-channel injection in 1999 and 2000 and also by spray application onto maize silks, injection into maize stalks, and application with maize seeds at planting in 1999. Ear rot was evaluated by visual assessment of whole ears and by calculating percentage of symptomatic kernels by weight. Fumonisin levels in kernels were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The presence of applied strains in kernels was determined by analysis of recovered isolates for genetic markers and fumonisin production. Two independent fumonisin-nonproducing (fum1-3 and fum1-4) mutants were similar to their respective fumonisin-producing (FUM1-1) progenitor strains in ability to cause ear rot following silk-channel injection and also were similar in ability to infect maize ears following application by all four methods tested. This evidence confirms that fumonisins are not required for G. moniliformis to cause maize ear rot and ear infection. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Desjardins, AE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 21 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 15 IS 11 BP 1157 EP 1164 DI 10.1094/MPMI.2002.15.11.1157 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 607GK UT WOS:000178783600007 PM 12423021 ER PT J AU Castlebury, LA Rossman, AY Jaklitsch, WJ Vasilyeva, LN AF Castlebury, LA Rossman, AY Jaklitsch, WJ Vasilyeva, LN TI A preliminary overview of the Diaporthales based on large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE canker fungi; Cryphonectria; Diaporthe; Discula; phylogeny; Valsa ID DISCULA-DESTRUCTIVA; DOGWOOD ANTHRACNOSE; SP-NOV; PHYLOGENETICS; SYSTEMATICS; TOPOLOGIES; BLIGHT; TREES AB The ascomycete order Diaporthales includes a number of plant pathogenic fungi such as Cryphonectria parasitica, the chestnut blight fungus, as well as many asexually reproducing fungi without known sexual states. Relationships among genera in the Diaporthales were evaluated as a basis for the recognition of families and to provide a taxonomic framework for the asexually reproducing diaporthalean fungi. Phylogenetic relationships were determined based on analyses of large subunit (LSU) nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) sequences. Within the Diaporthales 82 sequences representing 69 taxa were analyzed. Results suggest the presence of at least six major lineages within the Diaporthales recognized as the Gnomoniaceae sensu stricto, Melanconidaceae sensu stricto, Schizoparme complex including the anamorph genera Coniella and Pilidiella, Cryphonectria-Endothia complex, Valsaceae sensu stricto, and Diaporthaceae sensu stricto. In addition, six teleomorphic and anamorphic taxa fell within the Diaporthales but were not allied with any of the six lineages. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Far E Branch, Inst Biol & Soil Sci, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Far E Branch, Inst Biol & Soil Sci, Vladivostok 690022, Russia. RP Castlebury, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Jaklitsch, Walter/B-4970-2013 NR 48 TC 88 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 4 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1017 EP 1031 DI 10.2307/3761867 PG 15 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 626GD UT WOS:000179862700010 PM 21156573 ER PT J AU Steenkamp, ET Wingfield, BD Desjardins, AE Marasas, WFO Wingfield, MJ AF Steenkamp, ET Wingfield, BD Desjardins, AE Marasas, WFO Wingfield, MJ TI Cryptic speciation in Fusarium subglutinans SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Fusarium subglutinans; maize; reproductive isolation; teosinte ID FUJIKUROI SPECIES COMPLEX; IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI; GENE GENEALOGIES; SECTION LISEOLA; MATING POPULATION; REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION; COCCIDIOIDES-IMMITIS; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; PRIMER SETS AB Fusarium isolates that form part of the Gibberella fujikuroi species complex have been classified using either a morphological, biological, or phylogenetic species concept. Problems with the taxonomy of Fusarium species in this complex are mostly experienced when the morphological and biological species concepts are applied. The most consistent identifications are obtained with the phylogenetic species concept. Results from recent studies have presented an example of discordance between the biological and phylogenetic species concepts, where a group of E subglutinans sensu stricto isolates, i.e., isolates belonging to mating population E of the G. fujikuroi complex, could be sub-divided into more than one phylogenetic lineage. The aim of this study was to determine whether this sub-division represented species divergence or intraspecific diversity in F subglutinans. For this purpose, we included 29 F subglutinans isolates belonging to the E-mating population that were collected from either maize or teosinte, from a wide geographic range. DNA sequence data for six nuclear regions in each of these isolates were obtained and used in phylogenetic concordance analyses. These analyses revealed the presence of two major groups representing cryptic species in F subglutinans. These cryptic species were further sub-divided into a number of smaller groups that appear to be reproductively isolated in nature. This suggests not only that the existing F subglutinans populations are in the process of divergence, but also that each of the resulting lineages are undergoing separation into distinct taxa. These divergences did not appear to be linked to geographic origin, host, or phenotypic characters such as morphology. C1 Univ Pretoria, Forest & Agr Biotechnol Inst, Dept Genet, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. PROMEC, Med Res Council, ZA-7505 Tygerberg, South Africa. RP Steenkamp, ET (reprint author), Univ Pretoria, Forest & Agr Biotechnol Inst, Dept Genet, ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa. RI Wingfield, Brenda/B-1376-2008; Wingfield, Michael/A-9473-2008; Steenkamp, Emma/B-7958-2009 OI Wingfield, Brenda/0000-0002-6189-1519; Steenkamp, Emma/0000-0003-0217-8219 NR 52 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 94 IS 6 BP 1032 EP 1043 DI 10.2307/3761868 PG 12 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 626GD UT WOS:000179862700011 PM 21156574 ER PT J AU Obrenovich, ME Joseph, JA Atwood, CS Perry, G Smith, MA AF Obrenovich, ME Joseph, JA Atwood, CS Perry, G Smith, MA TI Amyloid-beta: a (life) preserver for the brain SO NEUROBIOLOGY OF AGING LA English DT Editorial Material ID ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; A-BETA; SENILE PLAQUES; PROTEIN; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; ACCUMULATION; CHOLESTEROL; BINDING; PEPTIDE; COPPER C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Inst Pathol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Smith, MA (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Inst Pathol, 2085 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RI Smith, Mark/A-9053-2009; Perry, George/A-8611-2009 OI Perry, George/0000-0002-6547-0172 NR 28 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0197-4580 J9 NEUROBIOL AGING JI Neurobiol. Aging PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 23 IS 6 BP 1097 EP 1099 AR PII S0197-4580(02)00038-6 DI 10.1016/S0197-4580(02)00038-6 PG 3 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Neurosciences SC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA 630CH UT WOS:000180089600017 PM 12470809 ER PT J AU Stanovick, JS Zweifel, RD Wagner, B AF Stanovick, JS Zweifel, RD Wagner, B TI Precision of statistics derived from Missouri statewide angler surveys SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material AB We assessed the validity of using statewide telephone survey data to develop estimates of total angler effort and effort by water category (e.g., ponds and streams) for individual water bodies, management regions, and north-south geographic regions. Angler hours and trips for individual reservoirs and put-and-take trout parks were found to vary by less than 30% for both estimates, but effort estimates for individual streams and five classes of small impoundments were highly variable and imprecise because of the low number of cooperators fishing these waters. We found that survey results from 40 cooperators and 195 cooperator trips were required to obtain estimates of angler hours and angler trips, respectively, such that the variation of those estimates would be less than 30% for at least 80% of the water bodies meeting that sample size. We recommend that statewide surveys be used to assess only effort for water bodies that receive statewide use, that is, for those that draw from a very large regional or statewide population. C1 Missouri Dept Conservat, Conservat Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. USDA, Natl Anim Hlth Monitoring Syst, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Stanovick, JS (reprint author), Missouri Dept Conservat, Conservat Res Ctr, 1110 S Coll Ave, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1266 EP 1269 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1266:POSDFM>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 622MP UT WOS:000179651100019 ER PT J AU Dorr, B Munn, IA Meals, KO AF Dorr, B Munn, IA Meals, KO TI A socioeconomic and biological evaluation of current and hypothetical crappie regulations in Sardis Lake, Mississippi: An integrated approach SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SAMPLE SELECTION BIAS; SPECIFICATION ERROR AB We conducted a socioeconomic survey and review of existing biological data in an integrated evaluation of current and hypothetical fishery regulations on crappies Pomoxis spp. in Sardis Lake, Mississippi. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess angler acceptance of current and hypothetical harvest restrictions, (2) determine the recreational value of the crappie fishery to its participants, (3) estimate possible changes in recreational value based on angler responses to hypothetical regulations, and (4) integrate the results of the socioeconomic surveys with existing biological information. Using the travel cost method, we estimated mean expenditures at US$29.48 and average consumer surplus per angler per trip at $8.88. We estimated 75,601 crappie angler trips in 1995, yielding an annual consumer surplus for the Sardis Lake crappie fishery of $671,000 and a gross willingness to pay (GWP) of $2.9 million. Hypothetical changes in creel limits would have greater effects on the crappie fishery than would changes in length limits. If a creel limit of 10 crappies/d were implemented, 24,986 fewer angler trips could be expected, reducing both consumer surplus and GWP approximately 33% ($222,000 and $958,000, respectively). Changes in angler trips related to length limits were small (<4%) until a 31-cm length limit was proposed, for which 7,035 fewer angler trips could be expected, reducing consumer surplus and GWP approximately 9% each ($61,900 and $270,000, respectively). Biological evaluations of the effects of length and creel limits suggested they are unlikely to affect crappie populations unless they are much more restrictive than current regulations. Combined, biological and socioeconomic information supported continuing the current 25.4-cm length limit and 30-fish/d creel limit. C1 Mississippi Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Forestry, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi Dept Wildlife Fisheries & Pks, Batesville, MS 38605 USA. RP Dorr, B (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Post Off Drawer 6099, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. OI Dorr, Brian/0000-0001-6857-8560 NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 1376 EP 1384 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<1376:ASABEO>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 622MP UT WOS:000179651100037 ER PT J AU Liu, LP Meydani, M AF Liu, LP Meydani, M TI Combined vitamin C and E supplementation retards early progression of arteriosclerosis in heart transplant patients SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE vitamin C; vitamin E; combined antioxidants; intravenous ultrasound; oxidative stress; coronary arteriosclerosis ID CORONARY-ARTERY-DISEASE; CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT VASCULOPATHY; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; RANDOMIZED-TRIAL; ASCORBIC-ACID; E CONSUMPTION AB The development of arteriosclerosis is the limiting factor for the long-term survival and the major cause of mortality in patients with heart transplants. Various factors, including oxidative stress, contribute to the progression of the disease. In a recent clinical trial using the intravascular ultrasound technique, which detects the early stages of disease development, supplementation with vitamins C and E retarded the progression of coronary arteriosclerosis during the early stage following cardiac transplantation. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vasc Biol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Liu, LP (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vasc Biol Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Liu, Liping/D-3663-2009 NR 47 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0029-6643 EI 1753-4887 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 60 IS 11 BP 368 EP 371 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 615YQ UT WOS:000179275300003 PM 12462519 ER PT J AU Fayer, R Trout, JM Lewis, EJ Xiao, L Lal, A Jenkins, MC Graczyk, TK AF Fayer, R Trout, JM Lewis, EJ Xiao, L Lal, A Jenkins, MC Graczyk, TK TI Temporal variability of Cryptosporidium in the Chesapeake Bay SO PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MUSSELS MYTILUS-GALLOPROVINCIALIS; PARVUM OOCYSTS; CRASSOSTREA-VIRGINICA; EASTERN OYSTER; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFECTIONS; PATHOGENS; SURVIVAL; SEAWATER AB Although Cryptosporidium has been found worldwide in molluscan shellfish from waters contaminated with human and animal feces, little or no relate environmental data have been obtained. In the present study, oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were collected eight times over 3 years from seven sites in the Chesapeake Bay or its tributaries, with accompanying data on water temperature, salinity, rainfall, and streamflow. Oyster gill washings were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy for Cryptosporidium oocysts. Of 1,590 oysters collected, 19.6% had detectable oocysts. Of 53 collections, oocysts were detected 81 % of the time. The time when the greatest percentage of oysters at most sites had detectable oocysts coincided with the time of greatest weekly and monthly rainfall, greatest streamflow into the Bay, and lowest water temperatures. In 28% of 53 collections, C. parvum genotypes I and 2 and C. baileyi were identified by PCR and gene sequencing. Oocyst infectivity was confirmed from 37.5% of 40 collections by initiating C. parvum genotype 2 infections in mice. C1 USDA ARS, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Agcy, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21601 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RP Fayer, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim Waste Pathogen Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 20 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0932-0113 J9 PARASITOL RES JI Parasitol. Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 88 IS 11 BP 998 EP 1003 DI 10.1007/s00436-002-0697-1 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 611LR UT WOS:000179019300009 PM 12375166 ER PT J AU Nachman, RJ AF Nachman, RJ TI Invertebrate neuropeptides III - Introduction SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 ARS, USDA, Area Pest Management Res Unit, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Nachman, RJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Area Pest Management Res Unit, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PD NOV PY 2002 VL 23 IS 11 BP 1873 EP 1873 AR PII S0196-9781(02)00182-1 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(02)00182-1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 621RF UT WOS:000179602900001 ER PT J AU Nachman, RJ Coast, GM Tichy, SE Russell, DH Miller, JA Predel, R AF Nachman, RJ Coast, GM Tichy, SE Russell, DH Miller, JA Predel, R TI Occurrence of insect kinins in the flesh fly, stable fly and horn fly-mass spectrometric identification from single nerves and diuretic activity SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Invertebrate Neuropeptide Conference CY JAN 06-11, 2002 CL HUA HIN, THAILAND DE lateral abdominal nerves (LANs); Malpighian tubule; Musdo-K; Musca domestica ID LEUCOKININ-LIKE PEPTIDE; NEUROPEPTIDE FAMILY; MUSCA-DOMESTICA; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; AMERICAN COCKROACH; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; ANALOGS; CONFORMATION; COMPLEX AB MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric analysis of single lateral abdominal nerves (LANs) demonstrate the presence of the insect kinin Musdo-K in the housefly Musca domestica, and identify heretofore unknown insect kinins in two other Dipteran species as Musdo-K in the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans and horn fly Haematobia irritans. The insect kinin native to the flesh fly Neobellieria bullata is identified as Drome-K. Musdo-K and Drome-K are identical save for the conservative substitution of Ser for Thr in position 2. The sequences of the insect kinins are, therefore, remarkably conserved throughout Dipterans. The in vitro Malpighian tubule fluid secretion activity of Musdo-K in the stable fly is similar to that in the housefly, whereas that of Drome-K is 30-fold more potent in the flesh fly than in the fruit fly. Given the structural identities of the kinins and CRF-like diuretic hormones of these Dipteran species, the housefly can serve as a model insect for the study of diuretic peptides and their functions in the stable fly and horn fly, both livestock pests. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Jena, Saxon Acad Sci, Res Grp Jena, D-07743 Jena, Germany. USDA, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Entomol Res Ctr, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, Lab Biol Mass Spectrometry, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Sch Biol & Chem Sci, London WC1E 7HX, England. RP Nachman, RJ (reprint author), USDA, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, 2881 F-B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM nachman@tamu.edu RI Predel, Reinhard/O-5243-2015; Russell, David/C-3618-2015 OI Russell, David/0000-0003-0830-3914 NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PD NOV PY 2002 VL 23 IS 11 BP 1885 EP 1894 AR PII S0196-9781(02)00177-8 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(02)00177-8 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 621RF UT WOS:000179602900003 PM 12431726 ER PT J AU Torfs, H Akerman, KE Nachman, RJ Oonk, HB Detheux, M Poels, J Van Loy, T De Loof, A Meloen, RH Vassart, G Parmentier, M Vanden Broeck, J AF Torfs, H Akerman, KE Nachman, RJ Oonk, HB Detheux, M Poels, J Van Loy, T De Loof, A Meloen, RH Vassart, G Parmentier, M Vanden Broeck, J TI Functional analysis of synthetic insectatachykinin analogs on recombinant neurokinin receptor expressing cell lines SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Invertebrate Neuropeptide Conference CY JAN 06-11, 2002 CL HUA HIN, THAILAND DE agonist; calcium; evolution; insect; neurokinin; neuropeptide; peptide; pharmacology; tachykinin; receptor ID TACHYKININ-RELATED PEPTIDES; INSECT NEUROPEPTIDES; URECHIS-UNICINCTUS; MYOTROPIC PEPTIDES; ECHIUROID WORM; IDENTIFICATION; VERTEBRATE; HOMOLOGY; FAMILY; COCKROACH AB The activity of a series of synthetic tachykinin-like peptide analogs was studied by means of microscopic calcium imaging on recombinant neurokinin receptor expressing cell lines. A C-terminal pentapeptide (FTGMRa) is sufficient for activation of the stomoxytachykinin receptor (STKR) expressed in Schneider 2 cells. Replacement of amino acid residues at the position of the conserved phenylalanine (F) or arginine (R) residues by alanine (A) results in inactive peptides (when tested at 1 muM), whereas A-replacements at other positions do not abolish the biological activity of the resulting insectatachykinin-like analogs. Calcium imaging was also employed to compare the activity of C-terminally substituted tachykinin analogs on three different neurokinin receptors. The results indicate that the major pharmacological and evolutionary difference between tachykinin-related agonists for insect (STKR) and human (NK1 and NK2) receptors resides in the C-terminal amino acid residues (R versus M). A single C-terminal amino acid change can turn an STKR-agonist into an NK-agonist and vice versa. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Zool, Lab Dev Physiol & Mol Biol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. ULB, IRIBHN, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium. DLO, ID, Inst Anim Sci & Hlth, Dept Mol Recognit, NL-8200 AB Lelystad, Netherlands. ARS, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Uppsala, Ctr Biomed, Dept Physiol, S-75123 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Vanden Broeck, J (reprint author), Katholieke Univ Leuven, Inst Zool, Lab Dev Physiol & Mol Biol, Naamsestr 59, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PD NOV PY 2002 VL 23 IS 11 BP 1999 EP 2005 AR PII S0196-9781(02)00187-0 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(02)00187-0 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 621RF UT WOS:000179602900015 PM 12431738 ER PT J AU Siviter, RJ Nachman, RJ Dani, MP Keen, JN Shirras, AD Isaac, RE AF Siviter, RJ Nachman, RJ Dani, MP Keen, JN Shirras, AD Isaac, RE TI Peptidyl dipeptidases (Ance and Acer) of Drosophila melanogaster: major differences in the substrate specificity of two homologs of human angiotensin I-converting enzyme SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Invertebrate Neuropeptide Conference CY JAN 06-11, 2002 CL HUA HIN, THAILAND DE insect tachykinin; insect peptides; peptide metabolism; peptidases; tachykinin-related peptides ID 2 ACTIVE-SITES; SUBSTANCE-P; C-TERMINUS; ARGINYL-ARGININE; MUSCA-DOMESTICA; LYSYL-ARGININE; KININASE-II; HYDROLYSIS; EXPRESSION; INHIBITORS AB Drosophila melanogaster angiotensin converting enzyme (Ance) and angiotensin converting enzyme related (Acer) are single domain homologs of mammalian peptidyl dipeptidase A (angiotensin I-converting enzyme) whose physiological substrates have not as yet been identified. We have investigated the in vitro substrate specificities of the two peptidases towards a variety of insect and mammalian peptides. Ance was generally much better than Acer at hydrolyzing peptides of 5-13 amino acids in length. Only two of the peptides, [Leu(5)]enkephalinamide and leucokinin-I were cleaved faster by Acer. Increasing NaCl concentration had opposite affects on the cleavage of [Leu(5)]enkephalin and [Leu(5)]enkephalinamide by Acer, decreasing the activity towards [Leu(5)]enkephalin but increasing the activity towards [Leu(5)]enkephalinamide. Of the insect peptides tested, the tachykinin-related peptide, Lom TK-1, proved to be the best substrate for Ance with a k(cat)/K-m, ratio of 0.122 s(-1) muM(-1). However, in comparison, the D. melanogaster tachykinins, DTK-1, DTK-2, DTK-3 and DTK-4 were poor Ance substrates. DTK-5 was the best substrate of this family, but the apparent high K-m for hydrolysis by Ance suggested that this peptide would not be a natural Ance substrate. This low affinity for DTK-5 is the likely reason why the peptide was not rapidly degraded in D. melanogaster hemolymph, where Ance was shown to be a major peptide-degrading activity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Leeds, Fac Biol Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Univ Lancaster, Dept Biol Sci, Lancaster LA1 4YW, England. Univ Leeds, Sch Biochem & Mol Biol, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. USDA, Food Anim Protect Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Isaac, RE (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Fac Biol Sci, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. NR 31 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PD NOV PY 2002 VL 23 IS 11 BP 2025 EP 2034 AR PII S0196-9781(02)00190-0 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(02)00190-0 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 621RF UT WOS:000179602900018 PM 12431741 ER PT J AU Nachman, RJ Teal, PEA Strey, A AF Nachman, RJ Teal, PEA Strey, A TI Enhanced oral availability/pheromonotropic activity of peptidase-resistant topical amphiphilic analogs of pyrokinin/PBAN insect neuropeptides SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Invertebrate Neuropeptide Conference CY JAN 06-11, 2002 CL HUA HIN, THAILAND DE oral availability; Heliothis virescens; amphiphilic analog ID PHEROMONOTROPIC ACTIVITY; FAMILY; CONFORMATION; INJECTION; MIMICS; MOTH AB The peptide bond between active core residues Pro and Arg is the primary site of susceptibility for the pyrokinin/PBAN neuropeptides to insect tissue-bound peptidases, and incorporation of modified Pro residues can enhance resistance to peptidase hydrolysis. An Hyp-containing amphiphilic analog (Hex-FT[Hyp]RLa) is shown to operate as a topically active tissue-bound peptidase-resistant analog of the pyrokinin/PBAN class of insect neuropeptides in adult Heliothis virescens moths. An Oic amphiphilic analog (Hex-FT[Oic]RLa) is ineffective topically, but proves to be a superior tissue-bound, peptidase-resistant pyrokinin/PBAN analog for oral administration; outperforming both the Hyp analog and the orally inactive natural hormone PBAN in the moths. The Oic analog is effective in penetrating an isolated, ligated foregut preparation, but less successful in transmigrating an isolated midgut preparation; whereas the opposite behavior is observed for the Hyp analog. The success of the Oic analog via oral administration may be related to its ability to effectively penetrate the foregut, thereby bypassing the hostile environment of the midgut region. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 ARS, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Nachman, RJ (reprint author), ARS, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, So Plains Agr Res Ctr, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 19 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PD NOV PY 2002 VL 23 IS 11 BP 2035 EP 2043 AR PII S0196-9781(02)00191-2 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(02)00191-2 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 621RF UT WOS:000179602900019 PM 12431742 ER PT J AU Stange, RR Midland, SL Sims, JJ McCollum, TG AF Stange, RR Midland, SL Sims, JJ McCollum, TG TI Differential effects of citrus peel extracts on growth of Penicillium digitatum, P-italicum, and P-expansum SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Penicillium digitatum; Penicillium italicum; Penicillium expansum; Citrus aurantium; Citrus grandis; Citrus limon; Citrus medica; Citrus paradisi; Citrus reticulata; Citrus sinensis; host specificity ID ESSENTIAL OILS; VOLATILE COMPOUNDS; NOOTKATONE LEVELS; RESISTANCE; GRAPEFRUIT; FRUIT; CONSTITUENTS; GERMINATION; VARIETIES; POMELO AB Most pathogenic species of Penicillium have a limited host range, suggesting unique adaptations to particular hosts. P. digitatum and P. italicum are primarily pathogens of mature citrus fruit, while P. expansum has a broad host range, but does not infect citrus. One possible basis of host specificity is that the pathogens are physiologically adapted to grow in the presence of the many bioactive compounds present in the citrus peel. To test this, peels from the fruit of seven Citrus sp. were extracted with 80 % ethanol, concentrated and standardized. Growth of P. digitatum, P. italicum. and P. expansum on potato dextrose broth, alone, or plus extract, was quantified by measuring conversion of the vital stain, thiazol blue. All citrus peel extracts stimulated growth of P. digitatum and P. italicum at greater dilution and to a greater degree than P. expansum. 'Marsh' grapefruit extract was separated into hexanes, ethyl acetate and aqueous partitioning fractions. The aqueous fraction was active at the greatest dilution tested, the hexanes fraction was active only at the highest concentration tested, while the ethyl acetate fraction had no stimulatory activity. When the aqueous and hexanes fractions were combined, growth increased tremendously, indicating a synergistic effect. The primary growth stimulating component in the hexanes fraction of grapefruit was identified as nootkatone. Growth of P. digitatum and P. italicum is stimulated by components present in citrus peel. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Plant Pathol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Stange, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Hort Res Lab, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. EM rstrange@ushrl.ars.usda.gov NR 30 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 61 IS 5 BP 303 EP 311 DI 10.1006/pmpp.2003.0447 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 660RE UT WOS:000181845700007 ER PT J AU Berhow, MA Cantrell, CL Duval, SM Dobbins, TA Maynes, J Vaughn, SF AF Berhow, MA Cantrell, CL Duval, SM Dobbins, TA Maynes, J Vaughn, SF TI Analysis and quantitative determination of group B saponins in processed soybean products SO PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE high-performance liquid chromatography; mass spectrometry; quantitative determination; saponin; soybean; Glycine max ID TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SOYASAPONIN-I; SEED; SOYA AB Pure analytical standards for the major saponins present in processed soy products, the group B saponins (soyasaponins I, II, III and IV), were isolated in mg quantities by a combination of processing, precipitation/re-solubilisation, TLC and preparative HPLC. These standards were determined to be pure by LC-ESI/MS analysis and NMR. The standards were used to perfect a facile analytical HPLC method using spectrometric detection to determine the percent composition of the group B soyasaponins in various products from processing of soybean. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Organ Technol, Coshocton, OH USA. Cent Soya Co Inc, Ft Wayne, IN USA. RP Berhow, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 20 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0958-0344 J9 PHYTOCHEM ANALYSIS JI Phytochem. Anal. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 13 IS 6 BP 343 EP 348 DI 10.1002/pca.664 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 621GK UT WOS:000179580000008 PM 12494753 ER PT J AU Garrett, KA Bowden, RL AF Garrett, KA Bowden, RL TI An allee effect reduces the invasive potential of Tilletia indica SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Letter DE depensation; invasive species; minimum viable population; partial bunt; spore bank; threshold criteria ID KARNAL BUNT; GIBBERELLA-ZEAE; HEAD BLIGHT; WHEAT; DISEASE; EPIDEMICS; INOCULUM; SPREAD; MODEL AB The Karnal bunt pathogen, Tilletia indica, is heterothallic and depends on encounters on wheat spikes between airborne secondary sporidia of different mating types for successful infection and reproduction. This life history characteristic results in reduced reproductive success for lower population densities. Such destabilizing density dependence at low population levels has been described for a range of animals and plants and is often termed an Allee effect. Our objective was to characterize how the Allee effect might reduce the invasive potential of this economically important pathogen. We developed a simple population model of T. indica that incorporates an Allee effect by calculating the probability of infection for different numbers of secondary sporidia in the infection court. An Allee effect is predicted to be important at the frontier of an invasion, for establishment of new foci by a small population of teliospores, and when the environment is nonconducive for the production of secondary sporidia. Using estimated model parameter values, we demonstrated a theoretical threshold population size below which populations of T. indica were predicted to decline rather than increase. This threshold will vary from season to season as a function of weather variables and their effect on the reproductive potential of T. indica. Deployment of partial resistance or use of fungicides may be more useful if they push population levels below this threshold. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr 4024, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Plant Sci & Entomol Res Unit, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr 4007, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Garrett, KA (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Throckmorton Plant Sci Ctr 4024, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RI Bowden, Robert/E-3268-2013 OI Bowden, Robert/0000-0001-9419-6574 NR 54 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 2002 VL 92 IS 11 BP 1152 EP 1159 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.11.1152 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 609JZ UT WOS:000178901000001 PM 18944239 ER PT J AU Larkin, RP Fravel, DR AF Larkin, RP Fravel, DR TI Effects of varying environmental conditions on biological control of fusarium wilt of tomato by nonpathogenic Fusarium spp. SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE F. oxysporum f. sp lycopersici; induced systemic resistence; wilt suppression ID SP LYCOPERSICI RACE-3; PLANT-PATHOGENS; 3RD RACE; OXYSPORUM; MICROORGANISMS; FLORIDA; SOIL; BIOCONTROL; MECHANISMS; WATERMELON AB The influence of varying environmental and cropping conditions including temperature, light, soil type, pathogen isolate and race, and cultivar of tomato on biological control of Fusarium wilt of tomato by isolates of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum (CS-20 and CS-24) and F. solani (CS-1) was evaluated in greenhouse and growth chamber experiments. Liquid spore suspensions (10(6)/ml) of the biocontrol isolates were applied to soilless potting mix at the time of tomato seeding, and the seedlings were transplanted into pathogen-infested field soil 2 weeks later. Temperature regimes ranging from 22 to 32 C significantly affected disease development and plant physiological parameters. Biocontrol isolate. CS-20 significantly reduced disease at all temperature regimes tested, yielding reductions of disease incidence of 59 to 100% relative to pathogen control treatments. Isolates CS-24 and CS-1 reduced disease incidence in the greenhouse and at high temperatures, but were less effective at the optimum temperature for disease development (27 C). Growing plants under shade (50% of full light) versus full light affected some plant growth parameters, but did not affect the efficacy of biocontrol of any of the three biocontrol isolates. Isolate CS-20 effectively reduced disease incidence (56 to 79% reduction) in four different field soils varying in texture (sandy to clayey) and organic: matter content (0 to 3.2%). Isolate CS-1 reduced disease in the sandy and loamy soils (49 to 66% reduction), but was not effective in a heavy clay soil. Both CS-1 and CS-20 were equally effective against all three races of the pathogen, as well as multiple isolates of each race (48 to 66% reduction in disease incidence). Both isolates, CS-1 and CS-20, were equally effective in reducing disease incidence (66 to 80% reduction) by pathogenic races 1, 2, and 3 on eight different tomato cultivars containing varying levels of inherent resistance to Fusarium wilt (susceptible, resistant to race 1, or resistant to races 1 and 2). These results demonstrate that both these Fusarium isolates, and particularly CS-20, can effectively reduce Fusarium wilt disease of tomato under a variety of environmental conditions and have potential for further development. C1 USDA ARS, New England Plant Soil & Water Lab, Orono, ME 04469 USA. USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Larkin, RP (reprint author), USDA ARS, New England Plant Soil & Water Lab, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM larkin@maine.edu NR 32 TC 45 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 2002 VL 92 IS 11 BP 1160 EP 1166 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.11.1160 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 609JZ UT WOS:000178901000002 PM 18944240 ER PT J AU Redinbaugh, MG Seifers, DL Meulia, T Abt, JJ Anderson, RJ Styer, WE Ackerman, J Salomon, R Houghton, W Creamer, R Gordon, DT Hogenhout, SA AF Redinbaugh, MG Seifers, DL Meulia, T Abt, JJ Anderson, RJ Styer, WE Ackerman, J Salomon, R Houghton, W Creamer, R Gordon, DT Hogenhout, SA TI Maize fine streak virus, a new leafhopper-transmitted rhabdovirus SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corn; emerging virus; Maize mosaic virus; virus disease ID STUNT MOSAIC-RHABDOVIRUS; CHLOROTIC DWARF VIRUS; PLANT-VIRUSES; TRANSMISSION; SORGHUM; PURIFICATION; PROTEIN; GENE; RNA; ACCUMULATION AB A previously uncharacterized virus was isolated from fall-planted sweet corn (Zed mat's L., Syngenta GSS 0966) leaves showing fine chlorotic streaks. Symptomatic plants were negative in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against many maize viruses, but reacted weakly with antisera to Sorghum stunt mosaic virus suggesting a distant relationship between the viruses. The virus was readily transmitted by vascular puncture inoculation (VPI), but not by leaf-rub inoculation. Symptoms on maize included dwarfing and fine chlorotic streaks along intermediate and small veins that developed 12 to 17 days post-VPI. The isolated virus was bacilliform (231 +/- 5 nm long and 71 +/- 2 nm wide), with a knobby surface, and obvious helical structure typical of rhabdovirus morphology. Nucleorhabdovirus virions were observed by transmission electron microscopy of infected maize leaf tissue sections. Proteins unique to infected plants were observed in extracts of infected leaves, and the isolated virion contained three proteins with molecular masses 82 +/- 2, 50 +/- 3, and 32 +/- 2 kDa. Preliminary sequence analysis indicated the virus had similarity to members of the family Rhabdoviridae. The virus was transmitted by Graminella nigrifrons under persistent conditions. The data indicate the virus, provisionally designated Maize fine streak virus, is a new species in the genus Nucleorhabdovirus. C1 Ohio State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Kansas State Univ, Agr Res Ctr, Hays, KS 67601 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Mol & Cellular Imaging Ctr, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Entomol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Syngenta Seeds, Naples, FL 34114 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Redinbaugh, MG (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RI Hogenhout, Saskia/D-9266-2012; Redinbaugh, Margaret/A-3611-2013 NR 46 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 2002 VL 92 IS 11 BP 1167 EP 1174 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.11.1167 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 609JZ UT WOS:000178901000003 PM 18944241 ER PT J AU Stockwell, VO Johnson, KB Sugar, D Loper, JE AF Stockwell, VO Johnson, KB Sugar, D Loper, JE TI Antibiosis contributes to biological control of fire blight by Pantoea agglomerans strain Eh252 in orchards SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE herbicolin; Malus; microcin; pantocin; pome fruit; Pyrus ID ERWINIA-AMYLOVORA; APPLE BLOSSOMS; BACTERIAL ANTAGONISTS; IN-VITRO; HERBICOLA; PEAR; RESISTANCE; STREPTOMYCIN; OXYTETRACYCLINE; ESTABLISHMENT AB Fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, is the most serious bacterial disease of pear and apple trees. Biological control with strains of Pantoea agglomerans (syn. Erwinia herbicola) may provide an effective disease management strategy for fire blight. Most strains of P. agglomerans evaluated for suppression of fire blight produce compounds that inhibit the growth of E. amylovora in culture. The role of these inhibitory compounds in fire blight suppression in orchard environments has not been studied. In seven field trials in Oregon, we compared the population dynamics and disease suppression with P. agglomerans Eh252, a strain that produces a single antibiotic, with its near-isogenic antibiotic-deficient derivative, strain 10:12. Water or suspensions of Eh252 or 10:12 (1 x 10(8) CFU/ml) were applied at 30 and 70% bloom to pear or apple trees. Aqueous suspensions of freeze-dried cells of E. amylovora (3 x 10(5) CFU/ml) were applied at full bloom. Additional trees were treated with streptomycin or oxytetracycline at 30 and 70% bloom and in some experiments, 1 day after application of the pathogen. Population sizes of Eh252 or 10:12 on pear blossoms were estimated by spreading dilutions of blossom washes on culture media. Average population sizes of Eh252 and 10:12 on blossoms ranged from 10(5) to 10(7) CFU, and in five of six trials, the relative area under the population curve of Eh252 was not significantly different than that of its derivative 10:12. Both Eh252 and 10:12 reduced the growth of the pathogen on blossoms compared with inoculated water-treated controls. Eh252 significantly decreased the incidence of fire blight in six of seven field trials compared with the incidence on water-treated trees, and 10:12 similarly reduced the incidence of fire blight in four of seven trials. In three of seven field trials, trees treated with Eh252 had a significantly lower incidence of fire blight compared with trees treated with 10:12. Overall, Eh252 reduced the incidence of fire blight by 55 +/- 8%, 10:12 by 30 +/- 6%, streptomycin by 75 +/- 4%, and oxytetracycline by 16 +/- 14%. The effectiveness of strain 10:12 compared with water treatment indicates that other mechanisms (e.g., competitive exclusion or habitat modification) also contribute to disease suppression by P. agglomerans. The increased suppression of fire blight by the parental strain Eh252 compared with the antibiotic-deficient mutant 10:12 indicates that antibiosis is an important mechanism of biological control of fire blight. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, So Oregon Res & Extens Ctr, Medford, OR 97502 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Stockwell, VO (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 43 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 2002 VL 92 IS 11 BP 1202 EP 1209 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.11.1202 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 609JZ UT WOS:000178901000008 PM 18944246 ER PT J AU Zhang, XH Ewy, RG Widholm, JM Portis, AR AF Zhang, XH Ewy, RG Widholm, JM Portis, AR TI Complementation of the nuclear antisense rbcS-induced photosynthesis deficiency by introducing an rbcS gene into the tobacco plastid genome SO PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE antisense; chloroplast transformation; photosynthesis; rbcS/Rubisco; tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. petit Havana SR1) ID SMALL-SUBUNIT; RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE/OXYGENASE; RUBISCO SMALL; TRANSLATION EFFICIENCY; MESSENGER-RNA; CHLOROPLASTS; EXPRESSION; GROWTH; PLANTS; TRANSFORMATION AB The small subunit (SS) of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) is a nuclear gene-encoded protein that is imported into chloroplasts where it assembles with the large subunit (LS) after removal of the transit peptide to form Rubisco. We have explored the possibility that the severe deficiency in photosynthesis exhibited in nuclear transgenic tobacco (line alpha5) expressing antisense rbcS coding DNA that results in low SS and Rubisco protein content [Rodermel et al. (1988) Cell 55: 673] could be complemented by introducing a copy of the rbcS gene into its plastid genome through chloroplast transformation. Two independent lines of transplastomic plants were generated, in which the tobacco rbcS coding sequence, either with or without the transit sequence, was site-specifically integrated into the plastid genome. We found that compared with the antisense plants, expression of the plastid rbcS gene in the transplastomic plants resulted in very high mRNA abundance but no increased accumulation of the SS and Rubisco protein or improvement in plant growth and photosynthesis. Therefore, there is a limitation in efficient translation of the rbcS mRNA in the plastid or an incorrect processing and modification of the plastid-synthesized SS protein that might cause its rapid degradation. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Portis, AR (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. OI Zhang, Xing-hai/0000-0001-9261-4242 NR 39 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0032-0781 J9 PLANT CELL PHYSIOL JI Plant Cell Physiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 43 IS 11 BP 1302 EP 1313 DI 10.1093/pcp/pcf158 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 617AV UT WOS:000179337800006 PM 12461130 ER PT J AU Welch, RM AF Welch, RM TI The impact of mineral nutrients in food crops on global human health SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE food quality; food systems; human nutrition; global nutrition; malnutrition; micronutrients; mineral nutrition; nutrient deficiencies; plant nutrition ID RAW AGRICULTURAL CROPS; HUMAN-NUTRITION; UNITED-STATES; IRON; RICE; BIOAVAILABILITY; PLANTS; ACCUMULATION; REVOLUTION; FERRITIN AB Nutrient sufficiency is the basis of good health, productive lives and longevity for everyone. Nutrient availability to people is primarily determined by the output of foods produced from agricultural systems. If agricultural systems fail to provide enough food diversity and quantity to satisfy all the nutrients essential to human life, people will suffer, societies will deteriorate and national development efforts will stagnate. Importantly, plant foods provide most of the nutrients that feed the developing world. Unfortunately, as a result of population pressures, many global food systems are not currently providing enough micronutrients to assure adequate micronutrient intakes for all people. This has resulted in an increasing prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies (e.g., iron deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and iodine deficiency disorders) that now afflicts over three billion people globally mostly among resource-poor women, infants and children in developing countries. The consequences of micronutrient malnutrition are profound and alarming for human existence. Agricultural approaches to finding sustainable solutions to this problem are urgently needed. This review presents some ways in which plant nutritionists can contribute to preventing micronutrient malnutrition in sustainable ways. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA, ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Welch, RM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA, ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Schmidhalter, Urs/C-5477-2012 OI Schmidhalter, Urs/0000-0003-4106-7124 NR 39 TC 75 Z9 86 U1 5 U2 32 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD NOV PY 2002 VL 247 IS 1 BP 83 EP 90 DI 10.1023/A:1021140122921 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 617JP UT WOS:000179358800006 ER PT J AU Kochian, LV Pence, NS Letham, DLD Pineros, MA Magalhaes, JV Hoekenga, OA Garvin, DF AF Kochian, LV Pence, NS Letham, DLD Pineros, MA Magalhaes, JV Hoekenga, OA Garvin, DF TI Mechanisms of metal resistance in plants: aluminum and heavy metals SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE aluminum resistance; anion channel; gene expression; heavy metal transport; metal hyperaccumulation; organic acid exudation ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; HYPERACCUMULATOR THLASPI-CAERULESCENS; ORYZA-SATIVA L.; ORGANIC-ACIDS; ROOT APICES; WHEAT ROOTS; TOLERANCE GENE; CADMIUM UPTAKE; ANION CHANNEL; RFLP MARKERS AB Plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to deal with toxic levels of metals in the soil. In this paper, an overview of recent progress with regards to understanding fundamental molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying plant resistance to both aluminum (Al) and heavy metals is presented. The discussion of plant Al resistance will focus on recent advances in our understanding of a mechanism based on Al exclusion from the root apex, which is facilitated by Al-activated exudation of organic acid anions. The consideration of heavy metal resistance will focus on research into a metal hyperaccumulating plant species, the Zn/Cd hyperaccumulator, Thlaspi caerulescens, as an example for plant heavy metal research. Based on the specific cases considered in this paper, it appears that quite different strategies are used for Al and heavy metal resistance. For Al, our current understanding of a resistance mechanism based on excluding soil-borne Al from the root apex is presented. For heavymetals, a totally different strategy based on extreme tolerance and metal hyperaccumulation is described for a hyperaccumulator plant species that has evolved on naturally metalliferous soils. The reason these two strategies are the focus of this paper is that, currently, they are the best understood mechanisms of metal resistance in terrestrial plants. However, it is likely that other mechanisms of Al and/or heavy metal resistance are also operating in certain plant species, and there may be common features shared for dealing with Al and heavy resistance. Future research may uncover a number of novel metal resistance mechanisms in plants. Certainly the complex genetics of Al resistance in some crop plant species, such as rice and maize, suggests that a number of presently unidentified mechanisms are part of an overall strategy of metal resistance in crop plants. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA, ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Minnesota, Plant Sci Res Unit, USDA, ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Kochian, LV (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA, ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Schmidhalter, Urs/C-5477-2012; OI Schmidhalter, Urs/0000-0003-4106-7124; Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X; Pineros, Miguel/0000-0002-7166-1848 NR 69 TC 53 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 50 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD NOV PY 2002 VL 247 IS 1 BP 109 EP 119 DI 10.1023/A:1021141212073 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 617JP UT WOS:000179358800008 ER PT J AU Schulze, J Tesfaye, M Litjens, RHMG Bucciarelli, B Trepp, G Miller, S Samac, D Allan, D Vance, CP AF Schulze, J Tesfaye, M Litjens, RHMG Bucciarelli, B Trepp, G Miller, S Samac, D Allan, D Vance, CP TI Malate plays a central role in plant nutrition SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE aluminum tolerance; malate dehydrogenase; nitrogen fixation; organic acids; phosphorus stress ID CITRATE SYNTHASE GENE; LUPINUS-ALBUS L.; PROTEOID ROOTS; WHITE LUPIN; PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY; ALUMINUM TOXICITY; PISUM-SATIVUM; EXPRESSION; METABOLISM; FIXATION AB Malate occupies a central role in plant metabolism. Its importance in plant mineral nutrition is reflected by the role it plays in symbiotic nitrogen fixation, phosphorus acquisition, and aluminum tolerance. In nitrogen-fixing root nodules, malate is the primary substrate for bacteroid respiration, thus fueling nitrogenase. Malate also provides the carbon skeletons for assimilation of fixed nitrogen into amino acids. During phosphorus deficiency, malate is frequently secreted from roots to release unavailable forms of phosphorus. Malate is also involved with plant adaptation to aluminum toxicity. To define the genetic and biochemical regulation of malate formation in plant nutrition we have isolated and characterized genes involved in malate metabolism from nitrogen-fixing root nodules of alfalfa and those involved in organic acid excretion from phosphorus-deficient proteoid roots of white lupin. Moreover, we have overexpressed malate dehydrogenase in alfalfa in attempts to improve nutrient acquisition. This report is an overview of our efforts to understand and modify malate metabolism, particularly in the legumes alfalfa and white lupin. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Halle Wittenberg, Inst Pflanzenernahrung & Bodenkunde, Halle Saale, Germany. Fontys Univ, Eindhoven, Netherlands. Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Zurich, Switzerland. USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Vance, CP (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Schmidhalter, Urs/C-5477-2012 OI Schmidhalter, Urs/0000-0003-4106-7124 NR 37 TC 42 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD NOV PY 2002 VL 247 IS 1 BP 133 EP 139 DI 10.1023/A:1021171417525 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 617JP UT WOS:000179358800010 ER PT J AU Rebbeck, J Scherzer, AJ AF Rebbeck, J Scherzer, AJ TI Growth responses of yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) exposed to 5 years of O-3 alone or combined with elevated CO2 SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE elevated O-3 + elevated CO2; hardwood trees; scaling O-3 responses ID SIMULATED ACID-RAIN; ABIES L KARST; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSE; BIOMASS PRODUCTION; OZONE FUMIGATION; TREMBLING ASPEN; GAS-EXCHANGE; SEEDLINGS AB Field-grown yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) were fumigated from May to October in 1992-96 within open-top chambers to determine the impact of ozone (O-3) alone or combined with elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) on sapling growth. Treatments were replicated three times and included: charcoal-filtered air (CF); 1 x ambient ozone (1 x O-3); 1.5 x ambient ozone (1.5 x O-3); 1.5 x ambient ozone plus 350 p.p.m. carbon dioxide (1.5 x O-3 + CO2) (target of 700 p.p.m. CO2); and open-air chamberless plot (OA). After five seasons, the total cumulative O3 exposure (SUM00 = sum of hourly O-3 concentrations during the study) ranged from 145 (CF) to 861 (1.5 x O-3) p.p.m. x h (parts per million hour). Ozone had no statistically significant effect on yellow-poplar growth or biomass, even though total root biomass was reduced by 13% in the 1.5 x O-3-exposed saplings relative to CF controls. Although exposure to 1.5 x O-3 + CO2 had a stimulatory effect on yearly basal area growth increment after two seasons, significant increases in shoot and root biomass (similar to 60% increase relative to all others) were not detected until the fifth season. After five seasons, the yearly basal area growth increment of saplings exposed to 1.5 x O-3 + CO2-air increased by 41% relative to all others. Based on this multi-year study, it appears that chronic O-3 effects on yellow-poplar growth are limited and slow to manifest, and are consistent with previous studies that show yellow-poplar growth is not highly responsive to O-3 exposure. In addition, these results show that enriched CO2 may ameliorate the negative effects of elevated O-3 on yellow-poplar shoot growth and root biomass under field conditions. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Rebbeck, J (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 53 TC 21 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 25 IS 11 BP 1527 EP 1537 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00933.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 609UB UT WOS:000178922000014 ER PT J AU Cousins, AB Adam, NR Wall, GW Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ Ottman, MJ Leavitt, SW Webber, AN AF Cousins, AB Adam, NR Wall, GW Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ Ottman, MJ Leavitt, SW Webber, AN TI Photosystem II energy use, non-photochemical quenching and the xanthophyll cycle in Sorghum bicolor grown under drought and free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) conditions SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE C-4 photosynthesis; chlorophyll fluorescence; CO2 enrichment; water-stress; xanthophyll cycle ID PHOTOSYNTHETIC ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; RISING ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; USE EFFICIENCY; QUANTUM YIELD; WATER-STRESS; HIGH LIGHT; ZEA-MAYS; PLANTS AB The present study was carried out to test the hypothesis that elevated atmospheric CO2 (Ca) will alleviate over-excitation of the C-4 photosynthetic apparatus and decrease non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) during periods of limited water availability. Chlorophyll a fluorescence was monitored in Sorghum bicolor plants grown under a free-air carbon-dioxide enrichment (FACE) by water-stress (Dry) experiment. Under Dry conditions elevated Ca increased the quantum yield of photosystem II (phiPSII) throughout the day through increases in both photochemical quenching coefficient (q(p)) and the efficiency with which absorbed quanta are transferred to open PSII reaction centres (F-v'/F-m'). However, in the well-watered plants (Wets) FACE enhanced phiPSII only at midday and was entirely attributed to changes in F-v'/F-m'. Under field conditions, decreases in phiPSII under Dry treatments and ambient Ca corresponded to increases in NPQ but the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll pool (DPS) showed no effects. Water-stress did not lead to long-term damage to the photosynthetic apparatus as indicated by phiPSII and carbon assimilation measured after removal of stress conditions. We conclude that elevated Ca enhances photochemical light energy usage in C-4 photosynthesis during drought and/or midday conditions. Additionally, NPQ protects against photo-inhibition and photodamage. However, NPQ and the xanthophyll cycle were affected differently by elevated Ca and water-stress. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Arizona State Univ, Ctr Study Early Events Photosynthesis, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Plant Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Webber, AN (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, POB 871601, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 40 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 25 IS 11 BP 1551 EP 1559 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2002.00935.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 609UB UT WOS:000178922000016 ER PT J AU Hernandez, JR Palm, ME Castlebury, LA AF Hernandez, JR Palm, ME Castlebury, LA TI Puccinia hemerocallidis, cause of daylily rust, a newly introduced disease in the Americas SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB A rust of daylilies was introduced recently into North and Central America. In order to confirm the identity of this rust as Puccinia hemerocallidis, numerous specimens from Costa Rica and the United States were examined morphologically and compared with specimens from China, Japan, Russia, and Taiwan. In addition, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA was sequenced from six representative fresh specimens from the Americas and Asia. We conclude that the rust introduced into the Americas is P. hemerocallidis, for which a modern description is provided with illustrations of the uredinial and telial stages. C1 USDA ARS, SBML, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, SBML, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hernandez, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, SBML, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jose@nt.ars-grin.gov NR 14 TC 14 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 EI 1943-7692 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1194 EP 1198 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.11.1194 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 606NJ UT WOS:000178739800002 ER PT J AU Blodgett, JT Swart, WJ AF Blodgett, JT Swart, WJ TI Infection, colonization, and disease of Amaranthus hybridus leaves by the Alternaria tenuissima group SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE amaranth; asymptomatic persistence; environmental conditions; latent pathogen; smooth amaranthus; wound response ID WATER-STRESS; ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI; CANKER; THEMES; GRASSES; GROWTH AB With the increased use of Amaranthus hybridus as a leafy-vegetable crop in Africa and the recent identification of Alternaria leaf spot on this host in southern Africa, the role of this potentially damaging pathogen was investigated. The goals of this study were to test the pathogenicity of the Alternaria tenuissima group, determine how these fungi infect Amaranthus hybridus leaves, and examine the colonization pattern within host tissues. Asymptomatic leaves of Amaranthus hybridus were collected from two field sites in South Africa. Eight A. tenuissima group isolates collected from these leaves were used in inoculation experiments conducted in both greenhouse and growth chamber studies. Scanning electron microscopy revealed A. tenuissima-like conidia germinating on leaf surfaces and mycelia entering leaves only through stomata of both field-collected and artificially inoculated leaves. Unwounded, inoculated leaves had no symptoms, and light-microscopy observations of both asymptomatic field-collected and unwounded and inoculated leaves revealed hyphae in mesophyll tissue growing intercellularly with no host cell penetration or host-cell response. Seven of the eight isolates produced brown to black, circular to oval, necrotic lesions only at the wound site of injured and inoculated leaves. These results confirm that isolates of the A. tenuissima group can infect and colonize Amaranthus hybridus leaves in a manner consistent with other endophytic fungi, and suggest that these fungi can act as latent leaf pathogens when the host is altered by wounding. C1 Univ Orange Free State, Dept Plant Sci, ZA-9300 Bloemfontein, South Africa. RP Blodgett, JT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Hlth Management, 1730 Samco Rd, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. EM jblodgett@fs.fed.us NR 36 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 EI 1943-7692 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1199 EP 1205 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.11.1199 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 606NJ UT WOS:000178739800003 ER PT J AU Li, WB Zhou, CH Pria, WD Teixeira, DC Miranda, VS Pereira, EO Ayres, AJ Hartung, JS AF Li, WB Zhou, CH Pria, WD Teixeira, DC Miranda, VS Pereira, EO Ayres, AJ Hartung, JS TI Citrus and coffee strains of Xylella fastidiosa induce Pierce's disease in grapevine SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID VARIEGATED CHLOROSIS; SWEET ORANGE; GENETIC DIVERSITY; AXENIC CULTURE; BACTERIA; PATHOGENICITY; TRANSMISSION; PLANTS; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSFORMATION AB Xylella fastidiosa causes citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) disease in Brazil and Pierce's disease of grapevines in the United States. Both of these diseases cause significant production problems in the respective industries. The recent establishment of the glassy-winged sharpshooter in California has radically increased the threat posed by Pierces disease to California viticulture. Populations of this insect reach very high levels in citrus groves in California and move from the orchards into the vineyards, where they acquire inoculum and spread Pierce's disease in the vineyards. Here we show that strains of X. fastidiosa isolated from diseased citrus and coffee in Brazil can incite symptoms of Pierce's disease after mechanical inoculation into seven commercial Vitis vinifera varieties grown in Brazil and California. Thus, any future introduction of the CVC strains of X. fastidiosa into the United States would pose a threat to both the sweet orange and grapevine industries. Previous work has clearly shown that the strains of X. fastidiosa isolated from Pierce's disease- and CVC-affected plants are the most distantly related of all strains in the diverse taxon X. fastidiosa. The ability of citrus strains of X. fastidiosa to incite disease in grapevine is therefore surprising and creates an experimental system with which to dissect mechanisms used by X.,fastidiosa in plant colonization and disease development using the full genome sequence data that has recently become available for both the citrus and grapevine strains of this pathogen. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Fundecitrus, BR-14807040 Araraquara, SP, Brazil. UNESP, Inst Chem, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. RP Hartung, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM hartungj@ba.ars.usda.gov RI Teixeira, Diva/N-1394-2013 NR 40 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 EI 1943-7692 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1206 EP 1210 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.11.1206 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 606NJ UT WOS:000178739800004 ER PT J AU Browne, GT DeTar, WR Sanden, BL Phene, CJ AF Browne, GT DeTar, WR Sanden, BL Phene, CJ TI Comparison of drip and sprinkler irrigation systems for applying metam sodium and managing stem rot on potato SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE chemical; cultural; integrated; Solanum tuberosum ID SCLEROTIUM-ROLFSII; METHYL ISOTHIOCYANATE; TRICKLE IRRIGATION; ROOT-ROT; SOIL; SUBSURFACE; TOMATO; GERMINATION; PEANUT; CROPS AB Drip and sprinkler systems were compared for effectiveness as preplant metam sodium chemigation systems and conduciveness to late-season development of stem rot disease on potato. Sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii were used in a bioassay to test efficacy of metam sodium treatments. Drip application of metam sodium (532 liters/ha, 32.8% a.i.) through lines at 7 cm of depth in preformed beds (depths from bed top unless stated otherwise) killed all test sclerotia at 15-, 30-, or 46-cm depths. Drip application of the metam sodium through drip lines at 41 or 46 cm of depth resulted in 0 to 17 or 68 to 80% survival, respectively, of test sclerotia at 15 cm of depth; but all the sclerotia at 30 or 46 cm of depth were killed. Compared with the drip applications, sprinkler chemigation with metam sodium generally treated beds less effectively (8 to 100% of sclerotia survived at 15 cm, 62 to 100% at 30 or 46 cm). On flat ground, drip and sprinkler chemigation (metam sodium, 560 liters/ha) performed equally (4, 37, and 77% survival at 15-, 45-, and 75-cm depths, respectively). After potato planting and artificial soil infestation with S. rolfsii (5 to 6 weeks before harvest), subsurface drip-irrigated plots (line depth of 41 or 46 cm) had lower incidence of stem rot disease at harvest (13 to 23% on tubers) than that in sprinkler plots (56 to 62%). The low incidence of disease was associated with relatively dry surface soil. Subsurface drip chemigation with metam sodium in preformed plant beds does not consistently eradicate S. rolfsii sclerotia near the upper bed surface but, in an arid climate, it is less conducive than sprinkler irrigation to development of stem rot disease of potato. C1 Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Shafter, CA 93263 USA. Univ Calif, Cooperat Extens, Bakersfield, CA 93307 USA. USDA ARS, WMRL, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. RP Browne, GT (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM gtbrowne@ucdavis.edu NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 EI 1943-7692 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1211 EP 1218 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.11.1211 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 606NJ UT WOS:000178739800005 ER PT J AU Mueller, DS Li, S Hartman, GL Pedersen, WL AF Mueller, DS Li, S Hartman, GL Pedersen, WL TI Use of aeroponic chambers and grafting to study partial resistance to Fusarium solani f. sp glycines in soybean SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SUDDEN-DEATH SYNDROME; ROOT; CULTURE; ROT; GENOTYPES; SYSTEM; FIELD; MAX AB Several plant introductions (PIs) and cultivars have been classified as partially resistant (PR) to sudden death syndrome. However, little is known about the nature of resistance to this disease. Seedlings of two PR,PIs and two susceptible cultivars were inoculated with Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines in aeroponic chambers. Plants were inoculated by taping two sorghum seeds infested with F. solani f. sp. glycines to the main root. Foliar symptoms of the susceptible cultivars were higher than those on the PR PIs and were associated with lower root and plant dry weight. Root lesion lengths of the four soybean lines differed (P < 0.05), but did not correlate with foliar disease or any other variable. To better understand the resistance mechanism by distinguishing between root: and plant resistance, three partially resistant PIs (PI 520.733, PI 567.374, and PI 567.650B)and one susceptible soybean cultivar (GL3302) were compared using different grafting combinations in aeroponic chambers. Results of sudden death syndrome evaluation indicated that resistance-is conditioned by both the scion and the rootstock. All three PIs evaluated had resistance associated with the scion; resistance in PI 567.650B also was associated with the rootstock. Although the PR PIs used appear to have little or no root resistance, an aeroponic system and grafting may help identify new sources of resistance to F. solani f. sp. glycines with root- or whole-plant resistance. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Pedersen, WL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM wpederse@uiuc.edu NR 19 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 EI 1943-7692 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1223 EP 1226 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.11.1223 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 606NJ UT WOS:000178739800007 ER PT J AU Brlansky, RH Damsteegt, VD Hartung, JS AF Brlansky, RH Damsteegt, VD Hartung, JS TI Transmission of the citrus variegated chlorosis bacterium Xylella fastidiosa with the sharpshooter Oncometopia nigricans SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE leafhoppers; plant-pathogenic bacteria ID LIMITED BACTERIUM; DISEASE; STRAINS; BRAZIL; IDENTIFICATION; CULTURE AB Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) is an economically important, destructive disease in Brazil and is caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa Wells. The bacterium has been found to be transmitted in Brazil by sharpshooter leafhoppers (Cicadellidae). Sharpshooters are present in most citrus growing areas of the United States. The sharpshooter leafhopper; Oncometopia nigricans Walker, frequently is found feeding on citrus in Florida. This sharpshooter transmits the X. fastidiosa strains that cause Pierce's disease of grape and ragweed stunt; Research was initiated to determine if O. nigricans was capable of vectoring the X. fastidiosa that causes CVC. In 59 different transmission tests, using 1 to 57 insects per test, transmission of the bacterium was observed 12 times (20.3%). Symptom development in the greenhouse was not a reliable indicator of transmission. Transmission was verified by specific polymerase chain reaction-based assays. Individual insects were able to transmit the bacterium. This information on sharpshooter transmission of CVC is needed to assess the threat posed by the CVC disease to the citrus industries in the United States. C1 Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. USDA ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Brlansky, RH (reprint author), Univ Florida, Ctr Citrus Res & Educ, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 USA. EM rhby@lal.ufl.edu NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 EI 1943-7692 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1237 EP 1239 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.11.1237 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 606NJ UT WOS:000178739800010 ER PT J AU Tooley, PW Goley, ED Carras, MM O'Neill, NR AF Tooley, PW Goley, ED Carras, MM O'Neill, NR TI AFLP comparisons among Claviceps africana isolates from the United States, Mexico, Africa, Australia, India, and Japan SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE population genetics; Sphacelia sorghi; sugary disease ID POPULATION-STRUCTURE; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; GENETIC-VARIATION; ERGOT PATHOGEN; SORGHUM; DIVERSITY; PURPUREA; AMERICA AB Eighty-seven isolates of the sorghum ergot pathogen, Claviceps africana, from diverse geographic locations were analyzed using four different amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations to determine genetic relationships among isolates. Most isolates showed unique AFLP haplotypes, indicating that substantial genetic variation is present within C. africana populations. Two major groupings of isolates were observable, with ca. 70% similarity between the two groups. One group consisted of Australian, Indian, and Japanese isolates and the other of U.S., Mexican, and African isolates. In spite of overall high levels of genetic diversity observed in C. africana, isolates within the two major groups were between 75 and 100% similar. The observed associations of C. africana isolates from worldwide sources could be the result of intercontinental trade and/or movement of seed. The data indicate that Africa was the likely source of C. africana that has become established in the Americas since 1996. Analysis of additional isolates in future studies will reveal whether these groupings are being maintained or whether population subdivision or reshuffling may occur. C1 USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Tooley, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, 1301 Ditto Ave, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. EM tooley@ncifcrf.gov OI Goley, Erin/0000-0002-8518-2303 NR 34 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 EI 1943-7692 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1247 EP 1252 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2002.86.11.1247 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 606NJ UT WOS:000178739800012 ER PT J AU Martin, D Chambers, J AF Martin, D Chambers, J TI Restoration of riparian meadows degraded by livestock grazing: above- and belowground responses SO PLANT ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Carex nebrascensis; gas exchange; Poa pratensis; restoration; riparian; rooting activity; water relations ID WESTERN UNITED-STATES; KENTUCKY BLUEGRASS; AGROPYRON BUNCHGRASSES; SOIL COMPACTION; ROOT PERISCOPE; GAS-EXCHANGE; NITROGEN; PERSPECTIVE; VEGETATION; ECOSYSTEMS AB Riparian meadows in the western US are highly productive areas within the riparian corridor that have been extensively utilized for livestock grazing and that are often degraded. This study aimed to increase our understanding of both the functional responses and restoration potential of mesic meadow systems in central Nevada, USA. Nitrogen addition and clipping treatments were used to examine grazing effects, while aeration and revegetation were included to evaluate potential restoration treatments. Belowground response was determined by examining gravimetric soil water content and rooting depth and activity. Aboveground response was determined for two key mesic meadow species, Carex nebrascensis and Poa pratensis, by quantifying gas exchange and water relations. Large yearly and seasonal differences among water tables largely determined the rooting activity and depth in these mesic meadows and influenced treatment responses. Little rooting activity occurred within or at the surface of the water table and rooting depth increased as water table level lowered during the growing season. In general, nitrogen addition decreased rooting activity and depth relative to controls. It resulted in less negative water potentials and photosynthetic rates that were higher early in the growing season, but lower later in the growing season. The effects of nitrogen addition could be attributed to accelerated phenology and earlier senescence. Clipping resulted in less negative plant water potentials in Carex and Poa, and Poa had higher photosynthetic rates immediately after clipping but only for certain dates and comparisons. Aeration increased rooting activity and depth where there was no confounding effect of water table. Also, predawn and midday water potentials were generally less negative for Carex and Poa in aerated plots. Establishment on the revegetation plots was dominated by annual and early seral species and, consequently, these plots exhibited reduced rooting depth and activity early in the growing season and high root turnover. Results indicate that water table depth and its effects on soil water are dominant factors in determining the functional processes and recovery potentials of these riparian meadows. Clipping had minimal effects on above- and belowground responses, perhaps because clipping was performed late in the growing season after plants had begun to senescence. Nitrogen addition decreased rooting activity and altered phenology, indicating deleterious effects. Aeration was effective at overcoming some of the negative affects of overgrazing and may be an effective restoration treatment. However, revegetation may have limited potential due to establishment constraints of the dominant species. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Univ Nevada, Program Ecol Evolut & Conservat Biol, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Chambers, J (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 42 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 5 U2 28 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-0237 J9 PLANT ECOL JI Plant Ecol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 163 IS 1 BP 77 EP 91 DI 10.1023/A:1020372220163 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 597TL UT WOS:000178236800007 ER PT J AU Leclercq, J Adams-Phillips, LC Zegzouti, H Jones, B Latche, A Giovannoni, JJ Pech, JC Bouzayen, M AF Leclercq, J Adams-Phillips, LC Zegzouti, H Jones, B Latche, A Giovannoni, JJ Pech, JC Bouzayen, M TI LeCTR1, a tomato CTR1-like gene, demonstrates ethylene signaling ability in Arabidopsis and novel expression patterns in tomato SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY; CONSERVED FEATURES; RESPONSE PATHWAY; PROTEIN-KINASES; FAMILY; FRUIT; ETR1; THALIANA; PLANTS; REGULATORS AB LeCTR1 was initially isolated by both differential display reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction screening for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit ethylene-inducible genes and through homology with the Arabidopsis CTR1 cDNA. LeCTR1 shares strong nucleotide sequence homology with Arabidopsis CTRL a gene acting downstream of the ethylene receptor and showing similarity to the Raf family of serine/threonine protein kinases. The length of the LeCTR1 transcribed region from ATG to stop codon (12,000 bp) is more than twice that of Arabidopsis CTR1 (4,700 bp). Structural analysis reveals perfect conservation of both the number and position of introns and exons in LeCTR1 and Arabidopsis CTR1. The introns in LeCTR1 are much longer, however. To address whether this structural conservation is indicative of functional conservation of the corresponding proteins, we expressed LeCTR1 in the Arabidopsis ctrl-1 (constitutive triple response 1) mutant under the direction of the 35S promoter. Our data clearly show that ectopic expression of LeCTR1 in the Arabidopsis ctrl-1 mutant can restore normal ethylene signaling. The recovery of normal ethylene sensitivity upon heterologous expression of LeCTR1 was also confirmed by restored glucose sensitivity absent in the Arabidopsis ctrl-1 mutant. Expression studies confirm ethylene responsiveness of LeCTR1 in various tissues, including ripening fruit, and may suggest the evolution of alternate regulatory mechanisms in tomato versus Arabidopsis. C1 Inst Natl Polytech, Ecole Natl Super Agron, INRA, UMR 990, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Boyce Thompson Inst Plant Res, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Inst Natl Polytech, Ecole Natl Super Agron, INRA, UMR 990, Boite Postale 107 Auzeville, F-31326 Castanet Tolosan, France. EM bouzayen@ensat.fr RI Leclercq, Julie/B-2147-2012; Jones, Brian/E-8848-2016 NR 33 TC 80 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 19 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 EI 1532-2548 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 130 IS 3 BP 1132 EP 1142 DI 10.1104/pp.009415 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 616XU UT WOS:000179329400007 PM 12427980 ER PT J AU Wang, YH Garvin, DF Kochian, LV AF Wang, YH Garvin, DF Kochian, LV TI Rapid induction of regulatory and transporter genes in response to phosphorus, potassium, and iron deficiencies in tomato roots. Evidence for cross talk and root/rhizosphere-mediated signals SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE; NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE; FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION; K+ CHANNEL; MAP KINASE; CLONING; TOBACCO; ARABIDOPSIS; PATHWAYS; REVEALS AB Mineral nutrient deficiencies constitute major limitations for plant growth on agricultural soils around the world. To identify genes that possibly play roles in plant mineral nutrition, we recently generated a high-density array consisting of 1,280 genes from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) roots for expression profiling in nitrogen (N) nutrition. In the current study, we used the same array to search for genes induced by phosphorus (P), potassium (K+), and iron (Fe) deficiencies. RNA gel-blot analysis was conducted to study the time-dependent kinetics for expression of these genes in response to withholding P, K, or Fe. Genes previously not associated with P, K, and Fe nutrition were identified, such as transcription factor, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, MAP kinase kinase, and 14-3-3 proteins. Many of these genes were induced within 1 h after withholding the specific nutrient from roots of intact plants; thus, RNA gel-blot analysis was repeated for specific genes (transcription factor and MAP kinase) in roots of decapitated plants to investigate the tissue-specific location of the signal triggering gene induction. Both genes were induced just as rapidly in decapitated plants, suggesting that the rapid response to the absence of P, K, or Fe in the root-bathing medium is triggered either by a root-localized signal or because of root sensing of the mineral environment surrounding the roots. We also show that expression of Pi, K, and Fe transporter genes were up-regulated by all three treatments, suggesting coordination and coregulation of the uptake of these three essential mineral nutrients. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Kochian, LV (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 45 TC 168 Z9 184 U1 6 U2 37 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 130 IS 3 BP 1361 EP 1370 DI 10.1104/pp.008854 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 616XU UT WOS:000179329400028 PM 12428001 ER PT J AU Tucker, ML Whitelaw, CA Lyssenko, NN Nath, P AF Tucker, ML Whitelaw, CA Lyssenko, NN Nath, P TI Functional analysis of regulatory elements in the gene promoter for an abscission-specific cellulase from bean and isolation, expression, and binding affinity of three TGA-Type basic leucine zipper transcription factors SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALICYLIC-ACID; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; PR-1 GENE; ARABIDOPSIS; ETHYLENE; PROTEINS; AUXIN; NPR1; ACCUMULATION; INTERACTS AB Site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify cis-acting elements that control hormonal and abscission-specific expression of the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) abscission cellulase (BAC) promoter. Auxin inhibition of BAC promoter expression is at least in part controlled by a negatively regulated element and ethylene induction by a positively regulated element. One of a series of 15 different 10-bp mutations created in a 2.9-kb BAC promoter reduced reporter gene expression by 60%. The native sequence for this 10-by mutation includes a TGA-type basic leucine zipper (bZIP) motif. Tandem ligation of three 18-by BAC elements (Z-BAC), which includes the bZIP motif to a minimal -50 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter, enhanced expression in abscission zones (AZs) 13-fold over that of the minimal promoter alone. The native forward orientation of the Z-BAC elements was essential for high expression levels. Expression of the Z-BAC minimal construct was 3-fold greater in AZ than stems when compared with the expression levels of an internal control with an enhanced 35S cauliflower mosaic virus promoter. Polymerase chain reaction was used to identify three TGA-type bZIP transcription factors in an AZ cDNA library. One of these factors was of the class I type and two of the class II type. RNA-blot analysis was completed for these genes and electrophoretic mobility shift assays used to confirm their binding to the Z-BAC element. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay-binding affinity was greatest for the class I TGA-type bZIP factor. The results indicate a complex interaction of negative and positive regulating transcription factors that control BAC gene expression. C1 USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Tucker, ML (reprint author), USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Jones, Cathy/A-7135-2011 OI Jones, Cathy/0000-0003-2844-2161 NR 27 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 130 IS 3 BP 1487 EP 1496 DI 10.1104/pp.007971 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 616XU UT WOS:000179329400040 PM 12428013 ER PT J AU Quan, Y Minocha, R Minocha, SC AF Quan, Y Minocha, R Minocha, SC TI Genetic manipulation of polyamine metabolism in poplar - II: effects on ethylene biosynthesis SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ethylene; ornithine decarboxylase; polyamines; transgenic cells; S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase ID ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE CDNA; CHICKPEA SEEDS; SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; CELLULAR POLYAMINES; PLANTS; EXPRESSION; PATHWAY; TOBACCO; FRUIT; PUTRESCINE AB Possible competition between polyamine and ethylene metabolisms was studied in two types of transgenic poplar (Populus nigra X maximowiczii) cells: (a) constitutively expressing a mouse ornithine decarboxylase (ODC, EC 4.1.1.17) cDNA under the control of double 35S cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) promoter (cell line 2E), and (b) constitutively expressing a Datura S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC, EC 4.1.1.50) cDNA under the control of a single 35S CaMV promoter (line PS-18). The 2E cells contained significantly higher putrescine (Put) as well as spermidine (Spd) contents than the non-transgenic (NT) cells. The PS-18 cells contained three- to five-fold lower amounts of Put than the NT cells; their Spd content was either comparable to NT cells (at 3 d of culture) or it was higher than the NT cells (at 6 d of culture). The production of ethylene in the 2E cells was generally higher than in the NT cells throughout the 7-d culture period. Ethylene production in the PS-18 cells was comparable to NT cells. The cellular content of 1-aminocyclo-propane-1-carboxylic acid in the NT and 2E cells was quite similar, while it was slightly lower in the PS-18 cells. It is concluded that in poplar cells the cellular pool of S-adenosylmethionine is probably large enough to satisfy the demand for both polyamine and ethylene production and no competition between the two pathways is apparent. (C) 2002 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Dept Plant Biol, Durham, NH 03824 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Minocha, SC (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Dept Plant Biol, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 42 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU GAUTHIER-VILLARS/EDITIONS ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75015 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0981-9428 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL BIOCH JI Plant Physiol. Biochem. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 40 IS 11 BP 929 EP 937 AR PII S0981-9428(02)01456-0 DI 10.1016/S0981-9428(02)01456-0 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 626BP UT WOS:000179850800005 ER PT J AU Wang, S Tang, J Johnson, JA Mitcham, E Hansen, JD Cavalieri, RP Bower, J Biasi, B AF Wang, S Tang, J Johnson, JA Mitcham, E Hansen, JD Cavalieri, RP Bower, J Biasi, B TI Process protocols based on radio frequency energy to control field and storage pests in in-shell walnuts SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE codling moth; heat; indianmeal moth; navel orangeworm; nut; phytosanitary quarantine; quality ID CODLING MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; HEAT-TREATMENTS; TORTRICIDAE; MORTALITY AB A practical process protocol was developed to control insect pests in in-shell walnuts using a 27 MHz pilot scale radio frequency (RF) system. Fifth-instars, that had been determined to be the most heat resistant life stage for navel orangeworm (Amyelois transitella [Walker]) using a heating block system, were selected as the targeted insect in the protocol development. RF heating to 55 degreesC and holding in hot air for at least 5 min resulted in 100% mortality of the fifth-instar navel orangeworm. Rancidity, sensory qualities and shell characteristics were not affected by the treatments. The process slightly reduced the moisture content of the walnut kernels, which could prove an additional benefit by providing even nut moisture content and reducing the growth of microorganisms. If this method can be economically integrated into the handling process, it should have excellent potential as a disinfestation method for in-shell walnuts. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Pomol, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Tang, J (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, POB 646120, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Wang, Shaojin/C-4968-2012; Tang, Juming/A-4027-2009; OI Tang, Juming/0000-0001-9449-1004; Cavalieri, Ralph/0000-0001-7116-5126 NR 21 TC 82 Z9 90 U1 5 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 26 IS 3 BP 265 EP 273 AR PII S0925-5214(02)00048-0 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00048-0 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 605QU UT WOS:000178689200003 ER PT J AU Emara, MG Kim, H Zhu, J Lapierre, RR Lakshmanan, N Lillehoj, HS AF Emara, MG Kim, H Zhu, J Lapierre, RR Lakshmanan, N Lillehoj, HS TI Genetic diversity at the major histocompatibility complex (B) and microsatellite loci in three commercial broiler pure lines SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE major histocompatibility complex; microsatellite; Hardy-Weinberg; fixation index; genetic distance ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; MEAT-TYPE CHICKENS; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; CLASS-II GENES; LINKAGE MAP; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; MAREKS-DISEASE; DNA FINGERPRINTS; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; ROUS-SARCOMA AB Genetic diversity at the MHC and non-MHC loci was investigated in three commercial broiler chicken pure lines. The MHC class II and IV loci were evaluated in Southern hybridizations and molecular genotypes based on RFLP were interpreted from pedigreed families. Four MHC class II and eight class IV genotypes were identified in the broiler lines, and their frequencies differed among the lines. Line-specific MHC genotypes were identified. The observed heterozygosities (59 to 67%) suggest that the MHC loci are highly polymorphic in the broiler lines. At least 9% of the genetic variation at the MHC was due to line differences; the remainder reflected individual variations. To characterize non-MHC genes, 41 microsatellite loci located throughout the chicken genome were evaluated in the broiler lines. Genetic variation was also observed at the microsatellite loci for the broiler lines; the number of alleles at a single locus ranged from one to eight, and the average number of alleles per locus was 3.5, 2.8, and 3.1 for each of the lines, respectively. The observed heterozygosities for microsatellite loci ranged between 0 and 89% in the lines. Based on the fixation index (Fst), about 19% of the genetic variation at microsatellite loci was attributed to broiler line differences. Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were detected at both MHC and non-MHC loci. Possible explanations for these deviations include genetic selection by the primary broiler breeder or the presence of null alleles that were not identified by the typing procedures described in this report. This study contributes to our knowledge on the molecular characteristics and genetic structure of a commercial broiler chicken population. Analysis of MHC and non-MHC loci suggests that there is still sufficient genetic diversity in the broiler lines to continue the progress toward improved broiler chicken production. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Anim & Food Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. USDA ARS, Systemics Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Emara, MG (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Anim & Food Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. NR 67 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 81 IS 11 BP 1609 EP 1617 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 616QQ UT WOS:000179314800001 PM 12455584 ER PT J AU Bacon, LD Palmquist, D AF Bacon, LD Palmquist, D TI Chicken lines differ in production of interferon-like activity by peripheral white blood cells stimulated with phytohemagglutinin SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE inbred line; interferon; lymphocyte proliferation; mitogen; white blood cell ID GAMMA; RESISTANCE; EXPRESSION; GENE; LYMPHOCYTES; ANTIBODIES; ONTOGENY; CLONING AB Interferon (INF) activity was evaluated in the supernatants from peripheral white blood cells (WBC) of chickens from six lines. The WBC were cultured in flasks or 24-well plates with medium or medium and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). After 2 to 5 d, duplicate supernatant samples were tested for INF activity, i.e., the 1092 titer inhibiting 50% destruction of the cytopathic effect of vesicular stomatitis virus on primary chick embryo fibroblasts. Also triplicate WBC samples were tested for proliferation by [H-3]-thymidine labeling and scintillation counting. In the absence of PHA, INF was significant for only two lines, i.e., 72 (two trials) and C (one trial). With PHA the level of INF produced was similar if flasks were sampled daily or on successive days. The INF levels were highest using 10 or 20 mug/mL PHA, but line differences were best distinguished using 5 or 10 mug/mL. In three trials there was a low correlation between PHA-stimulated WBC proliferation and INF titer (r greater than or equal to 0.30; P < 0.05). It was concluded that supernatants from chicken WBC stimulated with 10 mug/mL PHA contain INF, and inbred Lines 7(2) and C repeatedly produce more INF than inbred Lines 6(3) and 15I(5). This is the first evidence for line differences in INF production in chickens, and these lines may be useful for characterization of the relevant genes and their importance in immune response(s) and disease resistance. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. USDA ARS, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Bacon, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 81 IS 11 BP 1629 EP 1636 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 616QQ UT WOS:000179314800004 PM 12455587 ER PT J AU Ambady, S Cheng, HH de Leon, FAP AF Ambady, S Cheng, HH de Leon, FAP TI Development and mapping of microsatellite markers derived from chicken chromosome-specific libraries SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chicken chromosome; chromosome microdissection; chromosome paint; chromosome-specific library; linkage map ID BOVINE X-CHROMOSOME; MAP; GENOME AB Chromosome-specific painting probes and libraries were developed for chicken Macrochromosomes 1, 2, 3, and 4 by chromosome microisolation and microcloning. Fluorescent in situ hybridization results using the painting probes on normal chicken metaphase chromosomes indicated the purity and specificity of each probe. Chromosome-specific libraries for chicken Macrochromosomes 1, 2, 3, and 4 were prepared in a phage vector. Fifty-two additional unique microsatellite markers of the (AC)(n) type were developed from these chromosome-specific libraries. These markers were mapped on the East Lansing reference population to increase the marker density on the four macrochromosomes. Results of the current study suggest that development of markers from chromosome-specific libraries is very useful for constructing high-density linkage maps for chicken macrochromosomes. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Vet & Anim Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Michigan State Univ, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, USDA ARS, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP de Leon, FAP (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Vet & Anim Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. OI Ponce de Leon, Federico/0000-0001-8645-553X NR 7 TC 2 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874-9604 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 81 IS 11 BP 1644 EP 1646 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 616QQ UT WOS:000179314800007 PM 12455590 ER PT J AU Moreau, RA Whitaker, BD Hicks, KB AF Moreau, RA Whitaker, BD Hicks, KB TI Phytosterols, phytostanols, and their conjugates in foods: structural diversity, quantitative analysis, and health-promoting uses SO PROGRESS IN LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Review ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATIONS; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; BELL PEPPER FRUIT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; STERYL LIPID-CONTENT; LOW-DOSE SITOSTANOL; LOW-FAT DIET; PLANT STEROLS; PLASMA-MEMBRANE AB Phytosterols (plant sterols) are triterpenes that are important structural components of plant membranes, and free phytosterols serve to stabilize phospholipid bilayers in plant cell membranes just as cholesterol does in animal cell membranes. Most phytosterols contain 28 or 29 carbons and one or two carbon-carbon double bonds, typically one in the sterol nucleus and sometimes a second in the alkyl side chain. Phytostanols are a fully-saturated subgroup of phytosterols (contain no double bonds). Phytostanols occur, in trace levels in many plant species and they occur in high levels in tissues of only in a few cereal species. Phytosterols can be converted to phytostanols by chemical hydrogenation. More than 200 different types of phytosterols have been reported in plant species. In addition to the free form, phytosterols occur as four types of "conjugates," in which the 3beta-OH group is esterified to a fatty acid or a hydroxycinnamic acid, or glycosylated with a hexose (usually glucose) or a 6-fatty-acyl hexose. The most popular methods for phytosterol analysis involve hydrolysis of the esters (and sometimes the glycosides) and capillary GLC of the total phytosterols, either in the free form or as TMS or acetylated derivatives. Several alternative methods have been reported for analysis of free phytosterols and intact phytosteryl conjugates. Phytosterols and phytostanols have received much attention in the last five years because of their cholesterol-lowering properties. Early phytosterol-enriched products contained free phytosterols and relatively large dosages were required to significantly lower serum cholesterol. In the last several years two spreads, one containing phytostanyl fatty-acid esters and the other phytosteryl fatty-acid esters, have been commercialized and were shown to significantly lower serum cholesterol at dosages of 1-3 g per day. The popularity of these products has caused the medical and biochemical community to focus much attention on phytosterols and consequently research activity on phytosterols has increased dramatically. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Crop Convers Sci & Technol Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Produce Qual & Safety Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Moreau, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Crop Convers Sci & Technol Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 231 TC 451 Z9 485 U1 22 U2 114 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0163-7827 J9 PROG LIPID RES JI Prog. Lipid Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 41 IS 6 BP 457 EP 500 AR PII S0163-7827(02)00006-1 DI 10.1016/S0163-7827(02)00006-1 PG 44 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 609TT UT WOS:000178921200002 PM 12169300 ER PT J AU Lieberman, HR Tharion, WJ Shukitt-Hale, B Speckman, KL Tulley, R AF Lieberman, HR Tharion, WJ Shukitt-Hale, B Speckman, KL Tulley, R TI Effects of caffeine, sleep loss, and stress on cognitive performance and mood during US Navy SEAL training SO PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE stress; vigilance; mood; alertness; psychotnotor performance; learning; memory; stimulant ID PROLONGED WAKEFULNESS; VISUAL VIGILANCE; WORKING-MEMORY; PSYCHOMOTOR; ALERTNESS; ADENOSINE; HUMANS; EEG; DIAZEPAM; PLASMA AB Rationale: When humans are acutely exposed to multiple stressors, cognitive performance is substantially degraded. Few practical strategies are available to sustain performance under such conditions. Objective: This study examined whether moderate doses of caffeine would reduce adverse effects of sleep deprivation and exposure to severe environmental and operational stress on cognitive performance. Methods: Volunteers were 68 U.S. Navy Sea-Air-Land (SEAL) trainees, randomly assigned to receive either 100, 200, or 300 mg caffeine or placebo in capsule form after 72 h of sleep deprivation and continuous exposure to other stressors. Cognitive tests administered included scanning visual vigilance, four-choice visual reaction time, a matching-to-sample working memory task and a repeated acquisition test of motor learning and memory. Mood state, marksmanship, and saliva caffeine were also assessed. Testing was conducted 1 and 8 h after treatment. Results: Sleep deprivation and environmental stress adversely affected performance and mood. Caffeine, in a dose-dependent manner, mitigated many adverse effects of exposure to multiple stressors. Caffeine (200 and 300 mg) significantly improved visual vigilance, choice reaction time, repeated acquisition, self-reported fatigue and sleepiness with the greatest effects on tests of vigilance, reaction time, and alertness. Marksmanship, a task that requires fine motor coordination and steadiness, was not affected by caffeine. The greatest effects of caffeine were present 1 h post-administration, but significant effects persisted for 8 h. Conclusions: Even in the most adverse circumstances, moderate doses of caffeine can improve cognitive function, including vigilance, learning, memory, and mood state. When cognitive performance is critical and must he maintained during exposure to severe stress. administration of caffeine may provide a significant advantage. A dose of 200 mg appears to be optimal under such conditions. C1 USA, Environm Med Res Inst, Mil Nutr Div, Natick, MA 01760 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Pennington Biomed Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70808 USA. RP Lieberman, HR (reprint author), USA, Environm Med Res Inst, Mil Nutr Div, Natick, MA 01760 USA. NR 48 TC 230 Z9 249 U1 9 U2 86 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0033-3158 J9 PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY JI Psychopharmacology PD NOV PY 2002 VL 164 IS 3 BP 250 EP 261 DI 10.1007/s00213-002-1217-9 PG 12 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Psychiatry GA 624UD UT WOS:000179779200002 PM 12424548 ER PT J AU Liang, SL Fang, HL Chen, MZ Shuey, CJ Walthall, C Daughtry, C Morisette, J Schaaf, C Strahler, A AF Liang, SL Fang, HL Chen, MZ Shuey, CJ Walthall, C Daughtry, C Morisette, J Schaaf, C Strahler, A TI Validating MODIS land surface reflectance and albedo products: methods and preliminary results SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID OPERATIONAL ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; LANDSAT-5 THEMATIC MAPPER; NARROW-BAND; CORRECTION ALGORITHM; AEROSOL; GLACIER; IMAGERY AB This paper presents the general methods and some preliminary results of validating Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface reflectance and albedo products using ground measurements and Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) imagery. Since ground "point" measurements are not suitable for direct comparisons with MODIS pixels of about 1 km over heterogeneous landscapes, upscaling based on high-resolution remotely sensed imagery is critical. In this study, ground measurements at Beltsville, MD were used to calibrate land surface reflectance and albedo products derived from ETM+ imagery at 30 m, which were then aggregated to the MODIS resolution for determining the accuracy of the following land surface products: (1) bidirectional reflectance from atmospheric correction, (2) bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), (3) broadband albedos, and (4) nadir BRDF-adjusted reflectance. The initial validation results from ground measurements and two ETM+ images acquired on October 2 and November 3, 2000 showed that these products are reasonably accurate, with typically less than 5% absolute error. Final conclusions on their accuracy depend on more validation results. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Lab Global Remote Sensing Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ARS, Hydrol & Remote Sensing Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Biospher Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Ctr Remote Sensing, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Liang, SL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Lab Global Remote Sensing Studies, 2181 LeFrak Hall, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI liang, shunlin/C-2809-2015 NR 28 TC 191 Z9 225 U1 8 U2 38 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 149 EP 162 AR PII S0034-4257(02)00092-5 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00092-5 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 613YW UT WOS:000179160200011 ER PT J AU Cooper, JC Hanemann, M Signorello, G AF Cooper, JC Hanemann, M Signorello, G TI One-and-one-half-bound dichotomous choice contingent valuation SO REVIEW OF ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS LA English DT Article ID GOODS; BIAS AB Although the double-bound (DB) format for the discrete choice contingent valuation method (CVM) has the benefit of higher efficiency in welfare benefit estimates than the single-bound (SB) discrete choice CVM, it has been subject to criticism due to evidence that some of the responses to the second bid may be inconsistent with the responses to the first bid. As a means to reduce the potential for response bias on the follow-up bid in multiple-bound discrete choice formats such as the DB model while maintaining much of the efficiency gains of the multiple-bound approach, we introduce the one-and-one-half-bound (OOHB) approach and present a real-world application. In a laboratory setting, despite the fact that the OOHB model uses less information than the DB approach, the efficiency gains in moving from SB to OOHB capture a large portion of the gain associated with moving from SB to DB. Utilizing distribution-free seminonparametric estimation techniques on a split-survey data set, our OOHB estimates demonstrated higher consistency with respect to the follow-up data than the DB estimates and were more efficient as well. Hence, OOHB may serve as a viable alternative to the DB format in situations where follow-up response bias may be a concern. C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Catania, I-95124 Catania, Italy. RP Cooper, JC (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RI Signorello, Giovanni/L-7627-2015 OI Signorello, Giovanni/0000-0002-5140-4975 NR 20 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 4 U2 10 PU M I T PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA FIVE CAMBRIDGE CENTER, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 0034-6535 J9 REV ECON STAT JI Rev. Econ. Stat. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 84 IS 4 BP 742 EP 750 DI 10.1162/003465302760556549 PG 9 WC Economics; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Business & Economics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 610WQ UT WOS:000178985200013 ER PT J AU Buffington, JM Lisle, TE Woodsmith, RD Hilton, S AF Buffington, JM Lisle, TE Woodsmith, RD Hilton, S TI Controls on the size and occurrence of pools in coarse-grained forest rivers SO RIVER RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE pool scour; flow obstructions; wood debris; forest channels; resource management; mountain drainage basins ID LARGE WOODY DEBRIS; GRAVEL-BED RIVERS; MOUNTAIN DRAINAGE BASINS; OREGON COAST RANGE; CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY; LOCAL SCOUR; NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA; WESTERN WASHINGTON; BEDLOAD TRANSPORT; ALLUVIAL CHANNELS AB Controls on pool formation are examined in gravel- and cobble-bed rivers in forest mountain drainage basins of northern California, southern Oregon, and southeastern Alaska. We demonstrate that the majority of pools at our study sites are formed by flow obstructions and that pool geometry and frequency largely depend on obstruction characteristics (size, type, and frequency). However, the effectiveness of obstructions to induce scour also depends on channel characteristics, such as channel gradient, width:depth ratio, relative submergence (ratio of flow depth to grain size), and the calibre and rate of bed material supply. Moreover, different reach-scale channel types impose different characteristic physical processes and boundary conditions that further control the occurrence of pools within a catchment. Our findings indicate that effective management of pools and associated aquatic habitat requires consideration of a variety of factors, each of which may be more or less important depending on channel type and location within a catchment. Consequently, strategies for managing pools that are based solely on single-factor, regional target values (e.g. a certain number of wood pieces or pools per stream length) are likely to be ineffective because they do not account for the variety of local and catchment controls on pool scour and, therefore, may be of limited value for proactive management of complex ecosystems. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Idaho, Dept Civil Engn, Boise, ID 83712 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Buffington, JM (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Dept Civil Engn, 800 Pk Blvd,Suite 200, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 118 TC 82 Z9 84 U1 3 U2 24 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1535-1459 J9 RIVER RES APPL JI River Res. Appl. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 18 IS 6 BP 507 EP 531 DI 10.1002/rra.693 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 622QE UT WOS:000179657100001 ER PT J AU Bjornstad, ON Peltonen, M Liebhold, AM Baltensweiler, W AF Bjornstad, ON Peltonen, M Liebhold, AM Baltensweiler, W TI Waves of larch budmoth outbreaks in the European Alps SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; TRAVELING WAVES; TIME; SYNCHRONY; PATTERNS; MODELS AB Spatially extended population models predict complex spatiotemporal patterns, such as spiral waves and spatial chaos, as a result of the reaction-diffusion dynamics that arise from trophic interactions. However, examples of such patterns in ecological systems are scarce. We develop a quantitative technique to demonstrate the existence of waves in Central European larch budmoth (Zeiraphera diniana Gn.) outbreaks. We show that these waves travel toward the northeast-east at 210 kilometers per year. A theoretical model involving a moth-enemy interaction predicts directional waves, but only if dispersal is directionally biased or habitat productivity varies across the landscape. Our study confirms that nonlinear ecological interactions can lead to complex spatial dynamics at a regional scale. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Bjornstad, ON (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, 501 ASI Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008; Bjornstad, Ottar/I-4518-2012 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534; NR 24 TC 107 Z9 109 U1 5 U2 37 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 1 PY 2002 VL 298 IS 5595 BP 1020 EP 1023 DI 10.1126/science.1075182 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 609XQ UT WOS:000178932000055 PM 12411704 ER PT J AU Purdy, CW Straus, DC Parker, DB Ayers, JR Hoover, MD AF Purdy, CW Straus, DC Parker, DB Ayers, JR Hoover, MD TI Treatment of feedyard dust containing endotoxin and its ettect on weanling goats SO SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE endotoxin; feedyard dust; aerosol application; goat; rectal temperature; total white blood cell counts; fibrinogen and haptoglobin concentration ID BACTERIAL-ENDOTOXIN; COTTON DUST; GRAIN DUST; INHALATION; RESPONSES AB Forty-two, mixed-sex, weanling goats were randomly allotted to six treatment groups: principal autoclaved dust (n = 6). control non-autoclaved dust (n = 6). principal dry-heat dust (n = 6). and control non-dry-heat dust (n = 6). Principals were treated with appropriate dust for one 4h treatment in a closed tent. The data from the principal dust group (n = 9) and the control non-dust group (n = 9) were recorded after one 4 h dust treatment prior to the start of the present study. The endotoxin (ET) concentrations were determined for autoclaved dust (13.3 mug ET/g), dry-heated dust (0.173 mug ET/g), and non-treated dust 26.9 mug ET/g. The tent aerosolized dust concentrations were: autoclaved dust 0.369 g/(m(3) min) with 4.904 mug ET/(m(3) min): dry-heated dust 0.347 g/(m(3) min) with 0.0015 mug ET/(m(3) min); and non-treated dust 0.539 g/(m(3) min) with 4.904 mug ET/(m(3) min). These ET aerosol concentrations caused the autoclave dust goat group and the non-treated dust goat group to significantly increase their rectal temperatures at 4. and 8 h and total white blood cells (WBCs) increased at 12 and 24 h compared to their respective non-dust control groups. The dry-heat aerosol dust ET concentration in the tent did not induce an increased mean rectal temperature response or an increased mean total WBC count. Of the three principal dust products only the non-treated dust contained viable microbes. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA. W Texas A&M Univ, Div Ag, Canyon, TX 79016 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Vet Diagnost Lab, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA. Lovelace Resp Res Inst, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Purdy, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RI Hoover, Mark/I-4201-2012 OI Hoover, Mark/0000-0002-8726-8127 NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4488 J9 SMALL RUMINANT RES JI Small Ruminant Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 46 IS 2-3 BP 123 EP 132 AR PII S0921-4488(02)00189-X DI 10.1016/S0921-4488(02)00189-X PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 614UG UT WOS:000179209000006 ER PT J AU Purdy, CW Straus, DC Chirase, N Parker, DB Ayers, JR Hoover, MD AF Purdy, CW Straus, DC Chirase, N Parker, DB Ayers, JR Hoover, MD TI Effects of aerosolized endotoxin in feedyard dust on weanling goats SO SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE endotoxin; feedyard dust; aerosol application; goat; rectal temperature; total white blood cell counts; fibrinogen and haptoglobin concentration ID PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA; CHALLENGE EXPOSURE; GRAIN DUST; TILMICOSIN; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; INHALATION; EFFICACY; CALVES; ACTIVATION; RECEPTORS AB Weanling female Spanish goats (n = 36) were randomly allotted to four treatment groups (each group, n = 9): principal dust group with antibiotic: principal dust group without antibiotic: control group with antibiotic; and control group without antibiotic. The principals were exposed to twenty-two 4 h dust treatments in a closed tent. Dust treatments occurred as follows: one dust treatment, 18-day rest, seven daily dust treatments, 7-day rest, seven daily dust treatments, 7-day rest, and seven daily dust treatments. All principals and six controls were euthanatized and necropsied at the end of the experiment. There was an interaction between dust and tilmicosin antibiotic for feed intake and average daily gain following the first dust treatment. The interaction occurred because control goats not exposed to dust nor receiving tilmicosin protection had lower (P < 0.05) feed intake than those principals exposed to dust without tilmicosin protection (996 g per head per day versus 113 1 g per head per day, respectively). Consequently. these goats also gained more (P < 0.02) weight than the control goats without tilmicosin protection (57 g per head per day versus 42 g per head per day). Contrary to the hypothesis that dust might reduce the efficiency of feed utilization. it tended to improve it. After the first dust treatment, the mean rectal temperatures of the four groups with and without antibiotics were significantly different (P < 0.0003). Four hours (P < 0.0016) after dust treatment, the mean rectal temperature of the two principal groups was higher than the controls. On the first 7-day dust treatment series there was a significant (P < 0.0006) difference between the groups. The mean rectal temperatures of the two principal groups at 8 h on day 1 were significantly (P < 0.02) higher than the control groups. On the second 7-day dust treatments. there were no significant differences, in mean rectal temperature between the groups. On the third 7-day treatment series there were significant (P < 0.0001) differences among the four groups. On the first day of the dust treatment series, at 8 h, the trend of the principal groups' mean rectal temperature was higher than the controls. It appears that repeated endotoxin/dust exposures induces a state of tolerance for increased rectal temperatures that are characteristic after one dust exposure. There were no gross observable differences between the controls and principal respiratory tracts. The following histologic changes were observed in the principal goats: a mild alveolar septal hypercellularity. moderate multifocal airway exudation of neutrophils and macrophages containing foreign particulate material, and there was a marked increase in bronchial associated lymphoid tissue compared to controls. The diagnosis was mild acute exudative bronchointerstital pneumonia, No significant microscopic lesions were observed in the control goats. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Lubbock, TX 79430 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Vet Diagnost Lab, Amarillo, TX 79106 USA. Lovelace Resp Res Inst, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Purdy, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RI Hoover, Mark/I-4201-2012 OI Hoover, Mark/0000-0002-8726-8127 NR 50 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4488 J9 SMALL RUMINANT RES JI Small Ruminant Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 46 IS 2-3 BP 133 EP 147 AR PII S0921-4488(02)00190-6 DI 10.1016/S0921-4488(02)00190-6 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 614UG UT WOS:000179209000007 ER PT J AU Mummey, DL Stahl, PD Buyer, JS AF Mummey, DL Stahl, PD Buyer, JS TI Soil microbiological properties 20 years after surface mine reclamation: spatial analysis of reclaimed and undisturbed sites SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE soil disturbance; restoration; spatial variability; fatty acid methyl ester analysis; shortgrass steppe ID MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; SHRUB-STEPPE ECOSYSTEM; CULTIVATED SOILS; BIOMASS; PROFILES; PRAIRIE; PATTERN; ECOLOGY; STORAGE AB Spatial characteristics of soil microbial community structure and selected soil chemical factors were analyzed in soil surrounding Agropyron smithii (Western wheatgrass) and Artemisia tridentata (Wyoming big sagebrush) plants in sites reclaimed after surface mining and adjacent undisturbed sites in Wyoming. Microbial biomass C (MBC) and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biomarkers for total biomass, bacteria, and fungi were used as indicators of soil microbial community abundance and structure. In soil 20 years after reclamation FAME total microbial biomass, bacterial and fungal biomarkers, MBC and soil organic matter (SOM) averaged only 20, 16, 28, 44 and 36% of values found in undisturbed soils. In contrast to undisturbed soils, FAME biomarkers and MBC of reclaimed soils exhibited spatial correlation up to 42 cm. Reclaimed soils also exhibited localized enrichment of bacterial, fungal, and total microbial biomass, as well as depletion of inorganic N concentrations, around plant bases (< 10 cm), suggesting relatively poor soil exploration by roots and microorganisms compared to the undisturbed ecosystem. Strong spatial stratification of undisturbed SOM and soil NH4+ pools was found with highest concentrations on the leeward side of shrubs, likely due to localized changes in microclimate and plant litter deposition. This indicates that shrub cover plays a central role in the establishment of site heterogeneity and regulation of ecological processes, such as C and N mineralization and immobilization, which has important implications for reclamation. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wyoming, Coll Agr, Dept Renewable Res, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. USDA ARS, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mummey, DL (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Coll Agr, Dept Renewable Res, POB 3354, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. NR 40 TC 82 Z9 89 U1 3 U2 49 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 34 IS 11 BP 1717 EP 1725 AR PII S0038-0717(02)00158-X DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00158-X PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 628LP UT WOS:000179996900021 ER PT J AU Smith, JL Halvorson, JJ Bolton, H AF Smith, JL Halvorson, JJ Bolton, H TI Soil properties and microbial activity across a 500 m elevation gradient in a semi-arid environment SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE microbial activity; soil nutrients; biomass; global change ID SHRUB-STEPPE ECOSYSTEM; CLIMATIC-CHANGE; MINERALIZATION; NITROGEN; BIOMASS; FORESTS; WASHINGTON; HISTORIES; TRANSECT; DESERT AB If climate change causes the semi-arid shrub-steppe to become hotter and,drier it may affect soil C and N cycling and precipitate changes in soil processes and microbial and plant community structure. This study was conducted, using an elevation gradient as an analog of climate change, to analyze climatic influence on soil microbial activity and soil properties. We collected soil from under cryptogamic crust and bunchgrass plants at 25 sites over a 500 m elevation transect in a shrub-steppe ecosystem located in eastern Washington State of the US. The samples were analyzed for several chemical and microbiological attributes including pH, microbial biomass and nitrification potential and the data grouped into five climate sites for statistical analysis. Soil pH decreased over the transect with higher pH values in the grass soil than the crust. In contrast soil electrical conductivity (EC) increased with increasing elevation as did both ammonium and nitrate. Ammonium and EC were greater in the crust soil than the grass soil but nitrate concentration was the same under both plant covers. Both total C and N amounts increased with elevation as did nitrification potential. Due to high sample spatial variability microbial biomass, respiration and N mineralization showed non-significant trends over the 500 m elevation transect. Using these measured gradient relationships the increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation that is expected in this shrub-steppe ecosystem over the next 100 years would eventually cause the pH to increase and the EC to decrease. Plants would become more sparse, nitrification potential would decrease and ammonium would increase. Total C, N and microbial biomass concentrations would begin decreasing and may shift the controlling factors of the ecosystem to abiotic factors. The changes in the cycling of N and to some extent C due to climate change could alter the microbial and plant community structure and function of this ecosystem and cause it to move in the direction of desertification. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Environm Microbiol Grp, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Smith, JL (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, 215 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Bolton, Harvey/E-5583-2011 NR 39 TC 61 Z9 76 U1 4 U2 42 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 34 IS 11 BP 1749 EP 1757 AR PII S0038-0717(02)00162-1 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00162-1 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 628LP UT WOS:000179996900024 ER PT J AU Jacinthe, PA Lal, R Kimble, JM AF Jacinthe, PA Lal, R Kimble, JM TI Effects of wheat residue fertilization on accumulation and biochemical attributes of organic carbon in a central Ohio luvisol SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE organic carbon; sequestration; mulch; residue; mineralizable carbon; microbial biomass carbon ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITIONS; CORN-BELT; SOIL; SEQUESTRATION; NITROGEN; TERM; TILLAGE; DECOMPOSITION; BACTERIAL AB The potential of crop residue fertilization as a carbon sequestration technology was evaluated in a central Ohio Luvisol (fine, mixed, mesic Aeric Ochraqualf). Wheat (Triticum aestitium L.) straw was applied at three rates (bare: 0; low: 8 Mg; and high: 16 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1)) without (-F) and with (+F) addition of 244 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1). The treatments were triplicated in a completely randomized block design. We report on the impact of these treatments on the total stocks and biochemical attributes of soil organic C (SOC) in the 0 to 10-cm soil layer after 4 years. Microbial biomass C (MBC) and mineralizable C (MinC), as measures of the labile C pools, were used as biochemical indices. SOC stocks, MBC and MinC were generally lowest in the bare plots, and more so with fertilization of these treatment plots. The addition of wheat straw and fertilizer had a positive and interacting effect on SOC stocks. With low mulch application, SOC stocks were similar (25.6 Mg C ha(-1)) in the -F and +F plots. However, when the mulch rate was high, further SOC accretion (28.2 Mg ha(-1)) occurred only in the +F plots. Residue-C conversion into SOC averaged 14% and 32% without and with fertilization, respectively. Positive effects of wheat straw application on MBC and MinC(110) (days) were also found. Although not significant, MBC was generally lower in the fertilized compared with unfertilized treatments. Fertilization of wheat residue resulted in a 1.5-fold increase in MinC, and a 1.3 to 4 times increase in the metabolic quotient (unit of MinC per unit of MBC per day), suggesting alteration in the soil microbial community composition and less efficient C processing with fertilization. The temporal variation of these soil biochemical attributes and the fate of the labile C compounds that evolved with fertilization of residue will determine the long-term sustainability of residue fertilization practice on C sequestration in soils. C1 Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Survey Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. RP Jacinthe, PA (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, 200 Kottman Hall, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM jacinthe.1@osu.edu RI Lal, Rattan/D-2505-2013 NR 40 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 17 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 167 IS 11 BP 750 EP 758 DI 10.1097/01.ss.0000038067.07412.d5 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 615YD UT WOS:000179274200005 ER PT J AU Wuest, SB AF Wuest, SB TI Water transfer from soil to seed: The role of vapor transport SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; IMBIBITION; GERMINATION; CONTACT; EMERGENCE; STRESS; MODEL AB Mixed solid-water-gas media such as soil can supply water to a dry object as both liquid and vapor. Modelers and agricultural engineers have commonly assumed liquid transport dominates imbibition by seed. This study tests the hypothesis that vapor is the major source of water for imbibition under normal soil moisture conditions. Water uptake was measured under varying degrees of seed-soil contact. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds were suspended in holes in blocks of moist soil (average water potential -0.16 MPa). Hole diameter varied from 13 to 0 mm (no hole), so that the distance between the moist soil and the seed varied from a maximum of 5 mm to intimate seed-soil contact. The amount of water absorbed by seed in 24 h increased from 15 to 17 mg seed(-1) as seed-soil contact increased from none to maximum contact, indicating that at least 85% of the water absorbed by seed in intimate seed-soil contact could be attributed to vapor alone. Reevaluation of the role of vapor transport should result in improved multiphase transport models in soil and other media. C1 ARS, USDA, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. RP Wuest, SB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Columbia Plateau Conservat Res Ctr, POB 370, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. NR 16 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 12 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 66 IS 6 BP 1760 EP 1763 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 712JK UT WOS:000184794400004 ER PT J AU Goldberg, S Lesch, SM Suarez, DL AF Goldberg, S Lesch, SM Suarez, DL TI Predicting molybdenum adsorption by soils using soil chemical. parameters in the constant capacitance model SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOLUTION INTERFACE; MOLYBDATE; MINERALS; PHOSPHATE; KAOLINITE AB The constant capacitance model, a chemical surface complexation model, was applied to Mo adsorption on 36 samples from 27 soil series selected for variation in soil properties. A general regression model was developed for predicting soil Mo surface complexation constants from four independently measured soil chemical characteristics: cation exchange capacity, organic carbon content, inorganic carbon content, and iron oxide content. The constant capacitance model was well able to predict Mo adsorption on all 36 soil samples. Incorporation of these regression prediction equations into chemical speciation-transport models will allow simulation of soil solution Mo concentrations under diverse environmental and agricultural management conditions without requiring soil specific adsorption data and subsequent parameter optimization. C1 ARS, USDA, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Goldberg, S (reprint author), ARS, USDA, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM sgoldberg@ussl.ars.usda.gov NR 32 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 12 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 EI 1435-0661 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 66 IS 6 BP 1836 EP 1842 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 712JK UT WOS:000184794400014 ER PT J AU Picone, LI Cabrera, ML Franzluebbers, AJ AF Picone, LI Cabrera, ML Franzluebbers, AJ TI A rapid method to estimate potentially mineralizable nitrogen in soil SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CARBON; TILLAGE; TEXTURE AB Rapid estimates of mineralizable N in soil are important for management decisions and soil quality assessments. We adapted and evaluated a rapid method based on measuring the gas pressure generated when soil is treated with Ca(ClO)(2) in a closed vessel. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of reaction time, soil/reagent, and soil/water ratios on the gas pressure generated by the method. Based on this experiment, 5 g of soil, 5 mL of deionized water, 0.3 g Ca(ClO)(2), and a reaction time of 25 min were selected as optimum conditions. The method was evaluated with 60 Cecil (fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults) sandy loam samples ranging in organic C from 4 to 16 g C kg(-1). Nitrogen mineralized in 24 d and soil microbial biomass C (SMBC) were measured and related to the Ca(ClO)(2) method and to two other rapid methods, the flush of CO2 during 3 d following rewetting of a dry soil, and the NH4-N extractable with hot 2 M KCl. The Ca(ClO)(2) method (mmol kg(-1)) was strongly correlated with net N mineralized in 24 d (r = 0.77) and with microbial biomass C (r = 0.90). The method was also correlated with the flush of CO2 during 3 d following rewetting of dried soil (r = 0.85) and with the NH4-N extractable with hot 2 M KCl (r = 0.86). These results indicate that the Ca(ClO)(2) method may be useful to make rapid estimates of mineralizable N and microbial biomass C in soil. Additional work is needed to investigate the nature of the compounds oxidized by the method. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. UNMP, Fac Ciencias Agr, Est Exp Agropecuaria Balcarce, INTA,Unidad Integrada Balcarce, RA-7620 Balcarce, Argentina. ARS, USDA, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Cabrera, ML (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Yang, Yang/C-7464-2012 NR 22 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 14 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 66 IS 6 BP 1843 EP 1847 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 712JK UT WOS:000184794400015 ER PT J AU Martens, DA AF Martens, DA TI Relationship between plant phenolic acids released during soil mineralization and aggregate stabilization SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; LEAF LITTER; HUMIC ACID; CELL-WALLS; DECOMPOSITION; POLYSACCHARIDE; POLYMERS; LIGNIN; WATER; STABILITY AB Phenolic acids (PAs) from plant and microbial sources have been implicated as important components in a variety of soil processes, but little information is available on the decomposition rates of plant-derived PAs, synthesis of soil microbial PAs, incorporation of PAs into humic substances and stabilization of soil aggregate fractions. To obtain this information, a Webster soil (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquoll) was amended with seven plant residues (2% w/w) and incubated at 22 +/- 2degreesC. Duplicate samples were extracted after incubation for 9, 29, and 84 d and analyzed for PA composition. The plant residues contained large amounts of ferulic [3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid] and coumaric acids [3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid] (both C-6-C-3, phenylpropyl type), which decomposed according to pseudo first-order kinetics. Most of the remaining PAs showed little change in concentration after 9 d and only microbial synthesis of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was noted during the study. Analysis of six purified soil microbial polymers isolated from pure culture confirmed that the tested microbial extracellular polymers contained benzoic and benzaldehyde PAs (C-6-C-1, phenylmethyl type). Evaluation of humic acids isolated from different residue-amended soil showed the majority of humic-PAs were C-6-C-3 PAs of plant origin. Increased mean weight diameter of soil aggregates was closely related to the increase in soil PA concentration and organic C content in the amended soil during incubation. The results suggest that plant PAs are extremely important in the soil C cycle, soil aggregation and in the formation of stable C, and measurement of soil ester-linked PA composition can provide an index of plant-derived C in soil. C1 ARS, USDA, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Martens, DA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SW Watershed Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 48 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 27 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 66 IS 6 BP 1857 EP 1867 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 712JK UT WOS:000184794400017 ER PT J AU Sauer, TJ Logsdon, SD AF Sauer, TJ Logsdon, SD TI Hydraulic and physical properties of stony soils in a small watershed SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TENSION INFILTROMETER; COARSE FRAGMENTS; ROCK FRAGMENTS; CONDUCTIVITY; INFILTRATION; PATTERNS; QUALITY AB The presence of rock fragments in soil layers can have a profound impact on measured hydraulic properties. Variation of surface soil hydraulic properties influences the amount, distribution, and routing of overland flow. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of rock fragments and soil texture on infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, and related physical properties in soils of a small watershed in northwestern Arkansas. Single-ring and tension infiltrometer measurements at three pressure heads (h = -0.03, -0.06, and -0.12 m) were completed on the surface soil layer at 42 sites along three transects crossing the watershed. Upland (Nixa, loamy-skeletal, siliceous, active, mesic Glossic Fragiudults) and side slope (Clarksville, loamy-skeletal, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Paleudults) soils had significantly less rock fragments, lower infiltration rates (i), and lower hydraulic conductivities (K) at and near saturation compared with the valley bottom soil (Razort, fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs). Average infiltration rate at h = -0.03 m for all soils was only 9% of the ponded value suggesting that pores >1 mm in diameter dominated water flow under saturated conditions. At saturation, hydraulic properties tended to increase with rock fragment content while, at h = -0.12, the opposite was true. It is hypothesized that the source of rock fragments (weathering in place vs. colluvial and alluvial origin) and contact with the surrounding fine-earth fraction influence water flow by affecting hydraulic continuity near fragment surfaces. These relatively subtle morphological factors may have a disproportionate impact on water flow under near-saturation conditions in these soils. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Sauer, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Verbist, Koen/B-3029-2009 NR 42 TC 70 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 19 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 66 IS 6 BP 1947 EP 1956 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 712JK UT WOS:000184794400026 ER PT J AU Entry, JA Sojka, RE Shewmaker, GE AF Entry, JA Sojka, RE Shewmaker, GE TI Management of irrigated agriculture to increase organic carbon storage in soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LAND-USE CHANGE; MATTER CHANGES; CO2 EMISSIONS; POLYACRYLAMIDE; NITROGEN; SEQUESTRATION; CLIMATE; WATER; MICROORGANISMS; ECOSYSTEMS AB Increasing the amount of C in soils may be one method to reduce the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. We measured organic C stored in southern Idaho soils having long term cropping histories that supported native sagebrush vegetation (NSB), irrigated mold-board plowed crops (IMP), irrigated conservation-chisel-tilled crops (ICT), and irrigated pasture systems (IP). The CO2 emitted as a result of fertilizer production, farm operations, and CO2 lost via dissolved carbonate in irrigation water, over a 30-yr period, was included. Net organic C in ecosystems decreased in the order IP > ICT > NSB > IMP. In this study, if NSB were converted to IMP, 0.15 g C m(-2) would be emitted to the atmosphere, but if converted to IP 3.56 g C m(-2) could be sequestered. If IMP land were converted to ICT, 0.95 g C m(-2) could be sequestered in soil and if converted to IP 3.71 g C m(-2) could be sequestered. There are 2.6 X 10(8) ha of land worldwide presently irrigated. If irrigated agriculture were expanded 10% and the same amount of rainfed land were converted back to native grassland, an increase of 3.4 X 10(9) Mg C (5.9% of the total C emitted in the next 30 yr) could potentially be sequestered. The total projected release of CO2 is 5.7 X 10(10) Mg C worldwide during the next 30 yr. Converting rainfed agriculture back to native vegetation while modestly increasing areas in irrigated agriculture could have a significant impact on CO2 atmospheric concentrations while maintaining or increasing food production. C1 ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. Univ Idaho, Res & Extens Ctr, Twin Falls, ID 83303 USA. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 North,3600 East, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. NR 51 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 12 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 66 IS 6 BP 1957 EP 1964 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 712JK UT WOS:000184794400027 ER PT J AU Vadas, PA Sims, JT Leytem, AB Penn, CJ AF Vadas, PA Sims, JT Leytem, AB Penn, CJ TI Modifying FHANTM 2.0 to estimate phosphorus concentrations in runoff from Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS; DESORPTION; MANAGEMENT; TRANSPORT; RAINFALL AB Phosphorus lost from agricultural soils has been identified as a nonpoint source pollutant of surface waters in Delaware and throughout the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain. The Field Hydrologic and Nutrient Transport Model (FHANTM) 2.0 can help identify areas with a high potential for P loss, but the method used to estimate P concentrations in runoff waters needs reevaluation. The equation P-d = KP(o)t(alpha)W(beta) has been proposed to predict P desorption from soil to runoff. To test this equation for use in Delaware and the Mid-Atlantic Coastal Plain, we conducted rainfall simulations for 14 Delaware and Maryland soils packed into 5 by 20 by 100 cm boxes at a rainfall intensity of 7.5 cm h(-1) and a slope of 5% for 30 min. We collected all runoff and measured an average soluble P concentration in runoff for the entire simulation. We predicted P concentrations using the above equation and compared them with measured values. Predicted values were well correlated to measured values (r(2) = 0.78), but P concentrations were overpredicted by an average of 20 times. After we added a calibration factor to the equation based on the amount of sediment lost in runoff during the rainfall simulation, measured and predicted soluble P concentrations exhibited a nearly 1:1 relationship. Results suggest that eroded sediment in runoff may resorb P from the runoff solution, causing the desorption equation to overpredict soluble P concentrations in runoff. C1 USDA, ARS, ANRI, AMBL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Lab, Kemberly, ID 83341 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Vadas, PA (reprint author), USDA, ARS, ANRI, AMBL, B-163F Rm 5,BARC E,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 66 IS 6 BP 1974 EP 1980 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 712JK UT WOS:000184794400029 ER PT J AU Kleinman, PJA Sharpley, AN Wolf, AM Beegle, DB Moore, PA AF Kleinman, PJA Sharpley, AN Wolf, AM Beegle, DB Moore, PA TI Measuring water-extractable phosphorus in manure as an indicator of phosphorus in runoff SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RELEASE AB Water-extractable P (WEP) in manure is correlated with P concentration in runoff from soils amended with manure and is, thus, an effective indicator of environmental P loss. This study sought to elucidate methodological factors affecting WEP measurement in manure and to quantify errors related to two established methods of manure WEP measurement. Dairy cow (Bos taurus) manure, poultry (Gallus gallus domesticus L.) (layer) manure, and swine (Sus scrofa domestica L.) slurry were used. Varying dry matter/distilled water ratios (1 to 20:200) revealed that greater dilution of manure dry matter increased WEP (mean 1.8-5.4 g kg(-1)), likely because of the dissolution of calcium phosphates. Increasing shaking time from 1 min to 24 h, increased manure WEP concentration (average 3.7-8.2 g kg(-1)). Filtration with Whatman 1 paper filters resulted in significantly higher WEP measurements in dairy and poultry manure (4.1 g kg(-1)) than with a 0.45-mum filtration (3.7 g kg(-1)). No significant difference was observed in the swine slurry. A rainfall-runoff experiment using simulated rainfall was conducted to determine the effect of the individual factors on predicting dissolved-reactive P (DRP) concentration in runoff. Comparison of regression coefficients relating manure WEP to runoff DRP concentration revealed an optimum shaking time between 30 min and 2 h, but did not support any single manure/distilled water ratio or filtration method. Replication of two established methods of manure WEP measurement resulted in coefficients of variation of 0.01 to 0.12. Results of this study support the use of a single method with a fixed manure/distilled water ratio for liquid and dry manures. C1 ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Agr Analyt Serv Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Kleinman, PJA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 25 TC 127 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 21 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 66 IS 6 BP 2009 EP 2015 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 712JK UT WOS:000184794400034 ER PT J AU Cain, MD Barnett, JP AF Cain, MD Barnett, JP TI Effects of early release on natural versus container loblolly pines 12 years after field establishment SO SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE container pines; herbaceous competition; natural regeneration; Pinus taeda L.; woody competition ID PINUS-TAEDA AB Genetically improved, container loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings were compared to naturally established loblolly seedlings on a cutover pine site. Crop pines on 6 of 12 plots were released from woody and herbaceous competition within a 2 ft radius of each stem. On release plots, woody competition was controlled by hand-cutting for 5 consecutive yr and herbaceous competition was controlled with herbicides for 4 consecutive yr after pine establishment. Competition control increased 12 yr survival by 68 percentage points for natural pines and by 4 7 percentage points for planted pines. Twelve years after field establishment, mean-tree volume of planted pines was no different than that of naturally established pines. Nevertheless, volume gains of 150% to 200% were achieved within regeneration techniques as a result of release. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Cain, MD (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, POB 3516, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. EM mcain@fs.fed.us; jpbarnett@fs.fed.us NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0148-4419 J9 SOUTH J APPL FOR JI South. J. Appl. For. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 26 IS 4 BP 173 EP 180 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 614FA UT WOS:000179176600001 ER PT J AU Bragg, DC AF Bragg, DC TI A system to derive optimal tree diameter increment models from the Eastwide Forest Inventory Data Base (EFIDB) SO SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY LA English DT Article DE Potential Relative Increment (PRI); optimal growth modeling; FIA; Internet ID SUCCESSION; GROWTH AB This article is an introduction to the computer software used by the Potential Relative Increment (PRI) approach to optimal tree diameter growth modeling. These DOS programs extract qualified tree and plot data from the Eastwide Forest Inventory Data Base (EFIDB), calculate relative tree increment, sort for the highest relative increments by diameter class, and generate an ASCII file for post-processing in any software package capable of customized ordinary least squares regression. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, UAM, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. RP Bragg, DC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, UAM, POB 3516,Room 111,Forest Resources Bldg, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0148-4419 J9 SOUTH J APPL FOR JI South. J. Appl. For. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 26 IS 4 BP 214 EP 221 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 614FA UT WOS:000179176600006 ER PT J AU Rousselle, MA Bertoniere, NR Howley, PS Goynes, WR AF Rousselle, MA Bertoniere, NR Howley, PS Goynes, WR TI Effect of whole cellulase on the supramolecular structure of cotton cellulose SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FABRICS; HYDROLYSIS AB Cotton fabrics are treated with cellulolytic enzyme preparations to alter the appearance of their surfaces. Desired objectives can be to effect a washed appearance in denims, to impart a smooth appearance by removing surface fuzz fibers, or to remove tangled bundles of surface fibers that do not pick up dyes and thus result in white specks. Such treatments are very mild and have been commercially successful. This study elucidates the effect such treatments have on the molecular, supramolecular,. and morphological structures of Cotton cellulose. Desized, scoured, and bleached cotton fabric is treated with a commercial textile cellulase preparation for 10, 60, and 180 minutes at 50degreesC in a 0.05 M (pH 4.8) acetate buffer in stainless steel canisters in the presence of stainless steel ball bearings. Changes are reported in fabric weight, fabric strength, fiber, cell walls, moisture regain, cellulose molecular weight distribution, fiber pore size distribution, and cellulose microstructure as revealed by hydrogen bonding patterns. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Rousselle, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 34 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 72 IS 11 BP 963 EP 972 DI 10.1177/004051750207201106 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 612WA UT WOS:000179097400006 ER PT J AU Tekeoglu, M Rajesh, PN Muehlbauer, FJ AF Tekeoglu, M Rajesh, PN Muehlbauer, FJ TI Integration of sequence tagged microsatellite sites to the chickpea genetic map SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE chickpea; genetic map; STMS; ascochyta blight; fusarium wilt ID CICER-ARIETINUM L.; RECOMBINANT INBRED LINES; LINKAGE MAP; ASCOCHYTA BLIGHT; RESISTANCE; GENOME; INHERITANCE; MARKERS; ISOZYME; CONSTRUCTION AB Fifty sequence-tagged microsatellite site (STMS) markers and a resistant gene-analog (RGA) locus were integrated into a chickpea (Cicer arietinum L., 2n = 2x = 16 chromosomes) genetic map that was previously constructed using 142 F(6)-derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from a cross of C. arietinum x Cicer reticulatum Lad. The map covers 1,174.5 cM with an average distance of 7.0 cM between markers in nine linkage groups (LGs). Nine markers including the RGA showed distorted segregation (P < 0.05). The majority of the newly integrated markers were mapped to marker-dense regions of the LGs. Six co-dominant STMS markers were integrated into two previously reported major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring resistance to Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr. Using common STMS markers as anchors, three maps developed from different mapping populations were joined, and genes for resistance to Ascochyta blight, Fusarium wilt (caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.: Fr. f. sp. ciceris), and for agronomically important traits were located on the combined linkage map. The integration of co-dominant STMS markers improves the map of chickpea and makes it possible to consider additional fine mapping of the genome and also map-based cloning of important disease resistance genes. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Muehlbauer, FJ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, 303 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM muehlbau@wsu.edu NR 29 TC 76 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 105 IS 6-7 BP 847 EP 854 DI 10.1007/s00122-002-0993-2 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 623CM UT WOS:000179685700007 ER PT J AU Sangtong, V Moran, DL Chikwamba, R Wang, K Woodman-Clikeman, W Long, MJ Lee, M Scott, MP AF Sangtong, V Moran, DL Chikwamba, R Wang, K Woodman-Clikeman, W Long, MJ Lee, M Scott, MP TI Expression and inheritance of the wheat Glu-1DX5 gene in transgenic maize SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Zea mays L.; transgenic plants; HMW glutenin; gene expression ID BREAD-MAKING QUALITY; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT SUBUNITS; GLUTENIN GENE; HMW SUBUNITS; TRANSFORMATION; TOBACCO; PLANTS; INTEGRATION; BOMBARDMENT; PROTEINS AB We have produced transgenic maize plants containing a wheat Glu-1Dx5 gene encoding the high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit 1Dx5. Analysis by SDS-PAGE showed that a protein similar in size to the wheat 1Dx5 subunit accumulates in the endosperm of transgenic maize from four independent transformation events. This protein reacts with a monoclonal antibody specific to the wheat 1Dx5 subunit and was not detected in nontransgenic controls or in pollen, anthers, leaves or embryos of plants grown from seeds expressing this protein in endosperm. Genomic Southern-blot analysis is consistent with results from SDS-PAGE and indicates that the transgene integration sites are complex and are different in the four events studied. Using the presence of this protein as a phenotypic marker, we studied the inheritance of this gene through three sexual generations. Reciprocal crosses with nontransgenic plants and self-pollinations were performed, and the resulting kernels were analyzed for the presence of the 1Dx5 subunit. These data, together with PCR analysis for the transgene, suggest that the transgene is inefficiently transmitted through pollen in all four events. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Scott, MP (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Dept Agron, Agron Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Scott, M./E-3291-2010 NR 30 TC 25 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 105 IS 6-7 BP 937 EP 945 DI 10.1007/s00122-002-1036-8 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 623CM UT WOS:000179685700017 ER PT J AU Tofler, GH D'Agostino, RB Jacques, PF Bostom, AG Wilson, PWF Lipinska, I Mittleman, MA Selhub, J AF Tofler, GH D'Agostino, RB Jacques, PF Bostom, AG Wilson, PWF Lipinska, I Mittleman, MA Selhub, J TI Association between increased homocysteine levels and impaired fibrinolytic potential: Potential mechanism for cardiovascular risk SO THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS LA English DT Article DE homocysteine; cardiovascular disease; thrombosis ID TISSUE-PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; VASCULAR-DISEASE; VONWILLEBRAND-FACTOR; HEART-DISEASE; THROMBOSIS; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; DEATH AB Background: Elevated homocysteine levels increase cardiovascular risk although the mechanism is not well understood. Since thrombosis plays an important role in plaque development and acute coronary syndromes, hyperhomocysteinemia may increase risk by increasing the thrombotic potential. Methods and Results: Hemostatic risk factors were measured in 3216 individuals (1451 men and 1765 women) free of cardiovascular disease who participated in cycle 5 of the Framingham Offspring Study. An increase in homocysteine level was associated with a rise in plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) antigen, von Willebrand factor and fibrinogen level. After regression analyses adjusting for covariates, there remained significant associations between homocysteine and PAI-1 and TPA antigen. Conclusion: Increasing homocysteine levels are associated with impaired fibrinolytic potential, as indicated by increased PAI-1 and TPA antigen levels. These data suggest that folic acid and other homocysteine lowering therapies may decrease cardiac events through a reduction in thrombotic tendency. C1 Royal N Shore Hosp, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia. Boston Univ, Dept Math, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Ctr Aging, Medford, MA 02155 USA. NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Beth Israel Deaconess Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Tofler, GH (reprint author), Royal N Shore Hosp, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01-HL-48157] NR 46 TC 36 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU SCHATTAUER GMBH-VERLAG MEDIZIN NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN PI STUTTGART PA HOLDERLINSTRASSE 3, D-70174 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0340-6245 J9 THROMB HAEMOSTASIS JI Thromb. Haemost. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 88 IS 5 BP 799 EP 804 PG 6 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 615LD UT WOS:000179245900018 PM 12428097 ER PT J AU Yang, C Everitt, JH Bradford, JM AF Yang, C Everitt, JH Bradford, JM TI Optimum time lag determination for yield monitoring with remotely sensed imagery SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE bell-shaped curve; multispectral imagery; precision agriculture; remote sensing; time delay; time lag; yield monitor ID LEAF-AREA AB The time it takes for the grain to pass through the mechanisms of a harvester before reaching the point of measurement by a yield monitor greatly affects the accuracy of maps generated from yield monitor data. This time lag is generally adjusted based on limited field observations. This article presents a method for determining time lag for yield monitoring using remotely sensed imagery. This method is based on the assumption that an incorrect time lag will cause a reduction in the correlation between yield and remotely sensed imagery of the field. Therefore, a time lag that maximizes the correlation can be considered the correct or optimum time lag. To illustrate how this method works, yield monitor data and airborne multispectral imagery collected from a number of grain sorghum fields in 1998-2000 were used. The yield data were associated with their geographic coordinates with time lags ranging from 0 to 25 s at one-second intervals. The airborne images were georeferenced to the same coordinate system as the yield data and resampled to 1 m pixel resolution. Both the yield data and the images were then aggregated into grids with a cell size equivalent to the combine's effective cutting width. Regression analyses were used to calculate coefficients of determination for equations relating yield to each of three image bands and four vegetation indices (two band ratios and two normalized differences) and to a combination of the three bands for each of the 26 time lags. The plots of coefficients of determination against time lag for each of the seven spectral variables and the combination of the three bands were bell-shaped. The time lags corresponding to the maximum coefficients of determination for all the curves of the spectral variables were essentially the same for a given field in a given year Moreover, optimum time lags determined from images collected from a given field at different dates during a growing season were almost the same. For yield monitor data collected with sampling intervals larger than 1 s, a bell-shaped model and a quadratic model were fitted to the curves to accurately estimate optimum time lags. These results show that optimum time lags can be determined from either individual image bands, all the bands combined, or vegetation indices derived from airborne imagery taken during the growing season. C1 USDA ARS, Kita de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Yang, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Kita de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1737 EP 1745 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600004 ER PT J AU Kirsch, K Kirsch, A Arnold, JG AF Kirsch, K Kirsch, A Arnold, JG TI Predicting sediment and phosphorus loads in the Rock River basin using SWAT SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE SWAT; water quality; hydrologic modeling; sediment; phosphorus ID FLOW AB The Rock River is considered degraded from excessive amounts of phosphorus. Individual programs are ongoing to reduce phosphorus from point and nonpoint sources. However, a comprehensive phosphorus management approach may prove more cost effective and beneficial. To be successful, such an approach must take into consideration phosphorus from all sources and seek geographically targeted, cost-effective, and holistic solutions. This study utilized the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model to quantify phosphorus sources throughout the basin and quantify impacts from the application of basin-wide BMPs. Results of this study indicate that, under existing land use and management conditions, an average annual phosphorus load of approximately 764,000 kg enters the Rock River and it tributaries. Point sources account for 41% of this value, and nonpoint sources account for 59%. Model results show that, under existing conditions, approximately 160,000 tons of sediment is delivered to the streams and surface water bodies on an average annual basis. Modeling results indicate that implementation of improved tillage practices (predominantly conservation tillage) can reduce sediment yields by almost 20%. C1 USDA ARS, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Strand Associates Inc, Madison, WI USA. Wisconsin Dept Nat Resources, Bur Watershed Managment, Madison, WI USA. RP Arnold, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 16 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1757 EP 1769 PG 13 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600006 ER PT J AU Bakhsh, A Kanwar, RS Bailey, TB Cambardella, CA Karlen, DL Colvin, TS AF Bakhsh, A Kanwar, RS Bailey, TB Cambardella, CA Karlen, DL Colvin, TS TI Cropping system effects on NO3-N loss with subsurface drainage water SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE tillage; nitrogen management; nitrate leaching; water quality ID LONG-TERM TILLAGE; NO-TILLAGE; NITRATE-NITROGEN; TILE DRAINAGE; SOIL NITRATE; CORN YIELDS; ROOT-ZONE; QUALITY; FERTILIZER; FLOW AB An appropriate combination of tillage and nitrogen management practices will be necessary to develop sustainable farming practices. A six-year (1993-1998) field study was conducted on subsurface-drained Clyde-Kenyon-Floyd soils to quantify the impact of two tillage systems (chisel plow vs. no tillage) and two N fertilizer management practices (preplant single application vs. late-spring soil test based application) on nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) leaching loss with subsurface drain discharge from corn (Zea mays L.) soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation plots. Preplant injected urea ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) fertilizer was applied at the rate of 110 kg ha(-1) to chisel plow and no-till corn plots, while the late-spring N application rate averaged 179 and 156 kg ha(-1) for the no-till and chisel plow corn plots, respectively. Data on subsurface drainage flow volume, NO3-N concentrations in subsurface drainage water, NO3-N loss with subsurface drainage flow, and crop yield were collected and analyzed using a randomized complete block design. Differences in subsurface drainage flow volume due to annual variations in rainfall significantly (P = 0.05) affected the NO3-N loss with subsurface drainage flows. High correlation (R-2 = 0. 89) between annual subsurface drainage flow volume and the annual NO3-N leaching loss with subsurface drainage water was observed. The flow-weighted average annual NO3-N concentrations varied from a low of 6.8 mg L-1 in 1994 to a high of 13.9 mg L-1 in 1996. Results of this study indicated that NO3-N losses from the chisel plow plots were 16% (16 vs. 19 kg-N ha(-1)) lower in comparison with no-till plots, while corn grain yield was 11% higher in the chisel plow plots (8.3 vs. 7.5 Mg ha(-1)). Late-spring N application applied as a sidedress resulted in 25% lower NO3-N leaching losses with subsurface drainage water in comparison with preplant single N application and also significantly (P = 0.5) higher corn grain yield by 13% (8.4 vs. 7.4 Mg ha(-1)). These results clearly demonstrate that chisel plow tillage with late-spring soil test based N application for corn after soybean can be a sustainable farming practice for the northeast part of Iowa. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Stat, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Bakhsh, A (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, 125B Davidson Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 44 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1789 EP 1797 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600009 ER PT J AU Hunsaker, DJ Pinter, PJ Cai, H AF Hunsaker, DJ Pinter, PJ Cai, H TI Alfalfa basal crop coefficients for FAO-56 procedures in the desert regions of the southwestern US SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE irrigation management; lysimeters; alfalfa; evapotranspiration; crop coefficient ID EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; TEMPERATURE AB The FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 (FAO-56) is expected to provide a universally consistent methodology for obtaining reliable estimates of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) from standard weather data and crop coefficient (K-c) information. Yet, for many areas, including the southwestern desert region of the U.S., evaluation of the FAO-56 crop coefficient methods for local conditions has been limited. In this study, measurements of daily alfalfa ETc were used to evaluate the dual crop coefficient approach of FAO-56, which separates the single K-c into two coefficients, a basal coefficient, K-cb (primarily transpiration), and a wet soil evaporation coefficient, K-e. A second objective was to calibrate alfalfa K-cb baselines for constructing localized, climate-adjusted FAO-56 K-cb curves for growth cycles under the seasonal climatic variations encountered in the semiarid, southwestern U.S. Daily ETc was measured for alfalfa in three weighing lysimeters subjected to varying irrigation regimes for eight cutting cycles in 1985 at a field site in Phoenix, Arizona. Daily K, data were determined from the measured ETc and calculations of the FAO-56 grass-reference evapotranspiration (ETo) using meteorological data obtained at the site. Daily K-c values were partitioned into the dual crop coefficients (K-cb and K-e) using back-calculations of the FAO-56 dual procedures. Examples are given to illustrate how the magnitudes Of K-cb, K-e and Kc varied with respect to crop development and wet and dry surface soil conditions. The effects of water stress on ETc were considered in the back-calculations using the FAO-56 water stress reduction coefficient (K-s). Linear-style FAO-56 K-cb curves were then constructed separately for each lysimeter for each of the eight cutting cycles based on the back-calculated K-cb data. Daily ETc based on the constructed curves and FAO-56 calculation procedures were highly correlated to the daily measured lysimeter ETc (r(2) = 0.98), and the mean daily difference between calculated and measured ETc (0.03 mm) was not significant (p > 0.7). Comparison of measured ETc for water-stressed and well-watered alfalfa indicated that calculated K-s described ETc reductions due, to soil water stress adequately when atmospheric evaporative demand was considered in the K-cb. Baseline K-cb values for constructing local climate-adjusted FAO-56 alfalfa K 0.30, 1.22, and 1.05 for the initial, mid-season, and end of late season, respectively. C1 US Water Conservat Lab, USDA ARS, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NW Agr Univ, Yangling, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. RP US Water Conservat Lab, USDA ARS, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. EM dhunsaker@uswcl.ars.ag.gov NR 23 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1799 EP 1815 PG 17 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600010 ER PT J AU Xie, Y Liu, B Nearing, MA AF Xie, Y Liu, B Nearing, MA TI Practical thresholds for separating erosive and non-erosive storms SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil erosion; soil loss; rainfall erosivity; sediment; USLE; RUSLE ID MODEL AB Determination of a practical threshold for separating erosive and non-erosive rainfall events can reduce the amount of work necessary to read rainfall charts and to calculate rainfall erosivity. The objective of this study was to develop a method of determining practical thresholds for erosive rainfall events and to evaluate its effectiveness for calculation of erosivity. Rainfall and runoff data measured for three plots and a small watershed from 1961 to 1969 at the Zizhou experimental station of the Yellow River Basin in China were used. Three thresholds for separating erosive events were given by using different types of rainfall data: (1) 12 mm for storm rainfall amount, (2) 2.4 mm h(-1) for average rainfall intensity, and (3) 13.3 mm h(-1) for the maximum 30-minute rainfall intensity. All methods had less than 0.1% overall error in the prediction of the erosivity value. Peak intensity provided the greatest accuracy for separating erosive rains, followed by rainfall intensity and then rainfail amount. A total of 79% 77%, and 88% of the total number of events were omitted from the calculations using rainfall amount, average rainfall intensity, and 30-minute peak intensity, respectively. Any of the above three thresholds may be used according to data availability and desired accuracy of the erosivity estimation. C1 Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Beijing Normal Univ, Minist Educ, Dept Resources & Environm Sci, Key Lab Environm Change & Nat Disaster, Beijing 100875, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN USA. RP Nearing, MA (reprint author), Purdue Univ, 1196 Soil Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1843 EP 1847 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600014 ER PT J AU Warnemuende, EA Kanwar, RS AF Warnemuende, EA Kanwar, RS TI Effects of swine manure application on bacterial quality of leachate from intact soil columns SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE land application; swine manure; bacterial leaching; soil column; fecal contamination; E. coli; fecal coliform; enterococci ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; POROUS-MEDIA; TRANSPORT; MOVEMENT; SURVIVAL; WATER; FIELD AB Excessive application of swine manure on agricultural lands is likely to increase water pollution. Potential impacts of swine manure management on, bacterial contamination in subsurface drainage are often difficult to assess in the field. In this study, leachate from intact 20-cm (8-in.) diameter, 30-cm (12-in.) long soil columns receiving simulated fall and spring manure applications at 168 kg N/ha (150 lb N/ac) and 336 kg N/ha (300 lb Nlac) was analyzed for bacterial densities. The fall soil columns were frozen for 7 weeks between manure application and irrigation. Soil columns were collected in sterile galvanized tubing using a Giddings probe and 20-cm bit adapter Fecal coliform, E. coli, and enterococci densities in leachate from the columns were determined for four weekly irrigation events following manure application. While a positive trend between the manure application rate and bacterial densities in the leachate water was observed, this effect was not generally statistically significant at the 10% level. However, an interaction between the application rate and timing was observed, suggesting that an increase in application rate is more likely to cause greater bacterial contamination in subsurface drainage for spring application than for fall application. Bacterial densities in leachate were most often significantly higher where manure had been applied in the spring at 336 kg N/ha, versus the other manure treatments. Additionally, less bacterial leaching was observed in fall manure-applied columns as compared to the spring manure-applied columns. Bacterial densities in leachate from fall manure-applied soil columns were significantly lower in comparison with bacterial densities in leachate from the spring manure-applied soil columns at the 10% level during the second, third, and fourth irrigation events. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN USA. Iowa State Univ, Agr & Biosyst Engn Dept, Ames, IA USA. RP Warnemuende, EA (reprint author), 275 S Russell St, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1849 EP 1857 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600015 ER PT J AU Peterson, JR Flanagan, DC Tishmack, JK AF Peterson, JR Flanagan, DC Tishmack, JK TI PAM application method and electrolyte source effects on plot-scale runoff and erosion SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE polyacrylamide; PAM; soil amendments; soil erosion; runoff ID SILT LOAM SOIL; WATER CHEMISTRY; INFILTRATION; AMENDMENTS; SLOPE; CONDITIONERS; POLYMERS; MULCH AB Previous research has indicated that polyacrylamide (PAM) soil amendments can be effective in reducing runoff and soil erosion by reducing soil sealing and stabilizing soil structure. Furthermore, the application of a multivalent electrolyte (Ca++) in addition to PAM has been shown to further reduce runoff volume and sediment yield on some soils. A field study was conducted using simulated rainfall to test the effectiveness of the method of PAM application (dry or in solution) and the effectiveness of two sources of Ca++ electrolytes. Treatments using an application of a liquid PAM solution that was allowed to dry on the soil surface were the most effective in reducing total runoff (62% to 76% reduction compared to control) and total sediment yield (93% to 98% reduction compared to control). Spraying of PAM in solution was significantly more effective in controlling runoff and erosion than was the dry granular application for the rainfall events simulated in this study. The slope of regressing sediment yield rate on runoff rate was used as a measure of erodibility. Sprayed PAM treatments dramatically reduced erodibility compared to the control. Dry PAM application also reduced soil erodibility compared to the control, but not as dramatically as the sprayed PAM. For intense rainstorms on initially dry soil, we recommend using a sprayed application of PAM for the best erosion control. More research is needed to determine whether this holds true for less intense storms under different field conditions. C1 Purdue Univ, NSERL, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Peterson, JR (reprint author), Purdue Univ, NSERL, USDA ARS, 1196 Soil Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 32 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1859 EP 1867 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600016 ER PT J AU Sadler, EJ Camp, CR Evans, DE Millen, JA AF Sadler, EJ Camp, CR Evans, DE Millen, JA TI Spatial variation of corn response to irrigation SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE site-specific agriculture; deficit irrigation; irrigation; irrigation production function; corn; Zea mays; center-pivot irrigation ID SITE-SPECIFIC ANALYSIS; WATER-USE; CROP; VARIABILITY; YIELD AB Lack of basic knowledge about spatially varying crop response to irrigation hinders optimal irrigation management and economic analysis for site-specific agriculture. The objectives of this research were to measure the mean response of corn to irrigation amounts on 12 soil map units and compare variation in the response within and among soil map units. This experiment was implemented from 1999 through 2001 with a center-pivot irrigation machine that had been modified to enable site-specific irrigation on small plots within a representative, highly variable Coastal Plain field. Four irrigation treatments (0%, 50%, 100%, and 150% of a base rate designed to hold soil water constant) and two N treatments (135 and 225 kg/ha, the recommended rainfed and irrigated rates) were imposed in 2 X 4 factorial randomized complete blocks on eight soil map units, plus randomized incomplete blocks on four additional map units. The water treatments had consistently significant main effects in the analysis of variance (ANOVA) in both linear and quadratic forms at the 1% level, and the variation within soil map units was significant at the 5% level in the latter two years and at the 1% level in 1999. Variation in yield among soil map units at any point on the response curves approximated 25% of the maximum yield in all three years. Variation in mean irrigation amounts to produce maximum yield in the eight most common map units was 61%, 61%, and 120% of the base rate amount in the three years. These data, the first such known for any soil, crop, or location in the world, have significant implications for the design, management, and economic profitability of irrigation on spatially varying soils. While the obvious design and management change would be from whole-field to site-specific approaches, even under whole-field situations, designers should consider more strongly the management zone size, range of application rates, and need for documentation. C1 USDA ARS, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP USDA ARS, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. EM sadler@florence.ars.usda.gov NR 55 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1869 EP 1881 PG 13 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600017 ER PT J AU Renschler, CS Flanagan, DC Engel, BA Kramer, LA Sudduth, KA AF Renschler, CS Flanagan, DC Engel, BA Kramer, LA Sudduth, KA TI Site-specific decision-making based on RTK GPS survey and six alternative elevation data sources: Watershed topography and delineation SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE topography; watershed; decision making; global positioning systems; accuracy; precision agriculture ID MAPS; DEM AB Soil erosion modeling and assessment requires substantial and accurate topographic data to obtain meaningful results for decision-making regarding soil and water conservation practices. Today's precision farming equipment includes Global Positioning System (GPS) technology to determine the location of spatially distributed data. Besides the main purpose of tagging site-specific information to a unique location (x and y), the elevation data (z) recorded has the potential to be used for topographic analysis, including delineation of flowpaths, channels, and watershed boundaries. In addition to GPS-based data collection at various accuracy levels, surveying companies and the U.S. Geological Survey also provide alternative sources of topographic information. Spatial statistical tests were performed to determine if some of these data sources-in particular the ones free of charge or gathered with inexpensive equipment-are sufficiently accurate to represent field or watershed topography and meaningfully apply detailed, process-based soil erosion assessment tools. The most expensive alternatives were most useful for determining elevation and slopes in the flow direction, while there was not much difference between alternatives in obtaining upslope drainage areas and delineation of the channel network and watershed boundary. This is the first of two articles analyzing the impact of the accuracy of six alternative topographic data sources on watershed topography and delineation in comparison to GPS measurements using a survey-grade cm-accuracy GPS. C1 SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geog, Buffalo, NY 14261 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agr & Biol Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Deep Loess Res Stn, Council Bluffs, IA USA. USDA ARS, Cropping Syst & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO USA. RP Renschler, CS (reprint author), SUNY Buffalo, Dept Geog, 116 Wilkeson Quad, Buffalo, NY 14261 USA. RI Namikawa, Laercio/C-5559-2013; OI Namikawa, Laercio/0000-0001-7847-1804; Renschler, Chris S./0000-0002-7462-6386 NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1883 EP 1895 PG 13 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600018 ER PT J AU Gilley, JE Eghball, B AF Gilley, JE Eghball, B TI Residual effects of compost and fertilizer applications on nutrients in runoff SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE eutrophication; manure management; nitrogen movement; nutrient losses; runoff; phosphorus; water quality ID SIMULATED RAINFALL; PHOSPHORUS; MANURE; SOIL; NITROGEN; CORN; ADSORPTION AB The application of compost or fertilizer at rates that exceed crop nutrient requirements can result in phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) accumulation in soil. This study was conducted to determine the influence of soil P and N contents on the concentrations and total amounts of P and N transported in runoff. Composted beef cattle feedlot manure or inorganic fertilizer were added from 1992 to 1995 to a Sharpsburg silty clay loam soil at rates sufficient to meet P or N requirements for corn and incorporated following application. After four years of corn production following the last compost application, P concentration, EC, and pH of the surface soils on the N-based compost treatments were significantly greater than the check plots. Simulated rainfall was applied to the experimental site in 2000. Concentrations and total amounts of P and N in runoff were similar on the compost and inorganic fertilizer plots. The application of corn residue at a rate of 6 Mg ha(-1) did not significantly affect the nutrient concentration of runoff or total nutrient transport when compared to a no-residue condition for a study site with a slope varying from 0.15% to 2.70%. On an adjoining field, compost or inorganic fertilizer were applied at rates in excess of crop P and N requirements to increase soil test P levels. For Bray and Kurtz No. I soil test P levels ranging from 42 to 267 mg kg(-1) and water-soluble soil test P values varying from 5 to 61 mg kg(-1), the dissolved P (DP) concentration of runoff did not correlate well with soil test R Thus, factors other than soil test P appear to influence P loss in runoff for the bare soil used in this investigation. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Gilley, JE (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, LW Chase Hall,Room 251, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 24 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1905 EP 1910 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600020 ER PT J AU Daniel, JA Potter, K Altom, W Aljoe, H Stevens, R AF Daniel, JA Potter, K Altom, W Aljoe, H Stevens, R TI Long-term grazing density impacts on soil compaction SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE stocker grazing; compaction; bulk density; resistance to penetration; infiltration ID FOOTHILLS FESCUE GRASSLANDS; SEDIMENT PRODUCTION; INFILTRATION RATES; NEW-MEXICO; LIVESTOCK; ALBERTA; RUNOFF; TEXAS; YIELD; SITE AB Livestock activity can modify soil properties by degrading soil structure, increasing soil bulk density, and reducing infiltration rate. Impacts of grazing on soil compaction were studied on rangeland in the tall-grass prairie region of Oklahoma. Rotational grazing treatments included low (12.5 cows/ha), medium (25 cows/ha), and high (50 cows/ha) stocking densities with ungrazed pastures used as control sites. Soil compaction was assessed 10 years after grazing treatments were installed using penetration resistance, bulk density, and rate of water infiltration. Long-term livestock grazing increased resistance to penetration and bulk density values, but only in the upper 10 cm. The surface infiltration rate decreased from 28.5 cm/day for the ungrazed treatment to 7 cm/day under light grazing, 5 cm/day under moderate stocking, and 5 cm/day for the heavily grazed treatment. Long-term grazing impacts were restricted to the soil surface, thus increasing the potential soil loss due to erosion. The reduced rainfall infiltration caused by compaction suggests that less water is available for plant use. C1 USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Samuel Roberts Noble Fdn Inc, Ardmore, OK 73402 USA. RP Daniel, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, 7207 W Cheyenne, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 20 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 25 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1911 EP 1915 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600021 ER PT J AU Nelson, SO Lu, CY Beuchat, LR Harrison, MA AF Nelson, SO Lu, CY Beuchat, LR Harrison, MA TI Radio-frequency heating of alfalfa seed for reducing human pathogens SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT ASAE International Meeting CY JUL 28-31, 2002 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP ASAE DE alfalfa seed; sprouts; dielectric heating; pathogenic bacteria ID CHEMICAL TREATMENTS; SALMONELLA; EFFICACY AB The problem of bacterial contamination of vegetable seed sprouts produced for human consumption is reviewed briefly. The potential for controlling human bacterial pathogens on alfalfa seed used in the production of sprouts by dielectric heating was studied by experimental exposure of alfalfa seed artificially contaminated with Salmonella, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes to radio-frequency (RF) dielectric heating treatments at 39 MHz and different electric field intensities for varying times of exposure. Moisture content of alfalfa seed and final temperatures produced by the RF exposures were determined, and control and treated seed samples were analyzed in the laboratory for reduction of bacterial populations and effects on seed germination. Significant reductions in populations of all three pathogens were achieved without reductions in seed germination. However, exposures that provided substantial reductions in pathogen levels were not achieved without significant damage to seed germination. Treatments providing moderate reductions in bacterial pathogen populations also increased alfalfa seed germination through reductions in hard seed percentages, so the combined benefits need to be considered in evaluating dielectric heating treatments for practical use. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Ctr Food Safety, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Ctr Food Safety, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Nelson, SO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1937 EP 1942 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600025 ER PT J AU Wang, D Ram, MS Dowell, FE AF Wang, D Ram, MS Dowell, FE TI Classification of damaged soybean seeds using near-infrared spectroscopy SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE damage; near-infrared spectroscopy; neural networks; soybean seeds ID NEURAL NETWORKS; QUALITY AB Damage is an important quality factor for grading, marketing, and end use of soybean. Seed damage can be caused by weather, fungi, insects, artificial drying, and by mechanical damage during harvest, transportation, storage, and handling. The current visual method for identifying damaged soybean seeds is based on discoloration and is subjective. The objective of this research was to classify sound and damaged soybean seeds and discriminate among various types of damage using NIR spectroscopy. A diode-array NIR spectrometer, which measured reflectance spectra (log[1/R]) from 400 to 1,700 nm, was used to collect single-seed spectra. Partial least square (PLS) models and neural network models were developed to classify sound and damaged seeds. For PLS models, the NIR wavelength region of 490 to 1,690 nm provided the highest classification accuracy for both cross-validation of the calibration sample set and prediction of the validation sample set. Classification accuracy of sound and damaged soybean seeds was higher than 99% when using a two-class model. The classification accuracies of sound seeds and those damaged by weather, frost, sprout, heat, and mold were 90%, 61 %, 72%, 54%, 84%, and 86%, respectively, when using a six-class model. Neural network models yielded higher classification accuracy than PLS models. The classification accuracies of the validation sample set were 100%, 98%, 97%, 64%, 97%, and 83% for sound seeds and those damaged, by weather, frost, sprout, heat, and mold, respectively, for the neural network model. The optimum parameters of the neural network model were learning rate of 0.7 and momentum of 0.6. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Wang, D (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 15 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1943 EP 1948 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600026 ER PT J AU Vanotti, MB Rashash, DMC Hunt, PG AF Vanotti, MB Rashash, DMC Hunt, PG TI Solid-liquid separation of flushed swine manure with PAM: Effect of wastewater strength SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE animal waste; polymers; swine wastewater; solid-liquid separation; liquid-solids separation; phosphorus; manure treatment ID POLYACRYLAMIDES AB Organic polymers are useful to increase separation of suspended solids and reduced carbon compounds from liquid swine manure. Along with the solids, there is a capture of the nutrients associated with small particles typical of these wastes. The combined effect increases the amount of materials available for value-added products, reduces the size of process units necessary to treat the liquid, and provides needed alternatives to land application. In this work we evaluated the effect of solids strength typical of flushing systems on optimum polymer dose requirement and chemical use efficiency. Seven flush samples of varied strength were obtained two weeks apart during a three-month period in a feeder-to-finish operation (22.7 to 100 kg weight) in Bladen County, North Carolina. Treatments consisted of eight rates (0 to 140 mg L-1) of polyacrylamide (PAM) followed by screening. Manure samples were characterized for solids, nutrients, and oxygen-demanding compounds amenable for separation. Their concentration varied greatly: 0.4% to 2.5% total solids (TS), 0.1% to 1.6% total suspended solids (TSS), 5.9 to 31.3 g L-1 chemical oxygen demand (COD), 0.7 to 10.6 g L-1 biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), 749 to 2442 mg total Kjeldahl (TKV) L-1 and 96 to 585 mg total phosphorus (TP) L-1. About 87% of P and 45% of N were organic forms, and 80% of TSS were volatile (VSS). Separation by screening alone was not effective; efficiencies were <20% TSS and VSS, <10% COD and BOD5, and <15% N and R Mixing with PAM before screening substantially increased separation; efficiencies using 140 mg L-1 rate were 95% TSS and VSS, 69% COD, 59% BOD5, and 67% carbonaceous BOD5. Inorganic P and N were not reduced by treatment. However, PAM significantly enhanced removal of both organic P and N (92% and 85%, respectively). For every 100 g of TSS removed, there was a 1.32-g reduction of COD, 3.32-g reduction of organic P, and 7.26-g reduction of organic N. The N.-P nutrient ratio was improved from 4.79 to 12.11, resulting in a more balanced effluent for crops. It was more economical to treat flushed manure with the higher strength. Changes in optimum PAM rate were small (70 to 110 mg L-1) and, consequently, polymer usage rate based on solids produced decreased significantly (from 5.34 to 0.75 g PAM/100 g dry solids separated) with increased wastewater strength. Therefore, reduction of total water volume to clean the houses can result in significant savings (about 700%) in total polymer cost. Chemical cost to capture 95% of the suspended solids was estimated to be $1.37 to $1.27 per finished pig for liquid waste containing 2% to 2.5% TS, respectively. Our results indicate that PAM technology can be enhanced for better liquid manure handling systems and associated management of nutrients. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. N Carolina Cooperat Extens Serv, Area Specialized Agent Environm Educ, Jacksonville, NC USA. RP Vanotti, MB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 29 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1959 EP 1969 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600028 ER PT J AU Park, B Lawrence, KC Windham, WR Buhr, RJ AF Park, B Lawrence, KC Windham, WR Buhr, RJ TI Hyperspectral imaging for detecting fecal and ingesta contaminants on poultry carcasses SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE poultry; chicken; feces; ingesta; pathogen; hyperspectral; multispectral; imaging spectrometry; visible/NIR spectroscopy; machine vision AB A hyperspectral imaging system including a camera with prism-grating-prism spectrograph, fiber optic line lighting, motorized lens control, and hyperspectral image-processing software was developed for poultry safety inspection, particularly identification of fecal and ingesta contamination on poultry carcasses. Both spectral and spatial image data between 400 and 900 nm with 512 spectral bands were acquired from fecal and ingesta contaminated poultry carcasses. Four dominant wavelengths (434, 517, 565, and 628 nm) were selected by principal component analysis from visible/near-infrared spectroscopy for wavelength selection of hyperspectral images. A calibration model for the hyperspectral imaging system was developed from calibration lighting sources (HgAr, Kr, and lasers) for accurate band selection from the hyperspectral images to identify spatial and spectral characterization of fecal and ingesta contaminants. Hyperspectral image processing algorithms, specifically band ratio of dual-wavelength (5651517) images and histogram stretching, were effective in the identification of fecal and ingesta contamination of poultry carcasses. Test results indicated that the detection accuracy was 97.3% for linear and 100% for non-linear histogram stretching. This article presents the research results that hyperspectral imaging can be used effectively for detecting feces (from the duodenum, ceca, and colon) and ingesta on poultry carcasses and demonstrates the potential application for on-line safety inspection of poultry. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Park, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 13 TC 100 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 2017 EP 2026 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600034 ER PT J AU Kim, MS Lefcourt, AM Chao, K Chen, YR Kim, I Chan, DE AF Kim, MS Lefcourt, AM Chao, K Chen, YR Kim, I Chan, DE TI Multispectral detection of fecal contamination on apples based on hyperspectral imagery. Part I. Application of visible and near-infrared reflectance imaging SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE hyperspectral imaging; multispectral imaging; reflectance; fecal contamination ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; INFECTION; SURFACES AB Fecal contamination of apples is an important food safety issue. To develop automated methods to detect such contamination, a recently developed hyperspectral imaging system with a range of 450 to 851 nm was used to examine reflectance images of experimentally contaminated apples. Fresh feces from dairy cows were applied simultaneously as a thick patch and as a thin transparent (not readily visible to the human eye), smear to four cultivars of apples (Red Delicious, Gala, Fuji, and Golden Delicious). To address differences in coloration due to environmental growth conditions, apples were selected to represent the range of green to red colorations. Hyperspectral images of the apples and fecal contamination sites were evaluated using principal component analysis with the goal of identifying two to four wavelengths that could potentially be used in an on-line multispectral imaging system. Results indicate that contamination could be identified using either three wavelengths in the green, red, and NIR regions, or using two wavelengths at the extremes of the NIR region under investigation. The three wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared regions offer the advantage that the acquired images could also be used commercially for color sorting. However, detection using the two NIR wavelengths was found to be less sensitive to variations in apple coloration. For both sets of wavelengths, thick contamination could easily be detected using a simple threshold unique to each cultivar In contrast, results suggest that more computationally complex analyses, such as combining threshold detection with morphological filtering, would be necessary to detect thin contamination spots using reflectance imaging techniques. C1 USDA ARS, ISL, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Myongji Univ, Dept Informat Engn, Yongin, Kyonggido, South Korea. RP Kim, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, ISL, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 303,BARC E,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 112 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 2027 EP 2037 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600035 ER PT J AU Kim, MS Lefcourt, AM Chen, YR Kim, I Chan, DE Chao, K AF Kim, MS Lefcourt, AM Chen, YR Kim, I Chan, DE Chao, K TI Multispectral detection of fecal contamination on apples based on hyperspectral imagery: Part II. Application of hyperspectral fluorescence imaging SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE hyperspectral imaging; fluorescence; multispectral imaging; apples; fecal contamination ID SYSTEM; LEAVES; SPECTRA; PLANTS AB Pathogenic E. coli contamination in unpasteurized apple juice or cider is thought to originate from animal feces, and fecal contamination of apples has been recognized by the FDA as an important health issue. In a companion article, reflectance imaging techniques were shown inadequate for the detection of thin smears of feces applied to apples. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of fluorescence imaging techniques to detect fecal contamination on apple surfaces. A hyperspectral imaging system based on a spectrograph, camera, and UV light source was used to obtain hyperspectral images of Red Delicious, Fuji Golden Delicious, and Gala apples. Fresh dairy feces were applied to each apple as both a thick patch and as a thin smear Results indicate that multispectral fluorescence techniques can be used to effectively detect fecal contamination on apple surfaces. Both principal component analysis and examination of emission maxima identified the same four multispectral bands (450, 530, 685, and 735 nm) as being the optimal bands to allow discrimination of contaminated apple surfaces. Furthermore, the simple two-band ratio (e.g., 685 to 450 nm) reduced the variation in normal apple surfaces while accentuating differences between contaminated and uncontaminated areas. Because of the limited sample size, delineation of an optimal detection scheme is beyond the scope of the current study. However, the results suggest that use of multispectral fluorescence techniques for detection of fecal contamination on apples in a commercial setting may be feasible. C1 USDA ARS, ISL, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Myongji Univ, Dept Informat Engn, Yongin, Kyonggido, South Korea. RP Kim, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, ISL, Henry A Wallace Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 303,BARC E,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 64 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 45 IS 6 BP 2039 EP 2047 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 648AE UT WOS:000181125600036 ER PT J AU Ryan, MG AF Ryan, MG TI Canopy processes research SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Linking the Complexity of Forest Canopies to Ecosystem and Landscape Function CY JUL 11-19, 2001 CL OREGON STATE UNIV, CORVALLIS, OREGON SP Int Union Forest Res Org, Canopy Processes Working Grp, USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, NASA HO OREGON STATE UNIV DE carbon allocation; control of canopy structure and function; genetic; global change; modeling; photosynthesis; physiological changes with tree age; respiration; scaling ecophysiological processes ID AGE-RELATED-CHANGES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; BOREAL FOREST; ECOSYSTEM RESPIRATION; PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATES; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY; DECIDUOUS FORESTS; PLANT RESPIRATION; GAS-EXCHANGE AB The forest canopy regulates the exchange of carbon, water and energy between the ecosystem and the atmosphere, and provides a habitat for a wide variety of species. Understanding canopy processes is important for modeling forest production and carbon sequestration, and for predicting the effects of global changes in climate and atmospheric chemistry on the functioning of forest ecosystems. The Canopy Processes Working Group of the International Union of Forest Research Organizations has provided a forum for researchers working on forest canopies for nearly 20 years, principally through international meetings held every 2-3 years. In this paper, I review the history of the Canopy Processes Group, show how the research focus has changed and broadened, and provide a brief overview of some of the problems that remain to be solved. These include the topic of our 2001 meeting (Linking the Complexity of Forest Canopies to Ecosystem and Landscape Function), integration of canopy and respiratory processes, carbon allocation, physiological changes with tree age, predicting the response of forests to global change, understanding the genetic control of canopy structure and function, and scaling ecophysiological processes and modeling. Determining how forests will respond to global change and understanding the physiology of forest production will require increased attention to canopy processes and an increased focus on the interactions of canopy processes with other components of the ecosystem. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Ryan, MG (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect St, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008 OI Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738 NR 107 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 15-16 BP 1035 EP 1043 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 615HE UT WOS:000179239100002 PM 12414365 ER PT J AU Maier, CA Johnsen, KH Butnor, J Kress, LW Anderson, PH AF Maier, CA Johnsen, KH Butnor, J Kress, LW Anderson, PH TI Branch growth and gas exchange in 13-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) trees in response to elevated carbon dioxide concentration and fertilization SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Linking the Complexity of Forest Canopies to Ecosystem and Landscape Function CY JUL 11-19, 2001 CL OREGON STATE UNIV, CORVALLIS, OREGON SP Int Union Forest Res Org, Canopy Processes Working Grp, USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, NASA HO OREGON STATE UNIV DE foliar nitrogen concentration; leaf area; net photosynthesis; respiration ID LEAF CO2 EXCHANGE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY; NITROGEN AVAILABILITY; FOREST ECOSYSTEM; CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS; NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TEMPERATE FOREST; USE EFFICIENCY; WATER-STRESS AB We used whole-tree, open-top chambers to expose 13-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees, growing in soil with high or low nutrient availability, to either ambient or elevated (ambient + 200 mumol mol(-1)) carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2]) for 28 months. Branch growth and morphology, foliar chemistry and gas exchange characteristics were measured periodically in the upper, middle and lower crown during the 2 years of exposure. Fertilization and elevated [CO2] increased branch leaf area by 38 and 13%, respectively, and the combined effects were additive. Fertilization and elevated [CO2] differentially altered needle lengths, number of fascicles and flush length such that flush density (leaf area/flush length) increased with improved nutrition but decreased in response to elevated [CO2]. These results suggest that changes in nitrogen availability and atmospheric [CO2] may alter canopy structure, resulting in greater foliage retention and deeper crowns in loblolly pine forests. Fertilization increased foliar nitrogen concentration (N-M), but had no consistent effect on foliar leaf mass (W-A) or light-saturated net photosynthesis (As,,). However, the correlation between A(sat) and leaf nitrogen per unit area (N-A = WANM) ranged from strong to weak depending on the time of year, possibly reflecting seasonal shifts in the form and pools of leaf nitrogen. Elevated [CO2] had no effect on W-A, N-M or N-A, but increased A,,, on average by 82%. Elevated [CO2] also increased photosynthetic quantum efficiency and lowered the light compensation point, but had no effect on the photosynthetic response to intercellular [CO2], hence there was no acclimation to elevated [CO2]. Daily photosynthetic photon flux density at the upper, middle and lower canopy position was 60, 54 and 33%, respectively, of full sun incident to the top of the canopy. Despite the relatively high light penetration, WA, NA, A(sat) and R-d decreased with crown depth. Although growth enhancement in response to elevated [CO2] was dependent on fertilization, [CO2] by fertilization interactions and treatment by canopy position interactions generally had little effect on the physiological parameters measured. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Maier, CA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 3041 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Butnor, John/P-9738-2016 NR 71 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 8 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 15-16 BP 1093 EP 1106 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 615HE UT WOS:000179239100006 PM 12414369 ER PT J AU Brooks, JR Meinzer, FC Coulombe, R Gregg, J AF Brooks, JR Meinzer, FC Coulombe, R Gregg, J TI Hydraulic redistribution of soil water during summer drought in two contrasting Pacific Northwest coniferous forests SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Linking the Complexity of Forest Canopies to Ecosystem and Landscape Function CY JUL 11-19, 2001 CL OREGON STATE UNIV, CORVALLIS, OREGON SP Int Union Forest Res Org, Canopy Processes Working Grp, USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, NASA HO OREGON STATE UNIV DE Douglas-fir; hydrogen isotope ratio; ponderosa pine; root sap flow; soil volumetric water content; soil water potential ID MULTISENSOR CAPACITANCE PROBES; WOODY-PLANTS; REVERSE FLOW; SAP FLOW; LIFT; ROOTS; BALANCE; BIOMASS; TRANSPORT; EFFLUX AB The magnitude of hydraulic redistribution of soil water by roots and its impact on soil water balance were estimated by monitoring time courses of soil water status at multiple depths and root sap flow under drought conditions in a dry ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws) ecosystem and in a moist Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) ecosystem. The fate of deuterated water applied to small plots to create a strong horizontal soil water potential gradient was also monitored to assess the potential for horizontal redistribution of water and utilization of redistributed water by co-occurring shallow-rooted plants. In a 20-year-old Douglas-fir stand, approximately 28% of the water removed daily from the upper 2 in of soil was replaced by nocturnal hydraulic redistribution during late August. In an old-growth ponderosa pine stand, approximately 35% of the total daily water utilization from the upper 2 in of soil appeared to be replaced by hydraulic redistribution during July and August. By late September, hydraulic redistribution in the ponderosa pine stand was no longer apparent, even though total water use from the upper 2 m of soil was nearly identical to that observed earlier. Based on these results, hydraulic redistribution would allow 21 and 16 additional days of stored water to remain in the upper soil horizons in the ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir stands, respectively, after a 60-day drought. At both sites, localized applications of deuterated water induced strong reversal of root sap flow and caused soil water content to cease declining or even temporarily increase at locations too distant from the site of water application to have been influenced by movement of water through the soil without facilitation by roots. Xylem water deuterium values of ponderosa pine seedlings suggested utilization of redistributed water. Therefore, hydraulic redistribution may enhance seedling survival and maintain overstory transpiration during summer drought. These first approximations of the extent of hydraulic redistribution in these ecosystems suggest that it is likely to be an important process in both wet and dry forests of the Pacific Northwest. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Western Ecol Div, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Meinzer, FC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Meinzer, Frederick/C-3496-2012 NR 34 TC 146 Z9 166 U1 6 U2 75 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 15-16 BP 1107 EP 1117 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 615HE UT WOS:000179239100007 PM 12414370 ER PT J AU Warren, JM Bassman, JH Eigenbrode, S AF Warren, JM Bassman, JH Eigenbrode, S TI Leaf chemical changes induced in Populus trichocarpa by enhanced UV-B radiation and concomitant effects on herbivory by Chrysomela scripta (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Linking the Complexity of Forest Canopies to Ecosystem and Landscape Function CY JUL 11-19, 2001 CL OREGON STATE UNIV, CORVALLIS, OREGON SP Int Union Forest Res Org, Canopy Processes Working Grp, USDA Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, NASA HO OREGON STATE UNIV DE cottonwood; leaf beetle; plant-insect interactions; Salicaceae; ultraviolet radiation ID STRATOSPHERIC OZONE DEPLETION; PLANT-INSECT INTERACTIONS; HOST-PLANT; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; SECONDARY METABOLITES; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; GROWTH; EXPOSURE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB To assess the potential impact of enhanced ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation over two trophic levels, we monitored key leaf chemical constituents and related changes in their concentration to dietary preference and performance of a specialist insect herbivore. Ramets of Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray (black cottonwood) were subjected to near zero (OX), ambient (1X) or twice ambient (2X) doses of biologically effective UV-B radiation (UV-B-BE) in a randomized block design using either a square-wave (greenhouse) or a modulated (field) lamp system. After a 3-month treatment period, apparent photosynthesis was determined in situ and plants were harvested for biomass determination. Leaf subsamples were analyzed for nitrogen, sulfur, chlorophylls, UV-absorbing compounds and protein-precipitable tannins. Effects of changes in these constituents on feeding by Chrysomela scripta Fab. (cottonwood leaf beetle) were determined by (1) adult feeding preference trials and (2) larval growth rate trials. Enhanced UV-B-BE radiation had minimal effects on photosynthesis, growth, leaf area and biomass distribution. In the greenhouse study, concentrations of foliar nitrogen and chlorophylls increased, but tannins decreased slightly in young leaves exposed to enhanced UV-B-BE radiation. There were no significant effects on these parameters in the field study. The concentration of methanol-extractable foliar phenolics increased in plants grown with enhanced UV-B-BE radiation in both the greenhouse and field studies. In feeding preference trials, adult C scripta chose 2X-treated tissue almost twice as often as 1X-treated tissue in both greenhouse and field studies, but differences were not statistically significant (P = 0. 12). In the field study, first instar larvae grown to adult eclosion on 2X-treated leaves had a significant (P < 0.001) reduction in consumption efficiency compared with larvae grown on 1X-treated leaves. We conclude that effects of enhanced UV-BBE radiation at the molecular-photochemical level can elicit significant responses at higher trophic levels that may ultimately affect forest canopy structure, plant competitive interactions and ecosystem-level processes. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Plant Soil & Entomol Sci, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Bassman, JH (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Warren, Jeffrey/B-9375-2012; Strid, Ake/E-5309-2012 OI Warren, Jeffrey/0000-0002-0680-4697; Strid, Ake/0000-0003-3315-8835 NR 70 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 7 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 22 IS 15-16 BP 1137 EP 1146 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 615HE UT WOS:000179239100010 PM 12414373 ER PT J AU Zhai, F Wang, Z AF Zhai, F Wang, Z TI WTO accession, rural labour migration and urban unemployment in China SO URBAN STUDIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Chinese-Economists-Society (CES) CY JUN, 2001 CL XIAMEN, PEOPLES R CHINA ID TARIFF AB This paper evaluates the rural-urban migration and urban unemployment effects of China's WTO accession based on the China-US bilateral agreement on market accession. The evaluation is conducted by a 53-sector recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of China benchmarked to a most recent version of the Chinese Social Accounting Matrix (SAM). The simulation results show that there is a great need for co-ordination between China's rural-urban migration policy, labour market reform and the implementation of trade liberalisation measures after China's WTO entry. The net benefit from WTO membership will be maximised if China adopts a policy gradually to relax its rural-urban migration control in conjunction with its labour market reform. Doing so not only prevents a dramatic worsening of the urban unemployment problem, but also permits enough labour market flexibility to create more employment opportunities for rural unskilled labour shifted out of the farming sector. C1 Minist Finance, Dept Policy & Fiscal Affairs, Beijing 100820, Peoples R China. George Mason Univ, Sch Computat Sci, Washington, DC 20036 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Zhai, F (reprint author), Minist Finance, Dept Policy & Fiscal Affairs, Beijing 100820, Peoples R China. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 12 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0042-0980 J9 URBAN STUD JI Urban Stud. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 39 IS 12 BP 2199 EP 2217 DI 10.1080/0042098022000033827 PG 19 WC Environmental Studies; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Urban Studies GA 605WC UT WOS:000178699200005 ER PT J AU Li, HZ Zahniser, S AF Li, HZ Zahniser, S TI The determinants of temporary rural-to-urban migration in China SO URBAN STUDIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Chinese-Economists-Society (CES) CY JUN, 2001 CL XIAMEN, PEOPLES R CHINA AB This paper evaluates the impact of various explanatory factors on temporary rural-to-urban migration in China using a series of probit models of the migration decision. The empirical basis of this work is a sample of 11 924 individuals, age 16-35 years, drawn from the 1995 data of the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP). We find that the profiles for migration-age and migration-education are both quadratic, with the least-educated and most-educated members of rural society being less likely to migrate. In addition, the marginal effect of education tends to be higher for men than for women. An increase in farming income reduces the probability of migration, while the amount of land controlled by a household does not have a significant effect on migration in most provinces. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Econ, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Li, HZ (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Econ, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NR 18 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 7 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0042-0980 J9 URBAN STUD JI Urban Stud. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 39 IS 12 BP 2219 EP 2235 DI 10.1080/0042098022000033836 PG 17 WC Environmental Studies; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Urban Studies GA 605WC UT WOS:000178699200006 ER PT J AU Yeh, TCJ Simunek, J AF Yeh, Tian-Chyi J. Simunek, Jirka TI Stochastic Fusion of Information for Characterizing and Monitoring the Vadose Zone SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Inverse problems for hydrological processes in the vadose zone are often perceived as being ill posed and intractable. Consequently, solutions to the inverse problems are frequently subject to skepticism. In this paper, we examine the necessary and sufficient conditions for the inverse problems to be well posed and discuss difficulties associated with solving the inverse problems. We subsequently explain the need for a stochastic conceptualization of inverse problems of the vadose zone. Principles of geostatistically based inverse approaches, which rely on stochastic concepts, are then illustrated, including cokriging, a sequential linear estimator, and a successive linear estimator. We then discuss applications involved in the approaches to classical vadose zone inversion problems (using observed pressure heads, moisture contents, concentrations, and arrival times), hydraulic tomography, and electrical resistivity tomography for vadose zone characterization and monitoring. Finally, we present a stochastic information fusion technology that assimilates information from both unsaturated hydraulic tomography and electrical resistivity tomography. Preliminary results suggest that this fusion technology is a promising tool for effectively characterizing heterogeneity, monitoring processes in the vadose zone, and quantifying uncertainties associated with vadose zone characterization and monitoring. C1 [Yeh, Tian-Chyi J.] Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Simunek, Jirka] ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Yeh, TCJ (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM yeh@hwr.arizona.edu RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011 FU DOE [EMSP96]; Sandia National Laboratories [AV-0655 1]; EPA [R-827114-01-0]; NSF [EAR-9876800]; [A019493] FX The first author is funded in part by a DOE EMSP96 grant through Sandia National Laboratories (contract AV-0655#1) and a DOE EMSP99 grant through the University of Wisconsin, A019493, and in part by an EPA grant R-827114-01-0. This work does not necessarily reflect the views of DOE and EPA, and no official endorsement should be inferred. The study was also partially supported by the SAHRA Science and Technology Center as part of NSF grant EAR-9876800. We are grateful to Alexandre Desbarats, Roger Beckie, Martha P.L. Whitaker and an anonymous reviewer, for their reviews of the manuscript and useful suggestions and comments. NR 75 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 1 IS 2 BP 207 EP 221 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA V11UX UT WOS:000207557600001 ER PT J AU Mansell, RS Ma, LW Ahuja, LR Bloom, SA AF Mansell, R. S. Ma, Liwang Ahuja, L. R. Bloom, S. A. TI Adaptive Grid Refinement in Numerical Models for Water Flow and Chemical Transport in Soil: A Review SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Insufficient spatial or temporal resolution is a common source of errors in numerical solutions for both water flow and solute transport in the variably unsaturated vadose zone. Evaporation near the surface, as well as infiltration into initially dry soil profiles, typically create mobile local regions with large gradients of the pressure head. Convection-dominant transport of solutes during water flow in soil also tends to create steep moving fronts of concentration with large localized concentration gradients. Groundwater flow and solute transport in highly heterogeneous aquifers similarly tend to be preferentially channeled through regions of high flow rates. Without due consideration of special resolution requirements for such critical cases of flow and transport, simulations using traditional finite difference (FDM) and finite element (FEM) numerical methods typically provide inaccurate solutions characterized by undesirable features such as oscillation and numerical dispersion. Incorporation of local adaptive grid refinement (LAGR) algorithms in numerical models for solving such cases is an effective approach that has been used to provide accurate numerical approximations by automated adjustment of local spatial resolution. Local error estimates are typically utilized to optimize spatial resolution. Definite advantages, as well as some limitations, exist for using LAGR algorithms in FDM and FEM numerical models for flow and transport in soils. C1 [Mansell, R. S.; Bloom, S. A.] Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. [Ma, Liwang; Ahuja, L. R.] USDA ARS NA GPSR, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Mansell, RS (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, 2169 McCarty Hall, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM rsm@mail.ifas.ufl.edu NR 44 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 11 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 1 IS 2 BP 222 EP 238 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA V11UX UT WOS:000207557600002 ER PT J AU Ferre, TPA Nissen, HH Simunek, J AF Ferre, Ty P. A. Nissen, Henrik H. Simunek, Jirka TI The Effect of the Spatial Sensitivity of TDR on Inferring Soil Hydraulic Properties from Water Content Measurements Made during the Advance of a Wetting Front SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Many measurement methods are considered to return point values of volumetric water content, water pressure, or other hydrologically relevant properties. However, many methods have spatially distributed measurement sensitivities, averaging a property of interest over some sample volume. In this investigation, we study the effects of the spatially distributed measurement sensitivity of time domain reflectometry (TDR) on the inversion of hydraulic properties from water content measurements. Specifically, a numerical analysis of the water breakthrough curves that would be measured by TDR probes of varying designs during the advance of a wetting front is presented. Numerical inversion of these water breakthrough curves is performed to estimate the soil hydraulic parameters. Time domain reflectometry probes with larger rod separations show less impact on the flow of water at the wetting front. However, these probes have more widely distributed spatial sensitivities, leading to more smoothing of the observed water breakthrough curve. The TDR-measured wetting front shape is more distorted for vertically emplaced probes than for horizontal probes. The optimal TDR probe configuration for inversion of hydraulic parameters from measurements recorded during the advance of a vertical wetting front has three closely spaced rods that lie in a common horizontal plane. The inversion results using this design show close agreement with known values and very small 95% confidence intervals of the inverted properties. This specific recommendation cannot be adopted generally for all TDR monitoring applications. Rather, we recommend that a similar analysis be performed for each specific monitoring application. While the results presented are specific to TDR responses, the same consideration should be given to all instruments with spatially distributed sensitivities.. C1 [Ferre, Ty P. A.] Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. [Nissen, Henrik H.] Univ Aalborg, Inst Life Sci, Dept Environm Engn, Aalborg, Denmark. [Simunek, Jirka] ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, USDA, Riverside, CA USA. RP Ferre, TPA (reprint author), Univ Arizona, Dept Hydrol & Water Resources, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. EM ty@hwr.arizona.edu RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011 NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 1 IS 2 BP 281 EP 288 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA V11UX UT WOS:000207557600007 ER PT J AU Casey, FXM Derby, N Knighton, RE Steele, DD Stegman, EC AF Casey, F. X. M. Derby, N. Knighton, R. E. Steele, D. D. Stegman, E. C. TI Initiation of Irrigation Effects on Temporal Nitrate Leaching SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Groundwater and surface water are significant resources for rural water supplies, and certain agricultural practices may have substantial effects on these resources. An 11-yr study was started in 1989 near Oakes, ND that continuously monitored NO(3)-N concentrations in subsurface water of a field that was converted from dryland to center-pivot irrigation in 1989. The vadose zone was monitored with four disturbed and 16 undisturbed-profile lysimeters, and the groundwater of the surficial aquifer was monitored with 18 sets of nested wells, which sampled shallow, intermediate, and deep depths. The depth to water table of the surficial aquifer was approximately 3 m and the saturated thickness extended to a depth of 7 m. Also, NO(3)-N levels from two subsurface drains were monitored. The time series NO(3)-N concentration data from each of the monitoring locations exhibited the similar three-phase trend where NO(3)-N concentrations first increased, then decreased, and finally reached a steady-state level that was maintained. The first and second phases of this trend were shorter (similar to 3 yr total) for the lysimeters and increased as the depth of observation increased (5 and 8 yr total for shallow and intermediate wells, respectively). Also, the peak NO(3)-N concentration decreased as the observation went deeper into the profile (ranging from 150 mg L(-1) in lysimeters, to 50 mg L(-1) in shallow wells, and to 40 mg L(-1) in intermediate wells). The NO(3)-N levels in the deep wells averaged 0.48 mg L(-1), had a maximum of 1.59 mg L(-1), and exhibited a slight increase through time. The subsurface drainage NO(3)-N levels were an average of 77% lower than the groundwater concentrations, which may have been caused by biotic and abiotic reduction. The increase in NO(3)-N concentrations in subsurface waters as a result of the initiation of irrigation can be partially explained by the residual N in the soil from dryland agriculture. As soil moisture increased, the availability and mobility of nitrogen increased, which attributed to the flush of NO(3)-N through the soil profile. C1 [Casey, F. X. M.; Derby, N.] N Dakota State Univ, Dep Soil Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. [Steele, D. D.; Stegman, E. C.] N Dakota State Univ, Dep Agr & Biosyst Engn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. [Knighton, R. E.] USDA, CSREES Nat Resources & Environm, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Casey, FXM (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dep Soil Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. EM francis.casey@ndsu.nodak.edu RI Casey, Francis/A-2135-2010 OI Casey, Francis/0000-0002-6035-7234 FU U.S. Bureau of Reclamation; Garrison Diversion Conservancy District; North Dakota Department of Health FX We are grateful for the support from the following sponsors of this ongoing research: U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Garrison Diversion Conservancy District, and North Dakota Department of Health. Also, the authors gratefully acknowledge Walter Albus for the field data he provided from the MSEA site, David Kirkpatrick for his technical assistance, and Dale Esser for the agronomic information he supplied. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 1539-1663 J9 VADOSE ZONE J JI Vadose Zone J. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 1 IS 2 BP 300 EP 309 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA V11UX UT WOS:000207557600009 ER PT J AU George, JE Davey, RB Pound, JM AF George, JE Davey, RB Pound, JM TI Introduced ticks and tick-borne diseases: the threat and approaches to eradication SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID COWDRIA-RUMINANTIUM INFECTION; AMBLYOMMA-VARIEGATUM ACARI; WHITE-TAILED DEER; GLOBAL CHANGE; HEARTWATER; IXODIDAE; TRANSMISSION; DISSEMINATION; REPTILES; AMERICAN AB Exotic tick species and tick-borne diseases are serious threats to livestock, companion animals, and wildlife in the United States. Recurring introductions of exotic tick species into the United States are a significant indicator of the degree of risk. Successful tick-eradication campaigns, such as the national program that eradicated Boophilus annulatus and B. microplus from the United States, the Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program of the US Department of Agriculture's Veterinary Services that protects against the re-entry and. dissemination of Boophilus ticks from Mexico back into their former haunts in the southern states, and the eradication action that eliminated Rhipicephalus evertsi from a game park in Florida, are sources of useful information that aid in elucidating essential elements of successful eradication programs. Examples of failed eradication programs in places such as Puerto Rico and St. Croix also have heuristic value. Among the varieties of tick species and related infectious agents that threaten the United States, Boophilus ticks and bovine babesiosis, Amblyomma species (especially the tropical bont tick) and heartwater, and equine babesiosis, for which endemic vectors exist, are of special concern. Risk assessments to accumulate, evaluate, and synthesize information needed to appraise risks, consequences, and preparedness are necessary not just to inform federal, state, and local officials, as well as producers and stakeholders, but also to facilitate the creation of emergency response plans. C1 USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. USDA ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. RP George, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 55 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 6 U2 16 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 18 IS 3 BP 401 EP + AR PII S0749-0720(02)00030-0 DI 10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00030-0 PG 17 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 611CH UT WOS:000178998500005 PM 12442574 ER PT J AU Schmitt, B AF Schmitt, B TI Vesicular stomatitis SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID NEW-JERSEY SEROTYPE; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; VIRUS; CALIFORNIA; COLORADO; DIPTERA; CATTLE AB Vesicular stomatitis is an infrequent yet important vesicular disease of cattle, horses, and swine. Periodic outbreaks of this disease in the United States have caused economic losses in cattle herds because of decreased production, movement restrictions, and trade embargoes. Vesicular stomatitis causes clinical signs indistinguishable from those of foot-and-mouth disease. It is of utmost importance that appropriate samples are collected from clinical cases of vesicular disease in cattle and swine so a rapid laboratory diagnosis can be made. C1 US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Diagnost Virol Lab, Vet Serv,USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Schmitt, B (reprint author), US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Diagnost Virol Lab, Vet Serv,USDA, 1800 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 18 IS 3 BP 453 EP + AR PII S0749-0720(02)00031-2 DI 10.1016/S0749-0720(02)00031-2 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 611CH UT WOS:000178998500008 PM 12442577 ER PT J AU Radi, ZA Brogden, KA Dixon, RA Gallup, JM Ackermann, MR AF Radi, ZA Brogden, KA Dixon, RA Gallup, JM Ackermann, MR TI A selectin inhibitor decreases neutrophil infiltration during acute Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adhesion molecules; ICAM-1; Mannheimia haemolytica; selectins; shipping fever ID ADHESION MOLECULE-1 ICAM-1; ACUTE LUNG INJURY; PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA; P-SELECTIN; ENDOTHELIAL ADHESION; RESPIRATORY-TRACT; NEONATAL CALVES; CELL-ADHESION; MAST-CELLS; LEUKOCYTE AB The degree to which the selectin inhibitor TBC1269 reduces neutrophil infiltration in specific microscopic locations of the lung during acute pneumonia of neonates was determined. Neonatal calves were inoculated intrabronchially with Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica or saline, and lung tissue was collected at 2 and 6 hours postinoculation (PI). One 6-hour group inoculated with M. haemolytica received TBC1269 intravenously before and after inoculation with M. haemolytica. Infiltrates of neutrophils were significantly higher in the alveolar lumen and septae but lower in the bronchial lumen and epithelium at 6 hours PI than at 2 hours PI. Significantly fewer neutrophils (P < 0.05) were present in the alveolar lumen and septae, and the bronchiolar lumen and lamina propria in the lungs of TBC1269-treated calves compared with untreated calves at 6 hours PI. TBC1269 did not alter the infiltration into bronchi and blood vessels or the expression of the selectin-independent adhesion molecule, ICAM-1. This work suggests that during acute pneumonia of neonates 1) neutrophil infiltrates progressively increase in the alveolar lumens and septae but decrease in the bronchial lumen and epithelium with time, 2) TBC1269 reduces neutrophil infiltration into specific regions of alveoli and bronchioles rather than uniformly throughout the lung, and 3) selectin inhibition does not affect the location and intensity of ICAM-1 expression. C1 Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ruminant & Resp Dis Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Texas Biotechnol Corp, Houston, TX USA. RP Ackermann, MR (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, 2738 Vet Med, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 37 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 39 IS 6 BP 697 EP 705 DI 10.1354/vp.39-6-697 PG 9 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 615WE UT WOS:000179269600004 PM 12450200 ER PT J AU Fales-Williams, AJ Brogden, KA Huffman, E Gallup, JM Ackermann, MR AF Fales-Williams, AJ Brogden, KA Huffman, E Gallup, JM Ackermann, MR TI Cellular distribution of anionic antimicrobial peptide in normal lung and during acute pulmonary inflammation SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE anionic peptide; antimicrobial peptides; pneumonia; shipping fever ID BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE FLUID; TRACHEAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS; PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA; RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; EXPRESSION; GENE; ANTIBIOTICS; PROTEIN; CALVES AB Anionic peptides (APs) are small antimicrobial peptides present in human and ovine lung. In this study APs were also detected in bovine lung, and production of APs in lungs with acute inflammation induced by various stimuli was determined. The distribution and intensity of APs were determined by immunohistochemistry in lungs of 1) neonatal calves (1-3 days of age) inoculated with Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica, a known inducer of the bovine beta-defensin lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) or pyrogen-free saline (PFS), and 2) growing calves (3 months of age) similarly inoculated with M. haemolytica, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from M. haemolytica, an LPS-associated protein from M. haemolytica or PFS. APs were also detected by western blots with the same antibody in lungs of the calves above, as well as in calves inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and an adult cow. Anionic peptide (AP) immunoreactivity was detected in bands (approximate weights) in the western blots of lung at 28-30 (strongest signal), 31, 45, and 52-60 kd regardless of inoculum. The adult cow lacked bands at 45 kd, but it had additional bands at 64 (inconsistently) and 3538 kd. All these band sizes are consistent with those of the western blots of human and ovine lung. The cellular distribution of APs in lung of neonatal and growing cattle was similar to that in lung of human and sheep. In lungs with acute inflammation induced by live bacteria, LPS, or protein, AP distribution and intensity were similar to those in control (PFS-inoculated) lungs and slightly decreased in bronchioles. This work demonstrates that AP is present in lung of cattle and is thereby conserved among two ruminant species and man. Distribution and intensity of AP production are not enhanced by infection or acute inflammation and are decreased in bronchioles, which suggests that AP is not induced like beta-defensins such as LAP, but, instead, is produced constitutively. C1 Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Resp Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Ackermann, MR (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 24 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 39 IS 6 BP 706 EP 711 DI 10.1354/vp.39-6-706 PG 6 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 615WE UT WOS:000179269600005 PM 12450201 ER PT J AU Meyerholz, DK Stabel, TJ Ackermann, MR Carlson, SA Jones, BD Pohlenz, J AF Meyerholz, DK Stabel, TJ Ackermann, MR Carlson, SA Jones, BD Pohlenz, J TI Early epithelial invasion by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium DT104 in the swine ileum SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DT104; electron microscopy; enterocyte; extrusion; ileum; invasion; Salmonella; swine; Typhimurium ID SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; CHOLERAESUIS VAR KUNZENDORF; MAMMALIAN SMALL-INTESTINE; PEYERS-PATCHES; CELL LOSS; HT-29 ENTEROCYTES; WEANLING PIGS; INFECTION; PATHOGENESIS; BACTERIA AB Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is an important intestinal pathogen in swine. This study was performed to document the early cellular invasion of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium in swine ileum. Ileal gut-loops were surgically prepared in ten 4- to 5-week-old mixed-breed pigs and inoculated for 0-60 minutes. Loops were harvested and prepared for both scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively). Preferential bacterial adherence to microfold cells (M cells) was seen within 5 minutes, and by 10 minutes bacterial invasion of the apical membrane was seen in M cells, goblet cells, and enterocytes. This multicellular invasion was observed throughout the course of infection. In addition, SEM revealed a specific affinity of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium to sites of cell extrusion. Using TEM, bacteria in these areas were focused in the crevices formed by the extruding cell and the adjacent cells and in the cytoplasm immediately beneath the extruding cell. Our results suggest that early cellular invasion by Salmonella serovar Typhimurium is nonspecific and rapid in swine. Furthermore, the combination of SEM and TEM data suggests that Salmonella serovar Typhimurium may use sites of cell extrusion as an additional mechanism for early invasion. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol, Ames, IA USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Tierarztlichen Hsch Hannover, Inst Pathol, D-3000 Hannover, Germany. RP Stabel, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Preharvest Food Safety & Enter Dis Unit, 2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 31 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 39 IS 6 BP 712 EP 720 DI 10.1354/vp.39-6-712 PG 9 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 615WE UT WOS:000179269600006 PM 12450202 ER PT J AU Lazo, A Tassello, J Jayarama, V Ohagen, A Gibaja, V Kramer, E Marmorato, A Billia-Shaveet, D Purmal, A Brown, F Chapman, J AF Lazo, A Tassello, J Jayarama, V Ohagen, A Gibaja, V Kramer, E Marmorato, A Billia-Shaveet, D Purmal, A Brown, F Chapman, J TI Broad-spectrum virus reduction in red cell concentrates using INACTINE (TM) PEN110 chemistry SO VOX SANGUINIS LA English DT Article DE INACTINE (TM); non-enveloped virus; pathogen reduction; PEN110; red blood cells ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HUMAN PARVOVIRUS B19; HEPATITIS-G VIRUS; BLOOD-DONORS; DNA; INFECTION; PREVALENCE; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; QUANTITATION; POLYMERASE AB Background and Objectives The risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens by transfusion is a persistent problem in medicine. To address this safety issue, INACTINE(TM) PEN 110 chemistry is being utilized to develop a process for preparing pathogen-reduced red blood cell concentrates (RBCC). The purpose of this study was to characterize the virucidal effectiveness of the INACTINE(TM) PEN 110 chemistry in full units of RBCC by using a panel of viruses with diverse properties in composition, size and shape. Materials and Methods The panel included four enveloped (bovine viral diarrhoea virus, pseudorabies virus, vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus and sindbis virus), six non-enveloped (porcine parvovirus, human adenovirus 2, reovirus 3, vesicular exanthema of swine virus, bluetongue virus, and foot and mouth disease virus) and cell-associated (human immunodeficiency) viruses. All viruses were individually spiked into CPD/AS- 1, CP2D/AS-3 and CPD/AS-5 RBCC units and treated with 0. 1% PEN 110 (vol/vol) at 22 +/- 2degreesC for up to 22 +/- 2 h. The PEN110 treatment reaction was stopped by chemical quenching, and residual virus was assayed. The cytotoxicity effect of PEN 110-treated RBCC on indicator cells and the potential interference with the ability of the virus to infect indicator cells was determined and taken into consideration for calculating the virus-reduction factors, to avoid underestimation or overestimation of the virus reduction. Results The kinetics of inactivation for viruses spiked into CPD/AS-1, CP2D/AS-3 and CPD/AS-5 RBCC were equivalent. All viruses analysed in this study were reduced to the limit of detection of the assay. The reduction factors for the virus panel ranged from 4.2 to 7.5 log(10)/ml. Conclusions The results from the study demonstrate for the first time that a pathogen-reduction technology for RBCC can achieve a broad-spectrum virucidal effect against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. The broad spectrum of virucidal activity of INACTINE(TM) PEN110, and equivalent kinetics of virus inactivation in RBCC prepared using different commercially available RBC storage solutions, demonstrate the robustness of this pathogen-reduction process. C1 VI Technol Inc, Watertown, MA 02472 USA. USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Lazo, A (reprint author), VI Technol Inc, 134 Coolidge Ave, Watertown, MA 02472 USA. NR 41 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0042-9007 J9 VOX SANG JI Vox Sang. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 83 IS 4 BP 313 EP 323 DI 10.1046/j.1423-0410.2002.00234.x PG 11 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 615ZZ UT WOS:000179278400005 PM 12437518 ER PT J AU Lisle, TE Church, M AF Lisle, TE Church, M TI Sediment transport-storage relations for degrading, gravel bed channels SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sediment transport; sediment storage; alluvial reservoirs; bed load; armoring ID RIVER CHANNEL; STREAM; AGGRADATION; EVOLUTION; CATCHMENTS; VEGETATION; ROUGHNESS; SIZE AB In a drainage network, sediment is transferred through a series of channel/valley segments (natural sediment storage reservoirs) that are distinguished from their neighbors by their particular capacity to store and transport sediment. We propose that the sediment transport capacity of each reservoir is a unique positive function of storage volume, which influences sediment mobility and availability through variations in bed surface texture, channel gradient, and availability of valley floor sediments for erosion. Examinations of the form of transport-storage relations of degrading alluvial reservoirs using published field studies, flume experiments, and simulations support a conceptual model that includes two phases. In phase I, filled channels respond to variations in supply primarily by changes in stored sediment volume, with little change in transport rate. In phase II, channel mobility is responsive to supply through armoring and form roughness. Although these phases could represent idealized transport-limited ( phase 1) or supply-limited ( phase II) states, we propose that every alluvial reservoir responds to changes in sediment inputs by changing both storage and transport rate, the propensity for either depending on reservoir characteristics and the sediment exchange processes in the channel. Transport-storage relations for phase II are approximately linear, but examination of numerical simulations and flume experiments indicates that armoring imparts positive curvature. Simulations of degradation of an alluvial reservoir with channel and valley floor surfaces indicate that interactions between channel lowering and lateral erosion are critical in the manifestation of a transport-storage relation. Better knowledge of transport-storage relations could lead to improved sediment-routing models for drainage basins wherein component sediment reservoirs dynamically adjust to varying sediment loads. C1 Forest Serv, USDA, Redwood Sci Lab, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Geog, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. RP Lisle, TE (reprint author), Forest Serv, USDA, Redwood Sci Lab, Pacific SW Res Stn, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. EM tel7001@humboldt.edu; mchurch@geog.ubc.ca NR 57 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD NOV PY 2002 VL 38 IS 11 AR 1219 DI 10.1029/2001WR001086 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 637RX UT WOS:000180527800001 ER PT J AU Canner, SR Wiles, LJ AF Canner, SR Wiles, LJ TI Weed reproduction model parameters may be estimated from crop yield loss data SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE competition; hyperbolic models; interference; population dynamics; seed production; yield loss ID CORN ZEA-MAYS; SOYBEAN GLYCINE-MAX; XANTHIUM-STRUMARIUM INTERFERENCE; PANICUM-MILIACEUM INTERFERENCE; WHEAT TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; PEANUT ARACHIS-HYPOGAEA; BEAN PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; ECHINOCHLOA-CRUS-GALLI; BARLEY HORDEUM-VULGARE; MALLOW MALVA-PUSILLA AB Studies quantifying weed seed production as a function of weed density are expensive and difficult, and lack of these data is a common limitation in modeling weed population dynamics over time. Observed empirical and theoretical relationships between crop yield loss curves and weed seed production curves led us to the hypothesis that there should be a strong relationship between the shapes of these two curves. Data from literature sources were evaluated to test this hypothesis for hyperbolic curves and to determine if the data describing the crop yield loss caused by weeds could provide estimates of the shape parameter of a hyperbolic equation for describing density dependence in weed reproduction. For each of 162 data sets, a shape parameter (N50) and a scale parameter (U) were estimated for an increasing hyperbolic model both for absolute crop yield loss as a function of weed density (N50(YL), U-YL) and for weed yield (either total biomass yield or seed yield) as a function of weed density (N50(WY), U-WY). N50(YL) was strongly correlated with N50(WY) across all data sets, with an apparent 1:1 relationship between the two. This relationship suggests that the shape parameter of the yield loss model may substitute for the shape parameter of a hyperbolic model describing the density-dependence of weed seed production. This substitution will be most useful in weed population modeling situations where data describing crop yield loss as a function of weed density are already available, but data describing weed seed production as a function of weed density are not available. C1 Colorado State Univ, Agr Engn Res Ctr, US Dept Agr, Agr Res Serv,Water Management Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Canner, SR (reprint author), EcoSys Data Serv, POB 65, Canton, NY 13617 USA. NR 50 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 2002 VL 50 IS 6 BP 763 EP 772 DI 10.1614/0043-1745(2002)050[0763:WRMPMB]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 618KH UT WOS:000179416900010 ER PT J AU Green, BW El Nagdy, Z Hebicha, H AF Green, BW El Nagdy, Z Hebicha, H TI Evaluation of Nile tilapia pond management strategies in Egypt SO AQUACULTURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE economics; Egypt; Nile tilapia; production systems ID OREOCHROMIS-NILOTICUS; YIELD AB Five pond management strategies for Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus L. production were evaluated in 0.1-ha earthen ponds in Egypt during a 145-day production cycle. Pond management strategies developed by the Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture Collaborative Research Support Programme (PD/A CRSP) were compared with a traditional and a modified Egyptian pond management strategy. Young-of-year Nile (mixed-sex or sex-reversed) tilapia were stocked into ponds at 20 000 fish ha(-1). Sex-reversed tilapia were stocked into chemical fertilization, organic fertilization plus formulated feed and feed only treatment ponds, whereas mixed-sex tilapia were stocked into organic fertilization plus formulated feed and chemical plus organic fertilization plus formulated feed treatment ponds. Nile tilapia yields ranged from 1274 to 2929 kg ha(-1). Nile tilapia yields in organic fertilization plus formulated feed treatments were significantly greater than the yield from chemical fertilization ponds. PD/A CRSP pond management strategies did not produce significantly greater Nile tilapia yields than the traditional Egyptian system, but a larger percentage of harvested tilapia in the organic fertilization plus feed treatments were classified in the first and second class size categories compared with the traditional Egyptian system. Organic fertilization plus formulated feed pond management strategies had the highest net returns, average rate of return on capital and the highest margin between average price and break-even prices to cover total variable costs or total costs. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Agr Res Ctr, Cent Lab Aquaculture Res, Abou Hammad, Sharkia, Egypt. RP Green, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Aquaculture Syst Res Unit, 1200 N Univ Dr, Pine Bluff, AR 71601 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1355-557X J9 AQUAC RES JI Aquac. Res. PD OCT 31 PY 2002 VL 33 IS 13 BP 1037 EP 1048 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00767.x PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 604GM UT WOS:000178608700004 ER PT J AU McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN AF McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN TI The effect of antecedent moisture conditions on sediment and phosphorus loss during overland flow: Mahantango Creek catchment, Pennsylvania, USA SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE phosphorus; overland flow; antecedent moisture; load; slaking; dispersion ID SOIL-WATER CONTENT; SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE; RUNOFF; RAINFALL; EROSION; MANAGEMENT; DESORPTION; STABILITY; KINETICS AB The loss of P in overland flow from most cultivated soils is controlled by erosion, and in-turn soil moisture. We evaluated the effect of soil moisture on erosion and P transport in overland flow by applying rainfall (7 cm h(-1)) to packed soil boxes (1 m long and 0.15 m wide) and field plots (1 and 10 m long by I m wide) of silt loams in a central Pennsylvania (USA) catchment. Flow from packed soil boxes took longer to initiate as antecedent soil moisture decreased from field capacity (2 min) to air dried (8 to 9 min). Even in the more complex field plots (i.e. soil heterogeneity and topography), the wetter site (1 by 10 m plot; 70% field capacity) produced flow more quickly (3 min) and in greater volume (439 L) than the drier site (1 by 10 m plot; 40% field capacity, 15 min, and 214 L, respectively). However, less suspended sediment was transported from wetter soil boxes (1.6 to 2.5 g L-1) and field plots (0.9 g L-1) than drier boxes (2.9 to 4.2 g L-1) and plots (1.2 g L-1). Differences are attributed to their potential for soil aggregate breakdown, slaking and dispersion, which contribute to surface soil sealing and crusting, as dry soils are subject to rapid wetting (by rainfall). During flow, selective erosion and antecedent moisture conditions affected P transport. At field capacity, DRP and PP transport varied little during overland flow. Whereas P transport from previously dry soil decreased rapidly after the initiation of flow (6 to 1.5 mg TP L-1), owing to the greater slaking and dispersion of P-rich particles into flow at the beginning than end of the flow event. These results indicate that soil moisture fluctuations greatly effect erosion and P transport potential and that management to decrease the potential for loss should consider practices such as conservation tillage and cover crops, particularly on areas where high soil P and erosion coincide. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Ag Res Ltd, Invermay Agr Ctr, Mosgiel, New Zealand. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Unit, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP McDowell, RW (reprint author), Ag Res Ltd, Invermay Agr Ctr, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand. OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 NR 38 TC 37 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 19 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD OCT 30 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 15 BP 3037 EP 3050 DI 10.1002/hyp.1087 PG 14 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 607GU UT WOS:000178784400009 ER PT J AU Ordovas, JM Corella, D Demissie, S Cupples, LA Couture, P Coltell, O Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Tucker, KL AF Ordovas, JM Corella, D Demissie, S Cupples, LA Couture, P Coltell, O Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Tucker, KL TI Dietary fat intake determines the effect of a common polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene promoter on high-density lipoprotein metabolism - Evidence of a strong dose effect in this gene-nutrient interaction in the Framingham Study SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Article DE lipids; lipoproteins; diet; fatty acids; genetics ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; AFRICAN-AMERICAN MEN; C-514T POLYMORPHISM; PLASMA-LIPOPROTEINS; HDL METABOLISM; LIPC; CHOLESTEROL; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ASSOCIATION; SUBCLASSES AB Background-Gene-nutrient interactions affecting high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations may contribute to the interindividual variability of the cardiovascular disease risk associated with dietary fat intake. Hepatic lipase (HL) is a key determinant of HDL metabolism. Four polymorphisms in linkage disequilibrium have been identified in the HL gene (LIPC), defining what is known as the -514T allele. This allele has been associated with decreased HL activity and increased HDL-C concentrations. However, the effect is variable among populations. Methods and Results-We have examined interaction effects between the -514(C/T) LIPC polymorphism, dietary fat, and HDL-related measures in 1020 men and 1110 women participating in the Framingham Study. We found a consistent and highly significant. gene-nutrient interaction showing a strong dose-response effect. Thus, the T allele was associated with significantly greater HDL-C concentrations only in subjects consuming <30% of energy from fat (P < 0.001). When total fat intake was greater than or equal to30% of energy, mean HDL-C concentrations were lowest among those with the TT genotype, and no differences were observed between CC and CT individuals. We found similar gene-nutrient interactions when the outcome variables were HDL2-C (P < 0.001), large HDL subfraction (P < 0.001), or HDL size (P = 0.001). These interactions were seen for saturated and monounsaturated fat intakes (highly correlated with animal fat in this population), but not for polyunsaturated fat. Conclusions-Dietary fat intake modifies the effect of the -514(C/T) polymorphism on HDL-C concentrations and subclasses. Specifically, in the Framingham Study, TT subjects may have an impaired adaptation to higher animal fat diets that could result in higher cardiovascular risk. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr & Genom Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Program Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Framingham Heart Dis Epidemiol Study, Framingham, MA USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr & Genom Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Cupples, L. Adrienne/0000-0003-0273-7965; Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776]; PHS HHS [1-38038] NR 31 TC 125 Z9 132 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 29 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 18 BP 2315 EP 2321 DI 10.1161/01.CIR.0000036597.52291.C9 PG 7 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 611YW UT WOS:000179046600014 PM 12403660 ER PT J AU Stabel, JR Ackermann, MR AF Stabel, JR Ackermann, MR TI Temporal Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in T-cell receptor (TCR)-alpha and TCR-delta-deficient mice SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection; T-cell receptor; cell-mediated immunity ID TUBERCULOSIS; DISEASE; GENES AB Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is the causative agent of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), a chronic inflammation of the terminal portion of the ileum in ruminants. The predominance of cell-mediated immunity in early stages of the disease suggests that T lymphocytes are essential to protect the host from infection with M. paratuberculosis. In this study, we investigated the role of alphabeta and gammadelta T cells in resistance to M. paratuberculosis infection using a T-cell receptor (TCR) knockout mouse model. Weanling TCR-alpha-deficient, TCR-delta-deficient, and C57BL/6 control mice (5-6 weeks of age) were acclimated for 2 weeks and then inoculated intraperitoneally with 108 CFU/ml of M. paratuberculosis (either strain 19698 or strain Ben). Groups of mice within each treatment group were euthanized at 1, 3 and 6 months post-inoculation. Sections of spleen, liver, ileum and mesenteric lymph node were prepared for bacterial culture and histologic examination. At all time points of infection and regardless of bacterial strain, TCR-alpha-deficient mice had higher levels of M. paratuberculosis colonization in their tissues compared to TCR-6-deficient mice or C57BL/6 control mice. Lesions were located predominately in the liver and the ileum, depending upon period of infection, and lesion scores were higher for TCR-a-deficient mice compared to the other treatment groups. These results suggest that alphabeta T cells play a major role in resistance to infection with M. paratuberculosis and that gammadelta T cells may play a lesser role and potentially confound protective immune responses. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Natl Dis Livestock Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Stabel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Natl Dis Livestock Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD OCT 28 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 3-4 BP 127 EP 132 AR PII S0165-2427(02)00167-8 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(02)00167-8 PG 6 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 606WE UT WOS:000178757000003 PM 12383644 ER PT J AU Solano-Aguilar, GI Zarlenga, D Beshah, E Vengroski, K Gasbarre, L Junker, D Cochran, M Weston, C Valencia, D Chiang, C Dawson, H Urban, JF Lunney, JK AF Solano-Aguilar, GI Zarlenga, D Beshah, E Vengroski, K Gasbarre, L Junker, D Cochran, M Weston, C Valencia, D Chiang, C Dawson, H Urban, JF Lunney, JK TI Limited effect of recombinant porcine interleukin-12 on porcine lymphocytes due to a low level of IL-12 beta2 receptor SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE interleukin-12; IL-12 receptor; porcine cellular immunity; IFN-gamma; swine poxvirus ID INTERFERON-GAMMA; IN-VIVO; IMMUNOREGULATORY FUNCTIONS; PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE; T-CELLS; EXPRESSION; RESISTANCE; INDUCTION; SUBUNITS; CLONING AB The cytokine interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a key molecule in the regulation of CD4 + T cell development and specifically potentiates T helper I responses in mouse and man. However, biological effects mediated by IL-12 have not been well defined in pigs. Herein, recombinant porcine IL-12 (rPoIL-12) was expressed in a swine poxvirus system as a biologically active heterodimer and used to stimulate bovine or swine lymphoblast cells. After 3 days of incubation, only bovine blasts were responsive to the rPoIL-12 treatment as monitored by cell proliferation in several independent trials. Similarly, i.m. administration of rPoIL-12 in the hind leg of 3-week-old pigs indicated a reduction in the number of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) producing lymphocytes isolated from inguinal lymph nodes. The porcine IL-12R beta2 (IL-12Rbeta2) sequence was cloned and results generated by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) demonstrated that the expression of IL-12R on porcine blasts as measured by the relative levels of IL-12Rbeta2 mRNA was less than that in bovine blasts and are in agreement with the reduced proliferation response of swine blast cells to rPoIL-12 treatment. Real time PCR analysis demonstrated that after PBMC stimulation, bovine blasts had an 11-fold increase in IL-12Rbeta2 mRNA levels while porcine blasts had almost no change. These data support a mechanism for IL-12 stimulation in swine inconsistent with that observed in conventional models. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, BHNRC, Nutrient Requirement & Funct Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Solano-Aguilar, GI (reprint author), USDA ARS, BHNRC, Nutrient Requirement & Funct Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave,Bldg 307,Room 228, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Dawson, Harry/H-8242-2013; OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 NR 33 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD OCT 28 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 3-4 BP 133 EP 148 AR PII S0165-2427(02)00205-2 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(02)00205-2 PG 16 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA 606WE UT WOS:000178757000004 PM 12383645 ER PT J AU Rabin, BM Shukitt-Hale, B Szprengiel, A Joseph, JA AF Rabin, BM Shukitt-Hale, B Szprengiel, A Joseph, JA TI Effects of heavy particle irradiation and diet on amphetamine- and lithium chloride-induced taste avoidance learning in rats SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Fe-56 particle; antioxidant; oxidative stress; aging ID NEURONAL SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; OXIDATIVE STRESS; IONIZING-RADIATION; BEHAVIORAL DEFICITS; INDUCED TOXICITY; AREA POSTREMA; FREE-RADICALS; NITRIC-OXIDE; AVERSION; SUPPLEMENTATION AB Rats were maintained on diets containing either 2% blueberry or strawberry extract or a control diet for 8 weeks prior to being exposed to 1.5 Gy of Fe-56 particles in the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Three days, following irradiation, the rats were tested for the effects of irradiation on the acquisition of an amphetamine- or lithium chloride-induced (LiCl) conditioned taste avoidance (CTA). The rats maintained on the control diet failed to show the acquisition of a CTA following injection of amphetamine. In contrast, the rats maintained on antioxidant diets (strawberry or blueberry extract) continued to show the development of an amphetamine- induced CTA following exposure to Fe-56 particles. Neither irradiation nor diet had an effect on the acquisition of a LiCl-induced CTA. The results are interpreted as indicating that oxidative stress following exposure to Fe-56 particles may be responsible for the disruption of the dopamine-mediated amphetamine- induced CTA in rats fed control diets; and that a reduction in oxidative stress produced by the antioxidant diets functions to reinstate the dopamine-mediated CTA. The failure of either irradiation or diet to influence LiCl-induced responding suggests that oxidative stress may not be involved in CTA learning following injection of LiCl. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UMBC, Dept Psychol, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Tufts Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA ARS, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Rabin, BM (reprint author), UMBC, Dept Psychol, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD OCT 25 PY 2002 VL 953 IS 1-2 BP 31 EP 36 AR PII S0006-8993(02)03263-8 DI 10.1016/S0006-8993(02)03263-8 PG 6 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 609QH UT WOS:000178916100006 PM 12384235 ER PT J AU Erwert, RD Winn, RK Harlan, JM Bannerman, DD AF Erwert, RD Winn, RK Harlan, JM Bannerman, DD TI Shiga-like toxin inhibition of FLICE-like inhibitory protein expression sensitizes endothelial cells to bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; FACTOR-ALPHA; LUNG INJURY; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; DEPENDENT PATHWAY; CASPASE INHIBITOR; GENE-EXPRESSION AB Shiga-like toxin (SLT) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hemolytic uremic syndrome and its attendant endothelial cell (EC) injury. Key serotypes of Escherichia coli produce SLT-1 in addition to another highly pro-inflammatory molecule, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). It has previously been established that SLT-1 induces EC apoptosis and that LPS enhances this effect. LPS alone has no affect on human EC viability, and the mechanism for this enhancement remains unknown. In the present report, we demonstrate that SLT-1 sensitizes EC to LPS-induced apoptosis. Pretreatment with SLT-1 sensitized EC to LPS-induced apoptosis, whereas pretreatment with LPS did not influence SLT-1-induced apoptosis. SLT-1 exposure resulted in decreased expression of FLICE-like inhibitory protein (FLIP), an antiapoptotic protein that has previously been shown to block LPS-induced apoptosis. This SLT-1-mediated decrease in FLIP expression preceded the onset of apoptosis elicited by SLT-1 alone or in combination with LPS. SLT-1-mediated decrements in FLIP expression correlated in a dose- and time-dependent manner with sensitization to LPS-induced apoptosis. Finally, transient or stable overexpression of FLIP protected against LPS enhancement of SLT-1-induced apoptosis, and this protection corresponded with sustained expression of FLIP. Together, these data suggest that SLT-1 sensitizes EC to LPS-induced apoptosis by inhibiting FLIP expression. C1 ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, ANRI,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Med, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Surg, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. RP Bannerman, DD (reprint author), ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, USDA, ANRI,BARC E, Bldg 1040,Rm 2, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 18645, HL 03174]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 42686, GM 07037] NR 72 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD OCT 25 PY 2002 VL 277 IS 43 BP 40567 EP 40574 DI 10.1074/jbc.M206351200 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 607KU UT WOS:000178791400054 PM 12189147 ER PT J AU Etcheverry, P Wallingford, JC Miller, DD Glahn, RP AF Etcheverry, P Wallingford, JC Miller, DD Glahn, RP TI Simultaneous determination of (45)calcium and (65)zinc uptake by caco-2 cells SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE calcium; zinc; liquid scintillation counter; in vitro digestion; caco-2 cells; quenching ID BIOAVAILABILITY AB A simple method for simultaneously determining cell-associated Ca and Zn in Caco-2 cells is described. Calcium and zinc uptake was measured via radioisotopes Ca-45 and Zn-65. Preliminary studies revealed that Zn-65, a positron (beta(+)) and gamma emitter, contributed to Ca-45 counts in a liquid scintillation counter (LSC). However, Ca-45, being a true beta emitter, did not contribute to the counts in a gamma counter (gammaC). To differentiate the counts of Ca-45 from those of Zn-65, first a Zn-65-labeled cell suspension was read in a gammaC and an LSC, thus obtaining the relationship between the radioactive counts obtained from the gammaC and LSC. This information defined the linear relationship between gammaC Zn-65 counts per minute (CPM) and LSC Zn-65 CPM. Because the Ca-45 and Zn-65 counts obtained in the LSC are additive, giving total LSC CPM, the value of LSC Ca-45 CPM was obtained by subtracting LSC Zn-65 CPM from total LSC CPM for the dual-labeled cell sample, obtaining then LSC Ca-45 CPM. To determine the absolute activity or disintegrations per minute (DPM) of each isotope in the dual-labeled sample, the linear relationship between DPM and CPM was determined for each isotope. The method is simple and straightforward for the determination of Ca-45 counts from a sample also containing Zn-65, using gamma and liquid scintillation counters. C1 Cornell Univ, Inst Food Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Wyeth Ayerst Pharmaceut, Philadelphia, PA 19101 USA. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Miller, DD (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Inst Food Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 10 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT 23 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 22 BP 6287 EP 6294 DI 10.1021/jf025706m PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 605GE UT WOS:000178668600006 PM 12381105 ER PT J AU Khrimian, A Klun, JA Hijji, Y Baranchikov, YN Pet'ko, VM Mastro, VC Kramer, MH AF Khrimian, A Klun, JA Hijji, Y Baranchikov, YN Pet'ko, VM Mastro, VC Kramer, MH TI Syntheses of (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol and (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienol, Lepidoptera pheromone components, via zinc reduction of enyne precursors. Test of pheromone efficacy against the Siberian moth SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol; Siberian moth; Dendrolimus superans sibiricus; (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienol; pheromone; zinc reduction ID FEMALE SEX-PHEROMONE; PYRALIDAE; ISOMERS AB Efficient syntheses of (ZE)-5,7-dodecadienol, a pheromone component of the Siberian moth, Dendrolimus superans sibiricus, and (E,Z)-10,12-hexadecadienol, a pheromone component of various Lepidoptera pheromones, were accomplished by cis reduction of the corresponding enynols with activated zinc. The most energetic reagent was zinc galvanized with copper and silver (Zn/Cu/Ag) that achieved rapid and high-yield reduction in methanol-water. The stereoselectivity of semihydrogenation was greater than or equal to98%. A process whereby zinc dust was continuously activated throughout the reduction with an acid was also satisfactory (95-98% cis). Field evaluation of the 1:1 mixture of (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienol and (Z,E)-5,7-dodecadienal with the Siberian moth in Russia showed that the rubber septa pretreated with compound and stored at -80 degreesC were as effective as freshly treated septa. Moth responses to septa aged in open air indicated that lure effectiveness declined significantly after 2 weeks of aging. Thus, if rubber septa are used as pheromone dispensers in Siberian moth traps monitoring, they should be replaced biweekly with fresh septa for optimal trap effectiveness. C1 USDA ARS, PSI, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Morgan State Univ, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21251 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Siberian Branch, VN Sukachev Inst Forest, Dept Forest Zool, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. USDA, APHIS, Otis Methods Dev Ctr, Otis ANGB, MA 02542 USA. USDA ARS, BA, Biometr Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Khrimian, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, PSI, Chem Affecting Insect Behav Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT 23 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 22 BP 6366 EP 6370 DI 10.1021/jf020472s PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 605GE UT WOS:000178668600019 PM 12381118 ER PT J AU Wang, SY Zheng, W Galletta, GJ AF Wang, SY Zheng, W Galletta, GJ TI Cultural system affects fruit quality and antioxidant capacity in strawberries SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE antioxidant; flavonoids; fruit; genotypes; strawberry ID RADICAL ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; PHENOLIC COMPOSITION; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; ELLAGIC ACID; FLAVONOIDS; OXYGEN; ASCORBATE; ANTHOCYANINS; VEGETABLES AB Cultural system [hill plasticulture (HC) versus matted row (MR)] and genotype interactions affected strawberry fruit quality. In general, fruit soluble solids content, total sugar, fructose, glucose, ascorbic acid, titratable acid, and citric acid contents were increased in the HC system. Fruit from HC also had higher flavonold contents and antioxidant capacities. Strawberry fruit contains flavonols as well as other phenolic compounds such as anthocyanins and phenolic acids. Pelargonidin-based anthocyanins such as pelargonidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-rutinoside, and pelargonidin 3-glucoside-succinate were the predominant anthocyanins in strawberry fruit, The content of cyanidin-based anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-glucoside-succinate, was much lower than that of pelargonidin-based anthocyanins in either system. Strawberry fruit from the HC system had significantly higher amounts of p-coumaroylglucose, dihydroflavonol, quercetin 3-glucoside, quercetin 3-glucuronide, kaempferol 3-glucoside, kaempferol 3-glucuronide, cyanidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-glucoside, pelargonidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside-succinate, and pelargonidin 3-glucoside-succinate. Fruits from plants grown in the MR system generally had the lowest contents of phenolic acids, flavonols, and anthocyanins. Strawberry fruit grown under HC conditions had significantly higher peroxyl radicals (ROO.) absorbance capacity (ORAC). C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, SY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Fruit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 58 TC 157 Z9 162 U1 5 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT 23 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 22 BP 6534 EP 6542 DI 10.1021/jf20614i PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 605GE UT WOS:000178668600047 PM 12381146 ER PT J AU Brandon, DL Friedman, M AF Brandon, DL Friedman, M TI Immunoassays of soy proteins SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 219th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY MAR 26-30, 2000 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Amer Chem Soc DE Bowman-Birk inhibitor; immunoassay; Kunitz trypsin inhibitor; nutritional improvement; soy germplasm; soy protein; soybean agglutinin; soy lectin; glycinin; beta-conglycinin ID BOWMAN-BIRK INHIBITOR; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SOYBEAN TRYPSIN-INHIBITOR; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; PROTEASE INHIBITOR; IN-VIVO; HEAT INACTIVATION; BETA-CONGLYCININ; MEAT-PRODUCTS; GLYCINE-MAX AB Proteins of soybeans (Glycine max) are widely used in animal and human nutrition. In addition to the bulk of the seed storage proteins, which are classified as albumins and globulins, similar to6% of soybean proteins are classified as inhibitors of trypsin and chymotrypsin and similar to0.5% are sugar-binding lectins. The two major classes of inhibitors are the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, which inhibits trypsin, and the Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI), which inhibits both trypsin and chymotrypsin. Unless removed or inactivated, these inhibitors and lectins can impair the nutritional quality and safety of soy-based diets. On the other hand, several studies suggest that BBI can also function as an anticarcinogen, possibly through interaction with a cellular serine protease. Good-quality soybean proteins contribute to the nutritional value of many specialty foods including infant soy formulas and milk replacers for calves, and provide texture to many processed foods. However, they may also induce occasional allergic responses in humans. This paper outlines immunoassays developed to analyze for soy proteins in different soybean lines, in processed foods, and in nonsoy foods fortified with soy proteins. An assessment of the current status of immunoassays, especially of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for soybean inhibitors of digestive enzymes, soy globulins, and soy lectins, demonstrates the usefulness of these methods in plant and food sciences and in medicine. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Brandon, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM dbrandon@pw.usda.gov OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 74 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT 23 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 22 BP 6635 EP 6642 DI 10.1021/jf020186g PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 605GE UT WOS:000178668600064 PM 12381163 ER PT J AU Evermann, JF Ridpath, JF AF Evermann, JF Ridpath, JF TI Clinical and epidemiologic observations of bovine viral diarrhea virus in the northwestern United States SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV); cattle-viruses; genotypes; disease shift; fetal infections ID DAIRY-CATTLE; WEAK CALVES; BVD VIRUS; INFECTION; IDENTIFICATION; PESTIVIRUSES; DECISIONS; PREGNANCY; DIVERSITY; OUTBREAKS AB Retrospective analyses of cases from which bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) was isolated from 1980 to 2000 were conducted. These cases originated from the northwestern US and included both beef and dairy cattle. The results indicated that there was a shift in diseases associated with BVDV infection and in the animal age at onset of disease. Comparative results from the 1980 data indicated a low fetal infection rate (<5%), followed by steady increases of clinical cases and peaking at 6 months (30%). By 2000, the shift of BVDV cases was noticeable and indicated a biphasic occurrence of disease. The first phase was fetal infections, which increased to >25%, followed by a second phase at 6 months (>35%). Phylogenetic analysis was conducted on selected isolates from the time period 1998-2000 (n = 54). There were representative viral isolates from the two genotypes (BVDV1 and BVDV2), as well as subgenotypes, BVDV 1a and BVDV 1b. The types were further correlated with the clinical manifestation, which were reported as mucosal disease, persistently infected (PI)-poor doer, and abortion-open cows. The results indicated that BVDV were distributed throughout the clinical spectrum of disease, with BVDV2 representing the greatest frequency of isolation, and the greatest association with abortion-open cows. When the BVDV genotypes and subgenotypes were categorized into early (< 100 days gestation) versus late (> 100 days gestation) fetal infections, there was an inverse relationship noted. It was observed that BVDV1a was associated least with early infection (14%) and most with late infections (86%). BVDV1b was intermediate, followed by BVDV2, which was associated more with early infections (45%) and less with late infections (55%) when compared with BVDV1a and BVDV1b. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Washington Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Virus & Prion Dis Livestock, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Evermann, JF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Washington Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 44 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD OCT 22 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 2-3 BP 129 EP 139 AR PII S0378-1135(02)00178-5 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00178-5 PG 11 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA 602CC UT WOS:000178486800003 PM 12243890 ER PT J AU Smith, BN Monaco, TA Jones, C Holmes, RA Hansen, LD McArthur, ED Freeman, DC AF Smith, BN Monaco, TA Jones, C Holmes, RA Hansen, LD McArthur, ED Freeman, DC TI Stress-induced metabolic differences between populations and subspecies of Artemisia tridentata (sagebrush) from a single hillside SO THERMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Conference of the International-Society-for-Biological-Calorimetry CY JUN 06-10, 1999 CL ALTA, UTAH SP Int Soc Biol Calorimetry DE calorimetry; hybrids; metabolism; sagebrush; temperature ID NARROW HYBRID ZONE; PLANT-GROWTH; RESPIRATION; ASTERACEAE; TEMPERATURE; RESPONSES AB Big sagebrush or Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. vaseyana grows at slightly higher, cooler, and drier sites than does A. tridentata ssp. tridentata. The two sagebrush subspecies and natural hybrids between them are found along an elevational gradient in Salt Creek Canyon, near Nephi, UT, USA, where the parent populations are separated by 85 m in elevation and 1.1 km along the transect. In 1993, three gardens were established with seedlings from five populations from different elevations planted in each garden. Physiological measurements of carbon isotope ratios, chlorophyll fluorescence, and respiratory heat and CO2 production show adaptation to the site of origin. When transplanted to foreign sites, stress was noted. Sagebrush has persistent leaves that are metabolically active all year. Seasonal changes in temperature promote metabolic responses in sagebrush that differ with population and garden. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Bot & Range Sci, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. US Forest Serv, Shrub Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Expt Stn, USDA, Provo, UT 84606 USA. Wayne State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. RP Smith, BN (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Bot & Range Sci, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-6031 J9 THERMOCHIM ACTA JI Thermochim. Acta PD OCT 19 PY 2002 VL 394 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 205 EP 210 AR PII S0040-6031(02)00251-4 DI 10.1016/S0040-6031(02)00251-4 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 604RQ UT WOS:000178635200026 ER PT J AU Thygerson, T Harris, JM Smith, BN Hansen, LD Pendleton, RL Booth, DT AF Thygerson, T Harris, JM Smith, BN Hansen, LD Pendleton, RL Booth, DT TI Metabolic response to temperature for six populations of winterfat (Eurotia lanata) SO THERMOCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Conference of the International-Society-for-Biological-Calorimetry CY JUN 06-10, 1999 CL ALTA, UTAH SP Int Soc Biol Calorimetry DE germination; metabolism; respiration rate; temperature; winterfat ID IMBIBITION TEMPERATURE; COLD-HARDINESS; RESPIRATION AB Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq. [Krascheninnikovia lanata (Pursh) Guldenstaedt.] (winterfat) is a boreal cold-desert subshrub, seldom more than 2 ft tall, that thrives in dry climates at cool temperatures. Diaspore collections from Saskatchewan, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico were cleaned and placed on moistened filter paper in petri dishes. Seeds maintained at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20degreesC for seven days germinated at all temperatures with no evidence of acclimation. At radicle emergence (ca. 3 mm), seeds were placed in calorimeter ampoules. Heat rate (R-q) was measured at a given temperature, then a vial containing NaOH solution was added to measure the rate of CO2 evolution (R-CO2) for the same tissue at the same temperature. This procedure was repeated for each of the populations at temperatures ranging from 0 to 25degreesC. Metabolic efficiency and predicted specific growth rates were calculated from these measurements. Optimum temperature for germination, metabolism, and early seedling growth ranged from 5 to 25degreesC. Seedlings differed in response to temperature reflecting the climate at the site of origin. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Bot & Range Sci, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. Rocky Mt Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Albuquerque, NM USA. ARS, USDA, High Plains Grassland Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. RP Smith, BN (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Bot & Range Sci, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-6031 J9 THERMOCHIM ACTA JI Thermochim. Acta PD OCT 19 PY 2002 VL 394 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 211 EP 217 AR PII S0040-6031(02)00253-8 DI 10.1016/S0040-6031(02)00253-8 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 604RQ UT WOS:000178635200027 ER PT J AU Kochman, M Gordin, A Goldshlag, P Lehotay, SJ Amirav, A AF Kochman, M Gordin, A Goldshlag, P Lehotay, SJ Amirav, A TI Fast, high-sensitivity, multipesticide analysis of complex mixtures with supersonic gas chromatography-mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE supersonic GC-MS; pesticides ID HYPERTHERMAL SURFACE-IONIZATION; PULSED-FLAME PHOTOMETER; TRACE-LEVEL DETECTION; MOLECULAR-BEAMS; DISSOCIATIVE IONIZATION; PESTICIDE-RESIDUES; ELECTRON-IMPACT; ENERGY; DRUGS; IDENTIFICATION AB We developed a new instrumental approach, termed Supersonic GC-MS, which achieves fast, sensitive, confirmatory and quantitative analysis of a broad range of pesticides in complex agricultural matrices. Our Supersonic GC-MS system is a modification of a bench-top Agilent 6890 GC+5972 MSD with a supersonic molecular beam (SMB) interface and fly-through EI ion source. One of the main advantages of Supersonic GC-MS is an enhanced molecular ion (M+) in the resulting mass spectra. For example, The M+ was observed in all 88 pesticides that we studied using the Supersonic GC-MS whereas only 36 of 63 (57%) pesticides that we investigated in standard GC-MS exhibited a M+. We also found that the degree of matrix interference is exponentially reduced with the fragment mass by about 20-fold per 100 amu increasing mass. The enhancement of the M+ combined with the reduction in matrix background noise permit rapid full scan analysis of a potentially unlimited number of pesticides, unlike selected ion monitoring or MS-MS in which specific conditions are required in segments for targeted pesticides. Furthermore, unlike the case with chemical ionization, EI-SMB-MS spectra still give accurate identification of compounds using common mass spectral libraries. In practice, we found that libraries favor mass spectra in which the M+ appears, thus Supersonic GC-MS produced better spectra for compound identification than standard GC-MS. To achieve even lower identification limits, the M+ plus a second major ion (still using full scan data) gives higher signal-to-chemical noise ratios than the traditional 3-ion approach. The replacement of two low-mass ions with the M+ (supersonic two-ions method) results in a significant reduction of matrix interference by a factor of up to 90. Another main advantage of Supersonic GC-MS is its exceptional suitability for fast GC-MS with high carrier gas flow-rate. Fast Supersonic GC-MS was able to analyze thermally labile pesticides, such as carbamates, that are difficult or impossible to analyze in standard GC-MS. Large volume injection using a ChromatoProbe was also demonstrated, in the 6 min analysis of pesticides at 20 ng/g in a spice matrix. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Chem, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Plant Protect & Inspect Serv, Pesticide Residue Lab, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Amirav, A (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Chem, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NR 49 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD OCT 18 PY 2002 VL 974 IS 1-2 BP 185 EP 212 AR PII S0021-9673(02)01245-1 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01245-1 PG 28 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 613KQ UT WOS:000179131800012 PM 12458937 ER PT J AU Drohan, PJ Stout, SL Petersen, GW AF Drohan, PJ Stout, SL Petersen, GW TI Sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) decline during 1979-1989 in northern Pennsylvania SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE sugar maple; forest decline; soil chemistry; atmospheric deposition; defoliation ID QUEBEC APPALACHIANS; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; ALLEGHENY PLATEAU; HUBBARD BROOK; SOIL; STANDS; BIOGEOCHEMISTRY; CHEMISTRY; DIEBACK; CALCIUM AB Sugar maple decline has been observed in northern Pennsylvania since the early 1980s. We investigated the interactions between soil moisture stresses in sugar maple and other factors, such as soil chemistry, insect defoliation, geology, aspect, slope, topography, and atmospheric deposition. In the summer of 1998, we sampled 28 sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) plots drawn from the USFS Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots, containing declining and non-declining sugar maple trees across northern Pennsylvania for a variety of soil physical and chemical parameters, site characteristics, and tree health. Foliage from declining plots was found to have significantly lower base cations and higher Mn as compared to that from non-declining plots. Soils in declining plots had lower base cations and pH, a Ca:Al- less than or equal to 1, lower percent clay and higher percent sand and rock fragments than soils on non-declining plots, suggesting that trees on declining plots are at risk of nutritional and drought stress. Regression relationships between foliar and soil chemistry indicated that foliar nutrition was highly correlated with soil chemistry in the upper 50 cm of the soil. Declining sugar maple plots in this study occurred at higher elevations on sandstone dominated geologies. Soils were found to be base poor-sandy soils that contained high percentages of rock fragments. Soils below 50 cm on declining plots had lower soil pH and foliar chemistry indicated lower foliar base cations. A trend, while not significant was found with declining plots experiencing a greater number of and more severe insect defoliations. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Environm Studies, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Irving, PA USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Drohan, PJ (reprint author), Inst Environm Studies, Shepherdstown, WV 25443 USA. NR 62 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 170 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 17 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00688-0 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00688-0 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 603NY UT WOS:000178567000001 ER PT J AU Hanula, JL Meeker, JR Miller, DR Barnard, EL AF Hanula, JL Meeker, JR Miller, DR Barnard, EL TI Association of wildfire with tree health and numbers of pine bark beetles, reproduction weevils and their associates in Florida SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE wildfire; Scolytidae; root disease; Leptographium; Pinus elliotti; Pinus palustris ID BLACK TURPENTINE BEETLE; FOREST COLEOPTERA; FUNGI; TRAP; ETHANOL; ROOTS AB Wildfires burned over 200,000 ha of forest lands in Florida from April to July 1998. This unique disturbance event provided a valuable opportunity to study the interactions of summer wildfires with the activity of pine feeding insects and their associates in the southeastern United States. We compared tree mortality with abundance of bark and ambrosia beetles, reproduction weevils and wood borers relative to fire severity. Over 27% of residual live trees in stands that experienced high fire severity died between October 1998 and May 1999. An additional 2-3% of trees that initially survived the fire died during the second year compared to <1% mortality in unburned stands. One year after the fire, more than 75% of the trees surviving in high fire severity stands had roots infected with one or more species of Leptographium and/or Graphium spp. and nearly 60% of the sampled roots were infected. No such fungi were recovered from roots of trees in unburned stands. Significantly, more root weevils, Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picovorus, were captured in unbaited pitfalls in the moderate and high fire severity stands than in the controls. Mean trap catches of Ips grandicollis, Dendroctonus terebrans and Hylastes salebrosus, three common bark beetles that feed on phloem tissue of pines, were lower in Lindgren traps in the fire-damaged areas than in the control stands. In contrast, catches of the ambrosia beetles, Xyleborus spp. and Monarthrum mali, were higher in burned stands than in control stands. The generalist predator, Temnochila virescens (Coleoptera: Trogositidae), showed a strong positive relationship between abundance and fire severity, while the flat bark beetle, Silvanus sp. (Coleoptera: Sylvanidae), exhibited the reverse trend. Our results show that most tree mortality occurred within I year of the fire. Ips or Dendroctonus bark beetle populations did not build up in dead and weakened trees and attack healthy trees in nearby areas. The prevalence of Leptographium spp. in roots may be a symptom of, or result in, weakened trees that may affect the trees' susceptibility to bark beetles in the future. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Florida Div Forestry, Gainesville, FL 32614 USA. RP Hanula, JL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 40 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 170 IS 1-3 BP 233 EP 247 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00752-6 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00752-6 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 603NY UT WOS:000178567000017 ER PT J AU Madden, KB Whitman, L Sullivan, C Gause, WC Urban, JF Katona, IM Finkelman, FD Shea-Donohue, T AF Madden, KB Whitman, L Sullivan, C Gause, WC Urban, JF Katona, IM Finkelman, FD Shea-Donohue, T TI Role of STAT6 and mast cells in IL-4-and IL-13-induced alterations in murine intestinal epithelial cell function SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN B-CELLS; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; NEMATODE INFECTIONS; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; CYTOKINE REGULATION; CHLORIDE SECRETION; IGE RESPONSES; INTERLEUKIN-13; EXPRESSION; RECEPTOR AB Gastrointestinal nematode infections generally invoke a type 2 cytokine response, characterized by the production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13. Among these cytokines, IL-4 and IL-13 exhibit a functional overlap that can be explained by the sharing of a common receptor or receptor component (IL-4Ralpha). Binding of IL-4 by either the type 1 or 2 IL-4R, or of IL-13 by the type 2 IL-4R, initiates Jak-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of the IL-4Ralpha-chain and the transcription factor, STAT6. In the present study, we investigated: 1) whether IL-13 has effects on intestinal epithelial cells similar to those observed with IL-4, and 2) whether the effects of IL-4 and IL-13 depend on STAT6 signaling and/or mast cells. BALB/c, STAT6(-/-), and mast cell-deficient W/W-v mice or their +/+ littermates were treated with a long-lasting formulation of recombinant mouse IL-4 (IL-4C) or with IL-13 for seven days. Segments of jejunum were mounted in Ussing chambers to measure mucosal permeability; chloride secretion in response to PGE(2), histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or acetylcholine; and Na+-linked glucose absorption. IL-4C and IL-13 increased mucosal permeability, decreased glucose absorption, and decreased chloride secretion in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine. These effects were dependent on STAT6 signaling. Responses to PGE(2) and histamine, which were dependent on mast cells and STAT6, were enhanced by IL-4C, but not by IL-13. The effects of IL-4 and IL-13 on intestinal epithelial cell function may play a critical role in host protection against gastrointestinal nematodes. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Med, Div Immunol, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. ARS, Nutr Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr & Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Pediat, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. RP Shea-Donohue, T (reprint author), ARS, Nutr Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr & Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI 49316-01, R01 AI 35987-06, R01 AI049316] NR 35 TC 98 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 169 IS 8 BP 4417 EP 4422 PG 6 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 602NU UT WOS:000178512000045 PM 12370375 ER PT J AU Tumpey, TM Garcia-Sastre, A Mikulasova, A Taubenberger, JK Swayne, DE Palese, P Basler, CF AF Tumpey, TM Garcia-Sastre, A Mikulasova, A Taubenberger, JK Swayne, DE Palese, P Basler, CF TI Existing antivirals are effective against influenza viruses with genes from the 1918 pandemic virus SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITOR GS-4071; A-VIRUS; SPANISH INFLUENZA; H5N1 VIRUS; HONG-KONG; HEMAGGLUTININ GENE; MOUSE MODEL; OSELTAMIVIR; PREVENTION; ZANAMIVIR AB The 1918 influenza pandemic caused more than 20 million deaths worldwide. Thus, the potential impact of a re-emergent 1918 or 1918-like influenza virus, whether through natural means or as a result of bioterrorism, is of significant concern. The genetic determinants of the virulence of the 1918 virus have not been defined yet, nor have specific clinical prophylaxis and/or treatment interventions that would be effective against a re-emergent 1918 or 1918-like virus been identified. Based on the reported nucleotide sequences, we have reconstructed the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix (M) genes of the 1918 virus. Under biosafety level 3 (agricultural) conditions, we have generated recombinant influenza viruses bearing the 1918 HA, NA, or M segments. Strikingly, recombinant viruses possessing both the 1918 HA and 1918 NA were virulent in mice. In contrast, a control virus with the HA and NA from a more recent human isolate was unable to kill mice at any dose tested. The recombinant viruses were also tested for their sensitivity to U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved antiinfluenza virus drugs in vitro and in vivo. Recombinant viruses possessing the 1918 NA or both the 1918 HA and 1918 NA were inhibited effectively in both tissue culture and mice by the NA inhibitors, zanamivir and oseltamivir. A recombinant virus possessing the 1918 M segment was inhibited effectively both in tissue culture and in vivo by the M2 ion-channel inhibitors amantadine and rimantadine. These data suggest that current antiviral strategies would be effective in curbing the dangers of a re-emergent 1918 or 1918-like virus. C1 Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Cellular Pathol & Genet, Div Mol Pathol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, New York, NY 10029 USA. USDA, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Basler, CF (reprint author), CUNY Mt Sinai Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Box 1124,1Gustave L Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029 USA. OI Palese, Peter/0000-0002-0337-5823; Garcia-Sastre, Adolfo/0000-0002-6551-1827 NR 58 TC 86 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 4 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 99 IS 21 BP 13849 EP 13854 DI 10.1073/pnas.212519699 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 604RW UT WOS:000178635700091 PM 12368467 ER PT J AU Wulster-Radcliffe, MC Lewis, GS AF Wulster-Radcliffe, MC Lewis, GS TI Development of a new transcervical artificial insemination method for sheep: effects of a new transcervical artificial insemination catheter and traversing the cervix on semen quality and fertility SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE artificial insemination; cervix; sheep ID EWES AB The difficulty of traversing the cervix severely limits transcervical artificial insemination (TC AI) in sheep. Cervical trauma and poorly designed instruments can reduce fertility after AI. To overcome problems associated with TC AI, we developed a new TC AI catheter. Three bench experiments were conducted to determine the effects of the new TC AI catheter on semen quality independent of the effects of moving the catheter through the cervix. In each of the three bench experiments, the standard laparoscopic instrument for intrauterine AI in sheep was used as the control for the TC AI catheter. In Experiment 1, the total volume of semen extender expelled and void volumes for both types of AI instrument (TC versus laparoscopic) were determined. In Experiment 2, the effects of each type of AI instrument (TC versus laparoscopic) on semen quality, estimated as percentage motility and percentage forward progressive motility, of frozen-thawed semen was determined. In Experiment 3, the effects of both types of AI instrument (TC versus laparoscopic) on number of spermatozoa expelled was determined. The type of AI instrument affected neither semen quality nor the number of spermatozoa expelled. However, void volume differed (P < 0.01) between the two instruments. After differences in void volume were taken into account, an in vivo experiment was conducted to determine whether using our new TC AI catheter for TC or surgical intrauterine AI affected fertilization and pregnancy rates. For this, ewes were assigned to one of three treatments: (1) TC AI using the new TC AI catheter + sham AI via laparotomy (n = 9); (2) sham TC AI + AI via laparotomy using a laparoscopic AI instrument (n = 8); and (3) sham TC AI + AI via laparotomy using the new TC AI catheter (n = 10). To synchronize estrus, progestogenated pessaries were inserted and left in place for 12 days. On Day 5 after pessary insertion, PGF(2α). (15 mg) was given i.m. At pessary removal, 400 IU of eCG were administered i.m. Ewes were inseminated 48-52 h after pessary removal using fresh diluted semen (200 x 106 to 350 x 106 spermatozoa per 0.2 ml) pooled from the same four rams each day during the experiment. At 72 h after AI, uteri were collected postmortem and flushed. Oocytes and embryos were recovered and evaluated. Treatments did not affect (P > 0.01) ovum and embryo recovery rate (mean = 87.3%), fertilization rate (59.3%), or Day 3 pregnancy rate (mean = 66.6%). We conclude from these data that the use of our new TC AI catheter for TC AI or intrauterine AI should not impair the success of AI in sheep. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. RP Lewis, GS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Sheep Expt Stn, HC 62,Box 2010, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. NR 15 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD OCT 15 PY 2002 VL 58 IS 7 BP 1361 EP 1371 AR PII S0093-691X(02)01042-7 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(02)01042-7 PG 11 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 602YW UT WOS:000178532900011 PM 12387349 ER PT J AU Osorio, FA Galeota, JA Nelson, E Brodersen, B Doster, A Wills, R Zuckermann, F Laegreid, WW AF Osorio, FA Galeota, JA Nelson, E Brodersen, B Doster, A Wills, R Zuckermann, F Laegreid, WW TI Passive transfer of virus-specific antibodies confers protection against reproductive failure induced by a virulent strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and establishes sterilizing immunity SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE PRRSV; swine arterivirus; antibodies; protective immunity ID SYNDROME PRRS VIRUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; PREGNANT SWINE; LELYSTAD VIRUS; IN-VIVO; INFECTION; PIGS; CHALLENGE; PROTEIN AB Immune mechanisms mediating protective immunity against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are not well understood. The PRRSV-specific humoral immune response has been dismissed as being ineffective and perhaps deleterious for the host. The function of PRRSV antibodies in protective immunity against infection with a highly abortifacient strain of this virus was examined by passive transfer experiments in pregnant swine. All of a group of pregnant gilts (n = 6) that received PRRSV immunoglobulin (Ig) from PRRSV-convalescent, hyperimmune animals were fully protected from reproductive failure as judged by 95% viability of offspring at weaning (15 days of age). On the other hand, the totality of animals in a matched control group In = 6) receiving anti-pseudorabies virus (PRV) Ig exhibited marked reproductive failure with 4% survival at weaning. Besides protecting the pregnant females from clinical reproductive disease, the passive transfer of PRRSV Ig prevented the challenge virus from infecting the dams and precluded its vertical transmission, as evidenced by the complete absence of infectious PRRSV from the tissues of the dams and lack of infection in their offspring. In summary, these results indicate that PRRSV-Igs are capable of conferring protective immunity against PRRSV and furthermore that these Igs can provide sterilizing immunity in vivo. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, VBS 141, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. S Dakota State Univ, Dept Vet Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Osorio, FA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Vet & Biomed Sci, VBS 141, East Campus, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 58 TC 123 Z9 145 U1 3 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD OCT 10 PY 2002 VL 302 IS 1 BP 9 EP 20 DI 10.1006/viro.2002.1612 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA 605NE UT WOS:000178683300002 PM 12429512 ER PT J AU Stenger, DC Seifers, DL French, R AF Stenger, DC Seifers, DL French, R TI Patterns of polymorphism in Wheat streak mosaic virus: Sequence space explored by a clade of closely related viral genotypes rivals that between the most divergent strains SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENETIC DIVERSITY; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; DNA POLYMORPHISM; RNA VIRUSES; EVOLUTION; HETEROGENEITY; TRITIMOVIRUS; VARIABILITY; PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTS AB Nucleotide (nt) sequence polymorphism within a collection of Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) isolates was examined. An similar to1267-nt region encompassing the coat protein (CP) cistron and flanking sequences was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for each of 49 isolates not previously sequenced. Consensus sequences were compiled for each isolate based on sequences derived from three clones per RT-PCR product. Among 59 consensus sequences examined, only two were identical. Clades A-C contained divergent isolates from Mexico (Clade A); the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Russia (Clade B); and Iran (Clade Q. Fifty-four closely related consensus sequences of isolates from the U.S. (51 sequences), Canada (1 sequence), and Turkey (2 sequences) comprised Clade D. Pair-wise nt divergence between two of the most distantly related sequences (Sidney 81 of Clade D and El Batan 3 of Clade A) was 20%, representing over half of the variable sites (34.1%) in the entire WSMV data set. Maximum pairwise nt divergence within Clade D was 3.6%, yet the proportion of all variable sites within Clade D (21.4%) was similar to that of the Sidney 81-El Batan 3 pair. Patterns of polymorphism within Clade D and the Sidney 81-El Batan 3 pair were remarkably similar with respect to synonymous, nonsynonymous, and noncoding substitutions, as were the proportions of substitutions as a function of nt position within codons. The majority of substitutions within Clade D were synonymous and randomly distributed throughout the coding region examined, whereas nonsynonymous substitutions exhibited a clumped distribution and mostly occurred within the 5'-proximal portion of the CP cistron. Because over half of the polymorphic sites within Clade D were of allele size class 1, the isolates appear to be evolving independently and in a nondeterministic manner, within the constraints of selection. These results indicate that Clade D has undergone substantial and, most likely, recent divergence with the majority of consensus sequence substitutions potentially neutral with respect to fitness. An estimate of evolution rate suggests that the present diversity within the U.S. population arose in about a century, a timeframe corresponding to the establishment of wheat monoculture in the Great Plains. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Kansas State Univ, Agr Res Ctr Hays, Hays, KS 67601 USA. RP Stenger, DC (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 344 Keim Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 59 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD OCT 10 PY 2002 VL 302 IS 1 BP 58 EP 70 DI 10.1006/viro.2001.1569 PG 13 WC Virology SC Virology GA 605NE UT WOS:000178683300006 PM 12429516 ER PT J AU Friedman, M AF Friedman, M TI Tomato glycoalkaloids: Role in the plant and in the diet SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE alpha-tomatine; beta(1)-tomatine; beta(2)-tomatine; gamma-tomatine; delta-tomatine; dehydrotomatine; tomatidine; tomatidenol; lycopene; tomatoes; transgenic tomatoes; chemistry; analysis; composition; biosynthesis; plant physiology; antibiotic effects; tomatinases; plant pathogens; host-plant resistance; disease resistance; bacteria; fungi; insects; viruses; protozoa; nutrition; cytochemistry; cell membrane structures; tomatine-cholesterol complex; cholesterol-lowering effects; human health; cancer chemotherapy; malaria vaccine adjuvant ID COLORADO-POTATO BEETLE; F-SP LYCOPERSICI; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; UDP-GLUCOSE GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE; PULSED AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION; TERATOGENESIS ASSAY-XENOPUS; INDUCED MEMBRANE DISRUPTION; TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SCANNING-ARRAY DETECTION; EMBRYO CELL-MEMBRANES AB Tomatoes, a major food source for humans, accumulate a variety of secondary metabolites including phenolic compounds, phytoalexins, protease inhibitors, and glycoalkaloids. These metabolites protect against adverse effects of hosts of predators including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance, on the one hand, and to have a variety of pharmacological and nutritional properties in animals and humans, on the other, a need exists to develop a better understanding of the role of these compounds both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the history, composition, and nutrition of tomatoes, with special focus on the assessment of the chemistry, analysis, composition, nutrition, microbiology, and pharmacology of the tomato glycoalkaloids comprising a-tomatine and dehydrotomatine; their content in different parts of the tomato plant, in processed tomato products, and in wild and transgenic tomatoes; their biosynthesis, inheritance, metabolism, and catabolism; plant-microbe relationships with fungi, bacteria, viruses, insects, and worms; interactions with ergosterol and cholesterol; disruption of cell membranes; tomatine-induced tomatinases, pantothenate synthetase, steroid hydroxylases, and cytokines; and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Also covered are tomato-human pathogen relationships and tomatine-induced lowering of plasma cholesterol and triglycerides and enhancement of the immune system. Further research needs in each of these areas are suggested. The overlapping aspects are discussed in terms of general concepts for a better understanding of the impact of tomato glycoalkaloids in the plant in general and in food in particular. Such an understanding can lead to the creation of improved tomatoes and to improved practices on the farm and in the consumption of tomatoes. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM mfried@pw.usda.gov OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 312 TC 157 Z9 171 U1 5 U2 72 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT 9 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 21 BP 5751 EP 5780 DI 10.1021/jf020560c PG 30 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 602JC UT WOS:000178501300001 PM 12358437 ER PT J AU Brandon, DL Bates, AH Binder, RG Montague, WC Whitehead, LC Barker, SA AF Brandon, DL Bates, AH Binder, RG Montague, WC Whitehead, LC Barker, SA TI Analysis of fenbendazole residues in bovine milk by ELISA SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fenbendazole; oxfendazole; milk; ELISA; monoclonal antibody ID DRUG RESIDUES; BENZIMIDAZOLE ANTHELMINTICS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; THIABENDAZOLE; COWS; CALVES; LIVER AB Fenbendazole residues in bovine milk were analyzed by ELISAs using two monoclonal antibodies. One monoclonal antibody (MAb 587) bound the major benzimidazole anthelmintic drugs, including fenbendazole, oxfendazole, and fenbendazole sulfone. The other (MAb 591) was more specific for fenbendazole, with 13% cross-reactivity with the sulfone and no significant binding to the sulfoxide metabolite. The limit of detection of the ELISA method in the milk matrix was 7 ppb for MAb 587 and 3 ppb for MAb 591. Fenbendazole was administered in feed, drench, and paste form to three groups of dairy cattle. Milk was collected immediately before dosing and then every 12 h for 5 days. The ELISA indicated that residue levels varied widely among individual cows in each group. Fenbendazole levels peaked at similar to12-24 h and declined rapidly thereafter. Metabolites were detected at much higher levels than the parent compound, peaked at similar to24-36 h, and declined gradually. Residue levels were undetectable by 72 h, The ELISA data correlated well with the total residues determined by chromatographic analysis, but the use of the two separate ELISAs did not afford an advantage over ELISA with the single, broadly reactive MAb 587. The ELISA method could be used to flag high-residue samples in on-site monitoring of fenbendazole in milk and is a potential tool for studying drug pharmacokinetics. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Sch Vet Med, Dept Comparat Biomed Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Brandon, DL (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT 9 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 21 BP 5791 EP 5796 DI 10.1021/jf020322h PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 602JC UT WOS:000178501300004 PM 12358440 ER PT J AU Manthey, JA Guthrie, N AF Manthey, JA Guthrie, N TI Antiproliferative activities of citrus flavonoids against six human cancer cell lines SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE citrus; Rutaceae; flavonoid; polymethoxylated flavones; cancer; lung; prostate; breast; colon; melanoma ID GROWTH; APIGENIN; TANGERETIN; INHIBITION; HESPERIDIN; INDUCTION; APOPTOSIS; DIOSMIN; DIFFERENTIATION; CARCINOGENESIS AB Citrus fruits contain high concentrations of several classes of phenols, including numerous hydroxycinnamates, flavonoid glycosides, and polymethoxylated flavones. The latter group of compounds occurs without glycosidic linkages and has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of a number of cancer cell lines. This antiproliferative property was further demonstrated against additional human cancer cell lines, and the anti proliferative actions of a series of synthetic methoxylated flavones were also studied. Similar to the naturally occurring compounds, the synthetic compounds exhibited strong antiproliferative activities. In many cases the IC50 values occurred below 10 mum. Other hydroxylated flavone and flavanone aglycons also exhibited antiproliferative activities against the cancer cell lines, with the flavones showing greater activities than the flavanones. Glycosylation of these compounds removed their activity. The strong antiproliferative activities of the polymethoxylated flavones suggest that they may have use as anticancer agents in humans. C1 USDA ARS, S Atlantic Area, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. KGK Synergize, London, ON N6A 5R8, Canada. RP Manthey, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Atlantic Area, US Citrus & Subtrop Prod Lab, 600 Ave S,NW, Winter Haven, FL 33881 USA. NR 37 TC 190 Z9 212 U1 1 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT 9 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 21 BP 5837 EP 5843 DI 10.1021/jf020121d PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 602JC UT WOS:000178501300011 PM 12358447 ER PT J AU Grabber, JH Ralph, J Hatfield, RD AF Grabber, JH Ralph, J Hatfield, RD TI Model studies of ferulate-coniferyl alcohol cross-product formation in primary maize walls: Implications for lignification in grasses SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; primary cell wall; ferulic acid; diferulic acids; coniferyl alcohol; cross-coupling; cross-product; cross-link; lignin; dehydrogenation polymer; nucleation site ID CELL-WALLS; LIGNIN; LINKS; DEHYDRODIFERULATE; DIMERIZATION; METHIDE; ETHERS; ESTERS AB Ferulate and diferulates mediate cell wall cross-linking in grasses, but little is known about their cross-coupling reactions with monolignols and their role in lignin formation in primary cell walls. Feruloylated primary walls of maize were artificially lignified and then saponified to release ferulate and diferulates and their cross-products with coniferyl alcohol for analysis by GC-FID, GC-MS, and NMR spectroscopy. Ferulate and 5-5-coupled diferulate had a greater propensity than 8-coupled diferulates to copolymerize with coniferyl alcohol, forming mostly 4-O-beta' and 8-beta' and some 8-O-4' and 8-5' cross-coupled structures. Some 8-beta' structures de-esterified from xylans, but these cross-links were subsequently replaced as 8-coupled diferulates formed stable cross-coupled structures with lignin. Based on the incorporation kinetics of ferulate and diferulates and the predicted growth of lignin, cross-products formed at the onset of lignification acted as nucleation sites for lignin polymerization. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM jgrabber@facstaff.wisc.edu NR 29 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT 9 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 21 BP 6008 EP 6016 DI 10.1021/jf0205312 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 602JC UT WOS:000178501300037 PM 12358473 ER PT J AU Britz, SJ Kremer, DF AF Britz, SJ Kremer, DF TI Warm temperatures or drought during seed maturation increase free alpha-tocopherol in seeds of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; soybean; seeds; stress; heat; temperature; drought; soil moisture; tocopherols; vitamin E; antioxidants ID FATTY-ACIDS; VITAMIN-E; PLANTING LOCATION; SPECTRAL QUALITY; ARABIDOPSIS; STRESS; OIL AB Soybean seeds are an important source of dietary tocopherols, but like seeds of other dicotyledonous plants, they contain relatively little alpha-tocopherol, the form with the greatest vitamin E activity. To evaluate potential effects of environmental stress during seed maturation on tocopherols, soybeans were raised in greenhouses at nominal average temperatures of 23 degreesC or 28 degreesC during seed fill, with or without simultaneous drought (soil moisture at 10-25% of capacity), during normal growing seasons in 1999 (cvs. Essex and Forrest) and 2000 (cvs. Essex, Forrest, and Williams). Total free (nonesterified) tocopherols increased slightly in response to drought in Essex and Forrest. All three lines responded to elevated temperature and, to a lesser extent, drought with large (2-3-fold) increases in alpha-tocopherol and corresponding decreases in delta-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol. The results suggest that weather or climate can significantly affect seed tocopherols. It may be possible to breed for elevated alpha-tocopherols by selecting for altered plant response to temperature. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Britz, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Phytonutrients Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT 9 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 21 BP 6058 EP 6063 DI 10.1021/jf0200016 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 602JC UT WOS:000178501300044 PM 12358480 ER PT J AU Zuerner, RL Huang, WM AF Zuerner, RL Huang, WM TI Analysis of a Leptospira interrogans locus containing DNA replication genes and a new IS, IS1502 SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE replication; transcription; leptospirosis; insertion sequence ID LYME-DISEASE AGENT; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; CHROMOSOME; ORIGIN; SEQUENCE; SEROVARS; ELEMENT; CLONING; OPERON AB A region of the Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona genome encoding DNA replication genes was characterized. This region, designated the ppa-ntrC locus, includes 19 open reading frames and a new insertion sequence, IS1502. Although this locus resembles replication origins from many eubacteria, it lacks several genes common to homologous loci. Some replication-related genes were previously located near rrf, and may have been moved to that location by homologous recombination between short sequence elements common to both loci. Further analysis showed that the ppa-ntrC region has undergone substantial change during spirochete evolution. Transcription analysis using RT-PCR revealed uniquely organized polycistronic mRNAs in the ppa-ntrC locus. The dnaN and recF intergenic region of serovar pomona was different from the homologous sites of 41 L. interrogans serovars by the presence of IS1502. The distribution of IS1502 throughout pathogenic Leptospira species varies. This result suggests that IS1502 may have been recently introduced into Leptospira. (C) 2002 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, ARS, Ames, IA 50010 USA. USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Natl Leptospirosis Reference Ctr, ARS, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Utah, Ctr Hlth Sci, Dept Pathol, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA. RP Zuerner, RL (reprint author), USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Bacterial Dis Livestock Res Unit, ARS, POB 70,2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD OCT 8 PY 2002 VL 215 IS 2 BP 175 EP 182 AR PII S0378-1097(02)00935-7 DI 10.1016/S0378-1097(02)00935-7 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 609UQ UT WOS:000178923300002 PM 12399032 ER PT J AU Mullaney, EJ Daly, CB Kim, T Porres, JM Lei, XG Sethumadhavan, K Ullah, AHJ AF Mullaney, EJ Daly, CB Kim, T Porres, JM Lei, XG Sethumadhavan, K Ullah, AHJ TI Site-directed mutagenesis of Aspergillus niger NRRL 3135 phytase at residue 300 to enhance catalysis at pH 4.0 SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE phytase; site-directed mutagenesis; Aspergillus niger; substrate specificity site ID MYOINOSITOL HEXAKISPHOSPHATE PHOSPHOHYDROLASES; ACTIVE-SITE; ANGSTROM RESOLUTION; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ACID-PHOSPHATASE; GENE PHYA; FICUUM; EXPRESSION AB Increased phytase activity for Aspergillus niger NRRL 3135 phytaseA (phyA) at intermediate pH levels (3.0-5.0) was achieved by site-directed mutagenesis of its gene at amino acid residue 300. A single mutation, K300E. resulted in an increase of the hydrolysis of phytic acid of 56% and 19% at pH 4.0 and 5.0, respectively. at 37 degreesC. This amino acid residue has previously been identified as part of the substrate specificity site for phyA and a comparison of the amino acid sequences of other cloned fungal phytases indicated a correlation between a charged residue at this position and high specific activity for phytic acid hydrolysis. The Substitution at this residue by either another basic (R), uncharged (T), or acidic amino acid (D) did not yield a recombinant enzyme with the same favorable properties. Therefore, we conclude that this residue is not only important for the catalytic function of phyA, but also essential for imparting a favorable pH environment for catalysis. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Mullaney, EJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. OI Porres Foulquie, Jesus Maria/0000-0001-5657-0764 NR 18 TC 33 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD OCT 4 PY 2002 VL 297 IS 4 BP 1016 EP 1020 AR PII S0006-291X(02)02325-2 DI 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02325-2 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 603PY UT WOS:000178569700049 PM 12359257 ER PT J AU Mitsunaga, T Conner, AH Hill, CG AF Mitsunaga, T Conner, AH Hill, CG TI Predicting the reactivity of phenolic compounds with formaldehyde. II. Continuation of an ab initio study SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chemical computation; ab initio; phenolics; formaldehyde; adhesives ID KINETICS; MECHANISMS; RESINS AB Phenol-formaldehyde resins are important adhesives used by the forest products industry. The phenolic compounds in these resins are derived primarily from petrochemical sources. Alternate sources of phenolic compounds include tannins, lignins, biomass pyrolysis products, and coal gasification products. Because of variations in their chemical structures, the reactivities of these phenolic compounds with formaldehyde vary in quite subtle ways. Previously, it was demonstrated teat the reactivity of a number of phenols with formaldehyde in nonaqueous conditions could be correlated with charges calculated for reactive sites on the aromatic ring (Conner, A. H. J Appl Polym Sci 2000, 78, 355-363). We studied the reactivity of a larger number of phenolic compounds with formaldehyde in an aqueous solution using sodium hydroxide as the catalyst. Reaction rates were determined from measurements of the concentrations of the phenolic compounds and formaldehyde as functions of time. The reaction rate constants varied over a wide range (approximately 10(-2) to 10(4) L mol(-1) h(-1)). An estimate of the reactivity per reactive site on the phenolic ring was determined by dividing the rate by the number of reactive sites. Atomic charges for each phenolic compound were calculated by ab initio methods at the RHF/6-31+ G level of theory using the CHelpG method. The charge per reactive site was estimated by summing the charges at all the reactive sites on the phenolic ring and dividing by the number of reactive sites. A strong correlation was observed between the reactivity per reactive site and the average charge per reactive site. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Mie Univ, Fac Bioresources, Tsu, Mie 5148507, Japan. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem Engn, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Mitsunaga, T (reprint author), Mie Univ, Fac Bioresources, Tsu, Mie 5148507, Japan. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD OCT 3 PY 2002 VL 86 IS 1 BP 135 EP 140 DI 10.1002/app.10926 PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 577MC UT WOS:000177063800017 ER PT J AU Hu, ZM Larson, SR Jones, TA Wang, RRC AF Hu, ZM Larson, SR Jones, TA Wang, RRC TI Genetic relationships among soluble carbohydrates, anthocyanins and growth characteristics in Leymus (Gramineae) detected with molecular markers SO ACTA BOTANICA SINICA LA English DT Article DE Leymus; molecular markers; genetic relationship ID BARLEY HORDEUM-VULGARE; DIFFERENT WHEAT CULTIVARS; LOW-TEMPERATURE STRESS; WINTER-WHEAT; CHALCONE SYNTHASE; CRESTED WHEATGRASS; COLD-ACCLIMATION; ACCUMULATION; RYE; FRUCTAN AB Low-temperature soluble carbohydrate accumulations are commonly associated with anthocyanin coloration, attenuated growth and cold adaptation of cool-season grasses. The vrn-1 gene has potent effects on vernalization requirement, growth, and soluble carbohydrate accumulations of the winter-annual Triticeae species. Two hundred and four unmapped AFLP markers and genome-specific DNA markers genetically linked to the vrn-1 gene were used to detect QTL controlling soluble carbohydrate accumulations, anthocyanin coloration and growth characteristics in a segregating population derived from open pollinated Leymus cinereus x L. triticoides hybrids. These perennial Triticeae grasses are distinguished by adaptation and growth habit. As expected, positive trait correlations and pleiotropic gene effects were detected for soluble carbohydrate accumulations and anthocyanin coloration. Likewise, positive trait correlations and pleiotropic gene effects were detected for tillering, leaf development, leaf growth, regrowth and rhizome spread. However, soluble carbohydrate accumulations were not associated with attenuated growth. In fact, several DNA marker alleles, including one near vrn-Ns1, had positive effects on soluble leaf carbohydrate concentrations and low temperature growth. The corresponding DNA marker near vrn-Ns1 had more specific effects on tillering. We speculate that vrn-1 exerts quantitative effects on low-temperature soluble leaf carbohydrate accumulations and growth habit of the perennial Leymus. However, a number of other DNA markers displayed highly significant effects on soluble carbohydrate accumulations and various growth characteristics. Findings indicate that anthocyanin coloration may be a useful phenotypic marker for soluble carbohydrate accumulation. Although variation for soluble carbohydrates was not associated with attenuated growth in this population, this trait was under genetic control. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Genet & Dev Biol, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Hu, ZM (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Genet & Dev Biol, Beijing 100101, Peoples R China. NR 43 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU SCIENCE CHINA PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0577-7496 J9 ACTA BOT SIN JI Acta Bot. Sin. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 44 IS 10 BP 1173 EP 1181 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 606XG UT WOS:000178760000008 ER PT J AU Peters, DPC AF Peters, DPC TI Recruitment potential of two perennial grasses with different growth forms at a semiarid-arid transition zone SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Bouteloua eriopoda; Bouteloua gracilis; Chihuahuan Desert grasslands; grass-shrub interactions; intra- and inter-specific interactions; Poaceae; seed production; shortgrass steppe ID GRASSLAND-SHRUBLAND ECOTONE; PLANT-SPECIES DOMINANCE; BOUTELOUA-GRACILIS; SHORTGRASS STEPPE; SEED PRODUCTION; DYNAMICS; SOIL; COMPETITION; PATTERNS; DISTRIBUTIONS AB The objective of this study was to quantify differences in recruitment potential (seed production, seed presence in the soil) for two congeneric perennial grasses (wBouteloua gracilis, Bouteloua eriopoda [Poaceae]) that dominate adjacent and and semiarid grassland biomes. It was hypothesized that these species have different recruitment strategies at the biome transition zone that are related to differences in their growth form and longevity. Recruitment potential for each Bouteloua species was compared in patches dominated by one or both species or codominated by the invasive shrub, Larrea tridentata (Zygophyllaceae). Regional variation in recruitment was examined for B. gracilis for cases in which comparable data were available in the literature for a site located within the semiarid grassland biome. The short-lived stoloniferous species B. eriopoda produced more seeds per plant than the long-lived bunchgrass B. gracilis. yet seed viability (<60%) and presence in the soil were lower. Mean viability of B. gracilis was higher (>90%) than that of B, eriopoda, and a greater percentage of seeds produced on a square meter basis was found in the soil ( 10-25%). Similar patterns were found for both species in all grass-dominated patches. Bouteloua eriopoda plants growing in patches codominated by L tridentata produced fewer seeds per plant with lower viability, and fewer seeds were found in the soil compared to grass-dominated patches. Regional comparisons found greater seed production per square meter and more seeds in the soil for B. gracilis at the transitional site compared with a cooler, wetter site located within the semiarid grassland biome. These differences in recruitment potential along with published differences in rates of seedling establishment and vegetative spread may explain, at least in part, localized patterns in species dominance. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Peters, DPC (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Box 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 33 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 13 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY, 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 89 IS 10 BP 1616 EP 1623 DI 10.3732/ajb.89.10.1616 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 683DH UT WOS:000183131800008 PM 21665589 ER PT J AU Roubenoff, R Walsmith, J Lundgren, N Snydman, L Dolnikowski, GJ Roberts, S AF Roubenoff, R Walsmith, J Lundgren, N Snydman, L Dolnikowski, GJ Roberts, S TI Low physical activity reduces total energy expenditure in women with rheumatoid arthritis: implications for dietary intake recommendations SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE rheumatoid arthritis; energy metabolism; doubly labeled water; physical activity; total energy expenditure; women ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; BODY-COMPOSITION; MASS; WEIGHT; ASSOCIATION; DISABILITY; PREVALENCE; STRENGTH; CACHEXIA; BALANCE AB Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) causes cachexia, a metabolic response characterized by loss of muscle mass and elevated resting energy expenditure (REE). However, energy expenditure in physical activity in subjects with RA is lower than that in healthy subjects. It is not known which effect predominates in regulating total energy expenditure (TEE), and thus whether the dietary energy requirements of subjects with RA are higher or lower than those of healthy subjects. Objective: Our objective was to determine TEE in women with RA by using the reference method of doubly labeled water ((H2O)-H-2-O-18). Design: In this case-control study, we examined 20 women with RA and 20 healthy women who were matched for age and body mass index. Results: The patients with RA were cachectic (their body cell mass was 14% lower than that of the controls, P < 0.001), but REE was not elevated, reflecting good disease control. Mean (+/- SD) TEE was 1344 kJ/d lower in the patients than in the controls (9133 +/- 1335 compared with 10 477 +/- 1992 kJ/d; P < 0.02). The energy expenditure in physical activity of the patients was 1034 kJ/d lower than that of the controls (P < 0.04), which accounted for 77% of the difference in TEE between the 2 groups. The physical activity level (TEE/REE) of the patients also tended to be lower than that of the controls (1.70 +/- 0.24 compared with 1.89 +/- 0.36; P < 0.07). Conclusion: A low physical activity level is the main determinant of lower-than-normal TEE, and thus energy requirements, in women,with RA. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Mass Spectrometry Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol Immunol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roubenoff, R (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [T32 AG00209-09] NR 28 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 76 IS 4 BP 774 EP 779 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 595GV UT WOS:000178101000012 PM 12324290 ER PT J AU Herman, S Griffin, IJ Suwarti, S Ernawati, S Permaesih, D Pambudi, D Abrams, SA AF Herman, S Griffin, IJ Suwarti, S Ernawati, S Permaesih, D Pambudi, D Abrams, SA TI Cofortification of iron-fortified flour with zinc sulfate, but not zinc oxide, decreases iron absorption in Indonesian children SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE food fortification; iron absorption; stable isotopes; zinc absorption; children; Indonesia ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS; DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; POOLED ANALYSIS; WHEAT BRAN; CALCIUM; HUMANS; BIOAVAILABILITY; PHYTATE; BREAD; SUPPLEMENTATION AB Background: Iron deficiency is a major nutritional concern in developing countries, and food fortification is a common strategy to treat it. In Indonesia wheat flour is fortified with 60 mg Fe/kg, but because of increasing concerns about marginal zinc status in at-risk populations, consideration is being given to cofortifying flour with zinc. However, little is known about the effect of zinc fortification of flour on iron bioavailability or about the optimum form of zinc supple mentation. Objective: We measured iron and zinc bioavailability from wheat-flour dumplings containing 25 g flour fortified with 60 mg Fe/kg, either alone or with 60 mg Zn/kg as zinc oxide or as zinc sulfate. Design: Ninety children aged 4-8 y were recruited and assigned randomly to the 3 groups; 86 completed the study. Iron and zinc absorption were measured with established stable-isotope methods. Results: Iron absorption from the flour fortified with iron only was good (15.9 +/- 6.8%), but when corrections were made for hemoglobin concentrations, it was significantly lower from the flour cofortified with zinc sulfate (11.5 +/- 4.9%; P < 0.05) but not from the flour cofortified with zinc oxide (14.0 +/- 8.9%). Zinc absorption was not significantly different between the zinc oxide and zinc sulfate cofortified flours (24.1 +/- 8.2% compared with 23.7 +/- 11.2%; P = 0.87). Conclusions: Iron and zinc appear to be highly bioavailable from foods made from fortified flour, but zinc sulfate cofortification may have a detrimental effect on iron absorption. C1 Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Nutr Res & Dev Ctr, Bogor, Indonesia. Baylor Univ, Dept Pediat, Sect Neonatol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Griffin, IJ (reprint author), Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 33 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 76 IS 4 BP 813 EP 817 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 595GV UT WOS:000178101000017 PM 12324295 ER PT J AU Davis, TA Fiorotto, ML Burrin, DG Vann, RC Reeds, PJ Nguyen, HV Beckett, PR Bush, JA AF Davis, TA Fiorotto, ML Burrin, DG Vann, RC Reeds, PJ Nguyen, HV Beckett, PR Bush, JA TI Acute IGF-I infusion stimulates protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and other tissues of neonatal pigs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE neonate; insulin action; nutrition; translation initiation; growth ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; MESSENGER-RNA LEVELS; P70 S6 KINASE; TRANSLATION INITIATION; DEVELOPMENTAL-CHANGES; SIGNALING PATHWAY; BINDING-PROTEINS; AMINO-ACIDS; INSULIN; RAT AB Studies have shown that protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs is uniquely sensitive to a physiological rise in both insulin and amino acids. Protein synthesis in cardiac muscle, skin, and spleen is responsive to insulin but not amino acid stimulation, whereas in the liver, protein synthesis responds to amino acids but not insulin. To determine the response of protein synthesis to insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) in this model, overnight-fasted 7- and 26-day-old pigs were infused with IGF-I (0, 20, or 50 mug.kg(-1).h(-1)) to achieve levels within the physiological range, while amino acids and glucose were clamped at fasting levels. Because IGF-I infusion lowers circulating insulin levels, an additional group of high-dose IGF-I-infused pigs was also provided replacement insulin (10 ng.kg(-0.66).min(-1)). Tissue protein synthesis was measured using a flooding dose of L-[4-H-3] phenylalanine. In 7-day-old pigs, low-dose IGF-I increased protein synthesis by 25-60% in various skeletal muscles as well as in cardiac muscle (+38%), skin (+24%), and spleen (+32%). The higher dose of IGF-I elicited no further increase in protein synthesis above that found with the low IGF-I dose. Insulin replacement did not alter the response of protein synthesis to IGF-I in any tissue. The IGF-I-induced increases in tissue protein synthesis decreased with development. IGF-I infusion, with or without insulin replacement, had no effect on protein synthesis in liver, jejunum, pancreas, or kidney. Thus the magnitude, tissue specificity, and developmental change in the response of protein synthesis to acute physiological increases in plasma IGF-I are similar to those previously observed for insulin. This study provides in vivo data indicating that circulating IGF-I and insulin act on the same signaling components to stimulate protein synthesis and that this response is highly sensitive to stimulation in skeletal muscle of the neonate. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Davis, TA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR044474, R01 AR-44474, R01 AR046308]; NICHD NIH HHS [T32 HD-07445] NR 52 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 283 IS 4 BP E638 EP E647 DI 10.1152/ajpendo.00081.2002 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA 591HG UT WOS:000177873200003 PM 12217880 ER PT J AU Mantovani, HC Russell, JB AF Mantovani, HC Russell, JB TI The ability of a bacteriocin of Streptococcus bovis HC5 (bovicin HC5) to inhibit Clostridium aminophilum, an obligate amino acid fermenting bacterium from the rumen SO ANAEROBE LA English DT Article DE rumen; ammonia; bacteriocin; Streptococcus bovis; Clostridium aminophilum ID BUTYRIVIBRIO-FIBRISOLVENS JL5; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; RUMINAL BACTERIA; AMMONIA PRODUCTION; NISIN RESISTANCE; MONENSIN; STRAINS; LANTIBIOTICS; SELECTION; IMMUNITY AB Ruminant nutritionists have used antibiotics to inhibit Gram-positive bacteria and alter the end products of ruminal fermentation, but this practice has been criticized. Many Gram-positive ruminal bacteria can be inhibited by bacteriocins, but bacteriocin resistance can circumvent this inhibition. C. aminophilum is a detrimental ruminal bacterium that produces large amounts of ammonia, and it becomes highly resistant to the antibiotic, monensin, and at least one naturally occurring bacteriocin (butyrivibriocin JL5). C. aminophilum, was inhibited by Streptococcus bovis HC5, a bacterium that produces bovicin HC5, but not S. bovis JB1, a non-bacteriocin producing strain. Co-culture experiments indicated that the inhibition persisted for at least six transfers. When C. aminophilum F was inoculated (5% v/v) into culture broth that had increasing amounts of semi-purified bovicin HC5, growth and ammonia production were only observed if the concentration was less than 12.5 activity units (AU)/mL. C. aminophilum F cultures treated with 10 AU/mL of bovicin HC5, grew, but the growth rate was noticeably slower, and there was a pronounced lag before growth and ammonia production were observed. Cultures that were transferred successively (7 times) with 10 AU/ml, bovicin HC5 tolerated 4-fold more bovicin HC5 than untreated controls, but growth was never observed if bovicin HC5 was greater than or equal to50AU/mL. Bovicin HC5 caused an efflux of potassium from C. aminophilum F, but the efflux rate was at least 8 times slower than S. bovis JB1. If the pH was decreased from 6.5 to 5.5 with HCl, the efflux rate was at least 6-fold faster. Given the fact that the European Union has already proposed a ban on feed antibiotics, bovicin HC5 could be an alternative. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RI Mantovani, Hilario/J-5287-2012 NR 27 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1075-9964 J9 ANAEROBE JI Anaerobe PD OCT PY 2002 VL 8 IS 5 BP 247 EP 252 DI 10.1006/anae.2002.0437 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 681EK UT WOS:000183023800002 ER PT J AU Anderson, KL AF Anderson, KL TI Purification and analysis of a membrane-associated starch-degrading enzyme from Ruminobacter amylophilus SO ANAEROBE LA English DT Article DE amylase; neopullulanase; membrane protein; Ruminobacter amylophilus; starch hydrolysis ID EXTRACELLULAR ALPHA-AMYLASE; BACTEROIDES-THETAIOTAOMICRON; GENE; NEOPULLULANASE; EXPRESSION; PROTEINS; BINDING; CLONING AB A membrane-associated enzyme that could hydrolyse amylose, glycogen, and pullulan was detected in the anaerobic bacterium, Ruminobacter amylophilus. This enzyme could not be removed from the membrane fraction with 1 M NaCl, but could be extracted (at least partially) from the membrane fraction with 4% Triton X-100, indicating that the enzyme had a strong association with the hydrophobic fraction of the cell. Storage of the purified enzyme in 4% Triton X-100 increased its stability, further indicating its hydrophobic nature. Electrophoretic separation of polypeptides contained in the 4% triton-soluble fraction revealed the presence of seven polypeptides, which were further separated by their respective isoelectric focal points. One fraction obtained from isoelectric focusing possessed amylolytic activity and had an isoelectric point of 5.85-5.9. Electrophoretic analysis of this amylolytic fraction revealed only one polypeptide, which possessed a molecular weight of 91.2kDa (as determined by SDS-PAGE) and 91.3 kDa (as determined by non-denaturing PAGE). Soaking non-denaturing PAGE gels with a 1% solution of soluble starch followed by soaking with an iodine solution revealed that this polypeptide degraded starch, confirming its amylolytic nature. Analysis of hydrolytic end products indicated that the enzyme hydrolysed pullulan to produce panose, while amylose and glycogen were hydrolysed to produce only maltose and maltotriose. These features are consistent with a membrane-associated amylase that has some neopullulanase characteristics. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Swine Res & Informat Ctr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Anderson, KL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Swine Res & Informat Ctr, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 29 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1075-9964 J9 ANAEROBE JI Anaerobe PD OCT PY 2002 VL 8 IS 5 BP 269 EP 276 DI 10.1006/anae.2002.0435 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 681EK UT WOS:000183023800005 ER PT J AU Mastihuba, V Kremnicky, L Mastihubova, M Willett, JL Cote, GL AF Mastihuba, V Kremnicky, L Mastihubova, M Willett, JL Cote, GL TI A spectrophotometric assay for feruloyl esterases SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE feruloyl esterase; assay method; spectrophotometry; 4-nitrophenol; 4-nitrophenyl ferulate ID BACTERIUM BUTYRIVIBRIO-FIBRISOLVENS; PARA-COUMAROYL ESTERASE; SCHIZOPHYLLUM-COMMUNE; ACID ESTERASE; PURIFICATION; SUBSTRATE; SPECIFICITY; HYDROLASE AB We have developed a spectrophotometric assay for the quantitative determination of feruloyl esterase activity based on release of 4-nitrophenol from a novel substrate, 4-nitroplienyl ferulate in an emulsion of Triton X-100 in aqueous buffer solution. The release of 4-nitrophenol was linear with reaction time at an early stage of the reaction with various esterase preparations. The method proposed here is accurate, rapid, and easy to perform. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Slovak Univ Technol Bratislava, Fac Chem Technol, Dept Milk Fats & Food Hyg, Bratislava 81237, Slovakia. Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Chem, Bratislava 84238, Slovakia. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Cote, GL (reprint author), Slovak Univ Technol Bratislava, Fac Chem Technol, Dept Milk Fats & Food Hyg, Radlinskeho 9, Bratislava 81237, Slovakia. EM cotegl@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 20 TC 58 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 23 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 309 IS 1 BP 96 EP 101 AR PII S0003-2697(02)00241-5 DI 10.1016/S0003-2697(02)00241-5 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 613CN UT WOS:000179114300013 PM 12381367 ER PT J AU Rohrer, GA Fahrenkrug, SC Nonneman, D Tao, N Warren, WC AF Rohrer, GA Fahrenkrug, SC Nonneman, D Tao, N Warren, WC TI Mapping microsatellite markers identified in porcine EST sequences SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE chromosome; EST; map; microsatellite; porcine; SSR ID GENE; FISH; MAP AB A sequence search of swine expressed sequence tags (EST) data in GenBank identified over 100 sequence files which contained a microsatellite repeat or simple sequence repeat (SSR). Most of these repeat motifs were dinucleotide (CA/GT) repeats; however, a number of tri-, tetra-, penta- and hexa-nucleotide repeats were also detected. An initial assessment of six dinucleotide and 14 higher-order repeat markers indicated that only dinucleotide markers yielded a sufficient number of informative markers (100% vs. 14% for dinucleotide and higher order repeats, respectively). Primers were designed for an additional 50 di- and one tri-nucleotide SSRs. Overall, 42 markers were polymorphic in the US Meat Animal Research Center (MARC) reference population, 17 markers were uninformative and 12 primer pairs failed to satisfactorily amplify genomic DNA. A comparison of di-nucleotide repeat vs. markers with repeat motifs of three to six bases demonstrated that 72% of dinucleotide markers were informative relative to only 7% of other repeat motifs. The difference was the result of a much higher percentage of monomorphic markers in the three to six base repeat motif markers than in the dinucleotide markers (64% vs. 14%). Either higher order repeat motifs are less polymorphic in the porcine genome or our selection criteria for repeat length of more than 17 contiguous bases was too low. The mapped microsatellite markers add to the porcine genetic map and provide valuable links between the porcine and human genome. C1 ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Monsanto Co, Chesterfield, MO USA. RP Rohrer, GA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Spur 18D,POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 12 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 33 IS 5 BP 372 EP 376 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00880.x PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 599NW UT WOS:000178342500007 PM 12354146 ER PT J AU Cepica, S Rohrer, GA Masopust, M Kubickova, S Musilova, P Rubes, J AF Cepica, S Rohrer, GA Masopust, M Kubickova, S Musilova, P Rubes, J TI Partial cloning, cytogenetic and linkage mapping of the porcine resistin (RSTN) gene SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID FAMILY; GENOME; PIGS; MAP C1 Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Anim Physiol & Genet, Libechov, Czech Republic. ARS, USDA, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE USA. Vet Res Inst, CS-62132 Brno, Czech Republic. RP Cepica, S (reprint author), Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Anim Physiol & Genet, Libechov, Czech Republic. RI Kubickova, Svatava/E-1360-2012; Cepica, Stanislav/G-7180-2014; Musilova, Petra/B-7380-2011 NR 11 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 33 IS 5 BP 381 EP 383 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00896_4.x PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 599NW UT WOS:000178342500011 PM 12354150 ER PT J AU Barak, JD Whitehand, LC Charkowski, AO AF Barak, JD Whitehand, LC Charkowski, AO TI Differences in attachment of Salmonella enterica serovars and Escherichia coli O157 : H7 to alfalfa sprouts SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; MULTISTATE OUTBREAK; INFECTIONS; TYPHIMURIUM; PROMOTER; SURVIVAL; STRAINS; GROWTH; SEEDS; EXPRESSION AB Numerous Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks have been associated with contaminated sprouts. We examined how S. enterica serovars, E. coli serotypes, and nonpathogenic bacteria isolated from alfalfa sprouts grow on and adhere to alfalfa sprouts. Growth on and adherence to sprouts were not significantly different among different serovars of S. enterica, but all S. enterica serovars grew on and adhered to alfalfa sprouts significantly better than E. coli O157:H7. E. coli O157:H7 was essentially rinsed from alfalfa sprouts with repeated washing steps, while 1 to 2 log CFU of S. enterica remained attached per sprout. S. enterica Newport adhered to 3-day-old sprouts as well as Pantoea agglomerans and 10-fold more than Pseudomonas putida and Rahnella aquatilis, whereas the growth rates of all four strains throughout seed sprouting were similar. S. enterica Newport and plant-associated bacteria adhered 10- to 1,000-fold more than E. coli O157:H7; however, three of four other E. coli serotypes, isolated from cabbage roots exposed to sewage water following a spill, adhered to sprouts better than E. coli O157:H7 and as well as the Pseudomonas and Rahnella strains. Therefore, attachment to alfalfa sprouts among E. coli serotypes is variable, and nonpathogenic strains of E. coli to be used as surrogates for the study of pathogenic E. coli may be difficult to identify and should be selected carefully, with knowledge of the biology being examined. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety & Hlth, Produce Safety & Microbiol Res, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Barak, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety & Hlth, Produce Safety & Microbiol Res, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. EM jbarak@pw.usda.gov NR 28 TC 74 Z9 76 U1 3 U2 27 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 68 IS 10 BP 4758 EP 4763 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.10.4758-4763.2002 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 600FX UT WOS:000178380900008 PM 12324317 ER PT J AU Arthur, TM Barkocy-Gallagher, GA Rivera-Betancourt, M Koohmaraie, M AF Arthur, TM Barkocy-Gallagher, GA Rivera-Betancourt, M Koohmaraie, M TI Prevalence and characterization of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli on carcasses in commercial beef cattle processing plants SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; MULTIPLEX PCR; O157-H7 INFECTIONS; PLASMID PROFILES; SEROTYPE O157-H7; HEALTHY CATTLE; UNITED-STATES; STRAINS; HUMANS; GENES AB Beef carcass sponge samples collected from July to August 1999 at four large processing plants in the United States were surveyed for the presence of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Twenty-eight (93%) of 30 single-source lots surveyed included at least one sample containing non-O157 STEC. Of 334 carcasses sampled prior to evisceration, 180 (54%) were found to harbor non-O157 STEC. Non-O157 STEC isolates were also recovered from 27 (8%) of 326 carcasses sampled after the application of antimicrobial interventions. Altogether, 361 non-O157 STEC isolates, comprising 41 different 0 serogroups, were recovered. 0 serogroups that previously have been associated with human disease accounted for 178 (49%) of 361 isolates. Although 40 isolates (11%) carried a combination of virulence factor genes (enterohemorrhagic E. coli hlyA, eae, and at least one stx gene) frequently associated with STEC strains causing severe human disease, only 12 of these isolates also belonged to an 0 serogroup previously associated with human disease. Combining previously reported data on O157-positive samples (R. O. Elder, J. E. Keen, G. R. Siragusa, G. A. Barkocy-Gallagher, M. Koohmaraie, and W. W. Laegreid, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:2999-3003, 2000) with these data regarding non-O157-positive samples indicated total STEC prevalences of 72 and 10% in preevisceration and postprocessing beef carcass samples, respectively, showing that the interventions used by the beef-processing industry effected a sevenfold reduction in carcass contamination by STEC. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Arthur, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,Spur 18-D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM arthur@email.marc.usda.gov RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 44 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 68 IS 10 BP 4847 EP 4852 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.10.4847-4852.2002 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 600FX UT WOS:000178380900021 PM 12324330 ER PT J AU Ibekwe, AM Watt, PM Grieve, CM Sharma, VK Lyons, SR AF Ibekwe, AM Watt, PM Grieve, CM Sharma, VK Lyons, SR TI Multiplex fluorogenic real-time PCR for detection and quantification of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in dairy wastewater wetlands SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; QUANTITATIVE PCR; BOVINE FECES; EAEA GENE; TAQMAN; ASSAY; DNA; SHIGA; PREVALENCE; BACTERIA AB Surface water and groundwater are continuously used as sources of drinking water in many metropolitan areas of the United States. The quality of water from these sources may be reduced due to increases in contaminants such as Escherichia coli from urban and agricultural runoffs. In this study, a multiplex fluorogenic PCR assay was used to quantify E. coli O157:H7 in soil, manure, cow and calf feces, and dairy wastewater in an artificial wetland. Primers and probes were designed to amplify and quantify the Shiga-like toxin I (stx1) and 2 (stx2) genes and the intimin (eae) gene of E. coli O157:H7 in a single reaction. Primer specificity was confirmed with DNA from 33 E. coli O157:H7 and related strains with and without the three genes. A direct correlation was determined between the fluorescence threshold cycle (C,) and the starting quantity of E. coli O157:117 DNA. A similar correlation was observed between the C, and number of CFU per milliliter used in the PCR assay. A detection limit of 7.9 X 10(-5) pg of E. coli O157:117 DNA ml(-1) equivalent to approximately 6.4 X 10(3) CFU of E. coli O157:H7 ml(-1) based on plate counts was determined. Quantification of E. coli O157:117 in soil, manure, feces, and wastewater was possible when cell numbers were greater than or equal to3.5 X 10(4) CFU g(-1). E. coli O157:117 levels detected in wetland samples decreased by about 2 logs between wetland influents and effluents. The detection limit of the assay in soil was improved to less than 10 CFU g(-1) with a 16-h enrichment. These results indicate that the developed PCR assay is suitable for quantitative determination of E. coli O157:117 in environmental samples and represents a considerable advancement in pathogen quantification in different ecosystems. C1 USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Orange Cty Water Dist, Fountain Valley, CA 92728 USA. RP Ibekwe, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, George E Brown Jr Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM aibekwe@ussi.ars.usda.gov NR 34 TC 154 Z9 168 U1 1 U2 32 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 68 IS 10 BP 4853 EP 4862 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.10.4853-4862.2002 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 600FX UT WOS:000178380900022 PM 12324331 ER PT J AU Mavrodi, DV Mavrodi, OV McSpadden-Gardener, BB Landa, BB Weller, DM Thomashow, LS AF Mavrodi, DV Mavrodi, OV McSpadden-Gardener, BB Landa, BB Weller, DM Thomashow, LS TI Identification of differences in genome content among phlD-positive Pseudomonas fluorescens strains by using PCR-based subtractive hybridization SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 2,4-DIACETYLPHLOROGLUCINOL BIOSYNTHESIS; BIOCONTROL AGENT; ROOT-ROT; TAKE-ALL; DIVERSITY; RHIZOSPHERE; SUPPRESSION; PATHOGEN; BIOLOGY; WCS365 AB Certain 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens colonize roots and suppress soilborne diseases more effectively than others from which they are otherwise phenotypically almost indistinguishable. We recovered DNA fragments present in the superior colonizer P. fluorescens Q8r1-96 but not in the less rhizosphere-competent strain Q2-87. Of the open reading frames in 32 independent Q8r1-96-specific clones, 1 was similar to colicin M from Escherichia coli, 3 resembled known regulatory proteins, and 28 had no significant match with sequences of known function. Seven clones hybridized preferentially to DNA from strains with superior rhizosphere competence, and sequences in two others were highly expressed in vitro and in the rhizosphere. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Sch Mol Biosci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Mavrodi, DV (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI McSpadden Gardener, Brian/C-9844-2009; Mavrodi, Dmitri/J-2745-2013; Landa, Blanca/K-9629-2014 OI Landa, Blanca/0000-0002-9511-3731 NR 37 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 68 IS 10 BP 5170 EP 5176 DI 10.1128/AEM.68.10.5170-5176.2002 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 600FX UT WOS:000178380900062 PM 12324371 ER PT J AU Ashby, RD Solaiman, DKY Foglia, TA AF Ashby, RD Solaiman, DKY Foglia, TA TI Poly(ethylene glycol)-mediated molar mass control of short-chain- and medium-chain-length poly(hydroxyalkanoates) from Pseudomonas oleovorans SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; POLYESTERS; VESICLES; GLYCOL); FUSION AB Three strains of Pseudomonas oleovorans, a well known poly(hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) producer, were tested for the ability to control PHA molar mass and end group structure by addition of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to the fermentation medium. Each strain of P. oleovorans - NRRL B-14682 (B-14682), NRRL B-14683 (B-14683), and NRRL B-778 (B-778) - synthesized a different type of PHA from oleic acid when cultured under identical growth conditions. Strain B-14682 produced poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PUB), while B-14683 synthesized a medium-chain-length PHA (mcl-PHA) with a repeat unit composition ranging from C4 to C14 and some mono-unsaturation in the C14 alkyl side chains. Strain B-778 synthesized a mixture of PHB (95 mol%) and mcl-PHA (5 mol%). The addition of 0.5% (v/v) PEG (M-n = 200 g/mol, PEG-200) to the fermentation broth of strains B-14682 and B-778 resulted in chain termination through esterification at the carboxyl terminus of the PHB with PEG chain segments, thus reducing the molar mass by 54% and 23%, respectively. The molar mass of the mcl-PHA produced by strains B-14683 and B-778 also showed a 34% and 47% reduction in the presence of PEG-200, respectively, but no evidence of esterification was present. PEG-400 (M-n = 400 g/mol) had a reduced effect on PHA molar mass. In fact, the molar masses of the mcl-PHA derived from strain B-14683 and both the PHB and mcl-PHA from B-778 were unchanged by PEG-400. In contrast, the PHB produced by B-14682 showed a 35% reduction in molar mass in the presence of PEG-400. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Ashby, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 11 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 60 IS 1-2 BP 154 EP 159 DI 10.1007/s00253-002-1110-9 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 620ZX UT WOS:000179565000020 PM 12382057 ER PT J AU Ehrlich, KC Cotty, PJ AF Ehrlich, KC Cotty, PJ TI Variability in nitrogen regulation of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus strains SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOSYNTHESIS; PARASITICUS; GENE; AFLR; EXPRESSION; AREA; STERIGMATOCYSTIN; OVEREXPRESSION; METABOLISM; PROTEIN AB Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic metabolites of several Aspergillus species. The effect of nitrate on aflatoxin production and expression of the key regulatory genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis, aflR and aflJ, were compared among isolates of the S(B) and S(BG) strains of A. flavus. Aflatoxin production by two of the three strain S(B) isolates did not differ significantly between the two media tested, whereas for S(BG) A. flavus isolates, the level of aflatoxins in buffered nitrate medium was as much as 20-fold lower than in ammonium salts medium. Expression of aflR was not significantly affected by growth of cultures in nitrate medium for most of the isolates. However, on nitrate medium, expression of aflJ was 2.6-fold higher for the S(B) isolates than it was on ammonium salts medium, whereas for the S(BG) isolates aflJ expression was 2-fold lower on nitrate than on ammonium salts medium. This difference may result from the presence in the aflJ/aflR intergenic region of S(BG) isolates of fewer putative binding sites (HGATAR sites) for AreA, the positive-acting, wide domain transcription factor involved in regulation of nitrogen metabolism. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Ehrlich, KC (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. EM ehrlich@srrc.ars.usda.gov NR 22 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 60 IS 1-2 BP 174 EP 178 DI 10.1007/s00253-002-1094-5 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 620ZX UT WOS:000179565000023 PM 12382060 ER PT J AU Mathews, CR Bottrell, DG Brown, MW AF Mathews, CR Bottrell, DG Brown, MW TI A comparison of conventional and alternative understory management practices for apple production: multi-trophic effects SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apple; compost; edaphic predators; mulch; understory management; trophic groups ID GROUND BEETLES COLEOPTERA; NATURAL ENEMIES; SOIL; ARTHROPODS; AGROECOSYSTEMS; CECIDOMYIIDAE; POPULATIONS; PREDATION; CARABIDAE; BEHAVIOR AB Modification of the soil for agricultural production is commonly studied as it relates to plant health and productivity, but the implications at other trophic levels are often over-looked. This study addressed the effects of orchard understory management at several trophic levels to understand potential impacts on the whole system. The soil in a newly planted Golden Delicious apple (Malus domestica Bork.) orchard was modified with four treatments: (1) mulch layer of composted poultry manure, (2) mulch layer of synthetic fiber, (3) conventional herbicide, and (4) hand-weeded control. These treatments were evaluated for their impact on edaphic and arboreal arthropods, substrate microclimate and weed growth, and apple tree vigor during the first year of growth (1998). Understory treatment affected edaphic arthropods at three trophic levels: detritivore, herbivore, and predator. Compost mulch significantly increased both edaphic detritivores and predators. Edaphic herbivores were less abundant in plots treated with synthetic mulch. No effect was found for arboreal herbivores, but aphidophagous Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Cecidomyiidae) larvae were more abundant on trees in compost-treated plots. Host-plant growth and leaf quality (% N) were also affected by soil management, with a higher average trunk diameter and lower average leaf nitrogen (%) in compost-treated plots, despite equivalent N-input in all four treatments. Both mulches (compost and synthetic) resulted in lower soil temperatures and higher soil moistures and suppressed weed growth 10-fold better than either conventional herbicide or hand weeding. The results indicate that soil modification affects organisms at several trophic levels, and therefore, could hold important implications for the orchard ecosystem as a whole. Overall, mulching with composted manure benefited the whole orchard system the most and was superior to conventional herbicide as an understory management practice. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Entomol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Mathews, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. EM cmathews@afrs.ars.usda.gov NR 36 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 21 IS 3 BP 221 EP 231 AR PII S0929-1393(02)00105-1 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00105-1 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 601NA UT WOS:000178451600004 ER PT J AU Mummey, DL Stahl, PD Buyer, JS AF Mummey, DL Stahl, PD Buyer, JS TI Microbial biomarkers as an indicator of ecosystem recovery following surface mine reclamation SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE surface mine reclamation; soil quality indicators; FAME analysis; bacteria/fungi ratio ID NO-TILLAGE AGROECOSYSTEMS; FATTY-ACID PATTERNS; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; CULTIVATED SOILS; CENTRAL IOWA; BIOMASS; BACTERIAL; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; NITROGEN AB Increased disturbance of terrestrial ecosystems in recent years for purposes of mineral extraction has created interest in development and optimization of reclamation methodologies for these lands. Currently, criteria for judging surface mine reclamation success, or progress toward reclamation goals, predominantly rely on aboveground indicators that fail to account for the abundance and composition of soil microbiota, an essential aspect of soil health. To test the utility of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biomarkers as indicators of reclamation progress, FAME bacterial, fungal, and total biomass biomarkers extracted from soil of surface mine reclamation sites of different ages and an adjacent undisturbed site were compared with other indicators of reclamation progress and ecosystem stability. Our results indicate that FAME microbial biomarkers and soil organic matter (SOM) contents were greatly impacted by disturbance. Discriminant analysis of FAME bacterial, fungal and total microbial biomass biomarkers, although clearly able to discriminate between disturbed and undisturbed ecosystems, indicated a trend towards the undisturbed condition with reclamation age. The ratio of FAME bacterial to fungal biomarkers reflected changes in other indicators of soil health (SOM, inorganic N concentration), suggesting that this ratio is a useful indicator of reclamation progress. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. USDA, ARS, Sustainable Agr Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Stahl, PD (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, POB 3354, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. NR 34 TC 73 Z9 106 U1 6 U2 41 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD OCT-NOV PY 2002 VL 21 IS 3 BP 251 EP 259 AR PII S0929-1393(02)00090-2 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00090-2 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 601NA UT WOS:000178451600006 ER PT J AU Gelman, DB Blackburn, MB Hu, JS Gerling, D AF Gelman, DB Blackburn, MB Hu, JS Gerling, D TI The nymphal-adult molt of the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii): Timing, regulation, and progress SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE silverleaf whitefly; staging system; developmental markers; ecdysteroids; molting; metamorphosis; morphology ID APIS-MELLIFERA; HONEY BEE; ALEYRODIDAE; HOMOPTERA AB The developmental progress of silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii) 3rd instars and 4th instar/pharate adults was monitored using a tracking system that had been designed to identify synchronous individuals in another species of whitefly, the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. When reared on greenbean under conditions of LD 16:8 and a temperature of 26 +/- 2degreesC, the body depth of 3rd instar SLWFs increased from approximately 0.04 mm (Stage 2) to 0.175-0.2 mm (Stage 7-8) and the body depth of the 4th instar increased from approximately 0.1 mm (Stage 1) to 0.25-0.30 mm (Stage 4-5). The durations of the 3rd instar and the 4th instar/pharate adult were approximately 3 and 7 days, respectively. Examination of coronal sections of 4th instars revealed that adult eye and wing development are initiated during Stage 6, the stage in which an external examination showed that the eye has begun to undergo pigment diffusion. Ecdysteroid titers peaked at approximately 400 fg/mug protein during stages 4 through 6A of the 4th instar, i.e., just prior to and upon the initiation of the pharate adult stage. Although adult development is initiated later in the SLWF than in the GHWF (adult eye and wing development begin in Stages 4 and 5, respectively, in GHWFs), the same rapidity of metamorphosis is observed in both species. Within approximately 24 h, the simple hi-layered wing bud developed into a deeply folded wing of nearly adult proportions and within an additional 12-24 h, the nymphal eye and wing bud had been replaced by the well-differentiated eye and wing of the adult whitefly. Our study is the first to describe the regulation, timing, and progress of the nymphal-adult molt and of the structural changes that accompany nymphal-adult metamorphosis in the SLWF. Published 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, PSI, IBL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Tel Aviv Univ, Dept Zool, Raqmat Aviv, Israel. RP Gelman, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, PSI, IBL, Rm 214,Bldg 011A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0739-4462 J9 ARCH INSECT BIOCHEM JI Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 51 IS 2 BP 67 EP 79 DI 10.1002/arch.10051 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 598TZ UT WOS:000178293700002 PM 12232874 ER PT J AU Wang, ET Rogel, MA Sui, XH Chen, WX Martinez-Romero, E van Berkum, P AF Wang, ET Rogel, MA Sui, XH Chen, WX Martinez-Romero, E van Berkum, P TI Mesorhizobium amorphae, a rhizobial species that nodulates Amorpha fruticosa, is native to American soils SO ARCHIVES OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Amorpha fruticosa; Mesorhizobium amorphae; rhizobia; symbiosis; nitrogen fixation; plant-microbe interaction ID BEAN PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID; NITROGEN-FIXATION; NIFH GENES; SP. NOV.; PLASMID; DIVERSITY; SEQUENCES; SYMBIONT; GALLICUM AB Amorpha fruticosa was inoculated with rhizosphere soil from Iowa, USA, and 140 rhizobia isolated from root nodules were compared with Mesorhizobium amorphae originating from Chinese soils. PCR-RFLP patterns of the 16S rRNA gene from the isolates and from M. amorphae were the same. All isolates had a symbiotic plasmid of the same size with a single nifH gene. DNA:DNA hybridization values, DNA G+C content, and induced Nod factor patterns also were similar. We concluded that the four genotypes distinguished among 53 representative American isolates were M. amorphae. Since A. fruticosa is native to the Americas and is highly specific in its nodulation requirement, M. amorphae probably was transmitted to China. C1 USDA ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. IPN, Escuela Nacl Ciencias Biol, Dept Microbiol, Mexico City 07738, DF, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Sobre Fijac Nitrogeno, Programa Ecol Microbiana Mol, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. China Agr Univ, Coll Biol, Dept Microbiol, Beijing 100094, Peoples R China. RP van Berkum, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soybean Genom & Improvement Lab, BARC W, HH-4,Bldg010,10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM pberkum@ba.ars.usda.gov NR 34 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 6 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0302-8933 J9 ARCH MICROBIOL JI Arch. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 178 IS 4 BP 301 EP 305 DI 10.1007/s00203-002-0448-9 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 602KC UT WOS:000178503600009 PM 12209264 ER PT J AU Schuman, GE Belden, SE AF Schuman, GE Belden, SE TI Long-term survival of direct seeded Wyoming big sagebrush seedlings on a reclaimed mine site SO ARID LAND RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE mined lands; land rehabilitation; rangeland; competition; shrub density ID LANDS AB Reestablishment of Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis) on mined lands has become a requirement in recent years in Wyoming. Its reestablishment by direct seeding has been greatly improved through a better understanding of the role of topsoil management, mulching, seed quality, and competition. However, long-term survival of reestablished sagebrush seedlings on mined sites has only rarely been evaluated because of the short-term nature of previous studies. Sagebrush seedling survival was assessed after eight years on a mine site in northeastern Wyoming near Gillette on research initiated in 1992 to assess the effect of several cultural practices on sagebrush establishment. Wyoming big sagebrush survival was found to average 59% after eight years. Interestingly, the greatest survival occurred on the treatments seeded at the higher rates of grass (competition). Sagebrush survival was 46, 58, and 72% for the grass seeding rates of 0, 16, and 32 kg pure live seed (PLS) ha(-1) respectively. This resulted in a density of 2.5, 2.4, and 2.8 shrubs m(-2) for the respective grass seeding rates. These findings in some ways contradict the belief that herbaceous competition restricts Wyoming big sagebrush establishment; however, we believe the higher grass seeding rates actually resulted in the grass plants "sheltering" the seedlings from excessive foraging by wildlife. Browse estimates showed that 40, 27, and 32% of the sagebrush seedlings had been browsed in 2001 on the 0, 16, and 32kg PLS ha(-1) grass seeding rates, respectively. The average survival (59%) should enable reclamationists to meet the Wyoming shrub density requirement of 1 m(-2) during the last two years of the 10-year bonding period if initial establishment density is greater than or equal to2 shrubs m(-2). C1 USDA ARS, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. Powder River Coal Co, Gillette, WY USA. RP Schuman, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, 8408 Hildreth Rd, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1532-4982 J9 ARID LAND RES MANAG JI Arid Land Res. Manag. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 BP 309 EP 317 DI 10.1080/15324980290000430 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 598UM UT WOS:000178294900001 ER PT J AU Rall, LC Walsmith, JM Snydman, L Reichlin, S Veldhuis, JD Kehayias, JJ Abad, LW Lundgren, NT Roubenoff, R AF Rall, LC Walsmith, JM Snydman, L Reichlin, S Veldhuis, JD Kehayias, JJ Abad, LW Lundgren, NT Roubenoff, R TI Cachexia in rheumatoid arthritis is not explained by decreased growth hormone secretion SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; BODY-COMPOSITION; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; MASS; STRENGTH AB Objective. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) lose body cell mass (BCM) by unknown mechanisms. Since the loss of BCM in normal aging individuals parallels the characteristic age-related decline in growth hormone (GH) secretion, this study was carried out to determine whether further decreased GH secretion plays a role in the pathogenesis of this loss of BCM in RA patients, termed "rheumatoid cachexia." Methods. GH secretory kinetics were determined by deconvolution analysis in 16 patients with RA and 17 healthy controls matched for age (mean +/- SD 45.4 +/- 13.2 years and 47.1 +/- 14.6 years, respectively), sex, race, and body mass index. Blood samples were obtained every 20 minutes for 24 hours. Body composition was ascertained using total-body potassium (TBK) as a measure of BCM and dual x-ray absorptiometry to determine fat mass. Results. BCM was reduced in patients with RA compared with healthy controls (mean +/- SD gm TBK 79.5 +/- 9.5 versus 94.9 +/- 1.9, P < 0.0005), but there was no difference in fat mass. GH kinetic parameters in patients with RA did not differ from those in controls. Conclusion. These findings suggest that GH kinetics are unaltered in RA patients compared with healthy subjects; thus, GH deficiency does not account for rheumatoid cachexia. C1 Tufts Univ, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Jean Mayer USDA HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Arizona, Coll Med, Tucson, AZ USA. Univ Virginia, Hlth Sci Ctr, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roubenoff, R (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Jean Mayer USDA HNRCA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR 00054]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 02120] NR 18 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 46 IS 10 BP 2574 EP 2577 DI 10.1002/art.10714 PG 4 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA 604QX UT WOS:000178633500006 PM 12384914 ER PT J AU Rose, WB TenWolde, A AF Rose, WB TenWolde, A TI Venting of attics & cathedral cellings SO ASHRAE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Current building codes typically call for attic ventilation to minimize condensation on the underside of roof sheathing. Summer cooling of attic air, minimizing ice dams, and extending the service life of the roof materials often are cited as additional benefits of attic ventilation. In fact, most asphalt shingle manufacturers, warrant their products only for ventilated roofs. C1 Univ Illinois, Bldg Res Council, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Rose, WB (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Bldg Res Council, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 0001-2491 J9 ASHRAE J JI ASHRAE J. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 44 IS 10 BP 26 EP 33 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 601XD UT WOS:000178473400015 ER PT J AU Asztalos, BF Horvath, KV McNamara, JR Roheim, PS Rubinstein, JJ Schaefer, EJ AF Asztalos, BF Horvath, KV McNamara, JR Roheim, PS Rubinstein, JJ Schaefer, EJ TI Comparing the effects of five different statins on the HDL subpopulation profiles of coronary heart disease patients SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE HDL subpopulations; coronary heart disease; lipids; lipoproteins; apolipoproteins; statins ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PHYSIOLOGICAL-ROLE; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; ATORVASTATIN; PRAVASTATIN; EFFICACY; PLASMA; SIMVASTATIN; LOVASTATIN; PREVENTION AB We compared the effects of five different statins (atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin, and fluvastatin) on the lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein (apo) A-I-containing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subpopulation profiles of 86 coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. Patients with established CHD, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (C) > 130 mg/dl, and triglyceride (TG) < 400 mg/dl, were treated with atorvastatin 20, 40, and 80 mg/day and one of the other four statins at 20, 40, and when available 80 mg/day in increasing doses (4 weeks of each dose) in a randomized crossover fashion. There was an 8-week placebo controlled washout period between different drug treatments. All five statins on each dose resulted in significant reductions in total- and LDL-C compared to placebo treatment. There were also decreases in plasma TG and increases in HDL-C and apoA-I concentrations, but not all treatments changed these parameters significantly. Each statin except fluvastatin improved the HDL subpopulation profile by increasing the concentrations of the large, cholesterol-rich, LpA-I α-1 and preα-I HDL subpopulations. CHD patients have significantly lower concentration of the large, LpA-I α-I HDL particles compared to controls. Our data indicate that statins which are the most effective in lowering LDL-C and TG are also the most effective agents in modifying the HDL subpopulation profile in CHD patients towards the patterns found in healthy individuals. The order of efficacy of statins in increasing α-1 HDL subpopulation was: atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin and fluvastatin. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Tufts Univ, JM USDA HNRC, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Div Endocrinol Metab Diabet & Mol Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Physiol, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Newton Wellesley Hosp, Div Cardiol, Newton, MA USA. RP Asztalos, BF (reprint author), Tufts Univ, JM USDA HNRC, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-64738, R01 HL064738] NR 35 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD OCT PY 2002 VL 164 IS 2 BP 361 EP 369 AR PII S0021-9150(02)00149-1 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(02)00149-1 PG 9 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 594TY UT WOS:000178068100020 PM 12204809 ER PT J AU Schaefer, EJ AF Schaefer, EJ TI Importance of dietary management and practical patient counseling - US perspective SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPPLEMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Scientific Symposium on Plant Sterols from Research to Practice CY NOV 13, 2000 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA DE coronary heart disease (CHD); sedentary lifestyle; cholesterol ID REINFARCTION TRIAL DART; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; SERUM-LIPIDS; FATTY-ACIDS; CHOLESTEROL; METAANALYSIS; LIPOPROTEINS; PREVENTION; DESIGN; WOMEN C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr Sci & Policy,New England Med Ctr, Lipid & Heart Dis Prevent Clin, USDA,Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Schaefer, EJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM schaefer_li@hnrc.tufts.edu NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 1567-5688 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP JI Atheroscler. Suppl. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 3 IS 3 SU S BP 17 EP 22 AR PII S1567-5688(02)00022-3 DI 10.1016/S1567-5688(02)00022-3 PG 6 WC Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 624CT UT WOS:000179743300004 PM 12429169 ER PT J AU Vander Haegen, WM DeGraaf, RM AF Vander Haegen, WM DeGraaf, RM TI Daily energy expenditure of ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) feeding nestlings SO AUK LA English DT Article ID FOREST FRAGMENTATION; BREEDING-SEASON; PARENTAL EFFORT; PARUS-MAJOR; BIRDS; ENERGETICS; PASSERINES; VIABILITY; SPARROWS; KESTREL AB The doubly labeled water method was used to measure daily energy expenditure of adult Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) feeding nestlings in large and small forests in northern New England. Carbon dioxide production for all birds averaged 7.67 +/- 1.29 mL g(-1) hr(-1) (n = 27), equivalent to 90.1 +/- 15.0 kJ day(-1). Carbon dioxide production did not differ between males and females within the same pair measured over the same period. Ratio of daily energy expenditure to basal metabolic rate (BMR) for Ovenbirds (3.4) was closer to the mean value derived for aerial foragers (3.8) than that for ground foragers (2.3) in a sample of passerines feeding nestlings. High daily energy expenditure for Ovenbirds may be related to their relatively brief breeding season in northern climates and their use of cool, closed-canopy forests. Although daily energy expenditure for Ovenbirds was high when compared to other ground-foraging passerines, most individuals were not working near the hypothetical maximum of 4X BMR (Drent and Daan 1980). Daily energy expenditure for Ovenbirds feeding young was greater in large forests than small forests, although the difference was not statistically significant. We speculate that time used for foraging (and hence energy expenditure) may be lower in small forests as a result of increased prey density, or alternatively, greater risk of nest predation in forest fragments leads to greater vigilance at the nest site and less time available for foraging. Further studies of avian energetics in large and small forests, including detailed time-activity budgets, may reveal hidden costs of forest fragmentation. C1 Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Vander Haegen, WM (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 2002 VL 119 IS 4 BP 1173 EP 1179 DI 10.1642/0004-8038(2002)119[1173:DEEOOS]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 639VC UT WOS:000180649200030 ER PT J AU Allen, PC Fetterer, RH AF Allen, PC Fetterer, RH TI Effects of dietary vitamin E on chickens infected with Eimeria maxima: Observations over time of primary infection SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian coccidiosis; dietary antioxidants; oxidative stress; nitric oxide ID ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; FATTY-ACIDS; ESTERS; PERFORMANCE; IMMUNITY; EFFICACY; DISEASE; PLASMA; POULTS AB Two trials were conducted to define temporal changes in plasma D-alpha-tocopherol (AT) caused by infection with Eimeria maxima in chickens that consumed either low (25 ppm) or high (225 ppm) levels of dietary DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (VE-AC) from 1 day of age. In both trials, rates of weight gain were depressed between days 5 and 7 postinoculation (PI) and were not influenced by the level of dietary VE-AC. Plasma AT was consistently depressed at 5 and 7 days PI in chickens consuming either level of dietary VE-AC. The pattern and degree of plasma AT depression correlated with those of plasma carotenoids. Plasma levels of NO2- + NO3- were significantly increased at 5 and 7 days PI. In trial 1, the average increase during that period was not as high in chicks consuming 225 ppm VE-AC, but in trial 2, diet had no effect on the degree of increase. Also, there were no consistent effects of dietary VE-AC on lesion scores or amount of oocysts shed. These results are in general accord with findings of earlier experiments, and we conclude that feeding high levels of VE-AC to broiler chicks from I day of age is not effective in mitigating the pathology, including weight gain depression and development of mucosal lesions, during E. maxima infections or in modifying immune response events associated with phagocytosis as indexed by plasma NO2- + NO3-. The likely basis for the ineffectiveness of feeding this fat-soluble form of vitamin E is that it is malabsorbed during E. maxima infection in the same manner as carotenoids and becomes less biologically available to infected tissues during the acute phase of infection. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Syst Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Allen, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Syst Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Bldg 1040,Room 103,BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 46 IS 4 BP 839 EP 846 DI 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0839:EODVEO]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 624AG UT WOS:000179736700007 PM 12495044 ER PT J AU Zhou, H Lillehoj, HS Lamont, SJ AF Zhou, H Lillehoj, HS Lamont, SJ TI Associations of interferon-gamma genotype and protein level with antibody response kinetics in chickens SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE interferon gamma; antibody response; protein level; promoter polymorphism; inbred lines ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM INFECTION; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; RED-BLOOD-CELLS; DISEASE RESISTANCE; BROILER-CHICKENS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; EIMERIA-TENELLA; MAREKS-DISEASE; GENE; EXPRESSION AB Although previous studies have demonstrated an association between interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) promoter genotype and antibody response kinetics in chickens, the protein levels that may mediate such a gene-trait association have not been determined. The objective of this study, therefore, was to determine the correlation of circulating IFN-gamma levels with both the IFN-gamma promoter polymorphisms and antibody response in order to evaluate the potential role of IFN-gamma protein in mediating genetic control of antibody response in chickens. Antibody response after Salmonella enteritidis (SE) vaccination at day 10, antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) and killed Brucella abortus after immunizations at 19 wk and 22 wk, and serum IFN-gamma protein level were measured in an F-2 population derived from inbred lines. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the IFN-gamma promoter region was associated with IFN-gamma protein expression as measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after both primary and secondary immunizations. Higher IFN-gamma protein level was correlated with higher antibody level to SE and with increased maximum level and decreased time to reach the maximum secondary antibody response to SRBCs. These results suggest that one of the mechanisms by which promoter polymorphism of IFN-gamma affects antibody production in chickens may involve the circulating level of IFN-gamma protein. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lamont, SJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 46 IS 4 BP 869 EP 876 DI 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0869:AOIGAP]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 624AG UT WOS:000179736700010 PM 12495047 ER PT J AU Perkins, LEL Swayne, DE AF Perkins, LEL Swayne, DE TI Susceptibility of laughing gulls (Larus atricilla) to H5N1 and H5N3 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE avian influenza; avian influenza virus; immunohistochemistry; order Charadriiformes; pathology ID HONG-KONG; A VIRUSES; EXPERIMENTAL DISEASE; HOST RANGE; TERN VIRUS; INFECTION; PATHOLOGY; CHICKENS; POULTRY; HUMANS AB This investigation detailed the clinical disease, gross and histologic lesions, and distribution of viral antigen in juvenile laughing gulls (Larus atricilla) intranasally inoculated with either the A/tern/South Africa/61 (H5N3) (tern/SA) influenza virus or the A/chicken/Hong Kong/220/97 (H5N1) (chicken/HK) influenza virus, which are both highly pathogenic for chickens. Neither morbidity nor mortality was observed in gulls inoculated with either virus within the 14-day investigative period. Gross lesions resultant from infection with either virus were only mild, with the tern/SA virus causing decreased lucency of the air sacs (2/6), splenomegaly (2/6), and pancreatic mottling (1/6) and the chicken/HK virus causing only decreased lucency of the air sacs (2/8) and conjunctival edema (2/8). Histologic lesions in the tern/SA-inoculated gulls included a mild to moderate heterophilic to lymphoplasmacytic airsacculitis (6/6), mild to moderate interstitial pneumonia (3/6), and moderate necrotizing pancreatitis and hepatitis at 14 days postinoculation (DPI) (2/6). Immunohistochemical demonstration of viral antigen occurred only in association with lesions in the liver and pancreas. In contrast, viral antigen was not demonstrated in any tissues from the chicken/HK-inoculated gulls, and inflammatory lesions were confined to the air sac (3/8) and lungs (3/8). Both viruses were isolated at low titers (<10(1.68) mean embryo lethal dose) from oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs up to 7 days postinoculation (DPI), from the lung and kidney of one of two tern/SA-inoculated gulls at 14 DPI, and from the lung of one of two chicken/HK-inoculated gulls at 7 DPI. Antibodies to influenza viruses as determined with the agar gel precipitin test at 14 DPI were detected only in the two tern/SA-inoculated gulls and not in the two chicken/HK-inoculated gulls. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Swayne, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 34 TC 32 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI ATHENS PA 953 COLLEGE STATION RD, ATHENS, GA 30602-4875 USA SN 0005-2086 EI 1938-4351 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 46 IS 4 BP 877 EP 885 DI 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0877:SOLGLA]2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 624AG UT WOS:000179736700011 PM 12495048 ER PT J AU Gimeno, IM Witter, RL Neumann, U AF Gimeno, IM Witter, RL Neumann, U TI Neuropathotyping: A new system to classify Marek's disease virus SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Marek's disease virus; pathotype; virulence; neuropathotype ID TRANSIENT PARALYSIS; CHICKENS; STRAIN; PATHOTYPE; TURKEYS; LESIONS; HERPESVIRUS; VACCINATION AB A statistical approach was used to establish a new classification system of Marek's disease virus (MDV) on the basis of neurologic responses. To develop the system, neurologic response data from 15 X 7 chickens inoculated with 30 strains of serorype I MDV were statistically analyzed by a cluster analysis. The goal was to identify a statistical system that would verify if three neurovirulence groups correlated with the three pathotypes previously described. The system was also validated in two additional strains of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens, SPAFAS and line SC (Hy-Vac). The proposed system is based on analysis of three variables: 1) frequency of birds showing transient paralysis between 9 and 11 days postinoculation (dpi), (2) mortality before 15 dpi, and (3) frequency of birds showing persistent neurologic disease between 21 and 23 dpi. By use of this system, a MDV may be classified in one of three groups, designated neuropathotypes A, B, and C, which roughly correspond to the virulent, very virulent, and very virulent plus pathotypes, respectively. However, correlation between neuropathotype and pathotype was not absolute, and neuropathotyping is more a complement to the current pathotyping system than a replacement for it. Our results showed that neuropathotyping studies can be conducted in two types of commercial SPF chickens by the use of the same variables, although the system would first have to be standardized by the use of prototype viruses. Neuropathotypes can also be estimated without statistical analysis with reasonable accuracy. By use of this analysis, we established that MDV strains within the very virulent pathotype may be subdivided into neuropathotypes B and C, thus establishing a previously unrecognized pathotypic classification. This finding illustrates how neuropathotyping may extend important information not identified by conventional pathotyping. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Tierarztlichen Hsch Hannover, Clin Poultry, D-3000 Hannover, Germany. RP Gimeno, IM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 37 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 46 IS 4 BP 909 EP 918 DI 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0909:NANSTC]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 624AG UT WOS:000179736700015 PM 12495052 ER PT J AU Buhr, RJ Cox, NA Stern, NJ Musgrove, MT Wilson, JL Hiett, KL AF Buhr, RJ Cox, NA Stern, NJ Musgrove, MT Wilson, JL Hiett, KL TI Recovery of Campylobacter from segments of the reproductive tract of broiler breeder hens SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Campylobacter; breeder hen; reproductive tract; vertical transmission; colonization ID JEJUNI; EGGS AB Three groups of >60-wk-old broiler breeder hens were assessed for the presence of Campylobacter within segments of the reproductive tract. In the first group, after stunned, the hens were bled, scalded, and defeathered, the reproductive tracts were aseptically excised from 18 hens, six from each of three adjacent floor pens that were feces positive for Campylobacter. The reproductive tract segments (infundibulum, magnum-isthmus, shell gland, vagina, and cloaca) were pooled by pen. In the second group, 10 individual hens were sampled from the pens; the reproductive tract was divided into the following segments: magnum, isthmus, shell gland, vagina, and cloaca. For the third group, hens were obtained from two commercial farms that had been determined to be feces positive for Campylobacter and the reproductive tract was divided into five segments, as described for the second group. Segments of the reproductive tract were placed into sterile plastic bags and suspended 1:3 (w/v) in Bolton enrichment broth, and serial dilutions were plated (0.1 ml) onto Campy-Cefex agar. The agar plates were incubated at 42 C for 24 hr in a microaerobic atmosphere. In group 1, the pooled reproductive tract segments for hens from pen A were Campylobacter positive for the shell gland, vagina, and cloaca; hens from pen B were positive for the cloaca only; and hens from pen C were positive for the magnum-isthmus and cloaca. In the second group, 9 of 10 cloaca samples were Campylobacter positive. Commercial hens in group 3 had campylobacter-positive cloaca samples (12/12), vagina (10/12), shell gland (7/12), isthmus (2/12), and magnum (4/12). Campylobacter colonization of the reproductive tract of the hen could enable vertical transmission of Campylobacter from the hen to the chick. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Buhr, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 14 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 46 IS 4 BP 919 EP 924 DI 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0919:ROCFSO]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 624AG UT WOS:000179736700016 PM 12495053 ER PT J AU Witter, RL AF Witter, RL TI Induction of strong protection by vaccination with partially attenuated serotype 1 Marek's disease viruses SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Marek's disease; immunity; vaccine; attenuation; virulence; serial passage ID SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; STRAINS; EFFICACY; HERPESVIRUS; CHALLENGE; INFECTION; VACCINES; LYMPHOMA; CHICKENS AB Studies were conducted to better understand the relationship among Marek's disease (MD) vaccine strains between induction of protective immunity and the degree of attenuation (or virulence). To obtain viruses at different stages of attenuation, very virulent plus MD strains 584A and 648A and selected clones of these strains were serially passaged in chicken and duck cells. These viruses were considered fully attenuated after passage for 70-100 times in chicken embryo cell cultures until they no longer induced gross lesions in susceptible, maternal antibody-negative (ab-) chickens. Lower passages of the same strains were considered partially attenuated, provided their virulence was less than that of the parent strain. Four of five partially attenuated preparations derived from MD virus strains 584A and 648A or the previously attenuated Md11 strain induced 28%-62% higher levels of protection in maternal antibody-positive (ab+) chickens against virulent MD challenge than the fully attenuated counterpart viruses. The partially attenuated 584A/d2/3 strain replicated in chickens but was totally nonprotective. Data from two subsequent trials in ab+ chickens confirmed that protection induced by the partly attenuated (passage 80) preparations was 79% and 118% higher, respectively, than that induced by the fully attenuated (passage 100) preparations of strain 648A. However, in one trial with ab- chickens, no difference in protection between partially and fully attenuated virus was observed. Strong protection (up to 85%) against highly virulent challenge also was provided by preparations of 648A at passages 40-60, which were moderately oncogenic when used alone. Partially attenuated strains tended to replicate to higher titers in both ab+ and ab- chickens compared with fully attenuated vaccines. Also, ab+ and ab- chickens vaccinated with partially attenuated strains developed three- to nine fold more extensive microscopic lesions in peripheral nerves at 14 and 22 days after virulent challenge than chickens vaccinated with fully attenuated strains. When measured in ab+ chickens, loss of lesion induction by 648A was achieved 30 passages earlier (at passage 70) than when measured in ab- chickens. Thus, maternal antibodies appeared to abrogate the pathogenicity of some partially attenuated strains. These studies establish for MD the principle that at least some partially attenuated MD viruses may replicate better and induce stronger immunity against virulent challenge than fully attenuated preparations of the same strain, at least when tested in ab+ chickens. Moreover, depending on passage level, partially attenuated vaccine strains may be relatively innocuous for ab+ chickens, causing few or no lesions. C1 USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Witter, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, 3606 E Mt Hope Rd, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. NR 37 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 46 IS 4 BP 925 EP 937 DI 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0925:IOSPBV]2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 624AG UT WOS:000179736700017 PM 12495054 ER PT J AU Spackman, E Cloud, SS Pope, CR Rosenberger, JK AF Spackman, E Cloud, SS Pope, CR Rosenberger, JK TI Comparison of a putative second serotype of chicken infectious anemia virus with a prototypical isolate I. Pathogenesis SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE chicken infectious anemia virus; chicken anemia virus; infectious bursal disease virus; pathogenesis; poultry ID BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS; AGENT CAA; PATHOGENICITY AB CIAV-7 is a virus with similar pathogenic and physicochemical characteristics to, but antigenically distinct from, chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV). The pathogenesis of CIAV-7 was evaluated in a comparative study with a representative isolate of CIAV, the Del-Ros strain. The pathogenesis of CIAV-7 was similar to Del-Ros on the basis of the clinical disease induced and gross and microscopic lesions, although CIAV-7 produced fewer and less severe lesions overall. A second comparative pathogenesis study was performed with Del-Ros and CIAV-7, both alone and in combination with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). In this study, the pathogenesis of CIAV-7 was similar to Del-Ros in clinical, gross, and microscopic lesions in the bone marrow. However, thymic lesions were less severe in CIAV-7-inoculated birds. The interaction between Del-Ros and IBDV was synergistic, whereas there was no observed potentiation of CIAV-7-induced disease by IBDV. Progeny from breeder flocks from several geographic locations in the eastern United States were challenged with CIAV-7 or Del-Ros to assess protection by maternal antibodies. Some progeny from all flocks had protection against CIAV-7 challenge, providing evidence for the presence of CIAV-7 in the field. Additionally, the number of birds protected against CIAV-7 or Del-Ros challenge varied within flocks, demonstrating that the agents are serologically distinct. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Anim & Food Sci, Newark, DE 19711 USA. RP Spackman, E (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 46 IS 4 BP 945 EP 955 DI 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0945:COAPSS]2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 624AG UT WOS:000179736700019 PM 12495056 ER PT J AU Spackman, E Cloud, SS Rosenberger, JK AF Spackman, E Cloud, SS Rosenberger, JK TI Comparison of a putative second serotype of chicken infectious anemia virus with a prototypical isolate II. Antigenic and physicochemical characteristics SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE chicken infectious anemia virus; antigenic characterization; physicochemical characterization; poultry ID BURSAL DISEASE VIRUS; AGENT CAA; PATHOGENICITY; DEPLETION AB A putative new serotype of chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) isolated from 17-wk-old broiler breeder pullets was compared with a known, previously characterized CIAV isolate, the Del-Ros strain. Physicochemical characteristics evaluated included thermal stability; size, pH, and chloroform sensitivity. Physicochemically, CIAV-7 was identical to CIAV. The virus isolates were compared antigenically by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, virus neutralization, immunofluorescence assay, and western blot. All four serologic assays demonstrated that CIAV-7 is antigenically distinct from the Del-Ros strain of CIAV. Additionally, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot were used to determine if there were similarities in genome sequence between the two viruses. CIAV-7 could not be detected with CIAV-specific PCR primers or a with CIAV-specific probe by Southern hybridization. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Anim & Food Sci, Newark, DE 19717 USA. RP Spackman, E (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 46 IS 4 BP 956 EP 963 DI 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0956:COAPSS]2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 624AG UT WOS:000179736700020 PM 12495057 ER PT J AU Ziprin, RL Harvey, RB Hume, ME Kubena, LE AF Ziprin, RL Harvey, RB Hume, ME Kubena, LE TI Campylobacter colonization of the crops of newly hatched leghorn chicks SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Campylobacter jejuni; crops; colonization; chickens; mutations dnaJ; pldA; cadF; ciaB ID GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION; CECAL COLONIZATION; JEJUNI; COLI; RECOVERY; STRAINS AB We have studied colonization of crops in newly hatched leghorn chicks (a layer breed) by wild-type and mutant strains of Campylobacter jejuni. We established that the wild-type parent strain forms a stable population level within the crop and that the mutant strains will do likewise. Concentrations of mutant strains in the crop were usually below that of the wild-type parent strain and ranged from 10(3) to 10(5) colony-forming units. These results differ from results we have previously reported concerning cecal colonization, where these same mutant strains lacked colonizing ability. The present results, therefore, indicate that bacterial factors necessary for colonization of the crop are not the same as those needed for colonization of the cecum. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Ziprin, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Agr Res ctr, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 46 IS 4 BP 985 EP 988 DI 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[0985:CCOTCO]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 624AG UT WOS:000179736700024 PM 12495061 ER PT J AU Seo, KH Holt, PS Brackett, RE Gast, RK Stone, HD AF Seo, KH Holt, PS Brackett, RE Gast, RK Stone, HD TI Mucosal humoral immunity to experimental salmonella enteritidis infection in the chicken crop SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE mucosal; sIgAs; Salmonella enteritidis; crop; bile ID EGG-YOLK; ANTIBODIES; HENS AB In this report, we show that chickens, infected with Salmonella enteritidis (SE) by oral gavage, produce secretory immunoglobulin As (sIgAs) that specifically bind to numerous SE antigens. Chickens infected with SE showed strong slgA response against flagella in both bile and crop. The optical density values of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests in positive bile and crop were 1.17 and 0.38, respectively, and were significantly different from those of negative samples. Western immunoblotting revealed that similar to13.5-, similar to56, similar to62-, similar to80, and similar to143-kD polypeptides were immunodominant proteins in bile, whereas similar to56, similar to62-, and similar to80-kD polypeptides were found to be strong antigens in crop. These results indicate that the crop may function as another site for mucosal immunity, and the SE flagella-based ELISA of crop samples can provide a useful screening test of SE exposure in chickens. C1 FDA CFSAN OPDFB HFS 300, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Holt, PS (reprint author), FDA CFSAN OPDFB HFS 300, 5100 Paint Branch Pkwy, College Pk, MD 20740 USA. NR 16 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 46 IS 4 BP 1015 EP 1020 DI 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[1015:MHITES]2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 624AG UT WOS:000179736700030 PM 12495067 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, M Rodriguez-Bertos, A Gimeno, I Flores, JM Pizarro, M AF Gonzalez, M Rodriguez-Bertos, A Gimeno, I Flores, JM Pizarro, M TI Outbreak of avian tuberculosis in 48-week-old commercial layer hen flock SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE mycobacteriosis; Mycobacterium avium; tuberculosis; poultry; hen ID MYCOBACTERIUM-AVIUM; INFECTION; DISEASES; POULTRY; ANIMALS; BIRDS AB This report describes an outbreak of tuberculosis in a flock of 38,500 48-wk-old layer hens. Clinical characteristics of the process included a gradual drop in egg production and feed intake, as well as an increased mortality rate. Two well-defined clinical features were observed. On the one hand, a number of birds displayed good body condition and continued to lay but presented granulomatous nodular lesions, particularly in the infraorbital sinus, liver, and intestine. In contrast, other hens were emaciated and presented granulomatous lesions of various sizes throughout the internal organs. The lesions observed in the various organs of all the affected birds consisted of granulomas containing acid/alcohol-fast bacilli. The presence of Mycobacterium avium was confirmed through polymerase chain reaction techniques. This report describes the epidemiologic and histopathologic characteristics of the outbreak. C1 Univ Complutense Madrid, Vet Teaching Hosp, Dept Anim Pathol 2, Serv Pathol,Vet Sch, Madrid 28040, Spain. USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. RP Gonzalez, M (reprint author), Univ Complutense Madrid, Vet Teaching Hosp, Dept Anim Pathol 2, Serv Pathol,Vet Sch, Madrid 28040, Spain. RI Rodriguez-Bertos, Antonio/K-5905-2014 OI Rodriguez-Bertos, Antonio/0000-0001-9543-313X NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 USA SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 2002 VL 46 IS 4 BP 1055 EP 1061 DI 10.1637/0005-2086(2002)046[1055:OOATIW]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 624AG UT WOS:000179736700038 PM 12495075 ER PT J AU Charlet, LD Armstrong, JS Hein, GL AF Charlet, LD Armstrong, JS Hein, GL TI Sunflower stem weevil and its larval parasitoids in the Central and Northern Plains of the USA SO BIOCONTROL LA English DT Article DE sunflower; Helianthus; biological control; natural enemies; parasitoids; weevils; Hymenoptera ID CYLINDROCOPTURUS-ADSPERSUS COLEOPTERA; GREAT-PLAINS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; INSECT FAUNA; CURCULIONIDAE; DAKOTA; HYMENOPTERA; HELIANTHUS; ABUNDANCE AB The sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a pest of cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) from the southern to the northern Great Plains. The incidence of weevil infestation in fields from the six different states sampled during 1996 and 1997 ranged from 33% (Minnesota) to 100% (Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska). Weevil populations in the fields sampled were statistically greater in the central Plains (Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska) with a mean of 12.3 and 19.5 larvae per stalk compared with the northern Plains (North and South Dakota, Minnesota) of 0.7 and 1.3 larvae per stalk in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Parasitization of weevils varied from field to field ranging from 1 to 100%, but was usually less than 20%. The nine species of larval parasitoids recovered were all Hymenoptera and included: Nealiolus curculionis (Fitch), N. collaris (Brues), Bracon sp. (Braconidae); Neocatolaccus tylodermae (Ashmead), Chlorocytus sp., Pteromalus sp. (Pteromalidae); Quadrastichus ainsliei Gahan (Eulophidae), Eurytoma tylodermatis Ashmead (Eurytomidae); and Eupelmus sp. (Eupelmidae). Nealiolus curculionis was the most prevalent parasitoid reared from C. adspersus, and it was recovered from all states sampled. Parasitoid species richness was greatest in the central Plains. The reduced number of parasitoid species found attacking C. adspersus in the northern Plains may be caused by low host population levels, slow migration by parasitoids into the region, or lack of adaptation to climatic conditions. Additional work to understand the population dynamics of the parasitoid complex associated with C. adspersus may result in improved biological control of the sunflower stem weevil in cultivated sunflower. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Univ Nebraska, Panhandle Res & Extens Ctr, Scottsbluff, NB 69361, Canada. RP Charlet, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 34 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-6141 J9 BIOCONTROL JI Biocontrol PD OCT PY 2002 VL 47 IS 5 BP 513 EP 523 DI 10.1023/A:1016567930895 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 578RZ UT WOS:000177133900003 ER PT J AU Martin, PAW AF Martin, PAW TI An in vitro inhibition test that predicts toxicity of bacterial pathogen combinations in the Colorado potato beetle SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insect biocontrol; Photorhabdus luminescens; Chromobacterium violaceum; Serratia marcescens; microbial compatibility; Leptinotarsa decemlineata ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; PROTEINS AB Many insect bacterial pathogens are not toxic enough for field control. Combinations of bacteria may increase toxicity. Bacteria toxic to Colorado potato beetle, Photorhabdus luminescens, Chromobacterium violaceum and Serratia marcescens, were tested in pair-wise combinations in an in vitro double streak test to determine bacterial compatibility. Only C. violaceum and S. marcescens grew to confluency. Their combined toxicity in vivo was additive. Other bacterial combinations had clear zones between bacterial streaks indicating inhibition. In the insect, the combined toxicity was less than the most toxic bacteria of the pair. For these strains, this in vitro test predicted compatibility in the insect. C1 ARS, USDA, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Martin, PAW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Insect Biocontrol Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 12 IS 5 BP 643 EP 647 DI 10.1080/0958315021000016315 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 602TR UT WOS:000178521000012 ER PT J AU Knoepp, JD Swank, WT AF Knoepp, JD Swank, WT TI Using soil temperature and moisture to predict forest soil nitrogen mineralization SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE nitrogen mineralization rates; laboratory incubation; in situ incubation ID SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA; SEASONAL FLUCTUATIONS; EUCALYPT FORESTS; PATTERNS; NITRIFICATION; APPALACHIANS; ECOSYSTEMS; ELEVATION; GRADIENT; AMMONIUM AB Due to the importance of N in forest productivity ecosystem and nutrient cycling research often includes measurement of soil N transformation rates as indices of potential availability and ecosystem losses of N. We examined the feasibility of using soil temperature and moisture content to predict soil N mineralization rates (Nmin) at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in the southern Appalachians. We conducted seasonal laboratory incubations of A and AB horizon soils from three sites with mixed-oak vegetation using temperature and moisture levels characteristic of the season in which the soils were collected. The incubations showed that temperature and temperature-moisture interactions significantly affected net soil Nmin. We used the laboratory data to generate equations relating net Nmin to soil temperature and moisture data. Using field-collected temperature and moisture data we then calculated Nmin on similar forest sites and compared predicted rates with in situ, closed-core Nmin measurements. The comparison showed that the in situ Nmin was greater than rates predicted from laboratory generated equations (slope =3.22; r(2)=0.89). Our study suggests that while climatic factors have a significant effect on soil Nmin, other factors also influence rates measured in the laboratory and in situ. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. RP Knoepp, JD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, 3160 Coweeta Lab Rd, Otto, NC 28763 USA. NR 30 TC 58 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 28 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD OCT PY 2002 VL 36 IS 3 BP 177 EP 182 DI 10.1007/s00374-002-0536-7 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 607ZT UT WOS:000178821200001 ER PT J AU Cai, Z Mosier, AR AF Cai, Z Mosier, AR TI Restoration of methane oxidation abilities of desiccated paddy soils after re-watering SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE methane oxidation; paddy soils; soil desiccation; moisture effect; ammonium effect ID ATMOSPHERIC TRACE GASES; FOREST SOILS; CH4 CONSUMPTION; NITROUS-OXIDE; RICE PLANTS; MOISTURE; TEMPERATURE; AMMONIUM; BACTERIA; EMISSION AB Restoration of CH4-oxidation activities of desiccated paddy soils and the NH4+ effect after watering were investigated in laboratory incubations. Fresh paddy soil collected from an intermittently flooded rice field in Wuxi, Jiangsu province, showed a parabolic relationship between CH4-oxidation activity and soil moisture with an optimum CH4-oxidation rate at 71% water-holding capacity (WHC), while the paddy soil collected from a permanently flooded rice field in Yingtan, Jiangxi province, showed a much smaller CH4-oxidation ability, which increased exponentially with soil moisture increasing from 28% WHC to 95% WHC at an initial CH4 concentration of 2,200 mul l(-1) and at room temperature (25degreesC). CH4-oxidation ability was inversely related to N2O emission and related positively with CO2 emission in response to the change in soil moisture. Desiccated paddy soils lost their CH4-oxidation abilities. However, this was recovered after the soils were re-watered. The restoration of CH4-oxidation ability was directly dependent upon soil moisture and the rate of its restoration increased with increasing soil moisture content from 40% to 90% WHC. Addition of NH4Cl at rates of 0-3.57 mumol g(-1) soil inhibited the restoration of CH4-oxidation ability significantly (P<0.01), but the inhibitory effect was alleviated by a high soil moisture content. The restoration of CH4-oxidation ability was much slower in the Yingtan soil than in the Wuxi soil. The studies show that the optimum moisture content of paddy soils for CH4 oxidation depends on the methanotrophic bacteria in relation to the prevailing water regime; desiccation damages the CH4-oxidation ability of permanently flooded paddy soil more severely than that of frequently well-drained soils. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Soil Sci, Nanjing, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Cai, Z (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Soil Sci, POB 821, Nanjing, Peoples R China. NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD OCT PY 2002 VL 36 IS 3 BP 183 EP 189 DI 10.1007/s00374-002-0527-8 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 607ZT UT WOS:000178821200002 ER PT J AU Fowler, GA Kalaris, TM Sequeira, RA AF Fowler, GA Kalaris, TM Sequeira, RA TI Identifying areas at risk for Karnal bunt SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Conference on Biometeorology and Aerobiology/16th International Congress on Biometeorology CY OCT 28-NOV 01, 2002 CL KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI SP Int Soc Biometeorol C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Fowler, GA (reprint author), USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 83 IS 10 BP 1469 EP 1469 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 609QD UT WOS:000178915700015 ER PT J AU Karasik, D Rosen, CJ Hannan, MT Broe, KE Dawson-Hughes, B Gagnon, DR Wilson, PWF Visser, M Langlois, JA Mohan, S Kiel, DP AF Karasik, D Rosen, CJ Hannan, MT Broe, KE Dawson-Hughes, B Gagnon, DR Wilson, PWF Visser, M Langlois, JA Mohan, S Kiel, DP TI Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 4 and 5 and bone mineral density in elderly men and women SO CALCIFIED TISSUE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE serum; insulin-like growth factor-1; IGF-I binding protein-4; IGF-I binding protein-5; bone mineral density; aged ID FACTOR-I; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; SERUM LEVELS; BIOLOGICAL-FLUIDS; HORMONE; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; ASSOCIATION; VALIDATION; VITRO AB Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) plays a central role in the maintenance of bone mass. To test whether two major IGF-I binding proteins, IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-5, are related to bone mineral density (BMD), we studied a sample of the Framingham Offspring Cohort participants (99 men and 101 women, ages 60-87). Serum levels of IGF-I, IGFBP-4, and IGFBP-5 were measured by previously validated radioimmunoassays (CVs similar to10%). BMDs of the proximal femur and lumbar spine were measured using a Lunar DPX-L densitometer. In males, but not females, IGF-I and IGFBP-5 were inversely associated with age (r = 0.34 and r = -0.28, respectively; P < 0.01), while IGFBP-4 levels were positively associated with age (P < 0.01). Multivariate means for BMD (adjusted for age, body mass index, height, smoking, and in women, estrogen use) were computed across quartiles of IGFBP-4 and IGFBP-5 and IGFBP-4/IGFBP-5 ratio. In women, but not men, IGFBP-5 was positively associated with femoral neck BMD (P = 0.03), however, after statistical adjustment for IGF-I, this association was no longer significant. No other associations were observed for BMD at any other site. Further study is necessary for elucidation of the gender differences in the possible influence of IGF system components on bone mass. C1 Hebrew Rehabil Ctr Aged, Res & Training Inst, Boston, MA 02131 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Div Aging, Boston, MA 02115 USA. St Joseph Hosp, Maine Ctr Osteoporosis Res & Educ, Bangor, ME USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Calcium & Bone Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Med Ctr, EMGO Inst, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Jerry L Pettis Vet Adm Med Ctr, Musculoskeletal Dis Ctr, Loma Linda, CA USA. RP Kiel, DP (reprint author), Hebrew Rehabil Ctr Aged, Res & Training Inst, Boston, MA 02131 USA. OI Kiel, Douglas/0000-0001-8474-0310 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38038]; NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR/AG41398]; NIMHD NIH HHS [263-MD-724145] NR 27 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0171-967X J9 CALCIFIED TISSUE INT JI Calcif. Tissue Int. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 71 IS 4 BP 323 EP 328 DI 10.1007/s00223-001-1002-0 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 612EN UT WOS:000179061700005 PM 12202958 ER PT J AU Lastra, CCL Hajek, AE Humber, RA AF Lastra, CCL Hajek, AE Humber, RA TI Comparing methods of preservation for cultures of entomopathogenic fungi SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE entomopathogenic fungi; preservation; storage; viability AB Nine species of entomopathogenic fungi were tested for viability after they had been stored with deionized water, mineral oil, or silica gel or frozen at -20 or -80degreesC. Species tested included members of the Hyphomycetes, Entomophthorales, Trichomycetes, and Oomycetes. The fungal cultures were maintained up to 1.5 years and were checked at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. For all species evaluated, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus demonstrated the best results, surviving through 18 months when stored with water or mineral oil and when frozen at -80degreesC. For the majority of other fungal species tested, except the trichomycete Smittium culisetae and oomycete Leptolegnia chapmanii, freezing at -80degreesC was the best storage method and storage with silica gel was the worst. In addition to culture viability, infectivity against Aedes aegypti larvae was evaluated after 18 months of storage for L. chapmanii and S. culisetae. The simplest and least expensive methods, using water or mineral oil, were the only successful methods for maintaining viability and infectivity of L. chapmanii and S. culisetae. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Plant Protect Res Unit, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Hajek, AE (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 80 IS 10 BP 1126 EP 1130 DI 10.1139/B02-090 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 611VZ UT WOS:000179039600012 ER PT J AU Will, RE Munger, GT Zhang, YJ Borders, BE AF Will, RE Munger, GT Zhang, YJ Borders, BE TI Effects of annual fertilization and complete competition control on current annual increment, foliar development, and growth efficiency of different aged Pinus taeda stands SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID LOBLOLLY-PINE; LEAF-AREA; SLASH PINE; PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY; NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; WEED-CONTROL; RESPONSES; IRRIGATION; NUTRIENT; WATER AB The effects that competing vegetation and nitrogen limitation have on the current annual increment (CAI), leaf biomass, and growth efficiency (GE) of different aged loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands planted on a Piedmont and lower Coastal Plain location in Georgia, U.S.A. were determined by measuring stands receiving a factorial combination of complete interspecific competition control and annual nitrogen fertilization. At the Piedmont location, CAI increased with age (5, 10, and 12 years) as well as fertilization (7.3-9.2 Mg.ha(-1)) and competition control (6.8-9.6 Mg.ha(-1)). The effects of fertilization on leaf biomass increased with stand age (no difference at age 5 to 1.5 Mg.ha(-1) difference at age 12), while the effects of competition control on leaf biomass decreased with stand age (difference of 2.5 Mg.ha(-1) at age 5 to difference of 1.6 Mg.ha(-1) at age 12). At the Coastal Plain location, fertilization increased CAI from 10.3 to 14.8 Mg.ha(-1). Leaf biomass increased with competition control (4.9-5.5 Mg.ha(-1)) and fertilization (4.4-6.0 Mg.ha(-1)). Leaf biomass increased with stand age for the fertilized stands (5.3-7.0 Mg.ha(-1) between age 7 and 13) and decreased with stand age for nonfertilized stands (4.9-4.0 Mg.ha(-1) between age 7 and 13). At the Coastal Plain location, fertilization increased the GE of the age-7 stands from 2.34 to 2.86 but decreased the GE of the age-13 stands from 2.32 to 2.14. In general, GE decreased as mean tree size increased indicating that changes in GE related to treatments may be confounded with changes in tree size. Results of this experiment emphasize the importance of nutrition on stand growth as fertilization increased leaf biomass and may increase stem production per unit of foliage at early stages of development. C1 Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Dept Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Will, RE (reprint author), Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Dept Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Will, Rodney/G-8111-2011 NR 39 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 32 IS 10 BP 1728 EP 1740 DI 10.1139/X02-095 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 611WK UT WOS:000179040600003 ER PT J AU Lacointe, A Isebrands, JG Host, GE AF Lacointe, A Isebrands, JG Host, GE TI A new way to account for the effect of source-sink spatial relationships in whole plant carbon allocation models SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID VEGETATIVE GROWTH; TREES; PEACH; TRANSPORT; NITROGEN; BALANCE; ORGANS; OZONE; FLOW AB To improve source-sink relationship based carbon-allocation models, the basic proportional model was extended to account for a well-known effect of individual source to sink distances: among different sinks of similar characteristics, the more distant from the source, the lower the allocation coefficient. This was achieved through multiplication of the sink strength value by a coefficient that is proportional to a decreasing, simple function of distance, f; the power form was chosen for both simplicity and theoretical reasons. The resulting model was parameterized and evaluated on the empirical allocation matrix of the ECOPHYS model, after grouping together several individual, small sinks of similar nature and close location to remove any phyllotaxy-related bias. Both goodness of fit and predictive value were significantly improved compared with the basic proportional model (f = constant). The f-extended model yielded even better results if segments of different nature or age on the source to sink pathway were assigned different weights in the expression of distance, whereas the default expression of f, with an exponent of -1 and no additive constant, was optimal with no further parameter required. Thus, only 7 parameters (3 for pathway segment weights and 4 for sink strength values) were sufficient to retrieve the original 68 independent experimental allocation coefficients with a reasonable degree of accuracy. Pathway segment weights likely reflect both intrinsic transport pathway properties and situation within the plant architecture; this is discussed in relation to the possibilities of generalization and practical use of the model. C1 Univ Clermont Ferrand, INRA, UMR Physiol Integree Arbre Fruitier & Forestier, F-63039 Clermont Ferrand 2, France. USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. RP Lacointe, A (reprint author), Univ Clermont Ferrand, INRA, UMR Physiol Integree Arbre Fruitier & Forestier, Site Crouelle 234,Ave Brezet, F-63039 Clermont Ferrand 2, France. NR 33 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 32 IS 10 BP 1838 EP 1848 DI 10.1139/X02-101 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 611WK UT WOS:000179040600013 ER PT J AU Hamir, AN Miller, JM Stack, MJ Chaplin, MJ AF Hamir, AN Miller, JM Stack, MJ Chaplin, MJ TI Failure to detect abnormal prion protein and scrapie-associated fibrils 6 wk after intracerebral inoculation of genetically susceptible sheep with scrapie agent SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE LA English DT Article ID BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; DISEASE AGENT; DIAGNOSIS; CATTLE; TRANSMISSION AB Detection of the scrapie-associated protease-resistant prion protein (PrPres) in sheep brains in the early phase after intracerebral inoculation of the scrapie agent has not been documented. Fourteen 4-mo-old, genetically susceptible lambs (QQ homozygous at codon 171 of the PrP gene) were obtained for this study. Twelve lambs were inoculated intracerebrally with a brain suspension from sheep naturally affected with scrapie, and 2 served as uninoculated controls. Two inoculated animals were euthanized at each of 6 times postinoculation (1 h to 6 wk), and their brains were collected for histopathological study, for detection of PrPres by the Western blot technique and an immunohistochemical (IHC) method, and for the detection of scrapie-associated fibrils (SAF) by negatively stained electron microscopy (EM). Microscopic lesions associated with introduction of the inoculum were seen in the brains of inoculated animals at all 6 times. However, both the Western blot and IHC techniques did not detect PrPres after the initial 3 d postinoculation, nor did EM detect SAF in any of the samples. From these findings, it is presumed that until host amplification has occurred, the concentration of PrPres in inoculum is insufficient for detection by currently available techniques. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Vet Labs Agcy, Weybridge KT15 3NB, Surrey, England. RP Hamir, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 70,2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RI Chaplin, Melanie/C-7218-2011; Stack, Michael/C-7590-2011 NR 9 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN VET MED ASSOC PI OTTAWA PA 339 BOOTH ST ATTN: KIMBERLY ALLEN-MCGILL, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1R 7K1, CANADA SN 0830-9000 J9 CAN J VET RES JI Can. J. Vet. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. Vet. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 BP 289 EP 294 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 608EK UT WOS:000178832100012 PM 12418787 ER PT J AU Liu, C Lian, FZ Russell, RM Wang, XD AF Liu, C Lian, FZ Russell, RM Wang, XD TI Effects of lycopene supplementation on plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 and lung squamous metaplasia in smoke-exposed ferrets. SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research CY OCT 14-18, 2002 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Assoc Canc Res C1 Tufts Univ, Nutr & Canc Biol Lab, USDA, HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 11 IS 10 MA B216 BP 1181S EP 1181S PN 2 PG 1 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 604RE UT WOS:000178634200158 ER PT J AU Hu, KQ Russell, RM Wang, XD AF Hu, KQ Russell, RM Wang, XD TI Cigarette smoke exposure up-regulates carotene excentric cleaving enzyme, carotene-9 ',10 '-monooxygenase, in the lungs of ferrets with or without lycopene supplementation. SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research CY OCT 14-18, 2002 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Assoc Canc Res C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr & Canc Biol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 11 IS 10 MA C116 BP 1196S EP 1196S PN 2 PG 1 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 604RE UT WOS:000178634200220 ER PT J AU Wang, TTY Milner, MJ Kim, YS AF Wang, TTY Milner, MJ Kim, YS TI Identification of estrogen receptor alpha as a gene down regulated by indole-3-carbinol in human breast cancer cell MCF-7: A DNA microarray approach. SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research CY OCT 14-18, 2002 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Assoc Canc Res C1 USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 11 IS 10 MA D105 BP 1214S EP 1214S PN 2 PG 1 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 604RE UT WOS:000178634200299 ER PT J AU Lavigne, JA Baer, DJ Wimbrow, HH Giffin, CA Judd, JT Brown, ED Dorgan, JF Hartman, TJ Campbell, WS Barrett, JC Hursting, SD Taylor, PR AF Lavigne, JA Baer, DJ Wimbrow, HH Giffin, CA Judd, JT Brown, ED Dorgan, JF Hartman, TJ Campbell, WS Barrett, JC Hursting, SD Taylor, PR TI Effect of moderate alcohol intake on serum insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 in a diet-controlled intervention study in postmenopausal women SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research CY OCT 14-18, 2002 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Assoc Canc Res C1 NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. SAIC, Frederick, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Bloomberg Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Fox Chase Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19111 USA. Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 11 IS 10 MA D133 BP 1219S EP 1220S PN 2 PG 2 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 604RE UT WOS:000178634200326 ER PT J AU Conard, SG Sukhinin, AI Stocks, BJ Cahoon, DR Davidenko, EP Ivanova, GA AF Conard, SG Sukhinin, AI Stocks, BJ Cahoon, DR Davidenko, EP Ivanova, GA TI Determining effects of area burned and fire severity on carbon cycling and emissions in Siberia SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Role of Boreal Forests and Forestry in the Global Carbon Budget CY MAY 08-12, 2000 CL EDMONTON, CANADA SP Int Boreal Forest Res Assoc ID BOREAL FORESTS; CLIMATE; BALANCE AB The Russian boreal forest contains about 25% of the global terrestrial biomass, and even a higher percentage of the carbon stored in litter and soils. Fire burns large areas annually, much of it in low-severity surface fires - but data on fire area and impacts or extent of varying fire severity are poor. Changes in land use, cover, and disturbance patterns such as those predicted by global climate change models, have the potential to greatly alter current fire regimes in boreal forests and to significantly impact global carbon budgets. The extent and global importance of fires in the boreal zone have often been greatly underestimated. For the 1998 fire season we estimate from remote sensing data that about 13.3 million ha burned in Siberia. This is about 5 times higher than estimates from the Russian Aerial Forest Protection Service (Avialesookhrana) for the same period. We estimate that fires in the Russian boreal forest in 1998 constituted some 14-20% of average annual global carbon emissions from forest fires. Average annual emissions from boreal zone forests may be equivalent to 23-39% of regional fossil fuel emissions in Canada and Russia, respectively. But the lack of accurate data and models introduces large potential errors into these estimates. Improved monitoring and understanding of the landscape extent and severity of fires and effects of fire on carbon storage, air chemistry, vegetation dynamics and structure, and forest health and productivity are essential to provide inputs into global and regional models of carbon cycling and atmospheric chemistry. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Sukacehv Forest Inst, Krasnoyarsk 660036, Russia. Canadian Forest Serv, Sault Ste Marie, ON PMA 5M7, Canada. Terra Syst Res, Williamsburg, VA 23185 USA. Avialesookhrana, Pushchino 141200, Moscow Region, Russia. RP Conard, SG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RI Conard, Susan/H-8158-2013 NR 39 TC 139 Z9 153 U1 3 U2 22 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD OCT PY 2002 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 197 EP 211 DI 10.1023/A:1020207710195 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 593FJ UT WOS:000177980100012 ER PT J AU Hill, D Dubey, JP AF Hill, D Dubey, JP TI Toxoplasma gondii: transmission, diagnosis and prevention SO CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article DE Toxoplasma gondii; protozoan; apicomplexan; cats; congenital infection ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS; DRINKING-WATER; TISSUE CYSTS; CATS; INFECTION; OOCYSTS; ENCEPHALITIS; OUTBREAK; STRAINS AB Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii , is one of the most common parasitic infections of man and other warm-blooded animals. It has been found world-wide from Alaska to Australia. Nearly one-third of humanity has been exposed to this parasite. In most adults it does not cause serious illness, but it can cause blindness and mental retardation in congenitally infected children and devastating disease in immunocompromised individuals. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hill, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol Epidemiol & Systemat Lab, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Bldg 1044,BARC E,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 42 TC 344 Z9 381 U1 9 U2 70 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1198-743X J9 CLIN MICROBIOL INFEC JI Clin. Microbiol. Infect. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 8 IS 10 BP 634 EP 640 DI 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2002.00485.x PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 605JP UT WOS:000178675000003 PM 12390281 ER PT J AU Evock-Clover, CM Poch, SM Richards, MP Ashwell, CM McMurtry, JP AF Evock-Clover, CM Poch, SM Richards, MP Ashwell, CM McMurtry, JP TI Expression of an uncoupling protein gene homolog in chickens SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-MOLECULAR & INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chicken; feed deprivation; free fatty acids; insulin-like growth factor (IGF); leptin; refeeding; skeletal muscle; triglyceride; uncoupling protein ID ADIPOSE-TISSUE METABOLISM; MESSENGER-RNA EXPRESSION; CENTRAL LEPTIN INFUSION; GROWTH-FACTOR-II; FREE FATTY-ACIDS; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; DEVELOPMENTAL-CHANGES; GENOMIC ORGANIZATION; BROILER-CHICKENS; DIABETIC RATS AB An avian uncoupling protein (UCP) gene homolog was recently sequenced from skeletal muscle and was proposed to have a role in thermogenesis in chickens, ducks and hummingbirds. Since mammalian UCP 2 and UCP 3 also appear to have functions associated with energy and substrate partitioning and body weight regulation, the purpose of this study was to further characterize chicken UCP under conditions of nutritional stress and/or leptin administration. Male 3-week-old chickens were starved for 24 or 48 h and then half of each group was refed for an additional 24 h. In a follow-up experiment, chickens were fed or starved for 48 h with or without leptin administration. Feed deprivation increased UCP mRNA expression in skeletal muscle by up to 260% (P<0.001), and in a time-dependent manner in pectoralis muscle. Refeeding for 24 h normalized muscle UCP mRNA levels. Leptin administration had no effect on muscle UCP Chicken muscle UCP mRNA levels were highly correlated with plasma triglyceride and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations, and with circulating levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGF-II. These results suggest that, as in mammals, avian UCP is up-regulated during feed deprivation and is highly correlated with increased fatty acid oxidation and flux into skeletal muscle. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, ANRI, GBL,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Evock-Clover, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, ANRI, GBL,BARC E, B-200,R-217,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM chrisc@anri.barc.usda.gov NR 60 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1095-6433 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Mol. Integr. Physiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 133 IS 2 BP 345 EP 358 AR PII S1095-6433(02)00113-7 DI 10.1016/S1095-6433(02)00113-7 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA 597FE UT WOS:000178210900012 PM 12208305 ER PT J AU Wisdom, MJ Rowland, MM Wales, BC Hemstrom, MA Hann, WJ Raphael, MG Holthausen, RS Gravenmier, RA Rich, TD AF Wisdom, MJ Rowland, MM Wales, BC Hemstrom, MA Hann, WJ Raphael, MG Holthausen, RS Gravenmier, RA Rich, TD TI Modeled effects of sagebrush-steppe restoration on Greater Sage-Grouse in the interior Columbia Basin, USA SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIVER BASIN; LAND MANAGEMENT; HABITATS; TRENDS AB Habitats of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) have declined across western North America, and most remaining habitats occur on lands administered by the U.S. Forest Service (FS) and U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Consequently, managers of FS-BLM lands need effective strategies to recover sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) habitats on which this species depends. In response to this need, we evaluated the potential benefits of two restoration scenarios on Greater Sage-Grouse in the interior Columbia Basin and adjacent portions of the Great Basin of the western United States. Scenario 1 assumed a 50% reduction in detrimental grazing effects (through changes in stocking rates and grazing systems) and a six-fold increase in areas treated with active restoration (e.g., prescribed burning, native seedings, wildfire suppression) compared with future management proposed by the FS-BLM. Scenario 2 assumed a 100% reduction in detrimental grazing effects and the same increase in active restoration as scenario 1. To evaluate benefits, we estimated the risk of population extirpation for sage grouse 100 years in the future under the two scenarios and compared this risk with that estimated for proposed (100-year) FS-BLM management. We used estimates of extirpation risk for historical (circa 1850-1890) and current time periods as a context for our comparison. Under historical conditions, risk of extirpation was very low on FS-BLM lands, but increased to a moderate probability under current conditions. Under proposed FS-BLM management, risk of extirpation on FS-BLM lands increased to a high probability 100 years in the future. Benefits of the two restoration scenarios, however, constrained the future risk of extirpation to a moderate probability. Our results suggest that expansive and sustained habitat restoration can maintain desired conditions and reduce future extirpation risk for sage grouse on FS-BLM lands in western North America. The continued spread of exotic plants, however, presents a formidable challenge to successful restoration and warrants substantial research and management attention. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Bur Land Management, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97204 USA. US Forest Serv, Leadville, CO 80461 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Bur Land Management, Portland, OR 97204 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Boise, ID 83709 USA. RP Wisdom, MJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 21 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 21 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 16 IS 5 BP 1223 EP 1231 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01073.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596UC UT WOS:000178183600009 ER PT J AU Wisdom, MJ Wales, BC Rowland, MM Raphael, MG Holthausen, RS Rich, TD Saab, VA AF Wisdom, MJ Wales, BC Rowland, MM Raphael, MG Holthausen, RS Rich, TD Saab, VA TI Performance of Greater Sage-Grouse models for conservation assessment in the interior Columbia Basin, USA SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LAND MANAGEMENT; HABITATS AB Valid modeling of habitats and populations of Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus ) is a critical management need because of increasing concern about population viability. Consequently, we evaluated the performance of two models designed to assess landscape conditions for Greater Sage-Grouse across 13.6 million ha of sagebrush steppe in the interior Columbia Basin and adjacent portions of the Great Basin of the western United States (referred to as the basin). The first model, the environmental index model, predicted conditions at the scale of the subwatershed (mean size of approximately 7800 ha) based on inputs of habitat density, habitat quality, and effects of human disturbance. Predictions ranged on a continuous scale from 0 for lowest environmental index to 2 for optimal environmental index. The second model, the population outcome model, predicted the composite, range-wide conditions for sage grouse based on the contribution of environmental index values from all subwatersheds and measures of range extent and connectivity. Population outcomes were expressed as five classes (A through E) that represented a gradient from continuous, well-distributed populations (outcome A) to sparse, highly isolated populations with a high likelihood of extirpation (outcome E). To evaluate performance, we predicted environmental index values and population outcome classes in areas currently occupied by sage grouse versus areas where extirpation has occurred. Our a priori expectations were that models should predict substantially worse environmental conditions (lower environmental index) and a substantially higher probability of extirpation (lower population outcome class) in extirpated areas. Results for both models met these expectations. For example, a population outcome of class E was predicted for extirpated areas, as opposed to class C for occupied areas. These results suggest that our models provided reliable landscape predictions for the conditions tested. This finding is important for conservation planning in the basin, where the models were used to evaluate management of federal lands for sage grouse. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Bur Land Management, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Boise, ID 83709 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Wisdom, MJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 5 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 16 IS 5 BP 1232 EP 1242 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01074.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596UC UT WOS:000178183600010 ER PT J AU Hemstrom, MA Wisdom, MJ Hann, WJ Rowland, MM Wales, BC Gravenmier, RA AF Hemstrom, MA Wisdom, MJ Hann, WJ Rowland, MM Wales, BC Gravenmier, RA TI Sagebrush-steppe vegetation dynamics and restoration potential in the interior Columbia Basin, USA SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIVER BASIN/; SAGE-GROUSE; MANAGEMENT; RANGELANDS; HABITATS; TRENDS AB We modeled the dynamics and restoration of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) habitats for Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in the interior Columbia Basin and adjacent portions of the Great Basin (referred to as the basin). Greater Sage-Grouse have undergone widespread decline and are the focus of conservation on over 13 million ha of sagebrush steppe in the basin, much of which is managed by the U.S. Forest Service (FS) and U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM ). Consequently, we evaluated changes in the amount and quality of sage-grouse habitat on 8.1 million ha of FS-BLM lands in the basin. Changes were estimated from historical to current conditions and from current conditions to those projected 100 years in the future under proposed management and under two restoration scenarios. These two scenarios were designed to improve long-term (100-year) projections of sage-grouse habitat on FS-BLM lands in relation to current conditions and proposed management. Scenario 1 assumed a 50% reduction in detrimental grazing effects by livestock (through changes in stocking rates and grazing systems) and a six-fold increase in areas treated with active restoration relative to proposed management. Scenario 2 assumed a 100% reduction in detrimental grazing effects and the same level of active restoration as scenario 1. Under the two scenarios, the amount of FS-BLM habitat for sage grouse within treated areas declined by 17-19% 100 years in the future compared with the current period, but was 10-14% higher than the 100-year projection under proposed management. Habitat quality under both scenarios was substantially improved compared with the current period and proposed management. Our results suggest that aggressive restoration could slow the rate of sagebrush loss and improve the quality of remaining habitat. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. US Forest Serv, Leadville, CO 80461 USA. US Bur Land Management, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Bur Land Management, Interior Columbia Basin Ecosyst Management Projec, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Wisdom, MJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. EM mwisdom@fs.fed.us NR 31 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 21 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 16 IS 5 BP 1243 EP 1255 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01075.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596UC UT WOS:000178183600011 ER PT J AU Haight, RG Cypher, B Kelly, PA Phillips, S Possingham, HP Ralls, K Starfield, AM White, PJ Williams, D AF Haight, RG Cypher, B Kelly, PA Phillips, S Possingham, HP Ralls, K Starfield, AM White, PJ Williams, D TI Optimizing habitat protection using demographic models of population viability SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID JOAQUIN KIT FOXES; NORTHERN SPOTTED OWL; MANAGEMENT; CONSERVATION; OPTIMIZATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; REPRODUCTION; ABUNDANCE; PREY; GIS AB Expanding habitat protection is a common tactic for species conservation. When unprotected habitat is privately owned, decisions must be made about which areas to protect by land purchase or conservation easement. To address this problem, we developed an optimization framework for choosing the habitat-protection strategy that minimizes the risk of population extinction subject to an upper bound on funding. The framework is based on the idea that an extinction-risk function that predicts the relative effects of varying the quantity and quality of habitat can be estimated from the results of a demographic model of population viability. We used the framework to address the problem of expanding the protected habitat of a core population of the endangered San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) in the Panoche area in central California. We first developed a stochastic demographic model of the kit fox population. Predictions from the simulation model were used to estimate an extinction-risk function that depended on areas of good- and fair-quality habitat. The risk function was combined with costs of habitat protection to determine cost-efficient protection strategies and risk-cost curves showing how extinction risk could be reduced at minimum cost for increasing levels of funding. One important result was that cost-efficient shares of the budget used to protect different types of habitat changed as the budget increased and depended on the relative costs of available habitat and the relative effects of habitat protection on extinction risk. Another important finding was the sensitivity of the location and slope of the risk-cost curve to assumptions about the spatial configuration of available habitat. When the location and slope of the risk-cost curve are sensitive to model assumptions, resulting predictions of extinction risk and risk reduction per unit cost should be used very cautiously in ranking conservation options among different species or populations. The application is an example of how the results of a complex demographic model of population viability can be synthesized for use in optimization analyses to determine cost-efficient habitat-protection strategies and risk-cost tradeoffs. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Calif State Univ Stanislaus, Endangered Species Recovery Program, Bakersfield, CA 93389 USA. Calif State Univ Stanislaus, Endangered Species Recovery Program, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Univ Queensland, Dept Zool, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. Univ Queensland, Dept Math, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. Smithsonian Natl Zool Pk, Conservat & Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20008 USA. Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. Calif State Univ Stanislaus, Dept Biol Sci, Turlock, CA 95382 USA. RP Haight, RG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Possingham, Hugh/B-1337-2008 OI Possingham, Hugh/0000-0001-7755-996X NR 44 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 16 IS 5 BP 1386 EP 1397 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.99510.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 596UC UT WOS:000178183600025 ER PT J AU Kuo, TM Nakamura, LK Lanser, AC AF Kuo, TM Nakamura, LK Lanser, AC TI Conversion of fatty acids by Bacillus sphaericus-like organisms SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA PR3; OLEIC-ACID; 10-KETOSTEARIC ACID; 10-HYDROXYSTEARIC ACID; SPHINGOBACTERIUM-THALPOPHILUM; COMPOSTED MANURE; BIOTRANSFORMATION; STRAINS AB Bacillus sphaericus species are mesophilic round-spored organisms that readily utilize fatty acid-based surfactants during growth, but their ability to modify fatty acids is unknown. Among 57 B. sphaericus-like strains tested for fatty acid transformation activity in Wallen fermentation (WF) medium, ten converted oleic acid to a new product determined by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to be 10-ketostearic acid (10-KSA). Additionally, a few other strains converted ricinoleic acid and linoleic acid to new products that remain to be characterized. Unlike most microbial hydrations of oleic acid, which produce a Mixture Of 10-KSA and 10-hydroxystearic acid, the conversion of oleic acid by B. sphaericus strains was unique in that 10-KSA was the sole reaction product. By replacing dextrose with sodium pyruvate in WF and adjusting to pH 6.5, conversion of oleic acid to 10-KSA by strain NRRL NRS-732 was improved from about 11% to more than 60%. Using the defined optimal conditions, the conversion reaction was scaled up in a stirred-batch reactor by using technical-grade oleic acid as substrate. This is the first report on the characterization of fatty acid conversions by B. sphaericus species. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Genom & Bioproc Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kuo, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Genom & Bioproc Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 25 TC 11 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 45 IS 4 BP 265 EP 271 DI 10.1007/s00284-002-3748-z PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 590RK UT WOS:000177835700007 PM 12192524 ER PT J AU Hunter, WJ AF Hunter, WJ TI Bioremediation of chlorate or perchlorate contaminated water using permeable barriers containing vegetable oil SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DENITRIFICATION WALL; NITRATE REMOVAL; GROUNDWATER AB A scale model of an in situ permeable barrier, formed by injecting vegetable oil onto laboratory soil columns, was used to remove chlorate and perchlorate from flowing groundwater. The hypothesis that trapped oil would serve as a substrate enabling native microorganisms to reduce chlorate or perchlorate to chloride as water flowed through the oil-rich zone had merit. Approximately 96% of the 0.2 mm chlorate and 99% of the 0.2 mm perchlorate present in the water was removed as water was pumped through columns containing vegetable oil barriers. The product formed was chloride. When nitrate at 1.4 mM was added to the water, both nitrate and chlorate were removed. High concentrations of chlorate or perchlorate can be treated; 24 mM chlorate and 6 mm perchlorate were completely reduced to chloride during microcosm incubations. Microorganisms capable of reducing Perchlorate are plentiful in the environment. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Hunter, WJ (reprint author), 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 22 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 45 IS 4 BP 287 EP 292 DI 10.1007/s00284-002-3751-4 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 590RK UT WOS:000177835700011 PM 12192528 ER PT J AU Grusak, MA AF Grusak, MA TI Phytochemicals in plants: genomics-assisted plant improvement for nutritional and health benefits SO CURRENT OPINION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; ARABIDOPSIS; EXPRESSION; PATHWAY; BIOSYNTHESIS; TRANSPORT; SEEDS; LEVEL; IRON AB Plants are an important source of essential nutrients and health-beneficial components that are crucial for human life. Because the intake of these phytochemicals is not always adequate, the resources of plant biotechnology are being used to enhance the nutritional quality of our plant-based food supply. Various improvement strategies are feasible, depending on whether the phytochemical target is a major or minor constituent. Recent efforts in gene discovery and functional genomics are providing the necessary understanding to develop and evaluate different approaches to manipulate phytochemical composition. C1 USDA ARS, Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Grusak, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 40 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0958-1669 J9 CURR OPIN BIOTECH JI Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 13 IS 5 BP 508 EP 511 DI 10.1016/S0958-1669(02)00364-6 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 600JY UT WOS:000178387900016 PM 12459345 ER PT J AU Gehad, AE Lillehoj, HS Hendricks, GL Mashaly, MM AF Gehad, AE Lillehoj, HS Hendricks, GL Mashaly, MM TI Initiation of humoral immunity. I. The role of cytokines and hormones in the initiation of humoral immunity using T-independent and T-dependent antigens SO DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chicken; antigens; cytokines; hormones ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; RED-BLOOD-CELLS; ENDOTOXIN; INTERLEUKIN-1; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; CACHECTIN; RATS; LYMPHOCYTES; CHALLENGE; RESPONSES AB The early events during the initiation of immune responses following the injection of T-independent (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and T-dependent (bovine serum albumin, BSA) antigens were studied in immature male chickens. Specifically, the role of cytokines and hormones in the initiation of humoral immunity against these antigens was investigated. Both interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) increased significantly post-LPS but not post-BSA injection. While interleukin-2 (IL-2) significantly decreased post-LPS injection, IL-2 significantly increased post-BSA injection. Furthermore, corticosterone levels significantly increased and tri-iodothyronine (T-3) levels significantly decreased post-LPS but not post-BSA injection. In this study, the results indicate that although LPS and BSA can induce a Immoral antibody response in chickens, they activate different cytokines and neuroendocrine network systems. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Res Ctr, Giza, Egypt. USDA ARS, Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mashaly, MM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 37 TC 11 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0145-305X J9 DEV COMP IMMUNOL JI Dev. Comp. Immunol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 26 IS 8 BP 751 EP 759 AR PII S0145-305X(02)00020-4 DI 10.1016/S0145-305X(02)00020-4 PG 9 WC Immunology; Zoology SC Immunology; Zoology GA 601PE UT WOS:000178454500008 PM 12206838 ER PT J AU Gehad, AE Lillehoj, HS Hendricks, GL Mashaly, MM AF Gehad, AE Lillehoj, HS Hendricks, GL Mashaly, MM TI Initiation of humoral immunity. II. The effects of T-independent and T-dependent antigens on the distribution of lymphocyte populations SO DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chicken; antigens; lymphocytes ID IMMATURE MALE CHICKENS; BLOOD LEUKOCYTE KINETICS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; IN-VITRO; ENDOTOXIN; CELLS; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; MECHANISMS; APOPTOSIS; STRESS AB The effect of injecting T-independent (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and T-dependent (bovine serum albumin, BSA) antigens on the redistribution of lymphocyte populations in immature male chickens was investigated. In the blood, percentages of total T-cells (CD3+), T-helper cells (CD4+), and T-cytotoxic/suppressor cells (CD8+) significantly decreased post-LPS injection (PLI) but not post-BSA injection (PBI), while percentages of monocytes/thrombocytes (K1+) significantly increased PLI. Interleukin-1 receptor expression on blood lymphocytes increased significantly PLI and PBI. In the spleen, the percentages of total T-cells (CD3+) increased significantly PLI and PBI, macrophage (K1+) percentages increased significantly PLI, while B-cell percentages decreased significantly PLI. These results indicate that following antigen injection, there is a redistribution of peripheral blood lymphocytes (specifically T-lymphocytes) to secondary lymphoid organs and the kinetics and magnitude of the changes can differ according to the type of antigen used. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All fights reserved. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Res Ctr, Giza, Egypt. USDA ARS, Systemat Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mashaly, MM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0145-305X J9 DEV COMP IMMUNOL JI Dev. Comp. Immunol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 26 IS 8 BP 761 EP 771 AR PII S0145-305x(02)00021-6 DI 10.1016/S0145-305X(02)00021-6 PG 11 WC Immunology; Zoology SC Immunology; Zoology GA 601PE UT WOS:000178454500009 PM 12206839 ER PT J AU Zhang, HH Halbleib, M Ahmad, F Manganiello, VC Greenberg, AS AF Zhang, HH Halbleib, M Ahmad, F Manganiello, VC Greenberg, AS TI Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates lipolysis in differentiated human Adipocytes through activation of extracellular signal-related kinase and elevation of intracellular cAMP SO DIABETES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Diabetes-Association CY JUN 22-26, 2001 CL PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Amer Diabetes Assoc ID HORMONE-SENSITIVE LIPASE; BETA-ADRENERGIC STIMULATION; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; 3T3-L1 ADIPOCYTES; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; PERILIPIN-A; LIPOPROTEIN-LIPASE; METABOLIC RESPONSE; LIPID DROPLETS; HUMAN OBESITY AB Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) stimulates lipolysis in human adipocytes. However, the mechanisms regulating this process are largely unknown. We demonstrate that TNF-alpha increases lipolysis in differentiated human adipocytes by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK), extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), and elevation of intracellular cAMP. TNF-alpha activated ERK and increased lipolysis; these effects were inhibited by two specific MEK inhibitors, PD98059 and U0126. TNF-alpha treatment caused an electrophoretic shift of perilipin from 65 to 67 kDa, consistent with perilipin hyperphosphorylation by activated cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA). Coincubation with TNF-alpha and MEK inhibitors caused perilipin to migrate as a single 65-kDa band. Consistent with the hypothesis that TNF-alpha induces perilipin hyperphosphorylation by activating PKA, TNF-alpha increased intracellular cAMP similar to1.7-fold, and the increase was abrogated by PD98059. Furthermore, H89, a specific. PKA inhibitor, blocked TNF-alpha-induced lipolysis and the electrophoretic shift of perilipin, suggesting a role for PKA in TNF-alpha-induced lipolysis. finally, TNF-alpha decreased the expression of cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase 313 (PDE3B) by similar to50%, delineating a mechanism by which TNF-alpha could increase intracellular cAMP. Cotreatment with PD98059 restored PDE3B expression. These studies suggest that in human adipocytes, TNF-alpha stimulates lipolysis through activation of MEK-ERK and subsequent increase in intracellular cAMP. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NHLBI, Sect Biochem Physiol Pulm Crit Care Med, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Greenberg, AS (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 43 TC 217 Z9 232 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0012-1797 J9 DIABETES JI Diabetes PD OCT PY 2002 VL 51 IS 10 BP 2929 EP 2935 DI 10.2337/diabetes.51.10.2929 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 599LT UT WOS:000178336600008 PM 12351429 ER PT J AU McGuire, WJ Imakawa, K Tamura, K Meka, CSR Christenson, RK AF McGuire, WJ Imakawa, K Tamura, K Meka, CSR Christenson, RK TI Regulation of endometrial granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the ewe SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS; OVINE TROPHOBLAST PROTEIN-1; UTERINE EPITHELIAL-CELLS; CORPUS-LUTEUM; LH-SECRETION; SHEEP; INTERFERON; EXPRESSION; PREGNANCY; PROGESTERONE AB Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) increases ovine interferon-tau (oIFNtau) secretion by ovine conceptuses, but endometrial production of GM-CSF has not been characterized. Endometrial GM-CSF expression was evaluated in ovariectomized ewes implanted with estradiol-17beta (E(2)) and/or progesterone (P(4)) for 14 days, in day 14 cyclic and day 14 pregnant ewes. Relative levels of endometrial GM-CSF mRNA were 3-fold higher in E(2)- and E(2)/P(4)-treated ewes than that of control or P(4)-treated ovariectomized ewes. Levels of endometrial GM-CSF mRNA for cyclic ewes were similar to E(2)- and E(2)/P(4)-treated ewes, but amounts of GM-CSF mRNA in pregnant ewes were 2-fold higher. GM-CSF concentrations in endometrial culture media, determined by GM-CSF bioassay, for cyclic and E(2)/P(4)-treated ovariectomized ewes were 3-fold higher than those of control, E(2)- and P(4)-treated ovariectomized ewes; however, amounts of GM-CSF in pregnant ewes were 2-fold higher. Immunoreactive GM-CSF, examined by western blot, was detected in the culture medium from E(2)/P(4)-treated ovariectomized, cyclic and pregnant ewes. Luminal and glandular epithelia and stromal regions were determined to be sites of GM-CSF expression by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization techniques. Data indicate that combined E(2) and P(4) treatment of ovariectomized ewes is sufficient to restore GM-CSF expression to the level found in cyclic ewes; however, GM-CSF mRNA and protein in pregnant ewes is 2-fold greater than in ovariectomized or cyclic ewes. These data suggest that the conceptus, in addition to steroids, may play a role in the regulation of endometrial production of GM-CSF. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Kansas, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Kansas City, KS 66160 USA. RP Christenson, RK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. EM christenson@email.marc.usda.gov NR 37 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 23 IS 3 BP 383 EP 396 AR PII S0739-7240(02)00181-9 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(02)00181-9 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 593WL UT WOS:000178017400002 PM 12206872 ER PT J AU Carnahan, KG Uzumcu, M Hu, J Sample, GL Braileanu, GT Mirando, MA AF Carnahan, KG Uzumcu, M Hu, J Sample, GL Braileanu, GT Mirando, MA TI Oxytocin stimulates secretion of prostaglandin F-2 alpha from endometrial cells of swine in the presence of progesterone SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UTERINE SECRETION; EARLY-PREGNANCY; ESTROUS-CYCLE; OVINE UTERUS; PHOSPHOINOSITIDE HYDROLYSIS; MATERNAL RECOGNITION; OVARIECTOMIZED EWES; PIG ENDOMETRIUM; MESSENGER-RNA; PULSATILE SECRETION AB Oxytocin (OT) stimulates endometrial secretion of prostaglandin (PG) F-2alpha during corpus luteum regression in swine but there is differential responsiveness to OT among endometrial cell types. To determine if progesterone influenced responsiveness of luminal epithelial, glandular epithelial, and stromal cells to 100 nM OT during luteolysis in swine, cells were isolated from endometrium of 15 gilts by differential enzymatic digestion and sieve filtration on day 16 postestrus and cultured continuously in the presence of 0, 10 or 100 nM progesterone. For phospholipase C (PLC) activity and PGF(2alpha) secretion, stromal cells were most responsive to OT (P < 0.01) in the absence of progesterone, whereas luminal epithelial cells were unresponsive and glandular epithelial cells displayed an intermediate response to OT (P < 0.09). Progesterone enhanced PLC activity linearly in glandular epithelial cells (P < 0.05) and influenced it quadratically in stromal cells (P = 0.05). The effect of OT and progesterone on PLC activity in luminal epithelial cells was not significant, and progesterone did not increase PLC activity in response to OT in any cell type. Culture in the presence of progesterone, enhanced PGF(2α) secretion in response to OT in luminal epithelial cells (P < 0.05) but not in glandular epithelial or stromal cells. Progesterone also increased overall PGF(2alpha) release from glandular epithelial (P < 0.05) and stromal cells (P < 0.06) across both levels of OT treatment. These results indicate that progesterone enhanced PGF(2alpha) secretion from luminal epithelial cells in response to OT and increased basal PGF(2alpha) release from glandular epithelial and stromal cells. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Dept Anim Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Mirando, MA (reprint author), USDA, Natl Res Initiat Grants Program, 1400 Independence Ave,SW Stop 2241, Washington, DC 20250 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD30268] NR 57 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 23 IS 3 BP 435 EP 445 AR PII S0739-7240(02)00176-5 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(02)00176-5 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 593WL UT WOS:000178017400006 PM 12206876 ER PT J AU Liebhold, AM Gurevitch, J AF Liebhold, AM Gurevitch, J TI Integrating the statistical analysis of spatial data in ecology SO ECOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID PATTERN; MODELS; GEOSTATISTICS; VEGETATION; TESTS AB In many areas of ecology there is an increasing emphasis on spatial relationships. Often ecologists are interested in new ways of analyzing data with the objective of quantifying spatial patterns, and in designing surveys and experiments in light of the recognition that there may be underlying spatial pattern in biotic responses. In doing so, ecologists have adopted a number of widely different techniques and approaches derived from different schools of thought, and from other scientific disciplines. While the adaptation of a diverse array of statistical approaches and methodologies for the analysis of spatial data has yielded considerable insight into various ecological problems, this diversity of approaches has sometimes impeded communication and retarded more rapid progress in this emergent area. Many of these different statistical methods provide similar information about spatial characteristics, but the differences among these methods make it difficult to compare the results of studies that employ contrasting, approaches. The papers in this mini-series explore possible areas of agreement and synthesis between a diversity of approaches to spatial analysis in ecology. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Liebhold, AM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534 NR 43 TC 78 Z9 87 U1 5 U2 45 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0906-7590 J9 ECOGRAPHY JI Ecography PD OCT PY 2002 VL 25 IS 5 BP 553 EP 557 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250505.x PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 590HR UT WOS:000177814100005 ER PT J AU Perry, JN Liebhold, AM Rosenberg, MS Dungan, J Miriti, M Jakomulska, A Citron-Pousty, S AF Perry, JN Liebhold, AM Rosenberg, MS Dungan, J Miriti, M Jakomulska, A Citron-Pousty, S TI Illustrations and guidelines for selecting statistical methods for quantifying spatial pattern in ecological data SO ECOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; COUNT DATA; AUTOCORRELATION; MODELS; CORRELOGRAM; DEPENDENCE; MORTALITY; DENSITY; EDGE AB This paper aims to provide guidance to ecologists with limited experience in spatial analysis to help in their choice of techniques, It uses examples to compare methods of spatial analysis for ecological field data. A taxonomy of different data types is presented, including point- and area-referenced data, with and without attributes. Spatially and non-spatially explicit data are distinguished. The effects of sampling and other transformations that convert one data type to another are discussed; the possible loss of spatial information is considered. Techniques for analyzing spatial pattern, developed in plant ecology, animal ecology, landscape ecology, geostatistics and applied statistics are reviewed briefly and their overlap in methodology and philosophy noted. The techniques are categorized according to their output and the inferences that may be drawn from them, in a discursive style without formulae. Methods are compared for four case studies with field data covering a range of types. These are: 1) percentage cover of three shrubs along a line transect 2) locations and volume of a desert plant in a I ha area: 3) a remotely-sensed spectral index and elevation from 10(5) km(2) of a mountainous region; and 4) land cover from three rangeland types within 800 km2 of a coastal region. Initial approaches utilize mapping, frequency distributions and variance-mean indices. Analysis techniques we compare include: local quadrat variance, block, quadrat variance, correlograms, variograms, angular correlation, directional variograms, wavelets, SADIE, nearest neighbour methods, Ripley's L(t), and various landscape ecology metrics. Our advice to ecologists is to use simple visualization techniques for initial analysis, and subsequently to select methods that are appropriate for the data type and that answer their specific questions of interest, It is usually prudent to employ several different techniques. C1 Rothamsted Expt Stn, PIE Div, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England. USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Warsaw, Remote Sensing Environm Lab, Fac Geog & Reg Studies, PL-0092 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Connecticut, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Perry, JN (reprint author), Rothamsted Expt Stn, PIE Div, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England. RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008; perry, joe/B-2729-2010; Rosenberg, Michael/A-4621-2008; Dungan, Jennifer/G-9921-2016 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534; Rosenberg, Michael/0000-0001-7882-2467; Dungan, Jennifer/0000-0002-4863-1616 NR 89 TC 262 Z9 284 U1 14 U2 135 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0906-7590 J9 ECOGRAPHY JI Ecography PD OCT PY 2002 VL 25 IS 5 BP 578 EP 600 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0587.2002.250507.x PG 23 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 590HR UT WOS:000177814100007 ER PT J AU Smith, ML Ollinger, SV Martin, ME Aber, JD Hallett, RA Goodale, CL AF Smith, ML Ollinger, SV Martin, ME Aber, JD Hallett, RA Goodale, CL TI Direct estimation of aboveground forest productivity through hyperspectral remote sensing of canopy nitrogen SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE foliar chemistry; forest C and N linkages; forest canopy-level N concentration; forest productivity; nitrogen; remote sensing, hyperspectral, AVIRIS; White Mountain National Forest; New Hampshire; USA ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; LIGHT-USE EFFICIENCY; LEAF-AREA INDEX; SPECTRAL VEGETATION INDEXES; NORTHERN HARDWOOD FORESTS; NEAR-INFRARED REFLECTANCE; FOLIAGE-HEIGHT PROFILES; STAND CHARACTERISTICS; ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES; DECIDUOUS FOREST AB The concentration of nitrogen in foliage has been related to rates of net photosynthesis across a wide range of plant species and functional groups and thus represents a simple and biologically meaningful link between terrestrial cycles of carbon and nitrogen. Although foliar N is used by ecosystem models to predict rates of leaf-level photosynthesis, it has rarely been examined as a direct scalar to stand-level carbon gain. Establishment of such relationships would greatly simplify the nature of forest C and N linkages, enhancing our ability to derive estimates of forest productivity at landscape to regional scales. Here, we report on a highly predictive relationship between whole-canopy nitrogen concentration and aboveground forest productivity in diverse forested stands of varying age and species composition across the 360 000-ha White Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire, USA. We also demonstrate that hyperspectral remote sensing can be used to estimate foliar N concentration, and hence forest production across a large number of contiguous images. Together these data suggest that canopy-level N concentration is an important correlate of productivity in these forested systems, and that imaging spectrometry of canopy N can provide direct estimates of forest productivity across large landscapes. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Smith, ML (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI Ollinger, Scott/N-3380-2014 OI Ollinger, Scott/0000-0001-6226-1431 NR 82 TC 126 Z9 135 U1 11 U2 60 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 12 IS 5 BP 1286 EP 1302 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 614PM UT WOS:000179198600005 ER PT J AU Thompson, J Brokaw, N Zimmerman, JK Waide, RB Everham, EM Lodge, DJ Taylor, CM Garcia-Montiel, D Fluet, M AF Thompson, J Brokaw, N Zimmerman, JK Waide, RB Everham, EM Lodge, DJ Taylor, CM Garcia-Montiel, D Fluet, M TI Land use history, environment, and tree composition in a tropical forest SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE biodiversity; conservation; disturbance; land use history; Luquillo Experimental Forest; Puerto Rico; soil; species diversity; topography; tree community; tropical forest ID RICO LUQUILLO MOUNTAINS; PUERTO-RICO; RAIN-FOREST; NATURAL DISTURBANCE; SPECIES RICHNESS; TABONUCO FOREST; MOIST FOREST; IVORY-COAST; DYNAMICS; VEGETATION AB The effects of historical land use on tropical forest must be examined to understand present forest characteristics and to plan conservation strategies. We compared the effects of past land use, topography, soil type, and other environmental variables on tree species composition in a subtropical wet forest in the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico. The study involved stems greater than or equal to10 cm diameter measured at 130 cm above the ground, within the 16-ha Luquillo Forest Dynamics Plot (LFDP), and represents the forest at the time Hurricane Hugo struck in 1989. Topography in the plot is rugged, and soils are variable. Historical documents and local residents described past land uses such as clear-felling and selective logging followed by farming, fruit and coffee production, and timber stand improvement in the forest area that now includes the LFDP. These uses ceased 40-60 yr before the study, but their impacts could be differentiated by percent canopy cover seen in aerial photographs from 1936. Using these photographs, we defined four historic cover classes within the LFDP. These ranged from cover class 1, the least tree-covered area in 1936, to cover class 4, with the least intensive historic land use (selective logging and timber stand improvement). In 1989, cover class I had the lowest stem density and proportion of large steins, whereas cover class 4 had the highest basal area, species richness, and number of rare and endemic species. Ordination of tree species composition (89 species, 13 167 stems) produced arrays that primarily corresponded to the four cover classes (i.e., historic land uses). The ordination arrays corresponded secondarily to soil characteristics and topography. Natural disturbances (hurricanes, landslides, and local treefalls) affected tree composition, but these effects did not correlate with the major patterns of species distributions on the plot. Thus, it appears that forest development and natural disturbance have not masked the effects of historical land use in this tropical forest, and that past land use was the major influence on the patterns of tree composition in the plot in 1989. The least disturbed stand harbors more rare and endemic species, and such stands should be protected. C1 Univ Puerto Rico, Inst Trop Ecosyst Studies, San Juan, PR 00931 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, LTER Network Off, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Florida Gulf Coast Univ, Coll Arts & Sci, Ft Myers, FL 33965 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, Forest Prod Lab, Luquillo, PR 00773 USA. Missouri Bot Garden, St Louis, MO 63166 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Biol, San Juan, PR 00931 USA. Harvard Forest, Petersham, MA 01366 USA. RP Thompson, J (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico, Inst Trop Ecosyst Studies, POB 23341, San Juan, PR 00931 USA. RI Thompson, Jill/K-2200-2012 OI Thompson, Jill/0000-0002-4370-2593 NR 99 TC 124 Z9 130 U1 5 U2 38 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 12 IS 5 BP 1344 EP 1363 DI 10.2307/3099976 PG 20 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 614PM UT WOS:000179198600009 ER PT J AU Suh, CPC Spurgeon, DW Westbrook, JK AF Suh, CPC Spurgeon, DW Westbrook, JK TI Influence of feeding status and physiological condition on supercooling points of adult boll weevils (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE boll weevil; Anthonomus grandis; supercooling point ID INSECT COLD-HARDINESS; TEXAS ROLLING PLAINS; SURVIVAL; CHRYSOMELIDAE AB Cold bath studies were conducted to examine the impacts of midgut content and fat body condition on supercooling points of adult boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis Boheman. The presence of solid food in weevil midguts significantly raised the supercooling points of weevils. Supercooling points of recently fed weevils with solid food present in their midguts ranged from -6.2 to -16.0degreesC, with a mean +/- SD of -10.9 +/- 1.9degreesC, whereas supercooling points of unfed weevils with empty midguts ranged from -10.2 to -20.2degreesC, with a mean +/- SD of -16.0 +/- 21degreesC. The mean supercooling point of weevils whose midguts contained colored traces of food from previous feeding was between those of recently fed weevils containing solid food and those having empty midguts. These findings indicate that the influence of feeding on supercooling points of weevils is related to the quantity and/or condition of midgut contents in weevils. No relationship was detected between the supercooling capabilities of weevils and amounts of hypertrophied fat bodies present for either fed or unfed weevils. Additionally, there was no significant difference in mean supercooling points between male and female weevils, and no relationship was detected between the supercooling points of weevils and their age. These results show that presence of food residues in the boll weevil midgut can have a significant effect on supercooling points of weevils, and indicate that the recent feeding history and midgut condition of weevils should be documented or at least considered in future supercooling and overwintering survival studies. C1 USDA ARS, SPARC, Area Pest Management Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Suh, CPC (reprint author), USDA ARS, SPARC, Area Pest Management Res Unit, 2771 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 31 IS 5 BP 754 EP 758 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-31.5.754 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 603WH UT WOS:000178583700002 ER PT J AU Niwa, CG Peck, RW AF Niwa, CG Peck, RW TI Influence of prescribed fire on carabid beetle (Carabidae) and spider (Araneae) assemblages in forest litter in southwestern Oregon SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE prescribed fire; forest litter arthropods; spiders; Carabidae; Oregon; pitfall traps ID WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; BOREAL FOREST; COLEOPTERA; RESPONSES; HABITAT; FAUNA; SOIL AB The objective of this study was to determine if prescribed fire affects spider (Araneae) and carabid beetle (Carabidae) abundance, and whether the magnitude of this effect varies with time since fire. Within mixed conifer stands, nine understory fuels-reduction burns, ranging from <1 to 15 yr old, were compared with adjacent unburned sites. Pitfall traps were used to compare macroarthropod abundance over5 mo. In total, 3,441 spiders in 24 families and >120 species,and 14,793 carabid beetles from 17 species, were identified from the samples. Seven spider families and five species of carabid beetles were abundant enough to be analyzed statisticaily. Four spider families were more abundant in unburned sites (Autrodiaetidae, Cybaeidae, Thomisidae and Linyphiidae) while three families were more numerous in burned sites (Lycosidae, Gnapbosidae and Dictynidae). Four of five carabid beetle species were more abundant in unburned sites [Pterostichus herculaneus Mannerheim, P. setosus Hatch, Scaphinotus rugiceps rugiceps (Horn) and Zacotus matthewsii LeConte]. There was no difference found for Omus cazieri van den Berghe. No differences in species richness or diversity (Simpson, Shannon-Wiener and Berger-Parker indices) were found for spiders or carabid beetles. Overall, the relationship between abundance and time since burning was weak, with marginal significance found only for Dictynidae and Gnaphosidae. We suggest that changes in foraging substrate, prey availability or microclimatic conditions since fire may have interacted with life history characteristics to influence the abundance of these organisms. Diderences in fire intensities among years may have masked patterns in arthropod abundance associated with time since burning. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Niwa, CG (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 35 TC 41 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 11 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 31 IS 5 BP 785 EP 796 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-31.5.785 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 603WH UT WOS:000178583700006 ER PT J AU Charlet, LD AF Charlet, LD TI Parasitization of the red sunflower seed weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) by its larval parasitoid Triaspis aequoris (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) in cultivated sunflower SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE red sunflower seed weevil; Smicronyx fulvus; Curculionidae; Triapis aequoris; Braconidae; biological control ID SMICRONYX-FULVUS COLEOPTERA; OILSEED SUNFLOWER; MATURATION; HELIANTHUS; RESISTANCE; BIONOMICS; DAMAGE AB The red sunflower seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte, is a pest of sunflower ill the northern and central Plains sunflower production regions. Weevil larvae feed and develop in the sunflower achene dropping to the soil to over-winter. A total of 630 parasitoids emerging from seed Weevil larvae recovered from North and South Dakota and Minnesota from 1991 to 1995 was identified as Triapis aequoris Martin, a solitary koinobiont endoparasitoid. The mean parasitization rate for the red sunflower seed weevil by T aequoris ranged from 2.5 to 24.2% per year. There was all increase ill the percentage parasitization as overall weevil populations decreased over years. In Nebraska, percent parasitization by T aequoris, the only species recovered, increased with increasing densities of S.fulvus between 1993 and 1995. Patterns of emergence for both red sunflower seed weevil and T aequoris were similar in two locations in North Dakota. Oviposition pattern in seeds in the sunflower head showed decreasing density toward the center, but T aequoris parasitization was equal throughout the bead. Triaspis acquoris, an egg-larval parasitoid, effectively searched for and attacked weevil eggs as soon as weevil oviposition had begun in the field. Date of planting studies showed that damage from weevils increased as seeding of fields was delayed, but parasitization of weevil larvae was similar among all dates. Activity by T aequoris may have contributed to the decline of the red sunflower seed weevil from North and South Dakota and Minnesota. Lower densities of weevils also may account for the reduction in the diversity of parasitoid species of this weevil. The parasitoid appears to be well adapted to its host, efficiently parasitizes the red sunflower seed weevil and is amenable for use with some pest management strategies in cultivated sunflower. C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Charlet, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. EM charlet@fargo.ars.usda.gov NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 31 IS 5 BP 844 EP 851 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-31.5.844 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 603WH UT WOS:000178583700012 ER PT J AU Briano, JA Williams, DF AF Briano, JA Williams, DF TI Natural occurrence and laboratory studies of the fire ant pathogen Vairimorpha invictae (Microsporida : Burenellidae) in Argentina SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Vairimorpha invictae; Thelohania solenopsae; Solenopsis invicta; intracolonial prevalence; dual infections; biological control ID SOLENOPSIS-RICHTERI; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE AB We surveyed 154 sites in north-central Argentina and sampled 2,528 fire ant colonies for the presence and intracolonial prevalence of the microsporidium, Vairimorpha invictae Jouvenaz & Ellis, in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren. The concentrations of meiospores and binucleate spores were quantified in workers and sexuals; and the occurrence and intracolonial prevalence of dual infections with Thelohania solenopsae Knell, Allen & Hazard were studied. To study the effect of V. invictae in infected colonies of S. invicta, we compared the proportion of infected living workers to the proportion of infected dead workers, and compared the survival of uninfected and infected workers. V. invictae occurred at 13% of the sites and 2.3% of the colonies. At times, the disease reached epizootic levels in certain areas. We found vegetative stages in 4.8-52.3% of eggs, larvae, pupae, and queens, meiospores in 4-56.3% of pupae and mature stages, and binucleate spores in 9.5-63% of all life stages, except eggs. Evidence for transovarial transmission is provided. The percentage of sexual mates infected was significantly higher than that of sexual females (44.9 versus 15.9%, respectively). Dual infections (V. invictae + T solenopsae) occurred in 0.24% of the colonies. V invictae was present in 9.3% of living workers and in 56.7% of dead workers. Mortality rates of workers from Vairimorpba-infected colonies were higher than those of workers from uninfected colonies. Survival times of infected workers were 18.8-31.7% less than those of uninfected workers. The studies reported here contribute to the evaluation of V. invictae for use as a classical biological control agent against the red imported fire ant in the United States. C1 USDA ARS, S Amer Biol Control Lab, RA-1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina. USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Briano, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, S Amer Biol Control Lab, Bolivar 1559, RA-1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina. NR 28 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 31 IS 5 BP 887 EP 894 DI 10.1603/0046-225X-31.5.887 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 603WH UT WOS:000178583700018 ER PT J AU Bock, CH Jeger, MJ AF Bock, CH Jeger, MJ TI The distribution and spread of sorghum downy mildew in sorghum and maize fields in Nigeria and Zimbabwe SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Peronosclerospora sorghi; epidemiology; disease gradient; downy mildew ID PERONOSCLEROSPORA-SORGHI; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CONIDIA; AFRICA AB Sorghum downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi, SDM) is a damaging disease of sorghum and maize crops in Africa. Runs analysis was used to study the distribution of systemically infected sorghum and maize plants in Nigeria and Zimbabwe. The temporal and spatial development of local lesions of SDM on sorghum in Zimbabwe was investigated by assessing the local lesion symptoms caused by conidia in plots with a single point source of inoculum. With ordinary runs analysis, there was evidence of clustering of disease in some fields in the humid areas of Nigeria and the semi-arid areas of Nigeria and Zimbabwe. Clustering was found in two of the eight runs analyses performed on maize in the humid south of Nigeria, and in only one of the eight runs in Zimbabwe, which was interpreted as a predominance of random infection at the time of assessment and at the spatial scales assessed. Symptoms of local lesions of SDM developed rapidly across plots from an introduced point source of infection. After 9 days-exposure to the source of inoculum, the incidence of diseased leaves was 1.2%, and after 50 days it was 74.5%. A disease gradient which initially developed flattened as the plot became uniformly diseased. The predominant wind direction was NNE, and most rapid spread of disease was towards the SSW and WSW. In conclusion, local lesions can spread rapidly in sorghum crops, suggesting that they may be an important source of conidial inoculum for further local and systemic infections during the growing season. C1 Nat Resources Inst, Chatham ME4 4TB, Kent, England. Univ London, Wye Coll, Dept Agr & Hort, Hort Sect, Ashford TN5 5AH, Kent, England. RP Bock, CH (reprint author), USDA ARS, USHRL, Dept Plant Pathol, 2001 S Rock Rd, Ft Pierce, FL 34945 USA. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1873 J9 EUR J PLANT PATHOL JI Eur. J. Plant Pathol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 108 IS 8 BP 745 EP 753 DI 10.1023/A:1020828419923 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 609WX UT WOS:000178930300002 ER PT J AU Hall, MO Obin, MS Prieto, AL Burgess, BL Abrams, TA AF Hall, MO Obin, MS Prieto, AL Burgess, BL Abrams, TA TI Gas6 binding to photoreceptor outer segments requires gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) and Ca2+ and is required for OS phagocytosis by RPE cells in vitro SO EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE OS phagocytosis; Gas6; vitamin K; Mer; retinal pigment epithelium ID PIGMENT EPITHELIAL-CELLS; INHERITED RETINAL DYSTROPHY; ARREST-SPECIFIC GENE-6; K-DEPENDENT PROTEINS; RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES; VASCULAR SMOOTH-MUSCLE; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; APOPTOTIC CELLS; RCS RAT; C-MER AB The phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells plays a critical role in preserving normal retinal function. Recently the receptor protein tyrosine kinase (RTK) Mer, has been shown to be necessary for this cellular process to take place. Gas6, the ligand for the Mer RTK, can specifically and selectively stimulate the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (OS) by normal cultured rat RPE cells, as we have previously reported. The Gas6 protein has been shown to associate with plasma membrane phosphatidylserine by its amino-terminal portion, while its carboxyl-terminal portion can bind and activate Mer and its related RTKs, Axl and Tyro-3. Given the capability of Gas6 to interact with more than one molecule, we have performed a series of experiments to further dissect the interactions of Gas6 with the OS and RPE and to determine the specific calcium requirements necessary for Gas6 to exert its stimulatory effect on phagocytosis. These experiments show that Gas6 must bind to OS before the stimulation of OS ingestion can occur and that this binding requires a Ca2+ concentration of 500-600 muM. The same Ca2+ concentration is required for the Gas6 mediated stimulation of OS ingestion. We further demonstrate that in order to bind to OS and to stimulate OS phagocytosis, Gas6 requires gamma-carboxylation in a vitamin K-dependent reaction. By analogy with other systems, we propose that Ca2+ mediates the linkage between the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)-rich N-terminal region of Gas6 with phospholipids, presumably phosphatidylserine, in the plasma membrane of the OS. Only after this binding has occurred can Gas6 interact with receptor molecule(s) on the surface of the RPE, and activate RPE cell signaling pathways leading to OS ingestion. These studies further underscore the importance of Gas6 in the phagocytic function of the RPE and open new avenues of investigation to understand the molecular events mediated and triggered by Gas6, and its interaction with the OS and RPE. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Med Ctr, Jules Stein Eye Inst, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res ctr, Lab Nutr & Vis Res, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RP Hall, MO (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Med Ctr, Doris Stein Eye Res Ctr, 200 Stein Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [EY 00331, EY 11967, EY11704]; NINDS NIH HHS [R29 NS37471] NR 47 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0014-4835 J9 EXP EYE RES JI Exp. Eye Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 75 IS 4 BP 391 EP 400 DI 10.1006/exer.2002.2030 PG 10 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA 612QL UT WOS:000179086900002 PM 12387786 ER PT J AU Sanchez, FG Bursey, MM AF Sanchez, FG Bursey, MM TI Transient nature of rhizosphere carbon elucidated by supercritical freon-22 extraction and C-13 NMR analysis SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE roots; soil organic matter; rhizosphere; nuclear magnetic resonance; carbon ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; DECOMPOSITION; FOREST; PINE; FIR AB The region immediately adjacent to established roots of mature trees has been termed the "reoccurring rhizosphere" and it has been hypothesized that organic matter input from fine root turnover, root exudates and sloughing may result in a build up of the soil carbon in this region. The "reoccurring rhizosphere" for first-, second- and third-order roots of select loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) were examined on sandy, loamy sand and sandy loam soils. A significant carbon build up next to the root orders was confirmed for the sandy and loamy sand soils. The carbon build up was substantial (55% increase) next to the first-order roots of the sandy soil. However, the sandy loam soil did not display a significant amount of carbon build up next to the root orders. Extraction of the soil samples with supercritical freon-22 showed that the additional carbon in the "reoccurring rhizosphere" was highly soluble. Approximately 60% of the total soil carbon was extracted from the sandy and loamy sand soils, while approximately 40% was extracted from the sandy loam soil. A qualitative comparison of the extracts by liquid state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance showed that the "reoccurring rhizosphere" region had a higher relative proportion of labile materials (i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, etc.) than the bulk soil. This information coupled with the high solubility in supercritical freon-22 suggests that the carbon build up in the "reoccurring rhizosphere" region of loblolly pines may be transient in nature. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RP Sanchez, FG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, POB 12254, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 169 IS 3 BP 177 EP 185 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00589-8 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00589-8 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 590QW UT WOS:000177834400001 ER PT J AU Parrotta, JA Francis, JK Knowles, OH AF Parrotta, JA Francis, JK Knowles, OH TI Harvesting intensity affects forest structure and composition in an upland Amazonian forest SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Brazil; floristic diversity; forest management; productivity; regeneration ID TREE SPECIES-DIVERSITY; RICAN RAIN-FOREST; BRAZILIAN AMAZON; BURN AGRICULTURE; MANAGEMENT; REGENERATION; DISTURBANCE; RECOVERY; GROWTH AB Forest structure and floristic composition were studied in a series of 0.5 ha natural forest plots at four sites near Porto Trombetas in Pard State, Brazil, 11-12 years after being subjected to differing levels of above-ground biomass harvest and removal. In addition to undisturbed control plots, experimental treatments included: removal of most trees greater than or equal to45 cm DBH (low intensity harvest); removal of trees <20 and greater than or equal to60 cm DBH (moderate intensity harvest); clear-cutting (100% above-ground biomass removal). Post-harvest basal area growth generally increased with harvest intensity, and total basal areas for trees greater than or equal to5 cm DBH were, at the time of our study, 60% (in the clear-cut) to about 80% of those in the control plots. Biomass harvests stimulated recruitment and growth of residual trees, particularly in the smaller diameter classes, but had little effect on species richness for small trees, seedlings, vine, herbs, and grasses. Species richness for trees greater than or equal to15 cm DBH was greater in the control and low-intensity (74-75 species) than in the moderate intensity (47 species) and clear-cut (26 species) treatment plots. While the tree flora within all harvest treatments was broadly similar to the undisturbed (control) plots and included similar numbers of species of the major plant families typical of the surrounding forests, the more intensive harvest treatments, especially the clear-cut, were dominated by a higher proportion of short-lived, early successional tree species. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Parrotta, JA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Res & Dev, SPPII RPC, 4th Floor,POB 96090, Washington, DC 20090 USA. NR 32 TC 31 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT 1 PY 2002 VL 169 IS 3 BP 243 EP 255 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00758-7 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00758-7 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 590QW UT WOS:000177834400006 ER PT J AU Soltis, LA Wang, X Ross, RJ Hunt, MO AF Soltis, LA Wang, X Ross, RJ Hunt, MO TI Vibration testing of timber floor systems SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Inspection and evaluation of existing timber structures have been limited to individual structural members. The objective of this study was to conduct a pilot investigation on the use of transverse vibration testing techniques for inspecting timber structures by evaluating component systems such as floor systems rather than individual members. The practical considerations were 1) the effectiveness of free vibration compared with forced vibration; 2) the optimal location of forcing function input and transducers for obtaining adequate response signals; 3) the effect of superimposed dead loads on floor vibration response; and 4) the effect of joist decay on floor vibration response. We evaluated three floors, two constructed with new joists and one with salvaged joists having some deterioration, checks, and splits. Natural frequencies and damping ratios were determined for each floor. We conclude that the practical considerations involved in the inspection of floor systems could be determined through frequency and damping ratio data. Thus, transverse vibration testing holds promise as an inspection technique. Future research is needed on a range of floor spans and joist sizes. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Purdue Univ, Wood Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Soltis, LA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 52 IS 10 BP 75 EP 81 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 604WV UT WOS:000178644800016 ER PT J AU Fajardo, S La Bonte, DR Jarret, RL AF Fajardo, S La Bonte, DR Jarret, RL TI Identifying and selecting for genetic diversity in Papua New Guinea sweetpotato Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. germplasm collected as botanical seed SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE AFLP; Ipomoea batatas; maximally diverse subset; molecular marker ID AFLP MARKERS; RAPD; POPULATIONS; VARIANCE; RFLPS; SSRS; CORE AB A total of 141 Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. accessions derived from botanical seed originally collected from 26 sites in 4 Provinces in Papua New Guinea, a secondary center of genetic diversity for sweetpotato, were genetically analyzed. Two hundred Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) markers were identified and utilized in the analysis. Relatedness among accessions was estimated by analyzing the AFLP data using the Dice coefficient of similarity and UPGMA methods. The molecular analysis revealed relatively limited genetic diversity within and between sites. Genotypes collected in a given region often displayed molecular marker variability similar to that observed over the entire sampled area. However, a subset of 14 genotypes derived from seed collected from New Ireland island differed from genotypes collected on New Guinea island. Estimates of genetic diversity-based similarity values calculated from the AFLP data indicated a moderate level of diversity (0.767 mean coefficient of similarity) across all plant materials analyzed. Three methods of selection were evaluated for their efficacy in capturing the molecular marker diversity within the plant materials in the form of a subset. They were random, stratified-random (geographic based), and marker-assisted selection (MAS). MAS was the most efficient. A Maximally Diverse Subset (MDS) of 12 genotypes capturing 92% of the molecular marker diversity was identified. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Dept Hort, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP La Bonte, DR (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Dept Hort, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 49 IS 5 BP 463 EP 470 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 610GH UT WOS:000178952000002 ER PT J AU Ming, R Del Monte, TA Hernandez, E Moore, PH Irvine, JE Paterson, AH AF Ming, R Del Monte, TA Hernandez, E Moore, PH Irvine, JE Paterson, AH TI Comparative analysis of QTLs affecting plant height and flowering among closely-related diploid and polypiold genomes SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE DNA markers; genetic map; quantitative trait loci; Saccharum ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; SORGHUM CHROMOSOMES; GENETIC-LOCI; RFLP MAP; MAIZE; IDENTIFICATION; SACCHARUM; SUGARCANE; CONSTRUCTION; REGIONS AB Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting plant height and flowering were studied in the two Saccharum species from which modern sugarcane cultivars are derived. Two segregating populations derived from interspecific crosses between Saccharum officinarum and Saccharum spontaneum were genotyped with 735 DNA markers. Among the 65 significant associations found between these two traits and DNA markers, 35 of the loci were linked to sugarcane genetic maps and 30 were unlinked DNA markers. Twenty-one of the 35 mapped QTLs were clustered in eight genomic regions of six sugarcane homologous groups. Some of these could be divergent alleles at homologous loci, making the actual number of genes implicated in these traits much less than 35. Four QTL clusters controlling plant height in sugarcane corresponded closely to four of the six plant-height QTLs previously mapped in sorghum. One QTL controlling flowering in sugarcane corresponded to one of three flowering QTLs mapped in sorghum. The correspondence in locations of QTLs affecting plant height and flowering in sugarcane and sorghum reinforce the notion that the simple sorghum genome is a valuable "template" for molecular dissection of the much more complex sugarcane genome. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Plant Genome Mapping Lab, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, Pacific Basin Agr Res Ctr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. RP Paterson, AH (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Ctr Appl Genet Technol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 42 TC 33 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 2002 VL 45 IS 5 BP 794 EP 803 DI 10.1139/G02-042 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 609BE UT WOS:000178882100003 PM 12416611 ER PT J AU Rider, SD Sun, WL Ratcliffe, RH Stuart, JJ AF Rider, SD Sun, WL Ratcliffe, RH Stuart, JJ TI Chromosome landing near avirulence gene vH13 in the Hessian fly SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE bulked segregant analysis; gene-for-gene interaction; wheat; Triticum; Mayetiola destructor ID MAYETIOLA-DESTRUCTOR DIPTERA; EASTERN UNITED-STATES; RESISTANCE GENES; WHEAT; CECIDOMYIIDAE; POPULATIONS; INHERITANCE; VIRULENCE; CYTOGENETICS; BIOTYPES AB AFLP markers in linkage disequilibrium with nuH13, an avirulence gene in the Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor) that conditions avirulence to resistance gene H13 in wheat (Triticum spp.), were discovered by bulked segregant analysis. Five AFLPs were converted into codominant site-specific markers that genetically mapped within 13 cM of this gene. Flanking markers used as probes positioned nuH13 near the telomere of the short arm of Hessian fly chromosome X2. These results suggest that the X-linked avirulence genes nuH6, nuH9, and nuH13 are present on Hessian fly chromosome X2 rather than on chromosome X1 as reported previously. Genetic complementation demonstrated that recessive alleles of nuH13 were responsible for the H13-virulence observed in populations derived from four different states in the U.S.A.: Georgia, Maryland, Virginia, and Washington. Results support the hypothesis that a gene-for-gene interaction exists between wheat and Hessian fly. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Stuart, JJ (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 46 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 2002 VL 45 IS 5 BP 812 EP 822 DI 10.1139/G02-047 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 609BE UT WOS:000178882100005 PM 12416613 ER PT J AU Brooks, SA Huang, L Gill, BS Fellers, JP AF Brooks, SA Huang, L Gill, BS Fellers, JP TI Analysis of 106 kb of contiguous DNA sequence from the D genome of wheat reveals high gene density and a complex arrangement of genes related to disease resistance SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE resistance gene block; nucleotide-binding site; pathogenesis-related genes ID ANTHRANILATE N-HYDROXYCINNAMOYL/BENZOYLTRANSFERASE; MAP-BASED CLONING; RUST RESISTANCE; AEGILOPS-TAUSCHII; RICH REGION; GROUP 1S; LOCUS; IDENTIFICATION; CARNATION; FAMILY AB Vast differences exist in genome sizes of higher plants; however, gene count remains relatively constant among species. Differences observed in DNA content can be attributed to retroelement amplification leading to genome expansion. Cytological and genetic studies have demonstrated that genes are clustered in islands rather than distributed at random in the genome. Analysis of gene islands within highly repetitive genomes of plants like wheat remains largely unstudied. The objective of our work was to sequence and characterize a contiguous DNA sequence from chromosome 1DS of Aegilops tauschii. An RFLP probe that maps to the Lr21 region of 1DS was used to isolate a single BAC. The BAC was sequenced and is 106 kb in length. The contiguous DNA sequence contains a 46-kb retroelement-free gene island containing seven coding sequences. Within the gene island is a complex arrangement of resistance and defense response genes. Overall gene density in this BAC is 1 gene per 8.9 kb. This report demonstrates that wheat and its relatives do contain regions with gene densities similar to that of Arabidopsis. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Fellers, JP (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 31 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 2002 VL 45 IS 5 BP 963 EP 972 DI 10.1139/G02-049 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 609BE UT WOS:000178882100022 PM 12416630 ER PT J AU Freking, BA Murphy, SK Wylie, AA Rhodes, SJ Keele, JW Leymaster, KA Jirtle, RL Smith, TPL AF Freking, BA Murphy, SK Wylie, AA Rhodes, SJ Keele, JW Leymaster, KA Jirtle, RL Smith, TPL TI Identification of the single base change causing the callipyge muscle hypertrophy phenotype, the only known example of polar overdominance in mammals SO GENOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID INCREASED OVULATION RATE; MEAT QUALITY TRAITS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; IMPRINTED GENES; GTL2 GENES; CLPG LOCUS; OVINE; SEQUENCER; GROWTH; DLK1 AB A small genetic region near the telomere of ovine chromosome 18 was previously shown to carry the mutation causing the callipyge muscle hypertrophy phenotype in sheep. Expression of this phenotype is the only known case in mammals of paternal polar overdominance gene action. A region sur rounding two positional candidate genes was sequenced in animals of known genotype. Mutation detection focused on an inbred ram of callipyge phenotype postulated to have inherited chromosome segments identical-by-descent with exception of the mutated position. In support of this hypothesis, this inbred ram was homozygous over 210 Kb of sequence, except for a single heterozygous base position. This single polymorphism was genotyped in multiple families segregating the callipyge locus (COG), providing 100% concordance with animals of known CLPG genotype, and was unique to descendants of the founder animal. The mutation lies in a region of high homology among mouse, sheep, cattle, and humans, but not in any previously identified expressed transcript. A substantial open reading frame exists in the sheep sequence surrounding the mutation, although this frame is not conserved among species. Initial functional analysis indicates sequence encompassing the mutation is part of a novel transcript expressed in sheep fetal muscle we have named CLPG1. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Radiat Oncol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Indiana Univ Purdue Univ, Dept Biol, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. RP Freking, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Freking, Brad/C-6494-2008; OI Murphy, Susan/0000-0001-8298-7272 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA25951, R01 CA025951]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES08823, R01 ES008823] NR 40 TC 137 Z9 154 U1 0 U2 4 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS PI PLAINVIEW PA 1 BUNGTOWN RD, PLAINVIEW, NY 11724 USA SN 1088-9051 J9 GENOME RES JI Genome Res. PD OCT PY 2002 VL 12 IS 10 BP 1496 EP 1506 DI 10.1101/gr.S71002 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 600ND UT WOS:000178396400004 PM 12368241 ER EF