FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Bauchan, GR Campbell, TA Hossain, MA AF Bauchan, GR Campbell, TA Hossain, MA TI Comparative chromosome banding studies of nondormant alfalfa germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE AB A cytogenetic investigation was conducted on four historically putatively distinct nondormant alfalfa germplasm sources, African, Chilean, Peruvian, and Indian tetraploid alfalfa [Medicago sativa ssp. sativa (L.) L. L.; 2n = 4x = 32]. C-banding, image analysis, and cluster analysis was used to test the hypothesis that chromosome structure differed among the four nondormant alfalfa populations. Cytogenetic analyses revealed polymorphisms for heterochromatic DNA in the number and location of constitutive heterochromatic DNA both within and among genotypes. However, this variability did not prevent recognition of homologous chromosomes. Karyotypes of Peruvian and Indian populations were developed. The reference African population was used to compare the karyotypes of Peruvian and Indian populations as well as the previously published Chilean population. In general, the number of heterochromatic DNA bands was similar for the African, Chilean, and Peruvian populations; however, the Indian population had significantly fewer heterochromatic bands than the other three. Cluster analysis based on all eight chromosomes yielded no clear separation of the nondormant alfalfa populations possibly because of the lack of chromosomal rearrangements, similar genetic backgrounds of the initial introductions, intercrossing of the different sources, genetic drift during maintenance, and/or common genetic backgrounds of the original parental germplasm sources. SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2037 EP 2042 UT WOS:000186477700019 ER PT J AU Bregitzer, P Mornhinweg, DW Jones, BL AF Bregitzer, P Mornhinweg, DW Jones, BL TI Resistance to Russian wheat aphid damage derived from STARS 9301B protects agronomic performance and malting quality when transferred to adapted barley germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE AB Infestations of Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diruaphis noxia (Mordvilko), reduce grain yield and quality of barley, and have induced producers in some areas to cease growing barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). No RWA-resistant barley cultivars that are adapted to North America exist. Resistance from the germplasm line STARS 9301B was transferred into adapted germplasm via backcrossing. Our objective was to determine the potential utility of this resistance for the protection of yield and malting quality in adapted germplasm. We studied the effect of RWA infestations on grain yield and malting quality of STARS 9301B, the susceptible adapted parents 88Y315 and 'Garnet', and five backcross-derived progeny. Four of the backcross-derived lines were rated as highly resistant and one as moderately resistant, and were superior to STARS 9301B and similar to their recurrent parents with respect to agronomic performances and, to a lesser extent, malting qualities. When infested at the boot to heading stage, STARS 930113, and the highly resistant progeny lines bad negligible reductions in agronomic performances and malting qualities; slightly greater reductions were observed for the susceptible parents and the moderately resistant progeny line. When infested at the three- to six-leaf stage, STARS 9301B and the resistant backcross-derived lines showed relatively small reductions in their agronomic performances and malting qualities. In sharp contrast, however, the susceptible parents, and to a lesser extent the moderately resistant progeny line, showed moderate to severe leaf streaking and rolling, head trapping, and reductions in their agronomic performances and malting qualities. STARS 9301B should provide a valuable source of resistance to RWA damage. SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2050 EP 2057 UT WOS:000186477700021 ER PT J AU Chen, XM Soria, MA Yan, GP Sun, J Dubcovsky, J AF Chen, XM Soria, MA Yan, GP Sun, J Dubcovsky, J TI Development of sequence tagged site and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence markers for wheat stripe rust resistance gene Yr5 SO CROP SCIENCE AB The Yr5 gene confers resistance to all races of the wheat stripe rust pathogen [Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks. (P. s. tritici)] identified so far in the USA. Cosegregating resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) markers for Yr5 are available but their use requires skills in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and may not be polymorphic across various varieties. To develop better markers to be used in marker-assisted selection for the Yr5 resistance, sequence tagged site (STS) primers were designed on the basis of the sequences of RGAP markers Xwgp-18 (AY167598) from the spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)'Avocet Susceptible' (AVS) and Xwgp-17 (AY167597) from the Yr5 near isogenic line (NIL) in the AVS background carrying the Yr5 gene from T. aestivum subsp. spelta (L.) Thell. cv. Album (TSA). Three sets of STS markers (two codominant and one dominant) were developed to amplify a region including a polymorphic 6-base pairs (bp) insertion-deletion (indel). The cosegregation of the STS markers with Yr5 was confirmed with 114 BC7:F-3 lines developed from the cross between AVS and TSA. The STS markers worked well in five out or 17 non-Yr5 wheat varieties, but the remaining varieties had a similar size of fragment to the Yr5 marker. Because the codominant STS markers were based on a 6-bp indel, they could not be separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers were then developed on the basis of a DpnII restriction site that is present in all non-Yr5 varieties and absent in the Yr5 NIL. The CAPS markers for the Yr5 NIL and non-Yr5 varieties can be separated by agarose gel electrophoresis. The codominant STS markers are easier to score than the original RGAP markers. The CAPS markers are not only easier to score, but also can be used in crosses of an Yr5 donor with a much wider range of wheat germplasms. These markers should be valuable tools to accelerate the introgression of Yr5 into commercial cultivars and to combine Yr5 with other genes for durable resistance to stripe rust. RI Dubcovsky, Jorge/A-4969-2008 OI Dubcovsky, Jorge/0000-0002-7571-4345 SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2058 EP 2064 UT WOS:000186477700022 ER PT J AU Sanderson, MA Byers, RA Skinner, RH Elwinger, GF AF Sanderson, MA Byers, RA Skinner, RH Elwinger, GF TI Growth and complexity of white clover stolons in response to biotic and abiotic stress SO CROP SCIENCE AB White clover (Trifolium repens L.) persists in pastures mainly by stolon growth. Morphologically complex (i.e., highly branched stolons) plants of white clover generally persist longer. We hypothesized that biotic and abiotic stresses limit white clover production on grazing lands by fragmenting plants into smaller, less competitive individuals. We measured changes in the size and structure of plants in a white clover-orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) sward during a drought (1999) and a favorable growing season (2000) in grazed pastures on a southeastern Pennsylvania farm. A natural infestation of clover root curculio [Sitona hispidulus (Fabricus)] and blue clover weevil [Ischnopterapion virens (Herbst)] provided an opportunity to examine the interaction of abiotic and biotic stress on stolon structure. White clover plants were dug from two orchardgrass ('Pennlate')-white clover ('Will') pastures during April to November 1999 and 2000. Stolon structure and damage from blue weevil and curculio larvae were determined monthly. Drought in 1999 reduced stolon production, branching, and rooting in white clover. Stolon length (cm m(-2)) in 1999 was 50% of that in 2000. Clover root curculio damaged up to 25% of clover roots and 20 to 40% of stolons were damaged by weevils. Insect damage was greatest on primary stolons. With favorable rainfall during late 1999 and in 2000, white clover recovered from fragmentation and produced nearly twice the stolon length, mass, and density in the next grazing season despite insect damage levels of 10 to 30%. Climate and biotic stresses are the major factors controlling oscillations of white clover stolon density in pastures of the northeastern USA. SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2197 EP 2205 UT WOS:000186477700041 ER PT J AU Springer, TL Dewald, CL Sims, PL Gillen, RL AF Springer, TL Dewald, CL Sims, PL Gillen, RL TI How does plant population density affect the forage yield of eastern gamagrass? SO CROP SCIENCE AB Eastern gamagrass [Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.] is a perennial, warm-season bunchgrass native to the Americas. Although much is known about the effects of fertilization and harvest frequency on the yield of eastern gamagrass, information on the effects of plant density on yield is lacking. Our objectives were to investigate the effects of plant population density on annual dry matter (DM) yield, vegetative shoot density, and basal area of plant crowns of irrigated eastern gamagrass. Cumulative forage DM yield varied significantly with year X density interactions (P < 0.01). Higher plant densities produced greater DM yields with the highest sustained forage yields obtained at a density of 4.8 plants m(-2). Variation in number of vegetative shoots per square meter was attributed to year (P < 0.05) and density (P < 0.01). Higher plant densities also had a greater number of vegetative shoots; however, plots with higher initial stand densities reached equilibrium much faster than plots with lower stand densities. Variation in crown area was associated to year X density interactions (P < 0.01). Mature shoots near the edge of the crown probably produce a greater number of tillers until an equilibrium is reached. This is suggested by our data where the number of vegetative shoots per plant increased with decreasing plant density. Most planting recommendations for eastern gamagrass call for seeding into wide rows. These recommendations were developed to enhance seed production stands and facilitate the use of field equipment. Narrower row spacings may facilitate stand establishment while increasing forage production early in the life of the stand. SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2206 EP 2211 UT WOS:000186477700042 ER PT J AU Rao, SC Phillips, WA Mayeux, HS Phatak, SC AF Rao, SC Phillips, WA Mayeux, HS Phatak, SC TI Potential grain and forage production of early maturing pigeonpea in the southern Great Plains SO CROP SCIENCE AB Forage-based livestock production is a significant component of the agricultural economy throughout the southern U.S. Great Plains. However, Livestock production in grazing systems is limited by low forage mass and quality from late July to early November. Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) is a warm-season grain legume that may have potential as a summer forage crop. A 3-yr (1996-1998) field study was conducted near El Reno, OK, to assess the performance of two early maturing pigeonpea lines, Georgia-2 and ICPL 85010. The two lines did not differ significantly in forage and grain production and nutritive value. At 96 d after planting (DAP), total aboveground biomass was 5.2 Mg ha(-1), N content was 23 g kg(-1), and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) was 580 g kg(-1) averaged across years. At final harvest (118 DAP), total dry biomass was 12.6, 6.4, and 9.3 Mg ha(-1) in 1996, 1997, and 1998, respectively. Seed yield was 5.4, 1.9, and 1.2 Mg ha(-1) in 1996, 1997, and 1998, respectively. Nitrogen concentration and IVDDM at final harvest was 19 and 585 g kg(-1) for total plant biomass, 34 and 758 g kg(-1) for leaves, 9 and 420 g kg(-1) for stems, and 26 and 750 g kg(-1) for seed, respectively. Early maturing pigeonpea lines can rill the forage deficit period during late summer and provide protein supplement for livestock. SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2212 EP 2217 UT WOS:000186477700043 ER PT J AU Seker, H Rowe, DE Brink, GE AF Seker, H Rowe, DE Brink, GE TI White clover morphology changes with stress treatments SO CROP SCIENCE AB The plasticity of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) results in changes in plant habit in response to different environmental stresses. The objective of this research was to characterize those morphological changes associated with plasticity in white clover clones derived from 'Osceola', 'Grassland Huia', and SRVR germplasm. Clones were exposed to treatments in the following two-way factorial design: no clipping or clipping on 7-d intervals and barrier to stolon rooting or no barrier. In a three-season greenhouse test, 90 clones were measured for leaf dry weight (DW), stolon DW, stolon length, root DW, and apex number. Generated parameters were herbage DW (leaf DW + stolon DW), biomass DW (root DW + herbage DW), leaf-to-stem ratio (leaf DW + stolon DW), and herbage-to-root ratio (herbage DW divided by root DW). Plant means were significantly reduced for all traits and ratios with repeated clipping. The rooting barrier significantly reduced apex number, root DW, and the leaf-to-stem ratio while increasing the stolon DW and the herbage-to-root ratio. The interaction of root barrier and repeated clipping was significant for apex number, root DW, and the herbage-to-root ratio. Near zero correlations for the same measurements made on the same clone grown with different stress treatments suggest genetic differences in the magnitude of plasticity. Path analysis further described changes in relationships among traits for plants exposed to different stresses. The magnitude of plasticity appeared to be a clone-specific phenomenon that may frustrate verifying gain with selection for progenies of selections evaluated in different environments. SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2218 EP 2225 UT WOS:000186477700044 ER PT J AU Casler, MD Boe, AR AF Casler, MD Boe, AR TI Cultivar X environment interactions in switchgrass SO CROP SCIENCE AB Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a widely adapted warm-season perennial that has potential as a bioenergy feedstock. The objectives of this study were to estimate the effect of harvest date on switchgrass cultivars at two locations in the north central USA and to determine the relative importance of cultivar X environment interactions for agronomic and biofuel traits of switchgrass. Six switchgrass cultivars were grown in southern Wisconsin and eastern South Dakota for 4 yr and harvested each year at three harvest dates (August, September, and October). Cultivars differed widely in biomass yield, but interacted with all environmental factors. Biomass yield did not respond consistently to harvest date, varying with cultivar, location, and year. Despite these interactions, cultivar rankings for biomass yield was consistent across harvest dates and years, but not locations. There was some preferential adaptation to either Wisconsin or South Dakota, related to longitude of the original germplasm collection site, also reflected by ground cover data. Reduced stands and biomass yields for the August harvest date in later years suggested that harvests delayed to late summer or early autumn may be beneficial in the long term. Mean dry matter, forage fiber, and lignin concentrations also varied among cultivars, consistently across locations and years. These three traits all increased with later harvest consistently across locations and years, but inconsistently among cultivars. It should be possible, through selection and breeding, to develop switchgrass germplasm with increased fiber and decreased lignin and ash, increasing the availability of fermentable sugars and decreasing the unfermentable and/or incombustible residues. SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2226 EP 2233 UT WOS:000186477700045 ER PT J AU Castro, AJ Chen, XM Corey, A Filichkina, T Hayes, PM Mundt, C Richardson, K Sandoval-Islas, S Vivar, H AF Castro, AJ Chen, XM Corey, A Filichkina, T Hayes, PM Mundt, C Richardson, K Sandoval-Islas, S Vivar, H TI Pyramiding and validation of quantitative trait locus (QTL) alleles determining resistance to barley stripe rust: Effects on adult plant resistance SO CROP SCIENCE AB The use of molecular and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis tools initially lent support to the idea that relatively few genetic factors were the principal determinants of complex traits, including quantitative resistance (QR) to plant diseases. However, there are concerns regarding bias in QTL estimation and reproducibility of QTL effects in different genetic backgrounds. We are interested in mapping determinants of QR, and pyramiding resistance alleles at QTL loci may lead to durable resistance as well as provide independent validation of QTL effects and estimation of QTL interactions. We used molecular marker information to validate effects of resistance alleles at three QTL conferring QR to barley stripe rust (caused by Puccinia striiformis West. f. sp. hordei). Two of the QTL [one on chromosome 4(4H) and one on chromosome 7(5H) ] trace to one parent, while another QTL on chromosome 5(1H) traces to a different parent. The pyramids of these QR alleles provide independent estimates of QTL effects, influence of genetic background on QTL effects, QTL X QTL interaction, and QTL X environment interaction. Our results validate QTL effect estimates, showing that a small number of QTL explained 94% of the genetic variation in trait expression in a new genetic background. Original QTL estimates were quantitatively biased, but that did not preclude the achievement of selection responses. We also confirmed the additive effects of the QTL alleles, as well as the consistent effects of QTL alleles across environments. SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2234 EP 2239 UT WOS:000186477700046 ER PT J AU Guo, WZ Zhang, TZ Shen, XL Yu, JZ Kohel, RJ AF Guo, WZ Zhang, TZ Shen, XL Yu, JZ Kohel, RJ TI Development of SCAR marker linked to a major QTL for high fiber strength and its usage in molecular-marker assisted selection in upland cotton SO CROP SCIENCE AB Cotton fiber is a basic raw material in the textile industry. All the changes in spinning technology require unique and often greater cotton fiber quality, especially strength, for processing. On the basis of genetic analysis and molecular mapping, a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for fiber strength was identified in 7235, an Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) germplasm line in our institute, which possesses super quality fiber properties. Eight molecular markers, two simple sequence repeat (SSRs) and six random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) markers, were linked to the QTL. The objective of this study was to develop rapid and reliable sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers linked to the QTL for marker-assisted selection (MAS). Two RAPD markers, UBC4311(1920) and UBC757(1365), were converted to SCAR markers after sequencing the two ends of the two polymorphic DNA fragments. Only SCAR431(1920) marker detected polymorphism between TM-1 and 7235, whereas SCAR757(1365) showed monomorphism. SCAR431(1920) marker was explored to determine its stability in (7235 X TM-1) F-2 with UBC431(1920) marker as a control and to screen the major fiber strength QTL of (7235 X Simian 3) BC1F4 population for transferring good fiber quality. The result showed that the specific SCAR431(1920) marker could be applied to large-scale screening for the presence or absence of the major fiber strength QTL in breeding populations. SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2252 EP 2256 UT WOS:000186477700048 ER PT J AU Tarter, JA Goodman, MM Holland, JB AF Tarter, JA Goodman, MM Holland, JB TI Testcross performance of semiexotic inbred lines derived from Latin American maize accessions SO CROP SCIENCE AB Tropical maize (Zea mays L.) represents the most diverse readily available source of germplasm to broaden the limited genetic base of temperate maize in the USA. One objective of this study was to determine if exotic-derived alleles contributing to enhanced testcross agronomic performance were maintained in semiexotic lines created by inbreeding and pedigree selection. A second objective was to determine if first-generation semiexotic lines could produce hybrids with agronomic performance comparable to commercial U.S. hybrids. One hundred sixty-four semiexotic inbred lines were developed from crosses between temperate-adapted inbred line Mo44 and 23 Latin American maize accessions. Mo44 and each semiexotic line were testcrossed to temperate hybrid LH132 X LH51 for evaluations. in first-stage replicated yield trials, testcrosses of 18 semiexotic lines' representing six different races, had significantly greater grain yields than the Mo44 testcross. Advanced yield evaluations were performed on check entries and 33 selected semiexotic line testcrosses in three additional environments. Across 10 environments, 12 semiexotic line testcrosses exhibited significantly greater grain yield than the Mo44 testcross, indicating recovery of favorable exotic alleles. Semiexotic testcrosses were not competitive with commercial hybrids for grain yield but were similar to or better than commercial hybrids for grain moisture and lodging resistance. Many superior accessions represent relatively recent introductions into regions from which they were collected. Tropical landraces seem to be a good source of exotic germplasm that can be used to broaden the genetic base of modern U.S. maize production and improve productivity. OI Holland, James/0000-0002-4341-9675 SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2272 EP 2278 UT WOS:000186477700051 ER PT J AU Budak, H Pedraza, F Cregan, PB Baenziger, PS Dweikat, I AF Budak, H Pedraza, F Cregan, PB Baenziger, PS Dweikat, I TI Development and utilization of SSRs to estimate the degree of genetic relationships in a collection of pearl millet germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE AB Pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] cultivars derive from a narrow gene pool, and studies of genetic diversity in Pennisetum germplasm suggest promising opportunities for the use of undomesticated materials for improving pearl millet varieties. However, efficient utilization of wild germplasm will require effective DNA marker-based fingerprinting strategies for rapid assessment of genetic relationships. The present study aims at development and utilization of a collection of microsatellite (SSR, simple sequence repeat) markers for assessing the genetic diversity of 53 lines of millet. A small insert genomic library was screened with a (CT)(15) oligonucleotide probe. A total of 34 (CT)(n)-containing clones were identified, and specific primers were designed for 18 of these. Of 18 new microsatellites developed as a part of this work, 11 were used to estimate the genetic diversity, along with 19 from other sources. Cluster analysis by the unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) showed two major and eight minor clusters, suggesting that the millet germplasm could readily be distinguished by UPGMA. The coefficients of genetic distance among germplasm lines were high and averaged D = 0.60 (range 0.28-0.92). Genetic diversity averaged 0.38. These results demonstrated that genotypes with potential traits are maximally different from the cultivated gene pool and could readily he distinguished. Development and utilization of polymerase-chain-reaction-(PCR)-based markers such as SSRs is a valuable asset for estimating genetic diversity, the identification of unique genotypes as potentially important new sources of alleles for enhancing important characteristics, and analyzing the evolutionary and historical development of cultivars at the genomic level in pearl millet breeding programs. RI Budak, Hikmet/F-4708-2010; Baenziger, Peter/C-6490-2014 OI Budak, Hikmet/0000-0002-2556-2478; Baenziger, Peter/0000-0002-9109-6954 SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2284 EP 2290 UT WOS:000186477700053 ER PT J AU Carver, BF Smith, EL Krenzer, EG Hunger, RM Porter, DR Klatt, AR Verchot-Lubicz, J Rayas-Duarte, P Guenzi, AC Martin, BC Bai, G AF Carver, BF Smith, EL Krenzer, EG Hunger, RM Porter, DR Klatt, AR Verchot-Lubicz, J Rayas-Duarte, P Guenzi, AC Martin, BC Bai, G TI Registration of 'Ok101' wheat SO CROP SCIENCE RI Verchot, Jeanmarie/I-4583-2012 OI Verchot, Jeanmarie/0000-0001-8789-3144 SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2298 EP 2299 UT WOS:000186477700057 ER PT J AU Simpson, CE Baring, MR Schubert, AM Melouk, HA Black, MC Lopez, Y Keim, KA AF Simpson, CE Baring, MR Schubert, AM Melouk, HA Black, MC Lopez, Y Keim, KA TI Registration of 'Tamrun OL01' peanut SO CROP SCIENCE SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2298 EP 2298 UT WOS:000186477700056 ER PT J AU Erickson, CA Wesenberg, DM Burrup, DE Whitmore, JC AF Erickson, CA Wesenberg, DM Burrup, DE Whitmore, JC TI Registration of 'Lamont' oat SO CROP SCIENCE SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2300 EP 2301 UT WOS:000186477700059 ER PT J AU Erickson, CA Wesenberg, DM Burrup, DE Whitmore, JC Marshall, HG AF Erickson, CA Wesenberg, DM Burrup, DE Whitmore, JC Marshall, HG TI Registration of 'Provena' oat SO CROP SCIENCE SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2301 EP 2302 UT WOS:000186477700060 ER PT J AU Pedersen, JF Toy, JJ AF Pedersen, JF Toy, JJ TI Registration of RN583 sorghum germplasm line SO CROP SCIENCE SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2312 EP 2312 UT WOS:000186477700073 ER PT J AU Miller, JF Seiler, GJ AF Miller, JF Seiler, GJ TI Registration of five oilseed maintainer (HA 429-HA 433) sunflower germplasm lines SO CROP SCIENCE SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2313 EP 2314 UT WOS:000186477700075 ER PT J AU McGrath, JM AF McGrath, JM TI Registration of SR96 and SR97 smooth-root sugarbeet germplasm with high sucrose SO CROP SCIENCE SN 0011-183X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 43 IS 6 BP 2314 EP 2315 UT WOS:000186477700076 ER PT J AU Towill, LE Bonnart, R AF Towill, LE Bonnart, R TI Cracking in a vitrification solution during cooling or warming does not affect growth of cryopreserved mint shoot tips SO CRYOLETTERS AB No obvious decrease in viability or in the ability of mint shoot tips to develop into a shoot occurred during vitrification when the external glass cracked upon either cooling or warming. Samples within semen straws did not show a decrease in survival over three cycles of cooling and warming either in the presence or absence of cracking. No physical defects were visible in treated shoot tips. Cracking of the external glass formed from PVS2 did not obviously influence shoot tip survival in mint species. SN 0143-2044 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 24 IS 6 BP 341 EP 346 UT WOS:000187927100001 PM 14671685 ER PT J AU Reed, BM Okut, N D'Achino, J Narver, L DeNoma, J AF Reed, BM Okut, N D'Achino, J Narver, L DeNoma, J TI Cold storage and cryopreservation of hops (Humulus L.) shoot cultures through application of standard protocols SO CRYOLETTERS AB The USDA-ARS National Clonal Germplasm Repository (NCGR) stores the global diversity of Humulus for the US Plant Germplasm System as trellised plants in a field genebank. In vitro storage and cryopreservation are now considered excellent ways to provide medium and long-term storage for plant collections. Developing a new cryopreservation or cold storage protocol for every accession or genus of large multi-crop collections can be a very time consuming and long-term activity. We propose that standard cold storage and cryopreservation techniques used for other temperate crop genera would be successful for additional crops with few modifications. This study was initiated to determine if a large collection of hops germplasm could be successfully stored with techniques developed for unrelated genera. In this study we characterized the response of diverse Humulus genotypes to in vitro storage under low light at 4 degreesC following techniques used for strawberry and mint plants, and cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen by slow cooling with a pear protocol. The average storage time without transfer for the 70 genotypes evaluated was 14 +/- 3.5 months with a range of 6 to 26 months. Mean recovery of cryopreserved shoot tips of accessions with 1-wk cold acclimation was 41% +/- 18 and increased to 54% +/- 13 with 2-wk cold acclimation. This demonstrates that application of a well-tested standard technique can provide a quick start for storing additional germplasm collections. OI Reed, Barbara/0000-0003-0079-8473 SN 0143-2044 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 24 IS 6 BP 389 EP 396 UT WOS:000187927100007 PM 14671691 ER PT J AU Chen, RJ Bhagwat, AA Keister, DL AF Chen, RJ Bhagwat, AA Keister, DL TI A motility revertant of the ndvB mutant of Bradyrhizobium japonicum SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY AB A motility revertant of a Bradyrhizobium japonicum ndvB mutant was isolated and characterized. The ndvB mutants of B. japonicum have been reported to be osmotically sensitive, as well as defective in motility, periplasmic cyclic beta-(1-->3), (1-->6)-D-glucan synthesis, and symbiosis with soybean. The motility revertant was restored for osmotic tolerance but not for cyclic beta-glucan production or effective symbiosis. These results support our hypothesis that cyclic beta-glucans have an important role in symbiosis-the suppression of a plant defense response-in addition to their role in periplasmic osmoprotection. SN 0343-8651 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 47 IS 5 BP 431 EP 433 DI 10.1007/s00284-003-4066-9 UT WOS:000185557600015 PM 14669923 ER PT J AU Davis, RE Jomantiene, R Zhao, Y Dally, EL AF Davis, RE Jomantiene, R Zhao, Y Dally, EL TI Folate biosynthesis pseudogenes, Psi folP and Psi folK, and an O-sialoglycoprotein endopeptidase gene homolog in the phytoplasma genome SO DNA AND CELL BIOLOGY AB Phytoplasmas are wall-less phytopathogenic prokaryotes of small genome sizes that are obligate parasites of insect vectors and plant hosts. We have cloned a clover phyllody (CPh) phytoplasma DNA locus containing five potential coding sequences. Two were identified as pseudogenes (PsifolP and PsifolK) homologous to folP and folK genes, which encode dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) and 6-hydroxymethyl-7,8-dihydropterin pyrophosphokinase (HPPK), respectively, in other bacteria. Evolution of the phytoplasma presumably involved loss of functions through the formation of these and other pseudogenes during adaptation to obligate parasitism. The findings suggest that the phytoplasma lacks capacity for de novo folate biosynthesis and possesses a transport system for absorption of preformed folate from host cells. The PsifolP-PsifolK region was flanked by three open reading frames (ORFs) encoding a DegV family protein, a hypothetical protein with a P60-like lipoprotein domain homologous with the P60-like Mycoplasma hominis protein, and a glycoprotease (Gcp) protein that possibly functions as a host adaptation or virulence factor. SN 1044-5498 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 22 IS 11 BP 697 EP 706 DI 10.1089/104454903770946674 UT WOS:000186801300003 PM 14659042 ER PT J AU Oubre, CM D'Hondt, E Moore, RW Hargis, BM Berghman, LR AF Oubre, CM D'Hondt, E Moore, RW Hargis, BM Berghman, LR TI The chicken pituitary expresses an ovoinhibitor-like protein in subpopulations of some, but not all, hormone-producing cell types SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AB Ovoinhibitor is a serine protease-inhibiting protein that was originally purified from egg whites. It is secreted by the oviduct under the control of estrogen and progesterone and it specifically inhibits serine proteinases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin. During recent attempts to raise monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against chicken bursa of Fabricius proteins, one Mab was produced that specifically recognized chicken ovoinhibitor. This was the first demonstration of ovoinhibitor in an avian immune organ. We presently report on the expression of an ovoinhibitor-like molecule by the pituitary of the chicken as revealed by immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR. Immunofluorescent dual staining experiments using the mouse anti-ovoinhibitor Mab in conjunction with polyclonal antibodies against various hypophysial hormones revealed partial co-localization of an ovoinhibitor-like molecule with growth hormone (GH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), in a subset of the respective hormone producing cells. By contrast, no co-localization with prolactin (PRL) could be reliably demonstrated. RT-PCR of hypophysial mRNA using ovoinhibitor gene-specific primers yielded an amplicon that was 20% shorter than predicted on the basis of the published ovoinhibitor sequence. Sequencing revealed that of the represented exons only the central portion was expressed in the pituitary and that both 5' and 3' ends of each exon had been truncated. While expression of ovalbumin-like serine protease inhibitors (serpins) has been previously reported in the rat pituitary, to our knowledge, this is the first report of a Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor in the vertebrate neuroendocrine system. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SN 0739-7240 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 25 IS 4 BP 389 EP 397 DI 10.1016/j.domaniend.2003.09.002 UT WOS:000187668600006 PM 14652138 ER PT J AU Stark, JD Vargas, RI AF Stark, JD Vargas, RI TI Demographic changes in Daphnia pulex (Leydig) after exposure to the insecticides spinosad and diazinon SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY AB The toxicity of the natural insecticide spinosad was assessed against Daphnia pulex (Leydig) using a demographic approach. Data were also generated for the commonly used organophosphorus insecticide diazinon as a comparison. Exposure to spinosad led to a concentration-dependent decline in survival, birth rate (b), net reproductive rate (R-0), and intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)). Population extinction (-r(m)) occurred after exposure to spinosad concentrations > 10 mug/L for 8 days. Exposure to increasing diazinon concentrations led to an initial increase in R-0 and r followed by a sharp decline, with extinction occurring after exposure to > 2 Vg/L after 2 days. Based on concentrations of pesticide that caused population extinction, spinosad was five times less toxic than diazinon. The stable age distribution (after 65 days) of D. pulex changed after exposure to spinosad and diazinon. Increasing concentrations of spinosad resulted in a decrease in the percentages of individuals in the first juvenile and adult stages, increase in the third and fourth juvenile stages, and little or no change in the second juvenile and adolescent stages. Diazinon had a different effect on stable age distribution. Increasing concentrations of diazinon resulted in an increase in percentages of individuals in the first and second juvenile stages, little or no change in the third and fourth juvenile stages and adolescent stage, and a decrease in the adult stage. Although spinosad and diazinon are both neurotoxins, they have different modes of action and populations of D. pulex reacted differently to each pesticide. Results of this study indicate that spinosad is significantly less toxic than diazinon to D. pulex and because it is applied at lower concentrations than diazinon it should be less hazardous to this species. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. SN 0147-6513 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 56 IS 3 BP 334 EP 338 DI 10.1016/S0147-6513(02)00074-X UT WOS:000186487200002 PM 14575672 ER PT J AU Sulaiman, IM Fayer, R Bern, C Gilman, RH Trout, JM Schantz, PM Das, P Lai, AA Xiao, LH AF Sulaiman, IM Fayer, R Bern, C Gilman, RH Trout, JM Schantz, PM Das, P Lai, AA Xiao, LH TI Triosephosphate isomerase gene characterization and potential zoonotic transmission of Giardia duodenalis SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES AB TO address the source of infection in humans and public health importance of Giardia duodenalis parasites from animals, nucleotide sequences of the triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) gene were generated for 37 human isolates, 15 dog isolates, 8 muskrat isolates, 7 isolates each from cattle and beavers, and 1 isolate each from a rat and a rabbit. Distinct genotypes were found in humans, cattle, beavers, dogs, muskrats, and rats. TPI and small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences of G. microti from muskrats were also generated and analyzed. Phylogenetic analysis on the TPI sequences confirmed the formation of distinct groups. Nevertheless, a major group (assemblage B) contained most of the human and muskrat isolates, all beaver isolates, and the rabbit isolate. These data confirm that G. duodenalis from certain animals can potentially infect humans and should be useful in the detection, differentiation, and taxonomy of Giardia spp. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 SN 1080-6040 EI 1080-6059 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 9 IS 11 BP 1444 EP 1452 UT WOS:000186384400014 PM 14718089 ER PT J AU Cherradi, N Pardo, B Greenberg, AS Kraemer, FB Capponi, AM AF Cherradi, N Pardo, B Greenberg, AS Kraemer, FB Capponi, AM TI Angiotensin II activates cholesterol ester hydrolase in bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells through phosphorylation mediated by p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase SO ENDOCRINOLOGY AB In adrenal glomerulosa cells, the stimulation of aldosterone biosynthesis by angiotensin II (Ang II) occurs via activation of the Ca2+ messenger system, increased expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, and enhanced transfer of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane. We examined here whether Ang II affects the activity of cholesterol ester hydrolase (CEH), also named hormone-sensitive lipase, the enzyme recruiting cholesterol from intracellular pools, in bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. In bovine adrenal tissue, CEH activity was detected with characteristics similar to those reported in other tissues (Michaelis constant = 46.3 +/- 6.7 muM, n = 3; maximal velocity = 1 nmol/mg . min). This activity was significantly enhanced in isolated bovine glomerulosa cells challenged for 2 h with 10 nM Ang II (to 149 +/- 11% of controls, n = 3). Similarly, 25 muM forskolin raised CEH activity to 151 +/- 5% of controls (n = 3). This increase in activity of CEH was not due to an increase in the amount of enzyme protein but was associated with an increased phosphorylation of the enzyme to 337 +/- 33% of controls (n = 9, P < 0.0001). Potassium ion (K+) and forskolin also stimulated [P-32] orthophosphate incorporation, although to a lesser extent (to 157 +/- 18% and 186 +/- 25% of controls, respectively). On SDS-PAGE, the majority of this radioactivity was associated with a species of 172 kDa, corresponding to a CEH dimer. Both Ang II-induced CEH phosphorylation and pregnenolone production were significantly reduced (to 47 +/- 6% and 50 +/- 8% of controls with Ang II alone, respectively) in the presence of PD098059, an inhibitor of p42/p44 MAPK. Indeed, Ang II challenge led to a rapid 32P incorporation into p42/p44 MAPK. These results demonstrate that, in addition to its known effects on intramitochondrial cholesterol transfer, Ang II also promotes aldosterone biosynthesis by rapidly increasing cholesterol supply to the outer mitochondrial membrane. RI Cherradi, Nadia/K-9695-2016 OI Cherradi, Nadia/0000-0002-4292-774X SN 0013-7227 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 144 IS 11 BP 4905 EP 4915 DI 10.1210/en.2003-0325 UT WOS:000186178300033 PM 12960096 ER PT J AU Jang, M Shin, EW Park, JK Choi, SI AF Jang, M Shin, EW Park, JK Choi, SI TI Mechanisms of arsenate adsorption by highly-ordered nano-structured silicate media impregnated with metal oxides SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY AB The highly ordered mesoporous silica media, SBA-15, was synthesized and incorporated with iron, aluminum, and zinc oxides using an incipient wetness impregnation technique. Adsorption capacities and kinetics of meta I-impregnated SBA-15 were compared with activated alumina which is widely used for arsenic removal. Media impregnated with 10% of aluminum by weight (designated to Al(10)SBA-15) had 1.9-2.7 times greater arsenate adsorption capacities in a wide range of initial arsenate concentrations and a 15 times greater initial sorption rate at pH 7.2 than activated alumina. By employing one- and two-site models, surface complexation modeling was conducted to investigate the relationship between the aluminum oxidation states in different media and adsorption behaviors shown by adsorption isotherms and kinetics since the oxidation phase of aluminum incorporated onto the surface of SBA-15 was Al-O, which has a lower oxidation state than activated alumina (Al2O3). Surface complexation modeling results for arsenate adsorption edges conducted with different pH indicated that the monodentate complex (SAsO42-) was dominant in Al(10)SBA-15, while bidentate complexes (XHAsO4 and XAsO4-) were dominant in activated alumina at pH 7.2, respectively. In kinetic studies at pH 7.2 +/- 0.02, Al(10)SBA-15 had only a fast-rate step of initial adsorption, while activated alumina had fast- and slow-rate steps of arsenate adsorption. Therefore, it can be inferred that the monodentate arsenate complex, predominant in Al(10)SBA-15, leads to faster adsorption rates than bidentate arsenate complexes favored with activated alumina. An arsenate adsorption behavior and arsenate surface complexation were thought to be well explained by aluminum oxidation states and surface structural properties of media. RI Jang, Min/J-2230-2012 OI Jang, Min/0000-0003-2700-7256 SN 0013-936X PD NOV 1 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 21 BP 5062 EP 5070 DI 10.1021/es0343712 UT WOS:000186339200056 PM 14620839 ER PT J AU Cronn, R Small, RL Haselkorn, T Wendel, JF AF Cronn, R Small, RL Haselkorn, T Wendel, JF TI Cryptic repeated genomic recombination during speciation in Gossypium gossypioides SO EVOLUTION AB The Mexican cotton Gossypium gossypioides is a perplexing entity, with conflicting morphological, cytogenetic, and molecular evidence of its phylogenetic affinity to other American cottons. We reevaluated the evolutionary history of this enigmatic species using 16.4 kb of DNA sequence. Phylogenetic analyses show that chloroplast DNA (7.3 kb), nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (ITS; 0.69 kb), and unique nuclear genes (8.4 kb) yield conflicting resolutions for G. gossypioides. Eight low-copy nuclear genes provide a nearly unanimous resolution of G. gossypioides as the basalmost American diploid cotton, whereas cpDNA sequences resolve G. gossypioides deeply nested within the American diploid clade sister to Peruvian G. raimondii, and ITS places G. gossypioides in an African (rather than an American) clade. These data, in conjunction with previous evidence from the repetitive fraction of the genome, implicate a complex history for G. gossypioides possibly involving temporally separated introgression events from genetically divergent cottons that are presently restricted to different hemispheres. Based on repetitive nuclear DNA, it appears that G. gossypioides experienced nuclear introgression from an African species shortly after divergence from the remainder of the American assemblage. More recently, hybridization with a Mexican species may have resulted in cpDNA introgression, and possibly a second round of cryptic nuclear introgression. Gossypium gossypioides provides a striking example of the previously unsuspected chimeric nature of some plant genomes and the resulting phylogenetic complexity produced by multiple historical reticulation events. OI Cronn, Richard/0000-0001-5342-3494 SN 0014-3820 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 57 IS 11 BP 2475 EP 2489 UT WOS:000186885100005 PM 14686525 ER PT J AU Kroes, R Schaefer, EJ Squire, RA Williams, GM AF Kroes, R Schaefer, EJ Squire, RA Williams, GM TI A review of the safety of DHA45-oil SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY AB Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are natural constituents of the human diets however, dietary intakes of these fatty acids are below recommended values. The main dietary source of DHA is fatty fish, with lesser amounts provided by shellfish, marine mammals, and organ meats. The addition to traditional food products of refined oils produced by marine microalgae represents potential sources of supplemental dietary DHA. DHA45-oil is manufactured through a multi-step fermentation and refining process using a non-toxigenic and non-pathogenic marine protist. Comprising approximately 45% DHA, and lesser concentrations of palmitic acid and docosapentaenoic acid, DHA45-oil is intended for use in foods as a dietary source of DHA. The safety of DHA45-oil was evaluated in various genotoxicity and acute, subchronic, and reproductive toxicity studies. DHA45-oil produced negative results in genotoxicity assays and demonstrated a low acute oral toxicity in mice and rats. Dietary administration of DHA45-oil to rats in subchronic and one-generation reproductive studies produced results consistent with those observed in oral studies using high concentrations of omega-3 PUFAs from fish or other microalgal-derived oils. The results of these studies, as well as those of various published metabolic, toxicological, and clinical studies with DHA-containing oils support the safety of DHA45-oil as a potential dietary source of DHA. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. SN 0278-6915 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 41 IS 11 BP 1433 EP 1446 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(03)001263-7 UT WOS:000185959100001 PM 12962995 ER PT J AU Mohamed, A Xu, JY AF Mohamed, A Xu, JY TI Effect of ionic strength and pH on the thermal and rheological properties of soy protein-amylopectin blend SO FOOD CHEMISTRY AB The effects of amylopectin (AP), moisture content, pH, and buffer molarity on the thermal properties of milled defatted soy flour (MDF) and soy protein isolate (SPI) were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and the rheological properties of effect of AP on MDF were also investigated. Native soy protein, which is found in the MDF sample, showed higher stability at alkaline pH, as indicated by higher onset and peak temperature when compared with SPI. The effect of manufacturing isolation process on soy proteins is apparent in the differences between MDF and SPI thermal properties and SDS-PAGE profiles. The onset temperature and DeltaH values of the 7S showed significant difference between MDF and SPI at 20% moisture content, 0.3 M and pH 4. The 11S of the MDF and SPI showed that the peak temperature and DeltaH to be significantly different at the same buffer amount and pH mentioned earlier. The 30% moisture content generated significant differences between the MDF and SPI under all experimental conditions, i.e. pH and molarity. The increase in the moisture content to 40% produced similar changes as at 30%. The 11S of the SPI sample displayed DeltaH values higher than MDF, which may indicate aggregation as a result of the manufacturing process. The amylopectin suspension had strong viscoelastic solid properties and the properties were stable during heating or cooling between 25 and 55 degreesC. MDF also displayed viscoelastic solid properties, but not as strong as those of AP. The viscoelastic properties of MDF suspensions were not stable and were damaged during heating and cooling processes. Blending MDF and AP exhibited similar properties as MDF alone, but they were reversible during the heating/cooling process, indicating that the networks were not damaged. The strong gel properties of AP in the blend were reduced. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. SN 0308-8146 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 83 IS 2 BP 227 EP 236 DI 10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00085-2 UT WOS:000185164500010 ER PT J AU Donovan, G Nicholls, D AF Donovan, G Nicholls, D TI Consumer preferences and willingness to pay for character-marked cabinets from Alaska birch SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL AB Alaska birch lumber has a higher occurrence of defects (knots, bark pockets, flecks, spalting, etc.) when compared to competing hardwoods. These defects are a disadvantage when birch lumber is graded under standard National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) grading rules. This paper examines whether defects and other character markings found in birch lumber may be an advantage for certain applications. Contingent valuation techniques are used to determine the willingness of consumers to pay a price premium for kitchen cabinet doors made from Alaska birch lumber containing a variety of character features. Results show that consumers prefer cabinet doors with knots and color variation, and that in general, doors with more character marks are preferred to those with less. In addition, consumers were willing to pay price premiums of between $13 and $43 for their favorite door. Further, results indicated that women tend to prefer cabinet doors with fewer or no character marks, while men prefer doors with higher levels of these features. SN 0015-7473 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 53 IS 11-12 BP 27 EP 32 UT WOS:000187222200002 ER PT J AU Smith, R Olah, D Hansen, B Cumbo, D AF Smith, R Olah, D Hansen, B Cumbo, D TI The effect of questionnaire length on participant response rate: A case study in the US cabinet industry SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL AB Mail questionnaires are a popular method of collecting primary data for market research. However, a problem associated with mail questionnaires is the possibility of non-response bias whenever response rates are less than 100 percent. One way to decrease the potential for non-response bias is through higher response rates. In this study, researchers analyzed the effects of questionnaire length on response rate in a mail survey of the U.S. cabinet industry. Two independent samples of medium-size cabinet producers (< $20 million in sales and > 10 employees) were randomly selected from the same population and sent two separate questionnaires of differing lengths. One questionnaire was three pages in length and the other was one page in length. The results revealed that the sample receiving the short questionnaire was nearly double the response rate (30.8% versus 16.6%). Moreover, subsequent t-tests conducted on selected responses from both questionnaires indicated that the short questionnaire added no bias to the study. SN 0015-7473 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 53 IS 11-12 BP 33 EP 36 UT WOS:000187222200003 ER PT J AU Clausen, CA Kartal, SN AF Clausen, CA Kartal, SN TI Accelerated detection of brown-rot decay: Comparison of soil block test, chemical analysis, mechanical properties, and immunodetection SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL AB Early detection of wood decay is critical because decay fungi can cause rapid structural failure. The objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity of different methods purported to detect brown-rot decay in the early stages of development. The immunodiagnostic wood decay (IWD) test, soil block test/cake pan test, mechanical property tests, and chemical analysis were evaluated in southern yellow pine blocks and stakes exposed to Postia placenta for 5 weeks. The IWD test was 100 percent positive in blocks after 5 days of incubation; similarly, IWD was 100 percent positive in stakes after 3 days. Weight loss was not accurate for measuring decay in stakes using the cake pan method, but significant weight loss (18%) occurred in blocks after 4 weeks of exposure to the fungus in soil block tests. Maximum compressive strength (MCS) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were reduced 21 and 13 percent, respectively, in blocks exposed to the fungus for 2 weeks. In stakes, MOE and modulus of rupture were reduced 9 percent and 19 percent, respectively, after 4 weeks of exposure. Arabinan, xylan, and rhamnan decreased rapidly in blocks, exceeding 30 percent after 4 weeks of exposure. In stakes, only galactan was decreased beyond 30 percent after 4 weeks. Sample size and shape was a significant factor in successfully detecting early stages of brown-rot decay in laboratory tests. Blocks fostered rapid colonization in soil block tests, and most methods tested were able to detect the fungus sooner in blocks than in stakes. The IWD test was the most rapid method of detecting P placenta (from 3 to 5 days), followed by reduction in MCS in blocks. RI Kartal, Nami/E-6516-2013 SN 0015-7473 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 53 IS 11-12 BP 90 EP 94 UT WOS:000187222200012 ER PT J AU Johnson, J Silverstein, J Wolters, WR Shimizu, M Dickhoff, WW Shepherd, BS AF Johnson, J Silverstein, J Wolters, WR Shimizu, M Dickhoff, WW Shepherd, BS TI Disparate regulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in a primitive, ictalurid, teleost (Ictalurus punctatus) SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY AB Vertebrate growth is principally controlled by growth hormone (GH) and, its intermediary, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). The actions of IGF-I are modulated by high-affinity binding proteins called insulin-like growth factor binding-proteins (IGFBPs). Channel catfish exhibit atypical responses (increased percentage body fat and reduced percentage protein) to GH treatment, despite GH-dependent IGF-I production. Among possible explanations for this atypical response to GH treatment is an unusual regulation of blood IGFBPs. In this species, there has been one report of a single 33-kDa plasma binding protein. To examine the occurrence and regulation of plasma IGFBPs in this species, two strains of channel catfish (Norris and USDA-103) were treated with weekly injections of recombinant bovine GH at different temperatures (21 degreesC versus 26 degreesC). In a separate experiment involving catfish of a different strain, endogenous GH levels were altered via injection of the GH secretogogue, bGHRH(1-29)-amide, and held in fresh water or transferred to brackish water (12 ppt). Following these treatments, the type and regulation of plasma IGFBPs in these catfish strains were examined by Western ligand blotting. We have identified five IGFBPs (19, 35, 44, 47, and >80 kDa) in catfish plasma that are differentially altered by experimental treatment and genetic lineage. Levels of the 19-kDa IGFBP were elevated in catfish of Norris and USDA-103 strains that were exposed to a higher environmental temperature (26 degreesC versus 21 degreesC), but was not seen in those animals used for the GH secretogogue/salinity study. In most vertebrates, treatment with GH increases levels of plasma IGFBP-3 (similar to40-50 kDa). In the USDA-103 and Norris catfish strains, bGH injection reduced plasma levels of the 44- and 47-kDa IGFBPs. Similarly, elevations in plasma GH levels in GH secretogoge-treated and brackish water-adapted catfish resulted in reductions of the 44- and 47-kDa IGFBPs as well as a reduction in presence of a 35-kDa IGFBP that was not detected in the Norris or USDA-103 strains. Reduced levels of the 35, 44, and 47 kDa IGFBPs, seen in the plasma of the GH secretogogue-treated and brackish water-adapted animals, suggests that the atypical response of channel catfish to GH treatment is not attributed to the use of heterologous (bovine) GH. This negative response of the 35-47 kDa IGFBPs to GH has not been reported in any teleost or vertebrate (healthy) and may be partly responsible for the atypical physiological responses of channel catfish to GH treatment. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SN 0016-6480 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 134 IS 2 BP 122 EP 130 DI 10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00244-2 UT WOS:000186053800005 PM 14511982 ER PT J AU Jermstad, KD Bassoni, DL Jech, KS Ritchie, GA Wheeler, NC Neale, DB AF Jermstad, KD Bassoni, DL Jech, KS Ritchie, GA Wheeler, NC Neale, DB TI Mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling adaptive traits in coastal Douglas fir. III. Quantitative trait loci-by-environment interactions SO GENETICS AB Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped in the woody perennial Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) for complex traits controlling the timing of growth initiation and growth cessation. QTL were estimated under controlled environmental conditions to identify QTL interactions with photoperiod, moisture stress, winter chilling, and spring temperatures. A three-generation mapping population of 460 cloned progeny was used for genetic mapping and phenotypic evaluations. An all-marker interval mapping method was used for scanning the genome for the presence of QTL and single-factor ANOVA was used for estimating QTL-by-environment interactions. A modest number of QTL were detected per trait, with individual QTL explaining Lip to 9.5% of the phenotypic variation. Two QTL-by-treatment interactions were found for growth initiation, whereas several QTL-by-treatment interactions were detected among growth cessation traits. This is the first report of QTL interactions with specific environmental signals in forest trees and will assist in the identification of candidate genes controlling these important adaptive traits in perennial plants. SN 0016-6731 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 165 IS 3 BP 1489 EP 1506 UT WOS:000187459100044 PM 14668397 ER PT J AU Holtan, HEE Hake, S AF Holtan, HEE Hake, S TI Quantitative trait locus analysis of leaf dissection in tomato using Lycopersicon pennellii segmental introgression lines SO GENETICS AB Leaves are one of the most conspicuous and important organs of all seed plants. A fundamental source of morphological diversity in leaves is the degree to which the leaf is dissected by lobes and leaflets. We used publicly available segmental introgression lines to describe the quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling the difference in leaf dissection seen between two tomato species, Lycopersicon esculentum and L. pennellii. We define eight morphological characteristics that comprise the mature tomato leaf and describe loci that affect each of these characters. We found 30 QTL that contribute one or more of these characters. Of these 30 QTL, 22 primarily affect leaf dissection and 8 primarily affect leaf size. On the basis of which characters are affected, four classes of loci emerge that affect leaf dissection. The majority of the QTL produce phenotypes intermediate to the two parent lines, while 5 QTL result in transgression with drastically increased dissection relative to both parent lines. SN 0016-6731 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 165 IS 3 BP 1541 EP 1550 UT WOS:000187459100048 PM 14668401 ER PT J AU Quiniou, SMA Katagiri, T Miller, NW Wilson, M Wolters, WR Waldbieser, GC AF Quiniou, SMA Katagiri, T Miller, NW Wilson, M Wolters, WR Waldbieser, GC TI Construction and characterization of a BAC library from a gynogenetic channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus SO GENETICS SELECTION EVOLUTION AB A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was constructed by cloning HindIII-digested high molecular weight DNA from a gynogenetic channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, into the vector pBeloBAC11. Approximately 53 500 clones were arrayed in 384-well plates and stored at 80 degreesC (CCBL1), while clones from a smaller insert size fraction were stored at 80 degreesC without arraying (CCBL2). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of 100 clones after NotI digestion revealed an average insert size of 165 kb for CCBL1 and 113 kb for CCBL2. Further characterization of CCBL1 demonstrated that 10% of the clones did not contain an insert. CCBL1 provides a 7.2-fold coverage of the channel catfish haploid genome. PCR-based screening demonstrated that 68 out of 74 unique loci were present in the library. This represents a 92% chance to find a unique sequence. These libraries will be useful for physical mapping of the channel catfish genome, and identification of genes controlling major traits in this economically important species. SN 0999-193X PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 35 IS 6 BP 673 EP 683 DI 10.1051/gse:2003046 UT WOS:000186408300006 PM 14604514 ER PT J AU Rickman, D Luvall, JC Shaw, J Mask, P Kissel, D Sullivan, D AF Rickman, D Luvall, JC Shaw, J Mask, P Kissel, D Sullivan, D TI Precision agriculture SO GEOTIMES SN 0016-8556 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 48 IS 11 BP 28 EP 31 UT WOS:000189326700019 ER PT J AU BassiriRad, H Constable, JVH Lussenhop, J Kimball, BA Norby, RJ Oechel, WC Reich, PB Schlesinger, WH Zitzer, S Sehtiya, HL Silim, S AF BassiriRad, H Constable, JVH Lussenhop, J Kimball, BA Norby, RJ Oechel, WC Reich, PB Schlesinger, WH Zitzer, S Sehtiya, HL Silim, S TI Widespread foliage delta N-15 depletion under elevated CO2: inferences for the nitrogen cycle SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB Leaf N-15 signature is a powerful tool that can provide an integrated assessment of the nitrogen (N) cycle and whether it is influenced by rising atmospheric CO2 concentration. We tested the hypothesis that elevated CO2 significantly changes foliage delta(15)N in a wide range of plant species and ecosystem types. This objective was achieved by determining the delta(15)N of foliage of 27 field-grown plant species from six free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments representing desert, temperate forest, Mediterranean-type, grassland prairie, and agricultural ecosystems. We found that within species, the delta(15)N of foliage produced under elevated CO2 was significantly lower (P<0.038) compared with that of foliage grown under ambient conditions. Further analysis of foliage delta(15)N by life form and growth habit revealed that the CO2 effect was consistent across all functional groups tested. The examination of two chaparral shrubs grown for 6 years under a wide range of CO2 concentrations (25-75 Pa) also showed a significant and negative correlation between growth CO2 and leaf delta(15)N. In a select number of species, we measured bulk soil delta(15)N at a depth of 10 cm, and found that the observed depletion of foliage delta(15)N in response to elevated CO2 was unrelated to changes in the soil delta(15)N. While the data suggest a strong influence of elevated CO2 on the N cycle in diverse ecosystems, the exact site(s) at which elevated CO2 alters fractionating processes of the N cycle remains unclear. We cannot rule out the fact that the pattern of foliage delta(15)N responses to elevated CO2 reported here resulted from a general drop in delta(15)N of the source N, caused by soil-driven processes. There is a stronger possibility, however, that the general depletion of foliage delta(15)N under high CO2 may have resulted from changes in the fractionating processes within the plant/mycorrhizal system. RI Norby, Richard/C-1773-2012; Oechel, Walter/F-9361-2010 OI Norby, Richard/0000-0002-0238-9828; Oechel, Walter/0000-0002-3504-026X SN 1354-1013 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 9 IS 11 BP 1582 EP 1590 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00679.x UT WOS:000186387400006 ER PT J AU Fitzhugh, RD Lovett, GM Venterea, RT AF Fitzhugh, RD Lovett, GM Venterea, RT TI Biotic and abiotic immobilization of ammonium, nitrite, and nitrate in soils developed under different tree species in the Catskill Mountains, New York, USA SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB Nitrogen retention in soil organic matter (SOM) is a key process influencing the accumulation and loss of N in forest ecosystems, but the rates and mechanisms of inorganic N retention in soils are not well understood. The primary objectives of this study were to compare ammonium (NH4+), nitrite (NO2-), and nitrate (NO3-) immobilization among soils developed under different tree species in the Catskill Mountains of New York State, and to determine the relative roles of biotic or abiotic processes in soil N retention. A laboratory experiment was performed, where N-15 was added as NH4+, NO2-, or NO3- to live and mercury-treated O horizon soils from three tree species (American beech, northern red oak, sugar maple), and N-15 recoveries were determined in the SOM pool. Mercuric chloride was used to treat soils as this chemical inhibits microbial metabolism without significantly altering the chemistry of SOM. The recovery of N-15 in SOM was almost always greater for NH4+ (mean 20%) and NO2- (47%) than for NO3- (10%). Ammonium immobilization occurred primarily by biotic processes, with mean recoveries in live soils increasing from 9% at 15 min to 53% after 28 days of incubation. The incorporation of NO2- into SOM occurred rapidly (<15 min) via abiotic processes. Abiotic immobilization of NO2- (mean recovery 58%) was significantly greater than abiotic immobilization of NH4+ (7%) or NO3- (7%). The incorporation of NO2- into SOM did not vary significantly among tree species, so this mechanism likely does not contribute to differences in soil NO3- dynamics among species. As over 30% of the (NO2-)-N-15 label was recovered in SOM within 15 min in live soils, and the products of NO2- incorporation into SOM remained relatively stable throughout the 28-day incubation, our results suggest that NO2- incorporation into SOM may be an important mechanism of N retention in forest soils. The importance of NO2- immobilization for N retention in field soils, however, will depend on the competition between incorporation into SOM and nitrification for transiently available NO2-. Further research is required to determine the importance of this process in field environments. RI Venterea, Rodney/A-3930-2009; Lovett, Gary/H-3800-2013; OI Lovett, Gary/0000-0002-8411-8027 SN 1354-1013 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 9 IS 11 BP 1591 EP 1601 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00694.x UT WOS:000186387400007 ER PT J AU Lee, AV Taylor, ST Greenall, J Mills, JD Tonge, DW Zhang, P George, J Fiorotto, ML Hadsell, DL AF Lee, AV Taylor, ST Greenall, J Mills, JD Tonge, DW Zhang, P George, J Fiorotto, ML Hadsell, DL TI Rapid induction of IGF-IR signaling in normal and tumor tissue following intravenous injection of IGF-I in mice SO HORMONE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH AB The detection of IGF-IR signaling in animal models has important implications for determining the role of this receptor in normal physiology and tumor growth. While many reports have correlated changes in plasma 1GF-I levels in vivo with biological responses, few have shown that altered IGF-I levels can directly affect signaling within normal or tumor tissue. Here, we present new data that shows how the intravenous (IV) injection of IGF-I can be used to directly examine IGF signaling at the tissue level. Tail-vein IV injection of IGF-I into mice resulted in a rapid and dose-dependent activation of the IGF-I receptor and downstream phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 in liver, kidney, and mammary gland. Similarly, IV IGF-I rapidly stimulated signaling in HT-29 colorectal and in MCF-7 breast cancer xenografts. This study shows how IV IGF injection can be used to examine the signaling mechanisms used by IGF-IR, in both normal mammary tissue and during tumor growth, and may provide a model for the characterization of IGF inhibitors. SN 0018-5043 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 35 IS 11-12 BP 651 EP 655 UT WOS:000187932900002 PM 14710342 ER PT J AU Bachmann, CM Bettenhausen, MH Fusina, RA Donato, TF Russ, AL Burke, JW Lamela, GM Rhea, WJ Truitt, BR Porter, JH AF Bachmann, CM Bettenhausen, MH Fusina, RA Donato, TF Russ, AL Burke, JW Lamela, GM Rhea, WJ Truitt, BR Porter, JH TI A credit assignment approach to fusing classifiers of multiseason hyperspectral imagery SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING AB A credit assignment approach to decision-based classifier fusion is developed and applied to the problem of land-cover classification from multiseason airborne hyperspectral imagery. For each input sample,, the new method uses a smoothed estimated reliability measure (SERM) in the output domain of the classifiers. SERM requires no additional training beyond that needed to optimize the constituent classifiers in the pool, and its generalization (test) accuracy exceeds that of a number of other extant methods for classifier fusion. Hyperspectral imagery from HyMAP and PROBE2 acquired at three points in the growing season over Smith Island, VA, a barrier island in the Nature Conservancy's Virginia Coast Reserve, serves as the basis for comparing SERM with other approaches. SN 0196-2892 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 41 IS 11 BP 2488 EP 2499 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2003.818537 PN 1 UT WOS:000186572100008 ER PT J AU Phillips, RB Zimmerman, A Noakes, MA Palti, Y Morasch, MRW Eiben, L Ristow, SS Thorgaard, GH Hansen, JD AF Phillips, RB Zimmerman, A Noakes, MA Palti, Y Morasch, MRW Eiben, L Ristow, SS Thorgaard, GH Hansen, JD TI Physical and genetic mapping of the rainbow trout major histocompatibility regions: evidence for duplication of the class I region SO IMMUNOGENETICS AB One of the most unexpected discoveries in MHC genetics came from studies dealing with the teleost MHC. Initially discovered in zebrafish, the MHC class I and II regions of all bony fish are not linked. Previous segregation analysis in trout suggested that the class I and II regions reside on completely different chromosomes. To learn more about MHC genomics in trout, we have isolated BAC clones harboring class Ia and Ib loci, a single BAC clone containing an MH class II gene (DAB), as well as BAC clones containing the ABCB2 gene. Upon PCR and sequence confirmation, BAC clones were labeled and used as probes for in situ hybridization on rainbow trout metaphase chromosomes for determination of the physical locations of the trout MH regions. Finally, SNPs, RFLPs, and microsatellites found within the BAC clones allowed for these regions to be assigned to specific linkage groups on the OSU x Hotcreek (HC) and OSU x Arlee (ARL) genetic linkage maps. Our data demonstrate that the trout MH regions are located on at least four different chromosomes and the corresponding linkage groups, while also providing direct evidence for the partial duplication of the MH class I region in trout. SN 0093-7711 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 55 IS 8 BP 561 EP 569 DI 10.1007/s00251-003-0615-4 UT WOS:000186592700006 PM 14566436 ER PT J AU Ivic, SD Smigocki, AC AF Ivic, SD Smigocki, AC TI Transformation of sugar beet cell suspension cultures SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT AB A sugar beet transformation method was developed using particle bombardment of short-term suspension cultures of a breeding line FC607. Highly embryogenic suspension cultures derived from leaf callus were bombarded with the uidA (gusA) reporter gene under the control of either the osmotin or proteinase inhibitor II gene promoter, and the opt II selectable marker gene. Transient uidA expression was visualized as 500-4000 blue units per 200 mg of bombarded cells 2 d after bombardment. Stably-transformed calluses were recovered on both kanamycin and paromomycin media. The greatest number of GUS (+) calluses was obtained when 50 or 100 mg l(-1) of kanamycin was applied 2d after transformation for 3-5 wk, followed by either no selection or reduced levels of the antibiotic. PCR analyses of the GUS (+) callus lines revealed the expected size fragment for uidA and npt II genes. Stable incorporation of the uidA gene into the genome was confirmed by Southern blot analyses. Several transformed embryos were detected by histochemical beta-glucuronidase (GUS) staining. SN 1054-5476 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 39 IS 6 BP 573 EP 577 DI 10.1079/IVP2003433 UT WOS:000187824800004 ER PT J AU Panda, A Clark, FD Rath, NC Beasley, JN AF Panda, A Clark, FD Rath, NC Beasley, JN TI Comparative studies on the pathogenicity of selected strains of avian reoviruses SO INDIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL AB . Reoviruses cause arthritis and are implicated in malabsorption syndrome in poultry. They have also been isolated from turkeys with arthritis. These turkey strains were found to be pathogenic to chickens (Vander Heide et al., 1980). The core virus particle surrounds 10 segments of RNA which are complementary double-stranded molecules. The reovirus genome can be rated into three. large L1, L2, L3 three medium (M1, M2, M3) and four small (S1, S2, S3 S4) RNA segments. by, poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) (Prevec, et. al, 1968; Raine and Fields, 1968). The objectives of the present study were to compare the pathogenicity of various strains of avian reoviruses isolated from chicken and turkeys, using in vitro and in vivo techniques. SN 0019-6479 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1094 EP 1099 UT WOS:000188815100002 ER PT J AU Cermak, SC Isbell, TA AF Cermak, SC Isbell, TA TI Improved oxidative stability of estolide esters SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS AB Some concerns have been raised regarding the oxidative stability of vegetable-based fluids. Thus, a wide range of commercial and vegetable-based materials were evaluated for their oxidative stability by the rotating bomb oxidative test (RBOT). RBOT values ranged from 13 to 552 min. Two estolides, coconut-oleic estolide 2-ethythexyl ester (coco) and oleic estolide 2-ethylhexyl ester (oleic), were evaluated for their oxidative stability by RBOT. As in the case with all vegetable oils, an oxidative stability package must be utilized to help decrease their rate of oxidation. A series of formulations were conducted in which the two estolides had an oxidative stability package added prior to the RBOT. In both cases, dramatic increases in the oxidative stability were observed. The coconut-oleic estolide 2-ethylhexyl ester gave the best RBOT values, 504 min with 3.5% oxidative stability package. Both estolides were formulated to meet commercial crankcase requirements (similar to 200 min) with as little as 1.0 and 1.5% oxidative stability package. The viscosity index ranged from 179 to 190 for the oleic estolide 2-ethylhexyl ester, whereas the coconut-oleic estolide 2-ethylhexyl ester had slightly lower viscosity indices ranging from 161 to 174. These two estolide esters have displayed far superior oxidative stability, 504 (coco) and 426 (oleic) min, are of reasonable cost, and were more suitable as a base stock for biodegradable lubricants and functional fluids than current commercial, vegetable-based materials. Published by Elsevier B.V. SN 0926-6690 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 18 IS 3 BP 223 EP 230 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(03)00062-1 UT WOS:000186360100003 ER PT J AU Zhan, X Wang, D Tuinstra, MR Bean, S Seib, PA Sun, XS AF Zhan, X Wang, D Tuinstra, MR Bean, S Seib, PA Sun, XS TI Ethanol and lactic acid production as affected by sorghum genotype and location SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS AB Genotype, environment, location, and their interactions have a significant effect on end-use quality characteristics of grain sorghum (Sorghum biocolor (L.) Moench). The objective of this research was to study the effect of sorghum genotype and production environment on ethanol and lactic acid production. Eight sorghum varieties from two locations were used. Whole sorghum grain was ground, liquefied, saccharified, and fermented to ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisae, ATCC 24860). For lactic acid fermentation, whole ground sorghum grain was liquefied and fermented to lactic acid with Rhizopus oryzae NRRL 395; saccharification depended upon native glucoamylase. Results with this limited number of sorghum varieties and locations showed that both sorghum genotype and location had a significant effect on ethanol and lactic acid yields. Variations of 5 and 15% in ethanol and lactic acid yields were observed among the 16 sorghum samples. The effect of location on the fermentation yields was as much as 5% for ethanol and 10% for lactic acid. The effects of variety and location on ethanol and lactic acid production are strongly related to chemical composition and physical properties of grain sorghum samples. Ethanol and lactic acid production increased as starch content increased, whereas the ethanol and lactic acid production decreased as protein content increased. Chemical composition had a greater effect on the ethanol and lactic acid yields than physical properties of the sorghum kernels. The effect of physical properties on ethanol and lactic acid yields was not significant (P > 0.05). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. OI Bean, Scott/0000-0001-8678-8094 SN 0926-6690 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 18 IS 3 BP 245 EP 255 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(03)00075-X UT WOS:000186360100005 ER PT J AU Althouse, C Patterson, S Fedorka-Cray, P Isaacson, RE AF Althouse, C Patterson, S Fedorka-Cray, P Isaacson, RE TI Type 1 fimbriae of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium bind to enterocytes and contribute to colonization of swine in vivo SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY AB Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain 798 is a clinical isolate from a pig and is known to be able to cause persistent, asymptomatic infections. This strain also is known to exist in two phenotypes (adhesive and nonadhesive to enterocytes) and can switch between the two phenotypes at a rate consistent with phase variation. Cells in the adhesive phenotype are more readily phagocytosed by leukocytes than nonadhesive cells. Once in a leukocyte, adhesive-phase cells survive while nonadhesive-phase cells die. In the present study, nonadhesive mutants were obtained with the transposon TnphoA. A nonadhesive mutant was selected for study and was shown by electron microscopy not to produce fimbriae. The gene encoding the adhesin was cloned and sequenced. Based on its sequence, the adhesin was shown to be FimA, the major subunit of type 1 fimbriae. The nonadhesive mutant was attenuated in its ability to colonize both mouse and pig intestines, but remained capable of systemic spread in mice. The nonadhesive mutant was phagocytosed to the same extent as parental cells in the adhesive phase and then survived intracellularly. These results demonstrated that type I fimbriae were important for attachment to enterocytes and promoted intestinal colonization. However, they were not important in promoting phagocytosis or intracellular survival. SN 0019-9567 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 71 IS 11 BP 6446 EP 6452 DI 10.1128/IAI.71.11.46446-6452.2003 UT WOS:000186194300042 PM 14573666 ER PT J AU Dean-Nystrom, EA Melton-Celsa, AR Pohlenz, JFL Moon, HW O'Brien, AD AF Dean-Nystrom, EA Melton-Celsa, AR Pohlenz, JFL Moon, HW O'Brien, AD TI Comparative pathogenicity of Escherichia coli O157 and intimin-negative non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E-coli strains in neonatal pigs SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY AB We compared the pathogenicity of intimin-negative non-O157:H7 Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O91:H21 and O104:H21 strains with the pathogenicity of intimin-positive O157:H7 and O157:H- strains in neonatal pigs. We also examined the role of Stx2d-activatable genes and the large hemolysin-encoding plasmid of O91:H21 strain B2F1 in the pathogenesis of STEC disease in pigs. We found that all E. coli strains that made wild-type levels of Stx caused systemic illness and histological lesions in the brain and intestinal crypts, whereas none of the control Stx-negative E. coli strains evoked comparable central nervous system signs or intestinal lesions. By contrast, the absence of intimin, hemolysin, or motility had little impact on the overall pathogenesis of systemic disease during STEC infection. The most striking differences between pigs inoculated with non-O157 STEC strains and pigs inoculated with O157 STEC strains were the absence of attaching and effacing intestinal lesions in pigs inoculated with non-O157:H7 strains and the apparent association between the level of Stx2d-activatable toxin produced by an STEC strain and the severity of lesions. OI O'Brien, Alison/0000-0002-1315-3204 SN 0019-9567 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 71 IS 11 BP 6526 EP 6533 DI 10.1128/IAI.71.11.6526-6533.2003 UT WOS:000186194300050 PM 14573674 ER PT J AU Farnell, MB He, HQ Genovese, K Kogut, MH AF Farnell, MB He, HQ Genovese, K Kogut, MH TI Pharmacological analysis of signal transduction pathways required for oxidative burst in chicken heterophils stimulated by a Toll-like receptor 2 agonist SO INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY AB Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the innate immune response of avian heterophils. We previously used the pharmacological inhibitors genistein, verapamil, chelerythrine, and pertussis toxin to investigate the upstream signaling events involved in TLR2-mediated oxidative burst in chicken heterophils. Only chelerythrine, a protein kinase C inhibitor, was found to significantly inhibit oxidative burst stimulated by the TLR2 agonist lipoteichoic acid (LTA). In the present study, we used selective pharmacological inhibitors to investigate the roles of phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinase (PI3-K), phospholipase C (PLC), calcium-dependent protein kinase C (PKC), extra-cellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), and nuclear translocation factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) on TLR-2-mediated oxidative burst. U-73122 (a PLC inhibitor), wortmannin (a PI3-K inhibitor), PD 98059 (an ERK inhibitor), Go 6976 (a PKC inhibitor) and Bay 11-7082 (a NF-kappaB inhibitor) significantly decreased LTA-stimulated oxidative burst in heterophils by 77%, 30%, 36%, 78%, and 61%, respectively. Activated TLR2 utilizes PI3-K, PLC, PKC, ERK, and NF-kappaB as signaling factors that mediate the oxidative burst of chicken heterophils. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. SN 1567-5769 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 3 IS 12 BP 1677 EP 1684 DI 10.1016/S1567-5769(03)00205-4 UT WOS:000186287800012 PM 14555292 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Sreekumar, C AF Dubey, JP Sreekumar, C TI Redescription of Hammondia hammondi and its differentiation from Toxoplasma gondii SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY AB Hammondia hammondi is a protozoan parasite that, until 1975, was misidentified as Toxoplasma gondii. Recently, the validity of H. hammondi has been questioned. In this article, the authors redescribe the parasite and its life cycle, provide accession numbers to its specimens deposited in a museum, and distinguish it structurally and biologically from T gondii. Hammondia hammondi was found to be structurally, biologically, and molecularly different from T. gondii. Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. OI Chirukandoth, Sreekumar/0000-0003-2875-4034 SN 0020-7519 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 33 IS 13 BP 1437 EP 1453 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00141-3 UT WOS:000186387500001 PM 14572507 ER PT J AU Brogden, KA Ackermann, M McCray, PB Tack, BF AF Brogden, KA Ackermann, M McCray, PB Tack, BF TI Antimicrobial peptides in animals and their role in host defences SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AB Domesticated animals have a large variety of antimicrobial peptides that serve as natural innate barriers limiting microbial infection or, in some instances, act as an integral component in response to inflammation or microbial infection. These peptides differ in size, composition, mechanisms of activity and range of antimicrobial specificities. They are expressed in many tissues, polymorphormclear leukocytes, macrophages and mucosal epithelial cells. There is a small group of anionic antimicrobial peptides found in ruminants and a much larger group of cationic antimicrobial peptides found in all domesticated animals. The cationic peptides include linear, helical peptides, linear peptides rich in proline and cysteine-stabilized peptides with a P-sheet and are commonly referred to as cathelicidins and defensins. These peptides are generally broad-spectrum for Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and fungi (e.g. myeloid antimicrobial peptides, alpha-, beta-defensins, and protegrins) or are specific to one of these groups (e.g. porcine cecropin P1, Bac5, Bac7, PR-39 and prophenin). Published by Elsevier B.V. SN 0924-8579 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 22 IS 5 BP 465 EP 478 DI 10.1016/S0924-8579(03)00180-8 UT WOS:000186882800001 PM 14602364 ER PT J AU Huang, LH AF Huang, LH TI Dynamic computer simulation of Clostridium perfringens growth in cooked ground beef SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY AB The objective of this study was to develop a computer simulation algorithm to dynamically estimate and predict the growth of Clostridium Perfringens in cooked ground beef The computational algorithm was based on the implicit form of the Gompertz model, the growth kinetics of C. perfringens in cooked ground beef, and the fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical method. This algorithm was validated using a cocktail of three strains of C perfringens spores grown under isothermal, square-waved, linear cooling, and exponential cooling temperature profiles. In general, the results of computer simulation matched closely with the experimental data with the absolute errors less than 0.5 log(10) CFU/g. This method may be a useful tool for the food industry, regulatory agencies, distributors, and retailers to predict the effect of temperature abuse on the microbial safety of C perfringens and other foodborne pathogens in processed meat products. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. SN 0168-1605 PD NOV 1 PY 2003 VL 87 IS 3 BP 217 EP 227 DI 10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00065-5 UT WOS:000185956100002 PM 14527794 ER PT J AU Czarnota, MA Paul, RN Weston, LA Duke, SO AF Czarnota, MA Paul, RN Weston, LA Duke, SO TI Anatomy of sorgoleone-secreting root hairs of Sorghum species SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES AB Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense [L.] Pers.) and SX-17 (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum sudanese) were investigated microscopically to identify specifically the location of root exudate production. Light, cryoscanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy were used to determine the area of exudate secretion. Light micrographs indicated that the exudate is solely produced by the root hairs. Scanning electron microscopy supported this conclusion. Transmission electron microscopy studies of root hairs support the hypothesis that root exudates are manufactured in the cytoplasmically dense root hair cell in association with smooth endoplasmic reticulum and possibly Golgi bodies. Ultrastructure studies indicated that small globules of cytoplasmic exudate are deposited between the cell wall and the plasma membrane, where they coalesce into larger globules that pass through the cell wall to form droplets near the tip of root hairs. RI Weston, Leslie/M-4557-2015 OI Weston, Leslie/0000-0002-1029-7982 SN 1058-5893 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 164 IS 6 BP 861 EP 866 DI 10.1086/378661 UT WOS:000188656500004 ER PT J AU Oldak, A Jackson, TJ Starks, P Elliott, R AF Oldak, A Jackson, TJ Starks, P Elliott, R TI Mapping near-surface soil moisture on regional scale using ERS-2 SAR data SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING AB Soil moisture is an important hydrologic variable of great consequence in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Unfortunately, it is virtually impossible to accurately assess the spatial and temporal variability of surface soil moisture using conventional, point measurement techniques. Remote sensing has the potential to provide areal estimates of soil moisture at a variety of spatial scales. This investigation evaluates the use of European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-2) C-band, VV polarization, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for regional estimates of surface soil moisture. Radar data were acquired for three contiguous ERS-2 scenes in the Southern Great Plains (SGP) region of central Oklahoma from June 1999 to October 2000. Twelve test sites (each approximately 800 m x 800 m) were sampled during the ERS-2 satellite overpasses in order to monitor changes in soil moisture and vegetation on the ground. An average radar backscattering coefficient was calculated for each test site. Landsat-5 and -7 Thematic Mapper (TM) scenes of the experimental sites close in time to the ERS-2 acquisition dates were also analysed. The TM scenes were used to monitor land cover changes and to calculate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Land cover and ground data were used to interpret the radar-derived soil moisture data. Linear relationships between soil moisture and the backscattering coefficient were established. Using these equations, soil moisture maps of the Little Washita and the El Reno test areas were produced. SN 0143-1161 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 24 IS 22 BP 4579 EP 4598 DI 10.1080/0143116031000070463 UT WOS:000186500100022 ER PT J AU Tartar, A Boucias, DG Becnel, JJ Adams, BJ AF Tartar, A Boucias, DG Becnel, JJ Adams, BJ TI Comparison of plastid 16S rRNA (rrn 16) genes from Helicosporidium spp.: evidence supporting the reclassification of Helicosporidia as green algae (Chlorophyta) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY CT 14th Meeting of the International-Society-of-Evolutionary-Protistology CY JUN 19-24, 2002 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Int Soc Evolutionary Protistol AB The Helicosporidia are invertebrate pathogens that have recently been identified as non-photosynthetic green algae (Chlorophyta). In order to confirm the algal nature of the genus Helicosporidium, the presence of a retained chloroplast genome in Helicosporidia cells was investigated. Fragments homologous to plastid 16S rRNA (rrn 16) genes were amplified successfully from cellular DNA extracted from two different Helicosporidium isolates. The fragment sequences are 1269 and 1266 by long, are very AT-rich (60.7 %) and are similar to homologous genes sequenced from non-photosynthetic green algae. Maximum-parsimony, maximum-likelihood and neighbour-joining methods were used to infer phylogenetic trees from an rrn16 sequence alignment. All trees depicted the Helicosporidia as sister taxa to the non-photosynthetic, pathogenic alga Prototheca zopfii. Moreover, the trees identified Helicosporidium spp. as members of a clade that included the heterotrophic species Prototheca spp. and the mesotrophic species Chlorella protothecoides. The clade is always strongly supported by bootstrap values, suggesting that all these organisms share a most recent common ancestor. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from plastid 16S rRNA genes confirmed that the Helicosporidia are non-photosynthetic green algae, close relatives of the genus Prototheca (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae). Such phylogenetic affinities suggest that Helicosporidium spp. are likely to possess Prototheca-like organelles and organelle genomes. RI Adams, Byron/C-3808-2009 OI Adams, Byron/0000-0002-7815-3352 SN 1466-5026 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 53 BP 1719 EP 1723 DI 10.1099/ijs.0.02559-0 PN 6 UT WOS:000186918500003 PM 14657099 ER PT J AU Ayars, JE Johnson, RS Phene, CJ Trout, TJ Clark, DA Mead, RM AF Ayars, JE Johnson, RS Phene, CJ Trout, TJ Clark, DA Mead, RM TI Water use by drip-irrigated late-season peaches SO IRRIGATION SCIENCE AB A 4-year experiment was conducted using a large weighing lysimeter to determine the crop coefficient and crop water use of a late-season peach cultivar (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, cultivar O'Henry) irrigated with a surface drip system. Two trees were planted in a 2x4x2 m deep weighing lysimeter that was surface irrigated with ten 2 L/h in-line drip emitters spaced evenly around the trees. Irrigation was applied in 12 mm applications after a 12 mm water loss threshold was exceeded as measured by the lysimeter. The crop coefficient (K-c) was calculated using the measured water losses and grass reference evapotranspiration calculated using the CIMIS Penman equation. K-c was plotted against day of the year and linear, quadratic, and cubic regressions were fitted to the data. A three-segment linear and the cubic equation had the best fit to the data. The maximum K-c determined for the linear fit in this experiment was 1.06 compared with a maximum of 0.92 recommended for use in California and 0.98 calculated using the FAO method. Average annual water use for the 4 years of the experiment was 1,034 mm. Mid-day canopy light interception was found to be well correlated with the crop coefficient determined using the lysimeter data. OI Trout, Thomas/0000-0003-1896-9170 SN 0342-7188 EI 1432-1319 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 22 IS 3-4 BP 187 EP 194 DI 10.1007/s00271-003-0084-4 UT WOS:000186542400010 ER PT J AU Schimmelpfennig, D AF Schimmelpfennig, D TI Economic and social issues in agricultural biotechnology SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SN 0021-857X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 54 IS 3 BP 505 EP 508 UT WOS:000187530900009 ER PT J AU Cole, NA Greene, LW McCollum, FT Montgomery, T McBride, K AF Cole, NA Greene, LW McCollum, FT Montgomery, T McBride, K TI Influence of oscillating dietary crude protein concentration on performance, acid-base balance, and nitrogen excretion of steers SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB Decreasing dietary N inputs into beef cattle feeding operations could potentially decrease environmental concerns relating to air and water quality. Previous studies with sheep suggest that oscillating dietary CP concentrations may improve N use efficiency and thereby decrease dietary N requirements. Therefore, two studies were conducted to determine the effects of oscillating dietary CP concentrations on performance, acid-base balance, and manure characteristics of steers fed high-concentrate diets. Steers were fed to a constant backfat thickness in both studies. In the first trial, 92 steers (mean BW = 408 +/- 2.8 kg; four pens/treatment) were fed the following diets: 1) constant 12% CP, 2) constant 14% CP, and 3) 10 and 14% CP oscillated at 2-d intervals. Steer performance and carcass characteristics were measured. In the second trial, 27 steers were individually fed the same three experimental dietary regimens (nine steers/treatment). Animal performance, arterial acid-base balance, plasma metabolites, and fecal characteristics were measured. In both trials, steers fed the 14% CP diet tended (P < 0.10) to have greater ADG and gain:feed than steers fed the 12% CP diet. Steers fed the oscillating CP regimen had intermediate performance. In Trial 1, steers fed the 14% CP diet tended (P = 0.09) to have smaller longissimus area and higher quality grades than steers fed the oscillating CP regimen. Protein retentions (g/d) calculated from NRC (2000) equations were greater (P = 0.04) for steers fed the 14% CP diet than steers fed the 12% CP diet. Steers fed the oscillating CP regimen tended (P = 0.08) to have greater calculated protein retention (g/d) than steers fed the 12% CP diet. Steers fed the 14% CP diet had greater (P < 0.05) calculated urinary N excretion than steers fed the 12% CP or oscillating CP regimens. Venous plasma concentrations of urea N were greater (P < 0.001) in steers fed the 14% CP diet than in steers fed the 12% CP diet; steers fed the oscillating CP regimen were intermediate but fluctuated over days. Based on arterial blood gas concentrations, acid-base balance was not significantly affected by dietary CP regimen. Results of these trials suggest that the CP requirement of steers in these studies was greater than 12% of the diet DM, and/or that the degradable CP requirement was greater than 6.3% of diet DM. However, the effects of oscillating dietary CP were minimal. SN 0021-8812 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 81 IS 11 BP 2660 EP 2668 UT WOS:000187174100002 PM 14601868 ER PT J AU Snowder, GD Van Vleck, LD AF Snowder, GD Van Vleck, LD TI Estimates of genetic parameters and selection strategies to improve the economic efficiency of postweaning growth in lambs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB The objectives of this study were to estimate (co)variance components for growth and feed efficiency measures, and to compare selection strategies to improve economic efficiency of gain. Variance components for pre- and postweaning growth, body weight, and measures of feed efficiency were estimated from data collected on 1,047 Targhee lambs over 7 yr. Approximately 21 d after weaning, lambs were group-fed for 4 wk, with ad libitum access to a diet of 37% whole barley grain and 63% pelleted alfalfa hay. Lambs were then individually fed for 6 wk. Lambs were then returned to group feeding for another 4-wk period. The mean feed conversion ratio (gain/intake) for the individual feeding period was 0.11. Mean postweaning ADG for the total 14-wk feeding period was 0.26 kg. (CO)variance components were estimated from single- and two-trait animal models using REML. The selection strategies compared included direct selection, index selection, and restricted index selection. Estimates of (co)variances derived from single- and two-trait models were similar, except for mid-test body weight. Preweaning growth had a low heritability estimate (0.03 +/- 0.04) compared with postweaning growth measures (0.25 to 0.39), but all measures of growth were highly correlated (r(2) > 0 : 98). Heritability estimates of measures of gain efficiency were variable (total feed intake = 0.39; feed conversion ratio = 0.26; residual feed intake = 0.26). Total feed intake was strongly correlated genetically with feed conversion ratio (0.79) and residual feed intake (0.77). The estimate of genetic correlation between feed conversion ratio and residual feed intake was low (0.23). Comparison of selection strategies showed the superiority of index selection (ADG, total feed, body weight) for economic improvement compared with other strategies. Economic response to direct selection for ADG was at least twice that for direct selection for feed conversion ratio or against total feed intake, and that for restricted indices (selecting against residual feed, while holding body weight and/or gain constant). Selection for ADG may be a practical approach for indirectly improving efficiency of gain in lambs. SN 0021-8812 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 81 IS 11 BP 2704 EP 2713 UT WOS:000187174100007 PM 14601873 ER PT J AU Liu, YL Li, DF Gong, LM Yi, GF Gaines, AM Carroll, JA AF Liu, YL Li, DF Gong, LM Yi, GF Gaines, AM Carroll, JA TI Effects of fish oil supplementation on the performance and the immunological, adrenal, and somatotropic responses of weaned pigs after an Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB Seventy-two crossbred pigs (7.58 +/- 0.30 kg BW) weaned at 28 +/- 3 d of age were used to investigate the effects of fish oil supplementation on pig performance and on immunological, adrenal, and somatotropic responses following an Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in a 2 x 2 factorial design. The main factors consisted of diet (7% corn oil [CO] or 7% fish oil [FO]) and immunological challenge (LPS or saline). On d 14 and 21, pigs were injected intraperitoneally with either 200 mug/kg BW of LPS or an equivalent amount of sterile saline. Blood samples were collected 3 h after injection for analysis of interleukin-1beta (IL10), prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)), cortisol, growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I. On d 2 after LPS challenge, peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation (PBLP) was determined. Lipopolysaccharide challenge decreased ADG (487 vs. 586 g; P < 0.05) and ADFI (as-fed, 776 vs. 920 g; P < 0.05) from d 14 to 21 and ADG (587 vs. 652 g; P < 0.10) from d 21 to 28. Fish oil improved ADG (554 vs. 520 g; P < 0.10) and ADFI (891 vs. 805 g; P < 0.10) from d 14 to 21. On d 14, LPS challenge x diet interactions were observed for IL-1beta (P < 0.10), PGE(2) (P < 0.001), and cortisol (P < 0.05) such that these measurements responded to the LPS challenge to a lesser extent (IL-1beta: 93 vs. 114 pg/mL, P < 0.05; PGE(2): 536 vs. 1,285 pg/mL, P < 0.001; cortisol: 143 vs. 206 ng/mL, P < 0.05) in pigs receiving the FO diet than in pigs fed the CO diet. In contrast, among LPS-treated pigs, pigs fed the FO diet had higher IGF-I (155 vs. 101 ng/mL; P < 0.10) than those fed the CO diet. On d 21 among LPS-treated pigs, pigs fed FO had lower IL-1beta (70 vs. 84 pg/mL; P < 0. 10) and cortisol (153 vs. 205 ng/mL; P < 0.05) than those fed CO. Pigs fed FO had lower PGE(2) (331 vs. 444 pg/mL; P < 0.05) and higher IGF-I (202 vs. 171 ng/mL; P < 0.10) compared with those fed CO. Lipopolysaccharide challenge decreased GH (0.27 vs. 0.33 ng/mL; P < 0.05) on d 14, whereas it had no effect on GH on d 21. During both LPS challenge periods, the challenge increased PBLP when these cells were incubated with 8 (1.46 vs. 1.32; P < 0.10) or 16 mug/mL (1.46 vs. 1.30; P < 0.05) of concanavalin A. Fish oil had no effect on PBLP. These results suggest that FO alters the release of proinflammatory cytokines, which might lead to improved pig performance during an immunological challenge. RI Wilkinson, Stuart/C-2802-2013 SN 0021-8812 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 81 IS 11 BP 2758 EP 2765 UT WOS:000187174100013 PM 14601879 ER PT J AU Roberts, AJ Echternkamp, SE AF Roberts, AJ Echternkamp, SE TI Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in granulosa and thecal cells from bovine ovarian follicles at different stages of development SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB Because IGFBP inhibit IGF-stimulated cellular proliferation and differentiation, it is hypothesized that variations among IGFBP in individual follicles might contribute to the regulation of recruitment, selection, dominance, and turnover of ovarian follicles. Sources of IGFBP in fluid of bovine follicles are not well established; thus, objectives of this study were to determine levels of IGFBP binding activities and messenger RNA (mRNA) in granulosa and theca interna cells at different stages of follicular development (small [ < 6 mm], medium [6 to < 8 mm], and large [ greater than or equal to 8 mm]) and to characterize associations of these levels measured in the cells with levels of IGFBP and steroids in follicular fluid. Thecal and granulosa cells from large healthy follicles contained two- to twentyfold less (P < 0.05) IGFBP-2,-3, and -5 than cells from small, medium, and large atretic follicles. Thecal cells from small, medium, and large atretic follicles contained more (P < 0.05) IGFBP-3 and -4 than granulosa cells from these follicles, whereas granulosa cells from these follicles contained more IGFBP-2 activity than thecal cells. Differences in IGF binding activity were paralleled by differences in levels of mRNA for the respective IGFBP. Developmental differences in IGFBP activity in follicular fluid were positively associated with activity in granulosa and/or thecal cells, with the exception of IGFBP-4, which was low in fluid from large healthy follicles but markedly increased (mRNA and binding activity) in granulosa cells from these follicles. It is concluded that developmental changes in follicular fluid IGFBP-2 and -5 binding activities seem to be controlled in part by alterations in synthesis of these IGFBP by granulosa and thecal cells, whereas diminished IGFBP-4 in fluid from large healthy follicles occurs concomitantly with increased levels of IGFBP-4 mRNA and activity in granulosa cells, implicating posttranslational regulation by specific proteases. SN 0021-8812 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 81 IS 11 BP 2826 EP 2839 UT WOS:000187174100021 PM 14601887 ER PT J AU Marsh, KL Mulvaney, RL Sims, GK AF Marsh, KL Mulvaney, RL Sims, GK TI A technique to recover tracer as carboxyl-carbon and alpha-nitrogen from amino acids in soil hydrolysates SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL AB Isotope analysis of biochemical compounds provides an unequivocal means for detecting assimilation of tracer C and N into microbial biomass. A diffusion method recently developed to determine amino acid-N by ninhydrin oxidation of soil hydrolysates was modified to permit simultaneous collection of the CO2 liberated during this oxidation. In the technique described herein, this is accomplished after removal of (NH4+ + amino sugar)-N, by performing ninhydrin oxidation at 90degreesC for 7 h in a 1.9 L Mason jar sealed with a lid equipped to support a petri dish containing 5 mL 0.2N NaOH. Recoveries of carboxyl-C and alpha-N ranged from 98 to 101% in evaluations with standard solutions of amino acids, whereas these recoveries exceeded 90% for C-14 and 94% for N-15 when soil hydrolysates amended with labeled amino acids were analyzed. RI Sims, Gerald/A-2500-2008 SN 1060-3271 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1106 EP 1111 UT WOS:000188711100003 PM 14979690 ER PT J AU Whitaker, TB Richard, JL Giesbrecht, FG Slate, AB Ruiz, N AF Whitaker, TB Richard, JL Giesbrecht, FG Slate, AB Ruiz, N TI Estimating deoxynivalenol in shelled corn barge lots by measuring deoxynivalenol in corn screenings SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL AB To determine if deoxynivalenol (DON) is concentrated in small corn screenings, fourteen to twenty-three 1.1 kg test samples were taken from each of 10 barges of shelled corn. Each of the 181 test samples was divided into 2 components (fines and clean) using a 5 mm screen. The clean component sample rode the 5 mm screen and the fines component sample passed through the 5 mm screen. The DON concentration in fines component sample was about 3 times the DON concentration in the clean component sample. The DON in the 181 fines and clean component samples averaged 689.0 and 206.1 ng/g, respectively. Regression equations were developed to predict the DON in the barge based upon measurements of DON in the fines component sample. The ratio of DON in the lot to DON in the fines component sample was 0.359. The coefficient of variation (CV) associated with predicting the DON concentration in a lot with 359 ng/g using a 1.1 kg test sample was 47.0%. Increasing sample size to 4.4 kg reduced the CV to 23%. SN 1060-3271 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1187 EP 1192 UT WOS:000188711100014 PM 14979701 ER PT J AU Rodriguez-Saona, C Crafts-Brandner, SJ Canas, LA AF Rodriguez-Saona, C Crafts-Brandner, SJ Canas, LA TI Volatile emissions triggered by multiple herbivore damage: Beet armyworm and whitefly feeding on cotton plants SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY AB Plants are commonly attacked by more than one species of herbivore, potentially causing the induction of multiple, and possibly competing, plant defense systems. In the present paper, we determined the interaction between feeding by the phloem feeder silverleaf whitefly (SWF), Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (B-biotype D B. argentifolii Bellows and Perring), and the leaf-chewing beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua Hubner, with regard to the induction of volatile compounds from cotton plants. Compared to undamaged control plants, infestation with SWF did not induce volatile emissions or affect the number and density of pigment glands that store volatile and nonvolatile terpenoid compounds, whereas infestation by BAW strongly induced plant volatile emission. When challenged by the two insect herbivores simultaneously, volatile emission was significantly less than for plants infested with only BAW. Our results suggest that tritrophic level interactions between cotton, BAW, and natural enemies of BAW, that are known to be mediated by plant volatile emissions, may be perturbed by simultaneous infestation by SWF. Possible mechanisms by which the presence of whiteflies may attenuate volatile emissions from caterpillar-damaged cotton plants are discussed. SN 0098-0331 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 29 IS 11 BP 2539 EP 2550 DI 10.1023/A:1026314102866 UT WOS:000186205600011 PM 14682532 ER PT J AU Boue, SM Raina, AK AF Boue, SM Raina, AK TI Effects of plant flavonoids on fecundity, survival, and feeding of the Formosan subterranean termite SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY AB Fecundity, mortality, and food consumption of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, were evaluated in response to five plant flavonoids ( genistein, biochanin A, apigenin, quercetin, and glyceollin). Apigenin fed at 50 mug/primary reproductive pair proved to be the most toxic flavonoid. Biochanin A was most effective in reducing fecundity. Subsequently, these two flavonoids were tested through oral feeding and topical application at 100-mug dose. Significant reduction in the numbers of progeny was evident for biochanin A in both treatment methods. Choice feeding tests with termite workers showed that initially termites were attracted to filter paper treated with biochanin A, but over a period of 72 hr, consumed significantly less material when compared to controls. Biochanin A is a promising phytochemical with ability to reduce fecundity in primary reproductives of the Formosan subterranean termite, but it does not elicit phagostimulant activity. SN 0098-0331 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 29 IS 11 BP 2575 EP 2584 DI 10.1023/A:1026318203775 UT WOS:000186205600013 PM 14682534 ER PT J AU Futse, JE Ueti, MW Knowles, DP Palmer, GH AF Futse, JE Ueti, MW Knowles, DP Palmer, GH TI Transmission of Anaplasma marginale by Boophilus microplus: retention of vector competence in the absence of vector-pathogen interaction (vol 41, pg 3829, 2003) SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY SN 0095-1137 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 41 IS 11 BP 5354 EP 5354 DI 10.1128/JCM.41.11.5354.2003 UT WOS:000186665500090 ER PT J AU Waldron, MR Nonnecke, BJ Nishida, T Horst, RL Overton, TR AF Waldron, MR Nonnecke, BJ Nishida, T Horst, RL Overton, TR TI Effect of lipopolysaccharide infusion on serum macromineral and vitamin D concentrations in dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB Four multiparous lactating cows (175 to 220 d in milk) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to assess the effects of four doses (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mug/kg of body weight) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Escherichia coli 0111:B4) on circulating concentrations of macrominerals and vitamin D metabolites. Treatments were dissolved in 100 ml of sterile saline and infused intravenously over a period of 100 min. Blood was sampled immediately before infusion (0 h), at 60-min intervals for 8 h, and at 24 and 48 h postinfusion. Vitamin D metabolites were analyzed in samples collected at 0, 2, 6, 24, and 48 h only. Serum Ca and P concentrations decreased after LPS infusion, but there was no effect on serum magnesium concentration. Plasma 25-OH vitamin D-3 and 1,25-(OH)(2) vitamin D-3 were not affected by LPS infusion; however, when analyzed as 0 vs. all other doses of LPS combined, there was a tendency for plasma 1,25-(OH)(2) vitamin D-3 concentration to decrease when cows were infused with LPS. The inflammatory response elicited by LPS altered plasma macromineral concentrations, a result that may have important implications for calcium homeostasis and metabolic health of lactating dairy cows. SN 0022-0302 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 86 IS 11 BP 3440 EP 3446 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73948-4 UT WOS:000186225900006 PM 14672173 ER PT J AU Waldron, MR Nishida, T Nonnecke, BJ Overton, TR AF Waldron, MR Nishida, T Nonnecke, BJ Overton, TR TI Effect of lipopolysaccharide on indices of peripheral and hepatic metabolism in lactating cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB Four multiparous lactating cows (175 to 220 d in milk [DIM]) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design to assess the effects of four doses (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mug/kg of body weight) of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Escherichia coli 0111:B4) on performance and plasma metabolite and hormone concentrations. In addition, effects of immune activation on in vitro hepatic metabolic capacity were evaluated in 12 multiparous lactating cows (150 to 220 DIM) infused with 0 (n = 6), 1.0 (n = 4) or 2.0 (n = 2) mug of LPS/kg. Milk production and DMI decreased linearly with LPS dose for 24 h after LPS infusion. Overall mean plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha, insulin, glucagon, and cortisol concentrations increased linearly with LPS dose, and plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate decreased linearly by dose after LPS infusion. Infusion of LPS decreased the insulin: glucagon molar ratio, but did not affect plasma concentrations of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, leptin, or L-(+)-lactate. Plasma concentrations of glucose tended to increase initially and subsequently decrease, and there was a quadratic tendency for increased plasma nonesterified fatty acid concentrations after LPS administration. In vitro hepatic capacity for conversion of [1-C-14]L-(+)-lactate and [1-C-14]palmitate, but not [1-C-14]propionate or [1-C-14]L-alanine, to CO2 increased after LPS administration. Hepatic capacity to convert [1-C-14]propionate to glucose tended to increase, but neither esterification nor the conversion of palmitate to acid soluble products was altered by LPS. The LPS infusion resulted in significant changes of endocrine mediators responsible for regulation of energy metabolism of lactating cows and tended to alter subsequent in vitro hepatic metabolic capacity. SN 0022-0302 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 86 IS 11 BP 3447 EP 3459 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73949-6 UT WOS:000186225900007 PM 14672174 ER PT J AU Stabel, JR Goff, JP Kimura, K AF Stabel, JR Goff, JP Kimura, K TI Effects of supplemental energy on metabolic and immune measurements in periparturient dairy cows with Johne's disease SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB The present study was designed to evaluate whether feeding supplemental energy would improve the metabolic profile and alleviate some of the immunosuppression typically noted during the periparturient period in dairy cows with Johne's disease. Twelve dairy cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis were fitted with rumen cannulas in late gestation and assigned to treatment groups: control, n = 6; or stuffed, n = 6. Cows in the control group were allowed to consume feed ad libitum. Cows assigned to the stuffed treatment group were also fed ad libitum but received additional total mixed rations by manually stuffing their rumens with refused feed to maintain dry matter intake of 2% body weight per day before calving and 2.5% body weight per day after calving. Serum nonesterified fatty acid levels were significantly decreased in stuffed cows compared with control cows, indicating that stuffing to maintain dry matter intake improved the energy balance in the cows. In addition, periparturient serum calcium and magnesium concentrations were significantly higher in stuffed cows. Stuffing modulated cell-mediated immunity by reducing lymphocyte proliferative responses to T-cell mitogens during early lactation. Stuffing resulted in an increase in the secretion of in vitro immunoglobulin by peripheral blood mononuclear cells after parturition when compared to control cows. These data demonstrate that energy balance is improved by providing additional energy in this manner and suggest energy supplementation can improve some aspects of immune function during the periparturient period. SN 0022-0302 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 86 IS 11 BP 3527 EP 3535 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73957-5 UT WOS:000186225900015 PM 14672182 ER PT J AU Nonnecke, BJ Foote, MR Smith, JM Pesch, BA Van Amburgh, ME AF Nonnecke, BJ Foote, MR Smith, JM Pesch, BA Van Amburgh, ME TI Composition and functional capacity of blood mononuclear leukocyte populations from neonatal calves on standard and intensified milk replacer diets SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB Effects of increased dietary energy and protein on the composition and functional capacities of blood mononuclear leukocyte populations from milk replacer-fed calves were investigated. Holstein bull calves (average age: 4.2 d; n = 19) were assigned randomly to one of two treatment groups. Treatment 1 calves (n = 9) were fed a 20% crude protein, 20% fat milk replacer at a rate of 1.4% body weight of dry matter/d for 8 wk, whereas treatment 2 calves (n = 10) were fed a 30% crude protein, 20% fat milk replacer at a rate of 2.5% body weight of dry matter per day. Composition and functional capacities of mononuclear leukocyte populations from blood samples collected at 4, 18, 32, 46, and 60 d of age were characterized by flow cytometry and ex vivo cell function assays. From 11 to 60 d of age, the mean daily weight gain of treatment 2 calves (1.20 kg/d) was greater than daily weight gain of treatment 1 calves (0.55 kg/d). At 60 d of age, the mean body weight of treatment two calves was 53% (39 kg) greater than the mean body weight of treatment 1 calves. Total numbers of blood leukocytes and the composition of the mononuclear leukocyte population were unaffected by the plane of nutrition. Mitogen-induced DNA-synthesis and immunoglobulin M secretion also were unaffected by dietary treatment. Blood mononuclear leukocytes from calves on intensified diets, however, produced less interferon. and more inducible nitric oxide, suggesting that increased dietary energy and protein affects specific aspects of leukocyte function associated with cell-mediated immunity. The impact of altered interferon gamma and NO production on the calf's susceptibility to infectious disease are not known. Mononuclear leukocyte populations from all calves also demonstrated age-related changes in composition and functional capacity, likely reflecting natural exposure to infectious agents and maturation of the calf's immune system. SN 0022-0302 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 86 IS 11 BP 3592 EP 3604 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73965-4 UT WOS:000186225900023 PM 14672190 ER PT J AU Bormann, J Wiggans, GR Druet, T Gengler, N AF Bormann, J Wiggans, GR Druet, T Gengler, N TI Within-herd effects of age at test day and lactation stage on test-day yields SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB Variance ratios were estimated for random within-herd effects of age at test day and lactation stage, on test-day yield and somatic cell score to determine whether including these effects would improve the accuracy of estimation. Test-day data starting with 1990 calvings for the entire US Jersey population and Holsteins from California, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Texas were analyzed. Test-day yields were adjusted for across-herd effects using solutions from a regional analysis. Estimates of the relative variance ( fraction of total variance) due to within-herd age effects were small, indicating that regional adjustments for age were adequate. The relative variances for within-herd lactation stage were large enough to indicate that accuracy of genetic evaluations could be improved by including herd stage effects in the model for milk, fat, and protein, but not for somatic cell score. Because the within-herd lactation stage effect is assumed to be random, the effect is regressed toward the regional effects for small herds, but in large herds, lactation curves become herd specific. Model comparisons demonstrated the greater explanatory power of the model with a within-herd-stage effect as prediction error standard deviations were greater for the model without this effect. The benefit of the within-herd-stage effects was confirmed in a random regression model by comparing variance components from models with and without random within-herd regressions and through log-likelihood ratio tests. OI Gengler, Nicolas/0000-0002-5981-5509 SN 0022-0302 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 86 IS 11 BP 3765 EP 3774 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73983-6 UT WOS:000186225900041 PM 14672208 ER PT J AU Onwulata, CI Konstance, RP Cooke, PH Farrell, HM AF Onwulata, CI Konstance, RP Cooke, PH Farrell, HM TI Functionality of extrusion - Texturized whey proteins SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB Whey, a byproduct of the cheesemaking process, is concentrated by processors to make whey protein concentrates (WPC) and isolates (WPI). Only 50% of whey proteins are used in foods. In order to increase their usage, texturizing WPC, WPI, and whey albumin is proposed to create ingredients with new functionality. Extrusion processing texturizes globular proteins by shearing and stretching them into aligned or entangled fibrous bundles. In this study, WPC, WPI, and whey albumin were extruded in a twin screw extruder at approximately 38% moisture content (15.2 ml/min, feed rate 25 g/min) and, at different extrusion cook temperatures, at the same temperature for the last four zones before the die ( 35, 50, 75, and 100 degreesC, respectively). Protein solubility, gelation, foaming, and digestibility were determined in extrudates. Degree of extrusion-induced insolubility ( denaturation) or texturization, determined by lack of solubility at pH 7 for WPI, increased from 30 to 60, 85, and 95% for the four temperature conditions 35, 50, 75, and 100 degreesC, respectively. Gel strength of extruded isolates increased initially 115% (35 degreesC) and 145% (50 degreesC), but gel strength was lost at 75 and 100 degreesC. Denaturation at these melt temperatures had minimal effect on foaming and digestibility. Varying extrusion cook temperature allowed a new controlled rate of denaturation, indicating that a texturized ingredient with a predetermined functionality based on degree of denaturation can be created. SN 0022-0302 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 86 IS 11 BP 3775 EP 3782 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73984-8 UT WOS:000186225900042 PM 14672209 ER PT J AU Tilley, DR Swank, WT AF Tilley, DR Swank, WT TI EMERGY-based environmental systems assessment of a multi-purpose temperate mixed-forest watershed of the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AB Emergy (with an 'm') synthesis was used to assess the balance between nature and humanity and the equity among forest outcomes of a US Forest Service ecosystem management demonstration project on the Wine Spring Creek watershed, a high-elevation (1600 m), temperate forest located in the southern Appalachian mountains of North Carolina, USA. EM embraces a holistic perspective, accounting for the multiple temporal and spatial scales of forest processes and public interactions, to balance the ecological, economic, and social demands placed on land resources. Emergy synthesis is a modeling tool that allows the structure and function of forest ecosystems to be quantified in common units (solar emergy-joules, sej) for easy and meaningful comparison, determining 'system-value' for forcing factors, components, and processes based on the amount of resources required to develop and sustain them, whether they are money, material, energy, or information. The Environmental Loading Ratio (ELR), the units of solar emergy imported into the watershed via human control per unit of indigenous, natural solar emergy, was determined to be 0.42, indicating that the load on the natural environment was not ecologically damaging and that excess ecological capacity existed for increasing non-ecological activities (e.g. timbering, recreation) to achieve an ELR of 1.0 (perfect ecological-economic balance). Three forest outcomes selected to represent the three categories of desired sustainability (ecological, economic, and social) were evaluated in terms of their solar emergy flow to measure outcome equity. Direct economic contribution was an order of magnitude less (224 x 10(12) solar emergy-joules (sej) ha(-1)) than the ecological and social contributions, which were provided at annual rates of 3083 and 2102 x 10(12) sej ha(-1), respectively. Emergy synthesis was demonstrated to holistically integrate and quantify the interconnections of a coupled nature-human system allowing the goals of ecological balance and outcome equity to be measured quantitatively. Published by Elsevier Ltd. SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 69 IS 3 BP 213 EP 227 DI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2003.08.002 UT WOS:000187208500001 PM 14580723 ER PT J AU Allen, LH Albrecht, SL Colon-Guasp, W Covell, SA Baker, JT Pan, DY Boote, KJ AF Allen, LH Albrecht, SL Colon-Guasp, W Covell, SA Baker, JT Pan, DY Boote, KJ TI Methane emissions of rice increased by elevated carbon dioxide and temperature SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB Methane (CH4) effluxes by paddy-culture rice (Oryza sativa L.) contribute about 16% of the total anthropogenic emissions. Since radiative forcing of CH4 at current atmospheric concentrations is 21 times greater on a per mole basis than that of carbon dioxide (CO2), it is imperative that the impact of global change on rice CH4 emissions be evaluated. Rice (cv. IR72) was planted in sunlit, closed-circulation, controlled-environment chambers in which CH4 efflux densities were measured daily. The CO2 concentration was maintained at either 330 or 660 mumol mol(-1). Air temperatures were controlled to daily maxima and minima of 32123, 35/26, and 38/29degreesC at each CO2 treatment. Emissions of CH4 each day were determined during a 4-h period after venting and resealing the chambers at 0800 h. Diurnal CH4 effluxes on 77, 98, and 119 d after planting (DAP) were obtained similarly at 4-h intervals. Emissions over four-plant hills and over flooded bare soil were measured at 53,63, and 100 DAP. Emissions were negligible before 40 DAP. Thereafter, emissions were observed first in high-CO2, high-temperature treatments and reached a sustained maximum efflux density of about 7 mg m(-2) h(-1) (0.17 g m(-2) d(-1)) near the end of the growing season. Total seasonal CH4 emission was fourfold greater for high-CO2, high-temperature treatments than for the low-CO2, low-temperature treatment, probably due to more root sloughing or exudates, since about sixfold more acetate was found in the soil at 71 DAP. Both rising CO2 and increasing temperatures could lead to a positive feedback on global warming by increasing the emissions of CH4 from rice. OI Boote, Kenneth/0000-0002-1358-5496 SN 0047-2425 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 32 IS 6 BP 1978 EP 1991 UT WOS:000186574700004 PM 14674519 ER PT J AU Lin, CH Lerch, RN Garrett, HE Johnson, WG Jordan, D George, MF AF Lin, CH Lerch, RN Garrett, HE Johnson, WG Jordan, D George, MF TI The effect of five forage species on transport and transformation of atrazine and isoxaflutole (balance) in lysimeter leachate SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB A field lysimeter study with bare ground and five different ground covers was established to evaluate the effect of forage grasses on the fate and transport of two herbicides in leachate. The herbicides were atrazine (ATR; 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) and isoxaflutole [IXF-, 5-cyclopropyl-4-(2-methylsulfonyl-4-trifluormethyl-benzoyl)isoxazole], which has the commercial name Balance (Aventis Crop Science, Strasbourg, France). The ground covers included orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). The results suggested that the total IXF (parent + metabolites) showed higher mobility than ATR and its metabolites. Differences in the timing of transport reflected the rapid degradation of IXF to the more soluble, stable, and biologically active diketonitrile (DKN) metabolite in the system. Although grass treatments did not promote the hydrolysis of DKN, they significantly reduced its transport in the leachate through enhanced evapotranspiration. Grass treatments significantly enhanced ATR degradation in the leachates and soils, especially through N dealkylation, but they did not reduce total ATR transported in the leachate. Leachate from the orchardgrass lysimeters contained the highest proportion of ATR metabolites (64.2%). Timothy and smooth bromegrass treatments also displayed a significant increase in ATR metabolites in leachate. Grass-treated lysimeters showed higher microbial biomass carbon than bare ground. For ATR treatments, the proportion of metabolites in the leachate strongly correlated with the elevated soil microbial biomass carbon in forage treatments. In contrast, DKN degradation was poorly correlated with soil microbial biomass carbon, suggesting that DKN degradation is an abiotic process. SN 0047-2425 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 32 IS 6 BP 1992 EP 2000 UT WOS:000186574700005 PM 14674520 ER PT J AU Burt, R Wilson, MA Mays, MD Lee, CW AF Burt, R Wilson, MA Mays, MD Lee, CW TI Major and trace elements of selected pedons in the USA SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB Few studies of soil geochemistry over large geographic areas exist, especially studies encompassing data from major pedogenic horizons that evaluate both native concentrations of elements and anthropogenically contaminated soils. In this study, pedons (n = 486) were analyzed for trace (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) and major (Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, Si, Ti, Zr) elements, as well as other soil properties. The objectives were to (i) determine the concentration range of selected elements in a variety of U.S. soils with and without known anthropogenic additions, (ii) illustrate the association of elemental source and content by assessing trace elemental content for several selected pedons, and (iii) evaluate relationships among and between elements and other soil properties. Trace element concentrations in the non-anthropogenic dataset (NAD) were in the order Mn > (Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu) > (Pb, Co) > (Cd, Hg), with greatest mean total concentrations for the Andisol order. Geometric means by horizon indicate that trace elements are concentrated in surface and/or B horizons over C horizons. Median values for trace elements are significantly higher in surface horizons of the anthropogenic dataset (AD) over the NAD. Total Al, Fe, cation exchange capacity (CEC), organic C, pH, and clay exhibit significant correlations (0.56, 0.74, 0.50, 0.31, 0.16, and 0.30, respectively) with total trace element concentrations of all horizons of the NAD. Manganese shows the best inter-element correlation (0.33) with these associated total concentrations. Total Fe has one of the strongest relationships, explaining 55 and 30% of the variation in total trace element concentrations for all horizons in the NAD and AD, respectively. SN 0047-2425 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 32 IS 6 BP 2109 EP 2121 UT WOS:000186574700018 PM 14674533 ER PT J AU Shuster, WD Shipitalo, MJ Subler, S Aref, S McCoy, EL AF Shuster, WD Shipitalo, MJ Subler, S Aref, S McCoy, EL TI Earthworm additions affect leachate production and nitrogen losses in typical midwestern agroecosystems SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB Earthworms affect soil structure and the movement of agrochemicals. Yet, there have been few field-scale studies that quantify the effect of earthworms on dissolved nitrogen fluxes in agroecosystems. We investigated the influence of semi-annual earthworm additions on leachate production and quality in different row crop agroecosystems. Chisel-till corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] rotation (CT) and ridge-till corn-soybean-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) rotation (RT) plots were arranged in a complete randomized block design (n = 3) with earthworm treatments (addition and ambient) as subplots where zero-tension lysimeters were placed 45 cm below ground. We assessed earthworm populations semi-annually and collected leachate biweekly over a three-year period and determined leachate volume and concentrations of total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). Abundance of deep-burrowing earthworms was increased in addition treatments over ambient and for both agroecosystems. Leachate loss was similar among agroecosystems, but earthworm additions increased leachate production in the range of 4.5 to 45.2% above ambient in CT cropping. Although leachate TIN and DON concentrations were generally similar between agroecosystems or earthworm treatments, transport of TIN was significantly increased in addition treatments over ambient in CT cropping due to increased leachate volume. Losses of total nitrogen in leachate loadings were up to approximately 10% of agroecosystem N inputs. The coincidence of (i) soluble N production and availability and (ii) preferential leaching pathways formed by deep-burrowing earthworms thereby increased N losses from the CT agroecosystem at the 45-cm depth. Processing of N compounds and transport in soil water from RT cropping were more affected by management phase and largely independent of earthworm activity. SN 0047-2425 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 32 IS 6 BP 2132 EP 2139 UT WOS:000186574700020 PM 14674535 ER PT J AU Tomer, MD Burkart, MR AF Tomer, MD Burkart, MR TI Long-term effects of nitrogen fertilizer use on ground water nitrate in two small watersheds SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB Changes in agricultural management can minimize NO3-N leaching, but then the time needed to improve ground water quality is uncertain. A study was conducted in two first-order watersheds (30 and 34 ha) in Iowa's Loess Hills. Both were managed in continuous corn (Zea mays L.) from 1964 through 1995 with similar N fertilizer applications (average 178 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)), except one received applications averaging 446 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) between 1969 and 1974. This study determined if NO3-N from these large applications could persist in ground water and baseflow, and affect comparison between new crop rotations implemented in 1996. Piezometer nests were installed and deep cores collected in 1996, then ground water levels and NO3-N concentrations were monitored. Tritium and stable isotopes (H-2, O-18) were determined on 33 water samples in 2001. Baseflow from the heavily N-fertilized watershed had larger average NO3-N concentrations, by 8 mg L-1. Time-of-travel calculations and tritium data showed ground water resides in these watersheds for decades. "Bomb-peak" precipitation (1963-1980) most influenced tritium concentrations near lower slope positions, while deep ground water was dominantly pre-1953 precipitation. Near the stream, greater recharge and mixed-age ground water was suggested by stable isotope and tritium data, respectively. Using sediment-core data collected from the deep unsaturated zone between 1972 and 1996, the increasing depth of a NO3-N pulse was related to cumulative baseflow (r(2) = 0.98), suggesting slow downward movement of NO3-N since the first experiment. Management changes implemented in 1996 will take years to fully influence ground water NO3-N. Determining ground water quality responses to new agricultural practices may take decades in some watersheds. SN 0047-2425 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 32 IS 6 BP 2158 EP 2171 UT WOS:000186574700023 PM 14674538 ER PT J AU Sharpley, A Kleinman, P AF Sharpley, A Kleinman, P TI Effect of rainfall simulator and plot scale on overland flow and phosphorus transport SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB Rainfall simulation experiments are widely used to study erosion and contaminant transport in overland flow. We investigated the use of two rainfall simulators designed to rain on 2-m-long (2-m(2)) and 10.7-m-long (32.6-m(2)) plots to estimate overland flow and phosphorus (P) transport in comparison with watershed-scale data. Simulated rainfall (75 mm h(-1)) generated more overland flow from 2-m-long (20 L m(2)) than from 10.7-m-long (10 L m(2)) plots established in grass, no-till corn (Zea mays L.), and recently tilled fields, because a relatively greater area of the smaller plots became saturated (>75% of area) during rainfall compared with large plots (<75% area). Although average concentrations of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in overland flow were greater from 2-m-long (0.50 mg L-1) than 10.7-m-long (0.35 mg L-1) plots, the relationship between DRP and Mehlich-3 soil P (as defined by regression slope) was similar for both plots and for published watershed data (0.0022 for grassed, 0.0036 for no-till, and 0.0112 for tilled sites). Conversely, sediment, particulate phosphorus (PP), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and selective transport of soil fines (<2 mum) were significantly lower from 2- than 10.7-m-long plots. However, slopes of the logarithmic regression between P enrichment ratio and sediment discharge were similar (0.281-0.301) for 2- and 10.7-m-long plots, and published watershed data. While concentrations and loads of P change with plot scales, processes governing DRP and PP transport in overland flow are consistent, supporting the limited use of small plots and rainfall simulators to assess the relationship between soil P and overland flow P as a function of soil type and management. SN 0047-2425 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 32 IS 6 BP 2172 EP 2179 UT WOS:000186574700024 PM 14674539 ER PT J AU Potter, TL Truman, CC Bosch, DD Bednarz, CW AF Potter, TL Truman, CC Bosch, DD Bednarz, CW TI Cotton defoliant runoff as a function of active ingredient and tillage SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) defoliant runoff was recently identified as an ecological risk. However, assessments are not supported by field studies. Runoff potential of three defoliant active ingredients, dimethipin (2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4-dithiin 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide), thidiazuron (N-phenyl-N-1,2,3-thidiazol-5-yl-urea), and tribufos (S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate) was investigated by rainfall simulation on strip (ST) and conventionally tilled (CT) cotton in south central Georgia. Simulated rainfall timing relative to defoliant application (1 h after) represented an extreme worst-case scenario; however, weather records indicate that it was not unrealistic for the region. Thidiazuron and tribufos losses were 12 to 15% of applied. Only 2 to 5% of the more water soluble dimethipin was lost. Although ST erosion rates were less, loss of tribufos, a strongly sorbing compound, was not affected. Higher sediment-water partition coefficients (k(d)) were measured in ST samples. This likely explains why no tillage related differences in loss rates were observed, but it is unknown whether this result can be generalized. The study was conducted in the first year following establishment of tillage treatments at the study site. As soil conditions stabilize, ST impacts may change. Data provide an estimate of the maximum amount of the defoliants that will run off during a single postapplication storm event. Use of these values in place of the default value in runoff simulation models used in pesticide risk assessments will likely improve risk estimate accuracy and enhance evaluation of comparative risk among these active ingredients. SN 0047-2425 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 32 IS 6 BP 2180 EP 2188 UT WOS:000186574700025 PM 14674540 ER PT J AU Kim, JH Papiernik, SK Farmer, WJ Gan, JY Yates, SR AF Kim, JH Papiernik, SK Farmer, WJ Gan, JY Yates, SR TI Effect of formulation on the behavior of 1,3-dichloropropene in soil SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB The fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) has been identified as a partial replacement for methyl bromide (CH3Br) in soil fumigation. 1,3-Dichloropropene is formulated for soil fumigation as Telone 11 (Dow AgroSciences, Indianapolis, IN) for shank application and as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) (Telone EC or InLine; Dow AgroSciences) for drip application. This study investigated the effect of formulation on the phase partitioning, transformation rate, and volatilization of 1,3-D isomers. Air-water partitioning coefficients (K-H) were slightly higher for Telone 11 than for Telone EC, presumably due to the higher apparent water solubility of the EC formulation. Sorption of 1,3-D isomers in two soils was not affected by formulation. Formulation had no significant effect on the rate of 1,3-D transformation in water or soil. In general, differences in the rate of 1,3-D transformation and phase partitioning due to formulation as Telone 11 or Telone EC were very small. Thus, the effect of formulation on 1,3-D fate may be ignored in transformation and phase partition of 1,3-D in water and soil. Packed soil columns without plastic tarp indicated that with relatively shallow subsurface (10 cm) drip application of Telone EC, emission of 1,3-D isomers was more rapid and produced greater maximum instantaneous flux than deeper (30 cm) shank injection of Telone II. Both application methods resulted in the same cumulative emissions for both isomers, 45% for (E)-1,3-D and approximately 50% for (Z)-1,3-D. These results suggest that for drip application of fumigants to be effective in reducing emissions, the fumigant must be applied at sufficient depths to prevent rapid volatilization from the soil surface if the water application rate does not sufficiently restrict vapor diffusion. SN 0047-2425 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 32 IS 6 BP 2223 EP 2229 UT WOS:000186574700030 PM 14674545 ER PT J AU Mackowiak, CL Grossl, PR Bugbee, BG AF Mackowiak, CL Grossl, PR Bugbee, BG TI Biogeochemistry of fluoride in a plant-solution system SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB Fluoride (F-) pollutants can harm plants and the animals feeding on them. However, it is largely unknown how complexing and chelating agents affect F bioavailability. Two studies were conducted that measured F- bioavailability and uptake by rice (Oryza sativa L.). In the first study, rice was grown in solution culture (pH 5.0) with 0, 2, or 4 mM F- as KF to compare the interaction of F- with humic acid (HA) and with a conventional chelating agent, N-hydroxyethylenthy-lenediaminetriacetic acid (HEDTA). In the second study, F was supplied at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mM KF with an additional 2 mM F- treatment containing solution Ca at 2x (2 mM Ca) the level used in the first study, to test the effect added Ca had on F- availability and uptake. Total biomass was greatest with HEDTA and F- < 1 mM. Leaf and stem F concentrations increased exponentially as solution F- increased linearly, with nearly no F partitioning into the seed. Results suggest that F was taken up as HF0 while F- uptake was likely restricted. Additionally, F- competed with HA for Ca, thus preventing the formation of Ca-HA flocculents. The addition of soluble Ca resulted in the precipitation of CaF2 solids on the root surface, as determined by tissue analysis and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. RI bugbee, bruce/I-5008-2012 SN 0047-2425 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 32 IS 6 BP 2230 EP 2237 UT WOS:000186574700031 PM 14674546 ER PT J AU Fuhrmann, M Lasat, M Ebbs, S Cornish, J Kochian, L AF Fuhrmann, M Lasat, M Ebbs, S Cornish, J Kochian, L TI Uptake and release of cesium-137 by five plant species as influenced by soil amendments in field experiments SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB Phytoextraction field experiments were conducted on soil contaminated with 0.39 to 8.7 Bq/g of Cs-137 to determine the capacity of five plant species to accumulate Cs-137 and the effects of three soil treatments on uptake. The plants tested were redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L. var. aureus); a mixture of redroot pigweed and spreading pigweed (A. graecizans L.); purple amaranth (A. cruteus L.) x Powell's amaranth (A. powellii S. Watson), referred to here as the amaranth hybrid; Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.]; and cabbage (Brassica oteracea L. var. capitata). For control plants, the concentration ratios (CR) of Cs-137 were greatest for redroot pigweed and the amaranth hybrid, with average CR values of 1.0 +/- 0.24 and 0.95 +/- 0.14, respectively. The lowest value was for Indian mustard at 0.36 +/- 0.10. The soil treatments included (i) application of NH4NO3 solution to the soil after plants had matured, (ii) addition of composted manure to increase organic matter content of the soil, (iii) combination of the manure and ammonium solution treatments, and (iv) controls. The ammonium solution gave little overall increase in accumulation of Cs-137. The use of composted manure also had little influence, but the combination of the composted manure with application of ammonium solutions had a distinctly negative effect on plant uptake of Cs-137. On average the fraction of Cs-137 taken up from the soil was reduced by 57.4 +/- 1.2% compared with controls. This was the result of release of competing ions, primarily Ca, from the manure and was observed across all five plant species tested. The application of ammonium solution took place in the last two weeks before harvest. The reduction of plant Cs-137 content, by addition of the ammonium solution, as it interacted with the manure, indicates that substantial quantities (CS)-C-137 can be released from the shoots of plants as a result of sudden changes in soil solution chemistry. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X; Ebbs, Stephen/0000-0003-4042-9234 SN 0047-2425 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 32 IS 6 BP 2272 EP 2279 UT WOS:000186574700036 PM 14674551 ER PT J AU Pote, DH Kingery, WL Aiken, GE Han, FX Moore, PA Buddington, K AF Pote, DH Kingery, WL Aiken, GE Han, FX Moore, PA Buddington, K TI Water-quality effects of incorporating poultry litter into perennial grassland soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AB Poultry litter provides a rich source of nutrients for perennial forages, but the usual practice of surface-applying litter to pastures can degrade water quality by allowing nutrients to be transported from fields in surface runoff, while much of the NH4-N volatilizes. Incorporating litter into the soil can minimize such problems in tilled systems, but has not been used for perennial forage systems. In this study, we minimized disturbance of the crop, thatch, and soil structure by using a knifing technique to move litter into the root zone. Our objective was to determine effects of poultry litter incorporation on quantity and quality of runoff water. Field plots were constructed on a silt loam soil with well-established bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and mixed grass forage. Each plot had 8 to 10% slopes, borders to isolate runoff, and a downslope trough with sampling pit. Poultry litter was applied (5.6 Mg ha(-1)) by one of three methods: surface-applied, incorporated, or surface-applied on soil-aeration cuts. There were six treatment replications and three controls (no litter). Nutrient concentrations and mass losses in runoff from incorporated titter were significantly lower (generally 80-95% less) than in runoff from surface-applied litter. By the second year of treatment, litter-incorporated soils had greater rain infiltration rates, water-holding capacities, and sediment retention than soils receiving surface-applied litter. Litter incorporation also showed a strong tendency to increase forage yield. SN 0047-2425 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 32 IS 6 BP 2392 EP 2398 UT WOS:000186574700050 PM 14674565 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Cawthorn, RJ Speer, CA Wobeser, GA AF Dubey, JP Cawthorn, RJ Speer, CA Wobeser, GA TI Redescription of the sarcocysts of Sarcocystis rileyi (Apicomplexa : Sarcocystidae) SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY AB The intermediate hosts for Sarcocystis rileyi (Stiles 1893) Minchin 1913 are ducks (Anas spp.), and the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) is its definitive host. The structure of sarcocysts from an experimentally infected shoveler duck (Anas cylpeata) fed sporocysts from an experimentally-infected M. mephitis was studied and compared with type specimens from a naturally infected duck. The experimentally infected duck was killed 154 d after feeding sporocysts. By light microscopy the sarcocyst wall was 3-5 mum thick with indistinct villar protrusions. Ultrastructurally, the sarcocyst wall was a type-23 cyst wall with anastomosing villar protrusions that were up to 7.5 mum long. The villar projections contained filamentous structures. The bradyzoites were 12-14 mum long. Structurally, the sarcocyst from the naturally infected and experimentally infected ducks appeared similar. SN 1066-5234 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 50 IS 6 BP 476 EP 482 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00274.x UT WOS:000186184900012 PM 14733440 ER PT J AU Long, SP Bernacchi, CJ AF Long, SP Bernacchi, CJ TI Gas exchange measurements, what can they tell us about the underlying limitations to photosynthesis? Procedures and sources of error SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB The principles, equipment and procedures for measuring leaf and canopy gas exchange have been described previously as has chlorophyll fluorescence. Simultaneous measurement of the responses of leaf gas exchange and modulated chlorophyll fluorescence to light and CO2 concentration now provide a means to determine a wide range of key biochemical and biophysical limitations on photo synthesis in vivo. Here the mathematical frameworks and practical procedures for determining these parameters in vivo are consolidated. Leaf CO2 uptake (A) versus intercellular CO2 concentration (C-i) curves may now be routinely obtained from commercial gas exchange systems. The potential pitfalls, and means to avoid these, are examined. Calculation of in vivo maximum rates of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) carboxylation (V-c,V-max), electron transport driving regeneration of RuBP (J(max)), and triose-phosphate utilization (V-TPU) are explained; these three parameters are now widely assumed to represent the major limitations to light-saturated photosynthesis. Precision in determining these in intact leaves is improved by the simultaneous measurement of electron transport via modulated chlorophyll fluorescence. The A/C-i response also provides a simple practical method for quantifying the limitation that stomata impose on CO2 assimilation. Determining the rate of photorespiratory release of oxygen (R-l) has previously only been possible by isotopic methods, now, by combining gas exchange and fluorescence measurements, R-l may be determined simply and routinely in the field. The physical diffusion of CO2 from the intercellular air space to the site of Rubisco in C-3 leaves has long been suspected of being a limitation on photosynthesis, but it has commonly been ignored because of the lack of a practical method for its determination. Again combining gas exchange and fluorescence provides a means to determine mesophyll conductance. This method is described and provides insights into the magnitude and basis of this limitation. RI Long, Stephen/A-2488-2008; Ahmad, Mukhtar/G-7346-2012; OI Long, Stephen/0000-0002-8501-7164; Ahmad, Mukhtar/0000-0002-7223-5541; Bernacchi, Carl/0000-0002-2397-425X SN 0022-0957 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 54 IS 392 BP 2393 EP 2401 DI 10.1093/jxb/erg262 UT WOS:000186145100002 PM 14512377 ER PT J AU Kozempel, M Goldberg, N Dickens, JA Ingram, KD Graig, JC AF Kozempel, M Goldberg, N Dickens, JA Ingram, KD Graig, JC TI Scale-up and field test of the vacuum/steam/vacuum surface intervention process for poultry SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING AB The Vacuum/Steam/Vacuum surface intervention pilot plant processor was scaled up to a mobile unit that can be transported to close proximity of chicken processing plants. After several modifications to the mandrel that supports the broiler carcass in the treatment chamber to minimize mechanical damage, the unit was capable of 1.1 log cfu/mL kill of inoculated Listeria innocua and 1.4 log cfu/mL kill of inoculated E. coli K-12. Field tests achieved 1.4 log kill of E. coli and 1.2 log kill of Campylobacter on freshly processed chicken using 3 cycles and 138C saturated steam. But, there was extensive mechanical damage. ne mandrel was modified in the Eastern Regional Research Center pilot plant to eliminate the mechanical damage. With mechanical damage eliminated, the bacteria kill was 1.1-1.5 log of inoculated E. coli K-12 with a total process time of 1.1 S. SN 0145-8876 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 26 IS 5 BP 447 EP 468 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2003.tb00612.x UT WOS:000187621000003 ER PT J AU Kim, YS Flores, RA Chung, OK Bechtel, DB AF Kim, YS Flores, RA Chung, OK Bechtel, DB TI Physical, chemical, and thermal characterization of wheat flour milling coproducts SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING AB Hard red winter (HRW and hard red spring (HRS) wheat milling coproducts (bran, germ, shorts, and red dog) from three commercial flour mills and the Kansas State University pilot mill were evaluated for differences in physical, chemical, and thermal properties. The ranges of bulk density for bran, germ, and red dog determined at three moisture levels were 146.5 to 205.2 kgm(-3), 269.2 to 400.6 kgm(-3) and 298.9 to 398.1 kgm(-3), respectively. The true density ranking order was: red dog > shorts = germ > bran, independently of the moisture level. Red dog had the smallest geometrical mean diameter with the highest variation (coefficient of variation of 23.8%). There was a significant (P > 0.05) difference among wheat blends and milling flows in the thickness of bran and germ at the same particle separation size. The image analysis study determined that the equivalent projected area diameter of bran at the same separation size was signiflcantly (P < 0.05) larger than that of germ. The ratio between the equivalent projected area diameter and the particle thickness were within ranges of 15.7 to 37.6 for bran and 15.5 to 32.2 for germ particles. ne chemical composition (ash, protein, lipids and fiber) ranges were determined for each coproduct. Ranges of thermal conductivity for bran, germ, shorts, and red dog were 0.049 to 0.074, 0.054 to 0.0907, 0.057 to 0.076, and 0.063 to 0.080 W(mK)(-1), respectively. Specific heat of coproducts, measured with a differential scanning calorimeter, exhibited a wider range [1.08 - 1.94 kJ(kgK)(-1)] than that observed in whole wheat kernels and wheat flour. ne variability observed among the samples was due to the different wheat sources and characteristic milling flows for the flour mills. SN 0145-8876 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 26 IS 5 BP 469 EP 488 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2003.tb00613.x UT WOS:000187621000004 ER PT J AU Barkocy-Gallagher, GA Arthur, TM Rivera-Betancourt, M Nou, XW Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M AF Barkocy-Gallagher, GA Arthur, TM Rivera-Betancourt, M Nou, XW Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M TI Seasonal prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, including O157 : H7 and non-O157 serotypes, and Salmonella in commercial beef processing plants SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB The seasonal prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, non-O157 E. coli (STEC), and stx-harboring cells was monitored at three Midwestern fed-beef processing plants. Overall, E. coli O157:H7 was recovered from 5.9% of fecal samples, 60.6% of hide samples, and 26.7% of carcasses sampled before the preevisceration wash. This pathogen also was recovered from 1.2% (15 of 1,232) of carcasses sampled at chilling (postintervention) at approximate levels of <3.0 cells per 100 cm(2). In one case, the E. coli O157:117 concentration dropped from ca. 1,100 cells per 320 cm2 at the preevisceration stage to a level that was undetectable on ca. 2,500 cm(2) at the postintervention stage. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in feces peaked in the summer, whereas its prevalence on hide was high from the spring through the fall. Overall, Salmonella was recovered from 4.4, 71.0, and 12.7% of fecal, hide, and preevisceration carcass samples, respectively. Salmonella was recovered from one postintervention carcass (of 1,016 sampled). Salmonella prevalence peaked in feces in the summer and was highest on hide and preevisceration carcasses in the summer and the fall. Non-O157 STEC prevalence also appeared to vary by season, but the efficiency in the recovery of isolates from stx-positive samples ranged from 37.5 to 83.8% and could have influenced these results. Cells harboring stx genes were detected by PCR in 34.3, 92.0, 96.6, and 16.2% of fecal, hide, preevisceration carcass, and postintervention carcass samples, respectively. The approximate level of non-O157 STEC and stx-harboring cells on postintervention carcasses was <3.0 cells per 100 cm(2) for only 8 of 199 carcasses (4.0%). Overall, the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and non-O157 STEC varied by season, was higher on hides than in feces, and decreased dramatically, along with pathogen levels, during processing and during the application of antimicrobial interventions. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the current interventions used by the industry and highlight the significance of hides as a major source of pathogens on beef carcasses. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 SN 0362-028X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 66 IS 11 BP 1978 EP 1986 UT WOS:000186488900003 PM 14627272 ER PT J AU Nou, XW Rivera-Betancourt, M Bosilevac, JM Wheeler, TL Shackelford, SD Gwartney, BL Reagan, JO Koohmaraie, M AF Nou, XW Rivera-Betancourt, M Bosilevac, JM Wheeler, TL Shackelford, SD Gwartney, BL Reagan, JO Koohmaraie, M TI Effect of chemical dehairing on the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and the levels of aerobic bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae on carcasses in a commercial beef processing plant SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that cleaning cattle hides by removing hair and extraneous matter before hide removal would result in improved microbiological quality of carcasses in commercial beef processing plants. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of chemical dehairing of cattle hides on the prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and the levels of aerobic bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae on carcasses. Samples from 240 control (conventionally processed) and 240 treated (chemically dehaired before hide removal) hides (immediately after stunning but before treatment) and preevisceration carcasses (immediately after hide removal) were obtained from four visits to a commercial beef processing plant. Total aerobic plate counts (APC) and Enterobacteriaceae counts (EBC) were not (P > 0.05) different between cattle designated for chemical dehairing (8.1 and 5.9 log CFU/100 cm(2) for APC and EBC, respectively) and cattle designated for conventional processing (8.0 and 5.7 log CFU/100 cm(2) for APC and EBC, respectively). However, E. coli O157:H7 hide prevalence was higher (P < 0.05) for the control group than for the treated group (67% versus 88%). In contrast to hides, the bacterial levels were lower (P < 0.05) on the treated (3.5 and 1.4 log CFU/100 cm(2) for APC and EBC) than the control (5.5 and 3.2 log CFU/100 cm(2) for APC and EBC) preevisceration carcasses. Prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 was lower (P > 0.05) on treated than on control preevisceration carcasses (1% versus 50%). These data indicate that chemical debairing of cattle hides is an effective intervention to reduce the incidence of hide-to-carcass contamination with pathogens. The data also imply that any effective hide intervention process incorporated into beef processing procedures would significantly reduce carcass contamination by E. coli O157:H7. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 SN 0362-028X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 66 IS 11 BP 2005 EP 2009 UT WOS:000186488900006 PM 14627275 ER PT J AU Solow, BT Cloak, OM Fratamico, PM AF Solow, BT Cloak, OM Fratamico, PM TI Effect of temperature on viability of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli on raw chicken or pork skin SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB To determine growth and survival of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli on chicken and pork, Campylobacter Spp. (10(4) CFU/cm(2)) were inoculated on pieces of raw, irradiated chicken or pork skin and exposed to temperatures ranging from -20 to 42degreesC under either microaerobic or aerobic conditions. Viable counts over 48 h declined 2 to 3 log CFU/cm2 at -20degreesC and 1 to 2 log CFU/cm(2) at 25degreesC regardless of skin type, species of Campylobacter, or level of oxygen. At 4degreesC, there was no significant change in the number of Campylobacter over 48 It. At both 37 and 42degreesC, the number of viable Campylobacter increased significantly (2 to 3 log CFU/cm(2), p < 0.0001) under microaerobic conditions but decreased 0.5 to 1.5 log CFU/cm(2) in air. Preincubation of skins for 24 h at 42degreesC under microacrobic conditions to establish Campylobacter on the surface prior to lowering the temperature to -20, 4, or 25degreesC and incubating in air resulted in a decline in viability for the first 4 h (0.5 to 1 log CFU/cm(2)). However, after this initial drop in viability, no additional effect on viability was observed compared with incubation at -20, 4, or 25degreesC in air without microaerobic preincubation at 42degreesC. Preincubation of inoculated skins at -20, 4, or 25degreesC in air for 24 h followed by a shift in temperature to 42degreesC for 4, 8, 24, or 48 It and a shift to microaerobic conditions resulted in an overall decline in viability on raw pork skin but not on raw chicken skin. In contrast, preincubation of inoculated skins at -20, 4, or 25'C for 24 h in air followed by a shift in temperature to 37degreesC and microacrobic conditions did not result in a decrease in viable counts for either chicken or pork skins. Overall, viability of C. coli and C. jejuni on chicken and pork skins was similar. Therefore, a lower incidence of Campylobacter spp. in pork than in poultry postslaughter, despite a similar prevalence in live animals, is not due to differences in viability of C. coli versus C. jejuni on raw chicken or pork skin. SN 0362-028X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 66 IS 11 BP 2023 EP 2031 UT WOS:000186488900009 PM 14627278 ER PT J AU Sommers, C Fan, XT Niemira, BA Sokorai, K AF Sommers, C Fan, XT Niemira, BA Sokorai, K TI Radiation (gamma) resistance and postirradiation growth of Listeria monocytogenes suspended in beef bologna containing sodium diacetate and potassium lactate SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB Listeria monocytogenes, a psychrotrophic foodborne pathogen, is a frequent postprocessing contaminant of ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products, including frankfurters and bologna. Ionizing radiation can eliminate L. monocytogenes from RTE meats. When they are incorporated into fine-emulsion sausages, sodium diacetate (SDA) and potassium lactate (PL) mixtures inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes. The radiation resistance of L. monocytogenes, and its ability to proliferate during long-term refrigerated storage (9degreesC), when inoculated into beef bologna that contained 0% SDA-O% PL, 0.07% SDA-1% PL, and 0.15% SDA-2% PL, were determined. The radiation doses required to eliminate 90% of the viable L. monocytogenes cells were 0.56 kGy for bologna containing 0% SDA-O% PL, 0.53 kGy for bologna containing 0.07% SDA-1% PL, and 0.46 kGy for bologna containing 0.15% SDA-2% PL. L. monocytogenes was able to proliferate on bologna containing 0% SDA-O% PL during refrigerated storage, but the onset of proliferation was delayed by the addition of the SDA-PL mixtures. An ionizing radiation dose of 3.0 kGy prevented the proliferation of L monocytogenes and background microflora in bologna containing 0.07% SDA-1% PL and in bologna containing 0.15% SDA-2% PL over 8 weeks of storage at 9degreesC. Little effect on lipid oxidation and color of the control bologna, or bologna containing SDA-PL mixtures, was observed upon irradiation at either 1.5 or 3.0 kGy. SN 0362-028X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 66 IS 11 BP 2051 EP 2056 UT WOS:000186488900013 PM 14627282 ER PT J AU Bailey, JS Cosby, DE AF Bailey, JS Cosby, DE TI Detection of Salmonella from chicken rinses and chicken hot dogs with the automated BAX PCR system SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB The BAX system with automated PCR detection was compared with standard cultural procedures for the detection of naturally occurring and spiked Salmonella in 183 chicken carcass rinses and 90 chicken hot dogs. The automated assay procedure consists of overnight growth (16 to 18 h) of the sample in buffered peptone broth at 35degreesC, transfer of the sample to lysis tubes, incubation and lysis of the cells, transfer of the sample to PCR tubes, and placement of tubes into the cycler-detector, which runs automatically. The automated PCR detection assay takes about 4 It after 16 to 24 h of overnight preerichment. The culture procedure consists of preerichment, enrichment, plating, and serological confirmation and takes about 72 h. Three trials involving 10 to 31 samples were carried out for each product. Some samples were spiked with Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Montevideo, and Salmonella Enteritidis at 1 to 250 cells per ml of rinse or 1 to 250 cells per g of meat. For unspiked chicken rinses, Salmonella was detected in 2 of 61 samples with the automated system and in 1 of 61 samples with the culture method. Salmonella was recovered from 111 of 122 spiked samples with the automated PCR system and from 113 of 122 spiked samples with the culture method. For chicken hot dogs, Salmonella was detected in all 60 of the spiked samples with both the automated PCR and the culture procedures. For the 30 unspiked samples, Salmonella was recovered from 19 samples with the automated PCR system and from 10 samples with the culture method. The automated PCR system provided reliable Salmonella screening of chicken product samples within 24 h. SN 0362-028X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 66 IS 11 BP 2138 EP 2140 UT WOS:000186488900026 PM 14627295 ER PT J AU Shih, FF Daigle, KW AF Shih, FF Daigle, KW TI Antioxidant properties of milled-rice co-products and their effects on lipid oxidation in ground beef SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB Antioxidant properties were analyzed for methanolic extracts of rice seeds, milled-rice co-products, and other selected plant seeds, including cottonseed, soybean, and corn. Values of antioxidant effectiveness ranged from 45% to 86%, based on 100% activity at no change in color during the beta-carotene bleaching test. A correlation exists between the antioxidant activity and the total phenolic content of the rice ingredient extracts (r(2) = 0.81). When selected extracts were applied to ground beef, the lipid oxidation was inhibited by, in relative effectiveness, rice hull > rice bran > brown rice. When applied directly to the beef, both defatted brown rice flour and rice bran strongly retarded the lipid oxidation. SN 0022-1147 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 9 BP 2672 EP 2675 UT WOS:000187350600009 ER PT J AU Niemira, BA AF Niemira, BA TI Radiation sensitivity and recoverability of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella on 4 lettuce types SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB Listeria monocytogenes or Salmonella was inoculated onto Boston, Iceberg, Green leaf, and Red leaf lettuces. Samples were gamma-irradiated, and the radiation sensitivity of the inoculated bacteria determined. Recovery of bacteria from nonirradiated leaf pieces was also measured. Although the radiation sensitivity of L monocytogenes was not influenced by the associated lettuce type, Salmonella was significantly less sensitive on Green leaf lettuce than on Boston, Iceberg, or Red leaf lettuces. For each pathogen, the recoverability from inoculated leaf pieces was. significantly different among the 4 lettuce types; the pattern of recovery of L. monocytogenes was distinct from that of Salmonella. The antimicrobial efficacy of irradiation on inoculated lettuce was influenced by relatively subtle differences between lettuce types. SN 0022-1147 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 9 BP 2784 EP 2787 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb05805.x UT WOS:000187350600027 ER PT J AU Liao, CH Shollenberger, LM Phillips, JG AF Liao, CH Shollenberger, LM Phillips, JG TI Lethal and sublethal action of acetic acid on Salmonella in vitro and on cut surfaces of apple slices SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AB Antimicrobial action of acetic acid (AA) on Salmonella as affected by acid concentration, exposure time, culture age, and bacterial strains was investigated. Relative susceptibility of 6 Salmonella serovars to AA action was in the following order: S. bareilly > S. typhimurium > S. montevideo > S. poona > S. mbandaka > S. stanley. The stationary-phase cells of S. mbandaka were 100-fold more resistant to AA action than the log-phase cells. A mixture of Salmonella strains at a specified physiological stage should be used when testing the efficacy of the sanitizer treatment. Washing apple disks with NaOCl, H2O2 AA, or Na3PO4 greatly reduced the number of Salmonella and 30% to 40% of cells that survived were injured. Washing with a mixture of AA and H2O2 was the most effective removing Salmonella from apple disks. RI Shollenberger, Lisa/A-1826-2009 OI Shollenberger, Lisa/0000-0002-0943-0838 SN 0022-1147 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 68 IS 9 BP 2793 EP 2798 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2003.tb05807.x UT WOS:000187350600029 ER PT J AU Basile, B Marsal, J Solar, LI Tyree, MT Bryla, DR Dejong, TM AF Basile, B Marsal, J Solar, LI Tyree, MT Bryla, DR Dejong, TM TI Hydraulic conductance of peach trees grafted on rootstocks with differing size-controlling potentials SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY AB The objective of this study was to evaluate the hydraulic conductance in various components of peach trees grown on rootstocks with contrasting size-controlling potentials. The experiment was conducted on 'Crimson Lady' peach trees grafted onto two rootstocks: a semi-dwarfing rootstock, K-146-44 (P. salicina X P. persica hybrid) and a vigorous rootstock, Nemaguard (seed-propagated Prunus persica X P. davidiana hybrid). Hydraulic conductance of leaves, stems, trunk, graft union, and root system was measured in the scion/rootstocks with a high-pressure flow meter. Total leaf area and dry-matter partitioning into main tree components were also determined. The above and below ground portions of trees grown on Nemaguard rootstock were 393% and 299% larger, respectively, than trees grown on K-146-44 rootstock. Whether trees were grafted on Nemaguard or K-146-44, the root system accounted for most of the resistance to water flow through the tree. When hydraulic conductance was expressed per unit leaf area, trees on K-146-44 rootstock had significantly lower root conductance than trees on Nemaguard rootstock. Rootstocks had no effect on hydraulic conductance through the scion or the graft union. Trees on K-146-44 also partitioned relatively more dry matter to roots and leaves and less to stems than trees on Nemaguard. The results suggest that high root resistance plays a central role in the dwarfing mechanism induced by the size-controlling rootstock. RI Marsal, Jordi/A-1563-2010; OI Marsal, Jordi/0000-0003-4375-6441; BASILE, Boris/0000-0002-4207-576X SN 1462-0316 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 78 IS 6 BP 768 EP 774 UT WOS:000187580900004 ER PT J AU Scagel, CF AF Scagel, CF TI Soil pasteurization and inoculation with Glomus intraradices alters flower production and bulb composition of Zephyranthes spp. SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY AB We assessed whether adding inoculum of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (VAMF) Glomus intraradices into growing medium of three Zephyranthes spp (White Rain Lily [WRL], Z. candida; Pink Fairy Lily [PFL], Z. robusta; Yellow Zephyr Lily [YZL], Z. sulphurea) alters aspects of flower and bulb production. Shoots of inoculated plants emerged 7-13 d earlier than those of non-inoculated plants. Inoculation slightly delayed the emergence of flower buds on WRL and PFL, but did not delay the time of flower opening of WRL. Inoculated YZL flowered 4-11 d earlier than non-inoculated plants. The number of flowers produced by YZL was consistently increased by inoculation, while the inoculation with VAMF increased flower production by WRL and PFL only when plants were growing in pasteurized soil. Leaf biomass of inoculated WRL was larger than non-inoculated plants, while leaf biomass was generally smaller in inoculated PFL and YZL. Partitioning of biomass to bulbs and offsets varied with species, soil pasteurization, and inoculation. Inoculation increased the combined weight of bulbs and offsets at the end of the second growing cycle by 50-150%. Inoculated YZL and WRL consistently produced more offsets in the second growing season after inoculation. For all species, inoculation increased phosphorus and carbohydrates and decreased nitrogen and amino acids in bulbs. Adding VAMF into the growing medium of Zephyranthes altered aspects of plant development and biomass partitioning important to flower and bulb production during the first growing cycle after inoculation, and most effects of VAMF inoculation are more pronounced in the second growing cycle after inoculation. Of the three species examined, Z. sulphurea showed the most consistent responses to inoculation. SN 1462-0316 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 78 IS 6 BP 798 EP 812 UT WOS:000187580900009 ER PT J AU Bi, G Scagel, CF Cheng, L Dong, S Fuchigami, LH AF Bi, G Scagel, CF Cheng, L Dong, S Fuchigami, LH TI Spring growth of almond nursery trees depends upon nitrogen from both plant reserves and spring fertilizer application SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY AB June-budded 'Nonpareil'/'Nemaguard' almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill) D. A. Webb) trees were fertigated with one of five nitrogen (N) concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, or 20 mM) from July to September. The trees were sprayed with either water or 3% urea in October, then harvested bareroot after natural leaf fall, and stored at 2degreesC. One set of trees was destructively sampled for total N content; the remaining trees were transplanted into N-free media in the spring after cold storage. After budbreak, these trees were supplied for 70 d with either N-free Hoagland's solution or Hoagland's solution containing N-15-NH4NO3. Nitrogen concentrations in both stem and root tissues were positively correlated with the N-fertigation concentration. Fall foliar urea applications increased levels of stem and root N regardless of the N-fertigation concentration. During the first 70 d of spring growth, the trees utilized nitrogen from both their reserves and spring fertilizer applications. The amount of N reserves used for growth of new shoots and leaves was proportional to the total amount of reserves. Trees with low N reserves relied primarily on the spring fertilizer as their source of nitrogen. We conclude, therefore, that both reserve N and spring-applied N fertilizers are important for enhancing the regrowth of bareroot almond nursery trees during establishment after transplanting. Nitrogen fertilization in the spring can especially improve the performance of trees with low N reserves. SN 1462-0316 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 78 IS 6 BP 853 EP 858 UT WOS:000187580900016 ER PT J AU Kuntz, RL Brown, LR Zappi, ME French, WT AF Kuntz, RL Brown, LR Zappi, ME French, WT TI Isopropanol and acetone induces vinyl chloride degradation in Rhodococcus rhodochrous SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY AB In situ bioremediation of vinyl chloride (VC)-contaminated waste sites requires a microorganism capable of degrading VC. While propane will induce an oxygenase to accomplish this goal, its use as a primary substrate in bioremediation is complicated by its flammability and low water solubility. This study demonstrates that two degradation products of propane, isoproponal and acetone, can induce the enzymes in Rhodococcus rhodochrous that degrade VC. Additionally, a reasonable number of cells for bioremediation can be grown on conventional solid bacteriological media (nutrient agar, tryptic soy agar, plate count agar) in an average microbiological laboratory and then induced to produce the necessary enzymes by incubation of a resting cell suspension with isopropanol or acetone. Since acetone is more volatile than isopropanol and has other undesirable characteristics, isopropanol is the inducer of choice. It offers a nontoxic, water-soluble, relatively inexpensive alternative to propane for in situ bioremediation of waste sites contaminated with VC. SN 1367-5435 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 30 IS 11 BP 651 EP 655 DI 10.1007/s10295-003-0091-8 UT WOS:000188191200004 PM 14605909 ER PT J AU Strelkoff, TS Tamimi, AH Clemmens, AJ AF Strelkoff, TS Tamimi, AH Clemmens, AJ TI Two-dimensional basin flow with irregular bottom configuration SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE AB Two-dimensional flow from a point or line source is simulated in an irrigated basin with a nonlevel soil surface; the goal is to predict the distribution uniformity of infiltrated depths. The zero-inertia approximation to the equations of motion allows computation in both wet and dry areas. A fully implicit, nonlinear finite-difference scheme is developed for the solution, but practical numerical considerations suggest local linearization instead. Both isotropic and anisotropic resistance to flow are considered. Results in basins with irregular bottom configurations and small inflows show stream advance confined to the lowest elevations in the basin. SN 0733-9437 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 129 IS 6 BP 391 EP 401 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(2003)129:6(391) UT WOS:000186686000001 ER PT J AU Moreno, JA Lopez-Miranda, J Marin, C Gomez, P Perez-Martinez, P Fuentes, F de la Puebla, RAF Paniagua, JA Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F AF Moreno, JA Lopez-Miranda, J Marin, C Gomez, P Perez-Martinez, P Fuentes, F de la Puebla, RAF Paniagua, JA Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F TI The influence of the apolipoprotein E gene promoter (-219G/T) polymorphism on postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in young normolipemic males SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH AB The apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene promoter (-219G/T) polymorphism has been associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction, premature coronary heart disease, and decreased plasma apoE concentrations. We examined whether the -219G/T polymorphism could modify the postprandial response of triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins (TRL.,s). Fifty-one healthy apoE 3/3 male volunteers (14GG, 29GT, and 8TT) were given a vitamin A fat-loading test consisting of 1 g of fat/kg body weight and 60,000 IU of vitamin A per m(2) of body surface area. Blood samples were taken at time 0 and every hour until the sixth hour, and every 2 hours and 30 minutes until the eleventh hour. Cholesterol, triacylglycerols (TGs), and apoE were determined in plasma; and cholesterol, TG, apoB-100, apoB48, and retinyl palmitate (RP) were analyzed in lipoprotein fractions. Postprandial lipemia data revealed that subjects with the -219TT genotype had a higher postprandial response of large TRL-cholesterol (P < 0.03), large TRItriacylglycerols (P < 0.001), large TRL-RP (P < 0.004), and small TRL-apoB-48 (P < 0.03) than carriers of the -219G allele. Moreover, the -219TT subjects had the lowest postprandial levels of serum apoE (P < 0.05).jrl In conclusion, the -219G/T polymorphism may influence TRL metabolism during the postprandial period, thus prolonging postprandial lipemia in subjects with the TT genotype.-Moreno, J A., J Lopez-Miranda, C. Marin, P. Gomez, P. Perez-Martmez, F. Fuentes, R. A. Fernandez de la Puebla, J. A. Paniagua, J. M. Ordovas, and F. Perez-Jimenez. The influence of the apolipoprotein E gene promoter (-219G/T) polymorphism on postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in young normolipemic males. OI Perez-Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-7499-7681; Perez Martinez, Pablo/0000-0001-7716-8117; Perez Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-9808-1280; FUENTES JIMENEZ, FRANCISCO/0000-0002-4584-7366; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 SN 0022-2275 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 44 IS 11 BP 2059 EP 2064 DI 10.1194/jlr.M300124-JLR200 UT WOS:000187011300005 PM 12923233 ER PT J AU Meola, S Sittertz-Bhatkar, H Langley, P Kasumba, I Aksoy, S AF Meola, S Sittertz-Bhatkar, H Langley, P Kasumba, I Aksoy, S TI Abdominal pericardial sinus: A neurohemal site in the tsetse and other cyclorraphan flies SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB Air ultrastructural study of the heart of the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans, and of several other species of cyclorraphan flies revealed that the ventral region of the heart of adult flies is supported by a muscular septum not present in the larval stage. The pericardial septum of the adult heart is composed laterally of alary muscles and a central longitudinal muscle that extends the length of the abdominal aorta, whereas the larval heart is supported ventrally only by alary muscles and strands of connective tissue. Thus, unlike the larval stage, and the heart of other insects, the pericardial septum of adult cyclorraphan flies contains a central band of longitudinal muscle, that along with the alary muscle, forms a large pericardial sinus lying between the septum and the heart. Neurosecretory nerves arising from the lateral nerves of the thoracicoabdominal ganglion extend dorsad to the pericardial septum, where they form neuromuscular junctions on the muscle fibers of the pericardial septum or traverse the septum terminating in the pericardial sinus, thereby creating one of the largest neurohemal organs in these flies. In the tsetse fly, some of the neurosecretory fibers also extend between the muscle fibers of the myocardium, and release their material into the lumen of the heart. OI Aksoy, Serap/0000-0001-9941-143X SN 0022-2585 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 40 IS 6 BP 755 EP 765 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-40.6.755 UT WOS:000188185400005 PM 14765650 ER PT J AU Sonenshine, DE Adams, T Allan, SA McLaughlin, J Webster, FX AF Sonenshine, DE Adams, T Allan, SA McLaughlin, J Webster, FX TI Chemical composition of some components of the arrestment pheromone of the black-legged tick, Ixodes scapularis (Acari : Ixodidae) and their use in tick control SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB Chemical analysis (high-performance liquid chromatography) and bioassay demonstrated the presence of compounds that seem to be components of the Ixodes scapularis arrestment pheromone. Only two purines, guanine and xanthine, were found in acidified saline extracts made from cast skins after molting of fed nymphs, fed larvae, and fecal/excretory exudates deposited by unfed adults on substrates in their environment. The ratio of guanine to xanthine was 10.6:1 in an extract from the nymphal skins versus 0.95:1 in an extract from the larval skins. Guanine, xanthine, and traces of a third purine, tentatively identified as 8-azaguanine, were found in extracts made from filter paper strips or washings from glass vials contaminated with tick feces and excreta left by unfed adults. 8-azaguanine may be a product of microbial degradation of the other purines rather than a natural product from the ticks. Low concentrations of ammonia also were detected in saline extracts of excreta from feeding ticks. Hematin also was found in NH4OH extracts of the black fecal/excretory exudates deposited by the unfed ticks. Hematin was tentatively identified by comparison of spectra with that of the authentic standard. Bioassays demonstrated a strong positive arrestment response to cast skins found to contain a mixture of guanine and xanthine and to black fecal/excretory exudates containing guanine, xanthine, the putative 8-azaguanine, and hematin. A Noldus video tracking system using a CCD video camera and Ethovision Pro tracking software showed statistically significant increases in the frequency of visits to the treated zone versus the control. Ticks were significantly more likely to assemble in response to the tick exudates within as little as 3 h compared with the controls. Previous bioassay studies also showed strong positive responses to guanine, xanthine, other purines, and hematin. Comparisons with the arrestment pheromones of other tick species are described. The inclusion of the pheromone components in a permethrin-impregnated oily matrix, Last Call, increased the lethal activity of the product to 95% compared with only 65% in the formulation with permethrin alone. More detailed knowledge of I. scapularis arrestment pheromone may be useful for improving the efficacy of this tick-killing technology even further. SN 0022-2585 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 40 IS 6 BP 849 EP 859 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-40.6.849 UT WOS:000188185400017 PM 14765662 ER PT J AU Li, AY Guerrero, FD Garcia, CA George, JE AF Li, AY Guerrero, FD Garcia, CA George, JE TI Survey of resistance to permethrin and diazinon and the use of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay to detect resistance alleles in the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB A field survey was conducted in 2001 to evaluate resistance to pyrethroid and organophosphate (OP) insecticides on horn flies, Hematobia irritans irritans (L.), from seven ranches in the state of Tamaulipas, Mexico, and from three locations in central Texas. Filter papers impregnated with either technical permethrin or diazinon were used to measure the levels of resistance to pyrethroids and OPs. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used on individual horn flies from these field populations to detect the presence of the kdr and super-kdr alleles associated with pyrethroid resistance, and a mutated alphaE7 esterase allele associated with OP resistance. Relative to a susceptible laboratory (Kerrville) strain, born flies from Mexico exhibited 5.1- to 28.3-fold resistance to permethrin at the LC50, and 23.8- to 136-fold resistance at the LC90. Horn flies from Texas ranches exhibited only two- to five-fold resistance. All field populations of the horn fly were highly susceptible to diazinon, and no mutant alphaE7 esterase alleles were detected. The super-kdr allele was found only in a single fly from a ranch in Mexico. Results of PCR assays showed that the kdr allele was present at various frequencies in field populations of horn flies. A gender-related bias in distribution of kdr genotypes was found in horn flies from Mexico, but not in horn flies from Texas. The overall kdr allelic frequencies in horn flies from Mexico were 23.2-37.8% higher in females than in males. Regression analysis revealed a significant correlation between kdr allelic frequencies and the levels of knockdown resistance to permethrin among the horn fly populations studied. The results validate the role of the PCR-based molecular assay as a diagnostic tool in monitoring resistance to pyrethroids and also provide useful information on population genetics of horn fly resistance to pyrethroids and OPs. SN 0022-2585 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 40 IS 6 BP 942 EP 949 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-40.6.942 UT WOS:000188185400029 PM 14765674 ER PT J AU Nunamaker, RA Lockwood, JA Stith, CE Campbell, CL Schell, SP Drolet, BS Wilson, WC White, DM Letchworth, GJ AF Nunamaker, RA Lockwood, JA Stith, CE Campbell, CL Schell, SP Drolet, BS Wilson, WC White, DM Letchworth, GJ TI Grasshoppers (Orthoptera : Acrididae) could serve as reservoirs and vectors of vesicular stomatitis virus SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY AB Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is an economically devastating disease of livestock in the Americas. Despite strong circumstantial evidence for the role of arthropods in epizootics, no hematophagous vector explains the field evidence. Based on the spatiotemporal association of grasshopper outbreaks and VS epizootics, we investigated the potential role of these insects as vectors and reservoirs of the disease. The critical steps in the grasshopper-bovine transmission cycle were demonstrated, including 1) 62% of grasshoppers [Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.)] fed vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) from cell culture became infected, with titers reaching 40,000 times the inoculative dose; 2) 40% of grasshoppers that cannibalized VSV-infected grasshopper cadavers became infected, amplifying virus up to 1,000-fold; 3) one of three cattle consuming VSV-infected grasshopper cadavers contracted typical VS and shed virus in saliva; and 4) 15% of grasshoppers became infected when fed saliva from this infected cow. The ecological conditions and biological processes necessary for these transmissions to occur are present throughout much of the Americas. Field studies will be required to show these findings are relevant to the natural epidemiology of VSV. SN 0022-2585 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 40 IS 6 BP 957 EP 963 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-40.6.957 UT WOS:000188185400031 PM 14765676 ER PT J AU Bhagwat, AA Phadke, RP Wheeler, D Kalantre, S Gudipati, M Bhagwat, M AF Bhagwat, AA Phadke, RP Wheeler, D Kalantre, S Gudipati, M Bhagwat, M TI Computational methods and evaluation of RNA stabilization reagents for genome-wide expression studies SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS AB Gene expression studies require high quality messenger RNA (mRNA) in addition to other factors such as efficient primers and labeling reagents. To prevent RNA degradation and to improve the quality of gene array expression data, several commercial reagents have become available. We examined a conventional hot-phenol lysis method and RNA stabilization reagents, and generated comparative gene expression profiles from Escherichia coli cells grown on minimal medium. Our data indicate that certain RNA stabilization reagents induce stress responses and proper caution must be exercised during their use. We observed that the laboratory reagent (phenol/EtOH, 5:95, v/v) worked efficiently in isolating high quality mRNA and reproducibility was such that reliable gene expression profiles were generated. To assist in the analysis of gene expression data, we wrote a number of macros that use the most recent gene annotation and process data in accordance with gene function. Scripts were also written to examine the occurrence of artifacts, based on GC content, length of the individual open reading frame (ORF), its distribution on plus and minus DNA strands, and the distance from the replication origin. Published by Elsevier B.V. SN 0167-7012 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 55 IS 2 BP 399 EP 409 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00175-1 UT WOS:000186006000007 PM 14529961 ER PT J AU Holowachuk, SA Bal'a, MF Buddington, RK AF Holowachuk, SA Bal'a, MF Buddington, RK TI A kinetic microplate method for quantifying the antibacterial properties of biological fluids SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS AB The microplate assay for measuring antibacterial activity was adapted by incorporating a known concentration range of gentamicin as an internal standard. Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus strain ATCC 6538P, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and Lactobacillus spp. were used as target organisms, although other indicator organisms and antibiotics can be examined. Assay range and sensitivity were dependent on the species and density of indicator organism, and conditions (e.g., type, concentration, and pH of growth medium). Plotting the area under the growth curve (AUGC) versus gentamicin concentration (log transformed) yielded a linear curve that was used to quantify in units of gentamicin the antibacterial activity of a secretory fluid (SCF; pancreatic juice) and for comparisons of samples collected at different times, analysed on different days, and from different studies. This adaptation of the microtiter broth method will be useful for investigating man-made compounds, and the antibacterial activity of secretory fluids and the influences of age, diet, and health status. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. SN 0167-7012 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 55 IS 2 BP 441 EP 446 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00190-8 UT WOS:000186006000012 PM 14529966 ER PT J AU Chen, CY Nace, GW Irwin, PL AF Chen, CY Nace, GW Irwin, PL TI A 6 x 6 drop plate method for simultaneous colony counting and MPN enumeration of Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS AB A protocol was developed using 96-well plates and multichannel pipettes for serial dilutions, followed by drop plating on agar in a 6 x 6 format. This protocol permits simultaneous plating of six dilutions which greatly decreases the number of plates utilized thereby saving incubator space for organisms such as Campylobacter which require unique environmental conditions. Published by Elsevier B.V. SN 0167-7012 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 55 IS 2 BP 475 EP 479 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00194-5 UT WOS:000186006000017 PM 14529971 ER PT J AU Tai, ES Corella, D Deurenberg-Yap, M Cutter, J Chew, SK Tan, CE Ordovas, JM AF Tai, ES Corella, D Deurenberg-Yap, M Cutter, J Chew, SK Tan, CE Ordovas, JM TI Dietary fat interacts with the-514C > T polymorphism in the hepatic lipase gene promoter on plasma lipid profiles in a multiethnic Asian population: The 1998 Singapore National Health Survey SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB We have previously reported an interaction between -514C>T polymorphism at the hepatic lipase (HQ gene and dietary fat on high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) metabolism in a representative sample of white subjects participating in the Framingham Heart Study. Replication of these findings in other populations will provide proof for the relevance and consistency of this marker as a tool for risk assessment and more personalized cardiovascular disease prevention. Therefore, we examined this gene-nutrient interaction in a representative sample of Singaporeans (1324 Chinese, 471 Malays and 375 Asian Indians) whose dietary fat intake was recorded by a validated questionnaire. When no stratification by fat intake was considered, the T allele was associated with higher plasma HDL-C concentrations (P = 0.001), higher triglyceride (TG) concentrations (P = 0.001) and higher HDL-C/TG ratios (P = 0.041). We found a highly significant interaction (P = 0.001) between polymorphism and fat intake in determining TG concentration and the HDL-C/TG ratio (P = 0.001) in the overall sample even after adjustment for potential confounders. Thus, TT subjects showed higher TG concentrations only when fat intake supplied >30% of total energy. This interaction was also found when fat intake was considered as continuous (P = 0.035). Moreover, in the upper tertile of fat intake, TT subjects had 45% more TG than CC individuals (P < 0.01). For HDL-C concentration, the gene-diet interaction was significant (P = 0.015) only in subjects of Indian origin. In conclusion, our results indicate that there are differences in the association of -514C>T polymorphism with plasma lipids according to dietary intake and ethnic background. Specifically, the TT genotype is associated with a more atherogenic lipid profile when subjects consume diets with a fat content > 30%. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680; Tai, E Shyong/0000-0003-2929-8966 SN 0022-3166 EI 1541-6100 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 133 IS 11 BP 3399 EP 3408 UT WOS:000186650600013 PM 14608050 ER PT J AU Russo, GT Friso, S Jacques, PF Rogers, G Cucinotta, D Wilson, PWF Ordovas, JM Rosenberg, IH Selhub, J AF Russo, GT Friso, S Jacques, PF Rogers, G Cucinotta, D Wilson, PWF Ordovas, JM Rosenberg, IH Selhub, J TI Age and gender affect the relation between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T genotype and fasting plasma homocysteine concentrations in the Framingham Offspring Study cohort SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB The C677T variant of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), a key enzyme in the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine, is a frequent genetic cause of mild hyperhomocysteinemia among individuals with low folate status. However, little is known about the influence of subject characteristics, such as age and sex, on the relation between the C677T MTHFR polymorphism and fasting plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations, The aim of the present study was to explore the influence of age and gender, together with folate status, on the association between the C677T polymorphism and tHcy concentrations. The C677T genotype was determined for 1820 participants from the fifth examination of the Framingham Offspring Study. Mean age of the participants was 56 y (range 28-82 y). The allelic distribution was not different from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with a TT frequency comparable in men and women (14%). Geometric mean tHcy was 15% higher in men than in women (P < 0.001), and women had significantly higher plasma folate levels (P < 0.001). Geometric mean tHcy was significantly higher in TT participants (P = 0.001) than in participants with the CC and CT genotypes among those with plasma folate <12.5 nmol/L, but not among those with higher folate status. Because of a significant age and sex interaction (P = 0.02), we further stratified the low folate group by age and sex, and observed that the association between genotype and tHcy was confined to men <55 y old (P < 0.001). Our results suggest that age and sex modify the contribution of the MTHFR C677T mutation to fasting tHcy concentrations. RI cucinotta, domenico/F-4832-2014; OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 SN 0022-3166 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 133 IS 11 BP 3416 EP 3421 UT WOS:000186650600015 PM 14608052 ER PT J AU Li, ZL Otvos, JD Lamon-Fava, S Carrasco, WV Lichtenstein, AH McNamara, JR Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ AF Li, ZL Otvos, JD Lamon-Fava, S Carrasco, WV Lichtenstein, AH McNamara, JR Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ TI Men and women differ in lipoprotein response to dietary saturated fat and cholesterol restriction SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB A diet restricted in saturated fat and cholesterol is recommended for subjects with elevated LDL cholesterol concentrations before and during drug therapy. Gender differences in lipoprotein subspecies response to such diets have not been studied in detail. We examined the effects of a diet low in total fat, saturated fat and cholesterol (Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes, TLC, diet: 26% of energy as fat, 4% as saturated fat, and 45 mg cholesterol/4.2 MJ), compared with an average American diet (AAD: 35% of energy as fat, 14% as saturated fat, and 147 mg cholesterol/4.2 MJ), on plasma lipoprotein subspecies in men and women. Each diet period lasted 6 wk. Body weight was kept constant during each diet period. Men (n = 19) and postmenopausal women (n = 14) >40 y old with moderate hypercholesterolemia participated in this study. Plasma lipoprotein concentrations were assessed by standardized methodology, and lipoprotein sizes were determined by gradient gel electrophoresis and NMR spectroscopy. The TLC diet resulted in greater reductions in total cholesterol and plasma apolipoprotein B concentrations in men than in women (-19% vs. -12%, P < 0.05, and -18% vs. -9%, P < 0.05, respectively). Postprandial triacylglycerol and LpAl:All concentrations were reduced in men, but not in women (-15% vs. 8%, P < 0.05, and -9% vs. -2%, respectively, P < 0.05). Similar decreases in LpAl concentrations and LDL and HDL particle size were observed in men and women. These data are consistent with the concept that middle aged/elderly men may have a more favorable lipoprotein response to a low fat, low cholesterol diet than postmenopausal women. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 SN 0022-3166 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 133 IS 11 BP 3428 EP 3433 UT WOS:000186650600017 PM 14608054 ER PT J AU Hawkes, WC Alkan, FZ Oehler, L AF Hawkes, WC Alkan, FZ Oehler, L TI Absorption, distribution and excretion of selenium from beef and rice in healthy North American men SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION CT 1st International Bio-Minerals Symposium CY APR, 2001 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH AB Previous metabolic studies of selenium used pure selenium compounds with pharmacologic activities unrelated to selenium nutrition. Healthy men were fed foods naturally high or low in selenium while confined to a metabolic research unit. Selenium intake was 47 mug/d (595 nmol/d) for 21 d while energy intakes and body weights were stabilized and selenium excretion and intake came into metabolic balance. On d 22, selenium intake was changed to either 14 mug/d (177 nmol/d, low selenium) or 297 mug/d (3.8 mumol, high selenium) for the remaining 99 d. The absorption, distribution and excretion of selenium in food were similar to selenomethionine, and distinctly different from sodium selenite. Daily urinary selenium excretion and selenium concentrations in plasma and RBC showed the largest responses to selenium intake relative to interindividual variation. Urinary selenium and plasma selenium responded most rapidly to changes in selenium intake, whereas RBC reflected longer-term selenium intake. Given the difficulty of 24-h urine collections outside a metabolic research unit, RBC and plasma selenium seem to be the most useful indicators of selenium intake. During the intervention period, the high selenium group retained 15 mg (190 mumol) of selenium, with similar to5 mg (63 mumol) going into skeletal muscle. The low selenium group lost only 0.9 mg (11 mumol) of whole-body selenium but lost 3.3 mg (42 mumol) from muscle, indicating that selenium was redistributed from muscle to tissues that have a higher metabolic priority for selenium such as testes. Fecal excretion decreased by half, representing an important but previously underappreciated adaptation to selenium restriction. SN 0022-3166 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 133 IS 11 BP 3434 EP 3442 UT WOS:000186650600018 PM 14608055 ER PT J AU Hawkes, WC Keim, NL AF Hawkes, WC Keim, NL TI Dietary selenium intake modulates thyroid hormone and energy metabolism in men SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION CT 1st International Bio-Minerals Symposium CY APR, 2001 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH AB Most studies of selenium and thyroid hormone have used sodium selenite in rats. However, rats regulate thyroid hormone differently, and selenite, which has unique pharmacologic activities, does not occur in foods. We hypothesized that selenium in food would have different effects in humans. Healthy men were fed foods naturally high or low in selenium for 120 d while confined to a metabolic research unit. Selenium intake for all subjects was 47 mug/d (595 nmol/d) for the first 21 d, and then changed to either 14 (n = 6) or 297 (n = 5) mug/d (177 nmol/d or 3.8 mumol/d) for the remaining 99 d, causing significant changes in blood selenium and glutathione peroxidase. Serum 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T-3) decreased in the high selenium group, increased in the low selenium group, and was significantly different between groups from d 45 onward. A compensatory increase of thyrotropin occurred in the high selenium group as T-3 decreased. The changes in T-3 were opposite in direction to those reported in rats, but were consistent with other metabolic changes. By d 64, the high selenium group started to gain weight, whereas the low selenium group began to lose weight, and the weight changes were significantly different between groups from d 92 onward. Decreases of serum T, and compensatory increases in thyrotropin suggest that a subclinical hypothyroid response was induced in the high selenium group, leading to body weight increases. Increases of serum T-3 and serum triacylglycerol accompanied by losses of body fat suggest that a subclinical hyperthyroid response was induced in the low selenium group, leading to body weight decreases. SN 0022-3166 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 133 IS 11 BP 3443 EP 3448 UT WOS:000186650600019 PM 14608056 ER PT J AU Swain, JH Newman, SM Hunt, JR AF Swain, JH Newman, SM Hunt, JR TI Bioavailability of elemental iron powders to rats is less than bakery-grade ferrous sulfate and predicted by iron solubility and particle surface area SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB Foods are fortified with elemental forms of iron to reduce iron deficiency. However, the nutritional efficacy of current, commercially produced elemental iron powders has not been verified. We determined the bioavailability of six commercial elemental iron powders and examined how physicochemistry influences bioavailability. Relative biological value (RBV) of the iron powders was determined using a hemoglobin repletion/slope ratio method, treating iron-deficient rats with repletion diets fortified with graded quantities of iron powders, bakery-grade ferrous sulfate or no added iron. Iron powders were assessed physicochemically by measuring iron solubility in hydrochloric acid at pH 1.0 and 1.7, surface area by nitrogen gas adsorption and surface microstructure by electron microscopy. Bioavailability from the iron powders, based on absolute iron intake, was significantly less than from FeSO4 (100%; P < 0.05) with the following rank order: Carbonyl (64%; Ferronyl, U.S.) > Electrolytic (54%; A-131, U.S.) > Electrolytic (46%; Electrolytic Iron, India) > H-Reduced (42%; AC-325, U.S.) > Reduced (24%; ATOMET 95SP, Canada) > CO-Reduced (21%; RSI-325, Sweden). Solubility testing of the iron powders resulted in different relative rankings and better RBV predictability with increasing time at pH 1.7 (R-2 = 0.65 at 150 min). The prediction was improved with less time and lower pH (R-2 = 0.82, pH 1.0 at 30 min). Surface area, ranging from 90 to 370 m(2)/kg, was also highly predictive of RBV (R-2 = 0.80). Bioavailability of iron powders is less than bakery-grade ferrous sulfate and varies up to three times among different commercial forms. Solubility at pH 1.0 and surface area were predictive of iron bioavailability in rats. SN 0022-3166 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 133 IS 11 BP 3546 EP 3552 UT WOS:000186650600035 PM 14608072 ER PT J AU Bakken, NA Hunt, CD AF Bakken, NA Hunt, CD TI Dietary boron decreases peak pancreatic in situ insulin release in chicks and plasma insulin concentrations in rats regardless of vitamin D or magnesium status SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB Because dietary boron deprivation induces hyperinsulinemia in vitamin D-deprived rats, the influence of dietary boron on insulin metabolism as modified by nutritional stressors was examined in two animal models. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to each of four (Experiment 1) or 8 (Experiment 2) dietary groups for 35 d: the basal diet (< 0.2 mg B; < 1.0 mg Mg/kg) was supplemented with boron (as orthoboric acid) to contain < 0.2 or 2.0 (a physiologic amount) mg B/kg; with magnesium (as magnesium acetate), at 100 (inadequate) or 360-400 (adequate) mg/kg; and with cholecalciferol [vitamin D-3; 25 mug/kg for study length (Experiment 2), or, depleted for 16-17 d then repleted until end of experiment (Experiments 1 and 2)]. In the rat model, boron reduced plasma insulin (Experiment 1, P < 0.002; Experiment 2, P < 0.03), but did not change glucose concentrations regardless of vitamin D-3 or magnesium status. Cockerels (1 d old) were fed a ground corn, high protein casein and corn oil-based basal diet (low boron; 0.3 mg B/kg) supplemented with boron as orthoboric acid to contain 0.3 or 1.65 mg/kg (a physiologic amount) and vitamin D-3 at 3.13 (inadequate) or 15.60 (adequate) mug/kg. In the chick model, boron decreased (P < 0.045) in situ peak pancreatic insulin release at 26-37 d of age regardless of vitamin D-3 nutriture. These results suggest that physiologic amounts of boron may help reduce the amount of insulin required to maintain plasma glucose. SN 0022-3166 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 133 IS 11 BP 3577 EP 3583 UT WOS:000186650600039 PM 14608076 ER PT J AU Gao, X Yao, MJ McCrory, MA Ma, GS Li, YP Roberts, SB Tucker, KL AF Gao, X Yao, MJ McCrory, MA Ma, GS Li, YP Roberts, SB Tucker, KL TI Dietary pattern is associated with homocysteine and B vitamin status in an urban Chinese population SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION CT Experimental Biology 2003 Meeting CY APR 11-15, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA AB To identify existing dietary patterns and examine associations between these patterns and plasma homocysteine and B vitamin concentrations in an urban Chinese population living in Beijing (n = 119), dietary information was collected with a food frequency questionnaire designed for this population. Plasma homocysteine and B vitamin concentrations were examined. Food group variables, expressed as percentages of total energy intake, were entered into cluster analysis to define three distinct dietary pattern groups. The prevalence of high homocysteine (>11 mumol/L for women and 12 mumol/L for men), was 31.9%; of low folate (<6.8 nmol/L), 36.2%; of low vitamin B-12 (<221 pmol/L), 36.9%; and of low vitamin B-6 (<30 nmol/L), 16.0%. The three dietary patterns derived were defined by relatively greater intake of 1) fruit and milk, 2) red meat and 3) refined cereals. More than 40% of subjects in the refined cereals group had high plasma homocysteine and low plasma folate concentrations, and 67% had low plasma vitamin B-12 concentrations. Those following the refined cereals pattern were 4 and 5.2 times more likely to have high homocysteine and low vitamin B-12 concentrations, respectively, relative to the fruit and milk dietary pattern group (P < 0.01), after adjustment for potential confounders. High intake of refined cereals was associated with low B vitamin and high homocysteine concentrations, whereas the pattern high in fruit and milk was associated with the lowest homocysteine. Dietary patterns appear to play an important role in the micronutrient and homocysteine status of these Chinese adults. RI Li, Yanping/H-6437-2011; Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X SN 0022-3166 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 133 IS 11 BP 3636 EP 3642 UT WOS:000186650600050 PM 14608087 ER PT J AU Lin, H Bermudez, OI Tucker, KL AF Lin, H Bermudez, OI Tucker, KL TI Dietary patterns of Hispanic elders are associated with acculturation and obesity SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AB The association of dietary patterns and obesity, particularly in Hispanics, is relatively poorly understood. This large U.S. population subgroup has a high prevalence of obesity and associated chronic conditions, and Hispanics are changing their dietary practices as they acculturate. Our objectives were 1) to identify dietary patterns among elderly Hispanics in Massachusetts, compared with those of non-Hispanic whites; 2) to associate dietary patterns with acculturation; and 3) to associate dietary patterns with total and central obesity. We used a representative sample of 449 Puerto Rican and 133 Dominican elders and a neighborhood-based sample of 243 non-Hispanic white elders, aged 60 to 92 y, from the cross-sectional Massachusetts Hispanic Elders Study. Obesity and central obesity were assessed with BMI (kg/m(2)) and waist circumference measurement, respectively. Acculturation was assessed by evaluating language use. Usual diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire specifically designed for use with this population. Dietary patterns were defined by cluster analysis of food group variables. We identified five clusters of individuals by dietary pattern, with proportionately greater energy intake from 1) fruit and breakfast cereal, 2) starchy vegetables, 3) rice, 4) whole milk and 5) sweets, respectively. Hispanics were less likely to follow the fruit and cereal or sweets patterns, and more likely to follow the starchy vegetables or milk patterns, than were non-Hispanic whites. Only Hispanics followed the rice pattern. Among Hispanics, acculturation was positively associated with the fruit and cereal pattern, and negatively with the rice pattern. Total and central obesity were positively associated with the rice pattern. Longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the causal nature of these associations. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X SN 0022-3166 EI 1541-6100 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 133 IS 11 BP 3651 EP 3657 UT WOS:000186650600052 PM 14608089 ER PT J AU Hunt, JR AF Hunt, JR TI Two women who contributed to early vitamin and mineral research: Mary Swartz Rose and Helen T. Parsons SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION CT Experimental Biology 2003 Meeting CY APR 11-15, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SN 0022-3166 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 133 IS 11 BP 3686 EP 3689 UT WOS:000186650600058 PM 14608095 ER PT J AU Nichols, BL AF Nichols, BL TI Icie Macy and Elsie Widdowson: Pioneers of child nutrition and growth SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION CT Experimental Biology 2003 Meeting CY APR 11-15, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SN 0022-3166 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 133 IS 11 BP 3690 EP 3692 UT WOS:000186650600059 PM 14608096 ER PT J AU Burrin, D Guan, XF Stoll, B Petersen, YM Sangild, PT AF Burrin, D Guan, XF Stoll, B Petersen, YM Sangild, PT TI Glucagon-like peptide 2: A key link between nutrition and intestinal adaptation in neonates? SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION CT Experimental Biology 2003 Meeting CY APR 11-15, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA AB This paper reviews the evidence from recent studies in young piglets to examine the hypothesis that glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is a physiologically relevant hormonal signal linked to the intestinal adaptation associated with enteral nutrition in neonates. Observations that support the hypothesis include, 1) the GLP-2 secretory response to enteral nutrition is functional as early as late gestation, 2) parallel changes in intestinal growth and circulating GLP-2 occur in response to the quantity and composition of enteral nutrition after birth, and 3) the acute temporal changes in intestinal metabolism and circulating GLP-2 concentrations in response to enteral nutrition are generally coincident. In contrast, however, the lack of intestinal trophic responses to both pharmacological GLP-2 concentrations in the fetus and weanling pigs, and to physiological GLP-2 concentrations in neonates raises doubts concerning the physiological relevance of GLP-2 as a enterally mediated trophic signal. A more definitive test of this hypothesis will require further studies that assess the intestinal metabolic response to enteral nutrition using experimental approaches that block GLP-2 action. SN 0022-3166 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 133 IS 11 BP 3712 EP 3716 UT WOS:000186650600064 PM 14608101 ER PT J AU Haytowitz, DB Eldridge, AL Bhagwat, S Gebhardt, SE Holden, JM Beecher, GR Peterson, J Dwyer, J AF Haytowitz, DB Eldridge, AL Bhagwat, S Gebhardt, SE Holden, JM Beecher, GR Peterson, J Dwyer, J TI Flavonoid content of vegetables. SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION CT International Research Conference on Food, Nutrition and Cancer CY JUL 17-18, 2003 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Inst Canc Res, World Canc Res Fund Int, Balchem Corp, BASF Aktiengesell, Calif Dried Plum Board, Campbell Soup Co, Danisco USA Inc, Hills Pet Nutrit Inc, IP 6 Int Inc, Mead Johnson Nutrit, Roche Vitamins Inc, Ross Prod Div, Abbot Labs, Solae Co SN 0022-3166 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 133 IS 11 SU 1 BP 3858S EP 3858S UT WOS:000186708400055 ER PT J AU Lienau, A Glaser, T Tang, GW Dolnikowski, GG Grusak, MA Albert, K AF Lienau, A Glaser, T Tang, GW Dolnikowski, GG Grusak, MA Albert, K TI Bioavailability of lutein in humans from intrinsically labeled vegetables determined by LC-APCI-MS SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY AB The aim of the investigation was to assess a stable isotope method for determining the relative bioavailability of food-derived lutein in humans. Subjects were administered a single dose of deuterium-labeled carotenoids from intrinsically labeled spinach or collard green; 10 mL blood samples were drawn at various time points over a 34 days period. The vegetables had been hydroponically grown using 25 atom-% deuterated water. Lutein molecules in the vegetables were partially deuterated with a highest abundance isotopomer at M-0 + 8 (unlabeled molecular mass, M-0, plus 8 additional mass units from 8 deuterium atoms in the molecules). This allowed labeled lutein to be distinguished from endogenous lutein in serum samples after consuming the labeled meal. The presence of labeled lutein in the circulation was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC/MS) equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) interface. The quantification of the labeled lutein in serum samples enabled the calculation of the enrichment for each time point after the dose; these values were plotted vs. time to generate absorption-clearance curves for each of the subjects. Area under the curve analyses of four different subjects (integrated over 29 days) yielded serum lutein responses of 128, 145, 149, and 262 mug-day/mg dietary lutein, following an acute dose of spinach containing 15.4, 18.8, 18.8 and 9.8 mg labeled lutein, respectively. This technique will facilitate the study of lutein bioavailability from different foods of diverse carotenoid composition and/or following various food preparation procedures. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SN 0955-2863 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 14 IS 11 BP 663 EP 670 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(03)00147-5 UT WOS:000186581400007 PM 14629898 ER PT J AU Vandemark, GJ Barker, BM AF Vandemark, GJ Barker, BM TI Quantifying Phytophthora medicaginis in susceptible and resistant alfalfa with a real-time fluorescent PCR assay SO JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB A real-time fluorescent PCR assay using a set of specific primers and a fluorochrome-labelled probe (TaqMan) was developed to quantify the amount of Phytophthora medicaginis DNA in alfalfa plants that were classified as either resistant or susceptible to the pathogen based on visual assessment of disease response. The assay clearly discriminated among three standard check alfalfa populations with different levels of resistance based on the analysis of DNA extracted from the roots of bulked plant samples. In two independent experiments, the Spearman rank correlation between pathogen DNA content and the number of susceptible plants in a bulked sample was greater than 0.89 and highly significant (P<0.0001). Significantly less pathogen DNA was detected in bulked samples of a highly resistant check population than in bulked samples from more susceptible check populations. Analysis of individual plants indicated that significantly less pathogen DNA was detected in resistant plants than in susceptible plants. Applications of the assay are considered for breeding programs and the study of microbial population dynamics in plants simultaneously infected with different pathogens. OI Barker, Bridget/0000-0002-3439-4517 SN 0931-1785 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 151 IS 11-12 BP 577 EP 583 DI 10.1046/j.0931-1785.2003.00768.x UT WOS:000186875300001 ER PT J AU Young, JA Clements, CD Wilson, R AF Young, JA Clements, CD Wilson, R TI Brassica elongata ssp integrifolia seed germination SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT AB Repeatedly during the late 19(th) and early 20(th) century, exotic weeds were introduced to the sagebrush (Artemisia)/buncligrass rangelands of the Great Basin. Once established these weeds became invasive, spreading without the conscious efforts of humans. Brassica elongata ssp. integrifolia (Boiss.) Breistr. offers evidence this process of introduction still continues. Brassica elongata ssp. integrifolia is native to southeastern Europe and Asia. It was first collected in North America near Portland, Ore. in 1911. This initial infestation apparently did not persist. The next collection was near Eureka, Nev. in 1968. Currently, Brassica elongata ssp. integrifolia has spread about 200 km east and west along U S Highway 50 and 100 kin north and south of the highway along secondary roads. As a first step in understanding the seed and seedbed ecology of this new invasive weed we investigated the germination of seeds at a wide range of constant and alternating temperatures. This plant produces abundant seeds that germinate over a wide range of constant and alternating temperatures. Maximum germination ranged from 84 to 94% depending on the year of seed production. Germination was extremely limited at very cold seedbed temperatures and low at the cold category of seedbed temperatures. Germination at these temperature is a competitive advantage for other exotic species on Great Basin rangelands. SN 0022-409X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 56 IS 6 BP 623 EP 626 DI 10.2307/4003937 UT WOS:000186434100009 ER PT J AU Monaco, TA MacKown, CT Johnson, DA Jones, TA Norton, JM Norton, JB Redinbaugh, MG AF Monaco, TA MacKown, CT Johnson, DA Jones, TA Norton, JM Norton, JB Redinbaugh, MG TI Nitrogen effects on seed germination and seedling growth SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT AB Recent evidence associates the persistence of invasive plant species with disturbance and fluctuations in distinct forms of mineral N in soils. We conducted soil and hydroponic experiments to investigate the influence of N form and availability on germination and seedling development of 2 invasive annual grasses, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and medusahead (Taeniatherum caput-medusae) and 6 perennial grasses, blue-bunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum x A. desertorum), Sand Hollow and Seaman's Gulch big squirreltail (Elymus multisetus), and Little Camas and Little Wood bottlebrush squirreltail (E. elymoides ssp. brevifolius and E. elymoides ssp. elymoides, respectively). Seeds were sown in soils with no soil additions, barley straw (1 mg kg(-1)), NH4+ = 10 mg N kg(-1), NH4+ + I (nitrification inhibitor) = 10 mg N kg(-1) + 37 ml nitrapyrin, or NO3- = 10 mg N kg(-1) to evaluate cumulative germination percentage for 20 days in an incubator. For the hydroponic experiment, grass seedlings were exposed to distinct forms and uniform concentrations of mineral N to monitor root and shoot growth for 21 days. Treatments were no N added, NH4+ (1 mM), NO3- (1 mM), and NH4NO3 (0.5 mM). Treatments did not alter germination in the soil experiment. Lack of soil N effect on seed germination is attributed to the absence of seed dormancy in the populations of grasses we evaluated. Initial root length and overall shoot growth of grasses were greater in the NO3- than in the NH4+ treatment more frequently for perennial grasses. Root and shoot growth of medusahead and cheatgrass generally exceeded that of the other grasses except crested wheatgrass. However, relative decreases in root dry mass for the no N treatment were greater for the invasive annual grasses than the perennial grasses when compared to the N-addition treatments. RI Norton, Jeanette/G-2633-2011; Redinbaugh, Margaret/A-3611-2013 OI Norton, Jeanette/0000-0002-6596-8691; SN 0022-409X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 56 IS 6 BP 646 EP 653 DI 10.2307/4003941 UT WOS:000186434100013 ER PT J AU Johnson, DA Asay, KH Jensen, KB AF Johnson, DA Asay, KH Jensen, KB TI Carbon isotope discrimination and yield in 14 cool-season grasses SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT AB Selection for carbon isotope discrimination (Delta) has potential for improving water-use efficiency in cool-season grasses. An understanding of how Delta is affected by differential water application and its association with dry mater yield may be helpful in identifying the best cool-season grass species for breeding and improvement, and may assist in designing selection and breeding procedures for improving cool-season grasses. We designed a study to evaluate the response of Delta and dry matter yield to a gradient of water application in 14 cool-season, perennial grasses. The grasses were established in a rainout shelter facility equipped with a line-source irrigation system to study the: i) trends in dry matter yield across 6 water levels (WL-1 through 6, ranging from 981 to 64 mm water applied) and Delta across 3 water levels (WL-1, 3, and 5), ii) grass x water level interactions for these traits, and iii) relationship between dry matter yield and Delta in these grasses across a 2-year period. When averaged across years, the grasses differed significantly for Delta at the highest (WL-1) and lowest (WL-5) water levels, but not at WL-3. Reductions in Delta were strongly linear from WL-1 to WL-5, and although some inconsistencies were evident, the trend was similar for all grasses. Grasses differed significantly for dry matter yield at each of the water levels. Although the change in dry matter yield was mostly linear across water levels, the trend was not consistent among the grasses. In general, Delta was not closely associated with dry matter yield; however, some exceptions with high dry matter yield and high Delta were evident. This lack of close association between dry matter yield and Delta in these 14 grasses suggests that breeding efforts to improve these grasses should involve simultaneous selection for dry matter yield and Delta. SN 0022-409X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 56 IS 6 BP 654 EP 659 DI 10.2307/4003942 UT WOS:000186434100014 ER PT J AU Young, JA Clements, CD AF Young, JA Clements, CD TI Germination of seeds of Fremont cottonwood SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT AB Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii S. Watson) is the most important cottonwood species of the southwestern United States. It is usually found in riparian areas of desert riverine systems. Often it is the only tree species in such environments. Lack of Fremont cottonwood seedling recruitment is of concern in many areas. This is especially an issue in river systems infested with the exotic saltceder (Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.). The proposed suppression of saltceder with a biological control agent, raises the question of the spontaneous recruitment of Fremont cottonwood seedlings if competition is reduced from exotic woody species. Several studies have stressed that geomorphologic-hydrologic conditions in riparian habitats control safesites for Fremont and other cottonwood species seed germination and seedling establishment. Our purpose was to investigate the physiological amplitude for Fremont cottonwood seeds to germinate under a wide range of constant or alternating temperatures. Immediately after dispersal the seeds of Fremont cottonwood are highly germinable. In each of the 3 years that seeds were collected multiple temperature regimes supported 100% germination. Optimum germination averaged over 90%. At moderate to high warm period temperatures, most germination that will occur does so during the first week after imbibition of moisture. Temperature regimes that supported optimum germination at least once ranged from 0/5degrees C to 25/40degrees C. The regimes that always supported optimum germination were in 2 distinct group: 2/25 and 2/30degrees C; and a wider dispersed group with 15, 25, or 25degrees C cold period temperatures and 25, 30, or 35degrees C warm period temperatures. There was one outlier at 10/15degrees C. Fremont cottonwood seeds are highly and rapidly germinable at a wide range of temperatures. SN 0022-409X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 56 IS 6 BP 660 EP 664 DI 10.2307/4003943 UT WOS:000186434100015 ER PT J AU Medina, MB AF Medina, MB TI Detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) with surface plasmon resonance biosensor SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY AB An automated and rapid method for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxins is needed by the food industry. We have developed a biosensor Sandwich Assay using a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB). The assay is based on the immobilization of SEB antibody, capturing the SEB from the standard solutions or samples, and followed by the capture of the second SEB antibody by the sensor surface. The assay conditions were optimized to detect SEB in Hepes buffer and in ham extracts. The results indicated that SEB can be detected at 2.5 ng/mL of HBST buffer or in ham tissue extract. The calibration lines in 8 replicate analyses were determined from SEB spiked in ham extract and resulted in a mean R-2 of 0.982 (SD = 0.026) and 0.995 (SD = 0.005) from SEB spiked in the supernatant of the centrifuged ham extract. Analysis of 10 and 20 ppb SEB inoculated on the surface of ham slices resulted in recoveries of 70 and 87%, and 62 and 86%, respectively, but at lower doses of 2.5 and 5 ppb SEB, the recoveries were 53, 0 and 65 and 16%, respectively. The extraction procedure can be improved to increase recoveries and the utilization of a more specific antibody can also improve the detection sensitivity. The Biacore method of analysis is semiautomated and can be developed for multi-toxin detection in foods. SN 1060-3999 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 11 IS 3 BP 225 EP 243 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2003.tb00042.x UT WOS:000187394700003 ER PT J AU Berry, JK Delgado, JA Khosla, R Pierce, FJ AF Berry, JK Delgado, JA Khosla, R Pierce, FJ TI Precision conservation for environmental sustainability SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AB With continued population growth and increasing demands on water resources, precision conservation wilt have an increasing role during this new millennium. It has been reported that world population is expected to be about 9.4 billion by 2050, and that increases in crop yields will have to be achieved primarily from land that is currently under production since most of the world's arable land is already being cultivated. These increases in population growth and food and water demands will put increasing pressure for development of new more efficient technology and production practices that contribute to higher yields. Since intensive farming can potentially impact soil and water quality, parallel increases in new practices and technology contributing to improved soil and water conservation practices will be needed to help sustain and maintain the needed yield increases from agricultural systems. SN 0022-4561 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 58 IS 6 BP 332 EP 339 UT WOS:000186955300005 ER PT J AU Van Liew, MW Garbrecht, JD Arnold, JG AF Van Liew, MW Garbrecht, JD Arnold, JG TI Simulation of the impacts of flood retarding structures on streamflow for a watershed in southwestern Oklahoma under dry, average, and wet climatic conditions SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AB Following the devastating floods of the 1940s, thousands of flood retarding structures were constructed in the Great Plains. The impacts of these structures on streamflow characteristics and their effectiveness in reducing floods under dry, average, and wet climatic conditions were investigated in this study. The setting for the study was a 160 km(2) (61.9 mi(2)) experimental watershed in southwestern Oklahoma that contained 13 flood retarding structures, which controlled 65% of the drainage area. Thirty-three years of precipitation and eight years of streamflow data, in conjunction with computer simulations, were used to evaluate changes due to the flood retarding structures in annual, monthly, and daily streamflow characteristics at the outlet of the watershed. Simulation results indicate that installation of the flood retarding structures leads to a decrease in average annual streamflow of about 3%, which was attributed to an increase in average annual evaporation of this same amount due to the free water surface of the reservoirs created by the flood retarding structures. On a monthly time scale, the simulation results showed that under dry climatic conditions, the flood retarding structures caused a reduction in mean streamflow for all months of the year. On the other hand, during average and wet climatic conditions, changes in mean streamflow varied by month with May and October showing the greatest decreases, respectively. As expected, the greatest impact of the flood retarding structures was on daily flow characteristics and maximum daily flows. Noticeable differences include the reduction of maximum daily discharges on the day of a storm event and the increase in streamflow from principal spillway releases in the days immediately following storm events. Annual maximum daily discharges were reduced by about 33%, with the reduction of the 5 and 10-year maximum daily flows being 23.8 to 14.6 cms (840 to 515 cfs) (39%) and from 36.0 to 20.6 cms (1,270 to 727 cfs) (43%), respectively. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the flood retarding structures in reducing annual peak runoff events, thereby reducing flooding and related property damage. However, the flood retarding structures also reduce low streamflow values by trapping baseflow runoff from drainage areas above the impoundment structures. From a water quality and stream habitat preservation point of view, maintenance of a minimum baseflow can be critical. SN 0022-4561 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 58 IS 6 BP 340 EP 348 UT WOS:000186955300006 ER PT J AU Self-Davis, ML Moore, PA Daniel, TC Nichols, DJ Sauer, TJ West, CP Aiken, GE Edwards, DR AF Self-Davis, ML Moore, PA Daniel, TC Nichols, DJ Sauer, TJ West, CP Aiken, GE Edwards, DR TI Forage species and canopy cover effects on runoff from small plots SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AB Studies have shown that the surface hydrology of a pasture system is influenced by its vegetative characteristics. As research continues on ways to prevent erosion and excessive nutrient loss from agricultural land, the effect that different forage species have on surface runoff requires further investigation. This study sought to evaluate the effect of five forage species at varying canopy heights (one day vs. six weeks growth post-harvest) on surface runoff and infiltration on 6.1 m x 6.1 m (20 x 20 ft) plots fertilized with poultry titter. The five forage species were: Alamo switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), Caucasian bluestem (Bothriochloa caucasia (Trin.) C.E. Hubbard), Greenfield bermudagrass (CYNODON DACTYLON (L.) Pers.), Pete eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum doctyloides (L.) L.), and Kentucky-31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Poultry titter was surface-applied annually at 8.97 Mg ha(-1) (4.0 ton/acre). Rainfall simulations (5.0 cm hr(-1)) (2.0 in hr(-1)) were used to produce runoff events during spring, summer, and fall to examine seasonal variations. Although there were no statistical differences in runoff volumes between cut canopy and full canopy covers within a single species, runoff volumes were reduced by full canopies, for all seasons, by an average of 18% for all species except bermudagrass. Comparisons of runoff volumes between the different species showed that tall fescue had significantly lesser (30 mm) runoff for three of the four runoff events. There were no differences in runoff between the other four species, for any runoff event. Infiltration was on average 19% greater in tall fescue plots for all runoff events, compared to the other four species. Neutron probe data supported these results, with tall fescue plots consistently having average profile volumetric water content from 3 to 5 m(3) m(-3) (106 to 177 ft(3) ft(-3)) lower at the 20 and 35 cm (7.9 and 13.8 in) depths. Results of this study show that tall fescue, when directly compared to the other forages in this study, is more effective at reducing runoff volumes and increasing infiltration, thereby reducing edge of field loss in forage systems. SN 0022-4561 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 58 IS 6 BP 349 EP 359 UT WOS:000186955300007 ER PT J AU Cook, AJ Friday, JE AF Cook, AJ Friday, JE TI Food mixture or ingredient sources for dietary calcium: Shifts in food group contributions using four grouping protocols SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION AB Identifying dietary sources of nutrients by assigning survey foods to food groups can under- or overestimate the contribution a group makes to the intake of specific nutrients. Using calcium and food intakes from USDA's 1994-1996, 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, the authors determined the proportion of dietary calcium from the dairy, grains, meats, fruits, and vegetables groups using four grouping protocols. Calcium contributions from milk and cheese were higher as more ingredient sources and fewer survey food items were represented in the dairy group. Milk, cheese, and yogurt reported as separate survey food items contributed 42% of total calcium intake. An additional 21% of dietary calcium came from dairy ingredients in mixed foods such as macaroni and cheese, pizza, sandwiches, and desserts. The remaining dietary calcium sources were single grains (16%) ; vegetable (7%) ; meat, poultry, and fish (5%); fruit (3%); and miscellaneous foods (7%). Data quantifying the nutrient contributions from dairy ingredients could affect dietary guidance messages or research using dairy foods as variables. SN 0002-8223 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 103 IS 11 BP 1513 EP 1519 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(03)01223-9 UT WOS:000186238700015 PM 14576718 ER PT J AU Taylor, MM Liu, CK Marmer, WN Brown, EM AF Taylor, MM Liu, CK Marmer, WN Brown, EM TI Enzymatic modification of hydrolysis products from collagen using a microbial transglutaminase. III. Preparation of films with improved mechanical properties SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION AB Previous work from this laboratory demonstrated that films prepared from gelatins that had been enzymatically modified with microbial transglutaminase had improved tensile strength and toughness, were less soluble in water than gelatin alone and had improved hydrophilic properties. In the present study, our goal was to further enhance functional properties of the enzymatically prepared films and at the same time determine if biodegradability is retained. Orienting films has been described as a method to improve mechanical. properties. We found that tensile strength, maximum strain, and Young's Modulus improved significantly when orientation took place on either unmodified or crosslinked dry gelatin films or on films that were swollen in water and then were subsequently dried in the strained position. We further demonstrated that the temperature of drying affects mechanical properties; drying at ambient temperature gives products with significantly higher tensile strength and reduced maximum strain over those products that had been dried at a higher temperature. Furthermore, we found that mechanical properties of strained and unstrained films, dried at ambient temperature, will give similar tensile strengths, thus indicating the importance of careful drying in film preparation. Finally, when polyvinyl alcohol was added to the gelatin mixture, films with improved tensile strength and maximum strain were obtained. In all studies, not only was biodegradability demonstrated but it was also found that by enzymatically modifying the gelatin, the resulting products were superior. SN 0002-9726 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 98 IS 11 BP 435 EP 444 UT WOS:000186555500003 ER PT J AU Abidi, SL Rennick, KA AF Abidi, SL Rennick, KA TI Determination of nonvolatile components in polar fractions of rice bran oils SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY AB High-oryzanol rice bran oil (HORBO), rice bran oil (RBO), and partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PHSBO) were used to prepare french fries. Polar fractions of the three oils were analyzed for nonvolatile components by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) with ELSD. In all frying experiments, both HORBO and RBO yielded predominantly dimeric and monomeric materials. The concentrations of polymeric species in HORBO and RBO were greater than in PHSBO. The major degradation products from HORBO, RBO, and PHSBO were dinners (8.93 mg/100 mg oil), monomers (10.5 mg/100 mg oil), and DG (22.4 mg/100 mg oil), respectively. Thermal degradation via hydrolysis was much greater in PHSBO than in HORBO or RBO. Distribution data indicated that the extent of polymer formation from frying was in the order RBO > HORBO > PHSBO, consistent with the degree of lipid unsaturation and the oryzanol content in these oils. HPSEC-ELSD results from the two RBO showed that the amounts of various polymeric species, including trimers and higher polymers, were lower in HORBO than in RBO. The percentage of polar materials and the percentage of polymerized TG, which were used as indicators of oil quality and stability, decreased with increasing tocopherol and oryzanol contents in the order PHSBO > HORBO > RBO. SN 0003-021X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1057 EP 1062 DI 10.1007/s11746-003-0820-z UT WOS:000186576000002 ER PT J AU Moreau, RA Powell, MJ Singh, V AF Moreau, RA Powell, MJ Singh, V TI Pressurized liquid extraction of polar and nonpolar lipids in corn and oats with hexane, methylene chloride, isopropanol, and ethanol SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY AB Samples of freshly ground corn kernels and freshly ground rolled oats were extracted via pressurized liquid extraction (accelerated solvent extraction) using four different organic solvents [hexane, methylene chloride (also known as dichloromethane), isopropanol, and ethanol] at two temperatures (40 and 100degreesC). Lipid yields varied from 2.9 to 5.9 wt% for ground corn and from 5.5 to 6.7 wt% for ground oats. With ground corn, more lipid was extracted as solvent polarity was increased, and for each individual solvent, more lipid was extracted at 100degreesC than at 40degreesC. With ground oats, the same temperature effect was observed, but the solvent polarity effect was more complex. For both corn and oats, methylene chloride extracted the highest levels of each of the nonpolar lipid classes. In general, for both corn and oats, increasing solvent polarity resulted in increasing yields of polar lipids, and for each solvent, more of each lipid class was extracted at 100degreesC, than at 40degreesC. Among the lipids in corn extracts, the phytosterols may be the most valuable, and total phytosterols ranged from about 0.6 wt% in the hot ethanol extracts to about 2.1 wt% in the hot hexane and methylene chloride extracts. Total phytosterols in all oat extracts were about 0.1 wt%. Digalactosyldiacylglycerol was the most abundant polar lipid in the oat extracts; its levels ranged from 1.6 wt% in the cold hexane extracts to 4.3 wt% in the hot ethanol extracts. OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 SN 0003-021X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1063 EP 1067 DI 10.1007/s11746-003-0821-y UT WOS:000186576000003 ER PT J AU Hosokawa, M Hou, CT Weisleder, D AF Hosokawa, M Hou, CT Weisleder, D TI Bioconversion of n-3 and n-6 PUFA by Clavibacter sp ALA2 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY AB Clavibacter sp. ALA2 oxidized n-3 and n-6 PUFA into a variety of oxylipins. Structures of products converted from EPA and DHA were determined as 15,18-dihydroxy-14,17-epoxy-5(Z),8(Z),11(Z)-eicosatrienoic acid and 17,20-dihydroxy-16,19-epoxy-4(Z),7(Z),10(Z),13(Z)-docosatetraenoic acid by GC-MS and NMR analyses. In contrast, gamma-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid were converted to diepoxy bicyclic FA, tetrahydrofuranyl monohydroxy FA, and trihydroxy FA. Thus, the structures of bioconversion products were different between n-3 and n-6 PUFA. Furthermore, strain ALA2 placed hydroxy groups and cyclic structures at the same position from the omega-terminal despite the number of carbons in the chain and the double bonds in the PUFA. RI Hosokawa, Masashi/C-3024-2008 SN 0003-021X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 80 IS 11 BP 1085 EP 1091 DI 10.1007/s11746-003-0824-8 UT WOS:000186576000006 ER PT J AU Bentz, JA Townsend, AM AF Bentz, JA Townsend, AM TI Nitrogen fertilization and use of container-grown maple selections as hosts by the potato leafhopper SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AB The suitability of container-grown clones of red maple, Acer rubrum L., as a host to the potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae Harris (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), under different fertilization regimes was determined, and compared to different freeman maple cultivars (A. xfreemanii E. Murray). Three clonal selections of red maple (USNA numbers 56026, 59904, and 55410), and three freeman maple cultivars (55892 'Indian Summer', 67256 'Jeffersred' [trademark Autumn Blaze], and 55890 'Armstrong') were potted in 7.6-L containers, fertilized with either 0, 3.3, or 6.6 g/pot of calcium nitrate and used in experiments. When given a choice, female leafhoppers laid more eggs on leaves of red maple clone 56026 than on leaves of clone 59904, with oviposition linearly increasing on both clones with increases in the fertilization level applied to the trees. Yet, when female leafhoppers were confined to leaves using organza sleeve cages, oviposition increased linearly as fertilizer level increased, without a significant clonal effect. Oviposition did not differ among freeman maple cultivars, nor was it influenced by the fertilizer level applied to the freeman maple trees. Nymphs had the lowest odds of surviving to adulthood when reared on the freeman maple 'Jeffersred', but highest when reared on red maple 59904. Red maple 59904 had the fastest growth rate while red maple 55410 had the slowest. Leaf initiation and expansion in red maple 56026 was significantly slower than in the other selections. Leaf development of these three red maple clones was significantly accelerated by the application of fertilizer, regardless of level. The maple selections differed in their mean amounts of foliar macronutrients and micronutrients, which related to the fertilizer level applied to trees. Unfertilized trees had the highest C to N ratio, which decreased as fertilizer level applied to trees was increased. This study showed that fertilization improved the performance of the potato leafhopper on previously nonpreferred maple selections, and that the foliar nutrient content and C to N ratio could be used as indicators of tree susceptibility to insect attack under different growing conditions. SN 0003-1062 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 128 IS 6 BP 821 EP 826 UT WOS:000186187600007 ER PT J AU Krueger, RR Roose, ML AF Krueger, RR Roose, ML TI Use of molecular markers in the management of citrus germplasm resources SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AB New potential citrus germplasm accessions may be received as seed rather than budwood, thereby reducing phytosanitary risks. However, trueness-to-type may be an issue with seed materials because many varieties produce both apomictic (nucellar) and sexual (zygotic) embryos and most citrus is fairly heterozygous. To identify nucellar seedlings of polyembryonic types and to retain these as representing the type, we screened 1340 seedlings from 88 seed sources for markers amplified with two inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) primers. Sixteen seed sources produced no seedlings classified as being of nucellar origin. Among the remaining seed sources, seedlings classed as nucellar were identified for potential addition to the collection. In 37 accessions, both nucellar and zygotic seedlings were detected, and in some cases both types were retained. Inclusion of established accessions of the same cultivar group in the analysis allowed an initial assessment of similarity to existing accessions. This technique improved the efficiency of acquiring new germplasm of polyembryonic types by seed. The method identifies those seed sources that produce few or no nucellar seedlings, but it is not useful for determining which seedlings of monoembryonic types should be retained in collections. SN 0003-1062 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 128 IS 6 BP 827 EP 837 UT WOS:000186187600008 ER PT J AU Schnell, RJ Brown, JS Olano, CT Power, EJ Krol, CA Kuhn, DN Motamayor, JC AF Schnell, RJ Brown, JS Olano, CT Power, EJ Krol, CA Kuhn, DN Motamayor, JC TI Evaluation of avocado germplasm using microsatellite markers SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE AB Three horticultural races of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) are known: Guatemalan, Mexican, and West Indian. Each race has unique characteristics and current commercial varieties have been selected from within the races or from interracial hybrids. Using 14 microsatellite loci we investigated the genetic variation among 224 accessions (394 plants) maintained at the National Germplasm Repository (NGR) in Miami, Fla., and a set of 34 clones from the University of California South Coast Field Station (SCFS) located in Irvine, Calif. The 14 microsatellite loci had an average of 18.8 allelles per locus and average unbiased genetic diversity was 0.83. The total propagation error in the collection, i.e., plants that had been incorrectly labeled or grafted, was estimated to be 7.0%. Although many unique allelles did exist, no useful race-specific markers were found. A general concordance between the horticultural race and the clusters obtained from molecular data was observed. Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCA) grouped the Guatemalan and Mexican races into two distinct clusters. The West Indian also grouped into a unique major cluster but with an Outlying group. Using the PCA a change in the racial designation or interracial hybrid status for 50 accessions (19.7%) is proposed. The unbiased gene diversity estimate was highest in the Mexican and Guatemalan races and lower in the West Indian group. This demonstrates the need to collect more of the West Indian germplasm to broaden the genetic diversity And to emphasize the identification of individuals conferring resistance to Phytophthora Root Rot (PRR). SN 0003-1062 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 128 IS 6 BP 881 EP 889 UT WOS:000186187600014 ER PT J AU Bostom, A Friedman, A Hunsicker, L Jacques, P Selhub, J AF Bostom, A Friedman, A Hunsicker, L Jacques, P Selhub, J TI A prospective study of C-Reactive Protein and pooled cardiovascular disease outcomes in the irbesartan type 2 diabetic nephropathy trial cohort. SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY CT 36th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Nephrology CY NOV 12-17, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Nephrol SN 1046-6673 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 14 SU S BP 672A EP 672A UT WOS:000186219103109 ER PT J AU Batista, MC Sarnak, MJ Schaefer, EJ Asztalos, BF Welty, FK Lamon-Fava, S Diffenderfer, MR Dolnikowski, GG Marsh, JB AF Batista, MC Sarnak, MJ Schaefer, EJ Asztalos, BF Welty, FK Lamon-Fava, S Diffenderfer, MR Dolnikowski, GG Marsh, JB TI Apolipoprotein A-1, B-100, and B-48 metabolism is strongly influenced by obesity in chronic kidney disease (CKD). SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY CT 36th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Nephrology CY NOV 12-17, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Nephrol RI Batista, Marcelo/K-4305-2013 SN 1046-6673 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 14 SU S BP 779A EP 779A UT WOS:000186219103584 ER PT J AU Jennings, S Cotugna, N Vickery, CE AF Jennings, S Cotugna, N Vickery, CE TI Use of a web site to increase knowledge and awareness of hunger-related issues SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB The purpose of this study was to determine the current level of knowledge and awareness of hunger-related issues among a convenience sample of Delawareans. We also assessed whether raising knowledge and awareness of the hunger problem through the FBD's newly designed web site would encourage participation in antihunger activities. Via e-mail, 1,719 individuals were invited to participate in a three-phase, online survey, and 392 agreed. Phased questions were answered prior to viewing the web site, phase II (n=217) immediately afterward, and phase III (n=61) six weeks later Responses indicated a high level of awareness about general hunger issues but specific knowledge proved to be at a lower level. No statistically significant differences were noted when data were collapsed across gender, age, educational level, or work setting. In a six-week post-survey, 41% of subjects were motivated by the web site to engage in an antihunger activity; 34% had told others about the web site and indicated it may be a useful tool in antihunger outreach efforts for the FBD. SN 0027-9684 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 95 IS 11 BP 1089 EP 1094 UT WOS:000222548900009 PM 14651376 ER PT J AU Beard, KH Eschtruth, AK Vogt, KA Vogt, DJ Scatena, FN AF Beard, KH Eschtruth, AK Vogt, KA Vogt, DJ Scatena, FN TI The effects of the frog Eleutherodactylus coqui on invertebrates and ecosystem processes at two scales in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico SO JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY AB Determining the ubiquity of top-down control effects of predators on their prey and ecosystem processes is important for understanding community and ecosystem-level consequences that may result from predator loss. We conducted experiments at two spatial scales to investigate the effects of terrestrial frogs (Eleutherodactylus coqui) on aerial and litter invertebrates, plant growth and herbivory, and litter decomposition. At both scales, frogs reduced aerial invertebrates and leaf herbivory, but had no effect on litter invertebrates. At the smaller scale, frogs increased foliage production rates, measured as the number of new leaves and new leaf area produced, by 80% and decomposition rates by 20%. The influence of E. coqui on increasing primary productivity and decomposition rates at the smaller scale appeared to be a result of elimination and excretion rather than of controlling prey. While the results provide evidence for frogs controlling herbivorous prey at both scales, species effects on ecosystem processes were only detectable at the smaller scale. The results highlight the difficulties in conducting experiments at large spatial scales. The findings from this study imply that the loss of amphibians and other species of higher trophic levels may affect nutrient cycling rates in tropical forests. RI Beard, Karen/B-7177-2011 SN 0266-4674 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 19 BP 607 EP 617 DI 10.1017/S0266467403006011 PN 6 UT WOS:000186710800001 ER PT J AU Wagner, B Morley, PS Dargatz, DA Wittum, TE Keefe, TJ Salman, MD AF Wagner, B Morley, PS Dargatz, DA Wittum, TE Keefe, TJ Salman, MD TI Short-term repeatability of measurements of antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from feces of feedlot cattle SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB Short-term stability of measurements of antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from feces of feedlot cattle is important in developing monitoring and surveillance programs. Frequent evaluations (i.e., daily) are resource intensive and in some situations may be impractical for long-term sampling protocols. Consequently, a point-in-time measurement will need to be used to represent conditions in the peri-sampling period. In this study, 30 fecal samples were collected from each of 6 cattle pens on a commercial cattle feedlot on 2 occasions separated by 48 hours. Escherichia coli was isolated from single and pooled samples. The isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility against a panel of 17 antimicrobials. Resistance to 5 antimicrobials (ampicillin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline) was detected in single and pooled samples from both sampling periods (days 1 and 3). The prevalence of isolates resistant to these 5 antimicrobials was 2% or higher in all treatment combinations except for pools obtained from day 3 samples. Lower levels of resistance to 6 more antimicrobials were detected inconsistently across the single and pooled samples. Logistic models constructed for the antimicrobials to which the E. coli isolates were most commonly resistant demonstrated that there were no significant differences between periods (P > 0.10) and between single and pooled samples (P > 0.20). The distribution of the number of antimicrobials to which isolates were resistant was consistent for the single samples across periods, but there appeared to be a lower prevalence of any resistance in day 1 pooled samples. A larger number of resistant phenotypes were detected in the single samples than in the pooled samples, and resistant phenotypes with prevalence of less than 2% were detected inconsistently across periods and single and pooled samples. Resistance to individual antimicrobials was consistent by all measures when the prevalence was at least 2%. Inconsistent results were obtained for antimicrobials to which resistance rarely occurred. The apparent inconsistencies do not appear to be related to external factors but rather to sampling intensity. Short-term stability is a plausible assumption under sampling strategies that are designed to detect specific levels of prevalence. However, when resistance levels fall below these levels, there will likely be fluctuations in the presence or absence of rare resistant phenotypes and in their prevalence and central tendency measures. OI Morley, Paul/0000-0001-8138-2714 SN 1040-6387 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 15 IS 6 BP 535 EP 542 UT WOS:000186649700005 PM 14667016 ER PT J AU Magnuson, RJ Triantis, J Rodriguez, LL Perkins, A Meredith, CO Beaty, B McCluskey, B Salman, M AF Magnuson, RJ Triantis, J Rodriguez, LL Perkins, A Meredith, CO Beaty, B McCluskey, B Salman, M TI A single-tube multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for detection and differentiation of vesicular stomatitis Indiana 1 and New Jersey viruses in insects SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB A multiplex single-tube reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has been developed for the detection and differentiation of vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV), Indiana I and New Jersey, from insect samples. Using this assay, detection of either or both viruses in as little as 20 fg of total RNA from tissue culture was achieved, along with detection of vesicular stomatitis (VS) RNA from macerates containing 2 infected mosquitoes in pools of 10-30 noninfected mosquitoes. Vesicular stomatitis virus was detected by RT-PCR in all culture-positive samples, and detection as low as 4 plaque forming units per milliliter was achieved. Comparison between RT-PCR and tissue culture revealed that RT-PCR was able to detect VSV in a volume of insect macerate averaging almost 100 times less than that required for detection by tissue culture. The reported RT-PCR is a potential valuable tool for rapid and sensitive detection and differentiation of VS in insects because intense work associated with viral isolation, the cytotoxicity of insect extracts, and separate virus identification steps can be avoided. Potential application to detection and differentiation of VSV serotypes from vertebrate hosts is addressed. SN 1040-6387 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 15 IS 6 BP 561 EP 567 UT WOS:000186649700008 PM 14667019 ER PT J AU Staveley, CM Register, KB Miller, MA Brockmeier, SL Jessup, DA Jang, S AF Staveley, CM Register, KB Miller, MA Brockmeier, SL Jessup, DA Jang, S TI Molecular and antigenic characterization of Bordetella bronchiseptica isolated from a wild southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) with severe suppurative bronchopneumonia SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION AB Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated in pure culture from the lung, abdomen, and intestine of a wild free-ranging southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) with severe, suppurative bronchopneumonia. Immunohistochemistry, using antiserum raised to B. bronchiseptica, revealed strong positive staining of bacteria attached to bronchial ciliated epithelia as well as scattered positive staining in affected alveoli. Western blot analysis demonstrated that virulence factors, filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, and adenylate cyclase toxin are produced by the sea otter B. bronchiseptica isolate. Ribotype analysis using Pvu 11 restriction digests indicated that this isolate is most similar to strains commonly obtained in domestic dogs and cats. SN 1040-6387 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 15 IS 6 BP 570 EP 574 UT WOS:000186649700010 PM 14667021 ER PT J AU Koci, MD Moser, LA Kelley, LA Larsen, D Brown, CC Schultz-Cherry, S AF Koci, MD Moser, LA Kelley, LA Larsen, D Brown, CC Schultz-Cherry, S TI Astrovirus induces diarrhea in the absence of inflammation and cell death SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY AB Astroviruses are a leading cause of infantile viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Very little is known about the mechanisms of astrovirus-induced diarrhea. One reason for this is the lack of a small-animal model. Recently, we isolated a novel strain of astrovirus (TAstV-2) from turkeys with the emerging infectious disease poult enteritis mortality syndrome. In the present studies, we demonstrate that TAstV-2 causes growth depression, decreased thymus size, and enteric infection in infected turkeys. Infectious TAstV-2 can be recovered from multiple tissues, including the blood, suggesting that there is a viremic stage during infection. In spite of the severe diarrhea, histopathologic changes in the intestine were mild and there was a surprising lack of inflammation. This may be due to the increased activation of the potent immunosuppressive cytokine transforming growth factor beta during astrovirus infection. These studies suggest that the turkey will be a useful small-animal model with which to study astrovirus pathogenesis and immunity. OI Koci, Matthew/0000-0002-5766-4049 SN 0022-538X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 77 IS 21 BP 11798 EP 11808 DI 10.1128/JVI.77.21.11798-11808.2003 UT WOS:000185995300049 PM 14557664 ER PT J AU Roubenoff, R AF Roubenoff, R TI Sarcopenia: Effects on body composition and function SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES AB Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass that happens to everyone with age. However, the rate of sarcopenia and the severity of its sequelae vary greatly according to health status, physical activity, and possibly diet. In this review, I discuss the potential mechanisms of sarcopenia and some ideas about prevention and treatment. SN 1079-5006 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 58 IS 11 BP 1012 EP 1017 UT WOS:000186845800011 PM 14630883 ER PT J AU Turner, C He, XH Nguyen, T Lin, JT Wong, RY Lundin, RE Harden, L McKeon, T AF Turner, C He, XH Nguyen, T Lin, JT Wong, RY Lundin, RE Harden, L McKeon, T TI Lipase-catalyzed methanolysis of triricinolein in organic solvent to produce 1,2(2,3)-diricinolein SO LIPIDS AB The objective of this study was to find the optimal parameters for lipase-catalyzed methanolysis of triricinolein to produce 1,2(2,3)-diricinolein. Four different immobilized lipases were tested, Candida antarctica type B (CALB), Rhizomucor miehei (RML), Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL), and Penicillium roquefortii (PRL). n-Hexane and diisopropyl ether (DIPE) were examined as reaction media at three different water activities (aw), 0.11, 0.53, and 0.97. The consumption of triricinolein and the formation of 1,2(2,3)-diricinolein, methyl ricinoleate, and ricinoleic acid were followed for up to 48 h. PRL gave the highest yield of 1,2(2,3)-diricinolein. Moreover, this lipase showed the highest specificity for the studied reaction, i.e., high selectivity for the reaction with triricinolein but low for 1,2(2,3)-diricinolein. Recoveries of 93 and 88% DAG were obtained using PRL in DIPE at a, of 0.11 and 0.53, respectively. Further, NMR studies showed that a higher purity of the 1,2(2,3)-isomer vs. the 1,3-isomer was achieved at higher a(w) (88% at a(w) = 0.53), compared to lower a(w) (71 % at a(w) = 0.11). The DAG obtained was acylated by the DAG acyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Therefore, this enzymatic product is a useful enzyme substrate for lipid biosynthesis. Accordingly, the use of PRL in DIPE at aw 0.53 is considered optimal for the synthesis of 1,2(2,3)-diricinolein from triricinolein. RI Turner, Charlotta/I-6045-2013 OI Turner, Charlotta/0000-0001-9466-1149 SN 0024-4201 EI 1558-9307 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 38 IS 11 BP 1197 EP 1206 DI 10.1007/s11745-003-1179-5 UT WOS:000187507400012 PM 14733366 ER PT J AU Heaton, MP Leymaster, KA Freking, BA Hawk, DA Smith, TPL Keele, JW Snelling, WM Fox, JM Chitko-McKown, CG Laegreid, WW AF Heaton, MP Leymaster, KA Freking, BA Hawk, DA Smith, TPL Keele, JW Snelling, WM Fox, JM Chitko-McKown, CG Laegreid, WW TI Prion gene sequence variation within diverse groups of US sheep, beef cattle, and deer SO MAMMALIAN GENOME AB Prions are proteins that play a central role in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in a variety of mammals. Among the most notable prion disorders in ungulates are scrapie in sheep, bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle, and chronic wasting disease in deer. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the sheep prion gene (PRNP) have been correlated with susceptibility to natural scrapie in some populations. Similar correlations have not been reported in cattle or deer; however, characterization of PRNP nucleotide diversity in those species is incomplete. This report describes nucleotide sequence variation and frequency estimates for the PRNP locus within diverse groups of U.S. sheep, U.S. beef cattle, and free-ranging deer (Odocoileus virginianus and O. hemionus from Wyoming). DNA segments corresponding to the complete prion coding sequence and a 596-bp portion of the PRNP promoter region were amplified and sequenced from DNA panels with 90 sheep, 96 cattle, and 94 deer. Each panel was designed to contain the most diverse germplasm available from their respective populations to facilitate polymorphism detection. Sequence comparisons identified a total of 86 polymorphisms. Previously unreported polymorphisms were identified in sheep (9), cattle (13), and deer (32). The number of individuals sampled within each population was sufficient to detect more than 95% of all alleles present at a frequency greater than 0.02. The estimation of PRNP allele and genotype frequencies within these diverse groups of sheep, cattle, and deer provides a framework for designing accurate genotype assays for use in genetic epidemiology, allele management, and disease control. RI Freking, Brad/C-6494-2008 SN 0938-8990 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 14 IS 11 BP 765 EP 777 DI 10.1007/s00335-003-2283-y UT WOS:000186321400005 PM 14722726 ER PT J AU Liu, YL Lyon, BG Windham, WR Realini, CE Pringle, TDD Duckett, S AF Liu, YL Lyon, BG Windham, WR Realini, CE Pringle, TDD Duckett, S TI Prediction of color, texture, and sensory characteristics of beef steaks by visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. A feasibility study SO MEAT SCIENCE AB Color, instrumental texture, and sensory attributes of steaks from 24 beef carcasses at 2, 4, 8, 14, and 21 days post mortem. were predicted by visible/near infrared (visible/NIR) reflectance spectroscopy in 400-1080 nm region. Predicting the Hunter a, b, and E* yielded the coefficient of determination (R-2) in calibration to be 0.78-0.90, and R-2 was between 0.49 and 0.55 for tenderness, Hunter L, sensory chewiness and juiciness. The prediction R-2 for tenderness was in the range of 0.22-0.72 when the samples were segregated according to the aging days. Based on partial least square (PLS) model predicted tenderness, beef samples were classified into tender and tough classes with a correct classification of 83%. Soft independent modeling of class analogy of principal component analysis (SIMCA/PCA) model of measured tenderness showed great promise in the classification of tender and tough meats with over 96% success. Published by Elsevier Ltd. SN 0309-1740 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 65 IS 3 BP 1107 EP 1115 DI 10.1016/S0309-1740(02)00328-5 UT WOS:000184306200021 PM 22063693 ER PT J AU Hadsell, DL Bonnette, S George, J Torres, D Klementidis, Y Gao, S Haney, PM Summy-Long, J Soloff, MS Parlow, AF Sirito, M Sawadogo, M AF Hadsell, DL Bonnette, S George, J Torres, D Klementidis, Y Gao, S Haney, PM Summy-Long, J Soloff, MS Parlow, AF Sirito, M Sawadogo, M TI Diminished milk synthesis in upstream stimulatory factor 2 null mice is associated with decreased circulating oxytocin and decreased mammary gland expression of eukaryotic initiation factors 4E and 4G SO MOLECULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY AB Previous studies have suggested that upstream stimulatory factors (USFs) regulate genes involved with cell cycle progression. Because of the relationship of USFs to an important oncogene in breast cancer, c-myc, we chose to determine the importance of USF to normal mammary gland development in the mouse. Expression of USF in the mammary gland throughout development demonstrated only modest changes. Mutation of the Usf2 gene was associated with reduced fertility in females, but had no effect on prepartum mammary gland development. However, lactation performance in Usf2(-/-) females was only half of that observed in Usf2(+/+) females, and both lactose and nitrogen were decreased in milk from Usf2(-/-) dams. This decrease was associated with diminished mammary tissue wet weight and luminal area by d 9 of lactation and with a decreased protein-DNA ratio. This decrease was associated with reduced abundance of the eukaryotic initiation factors eIF4E and eIF4G. Blood oxytocin concentrations on d 9 postpartum were also lower in Usf2(-/-) mice than Usf2(+/+) mice. In contrast, the mutation had no effect on blood prolactin concentrations, mammary cell proliferation or apoptosis, mammary tissue oxytocin receptors, or milk protein gene expression. The mutation had only modest effects on maternal behavior. These data support the idea that USF is important to physiological processes necessary for the establishment and maintenance of normal lactation and suggest that USF-2 may impact lactation through both systemic and mammary cell-specific mechanisms. RI Klimentidis, Yann/B-2348-2015 OI Klimentidis, Yann/0000-0002-6065-4044 SN 0888-8809 PD NOV 1 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 11 BP 2251 EP 2267 DI 10.1210/me.2002-0031 UT WOS:000186273700011 PM 12907752 ER PT J AU Frontera, WR Hughes, VA Krivickas, LS Kim, SK Foldvari, M Roubenoff, R AF Frontera, WR Hughes, VA Krivickas, LS Kim, SK Foldvari, M Roubenoff, R TI Strength training in older women: Early and late changes in whole muscle and single cells SO MUSCLE & NERVE AB In order to examine the relative contribution of neural- and muscle-based adaptation to strength training, we studied early (2 weeks) and later (12 weeks) effects of strength training on muscle size and strength and type I single-fiber size and contractility in 14 elderly women (aged 68-79 years) and seven young controls. Older subjects were randomized to training (n = 7) or control (n = 7) groups. Strength did not change, but whole muscle size increased significantly after 2 weeks. After 12 weeks, strength, whole muscle size, and specific force all increased. No changes occurred in the control group. In single fibers, no changes in size and contractility were noted after 2 weeks, but specific force was higher in the training group after 12 weeks. Early adaptations to strength training in elderly women cannot be attributed to changes at the cellular level and therefore occur primarily in the central nervous system. Later, cellular adaptations in specific force track closely whole muscle changes. SN 0148-639X EI 1097-4598 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 28 IS 5 BP 601 EP 608 DI 10.1002/mus.10480 UT WOS:000186303700011 PM 14571463 ER PT J AU Chaverri, P Castlebury, LA Overton, BE Samuels, GJ AF Chaverri, P Castlebury, LA Overton, BE Samuels, GJ TI Hypocrea/Trichoderma: species with conidiophore elongations and green conidia SO MYCOLOGIA AB Species of Trichoderma and Hypocrea that have green conidia and sterile or fertile elongations of their conidiophores are described or redescribed and their phylogenetic position explored. The described species include T. crassum, T. fasciculatum, T. fertile, T hamatum, T. longipile, T. oblongisporum, T. pubescens, T. spirale, T. strictipile, T. strigosum, T. stromaticum, T. lomentosum, Hypocrea aureoviridis f. macrospora, H. ceramica. and H. semiorbis. Trichoderma fasciculatum originally was described from cultures from ascospores of an unidentified Hypocrea specimen; it is considered to be a synonym of T. strictipile. The remaining species of Trichoderma considered here have not been linked to teleomorphs, and the Trichoderma anamorphs of H. aureoviridis f. macrospora and H. semiorbis have not been named. Five new species of Hypocrea are described, viz. H. cremea, H. cuneispora, H. estonica, H. strictipilosa and H. surrotunda. The phylogenetic relationships of these species were inferred based on partial RPB2 and EF-1alpha DNA sequence data and phenotypic characteristics, including teleomorph, anamorph, colony and growth rates. Trichoderma crassum was found to be a sister species to T. virens, based on molecular sequences and phenotypic data. Hypocrea surrotunda and H. cremea, H. cuneispora and T. longipile, T. fertile and T. oblongisporum, l: tomentosum and H. atrogelatinosa, and T. hamatum and T. pubescens, respectively, were found to be closely related phylogenetically, based on RPB2 and EF-1alpha gene genealogies. Anamorph and teleomorph phenotype, including conidiophore elongations, phialide morphology, conidial morphology, stroma anatomy and ascospore morphology are not useful predictors of relationships. Despite the shared phenotypic characters of these Trichoderma and Hypocrea species, they are distributed between two major clades of Trichoderma/Hypocrea. Redescriptions and a key to species of Hypocrea/Trichoderma with green conidia and conidiophore elongations are presented. OI Chaverri, Priscila/0000-0002-8486-6033 SN 0027-5514 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 95 IS 6 BP 1100 EP 1140 DI 10.2307/3761915 UT WOS:000188932800011 PM 21149016 ER PT J AU Guzman, G Tapia, F Ramirez-Guillen, F Baroni, TJ Lodge, DJ Cantrell, SA Nieves-Rivera, AM AF Guzman, G Tapia, F Ramirez-Guillen, F Baroni, TJ Lodge, DJ Cantrell, SA Nieves-Rivera, AM TI New species of Psilocybe in the Caribbean, with an emendation of P. guilartensis SO MYCOLOGIA AB Five new species of Psilocybe from the Caribbean are described: P. caribaea, P. egonii, P. subpsilocybioides, P. zapotecoantillarum and P. zapotecocaribaea. All except P. zapotecocaribaea, which is known only from Martinique, are native to Puerto Rico. Psilocybe guilartensis, previously described from Puerto Rico, is the most commonly collected species of Psilocybe in Puerto Rico. New information on morphology is provided for P. guilartensis, and an emendation of the species circumscription is presented. SN 0027-5514 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 95 IS 6 BP 1171 EP 1180 DI 10.2307/3761918 UT WOS:000188932800014 PM 21149019 ER PT J AU Klich, MA Cary, JW Beltz, SB Bennett, CA AF Klich, MA Cary, JW Beltz, SB Bennett, CA TI Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Aspergillus ochraceoroseus SO MYCOLOGIA AB Aspergillus ochraceoroseus produces the yellow-gold conidia and other characteristics of Aspergillus subgenus Circumdati section Circumdati. However, this species produces aflatoxin, a secondary metabolite characteristic of some members of subgenus Circumdati section Flavi and sterigmatocystin, a related secondary metabolite usually associated with subgenus Nidulantes sections Nidulantes and Versicolores, as well as members of several other genera. Our morphological data support the placement of A. ochraceoroseus in subgenus Circumdati. Sequence data from A. ochraceoroseus aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin genes aflR and nor-1/stcE, as well as 5.8S ITS and beta tubulin genes, were compared to those of aspergilli in sections Circumdati, Flavi, Nidulantes and Versicolores. In the sequence comparisons, A. ochraceoroseus was related more closely to the species in subgenus Nidulantes than to species from subgenus Circumdati. SN 0027-5514 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 95 IS 6 BP 1252 EP 1260 DI 10.2307/3761925 UT WOS:000188932800021 PM 21149026 ER PT J AU Zhang, QH Aldrich, JR AF Zhang, QH Aldrich, JR TI Male-produced anti-sex pheromone in a plant bug SO NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN AB In plant bugs (Miridae), females produce sex pheromones in the metathoracic scent gland, which in most other true bugs (Heteroptera) is responsible for chemical defense. The possibility that the metathoracic gland secretion of male plant bugs plays a role other than defense has been largely overlooked. Here we show that in a pine-inhabiting mirid, Phytocoris difficilis Knight, hexyl butyrate and (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate are abundantly produced only in males; we demonstrate that these metathoracic gland compounds elicit strong antennal responses in conspecific males, and that these butyrates totally interrupt attraction of males to the female-produced sex pheromone. Our results suggest that in at least some plant bugs the male metathoracic scent gland esters have a natural communicative function as anti-sex pheromones, probably to interrupt further mating attempts by other males. SN 0028-1042 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 90 IS 11 BP 505 EP 508 DI 10.1007/s00114-003-0466-8 UT WOS:000186517000004 PM 14610647 ER PT J AU Ellis, JD Richards, CS Hepburn, HR Elzen, PJ AF Ellis, JD Richards, CS Hepburn, HR Elzen, PJ TI Oviposition by small hive beetles elicits hygienic responses from Cape honeybees SO NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN AB Two novel behaviours, both adaptations of small hive beetles (Aethina tumida Murray) and Cape honeybees (Apis mellifera capensis Esch.), are described. Beetles puncture the sides of empty cells and oviposit under the pupae in adjoining cells. However, bees detect this ruse and remove infested brood (hygienic behaviour), even under such well-disguised conditions. Indeed, bees removed 91% of treatment brood (brood cells with punctured walls caused by beetles) but only 2% of control brood (brood not exposed to beetles). Only 91% of treatment brood actually contained beetle eggs; the data therefore suggest that bees remove only that brood containing beetle eggs and leave uninfected brood alone, even if beetles have accessed (but not oviposited on) the brood. Although this unique oviposition strategy by beetles appears both elusive and adaptive, Cape honeybees are able to detect and remove virtually all of the infested brood. RI Ellis, James/L-7985-2013 SN 0028-1042 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 90 IS 11 BP 532 EP 535 DI 10.1007/s00114-003-0476-6 UT WOS:000186517000011 PM 14610654 ER PT J AU Zobel, R AF Zobel, R TI Fine roots - discarding flawed assumptions SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST SN 0028-646X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 160 IS 2 BP 276 EP 279 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00893.x UT WOS:000186322000002 ER PT J AU Polley, HW Johnson, HB Derner, JD AF Polley, HW Johnson, HB Derner, JD TI Increasing CO2 from subambient to superambient concentrations alters species composition and increases above-ground biomass in a C-3/C-4 grassland SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB The glacial-to-present increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration is likely to have stimulated plant production, but experimental tests in natural ecosystems are lacking. We measured above-ground biomass production, plant nitrogen (N) accumulation, and species dynamics in a C-3/C-4 grassland exposed for 4 yr (1997-2000) to a continuous gradient in CO2 from 200-560 mumol mol(-1). Biomass increased with CO2 concentration in 1997-99. Biomass increases ranged g m(-2) between 121 and 161 g m(-2) per 100 mumol mol(-1) rise in CO2 and were similar at subambient and superambient concentrations. Biomass responses to CO2 were determined by different species or functional groups of species during different years. Increasing CO2 accelerated a successional shift initiated by release from grazing in which C-3 forbs increased at the expense of a C-4 grass. Effects of CO2 on tissue N concentration varied among species and functional groups, but CO2 did not alter total N in above-ground tissues. Results imply that rising CO2 has stimulated plant production and accelerated successional change and that grasslands will remain sensitive to rising CO2 for several decades. SN 0028-646X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 160 IS 2 BP 319 EP 327 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00897.x UT WOS:000186322000005 ER PT J AU Kyllo, DA Velez, V Tyree, MT AF Kyllo, DA Velez, V Tyree, MT TI Combined effects of arbuscular mycorrhizas and light on water uptake of the neotropical understory shrubs, Piper and Psychotria SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST AB Root hydraulic conductance (K-r) was measured for five understory shrub species of the neotropical moist forest to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) for both carbon-rich and carbon-limited host plants. K-r was measured using a high pressure flow meter (HPFM) for potted plants grown in a factorial combination of AM fungi (presence/absence) and light (3.5 and 30% of full sun, low/high). AM colonization improved Kr for the more shade-tolerant species plants when growing in low light. By contrast, water uptake efficiency of the light-demanding species was significantly decreased by AM fungi in high light. Regardless of AM colonization, light-demanding species had a lower capacity than shade-tolerant species to meet transpirational demands, and they allocated substantially more to fine root production relative to leaf area when colonized. The differential effects of AM colonization and light on a species' root hydraulic conductance in relation to phylogeny and light adaptation demonstrate that AM fungi may be critical in determining early plant succession and community composition not only due to effects on nutrient uptake, but on water uptake as well. SN 0028-646X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 160 IS 2 BP 443 EP 454 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00896.x UT WOS:000186322000017 ER PT J AU Halupka, KC Willson, MF Bryant, MD Everest, FH Gharrett, AJ AF Halupka, KC Willson, MF Bryant, MD Everest, FH Gharrett, AJ TI Conservation of population diversity of Pacific salmon in southeast Alaska SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT AB We analyzed intraspecific variation in selected biological characteristics of five species of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. in southeast Alaska and adjacent areas of Canada with a particular interest in describing the variation among populations and suggesting conservation priorities to preserve existing variation. We identified traits that showed high levels of among-population variation, evaluated the interspecific consistency of variation patterns, and noted the relationship of these traits to potential adaptive variation. In addition, we graphically identified populations with distinctive phenotypic and demographic characteristics as outliers from the distribution of mean values of traits taken from populations throughout the region. We also reviewed allozyme surveys to identify populations that differed in terms of the geographic clustering patterns of allele frequencies. Approximately 9,000 salmon populations occur in the study area, and sufficient data were available from 2,062 (23%) of them to analyze at least one characteristic. We identified 47 populations represented by adequate data sets that have distinctive characteristics. An additional 35 populations, represented by limited samples or unusual nominal traits, may be regionally distinctive. Of the 47 adequately sampled, distinctive populations, 22 met our criteria for conservation consideration: (1) high potential for adaptive variation (including distinctive run timing), (2) a distinctive trait combined with high spawner abundance or allozyme frequencies that diverge from geographic clustering patterns, and (3) more than one distinctive characteristic or freshwater habitat shared with other distinctive populations, Freshwater habitats for 6 of those 22 populations are located in watersheds that do not have restrictive land use designations and warrant the highest conservation priority. SN 0275-5947 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 1057 EP 1086 DI 10.1577/M02-152 UT WOS:000187125200001 ER PT J AU Ji, LL Lay, D Chung, E Fu, Y Peterson, DM AF Ji, LL Lay, D Chung, E Fu, Y Peterson, DM TI Effects of avenanthramides on oxidant generation and antioxidant enzyme activity in exercised rats SO NUTRITION RESEARCH AB Avenanthramides (AVEN) are major phenolic acids in oat (Avena sativa L.) that have potent antioxidant functions. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 48, age 6-7 wk) were fed either an AIN-93 based control (C) diet or the same diet containing 0.1 g/kg AVEN-Bc [N-(3',4'-dihydroxycinnamoyl)-5-hydroxyanthranilic acid] for 50 days. Each group was further divided into rested (R) and exercised (E, treadmill running at 22.5 m/min, 10% grade for I hour) prior to killing. AVEN supplementation per se had no effect on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in most tissues, except soleus muscle wherein ROS level was decreased. AVEN-fed rats had higher superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the deep portion of vastus lateralis muscle (DVL), liver and kidney and higher glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity in the heart and DVL, compared to C-fed rats. E increased ROS production in the liver, DVL and soleus, and lipid peroxidation in the heart, liver and DVL. AVEN attenuated E-induced ROS in soleus and lipid peroxidation in the heart, but enhanced lipid peroxidation in DVL. We conclude that AVEN can serve as a potential dietary antioxidant supplement, but its tissue specific effects require further investigation. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. RI Chung, Eunhee/A-4941-2012; Fu, Ying/E-5655-2012 OI Chung, Eunhee/0000-0002-4501-9333; SN 0271-5317 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 23 IS 11 BP 1579 EP 1590 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(03)00165-9 UT WOS:000186128000013 ER PT J AU Marsh, JB AF Marsh, JB TI Lipoprotein metabolism in obesity and diabetes: Insights from stable isotope kinetic studies in humans SO NUTRITION REVIEWS AB The paradigm of obesity leading to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes is examined in relation to dyslipidemia, which typically consists of high levels of triglycerides (TG) and low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Kinetic studies with stable isotope-labeled amino acid precursors have shown that the development of visceral obesity, as well as type 2 diabetes, leads to overproduction of the apolipoprotein B-100 and TG in very low-density lipoproteins. Elevated plasma levels or increased flux of albumin-bound free fatty acids to the liver appear to be underlying metabolic events in this process. Low levels of HDL are due to increased catabolism, which can be related to TG enrichment. SN 0029-6643 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 61 IS 11 BP 363 EP 375 DI 10.1031/nr.2003.nov.363-375 UT WOS:000227433000001 PM 14677571 ER PT J AU Liu, LP Meydani, M Mayer, J AF Liu, LP Meydani, M Mayer, J TI Angiogenesis inhibitors may regulate adiposity SO NUTRITION REVIEWS AB Overweight and obese are major health concerns owing to the complex co-morbidities that inevitably follow. Diet and exercise are the primary means by which people attempt to lose weight. A recent study in an obese mouse model suggested that angiogenesis inhibitors, which are designed to inhibit tumor growth, are able to reduce adipose tissue mass by cutting off the blood supply. This approach may have application in the prevention and treatment of obesity by using foods with antiangiogenic potential. RI Liu, Liping/D-3663-2009 SN 0029-6643 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 61 IS 11 BP 384 EP 387 DI 10.1301/nr.2003.nov.384-387 UT WOS:000227433000003 PM 14677573 ER PT J AU Zhu, YJ Qiu, XH Moore, PH Borth, W Hu, J Ferreira, S Albert, HH AF Zhu, YJ Qiu, XH Moore, PH Borth, W Hu, J Ferreira, S Albert, HH TI Systemic acquired resistance induced by BTH in papaya SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY AB Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Carica papaya L. is induced by benzothiadiazole (BTH). The response is manifested by increased tolerance to infection by the virulent pathogen Phytophthora palmivora, by increased beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase activities, and by increased accumulation of a PR1 mRNA. Infection of untreated papaya by P. palmivora also induced beta-1,3-glucanase and chitinase activities but at much lower levels. This response to P. palmivora is characteristic of a compatible interaction. Papaya has at least four members of the PR-1 gene family; BTH reduces mRNA accumulation for two of these and increases it in the other two. One of these, PR-1d, is induced over 20-fold; mRNA accumulation for this gene increased for at least 14 days after BTH treatment. In contrast, both chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase activities peaked after 1-2 days then returned to base levels at approximately 10 days. Papaya has an NPR1 gene that contains structural domains conserved with arabidopsis; these domains are involved in protein-protein interactions and nuclear localization, which are essential for function in SAR of arabidopsis. The papaya NPR1 gene is expressed constitutively and is slightly induced by BTH treatment. Overall, these findings indicate the basic elements of papaya SAR resemble the pathway as described in arabidopsis and tobacco. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. SN 0885-5765 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 63 IS 5 BP 237 EP 248 DI 10.1016/j.pmpp.2004.03.003 UT WOS:000222757300002 ER PT J AU Raboy, V AF Raboy, V TI myo-Inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY AB myo-Inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate (Ins P-6) was first described as an abundant form of phosphorus in plant seeds and other plant tissues and dubbed "phytic acid". Subsequently it was found to be a common constituent in eukaryotic cells, its metabolism a basic component of cellular housekeeping. In addition to phosphate, myo-inositol (Ins) and mineral storage and retrieval in plant organs and tissues, other roles for Ins P-6 include service as a major metabolic pool in Ins phosphate and pyrophosphate pathways involved in signaling and regulation; possibly as an effector or ligand in these processes; as a form of energy currency and in ATP regeneration; in RNA export and DNA repair; and as an anti-oxidant. The relatively recent demonstration that pyrophosphate-containing derivatives of Ins P-6 can function as phosphate donors in the regeneration of ATP is reminiscent of the proposal, made four decades ago in studies of seed development, that Ins P-6 itself may serve in this function. Studies of Ins P-6 in non-plant systems rarely include the consideration that this compound might represent a significant fraction of cellular P; cellular phosphate nutrition has been viewed as either not interesting or of little importance. However, there may be few fundamental differences among diverse eukaryotes in both the metabolic pathways involving Ins P-6 and the spectrum of possible roles for it and its metabolites. Published by Elsevier Ltd. SN 0031-9422 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 64 IS 6 BP 1033 EP 1043 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(03)00446-1 UT WOS:000186208900001 PM 14568069 ER PT J AU Duke, SO AF Duke, SO TI Biotechnology to reduce synthetic herbicide use SO PHYTOPARASITICA SN 0334-2123 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 31 IS 5 BP 429 EP 432 DI 10.1007/BF02979734 UT WOS:000186427200001 ER PT J AU Lee, IM Martini, M Bottner, KD Dane, RA Black, MC Troxclair, N AF Lee, IM Martini, M Bottner, KD Dane, RA Black, MC Troxclair, N TI Ecological implications from a molecular analysis of phytoplasmas involved in an aster yellows epidemic in various crops in Texas SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY AB In the spring of 2000, an aster yellows (AY) epidemic occurred in carrot crops in the Winter Garden region of southwestern Texas. A survey revealed that vegetable crops, including cabbage, onion, parsley, and dill, and some weeds also were infected by AY phytoplasmas. Nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of PCR-amplified phytoplasm. 16S rDNA were employed for the detection and identification of phytoplasmas associated with these crops and weeds. Phytoplasmas belonging to two subgroups, 16SrI-A and 16Sr1-B, in the AY group (16SrI), were predominantly detected in infected plants. Carrot, parsley, and dill were infected with both subgroups. Onion and three species of weeds (prickly lettuce, lazy daisy, and false ragweed) were predominantly or exclusively infected by subgroup 16SrI-A phytoplasma strains, while cabbage was infected by subgroup 16SrI-B phytoplasmas. Both types of phytoplasmas were detected in three leafhopper species, Macrosteles,fascifrons, Scaphytopius irroratus, and Ceratagallia abrupta, commonly present in this region during the period of the epidemic. Mixed infections were very common in individual carrot, parsley, and dill plants and in individual leafhoppers. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of 16S rDNA and ribosomal protein (rp) gene sequences indicated that phytoplasma strains within subgroup 16SrI-A or subgroup 16SrI-B, detected in various plant species and putative insect vectors, were highly homogeneous. However, based on rp sequences, two rpI subgroups were identified within the subgroup 16SrIA strain cluster. The majority of subgroup 16SrI-A phytoplasma strains were classified as rp subgroup rpI-A, but phytoplasma strains detected in one onion sample and two leafhoppers (M. fascifrons and C. abrupta) were different and classified as a new rp subgroup, rpI-N. The degree of genetic homogeneity of the phytoplasmas involved in the epidemic suggested that the phytoplasmas came from the same pool and that all three leafhopper species may have been involved in the epidemic. The different phytoplasma population profiles present in various crops may be attributed to the ecological constraints as a result of the vector-phytoplasma-plant three-way interaction. SN 0031-949X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 93 IS 11 BP 1368 EP 1377 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.2003.93.11.1368 UT WOS:000186177000004 PM 18944064 ER PT J AU Xue, Q Zhu, Z Musick, JT Stewart, BA Dusek, DA AF Xue, Q Zhu, Z Musick, JT Stewart, BA Dusek, DA TI Root growth and water uptake in winter wheat under deficit irrigation SO PLANT AND SOIL AB Root growth is critical for crops to use soil water under water-limited conditions. A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of available soil water on root and shoot growth, and root water uptake in winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) under deficit irrigation in a semi-arid environment. Treatments consisted of rainfed, deficit irrigation at different developmental stages, and adequate irrigation. The rainfed plots had the lowest shoot dry weight because available soil water decreased rapidly from booting to late grain filling. For the deficit-irrigation treatments, crops that received irrigation at jointing and booting had higher shoot dry weight than those that received irrigation at anthesis and middle grain filling. Rapid root growth occurred in both rainfed and irrigated crops from floral initiation to anthesis, and maximum rooting depth occurred by booting. Root length density and dry weight decreased after anthesis. From floral initiation to booting, root length density and growth rate were higher in rainfed than in irrigated crops. However, root length density and growth rate were lower in rainfed than in irrigated crops from booting to anthesis. As a result, the difference in root length density between rainfed and irrigated treatments was small during grain filling. The root growth and water use below 1.4 m were limited by a caliche ( 45% CaCO3) layer at about 1.4 m profile. The mean water uptake rate decreased as available soil water decreased. During grain filling, root water uptake was higher from the irrigated crops than from the rainfed. Irrigation from jointing to anthesis increased seasonal evapotranspiration, grain yield, harvest index and water-use efficiency based on yield (WUE), but did not affect water-use efficiency based on aboveground biomass. There was no significant difference in WUE among irrigation treatments except one-irrigation at middle grain filling. Due to a relatively deep root system in rainfed crops, the higher grain yield and WUE in irrigated crops compared to rainfed crops was not a result of rooting depth or root length density, but increased harvest index, and higher water uptake rate during grain filling. SN 0032-079X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 257 IS 1 BP 151 EP 161 DI 10.1023/A:1026230527597 UT WOS:000186046200015 ER PT J AU Simmons, RW Pongsakul, P Chaney, RL Saiyasitpanich, D Klinphoklap, S Nobuntou, W AF Simmons, RW Pongsakul, P Chaney, RL Saiyasitpanich, D Klinphoklap, S Nobuntou, W TI The relative exclusion of zinc and iron from rice grain in relation to rice grain cadmium as compared to soybean: Implications for human health SO PLANT AND SOIL AB During 2000 - 2002, diagnostic rice and soybean plant samples and concurrent soil samples were collected from cultivated fields within a geo-physically unique Zn/Cd co-contaminated location in Thailand. For the fields sampled, aqua regia-digested Zn and Cd concentrations ranged from 2.91 - 284 and 254 - 8036 mg kg(-1), respectively. In comparison, rice and soybean Cd concentrations ranged from 0.02 - 5.00 and 1.08 - 1.71 mg kg(-1), respectively. Further, the results indicate that grain Cd, Zn and Fe concentrations are in the order rice(Gr)= soybean(Gr), soybean(Gr)> rice(Gr), soybean(Gr)> rice(Gr), respectively. However, and critically from a human health perspective, Cd: Zn and Cd: Fe ratios are in the order rice(Gr)> soybean(Gr). In addition, the rice(Gr) Cd: Fe ratio is an order of magnitude higher than that determined for soybean(Gr). The results of this study, clearly demonstrate that compared to rice stalk (rice(St)) and rice leaf (rice(L)), rice(Gr) accumulates comparatively higher Cd than Zn and Fe thus resulting in the high rice(Gr) Cd: Zn and Cd: Fe ratios. This is in direct contrast to the results observed for soybean. OI Simmons, Robert/0000-0002-9594-9934 SN 0032-079X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 257 IS 1 BP 163 EP 170 DI 10.1023/A:1026242811667 UT WOS:000186046200016 ER PT J AU Zhao, DL Reddy, KR Kakani, VG Read, JJ Carter, GA AF Zhao, DL Reddy, KR Kakani, VG Read, JJ Carter, GA TI Corn (Zea mays L.) growth, leaf pigment concentration, photosynthesis and leaf hyperspectral reflectance properties as affected by nitrogen supply SO PLANT AND SOIL AB Plant nitrogen (N) deficiency often limits crop productivity. Early detection of plant N deficiency is important for improving fertilizer N-use efficiency and crop yield. An experiment was conducted in sunlit, controlled environment chambers in the 2001 growing season to determine responses of corn (Zea mays L. cv. 33A14) growth and leaf hyperspectral reflectance properties to varying N supply. Four N treatments were: ( 1) half-strength Hoagland's nutrient solution applied throughout the experiment (control); (2) 20% of control N starting 15 days after emergence (DAE); (3) 0% N starting 15 DAE; and (4) 0% N starting 23 DAE (0% NL). Plant height, the number of leaves, and leaf lengths were examined for nine plants per treatment every 3 - 4 days. Leaf hyperspectral reflectance, concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, leaf and canopy photosynthesis, leaf area, and leaf N concentration were also determined during the experiment. The various N treatments led to a wide range of N concentrations (11 - 48 g kg(-1) DW) in uppermost fully expanded leaves. Nitrogen deficiency suppressed plant growth rate and leaf photosynthesis. At final harvest ( 42 DAE), plant height, leaf area and shoot biomass were 64 - 66% of control values for the 20% N treatment, and 46-56% of control values for the 0% N treatment. Nitrogen deficit treatments of 20% N and 0% N ( Treatment 3) could be distinguished by changes in leaf spectral reflectance in wavelengths of 552 and 710 nm 7 days after treatment. Leaf reflectance at these two wavebands was negatively correlated with either leaf N ( r = - 0.72 and - 0.75**) or chlorophyll ( r = - 0.60 and - 0.72**) concentrations. In addition, higher correlations were found between leaf N concentration and reflectance ratios. The identified N-specific spectral algorithms may be used for image interpretation and diagnosis of corn N status for site-specific N management. RI Kakani, Vijaya Gopal/J-4214-2013; OI Kakani, Vijaya Gopal/0000-0002-7925-4809; Reddy, Kambham Raja/0000-0002-7906-7755 SN 0032-079X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 257 IS 1 BP 205 EP 217 DI 10.1023/A:1026233732507 UT WOS:000186046200020 ER PT J AU Bailey, PC Martin, C Toledo-Ortiz, G Quail, PH Huq, E Heim, MA Jakoby, M Werber, M Weisshaar, B AF Bailey, PC Martin, C Toledo-Ortiz, G Quail, PH Huq, E Heim, MA Jakoby, M Werber, M Weisshaar, B TI Update on the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana SO PLANT CELL RI Weisshaar, Bernd/B-3859-2014 OI Weisshaar, Bernd/0000-0002-7635-3473 SN 1040-4651 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 15 IS 11 BP 2497 EP 2501 DI 10.1105/tpc.151140 UT WOS:000186578900003 PM 14600211 ER PT J AU Kaczorowski, KA Quail, PH AF Kaczorowski, KA Quail, PH TI Arabidopsis PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR7 is a signaling intermediate in phytochrome-regulated seedling deetiolation and phasing of the circadian clock SO PLANT CELL AB To identify new components in the phytochrome (phy) signaling network in Arabidopsis, we used a sensitized genetic screen for deetiolation-defective seedlings. Two allelic mutants were isolated that exhibited reduced sensitivity to both continuous red and far-red light, suggesting involvement in both phyA and phyB signaling. The molecular lesions responsible for the phenotype were shown to be mutations in the Arabidopsis PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR7 (PRR7) gene. PRR7 is a member of a small gene family in Arabidopsis previously suggested to be involved in circadian rhythms. A PRR7-beta-glucuronidase fusion protein localized to the nucleus, implying a possible function in the regulation of photoresponsive gene expression. Consistent with this suggestion, prr7 seedlings were partially defective in the regulation of the rapidly light-induced genes CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED1 (CCA1) and LATE ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL (LHY), observable as a premature increase in expression level during the second peak of the biphasic induction profile that is elicited upon initial exposure of dark-grown seedlings to light. A similar 3- to 6-h coordinated advance in peak free-running expression of CCA1, LHY, and TIMING-OF-CAB1, which are considered to encode the molecular components of the circadian oscillator in Arabidopsis, was observed in entrained fully green prr7 seedlings compared with wild-type seedlings. Collectively, these data suggest that PRR7 functions as a signaling intermediate in the phytochrome-regulated gene expression responsible for both seedling deetiolation and phasing of the circadian clock in response to light. SN 1040-4651 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 15 IS 11 BP 2654 EP 2665 DI 10.1105/tpc.015065 UT WOS:000186578900016 PM 14563930 ER PT J AU Leonard, KJ AF Leonard, KJ TI Regional frequencies of virulence in oat crown rust in the United States from 1990 through 2000 SO PLANT DISEASE AB More than 2,000 isolates of Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae collected in national virulence surveys were analyzed to determine regional patterns of virulence on 28 single-gene oat lines. From 1990 to 2000, frequencies of virulence to eight differentials increased significantly in Texas, and virulence frequencies of four of the eight also increased in the northern Great Plains. No significant changes occurred for the other 20 differentials. Isolates from northern states from the Dakotas to New York had similar patterns of virulence frequencies on these 20 differentials. The pattern of virulence frequencies in the north differed from that of southern states from Texas to the Carolinas. There was a gradient of similarity values in state by state comparisons from Texas to the Atlantic Coast. Isolates from California were distinctly different from those elsewhere in the United States. Isolates from the South and from California had greater mean virulence complexity than isolates from northern states. Collections from the central Great Plains were intermediate between northern and southern isolates. Uredinial isolates from oat and aecial isolates from the alternate host Rhamnus cathartica in Minnesota had similar frequencies of virulence, as did isolates from cultivated oat and wild Avena fatua in North Dakota. Maintenance of large numbers of stable virulence polymorphisms with different regional allele frequencies is consistent with the operation of some form of stabilizing selection. SN 0191-2917 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 87 IS 11 BP 1301 EP 1310 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.11.1301 UT WOS:000186082000005 ER PT J AU Hobbs, HA Hartman, GL Wang, Y Hill, CB Bernard, RL Pedersen, WL Domier, LL AF Hobbs, HA Hartman, GL Wang, Y Hill, CB Bernard, RL Pedersen, WL Domier, LL TI Occurrence of seed coat mottling in soybean plants inoculated with Bean pod mottle virus and Soybean mosaic virus SO PLANT DISEASE AB Soybean seed coat mottling often has been a problematic symptom for soybean growers and the soybean industry. The percentages of seed in eight soybean lines with seed coat mottling were evaluated at harvest after inoculating plants during the growing season with Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV), Soybean mosaic virus (SMV), and both viruses inside an insect-proof cage in the field. Results from experiments conducted over 2 years indicated that plants infected with BPMV and SMV, alone or in combination, produced seed coat mottling, whereas noninoculated plants produced little or no mottled seed. BPMV and SMV inoculated on the same plants did not always result in higher percentages of mottled seed compared with BPMV or SMV alone. There was significant virus, line, and virus-line interaction for seed coat mottling. The non-seed-coat-mottling gene (Im) in Williams isoline L77-5632 provided limited, if any, protection against mottling caused by SMV and none against BPMV. The Peanut mottle virus resistance gene Rpv1 in Williams isoline L85-2308 did not give any protection against mottling caused by SMV, whereas the SMV resistance gene Rsv1 in Williams isoline L78-379 and the resistance gene or genes in the small-seeded line L97-946 gave high levels of protection against mottling caused by SMV. The correlations (r = 0.77 for year 2000 and r = 0.89 for year 2001) between virus infection of the parent plant and seed coat mottling were significant (P = 0.01), indicating that virus infection of plants caused seed coat mottling. SN 0191-2917 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 87 IS 11 BP 1333 EP 1336 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.11.1333 UT WOS:000186082000010 ER PT J AU Xue, HQ Isleib, TG Payne, GA Wilson, RF Novitzky, WP O'Brian, G AF Xue, HQ Isleib, TG Payne, GA Wilson, RF Novitzky, WP O'Brian, G TI Comparison of aflatoxin production in normal- and high-oleic backeross-derived peanut lines SO PLANT DISEASE AB The effect of the high-oleate trait of peanut on aflatoxin production was tested by comparing normal oleic lines with high-oleic backcross-derived lines. Seeds were blanched, quartered, and inoculated with Aspergillus flavus conidia, placed on moistened filter paper in petri dishes, and incubated for 8 days. In one experiment, dishes were stacked in plastic bags in a Latin square design with bags and positions in stacks as blocking variables. High-oleic lines averaged nearly twice as much aflatoxin as normal lines. Background genotype had no significant effect on aflatoxin content, and interaction between background genotype and oleate level was not detected. In a second experiment, dishes were arranged on plastic trays enclosed in plastic bags and stacked with PVC spacers between trays. Fungal growth and aflatoxin production were greater than in the first experiment. Background genotype, oleate level, and their interaction were significant. The mean of high-oleic lines was almost twice that of normal lines, but the magnitude of the difference varied with background genotype. Special care should be taken with high-oleic lines to prevent growth of Aspergillus spp. and concomitant development of aflatoxin contamination. SN 0191-2917 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 87 IS 11 BP 1360 EP 1365 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.11.1360 UT WOS:000186082000015 ER PT J AU Larsen, RC Kaiser, WJ Wyatt, SD Buxton-Druffel, KL Berger, PH AF Larsen, RC Kaiser, WJ Wyatt, SD Buxton-Druffel, KL Berger, PH TI Characterization of a new potyvirus naturally infecting chickpea SO PLANT DISEASE AB During the 1999 to 2001 growing seasons, symptoms consisting of mosaic, stunting, yellowing, wilting, shortening of internodes, and phloem discoloration were observed in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) grown in the Department of Chuquisaca in southern Bolivia. In some fields, approximately 10% of the plants exhibited viruslike symptoms and suffered greatly reduced seed yields. Lentil (Lens culinaris) was also observed to be infected but not pea (Pisum sativum) or faba bean (Vicia faba) growing in nearby fields. Infected chickpea tissue reacted positively to the potyvirus group-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), but there was no serological reaction with antisera to the potyviruses Bean yellow mosaic virus, Clover yellow vein virus, Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus, Pea seedborne mosaic virus, Bean common mosaic virus, or Bean common mosaic necrosis virus. Western blots of total protein extracts probed with the potyvirus MAb revealed a single band ca. 32 kDa. Comparative sequence analysis of cDNA clones generated from the putative coat protein gene consisted of 282 amino acids (31.9 kDa) and showed moderate identities of 67, 66,163, 63, and 61% with the coat proteins of potyviruses Pepper severe mosaic virus, Pepper yellow mosaic virus, Potato virus Y, Plum pox virus, and Pepper mottle virus, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein amino acid sequence revealed that this virus is a unique member of the family Potyviridae and is phylogenetically most closely related to a group of Solanaceae-infecting potyviruses rather than to other legume-infecting potyviruses. The proposed name for the new causal agent is Chickpea yellow mosaic virus. SN 0191-2917 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 87 IS 11 BP 1366 EP 1371 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.11.1366 UT WOS:000186082000016 ER PT J AU Koike, ST Henderson, DM Bull, CT Goldman, PH Lewellen, RT AF Koike, ST Henderson, DM Bull, CT Goldman, PH Lewellen, RT TI First report of bacterial leaf spot of Swiss chard caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata in California. SO PLANT DISEASE SN 0191-2917 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 87 IS 11 BP 1397 EP 1397 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.11.1397B UT WOS:000186082000028 ER PT J AU Tzanetakis, IE Wintermantel, WM Martin, RR AF Tzanetakis, IE Wintermantel, WM Martin, RR TI First report of Beet pseudo yellows virus in strawberry in the United States: A second Crinivirus able to cause pallidosis disease. SO PLANT DISEASE RI Tzanetakis, Ioannis/B-9598-2009 SN 0191-2917 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 87 IS 11 BP 1398 EP 1398 DI 10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.11.1398C UT WOS:000186082000032 ER PT J AU Mazarei, M Lennon, KA Puthoff, DP Rodermel, SR Baum, TJ AF Mazarei, M Lennon, KA Puthoff, DP Rodermel, SR Baum, TJ TI Expression of an Arabidopsis phosphoglycerate mutase homologue is localized to apical meristems, regulated by hormones, and induced by sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB We previously isolated a partial soybean cDNA clone whose transcript abundance is increased upon infection by the sedentary, endoparasitic soybean cyst nematode Heterodera glycines. We now isolated the corresponding full-length cDNA and determined that the predicted gene product was similar to the group of cofactor-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase/bisphosphoglycerate mutase enzymes (PGM/bPGM; EC 5.4.2.1/5.4.2.4). We designated the corresponding soybean gene GmPGM. PGM and bPGM are key catalysts of glycolysis that have been well characterized in animals but not plants. Using the GmPGM cDNA sequence, we identified a homologous Arabidopsis thaliana gene, which we designated AtPGM. Histochemical GUS analyses of transgenic Arabidopsis plants containing the AtPGM promoter:: GUS construct revealed that the AtPGM promoter directs GUS expression in uninfected plants only to the shoot and root apical meristems. In infected plants, GUS staining also is evident in the nematode feeding structures induced by the cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii and by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Furthermore, we discovered that the AtPGM promoter was down-regulated by abscisic acid and hydroxyurea, whereas it was induced by sucrose, oryzalin, and auxin, thereby revealing expression characteristics typical of genes with roles in meristematic cells. Assessment of the auxin-inducible AUX1 gene promoter ( a gene coding for a polar auxin transport protein) similarly revealed feeding cell and meristem expression, suggesting that auxin may be responsible for the observed tissue specificity of the AtPGM promoter. These results provide first insight into the possible roles of PGM/bPGM in plant physiology and in plant-pathogen interactions. SN 0167-4412 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 53 IS 4 BP 513 EP 530 DI 10.1023/B:PLAN.0000019062.80459.80 UT WOS:000220093600007 PM 15010616 ER PT J AU Ray, S Anderson, JM Urmeev, FI Goodwin, SB AF Ray, S Anderson, JM Urmeev, FI Goodwin, SB TI Rapid induction of a protein disulfide isomerase and defense-related genes in wheat in response to the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB Mycosphaerella graminicola, incitant of septoria tritici blotch, is a widespread and significant pathogen of wheat that is not closely related to other fungi being developed as genetic models for host-pathogen interactions. Several resistance genes in wheat have been identified, yet the molecular mechanisms of resistance are unknown. To identify host genes involved in the resistance response, expression profiles of the wheat line Tadinia (containing the Stb4 gene for resistance) and the susceptible line Yecora Rojo, non-inoculated or inoculated with M. graminicola, were compared by differential-display polymerase chain reaction (DD-PCR). Among the differentially expressed genes was a protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), which is well known as a molecular chaperone and component of signal-transduction pathways in animal systems but had not been implicated previously in plant defense response. Real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR and northern analysis revealed that PDI was induced within 3 h of inoculation with highest induction in the pathogen-treated resistant lines. These responses of PDI were similar to the early and strong resistance-related responses displayed by the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, PR-1, PR-2 and PR-5. In contrast, a wheat lipoxygenase was down-regulated in the resistant lines at time points corresponding with peak induction of the PR genes. Thus, part of the resistance mechanism may involve repression of a gene that could otherwise aid fungal growth. Wheat responds much more rapidly than believed previously to signals produced by M. graminicola. These early responses begin prior to penetration of the host and appear to determine the outcome of the host-pathogen interaction. SN 0167-4412 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 53 IS 5 BP 741 EP 754 DI 10.1023/B:PLAN.0000019120.74610.52 UT WOS:000220093800010 ER PT J AU O'Donnell, PJ Schmelz, E Block, A Miersch, O Wasternack, C Jones, JB Klee, HJ AF O'Donnell, PJ Schmelz, E Block, A Miersch, O Wasternack, C Jones, JB Klee, HJ TI Multiple hormones act sequentially to mediate a susceptible tomato pathogen defense response SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB Phytohormones regulate plant responses to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. How a limited number of hormones differentially mediate individual stress responses is not understood. We have used one such response, the compatible interaction of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria (Xcv), to examine the interactions of jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene, and salicylic acid (SA). The role of JA was assessed using an antisense allene oxide cyclase transgenic line and the def1 mutant to suppress Xcv-induced biosynthesis of jasmonates. Xcv growth was limited in these lines as was subsequent disease symptom development. No increase in JA was detected before the onset of terminal necrosis. The lack of a detectable increase in JA may indicate that an oxylipin other than JA regulates basal resistance and symptom proliferation. Alternatively, there may be an increase in sensitivity to JA or related compounds following infection. Hormone measurements showed that the oxylipin signal must precede subsequent increases in ethylene and SA accumulation. Tomato thus actively regulates the Xcv-induced disease response via the sequential action of at least three hormones, promoting expansive cell death of its own tissue. This sequential action of jasmonate, ethylene, and SA in disease symptom development is different from the hormone interactions observed in many other plant-pathogen interactions. RI Klee, Harry/A-7912-2008; OI Schmelz, Eric/0000-0002-2837-734X SN 0032-0889 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 133 IS 3 BP 1181 EP 1189 DI 10.1104/pp.103.030379 UT WOS:000186644600023 PM 14551324 ER PT J AU Morvan, C Andeme-Onzighi, C Girault, R Himmelsbach, DS Driouich, A Akin, DE AF Morvan, C Andeme-Onzighi, C Girault, R Himmelsbach, DS Driouich, A Akin, DE TI Building flax fibres: more than one brick in the walls SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY AB The objective of the review is to provide fundamental knowledge on the chemical composition and structural characteristics of flax fibres. These are long and multinucleate cells without septum or partition (average length 2-5 cm) and have a secondary wall of very large thickness (5-15 mum). Fibres are gathered in bundles of one to three dozen cells that encircle the vascular cylinder. The bundle cohesion is insured by pectins, accumulating in the primary wall and cell junctions. In contrast, lignin, which is present in very low amount, does not seem to play a major role in bundle cohesion. At maturity, secondary wall is characterised by (i) a high level of cellulose with microfibrils locked into an almost axial direction and (ii) 5-15% non-cellulosic polysaccharides (NCPs). The chemical composition of NCPs depends on growth stage, indicating important cell wall remodelling, fibre position and variety. Despite the large disparity of the results reported in the literature, galactose appears to be the predominant sugar of NCPs, and beta-1-4-galactan together with rhamnogalacturonan of type I (RG-1) and polygalacturonic acid (PGA) become, with fibre maturity, the most abundant tightly bound NCPs. Glycine-rich proteins (GRPs) and arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), also present in flax fibres, are both characterised by appreciable levels of glycine and acidic amino acid and are deficient in hydroxyproline, and may contribute to the cross-linking of pectins. (Galacto)glucomanans/glucans rather than xylans consist of cross-linking polymers in fibre secondary wall. A model is proposed where cellulose microfibrils, tethered by cross-linking (galacto)glucomanans/glucans, are embedded in a pectic matrix. (C) 2003 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. SN 0981-9428 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 41 IS 11-12 BP 935 EP 944 DI 10.1016/j.plaphy.2003.07.001 UT WOS:000186816700001 ER PT J AU Park, SY Birkhold, SG Kubena, LF Nisbet, DJ Ricke, SC AF Park, SY Birkhold, SG Kubena, LF Nisbet, DJ Ricke, SC TI Effect of storage condition on bone breaking strength and bone ash in laying hens at different stages in production cycles SO POULTRY SCIENCE AB This study was conducted to determine the effects of refrigeration and frozen storage on tibia breaking strength (kg/g) and tibia ash (%) in bones obtained from hens of different ages. A total of 75 Single Comb White Leghorn hens were divided into three equal groups according to age (72, 80, and 92 wk of age). Both tibias of each hen were harvested and immediately defleshed. The tibias from each hen were randomly assigned to either 1 d of refrigeration or 7 d of frozen storage. Tibia breaking strengths were determined using an Instron Universal Testing Machine with 50-kg-load cell at 50-kg-load range with a crosshead speed of 50 mm/min. Tibia ash weights were determined by ashing for 24 h at 615degreesC. Bone breaking strength in 72 wk of age hens was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in refrigerated tibias (2.48 kg/g) than those in frozen storage (1.75 kg/g). However, there was no difference (P > 0.05) for bone ash (percentage of tibia ash) in all three groups between refrigerated storage (72 wk: 38.840%,80 wk: 46.40%,92 wk: 46.99%) and frozen storage (72 wk: 39.12%, 80 wk: 44.88%, 92 wk: 45.35%). This study indicated that frozen storage only influenced assessment of bone strength in 72-wk-old laying hens but could be used for sample storage of bones from older hens. SN 0032-5791 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 82 IS 11 BP 1688 EP 1691 UT WOS:000186620800004 PM 14653462 ER PT J AU Long, JA Kramer, M AF Long, JA Kramer, M TI Effect of vitamin E on lipid peroxidation and fertility after artificial insemination with liquid-stored turkey semen SO POULTRY SCIENCE AB Turkey sperm plasma membranes contain high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are susceptible to lipid peroxidation during in vitro storage at 4degreesC. Herein we assessed the degree of lipid peroxidation and fertility potential of semen liquid-stored for 24 h with the antioxidant vitamin E. Semen was collected weekly from 44 males and pooled as pairs (total = 22); the individuals in paired samples exhibited similar semen quality parameters. After initial semen evaluation, pooled samples were extended with Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender containing no supplement (control) or 10 or 40 mug/mL vitamin E and then stored at 4degreesC with constant aeration for 24 h. Lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring malonaldehyde (MDA) in aliquots (50 x 10(6) sperm) of fresh (0 h) and stored (24 h) semen. Sperm mobility was also evaluated. A total of 176 hens (8 hens/tom pair; 4 hens/0 h, 4 hens/24 h) were inseminated (150 x 10(6) sperm) weekly for 6 wk, and fertility was determined after 7 d of incubation. Initial MDA values of the 22 tom pairs ranged from 0.928 to 1.36 uM. Males varied in production of MDA during in vitro storage, with most pairs exhibiting a threefold increase. Results indicated that supplemental vitamin E did not reduce lipid peroxidation during liquid storage. Not surprisingly, artificial insemination with stored semen (with much higher MDA values) yielded lower fertility rates than control regardless of the presence of vitamin E. These results demonstrate that lipid peroxidation is a significant factor affecting the fertility of stored turkey sperm and that methods to prevent or reduce lipid peroxidation remain to be elucidated. SN 0032-5791 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 82 IS 11 BP 1802 EP 1807 UT WOS:000186620800019 PM 14653477 ER PT J AU Northcutt, JK Buhr, RJ Berrang, ME Fletcher, DL AF Northcutt, JK Buhr, RJ Berrang, ME Fletcher, DL TI Effects of replacement finisher feed and length of feed withdrawal on broiler carcass yield and bacteria recovery SO POULTRY SCIENCE AB A study was conducted to determine the effects of a replacement finisher feed (RF) on carcass yield and carcass bacteria recovery. RF is a commercial formulation of a D-glucose polymer (maltodextrin) with added salts and vitamins. Commercial male broilers (41 d of age) were given either RF or control-feed (traditional starter feed) for 8 h, followed by feed withdrawal for 0, 4, 8, or 12 h before processing. During processing, whole carcass rinses (WCR) of pre-eviscerated (feathers, feet, and heads removed) and eviscerated carcasses were analyzed for recovery of bacteria. Body weight at initiation of feed withdrawal (catch weight) or at slaughter (dock weight) did not differ significantly due to type of feed. Live shrink, as a percentage of live weight, increased significantly with time off feed. Birds fed RF exhibited significantly lower live shrink than the birds fed the control feed at 8 and 12 h after feed withdrawal. This difference between types of feed, RF or control, was approximately 0.1% per hour of feed withdrawal. Type of feed or length of feed withdrawal did not affect Campylobacter, coliform, or Escherichia coli counts recovered from WCR of pre-eviscerated or eviscerated carcasses. These data demonstrate that feeding RF to broilers for 8 h before initiation of feed withdrawal may reduce live shrink without affecting carcass Campylobacter, coliforms, or E. coli recovered. SN 0032-5791 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 82 IS 11 BP 1820 EP 1824 UT WOS:000186620800022 PM 14653480 ER PT J AU Rosentrater, KA Richard, TL Bern, CJ Flores, RA AF Rosentrater, KA Richard, TL Bern, CJ Flores, RA TI Economic simulation modeling of reprocessing alternatives for corn masa byproducts SO RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING AB Increasing production of corn masa for tortillas, chips, and related snack foods is resulting in large quantities of organic residuals requiring environmentally sound management. These byproduct streams appear suitable for use as livestock feed material, thus eliminating landfilling costs. Possibilities for developing livestock feed include direct shipping to livestock feeding facilities, blending prior to shipping, extrusion processing, pellet mill processing, and dehydration. To assess the viability of these options for reprocessing masa byproducts as livestock feed materials, an economic model was developed and applied to each of these alternatives. Through a series of simulation runs with this model, it was determined that direct shipping was by far the most inexpensive means of recycling masa processing residuals (10-57 $/Mg). Other alternatives examined in increasing order of costs included blending prior to shipping, extrusion, pellet mill processing (3-15, 5-18, and 4-18 times greater than direct shipping, respectively), while dehydration was clearly cost-prohibitive (33-81 times greater). Bagged feed was slightly more expensive to produce than bulk feed (L I times greater), and reprocessing costs increased as delivery distance increased, due to increased labor, equipment, and fuel costs, but decreased as byproduct generation rate increased, due to the development of the economies of scale. Alternately, based on a tipping fee of 50 $/Mg, the total estimated cost to landfill ranged from 65 to 112 $/Mg. Based on this cost analysis, direct shipping and feeding to livestock is the recycling option of choice for masa processing byproducts. Although specific details of process configurations and associated costs will vary, similar results are likely for other high moisture food processing residuals destined for utilization as livestock feed or components thereof. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. RI Richard, Tom/H-5058-2012; OI Rosentrater, Kurt/0000-0003-0131-7037 SN 0921-3449 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 341 EP 367 DI 10.1016/S0921-3449(02)00175-1 UT WOS:000186207300004 ER PT J AU Subbaiah, CC Sachs, MM AF Subbaiah, CC Sachs, MM TI Calcium-mediated responses of maize to oxygen deprivation SO RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB Oxygen limitation dramatically alters the patterns of gene expression as well as development of plants. Complete removal of O-2 leads to an immediate cessation of protein synthesis followed by a selective synthesis of about twenty anaerobic proteins in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. Among these are enzymes involved in glycolysis and related processes. However, inducible genes that have different functions were also found; they may function in other, perhaps more long-term, processes of adaptations to flooding, such as aerenchyma formation and root-tip death. Our recent research has addressed two questions: how these gene expression changes are initiated and how do these responses culminate in the overall adaptation of plants to flooding-stress. The results obtained indicate that an early rise in cytosolic Ca2+ as well as a quick establishment of ionic homeostasis may be essential for the induction of adaptive changes at the cellular as well as organismal level. SN 1021-4437 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 50 IS 6 BP 752 EP 761 DI 10.1023/B:RUPP.0000003273.44823.cd UT WOS:000186826500005 ER PT J AU Weeks, BL Camarero, J Noy, A Miller, AE Stanker, L De Yoreo, JJ AF Weeks, BL Camarero, J Noy, A Miller, AE Stanker, L De Yoreo, JJ TI A microcantilever-based pathogen detector SO SCANNING AB The ability to detect small amounts of materials, especially bacterial organisms, is important for medical diagnostics and national security issues. Engineered micromechanical systems provide one approach for constructing multifunctional, highly sensitive, real-time, immunospecific biological detectors. We present qualitative detection of specific Salmonella enterica strains using a functionalized silicon nitride microcantilever. Detection is achieved due to a change in the surface stress on the cantilever surface in situ upon binding of a small number of bacteria. Scanning electron micrographs indicate that less than 25 adsorbed bacteria are required for detection. RI Weeks, Brandon/P-6331-2014 OI Weeks, Brandon/0000-0003-2552-4129 SN 0161-0457 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 25 IS 6 BP 297 EP 299 UT WOS:000187040600004 PM 14696978 ER PT J AU Larkin, RP AF Larkin, RP TI Characterization of soil microbial communities under different potato cropping systems by microbial population dynamics, substrate utilization, and fatty acid profiles SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY AB The effects of I I different 2- and 3-yr potato crop rotations on soil microbial communities were characterized over three field seasons using several techniques. Assessments included microbial populations determined by soil dilution plate counts on various general and selective culture media, microbial activity by fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis, single carbon source substrate utilization (SU) profiles, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. Potato rotation crops evaluated in research plots at Newport, ME, included barley/clover, canola, green bean, millet, soybean, sweet corn, and a continuous potato control. Soil populations of culturable, bacteria and overall microbial activity tended to be highest following barley, canola, and sweet corn rotations, and lowest with continuous potato. Differences among rotations were less apparent during the potato phase of the rotations. Populations of actinomycetes and fluorescent pseudomonads tended to be greater in barley rotations than in most other rotations. SU profiles derived from BIOLOG GN2 plates indicated that certain rotations, including barley, canola, and sweet corn tended to have higher overall microbial activity, and barley and sweet corn rotations averaged higher substrate richness and diversity. Soybean and potato rotations tended to have lower substrate richness and diversity. Principal component analyses of SU data revealed differences among rotation soil communities in their utilization of individual carbon sources and substrate guilds, including carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, amines/amides, and amino acids. Analyses of soil FAME profiles demonstrated distinct differences among all the rotation soils in their relative composition of fatty acids, indicating differences in their microbial community structure. Fatty acids most responsible for differentiation among rotation soils included 16:1 omega5c, 16:1 omega7c, 18:2 omega6c, 18:1 omega9c, 12:0, and 13:0 anteiso, with 16:1 w5c being the single greatest determinant. Overall, monounsaturated fatty acids, particularly 16:1 w5c, were most prevalent in sweet corn rotations and polyunsaturates were highest in barley and millet rotations. Straight chain saturated fatty acids comprised the greatest proportion of fatty acids in soils under continuous potato. FAME biomarkers for microorganism groups indicated barley and millet rotations had the highest ratio of fungi to bacteria, and soybean and continuous potato had the lowest ratio. This research has demonstrated that different crop rotations have distinctive effects on soil microbial communities that are detectable using a variety of techniques. Further studies will identify more specific changes associated with particular rotations and relate these changes to potential effects on disease management, crop health, and crop productivity. Published by Elsevier Ltd. SN 0038-0717 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 35 IS 11 BP 1451 EP 1466 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00240-2 UT WOS:000185626300005 ER PT J AU Filgueira, RR Pachepsky, YA Fournier, LL AF Filgueira, RR Pachepsky, YA Fournier, LL TI Time-mass scaling in soil texture analysis SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB Popular methods of textural analysis employ the relationship among time, the travel distances, and the radii of particles subject to sedimentation in a viscous liquid. The purpose of this note is to present and test an explicit relationship between time and soil suspension density in the course of the hydrometer analysis procedure applied to particles with the fractal mass-size distribution. The relationship between the logarithms of mass of particles remaining in the solution and of the observation time is linear with the slope equal to -(3-D)/2 where D is the fragmentation fractal dimension. This relationship was tested with samples of Typic Argiudoll and 24 soils from Imperial Valley, CA, and gave good approximation of hydrometer data on sedimentation of silt fraction 2 to 50 m. Monitoring soil mass in the solution presents a way of testing the applicability of fractal fragmentation model to particle-size distributions (PSDs) and estimating the fragmentation fractal dimension. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 SN 0361-5995 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 67 IS 6 BP 1703 EP 1706 UT WOS:000186450500008 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, JM Laird, DA AF Gonzalez, JM Laird, DA TI Carbon sequestration in clay mineral fractions from C-14-labeled plant residues SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB An understanding of organic C dynamics in soils is necessary to develop management options to enhance soil organic C sequestration. The objective of this research was to study the distribution of newly formed humic materials into mineralogically distinct clay-size fractions of a silt loam soil. Oats (Avena sativa L. cv. Ogle), grown under simulated no-tillage conditions, were pulse labeled with (CO2)-C-14. After senescence, the labeled surface residue was removed and replaced with unlabeled residue and the labeled roots were allowed to decompose in the soil for 360 d. The soil clay fraction (<2 μm) was separated into coarse, medium, and fine clay size-fractions (0.2-2.0,0.02-0.2, and <0.02 mum, respectively) by centrifugation. X-ray diffraction indicated that quartz, illite, and kaolinite were the dominant mineral phases in the coarse clay fraction while smectite was the dominant mineral phase in the fine clay fraction. The organic C content in the coarse and fine day fractions (3.70 and 3.93%, respectively) was similar. Scintillation analysis indicated an increase in C-14 specific activity in all fractions after 360 d of incubation. For both sampling times, 0 and 360 d, the highest C-14 specific activity occurred in the fine clay fraction (847.2 and 1529 Bq g(-1) C, respectively), whereas the lowest C-14 specific activity occurred in the coarse clay fraction (565.8 and 770.9 Bq g(-1) C, respectively). The results suggest that new humic materials are preferentially forming or accumulating on smectite surfaces. RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 SN 0361-5995 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 67 IS 6 BP 1715 EP 1720 UT WOS:000186450500010 ER PT J AU Delorme, TA Gagliardi, JV Angle, JS van Berkum, P Chaney, RL AF Delorme, TA Gagliardi, JV Angle, JS van Berkum, P Chaney, RL TI Phenotypic and genetic diversity of rhizobia isolated from nodules of clover grown in a zinc and cadmium contaminated soil SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB Metal contamination can affect the diversity of microbes living in soil. We compared phenotypic and genetic characteristics of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv trifolii isolated from clovers (Trifolium pratense) found at a metal contaminated and a control site, or isolated from nodules of clovers used in most probable number (MPN) determinations of rhizobia in the metal contaminated soil. Analysis of variations in genetic patterns using BOX-PCR was used for genetic characterization. Zinc and Cd tolerance of each isolate was also determined. Rhizobia isolated from the control soil compared with the metal contaminated soil differed both genetically and phenotypically. Genetic diversity, measured by AMOVA, was high and not related to the presence or the absence of high metal concentrations. Isolates originating from the metal contaminated soil were more tolerant to both Cd (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC50]=2.5 muM) and Zn (MIC50=92.9 muM) compared with those observed for isolates of control soil (Cd MIC50=2.0 muM and Zn MIC50=41.9 muM). Rhizobia originating from the metal contaminated soil expressed a higher number of metal phenotypes (9) compared with isolates of control soils (6). Slow rates of metal accumulation over the years favored an adaptation of the rhizobia to the metal rather than elimination of metal sensitive organisms and the selection of a few preexisting metal tolerant organisms. SN 0361-5995 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 67 IS 6 BP 1746 EP 1754 UT WOS:000186450500014 ER PT J AU Parkin, TB Kaspar, TC AF Parkin, TB Kaspar, TC TI Temperature controls on diurnal carbon dioxide flux: Implications for estimating soil carbon loss SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB Carbon dioxide flux from the soil to the atmosphere is an important component of terrestrial C cycling, and accurate estimates of CO2-C fluxes are critical in estimating C budgets. Accurate estimation of daily C loss from infrequent measurements of CO2 flux requires characterization of the temporal variability associated with this processes. We investigated the relationships between diurnal CO2 flux and temperature at two locations, corresponding to two soil types (a sandy loam and a clay loam) in a residue covered no-till corn (Zea mays L.)/soybean field (Glycine Max. L. Merr.). Automated chambers provided hourly measurements of CO2 flux from 4 Mar. through 6 June 2000. Hourly soil temperature measurements were made at the surface and at the 0.05-m depth, along with air temperature and soil water content measurements. Time series analysis showed that the temporal dynamics of CO2 flux were more closely related to air temperature than to soil temperature, perhaps because a substantial portion of the CO2 originated from surface residues. Exponential temperature correction algorithms (Q(10)) were evaluated using a range of Q(10) factors applied to both air and soil temperatures. We found that a Q(10)=2 relationship when applied to a 0.05-m soil temperature performed poorly in this regard, however, air temperature based Q(10) relationships (Q(10)=1.5 or 1.25) performed better in that they reduced time-of-day estimation biases from 28 to <4%. Knowledge of the efficacy of temperature correction algorithms and application of the appropriate temperature measurements should improve the accuracy of cumulative C flux estimates from short-term measurements. SN 0361-5995 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 67 IS 6 BP 1763 EP 1772 UT WOS:000186450500016 ER PT J AU Fernandez, IJ Rustad, LE Norton, SA Kahl, JS Cosby, BJ AF Fernandez, IJ Rustad, LE Norton, SA Kahl, JS Cosby, BJ TI Experimental acidification causes soil base-cation depletion at the Bear Brook Watershed in Maine SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB There is concern that changes in atmospheric deposition, climate, or land use have altered the biogeochemistry of forests causing soil base-cation depletion, particularly Ca. The Bear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM) is a paired watershed experiment with one watershed subjected to elevated N and S deposition through bimonthly additions of (NH4)(2)SO4. Quantitative soil excavations in 1998 measured soil pools of exchangeable base cations 9 yr after treatments began. Stream sampling at the weirs on a weekly and event basis, and weekly precipitation sampling, were used for input-output estimates. The treated watershed had lower concentrations of exchangeable Ca and Mg in all horizons, with evidence for the greater depletion in the O horizon compared to underlying mineral soils, and in softwoods compared to hardwoods. This difference between watersheds is interpreted to be treatment-induced base-cation depletion, which was reinforced by model simulations. The difference between watersheds was 66 and 27 kg ha(-1) of exchangeable Ca and Mg, respectively, after accounting for soil mass differences between watersheds. This was comparable with the total cumulative excess stream Ca and Mg export in West Bear after 9 yr of treatment of 55 and 11 kg ha(-1), respectively. Model simulations of watershed response to treatments predicted excess soil exchangeable Ca and Mg losses in the treated watershed of 47 and 9 kg ha(-1), respectively. These results indicate that the response to a step-increase in N and S deposition during the first decade of treatments in this experimental forested watershed was to invoke cation-exchange buffering. resulting in a net decline in soil exchangeable base cations. RI Cosby, Bernard/B-5653-2012 SN 0361-5995 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 67 IS 6 BP 1909 EP 1919 UT WOS:000186450500032 ER PT J AU Szogi, AA Hunt, PG Humenik, FJ AF Szogi, AA Hunt, PG Humenik, FJ TI Nitrogen distribution in soils of constructed wetlands treating lagoon wastewater SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL AB Constructed wetlands have the potential to be used for treatment of N-rich livestock wastewater. Our objectives were to evaluate both the time effect and increasing N loading rates on soil N distribution and NH4+-N concentration in surface-pore water of constructed wetlands. A 5-yr study in North Carolina investigated two wetland systems that treated swine lagoon wastewater. Wetland System 1 was planted to a Schoenoplectus americanus (Pers.) Volkart ex Schinz & R. Keller, S. tabernaemontani (K.C. Gmel.) Palla, Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth, and Juncus effusus L. plant community, and Wetland System 2 was planted to a Typha angustifolia L., T. latifolia L., and Sparganium americanum Nutt. plant community. Nitrogen loading rates were increased annually from 0.6 to 2.7 g m(-2) d(-1). Soils were analyzed for total N annually. Surface-pore water was sampled with equilibrators and analyzed for NH4+-N. Although the total N accumulation significantly increased with time in both systems, total soil N accumulation by depth did not differ significantly between systems. Distribution profiles in the surface-pore water column showed that NH4+-N was transported upward into surface water at N loading rates from 1.2 to 2.7 g m(-2) d(-1). As total N loading rates increased annually in both wetland systems, soil pore water had higher levels of NH4+-N but N removal efficiency of the wetlands sharply decreased. Accumulation of high levels of NH4+-N (>200 mg L-1) in soil pore water could negatively affect long-term ability of wetland systems to treat wastewater with high N levels. SN 0361-5995 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 67 IS 6 BP 1943 EP 1951 UT WOS:000186450500036 ER PT J AU Miller, JH Zutter, BR Newbold, RA Edwards, MB Zedaker, SM AF Miller, JH Zutter, BR Newbold, RA Edwards, MB Zedaker, SM TI Stand dynamics and plant associates of loblolly pine plantations to midrotation after early intensive vegetation management - A southeastern United States regional study SO SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY AB Increasingly, pine plantations worldwide are grown using early control of woody and/or herbaceous vegetation. Assured sustainable practices require long-term data on pine plantation development detailing patterns and processes to understand both crop-competition dynamics and the role of stand participants in providing multiple attributes such as biodiversity conservation and wildlife habitat. This study examined loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations across 13 southeastern sites grown for 15 yr with near-complete control of woody, herbaceous, and woody plus herbaceous components during the first 3-5 yr compared to no plant control. This multiple objective experiment (the COMProject) documents stand dynamics at the extreme corners of a response surface that encompasses most conditions of woody and herbaceous competition common to pine plantations in the region. This is the first of two companion reports. After 15 yr, patterns of stand development remained significantly altered by early control treatments and were influenced most by the amounts of hardwoods and shrubs present or controlled. Herbaceous components were more similar across the region. Associated plants in these plantations included 68 species of trees, 33 species/genera of shrubs, and 140 genera of herbaceous and semiwoody plants, woody vines, clubmoss, and ground lichen-241 total taxa or an estimated 490 total species-more richness than previously reported or assumed. Hardwood rootstock numbers were on average maintained at fairly constant levels from yr 1-15 when not controlled, with no initial lag phase evident for reestablishment, indicating prior stand origin. Dynamics of associated vegetation were significantly altered with woody control initially increasing herbaceous cover, while herbaceous control increased hardwood cover and decreased shrub cover. After early herbaceous control, hardwood basel area (BA) was increased by an average of 28%. After rapid early colonization, herbaceous plants began to decline on all treatments about yr 8 as pine and/or hardwood canopy cover reached a total of 50-60%, while woody vines continued to increase. By age 15, plant component richness remained significantly changed by early treatments at all locations, most notably fewer tree species after early woody control. SN 0148-4419 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 27 IS 4 BP 221 EP 236 UT WOS:000186595700001 ER PT J AU Miller, JH Zutter, BR Zedaker, SM Edwards, MB Newbold, RA AF Miller, JH Zutter, BR Zedaker, SM Edwards, MB Newbold, RA TI Growth and yield relative to competition for loblolly pine plantations to midrotation - A southeastern United States regional study SO SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY AB Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations were studied across 13 southeastern sites grown for 15 yr with near-complete control of woody, herbaceous, and woody plus herbaceous components during the first 3-5 yr. This multiple objective experiment (the COMProject) documents stand dynamics at the extreme corners of the response surface that encompasses most competition conditions common to pine plantations. This is the second of two companion reports. Merchantable pine volume after 15 yr with early, near complete competition control reached 2,350-4,415 ft(3)/ac by site compared to 1,132-2,965 ft(3)/ac on the no controls. With control of both woody and herbaceous competition, 15 yr volumes were increased by 23-121% and gains increased as hardwoods and shrubs increased on the no controls. Early woody control increased merchantable pine volume on 11 sites by 14-118%, while herbaceous control yielded somewhat less on average, a 17-50% increase on ten sites. No gains and some volume losses occurred when control of one component released severe competition from an enhanced remaining component, otherwise gains were generally additive for control of both components. Pine volume was decreased by about 1%,for each 1ft(2)/ac of hardwood basal area (BA) present at age 15. Annual measurements determined that culmination of current annual increment (CAI) with control of both competition components occurred in yr 8-11 at 250-470 ft(3)/ac/yr. CAIs for pine height, BA, and volume were decreased by about 5-27% when growing season rainfall (March-October) was less than 36 in. Mean annual increment had not culminated for any treatment at any location by yr 15 and ranged from 195-250 ft(3)/ac/yr with both woody and herbaceous control. Fusiform rust mainstem galls [Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme (Hedge. & Hunt) Burdsall & Snow] in high severity areas increased additively with control of both components, more so with herb control. Contrary to the widespread assumption that hardwood out-compete pine, the hardwood proportion of stand BA decreased from yr 5-15 on sites where hardwood BA in yr 5 exceeded 10 ft(2). SN 0148-4419 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 27 IS 4 BP 237 EP 252 UT WOS:000186595700002 ER PT J AU Perry, RW Thill, RE AF Perry, RW Thill, RE TI Initial effects of reproduction cutting treatments on residual hard mast production in the Ouachita Mountains SO SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY AB We compared indices of total hard mast production (oak and hickory combined) in 20, second growth, pine-hardwood stands under five treatments to determine the effects of different reproduction treatments on mast production in the Ouachita Mountains. We evaluated mast production in mature unharvested controls and stands under four reproduction cutting methods (single-tree selection, group selection, shelterwood, and clearcut with wildlife tree retention) during the first 6 yr after initial harvest. Mean Whitehead mast production indices were greater in shelterwoods and clearcuts with wildlife tree retention than in unharvested stands 5 of the 6 yr of study, indicating individual trees in these stands produced greater amounts of hard mast. Stand production values for the 6 yr combined indicated group selections generally produced the greatest amounts of total hard mast, probably because competing pines in the matrix were thinned and hard mast-producing tree densities were unchanged after harvest. However, wide variation in residual density of mast trees existed among stands of the same treatment. Our results indicate hard mast production can be affected by different silvicultural treatments and managers should consider the importance of residual mast production along with other objectives when determining silvicultural treatments to apply. SN 0148-4419 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 27 IS 4 BP 253 EP 258 UT WOS:000186595700003 ER PT J AU Bechtold, WA AF Bechtold, WA TI Crown-diameter prediction models for 87 species of stand-grown trees in the eastern United States SO SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY AB The mean crown diameters of stand-grown trees were modeled as a function of stem diameter, live-crown ratio, stand basal area, latitude, longitude, elevation, and Hopkins bioclimatic index for 87 tree species in the eastern United States. Stem diameter was statistically significant in all models, and a quadratic term for stem diameter was required for some species. Crown ratio and/or Hopkins index also improved the models for many species. Coefficients of variation from the regression solutions ranged from 18 to 35%, and model r-square values ranged from 0.15 to 0.88. Simpler models, based only on stem diameter and crown ratio, are also presented. SN 0148-4419 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 27 IS 4 BP 269 EP 278 UT WOS:000186595700006 ER PT J AU Westfall, JA Amateis, RL AF Westfall, JA Amateis, RL TI A model to account for potential correlations between growth of loblolly pine and changing ambient carbon dioxide concentrations SO SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF APPLIED FORESTRY AB Continuously increasing concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) may be leading to enhanced growth rates for loblolly pine. In order to plan effectively silvicultural regimes and harvesting schedules, managers of loblolly pine plantations may wish to account for these potential changes when making growth and yield projections. Data from 94 unthinned plots across the Southeast were used to develop an equation that utilizes change in ambient CO2 concentration and initial site quality to predict change in site index (DeltaSI). For a given change in CO2 concentration, a greater increase in site index is afforded to lower quality sites. The DeltaSI equation was incorporated into a loblolly pine growth model. Simulations with and without site index adjustments were performed and plot volume estimates were compared to observed values. Mean percent residual dropped from 9.7% with no adjustment to -0.5% when DeltaSI was employed. Forest managers can use this model to evaluate how possible CO2-induced growth increases may affect long-term timber yields and management strategies. SN 0148-4419 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 27 IS 4 BP 279 EP 284 UT WOS:000186595700007 ER PT J AU Davidonis, G Landivar, J Fernandez, C AF Davidonis, G Landivar, J Fernandez, C TI Effects of growth environment on cotton fiber properties and motes, neps, and white speck frequency SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL AB A number of preharvest and postharvest factors alter textile quality, including cotton variety, growth environment, harvest method, lint cleaning, and combing. In this work, the impact of three planting dates in 1997 and 1999 on fiber properties, mote, neps, and white specks is monitored. Cotton is hand picked, ginned on a small laboratory gin, and processed in a mini-spinning facility. The number of motes per gram of seed cotton does not correspond to changes in nep or white speck frequency. Also, a decrease in the mean micronafis values (which corresponds to micronaire) does not correlate with increases in white speck frequency. The range of theta values is larger for 1999 cotton than for 1997 cotton. We propose that the distribution of theta values is important in predicting white speck potential, and that the amount of very mature fibers may be just as important as the amount of immature fibers. SN 0040-5175 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 73 IS 11 BP 960 EP 964 DI 10.1177/004051750307301105 UT WOS:000186674400005 ER PT J AU Ashley, MV Wilk, JA Styan, SMN Craft, KJ Jones, KL Feldheim, KA Lewers, KS Ashman, TL AF Ashley, MV Wilk, JA Styan, SMN Craft, KJ Jones, KL Feldheim, KA Lewers, KS Ashman, TL TI High variability and disomic segregation of microsatellites in the octoploid Fragaria virginiana Mill. (Rosaceae) SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS AB The objectives of the present study were to develop microsatellite markers for the wild strawberry, Fragaria virginiana, to evaluate segregation patterns of microsatellite alleles in this octoploid species, and assess genetic variability at microsatellite loci in a wild population. A genomic library was screened for microsatellite repeats and several PCR primers were designed and tested. We also tested the use of heterologous primers and found that F. virginiana primers amplified products in cultivated strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa Duch. and Fragaria chiloensis. Similarly, microsatellite loci developed from cultivated strawberry also successfully amplified F. virginiana loci. We investigated four microsatellite loci in detail, three developed from F. virginiana and one from cultivated strawberry. A survey of 100 individuals from a population of F. virginiana in Pennsylvania demonstrated high heterozygosities (H-e or gene diversity ranged from 0.80 to 0.88 per locus) and allelic diversity (12-17 alleles per locus), but individual plants had no more than two alleles per locus. Segregation patterns in parents and progeny of two controlled crosses at these four loci were consistent with disomic Mendelian inheritance. Together these findings suggest that the genome of F. virginiana is 'highly diploidized' and at least a subset of microsatellite loci can be treated as codominant, diploid markers. Significant heterozygote deficiencies were found at three of the four loci for hermaphroditic individuals but for only one locus among females in this gynodioecious species. SN 0040-5752 EI 1432-2242 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 107 IS 7 BP 1201 EP 1207 DI 10.1007/s00122-003-1370-5 UT WOS:000186401200007 PM 12908097 ER PT J AU Flint-Garcia, SA Darrah, LL McMullen, MD Hibbard, BE AF Flint-Garcia, SA Darrah, LL McMullen, MD Hibbard, BE TI Phenotypic versus marker-assisted selection for stalk strength and second-generation European corn borer resistance in maize SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS AB Maize (Zea mays L.) stalk lodging is breakage of the stalk at or below the ear, which may result in loss of the ear at harvest. Stalk lodging is often intensified by the stalk tunneling action of the second-generation of the European corn borer (2-ECB) [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner)]. Rind penetrometer resistance (RPR) has been used to measure stalk strength and improve stalk lodging resistance, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been identified for both RPR and 2-ECB damage. Phenotypic recurrent selection (PS) increases the frequency of favorable alleles over cycles of selection. Several studies have indicated that marker-assisted selection (MAS) is also a potentially valuable selection tool. The objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of PS versus MAS for RPR and 2-ECB. Marker-assisted selection for high and low RPR was effective in the three populations studied. Phenotypic selection for both high and low RPR was more effective than MAS in two of the populations. However, in a third population, MAS for high RPR using QTL effects from the same population was more effective than PS, and using QTL effects from a separate population was just as effective as PS. Marker-assisted selection for resistance and susceptibility to 2-ECB using QTL effects from the same population was effective in increasing susceptibility, but not in increasing resistance. Marker-assisted selection using QTL effects from a separate population was effective in both directions of selection. Thus, MAS was effective in selecting for both resistance and susceptibility to 2-ECB. These results demonstrated that MAS can be an effective selection tool for both RPR and 2-ECB resistance. These results also validate the locations and effects of QTL for RPR and 2-ECB resistance identified in earlier studies. SN 0040-5752 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 107 IS 7 BP 1331 EP 1336 DI 10.1007/s00122-003-1387-9 UT WOS:000186401200023 PM 12928781 ER PT J AU Septiningsih, EM Prasetiyono, J Lubis, E Tai, TH Tjubaryat, T Moeljopawiro, S McCouch, SR AF Septiningsih, EM Prasetiyono, J Lubis, E Tai, TH Tjubaryat, T Moeljopawiro, S McCouch, SR TI Identification of quantitative trait loci for yield and yield components in an advanced backcross population derived from the Oryza sativa variety IR64 and the wild relative O-rufipogon SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS AB A BC2F2 population developed from an interspecific cross between Oryza sativa (cv IR64) and O. rufipogon (IRGC 105491) was used in an advanced backcross QTL analysis to identify and introduce agronomically useful genes from this wild relative into the cultivated gene pool. The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify putative yield and yield component QTLs that can be useful to improve the elite cultivar IR64; (2) to compare the QTLs within this study with previously reported QTLs in rice as the basis for identifying QTLs that are stable across different environments and genetic backgrounds; and (3) to compare the identified QTLs with previously reported QTLs from maize to examine the degree of QTL conservation across the grass family. Two hundred eighty-five families were evaluated in two field environments in Indonesia, with two replications each, for 12 agronomic traits. A total of 165 markers consisting of 131 SSRs and 34 RFLPs were used to construct the genetic linkage map. By employing interval mapping and composite interval mapping, 42 QTLs were identified. Despite its inferior performance, 33% of the QTL alleles originating from O. rufipogon had a beneficial effect for yield and yield components in the IR64 background. Twenty-two QTLs (53.4%) were located in similar regions as previously reported rice QTLs, suggesting the existence of stable QTLs across genetic backgrounds and environments. Twenty QTLs (47.6%) were exclusively detected in this study, uncovering potentially novel alleles from the wild, some of which might improve the performance of the tropical indica variety IR64. Additionally, several QTLs for plant height, grain weight, and flowering time detected in this study corresponded to homeologous regions in maize containing previously detected maize QTLs for these traits. SN 0040-5752 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 107 IS 8 BP 1419 EP 1432 DI 10.1007/s00122-003-1373-2 UT WOS:000187196900010 PM 14513215 ER PT J AU Williams, CE Collier, CC Sardesai, N Ohm, HW Cambron, SE AF Williams, CE Collier, CC Sardesai, N Ohm, HW Cambron, SE TI Phenotypic assessment and mapped markers for H31, a new wheat gene conferring resistance to Hessian fly (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS AB A new source of resistance to the highly virulent and widespread biotype L of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), was identified in an accession of tetraploid durum wheat, Triticum turgidum Desf., and was introgressed into hexaploid common wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Genetic analysis and deletion mapping revealed that the common wheat line contained a single locus for resistance, H31, residing at the terminus of chromosome 5BS. H31 is the first Hessian fly-resistance gene to be placed on 5BS, making it unique from all previously reported sources of resistance. AFLP analysis identified two markers linked to the resistance locus. These markers were converted to highly specific sequence-tagged site markers. The markers are being applied to the development of cultivars carrying multiple genes for resistance to Hessian fly biotype L in order to test gene pyramiding as a strategy for extending the durability of deployed resistance. SN 0040-5752 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 107 IS 8 BP 1516 EP 1523 DI 10.1007/s00122-003-1393-y UT WOS:000187196900021 PM 12928782 ER PT J AU Rich, CF McMahon, TE Rieman, BE Thompson, WL AF Rich, CF McMahon, TE Rieman, BE Thompson, WL TI Local-habitat, watershed, and biotic features associated with bull trout occurrence in Montana streams SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB We evaluated the association of local-habitat features, large-scale watershed factors, the presence of normative brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis, and connectivity to neighboring populations with patterns of occurrence of threatened bull trout S. confluentus in 112 first-order to fourth-order streams in the Bitterroot River drainage in western Montana. Species presence or absence was estimated via single-pass electrofishing, local-habitat features were measured in 500-m sampling reaches, watershed variables were obtained from topographic maps, and potential demographic support from nearby bull trout populations occupying larger main-stem streams was estimated from electrofishing data records. We defined a set of nine candidate models that represented various combinations of these four main factors and used an information-theoretic approach to evaluate the relative plausibility of competing models. Models combining local habitat (width, gradient, and woody debris) with brook trout presence and the main-stem abundance of bull trout and a global model (all variables) were the best approximating models. In contrast, watershed models based on elevation, basin area, and tributary slope and models with local-habitat or biotic variables alone were poor predictors of bull trout occurrence. Bull trout occurrence was positively associated with channel width, large woody debris, and the presence of a "strong" neighboring main-stem population and negatively associated with channel gradient and the presence of brook trout. Our findings suggest that bull trout have increased resistance to invasion by brook trout in streams with high habitat complexity and connectivity. Consideration of abiotic and biotic factors at multiple scales, along with a means for ranking their relative importance, is needed to perform more comprehensive assessments of landscape and local influences on species distribution patterns. SN 0002-8487 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1053 EP 1064 DI 10.1577/T02-109 UT WOS:000186618100002 ER PT J AU Rexroad, CE Palti, Y AF Rexroad, CE Palti, Y TI Development of ninety-seven polymorphic microsatellite markers for rainbow trout SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY AB A high-density microsatellite genetic map for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss is needed for the identification of quantitative trait loci affecting traits of economic interest to the aquaculture industry. These markers are also useful for evolutionary and population genetic studies. The candidate marker sequences that are identifed must be characterized with respect to their uniqueness, polymorphism, heterozygosity, ploidy, and usefulness as comparative mapping markers within the family Salmonidae. Ninety-seven microsatellite markers were developed and characterized in this study. Twenty-eight of these markers have been identified as duplicated in the rainbow trout genome based on the observation of more than one allele in at least one homozygous individual from clonal (doubled haploid) lines and more than two alleles in diploid fish. All of the 69 single-copy markers were polymorphic in the rainbow trout sampled, with an average heterozygosity of 58%. SN 0002-8487 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 132 IS 6 BP 1214 EP 1221 DI 10.1577/T02-086 UT WOS:000186618100016 ER PT J AU Woodbury, BL Nienaber, JA Eigenberg, RA AF Woodbury, BL Nienaber, JA Eigenberg, RA TI Performance of a passive feedlot runoff control and treatment system SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE CT ASAE International Meeting CY JUL 28-31, 2002 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP ASAE AB The recent signing of the NPDES permit regulations and effluent limitations guidelines for CAFO has generated much interest from smaller beef cattle feeding operations for a more cost-effective solution for managing feedlot runoff. A passive runoff control. and treatment system was constructed to reduce long-term liquid storage, provide solids separation, and evenly distribute the liquid discharge for grass hay production. The overall objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this passive system for reducing contaminant discharge. The system effectively reduced the cumulative mass of total and volatile suspended solids and reduced chemical oxygen demand by 80%, 67%, and 59%, respectively. Significant reductions of these constituents in the runoff water as it passed through the system were measured for most precipitation events. No water was measured exiting the vegetative filter strip during the three-year period of this study. Therefore, the discharge water was effectively contained and used for hay crop production. Estimated total nitrogen (TN) load in the discharge water entering the vegetative filter strip was equivalent to or less than the TN removed by the crop. System robustness was demonstrated during feedlot pen renovation when significant reductions in contaminant concentrations were measured for most all precipitation events during that period. SN 0001-2351 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 46 IS 6 BP 1525 EP 1530 UT WOS:000188292200006 ER PT J AU Grigg, BC Southwick, LM Fouss, JL Kornecki, TS AF Grigg, BC Southwick, LM Fouss, JL Kornecki, TS TI Drainage system impacts on surface runoff, nitrate loss, and crop yield on a southern alluvial soil SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE AB Excess rainfall and subsequent surface runoff is a challenge to farmers of the Lower Mississippi River Valley region. In 1993, we established an experimental field site in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, consisting of 16 hydraulically isolated plots (0.2 ha) on a Commerce soil (Aeric Fluvaquents). Our objective was to determine drainage system impacts on surface runoff, subsurface drainage effluent, nitrate loss, and corn (Zea mays L.) yield. We evaluated the following drainage systems (four replications) in 1995 and 1996: surface drainage only (SUR), controlled subsurface drainage at 1.1 m below the soil surface (DCD), and shallow water table control at a 0.8 m depth via controlled-drainage/subirrigation (CDSI). Planting date, fertility management, and minimum tillage were consistent across treatments. When compared to SUR, DCD and CDSI did not reduce surface runoff or nitrate loss in runoff. This is in contrast to previous research showing that subsurface drainage systems decreased runoff on this soil, the difference being that we did not use deep tillage. Our results suggest that subsurface drainage systems should be coupled with deep tillage to reduce nutrient loss in runoff from this alluvial soil. DCD and CDSI controlled the shallow water table, but the increased annual effluent from subsurface drainage increased nitrate loss compared to SUR. DCD and CDSI had no affect on corn yield under these rainfall conditions. With respect to nitrate loss and crop yield in this region, typical SUR drainage may be the best management practice (BMP) in the absence of effective runoff mitigation, such as deep tillage. SN 0001-2351 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 46 IS 6 BP 1531 EP 1537 UT WOS:000188292200007 ER PT J AU Van Liew, MW Arnold, JG Garbrecht, JD AF Van Liew, MW Arnold, JG Garbrecht, JD TI Hydrologic simulation on agricultural watersheds: Choosing between two models SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE AB Strengths and limitations of hydrologic simulation models are used as criteria for selecting a particular model for a given water resources application. The performance of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the Hydrologic Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) continuous simulation models was compared on eight nested agricultural watersheds within the Little Washita River Experimental Watershed (LWREW) and two agricultural watersheds adjacent to the LWREW within the Washita River Basin in southwestern Oklahoma. Two subwatersheds within the LWREW were first used to calibrate parameters in both models for a "wetter than average" period of record. Both models were then applied to six other subwatersheds within the LWREW and the two adjacent watersheds, under varying climatic conditions. Three quantitative and two qualitative evaluation criteria were used to assess streamflow simulated by SWAT and HSPF: computation of (1) deviation of streamflow volume, (2) coefficient of efficiency, and (3) prediction efficiency and visual inspection of (4) hydrographs and (5) flow duration curves. A comparison of model performance showed that while HSPF performed better on the watersheds used for calibration, SWAT gave better results on the validation watersheds. On one of the validation subwatersheds adjacent to the LWREW, values of deviation of streamflow volume were -38.7%, -13.3%, and -1.3% for SWAT and -64.3%, -81.1%, and -8.2% for HSPF under "much dryer than average," "dryer than average," and "near average" climatic conditions, respectively. Differences in model performance were mainly attributed to the runoff production mechanism in the two models. Results of this study showed that SWAT exhibited an element of robustness in that it gave more consistent results than HSPF in estimating streamflow for agricultural watersheds under various climatic conditions. SWAT may therefore be better suited for investigating the long-term impacts of climate variability on surface-water resources. SN 0001-2351 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 46 IS 6 BP 1539 EP 1551 UT WOS:000188292200008 ER PT J AU Arnold, JW Suzuki, O AF Arnold, JW Suzuki, O TI Effects of corrosive treatment on stainless steel surface finishes and bacterial attachment SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE AB Corrosion, an important factor for the durability of a metal finish after exposure to water and chemicals, is a real concern for many wet-process industries. The effects of rouging, corrosion, and biofouling are costly problems on the surface of stainless steel, the most common material in processing plants. We have developed a corrosive treatment that is indicative of the wet-processing conditions commonly used in food processing, pharmaceutical, and bioprocess applications to test the effects of surface corrosion on bacterial attachment. Samples of surface finishes (electropolished, steel-ball burnished, glass-beaded, acid-dipped, steel-shot burnished, and sandblasted) were compared with mill finish controls to determine the variation in bacterial attachment on each finish. A duplicate set of samples was exposed to the corrosive treatment to simulate processing conditions. All samples were examined by visual inspection and electron probe microanalysis for surface characteristics and elemental composition of the stainless steel finishes. Samples were exposed to natural bacterial populations from chicken carcass rinses to allow growth of bacteria and development of biofilms on the surfaces. The kinetics of bacterial growth during surface exposure was followed by UV-visible spectrophotometry, and counts of bacteria and early biofilm formation were determined from micrographs following scanning electron microscopy. Bacterial attachment on each surface finish was measured and compared with controls and the five other finishes. Exposure to the corrosive treatment conditions resulted in changes in the numbers of bacteria that attached to each surface finish. After exposure to corrosive treatment, significantly greater numbers of bacteria attached to steel-ball burnished and glass-beaded finishes. However the control mill finish and electropolished samples had fewer bacteria attached after exposure. Electropolished samples were significantly most resistant, before and after exposure to corrosive treatment, than the seven other finishes tested. SN 0001-2351 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 46 IS 6 BP 1595 EP 1602 UT WOS:000188292200013 ER PT J AU Ingles, MEA Casada, ME Maghirang, RG AF Ingles, MEA Casada, ME Maghirang, RG TI Handling effects on commingling and residual grain in an elevator SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE CT ASAE International Meeting CY JUL 28-31, 2002 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP ASAE AB Grain handlers have responded to an increased use of specialty grain and the resulting need for grain segregation without the benefit of experimental data in the literature quantifying the commingling that may occur during grain handling. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of handling equipment on commingling and residual grain at an average grain flow rate of 47 t h(-1) (1852 bu h(-1)) in the research elevator at the USDA-ARS Grain Marketing and Production Research Center in Manhattan, Kansas. Tests were done by first moving white corn through selected pieces of cleaned elevator equipment followed by moving yellow corn through the same equipment without any special clean out between the two operations. Commingling was calculated as the percentage of white kernels mixed in the yellow corn samples collected at selected time intervals during the second operation. Commingling was greater than 1% during no more than the first 38 sec and always decreased to less than 0.5% within the first metric ton of load (76 sec) for all tested equipment. The highest cumulative commingling for tests of one truckload (ca. 7.3 t) was 0.24% for the grain cleaner Mean cumulative commingling values for the other handling equipment were 0.22%, 0.01%, and 0.18% for the weighing scale, grain scalper and the combined effect of dump pit and boot, respectively. The residual grain obtained from cleaning the equipment after the test was highest at the elevator boot (120 kg), followed by the receiving pit (20 kg). The amounts of residual grain collected from the weighing scale, grain cleaner and grain scalper were negligible (<1 kg) by comparison. SN 0001-2351 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 46 IS 6 BP 1625 EP 1631 UT WOS:000188292200016 ER PT J AU Vanotti, MB Szogi, AA Hunt, PG AF Vanotti, MB Szogi, AA Hunt, PG TI Extraction of soluble phosphorus from swine wastewater SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE CT ASAE International Meeting CY JUL 28-31, 2002 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP ASAE AB Manure phosphorus (P) in excess of the assimilative capacity of land available on farms is an environmental concern often associated with confined livestock production. A wastewater treatment process was developed for removal of phosphorus from livestock wastewater It includes nitrification of wastewater to remove ammonia and carbonate buffers, and increasing the pH of the nitrified wastewater by adding an alkaline earth metal-containing compound to precipitate phosphorus. Since ammonia nitrogen has been mostly converted to nitrate, increased pH does not result in significant gaseous nitrogen loss. The amount of phosphorus removed, and consequently the N:P ratio of the effluent, can be adjusted in this process to match specific crop needs or remediate sprayfields. In addition to the phosphorus removal aspect, the high pH used in the process destroys pathogens in liquid swine manure. The final product is calcium phosphate, which has the potential to be reused as fertilizer or processed to produce phosphate concentrates. SN 0001-2351 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 46 IS 6 BP 1665 EP 1674 UT WOS:000188292200021 ER PT J AU Field, JP Farrish, KW Carter, EA AF Field, JP Farrish, KW Carter, EA TI Soil and nutrient losses following site preparation burning in a harvested loblolly pine site SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE CT 2000 ASAE Annual International Meeting CY JUL 09-12, 2000 CL MILWAUKEE, WISCONSIN SP ASAE AB Soil loss and nutrient concentrations in runoff were evaluated to determine the effects of site preparation burning on a recently harvested loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) site in east Texas. Soil and nutrient losses prior to treatment were approximately the same from control plots and pretreatment burn plots. Nutrient analysis of runoff samples indicated that the prescribed burn caused increased losses of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg from treatment plots. Results also indicate a significant increase in sediment concentration and soil loss from plots following the prescribed burning application. The data indicate a gradual decline in soil loss and nutrient concentration over time from treatment plots with respect to control plots. Soil loss following treatment was within the normal range of soil loss for an uncut forest in the south. RI Field, Jim/N-9373-2015 OI Field, Jim/0000-0001-8704-3289 SN 0001-2351 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 46 IS 6 BP 1697 EP 1703 UT WOS:000188292200024 ER PT J AU Schleicher, TD Bausch, WC Delgado, JA AF Schleicher, TD Bausch, WC Delgado, JA TI Low ground-cover filtering to improve reliability of the nitrogen reflectance index (NRI) for corn N status classification SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE AB Recent advancements in low-cost remote sensing equipment and techniques have proven that crop parameter classification can be practical in agricultural situations. One problem still remaining is how to account for in-field variability of mixed ground-cover areas. This study focused on finding a non-invasive method of screening low ground-cover areas before assessing crop nitrogen (N) status. Four years of plot data were used where intense ground sampling was coupled with nadir-viewing remotely sensed data from a ground-based remote sensing system. Data were collected over irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) with both light and dark soil backgrounds to develop a relationship between leaf area index (LAI) and remotely sensed data. An index based on subtracting the red from the green reflectance (green-red) was shown to be strongly related to LAI. A concurrent assessment of the N reflectance index (NRI) over the four-year study indicated that the corn N status classification improved with increasing LAI. Using the (green-red) index and a screening value corresponding to an LAI of 2.5, the data from the four-year study were screened and the NRI was reassessed. The initial screening removed all bare-soil and many of the measurements collected before the V12 growth stage. In this example, 94.0% of the data associated with LAI below 2.5 was correctly filtered out, and 95.4% of the data collected over areas with LAI at or above 2.5 correctly passed the filter This method of filtering was shown to be highly effective in screening low ground-cover and bare-soil areas before class if cation. Future incorporation of this technique into on-the-go filtering algorithms could improve crop parameter classification from remotely sensed measurements in early-season and mixed vegetative cover situations. SN 0001-2351 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 46 IS 6 BP 1707 EP 1711 UT WOS:000188292200025 ER PT J AU Park, B Abbott, JA Lee, KJ Choi, CH Choi, KH AF Park, B Abbott, JA Lee, KJ Choi, CH Choi, KH TI Near-infrared diffuse reflectance for quantitative and qualitative measurement of soluble solids and firmness of delicious and Gala apples SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE CT ASAE International Meeting CY JUL 28-31, 2002 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP ASAE AB Development of nondestructive measurements of soluble solids and firmness of apples benefits the producers, processors, and packers. The soluble solids and firmness (Magness-Taylor (MT) maximum force) of apples were predicted by diffuse reflectance measurement in the visible/near-infrared (400-1800 nm) regions of the spectrum. Two apple cultivars, Gala (n = 800) and Red Delicious (n = 960), were measured. The spectroscopic measurements of soluble solids and firmness for each apple were validated by a refractometer reading on the juice and a puncture test using a universal testing instrument, respectively. The soluble solids of apples could be predicted by NIR spectroscopic techniques with principal component regression (PCR) and Mahalanobis Distance (MD) analysis. The coefficients of determination (R-2) for predicting soluble solids were 0.934 (SEP = 0.279; 10 factors)for Gala and 0.966 (SEP = 0.341; 10 factors)for Red Delicious apples with an NIR spectrum range (800-1100 nm). For classifying Gala apples into three classes based on the soluble solids, MD classifiers had classification accuracies of 93.5% for the full spectrum range (400-1800 nm) and 95.5% for the partial NIR spectrum range (800-1100 nm). Similarly, for the classification of Red Delicious apples, the classification accuracies were 92.1% with the full spectrum (400-1800 nm) and 93.6% with the partial NIR spectrum (800-1100 nm). A spectroscopic technique for apple firmness measurements was feasible for the Delicious apple. Using PCR models, the R2 values for predicting MT firmness were 0.218 (SEP = 4.91; 16 factors) for Gala and 0.786 (SEP = 7.02; 24 factors) for Red Delicious apples with the full spectrum (400-1800 nm), while the R-2 values were only 0.291 (SEP = 4.92; 12 factors) for Gala and 0.657 for Red Delicious (SEP = 7.33; 24 factors) with the partial NIR spectrum (800-1100 nm). The MD analyses were also conducted to classify; apples firmness. Based on three classes, the classification accuracies were 82.5% with the full spectrum (4001800 nm) and 80% with the partial NIR spectrum (800-1100 nm) for Gala apples. Similarly, the classification accuracies were 83.8% with the full spectrum (400-1800 nm) and 75.3% with the partial NIR spectrum (800-1100 nm)for Red Delicious apples. This shows that spectroscopic techniques are feasible to classify apple firmness with over 80% accuracy. SN 0001-2351 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 46 IS 6 BP 1721 EP 1731 UT WOS:000188292200027 ER PT J AU Windham, WR Smith, DP Park, B Lawrence, KC Feldner, PW AF Windham, WR Smith, DP Park, B Lawrence, KC Feldner, PW TI Algorithm development with visible/near-infrared spectra for detection of poultry feces and ingesta SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE CT ASAE International Meeting CY JUL 28-31, 2002 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP ASAE AB The USDA Agricultural Research Service has developed a method and a hyperspectral imaging system to detect feces (from duodenum, ceca, and colon) and ingesta on poultry carcasses. The method first involves the use of multivariate data analysis on visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) reflectance spectra of fecal and uncontaminated skin samples for classification of contaminates and selection of key wavelengths. Four dominant wavelengths (434, 517, 565, and 628 nm) were identified by intensity of principal component (PC) loading weights. Key wavelengths were validated on hyperspectral images of contaminated broiler carcasses. Specifically, with a quotient of 565 nm/517 nm, 100% of the fecal contaminates were detected in a limited population of broilers fed a corn/soybean meal diet. The objectives of this research was to validate the 565 nm/517 rim quotient to classify uncontaminated skin from feces/ingesta with broilers fed corn, milo, or wheat diets and to investigate the use of single-term linear regression (STLR) to select key wavelengths for classification. Feces (N = 369) and uncontaminated broiler breast skin (N = 96) were analyzed from 440 to 880 nm. The overall accuracy of detecting contamination for any type of feed with the 565 nm/517 nm quotient was 99% with 16 uncontaminated skin samples classified as contaminates (false positive). STLR optimized a new quotient of 574 nm/588 nm, which classified 100% of contaminates correctly with no false positives. The shift in the denominator from 517 to 588 nm is possibly due to greater fecal color variation from broilers fed wheat or milo. In addition, dividing by 588 nm minimized the effect of lightness (L*) on classification. The use of the STLR to scan the spectral data to find wavelengths correlated with the dependent variable is an alternative to selecting key wavelengths based on the intensity of PC loading weights. Although models from Vis/NIR spectroscopy and STLR performed well, they need to be validated on hyperspectral images of uncontaminated and contaminated carcasses. SN 0001-2351 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 46 IS 6 BP 1733 EP 1738 UT WOS:000188292200028 ER PT J AU Lockhart, BR Hodges, JD Gardiner, ES Ezell, AW AF Lockhart, BR Hodges, JD Gardiner, ES Ezell, AW TI Photosynthate distribution patterns in cherrybark oak seedling sprouts SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY CT 17th North American Forest Biology Workshop CY JUL 15-18, 2002 CL WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, PULLMAN, WA SP Soc Amer Foresters, Tree Physiol & Forest Genet Working Grp HO WASHINGTON STATE UNIV AB We used (14)C tracers to determine photosynthate distribution in cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) seedling sprouts following release from competing mid-story vegetation. Fall acquisition of labeled photosynthates by seedlings followed expected source-sink patterns, with root and basal stem tissues serving as the primary sinks. Four months after the seedlings had been labeled with (14)C, they were clipped to induce sprouting. First-flush stem and leaf tissues of the resulting seedling sprouts were the primary sinks for labeled photosynthates stored in root tissues. Second-flush stem and leaf tissues, and first-flush stem and leaf tissues the following growing season, were not primary sinks for labeled photosynthates stored in root tissues despite the high radioactivity in root tissues. Root tissues appeared to deposit photosynthates in a layering process whereby the last photosynthates stored in new xylem were the first to be depleted during the initiation of a growth flush the following spring. There were more labeled photosynthates in roots of released seedling sprouts compared with non-released seedling sprouts, indicating increased vigor of released seedling sprouts in response to greater light availability. In contrast, stem and source leaf tissues of non-released seedling sprouts contained greater percentages of labeled photosynthates compared with released seedling sprouts, indicating either greater sink strength or poorly developed xylem and phloem pathways that created inefficiencies in distribution to root tissues. The (14)C distribution coefficients confirmed the distribution patterns and provided additional information on the important sinks in released and non-released cherrybark oak seedling sprouts. SN 0829-318X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 23 IS 16 BP 1137 EP 1146 UT WOS:000186452200006 PM 14522719 ER PT J AU Connor, KF Sowa, S AF Connor, KF Sowa, S TI Effects of desiccation on the physiology and biochemistry of Quercus alba acorns SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY CT 17th North American Forest Biology Workshop CY JUL 15-18, 2002 CL WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, PULLMAN, WA SP Soc Amer Foresters, Tree Physiol & Forest Genet Working Grp HO WASHINGTON STATE UNIV AB Seeds that lose viability when dried to a water content of less than 12% are said to be recalcitrant. We subjected acorns of Quercus alba L., a species with recalcitrant seeds, to desiccation to determine the effects of drying on lipids, proteins and carbohydrates of the embryonic axis and cotyledon tissues. Samples of fresh seed and seed dried for selected intervals were analyzed for water content and germination, and for lipids, proteins and carbohydrates by Fourier trans form-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Carbohydrates were further analyzed by gas chromatography (GC). The Fr-IR analysis revealed that membrane lipid structure initially exhibited reversible shifts between gel and liquid crystalline phases in response to drying and rehydration; however, reversibility declined as viability was lost. Changes in carbohydrate concentration were observed based on peak height comparisons; sucrose concentration in the embryonic axis increased dramatically after 5 days of drying. The most sensitive indicator of desiccation damage was the irreversible change in protein secondary structure in embryonic axes and cotyledon tissue. These changes were illustrated by shifts in amide absorbance near 1650 cm(-1). Gas chromatography indicated an abundance of sucrose in both the embryonic axes and the cotyledon tissue. Although sucrose concentrations in these tissues were initially similar, sucrose concentration in the embryonic axes became significantly greater than in the cotyledons as the acorns dried. We hypothesize that, in drying acorns, increased concentration of sucrose does not prevent loss of viability, but acts as a glycoprotectant against cell collapse and cell wall membrane damage as water stress increases. SN 0829-318X PD NOV PY 2003 VL 23 IS 16 BP 1147 EP 1152 UT WOS:000186452200007 PM 14522720 ER PT J AU Manter, DK Kavanagh, KL AF Manter, DK Kavanagh, KL TI Stomatal regulation in Douglas fir following a fungal-mediated chronic reduction in leaf area SO TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AB Pathogens can cause chronic premature needle abscission in coniferous species. To assess the potential impacts on tree productivity, stomatal regulation was investigated in Douglas fir with chronic stomatal occlusion and defoliation from varying levels of the Swiss needle cast (SNC) fungus, Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii. Levels of SNC disease and subsequent defoliation were manipulated by choosing six sites with varying levels of disease and by foliar applications of fungicides on six trees per site. Diurnal measurements of leaf water potential (Psi(leaf)), stomatal conductance (g(s)) and vapor pressure deficit (D) were made on six fungicide treated and six control trees per site. In addition, leaf specific hydraulic conductance was calculated on a single branch (K-L_B) from three trees per treatment per site. Stomatal conductance at D=1 kPa (g(sref)) was negatively correlated with fungal colonization (number of fruiting bodies present in needle stomata) and positively correlated with K-L B. Despite reduced needle retention in diseased trees, K-L declined due to a reduction in sapwood area and permeability (i.e., increasing presence of latewood in functional sapwood). In general, stomatal sensitivity to D for all foliage was consistent with stomatal regulation based on a simple hydraulic model [g(s)=K-L(Psi(soil)-Psi(leaf))/ D], which assumes strict stomatal regulation of Psi(leaf). However, when fungal presence reduced maximum g(s) below the potential maximum supported by hydraulic architecture, stomatal sensitivity was lower than expected based on the theoretical relationship: dg(s)/dlnD=0.6.g(sref). The results indicate that losses in productivity associated with physical blockage of stomata and defoliation are compounded by additional losses in K-L and a reduction in g(s) in remaining functional stomata. SN 0931-1890 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 17 IS 6 BP 485 EP 491 DI 10.1007/s00468-003-0262-2 UT WOS:000186543100003 ER PT J AU Leszek, P Vincent, D Coe, EH Polacco, ML AF Leszek, P Vincent, D Coe, EH Polacco, ML TI Zea mays ontology - a database of international terms SO TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE AB Data retrieval, comprehension and sharing within and between plant-based databases are essential to exploit comparative genomic information to elucidate functional aspects of plant biology and to conduct studies of synteny and homology. However, the functionality is often hampered by the variability of terms used to describe comparable objects. The Zea mays Plant Structure Ontology database is designed to overcome this problem via the provision of a controlled vocabulary that facilitates knowledge sharing. It comprises international botanical terms, references, synonyms, and phylogenetic information and is open-source. SN 1360-1385 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 8 IS 11 BP 517 EP 520 DI 10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.014 UT WOS:000186796900002 ER PT J AU Horvath, DP Anderson, JV Chao, WS Foley, ME AF Horvath, DP Anderson, JV Chao, WS Foley, ME TI Knowing when to grow: signals regulating bud dormancy SO TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE AB Dormancy regulation in vegetative buds is a complex process necessary for plant survival, development and architecture. Our understanding of and ability to manipulate these processes are crucial for increasing the yield and availability of much of the world's food. In many cases, release of dormancy results in increased cell division and changes in developmental programs. Much can be learned about dormancy regulation by identifying interactions of signals in these crucial processes. Internal signals such as hormones and sugar, and external signals such as light act through specific, overlapping signal transduction pathways to regulate endo-, eco- and paradormancy. Epigenetic-like regulation of endodormancy suggests a possible role for chromatin remodeling similar to that known for the vernalization responses during flowering. OI Anderson, James/0000-0002-1801-5767; Horvath, David/0000-0002-8458-7691 SN 1360-1385 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 8 IS 11 BP 534 EP 540 DI 10.1016/j.tplants.2003.09.013 UT WOS:000186796900005 PM 14607098 ER PT J AU Robinson, DA Jones, SB Wraith, JM Or, D Friedman, SP AF Robinson, D. A. Jones, S. B. Wraith, J. M. Or, D. Friedman, S. P. TI A Review of Advances in Dielectric and Electrical Conductivity Measurement in Soils Using Time Domain Reflectometry SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL AB Substantial advances in the measurement of water content and bulk soil electrical conductivity (EC) using time domain reflectometry (TDR) have been made in the last two decades. The key to TDR's success is its ability to accurately measure the permittivity of a material and the fact that there is a good relationship between the permittivity of a material and its water content. A further advantage is the ability to estimate water content and measure bulk soil EC simultaneously using TDR. The aim of this review is to summarize and examine advances that have been made in terms of measuring permittivity and bulk EC. The review examines issues such as the effective frequency of the TDR measurement and waveform analysis in dispersive dielectrics. The growing importance of both waveform simulation and inverse analysis of waveforms is highlighted. Such methods hold great potential for obtaining far more information from TDR waveform analysis. Probe design is considered in some detail and practical guidance is given for probe construction. The importance of TDR measurement sampling volume is considered and the relative energy storage density is modeled for a range of probe designs. Tables are provided that compare some of the different aspects of commercial TDR equipment, and the units are discussed in terms of their performance and their advantages and disadvantages. It is hoped that the review will provide an informative guide to the more technical aspects of permittivity and EC measurement using TDR for the novice and expert alike. RI Jones, Scott/A-9745-2010; Robinson, David/A-6287-2010; Or, Dani/D-8768-2012 OI Jones, Scott/0000-0002-3804-8785; Robinson, David/0000-0001-7290-4867; Or, Dani/0000-0002-3236-2933 SN 1539-1663 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 2 IS 4 BP 444 EP 475 UT WOS:000207558000002 ER PT J AU Schwartz, RC Evett, SR AF Schwartz, R. C. Evett, S. R. TI Conjunctive Use of Tension Infiltrometry and Time-Domain Reflectometry for Inverse Estimation of Soil Hydraulic Properties SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL AB Infiltration from a tension disc infiltrometer can be applied conjointly with time-domain reflectometry (TDR) measurements of soil water content to improve estimates of field hydraulic parameters. However, interpretation of TDR-measured water contents for use in inverse optimizations may be problematic when rods are partially within the wetted zone. The objective of this study was to assess if TDR-measured soil water contents in addition to cumulative infiltration could improve parameter estimability for the inverse optimization problem. Infiltration experiments were conducted with a 0.58-m-diam. cylinder packed with a loamy sand. Three trifilar TDR probes were inserted diagonally into the soil to measure transient water contents during infiltration. Inverse optimizations utilized cumulative infiltration, water contents from diagonally placed TDR probes, and a branch of the wetting water characteristic theta(h) from extracted soil cores. Measured theta(h) at one or more pressure heads was required in optimizations to provide a satisfactory description of the water characteristic in the dry region. Optimizations for three infiltration experiments yielded similar parameter estimates with overlapping 95% confidence intervals. The use of diagonal TDR-measured water contents improved the predicted redistribution of soil water and decreased covariances between parameter pairs that led to better parameter estimability. Optimized simulations predicted water contents in a three-dimensional region within 0.03 m(3) m(-3) of values measured by buried horizontal TDR probes. Parameter estimates were relatively insensitive to changes in the assumed averaging depth transverse to TDR rods. For the diagonally placed probes, the dominant gradients in water content were in directions that minimized errors associated with assuming a uniform weighting of water content within the TDR sampling volume. S. SN 1539-1663 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 2 IS 4 BP 530 EP 538 UT WOS:000207558000008 ER PT J AU Gaur, A Horton, R Jaynes, DB Lee, J Al-Jabri, SA AF Gaur, Anju Horton, Robert Jaynes, Dan B. Lee, Jaehoon Al-Jabri, Salem A. TI Using Surface Time Domain Reflectometry Measurements to Estimate Subsurface Chemical Movement SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL AB Chemicals that leach through soil pose threats to surface and groundwater quality. It is difficult and expensive to measure subsurface chemical transport and the transport properties required for extrapolating predictions beyond limited observations. The objective of our study was to evaluate whether solute transport properties measured at the soil surface could be used to predict subsurface chemical movement. The study was conducted in a greenhouse soil pit. The solute transport properties of the surface 2-cm soil layer were determined by using time domain reflectometry (TDR) to measure the bulk electrical conductivity during a step application of CaCl(2) solution. The movement of chemicals in the subsurface was measured within the top 30 cm of soil following a pulse input of CaCl(2) solution. A comparison of the measured chemical transport properties in the surface and subsurface zones of the soil showed that the parameters were similar. Furthermore, the estimated parameters determined by the surface TDR method were used to predict the chemical concentration distributions within the 30-cm soil layer, and it was found that the centers of mass of predicted chemical distributions were not significantly different from the measured ones. Therefore, the surface TDR measurements could be used to successfully predict subsurface chemical transport within the upper 30 cm of the soil. This surface measurement technique is a promising tool for vadose zone chemical transport studies. RI LEE, JAEHOON/D-9758-2014 SN 1539-1663 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 2 IS 4 BP 539 EP 543 UT WOS:000207558000009 ER PT J AU Heitman, JL Basinger, JM Kluitenberg, GJ Ham, JM Frank, JM Barnes, PL AF Heitman, J. L. Basinger, J. M. Kluitenberg, G. J. Ham, J. M. Frank, J. M. Barnes, P. L. TI Field Evaluation of the Dual-Probe Heat-Pulse Method for Measuring Soil Water Content SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL AB The dual-probe heat-pulse (DPHP) method is useful for measuring water content (theta) and change in water content (Delta theta) near the surface. The method has been evaluated in laboratory and greenhouse experiments, but not in a field setting. Our objective was to test the DPHP method under field conditions and for a range of soil properties. Twenty-five DPHP sensors and five monitoring stations were constructed and installed at five locations in northeastern Kansas measure theta and Delta theta at 3-h intervals for 3mo. In addition, theta was estimated by coupling Delta theta measurements with independent measurements of theta obtained by soil sampling at sensor installation. Additional soil samples were collected from each location during the monitoring period to provide independent measurements of theta. Regression of DPHP and independent theta measurements revealed slight bias but substantial error (about 0.1 m(3) m(-3)) in the DPHP method. The offset error could not be fully attributed to bias in any single input parameter, but could have been caused by a combination of biased parameters. Estimates of theta from Delta theta measurements also revealed slight bias, but offset error was considerably smaller. Use of a published empirical calibration DPHP sensors almost completely eliminated this bias and further reduced the offset error to approximately 0.01 m(3) m(-3). Thus, the Delta theta approach combined with use of the empirical calibration appears to have practical utility. RI Heitman, Joshua/F-8535-2010 SN 1539-1663 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 2 IS 4 BP 552 EP 560 UT WOS:000207558000011 ER PT J AU Ochsner, TE Horton, R Ren, TS AF Ochsner, Tyson E. Horton, Robert Ren, Tusheng TI Use of the Dual-Probe Heat-Pulse Technique to Monitor Soil Water Content in the Vadose Zone SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL AB The dual-probe heat-pulse (DPHP) technique is emerging as a useful technique for measuring soil volumetric water content (theta). However, few published data are available regarding the performance of the DPHP technique under field conditions. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the DPHP technique for measuring theta under field conditions. We used 24 DPHP sensors to monitor theta in a soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] field during the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons. The DPHP sensors demonstrated durability in field conditions and clear sensitivity to temporal and spatial variations of theta at the scale of measurement. The mean theta measured by the DPHP sensors (theta(DPHP)) was on average 0.040 m(3) m(-3) larger than the mean theta measured by soil sampling (theta(SS)). The response of the DPHP sensors was linear. Regressions of theta(DPHP) vs. theta(SS) yielded r(2) values of 0.949 and 0.843 at depths of 7.5 and 37.5 cm. The DPHP technique showed good resolution with RMSE values for the regression of 0.009 and 0.011 m(3) m(-3) at the two measurement depths. The slopes of the regressions were 0.75 rather than 1.0. Errors in theta(SS) are a likely cause of this low slope. We shifted all the theta values for each sensor up or down by a constant value to make the first theta measurement from each sensor equal theta determined from soil sampling near that sensor at the time of installation. This simple matching point procedure improved the accuracy of the DPHP technique, resulting in a -0.024 m(3) m(-3) average difference between theta(DPHP) and theta(SS). Also, the matching point procedure markedly reduced the variability between sensors, reducing the average SD from 0.063 to 0.026 m(3) m(-3). This procedure requires no additional soil sampling and is recommended for field applications of the DPHP technique. SN 1539-1663 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 2 IS 4 BP 572 EP 579 UT WOS:000207558000013 ER PT J AU Sauer, TJ Meek, DW Ochsner, TE Harris, AR Horton, R AF Sauer, T. J. Meek, D. W. Ochsner, T. E. Harris, A. R. Horton, R. TI Errors in Heat Flux Measurement by Flux Plates of Contrasting Design and Thermal Conductivity SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL AB The thermal conductivity (lambda) of soils may vary by a factor of about 4 for a range of field soil water contents. Measurement of soil heat flux (G) using a heat flux plate with a fixed lambda distorts heat flow through the plates and in the adjacent soil. The objectives of this research were to quantify heat flow distortion errors for soil heat flux plates of widely contrasting designs and to evaluate the accuracy of a previously reported correction. Six types of commercially available heat flux plates with varying thickness, face area, and thermal conductivity (lambda(m)) were evaluated. Steady-state laboratory experiments at flux densities from 20 to 175 W m(-2) were completed in a large box filled with dry or saturated sand having lambda of 0.36 and 2.25 W m(-1) K(-1). A field experiment compared G measured with pairs of four plate types buried at 6 cm in a clay soil with G determined using the gradient technique. The flux plates underestimated G in the dry sand by 2.4 to 38.5% and by 13.1 to 73.2% in saturated sand while in moist clay plate performance ranged from a 6.2% overestimate to a 71.4% underestimate. Application of the correction generally improved agreement between plate estimates and independent G measurements, especially when lambda > lambda(m), although most plate estimates were still significantly lower than the actual G. Limitations of the correction procedure indicate that renewed effort should be placed on innovative sensor designs that avoid or minimize heat flow distortion and/or provide direct, in situ calibration capability. SN 1539-1663 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 2 IS 4 BP 580 EP 588 UT WOS:000207558000014 ER PT J AU Cobos, DR Baker, JM AF Cobos, Douglas R. Baker, John M. TI In Situ Measurement of Soil Heat Flux with the Gradient Method SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL AB The use of soil heat flux as a critical component of the surface energy balance is routine; however, its accurate quantification is not. The direct measurement of soil heat flux is generally accomplished with soil heat flux plates. However, the presence of heat flux plates causes perturbations in heat and fluid flow in the soil that may give rise to measurement errors. We describe here the direct measurement of soil heat flux with the gradient technique using a tri-needle instrument, where soil heat flux is the product of the soil thermal conductivity measured by transient heating of the center needle and the soil temperature gradient measured between the outer needles. Soil heat fluxes measured this way were compared with those obtained from commercially available soil heat flux plates. Laboratory trials revealed good precision and accuracy (error generally <5%) in measurements of thermal conductivity and soil heat flux with the heated needle technique in a medium-textured sand, but exposed occasional errors in the accurate determination of thermal conductivity arising from poor sensor-soil thermal contact in a coarser medium. Extended field data in a finer-textured soil showed good agreement among needle sensors and heat flux plates, and surprisingly did not reveal errors associated with fluid blockage by the heat flux plates. Our results indicate that the measurement of soil heat flux with the gradient technique with needle sensors is a viable alternative to heat flux plates, and may improve absolute accuracy of this measurement. SN 1539-1663 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 2 IS 4 BP 589 EP 594 UT WOS:000207558000015 ER PT J AU Evett, SR Tolk, JA Howell, TA AF Evett, S. R. Tolk, J. A. Howell, T. A. TI A Depth Control Stand for Improved Accuracy with the Neutron Probe SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL AB The neutron thermalization method for soil water content measurement is well established as being accurate for deep soil profile measurements. However, the method has been criticized as inaccurate for shallow measurements (<30 cm). It is in this shallow zone that many plants have the largest root density and water uptake and where infiltration and evaporation typically cause the largest changes in water content. We show how neutron probe depth influences soil water readings in the top 30 cm of soil, and we describe a depth control stand that serves to control probe depth relative to the soil surface so that probes may be accurately calibrated and successfully used in the field for measurements at shallow depths. Using the stand, calibrations for the 10-cm depth may be obtained routinely with linear regression r(2) values >0.98 and RMSE values of calibration <0.01 m(3) m(-3). The stand is also useful for elevating the gauge high enough above the surface so that standard counts are not influenced by the water content or nature of the surface, thus enhancing accuracy of both the calibration and subsequent water content readings, both of which depend on standard count values. Also, the stand serves to prevent repetitive strain injuries to backs and knees caused by bending and kneeling to place the gauge on top of access tubes, but without additional occupational exposure to radiation. SN 1539-1663 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 2 IS 4 BP 642 EP 649 UT WOS:000207558000022 ER PT J AU McMichael, B Lascano, RJ AF McMichael, Bobbie Lascano, Robert J. TI Laboratory Evaluation of a Commercial Dielectric Soil Water Sensor SO VADOSE ZONE JOURNAL AB Development of management strategies for efficient water utilization of crop production requires measurements of changes in soil water content on a dynamic basis. Many of the methods currently used for measuring these changes are destructive, slow, or relatively expensive for large-scale investigations. A commercially available, low-cost, nondestructive soil moisture sensor for measuring changes in soil volumetric water content (VWC) on the basis of changes in the dielectric constant of the soil water was evaluated under laboratory conditions for two soil series (Amarillo fine sandy loam [fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Aridic Paleustalfs] and Pullman clay loam [fine, mixed, thermic Torretic Paleustolls]) and a potting material across a wide range of water contents. Probes were placed in containers filled with deionized water and soil. Containers with Amarillo fine sandy loam were placed in a programmable temperature chamber and subjected to a series of changes in both temperature and VWC. Containers with Pullman soil and potting material were only subjected to changes in VWC at a constant temperature. Probe output at a constant temperature between air dry and a VWC of 0.25 m(3) m(-3) was linear for the Pullman soil and potting material and nonlinear for the Amarillo soil. When the Amarillo soil temperature varied between 15.9 and 39.1 degrees C(-1) at a constant VWC, probe output changed the equivalent of 0.10 m(3) m(-3). The temperature sensitivity was 0.5 mV degrees C(-1) for air-dry and about 5 mV degrees C(-1) for wet Amarillo soil. We conclude that probe output is soil specific and, given the nonlinear response to increasing water content on some soils and sensitivity to temperature, will require soil-specific calibration equations. SN 1539-1663 PD NOV PY 2003 VL 2 IS 4 BP 650 EP 654 UT WOS:000207558000023 ER PT J AU Murthy, S Kim, H Peot, C McConnell, L Strawn, M Sadick, T Dolak, I AF Murthy, S Kim, H Peot, C McConnell, L Strawn, M Sadick, T Dolak, I TI Evaluation of odor characteristics of heat-dried biosolids product SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH AB Because it produces an exceptional quality pellet product, heat drying of wastewater solids from municipal wastewater treatment plants is becoming more prevalent as biosolids management regulations become more restrictive. The product from heat drying is sometimes odorous as dry or wetted pellets. The odors, although not regulated, can be important for marketability and public acceptance of the product. The reasons for the odors are usually a result of upstream processing and management of wastewater solids prior to drying. The goals of this study were to determine odor characteristics and to compare the odors produced by evaluating odors from four types of heat-dried biosolids products: all undigested; primary digested-waste activated sludge (WAS) undigested; all digested; and WAS lime stabilized pellets. The results are described in this paper. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011; Kim, Hyunook/C-9316-2012 OI Kim, Hyunook/0000-0003-1256-480X SN 1061-4303 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 75 IS 6 BP 523 EP 531 DI 10.2175/106143003X141312 UT WOS:000220160000005 PM 14704011 ER PT J AU Massinga, RA Al-Khatib, K St Amand, P Miller, JF AF Massinga, RA Al-Khatib, K St Amand, P Miller, JF TI Gene flow from imidazolinone-resistant domesticated sunflower to wild relatives SO WEED SCIENCE AB Gene flow from imidazolinone (IMI)-resistant domestic sunflower to IMI-susceptible common sunflower and prairie sunflower was studied. Under greenhouse conditions, pollen from IMI-resistant domesticated sunflower was applied to flower heads of IMI-susceptible common and prairie sunflower. In addition, field studies were conducted in 2000 and 2001 near Manhattan, KS, to evaluate IMI-resistant gene flow from IMI-resistant domesticated sunflower to common and prairie sunflower under natural conditions. Common and prairie sunflower were planted in concentric circles at distances of 2.5, 5, 15, and 30 in around a densely planted IMI-resistant domesticated sunflower species. For both greenhouse and field studies, IMI-resistant gene flow was determined by treating the progeny of both wild species with 40 g ai ha(-1) of imazamox. Greenhouse crosses made by hand showed that 94% of common sunflower and 79% of prairie sunflower were resistant or moderately resistant. The resistant plants were allowed to grow in the greenhouse and were backcrossed with the corresponding susceptible wild parents. Progeny of the backcross showed a 1:1 ratio of resistant to susceptible plants. In the field, gene flow was detected up to 30 in from the pollen source for both species, and it decreased as distance from the pollen source increased. In 2000, 11 to 22% of the progeny were resistant at 2.5 m from the pollen source and 0.3 to 5% were resistant at 30 in. In 2001, the number of resistant progeny did not exceed 7 and 2% at 2.5 and 30 in from the pollen source, respectively. The results of this study showed that IMI-resistant domesticated sunflower outcrosses with common and prairie sunflower over distances typically encountered near production fields. Also, backcrosses of resistant hybrids with wild parents are successful, further increasing the potential for the spread of IMI-resistant feral sunflowers. SN 0043-1745 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 51 IS 6 BP 854 EP 862 DI 10.1614/WS-03-032R UT WOS:000186783600004 ER PT J AU Harrington, TB Rader-Dixon, LT Taylor, JW AF Harrington, TB Rader-Dixon, LT Taylor, JW TI Kudzu (Pueraria montana) community responses to herbicides, burning, and high-density loblolly pine SO WEED SCIENCE AB Kudzu is an aggressive, normative vine that currently dominates an estimated 810,000 ha of mesic forest communities in the eastern United States. To test an integrated method of weed control, abundances of kudzu and other plant species were compared during 4 yr after six herbicide treatments (clopyralid, triclopyr, metsulfuron, picloram + 2,4-D, tebuthiuron, and a nonsprayed check), in which loblolly pines were planted at three densities (0, 1, and 4 seedlings m(-2)) to induce competition and potentially delay kudzu recovery. This split-plot design was replicated on each of the four kudzu-dominated sites near Aiken, SC. Relative light intensity (RLI) and soil water content (SWC) were measured periodically to identify mechanisms of interference among plant species. Two years after treatment (1999), crown coverage of kudzu averaged < 2% in herbicide plots compared with 93% in the nonsprayed check, and these differences were maintained through 2001, except in clopyralid plots where kudzu cover increased to 15%. In 2001, pine interference was associated with 33, 56, and 67% reductions in biomass of kudzu, blackberry, and herbaceous vegetation, respectively. RLI in kudzu-dominated plots (4 to 15% of full sun) generally was less than half that of herbicide-treated plots. SWC was greatest in tebuthiuron plots, where total vegetation cover averaged 26% compared with 77 to 111% in other plots. None of the treatments eradicated kudzu, but combinations of herbicides and induced pine competition delayed its recovery. SN 0043-1745 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 51 IS 6 BP 965 EP 974 DI 10.1614/02-142 UT WOS:000186783600017 ER PT J AU Reddy, KN Zablotowicz, RM Locke, MA Koger, CH AF Reddy, KN Zablotowicz, RM Locke, MA Koger, CH TI Cover crop, tillage, and herbicide effects on weeds, soil properties, microbial populations, and soybean yield SO WEED SCIENCE AB A field study was conducted during 1997 to 2001 on a Dundee silt loam soil at Stoneville, MS, to examine the effects of rye and crimson clover residues on weeds, soil properties, soil microbial populations, and soybean yield in conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) systems with preemergence (PRE)-only, postemergence (POST)-only, and PRE plus POST herbicide programs. Rye and crimson clover were planted in October, desiccated in April, and tilled (CT plots only) before planting soybean. Both cover-crop residues reduced density of barnyardgrass, broadleaf signalgrass, browntop millet, entireleaf morningglory, and hyssop spurge but did not affect yellow nutsedge at 7 wk after soybean planting (WAP) in the absence of herbicides. Densities of these weed species were generally lower with PRE-only, POST-only, and PRE plus POST applications than with no-herbicide treatment. Total weed dry biomass was lower when comparing CT (1,570 kg ha(-1)) with NT (1,970 kg ha(-1)), rye (1,520 kg ha(-1)) with crimson clover (2,050 kg ha(-1)), and PRE plus POST (640 kg ha(-1)) with PRE-only (1,870 kg ha(-1)) or POST-only (1,130 kg ha(-1)) treatments at 7 WAR Soils with crimson clover had higher organic matter, NO3-N, SO4-S, and Mn, and lower pH compared with rye and no-cover crop soils. Total fungi and bacterial populations and fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity were higher in soil with crimson clover, followed by rye and no cover crop. Soybean yields were similar between CT (1,830 kg ha(-1)) and NT (1,960 kg ha(-1)), no cover crop (2,010 kg ha(-1)) and rye (1,900 kg ha(-1)), and rye and crimson clover (1,790 kg ha(-1)), but they were higher in PRE plus POST (2,260 kg ha(-1)) than in PRE-only (1,890 kg ha(-1)) or POST-only (1,970 kg ha(-1)) treatments. OI Zablotowicz, Robert/0000-0001-8070-1998 SN 0043-1745 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 51 IS 6 BP 987 EP 994 DI 10.1614/P2002-169 UT WOS:000186783600019 ER PT J AU Webster, TM AF Webster, TM TI High temperatures and durations of exposure reduce nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) tuber viability SO WEED SCIENCE AB Soil solarization has been proposed as an alternative to methyl bromide for controlling nutsedges. Little is known, however, about the relationship between soil solarization and nutsedge tuber viability. Combinations of elevated temperatures and durations of exposure were evaluated for their effect on purple nutsedge and yellow nutsedge tuber viability and new tuber production in growth chamber studies. Estimates of the duration of exposure at each temperature that reduced nutsedge growth parameters 50% (TT50) were supplied by log-logistic regression analysis. Nutsedge tuber viability was reduced when temperatures were greater than or equal to 45 C. Relative to purple nutsedge, yellow nutsedge tuber viability had smaller TT50 values for 45, 50, and 55 C. Tuber viability TT50 at 60 C was similar for both nutsedges. The TT50 for production of new purple nutsedge tubers at 50 C was larger than that for yellow nutsedge. However, there were no differences between species in TT50 values for new tuber production at higher temperatures. With sufficient durations of exposure, both purple and yellow nutsedge tubers were killed at temperatures greater than or equal to 50 C. However, application of these data to field situations in Georgia may be limited using present technology because the soil temperature cannot be raised to high enough levels for acceptable solarization effects. RI Webster, Theodore/A-4468-2009 OI Webster, Theodore/0000-0002-8259-2059 SN 0043-1745 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 51 IS 6 BP 1010 EP 1015 DI 10.1614/WS-03-018R UT WOS:000186783600022 ER PT J AU Wollenweber, E Dorr, M Rivera, D Roitman, JN AF Wollenweber, E Dorr, M Rivera, D Roitman, JN TI Externally accumulated flavonoids in three Mediterranean Ononis species SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG C-A JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES AB The Mediterranean Ononis species, O. fruticosa, O. natrix subsp. ramosissima and O. tridentata. have been analyzed for their exudate flavonoids. More than 20 flavonoid aglycones were identified, some of which are rather rare natural compounds. One of them, namely hypolaetin-8.3',4'-trimethyl ether, had been found only once before. The results are presented in a table along with literature data, and the chemotaxonomic impact of the flavonoid patterns is discussed. RI Rivera, Diego/K-4209-2014 OI Rivera, Diego/0000-0001-6889-714X SN 0939-5075 PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 58 IS 11-12 BP 771 EP 775 UT WOS:000188262800002 PM 14713147 ER PT J AU Dunlap, CA Cote, GL Momany, FA AF Dunlap, CA Cote, GL Momany, FA TI Oxidation and metal-ion affinities of a novel cyclic tetrasaccharide SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH AB The cyclic tetrasaccharide, cyclo-{--> 6)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 --> 3)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 --> 6)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 --> 3)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 -->}, was oxidized in high yield to a dicarboxylic acid, cyclo-{--> 6)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 --> 3)-alpha-D-GIcpA-(1 --> 6)-alpha-D-Glcp-(1 --> 3)-alpha-D-Glcp A-(1 -->}. The parent and oxidized compound were then screened for the ability to form stable complexes with 20 metal cations. Ion-exchange thin-layer chromatography was utilized to survey binding in aqueous and 50% methanolic solutions. The screening identified Pb(2+), Fe(2+) and Fe(3+) as forming strong metal chelates with the oxidized cyclic tetrasaccharide. The stoichiometry of the oxidized cyclic tetrasaccharide and Pb(2+) complex was determined to be 1:1 using aqueous gel-permeation chromatography. Perturbations between the free and complexed structure were examined using NMR spectroscopy. Molecular simulations were used to identify a probable structure of oxidized cyclic tetrasaccharide complexed with Pb(2+). Published by Elsevier Ltd. SN 0008-6215 PD OCT 31 PY 2003 VL 338 IS 22 BP 2367 EP 2373 DI 10.1016/j.carres.2003.07.002 UT WOS:000186359700010 PM 14572721 ER PT J AU Savary, BJ Nunez, A AF Savary, BJ Nunez, A TI Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for determining the methanol and acetic acid contents of pectin using headspace solid-phase microextraction and stable isotope dilution SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A AB A simple, fast, and direct procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination of the methanol and acetic acid present as esters in the plant cell wall polysaccharide pectin. After base-hydrolysis of esters and acidification of pectin samples, headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was performed using a Carboxen-PDMS fiber assembly. Methanol and acetic acid were separated by gas chromatography with a Chrompak PoraPlot Q capillary column and detected using electron impact mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring. Stable deuterated isotopomers (d(3)-methanol and d(3)-acetic acid) were used as internal standards and for constructing calibration curves, providing accurate and absolute quantification of analytes. The methanol and acetic acid contents in 1 mg quantities of fruit and vegetable pectins were readily quantified by this procedure. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. SN 0021-9673 PD OCT 31 PY 2003 VL 1017 IS 1-2 BP 151 EP 159 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(03)01293-7 UT WOS:000185856600015 PM 14584700 ER PT J AU Yepez, EA Williams, DG Scott, RL Lin, GH AF Yepez, EA Williams, DG Scott, RL Lin, GH TI Partitioning overstory and understory evapotranspiration in a semiarid savanna woodland from the isotopic composition of water vapor SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY AB The relative contributions of overstory and understory plant transpiration and soil evaporation to total evapotranspiration (ET) in a semiarid savanna woodland were determined from stable isotope measurements of atmospheric water vapor. The savanna overstory was dominated by the deeply rooted, woody legume Prosopis velutina ("mesquite"), and the understory was dominated by a perennial C-4 grass, Sporobolus wrightii. "Keeling plots" (turbulent mixing relationships) were generated from isotope ratios (deltaD and delta(18)O) of atmospheric water vapor collected within the tree (3-14 m) and understory (0.1-1 m) canopies during peak (July) and post-monsoon (September) periods of 2001. The unique regression intercepts from upper and lower profiles were used to partition the ET flux from the understory layer separately from that of the whole ecosystem. Although ET partitioning was problematic during the first sampling period in July, our results in September provided support to the validity of this method for measuring and understanding the dynamic behavior of water balance components in this semiarid savanna woodland. During the post-monsoon period (22nd September), transpiration accounted for 85% of ecosystem ET. Transpiration by the grass layer accounted for 50% of the understory ET over the same period. The total ecosystem ET estimated by eddy covariance (EC) on 22nd September was 3.5 mm per day. Based on partitioning by the isotope method, 2.5 mm, per day (70%) was from tree transpiration and 0.5 mm per day (15%) was from transpiration by the grass layer. Independent estimates of overstory and understory ET partitioning from distributed understory EC measurements were remarkably consistent with our isotope approach. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. RI Lin, GH/G-4593-2010; Williams, David/A-6407-2014; Yepez, Enrico/C-2802-2014; Lin, Guanghui/I-6850-2013; Yepez, Enrico/C-6901-2008 OI Williams, David/0000-0003-3627-5260; Lin, Guanghui/0000-0001-6108-3215; Yepez, Enrico/0000-0003-4746-573X SN 0168-1923 PD OCT 30 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 1-2 BP 53 EP 68 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00116-3 UT WOS:000185778100004 ER PT J AU Lakshmi, V Jackson, TJ Zehrfuhs, D AF Lakshmi, V Jackson, TJ Zehrfuhs, D TI Soil moisture-temperature relationships: results from two field experiments SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES AB This paper analyses data from two field experiments in Chickasha, Oklahoma, and Tifton, Georgia, carried out in July 1999 and June 2000 respectively. The observations on soil moisture at two depths, viz. 0-2(.)5 and 0-5(.)0 cm, surface temperature, and temperatures at 1, 5 and 10 cm depths are analysed. The relationship between the soil moisture and the temperature variability in time is examined as a function of vegetation type and location. Results from these experiments show that, during drydown, surface temperature shows an increase that corresponds to a decrease in the soil moisture. Linear models for prediction of soil moisture (at both depths) using surface temperature observations are examined. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. RI Lakshmi, Venkat/I-3078-2016 OI Lakshmi, Venkat/0000-0001-7431-9004 SN 0885-6087 PD OCT 30 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 15 BP 3041 EP 3057 DI 10.1002/hyp.1275 UT WOS:000186114400003 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Zarnke, R Thomas, NJ Wong, SK Van Bonn, W Briggs, M Davis, JW Ewing, R Mense, M Kwok, OCH Romand, S Thulliez, P AF Dubey, JP Zarnke, R Thomas, NJ Wong, SK Van Bonn, W Briggs, M Davis, JW Ewing, R Mense, M Kwok, OCH Romand, S Thulliez, P TI Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, and Sarcocystis canis-like infections in marine mammals SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY AB Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, and S. canis are related protozoans that can cause mortality in many species of domestic and wild animals. Recently, T gondii and S. neurona were recognized to cause encephalitis in marine mammals. As yet, there is no report of natural exposure of N. caninum in marine mammals. In the present study, antibodies to T gondii and N. caninum were assayed in sera of several species of marine mammals. For T gondii, sera were diluted 1:25, 1:50, and 1:500 and assayed in the T gondii modified agglutination test (MAT). Antibodies (MATgreater than or equal to1:25) to T gondii were found in 89 of 115 (77%) dead, and 18 of 30 (60%) apparently healthy sea otters (Enhydra lutris), 51 of 311 (16%) Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), 19 of 45 (42%) sea lions (Zalophus californianus), 5 of 32 (16%) ringed seals (Phoca hispida), 4 of 8 (50%) bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus), 1 of 9 (11.1%) spotted seals (Phoca largha), 138 of 141 (98%) Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), and 3 of 53 (6%) walruses (Odobenus rosmarus). For N. caninum, sera were diluted 1:40, 1:80, 1:160, and 1:320 and examined with the Neospora agglutination test (NAT) using mouse-derived tachyzoites. NAT antibodies were found in 3 of 53 (6%) walruses, 28 of 145 (19%) sea otters, 11 of 311 (3.5%) harbor seals, 1 of 27 (3.7%) sea lions, 4 of 32 (12.5%) ringed seals, 1 of 8 (12.5%) bearded seals, and 43 of 47 (91%) bottlenose dolphins. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. caninum antibodies in any marine mammal, and the first report of T gondii antibodies in walruses and in ringed, bearded, spotted, and ribbon seals. Current information on T gondii-like and Sarcocystis-like infections in marine mammals is reviewed. New cases of clinical S. canis and T gondii infections are also reported in sea lions, and T gondii infection in an Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. SN 0304-4017 EI 1873-2550 PD OCT 30 PY 2003 VL 116 IS 4 BP 275 EP 296 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(03)00263-2 UT WOS:000186458900002 PM 14580799 ER PT J AU Chai, XS Hou, QX Zhu, JY Chen, SL Wang, SF Lucia, L AF Chai, XS Hou, QX Zhu, JY Chen, SL Wang, SF Lucia, L TI Carboxyl groups in wood fibers. 1. Determination of carboxyl groups by headspace gas chromatography SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH AB The phase reaction conversion (PRC) headspace gas chromatographic (HSGC) technique was employed to develop a method for the determination of the content of carboxyl groups in wood fibers. Treatment of the wood fibers using hydrochloric acid was applied to convert carboxyl groups to carboxyl acids. Bicarbonate solution was then used to react with carboxyl acids on the treated fibers in the headspace of a testing vial to form carbon dioxide that was analyzed by a thermal conductivity detector using gas chromatography. The conversion reaction was conducted at 60 degreesC for about 10 min to achieve near complete conversion. The contribution to the GC detector signal from carbon dioxide formed by residual hydrochloric acid on wood fibers can be accounted for by the known experimental parameters. The effect of carbon dioxide in the headspace of the testing vial air was calibrated or can be eliminated by purging the testing vial using nitrogen before conducting experiment. The measured contents of carboxyl groups in eight wood fiber samples were in good agreement with those measured by a titration method. The present method is accurate, rapid, and automated. SN 0888-5885 PD OCT 29 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 22 BP 5440 EP 5444 DI 10.1021/ie020972a UT WOS:000186169000005 ER PT J AU Chai, XS Hou, QX Zhu, JY AF Chai, XS Hou, QX Zhu, JY TI Carboxyl groups in wood fibers. 2. The fate of carboxyl groups during alkaline delignification and its application for fiber yield prediction in alkaline pulping SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH AB Detailed characterizations of the content of carboxyl groups in wood fibers derived from alkaline delignification of loblolly pine using various processes were conducted in this study (part 2) using the method presented in the preceding paper, part 1. It was demonstrated that the content of hexenuronic acid (HexA) groups can be used to account for the carboxyl groups associated with hemicelluloses in wood fibers. The difference between the measured contents of carboxyl and HexA groups can be used to account for the carboxyl groups associated with wood lignin. As a result, the calculated content of carboxyl groups associated with lignin correlated very well to the pulp number. An empirical correlation for predicting fiber yield with the measured contents of carboxyl and HexA groups was developed on the basis of mass conservation. Good agreement between measured and predicted fiber yield for the two wood species studied was obtained. SN 0888-5885 PD OCT 29 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 22 BP 5445 EP 5449 DI 10.1021/ie0209733 UT WOS:000186169000006 ER PT J AU Yokelson, RJ Christian, TJ Bertschi, IT Hao, WM AF Yokelson, RJ Christian, TJ Bertschi, IT Hao, WM TI Evaluation of adsorption effects on measurements of ammonia, acetic acid, and methanol SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB [1] We examined how adsorption and desorption of gases from inlets and a cell could affect the accuracy of closed-cell FTIR measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide ( CO), methane (CH4), nitric oxide ( NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), methanol (CH3OH), acetic acid (CH3COOH), and ammonia (NH3). When standards were delivered to the cell through a stainless steel inlet, temporarily reduced transmission was observed for CH3OH and NH3. However, a halocarbon wax coated inlet ( normally used on the system) had excellent transmission ( comparable to room temperature Teflon) for both CH3OH and NH3, even at temperatures as low as 5 degreesC. Thus the wax is valuable for coating sampling system components that cannot be fashioned from Teflon. The instrument had a delayed response (similar to 10 - 40 s) for NH3 only, which was attributed to passivation of the Pyrex multipass cell. To determine sampling artifacts that could arise from the complex sample matrix presented by smoke, the closed-cell FTIR system was intercompared with an open-path FTIR system ( which is immune to sampling artifacts) in well-mixed smoke. A similar cell passivation delay for NH3 was the only artifact found in this test. Overall, the results suggest that similar to 10 s is sufficient to detect > 80% of an NH3/CO ratio sampled by our fast-flow, closed-cell system. Longer sampling times or consecutive samples return better results. In field campaigns the closed-cell system sampling times were normally 10 to > 100 s so NH3 was probably underestimated by 5 - 15%. RI Yokelson, Robert/C-9971-2011 OI Yokelson, Robert/0000-0002-8415-6808 SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 PD OCT 29 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D20 AR 4649 DI 10.1029/2003JD003549 UT WOS:000186395300006 ER PT J AU Lopez-Miranda, J Moreno, R Gavilan, E Marin, C Bellido, C Paniagua, JA Fuentes, F Moreno, J Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F AF Lopez-Miranda, J Moreno, R Gavilan, E Marin, C Bellido, C Paniagua, JA Fuentes, F Moreno, J Ordovas, JM Perez-Jimenez, F TI A single nucleotide polymorphism of the apolipoprotein A-V gene (SNP3, T-1131C) modulates postprandial lipoprotein metabolism SO CIRCULATION CT 76th Annual Scientific Session of the American-Heart-Association CY NOV 07-12, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Heart Assoc SN 0009-7322 PD OCT 28 PY 2003 VL 108 IS 17 SU S MA 1454 BP 305 EP 306 UT WOS:000186360601512 ER PT J AU Asztalos, BF Horvath, KV Demmissie, S Cupples, AL Collins, D Robins, SJ Schaefer, EJ AF Asztalos, BF Horvath, KV Demmissie, S Cupples, AL Collins, D Robins, SJ Schaefer, EJ TI ApoA-I in alpha-1 HDL is a strong, independent predictor of CHD in Framingham and VA-HIT SO CIRCULATION CT 76th Annual Scientific Session of the American-Heart-Association CY NOV 07-12, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Heart Assoc SN 0009-7322 PD OCT 28 PY 2003 VL 108 IS 17 SU S MA 3301 BP 730 EP 731 UT WOS:000186360603350 ER PT J AU Matthan, NR Jallbert, SM Dolnikowski, GG Welty, FK Barrett, PHR Schaefer, EJ Lichtenstein, AH AF Matthan, NR Jallbert, SM Dolnikowski, GG Welty, FK Barrett, PHR Schaefer, EJ Lichtenstein, AH TI Dietary hydrogenated fat decreases LDL apoB-100 catabolism and increases HDL apoA-1 catabolism in hypercholesterolemic women SO CIRCULATION CT 76th Annual Scientific Session of the American-Heart-Association CY NOV 07-12, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Heart Assoc SN 0009-7322 PD OCT 28 PY 2003 VL 108 IS 17 SU S MA 3536 BP 784 EP 784 UT WOS:000186360603585 ER PT J AU Erkkila, AT Lichtenstein, AH MAyer, J Mozaffarian, D Herrington, DM AF Erkkila, AT Lichtenstein, AH MAyer, J Mozaffarian, D Herrington, DM TI Fish intake is associated with reduced progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis in diabetic women with coronary artery disease SO CIRCULATION CT 76th Annual Scientific Session of the American-Heart-Association CY NOV 07-12, 2003 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Amer Heart Assoc RI Mozaffarian, Dariush/B-2276-2008 SN 0009-7322 PD OCT 28 PY 2003 VL 108 IS 17 SU S MA 3543 BP 785 EP 785 UT WOS:000186360603592 ER PT J AU Hake, S AF Hake, S TI MicroRNAs: A role in plant development SO CURRENT BIOLOGY AB MicroRNAs are known to regulate development in Caenorhabditis elegans by translational repression of target genes. MiRNAs have now been shown to regulate developmental processes in plants, using both translational repression and cleavage of the target gene's RNA transcript. SN 0960-9822 PD OCT 28 PY 2003 VL 13 IS 21 BP R851 EP R852 DI 10.1016/j.cub.2003.10.021 UT WOS:000186263900014 PM 14588265 ER PT J AU Seo, SJ Cheon, HM Sun, JX Sappington, TW Raikhel, AS AF Seo, SJ Cheon, HM Sun, JX Sappington, TW Raikhel, AS TI Tissue- and stage-specific expression of two lipophorin receptor variants with seven and eight ligand-binding repeats in the adult mosquito SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY AB We identified two splice variants of lipophorin receptor (LpR) gene products specific to the mosquito fat body (AaLpRfb) and ovary ( AaLpRov) with respective molecular masses of 99.3 and 128.9 kDa. Each LpR variant encodes a member of the low density lipoprotein receptor family with five characteristic domains: 1) ligand recognition, 2) epidermal growth factor precursor, 3) putative O-linked sugar, 4) single membrane-spanning domains, and 5) the cytoplasmic tail with a highly conserved internalization signal FDNPVY. Proposed phylogenetic relationships among low density lipoprotein receptor superfamily members suggest that the LpRs of insects are more closely related to vertebrate low density lipoprotein receptors and very low density lipoprotein receptor/vitellogenin receptor than to insect vitellogenin receptor/yolk protein receptors. Two mosquito LpR isoforms differ in their amino termini, the ligand-binding domains, and O-linked sugar domains, which are generated by differential splicing. Polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot hybridization analyses show that these two transcripts originated from a single gene. Significantly, the putative ligand-binding domain consists of seven and eight complement-type, cysteine-rich repeats in AaLpRfb and AaLRov, respectively. Seven cysteine-rich repeats in AaLpRfb are identical to the second through eighth repeats of AaLpRov. Previous analyses ( 1) have indicated that the AaLpRov transcript is present exclusively in ovarian germ-line cells, nurse cells, and oocytes throughout the previtellogenic and vitellogenic stages, with the peak at 24 - 30 h after blood meal, coincident with the peak of yolk protein uptake. In contrast, the fat body-specific AaLpRfb transcript expression is restricted to the postvitellogenic period, during which yolk protein production is terminated and the fat body is transformed to a storage depot of lipid, carbohydrate, and protein. RI Sun, Jianxin/B-5866-2008 SN 0021-9258 PD OCT 24 PY 2003 VL 278 IS 43 BP 41954 EP 41962 DI 10.1074/jbc.M308200200 UT WOS:000185989500050 PM 12917414 ER PT J AU Martens, DA Loeffelmann, KL AF Martens, DA Loeffelmann, KL TI Soil amino acid composition quantified by acid hydrolysis and anion chromatography-pulsed amperometry SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB Soil organic N accounts for 95-98% of the total soil N content with amino acids (AAs) and amino sugars (ASs) identified as the major soil organic N compounds, but traditional 6 M HCl with reflux or sealed digestions for 24 h and various detection systems have accounted for only 30-40% of soil total N content as AA-N. This study compared traditional HCl extraction methodology with methanesulfonic acid (MSA) hydrolysis and nonderivatized AA and AS quantification by ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection for determination of the AA composition of plant litter and soils. MSA (4 M) gave AA-N recovery comparable to or better than 6 M HCl for plant AA digestions (16 h, 121 degreesC, 104 kPa). Use of 4 M MSA (0.5-1.5 h, 136 degreesC, 112 kPa) increased the total recovery of organic N as AAs, ASs, and NH4+ by 46% from soils (n = 22) compared with 6 M HCl (12 h, 110 degreesC, reflux) with a MSA recovery rate of 85.6% of the total N content (n = 22 soils). The shorter MSA soil digestions (0.5-1.5 h) suggested that the majority of soil organic N was not present as protein forms found in plant litter analysis (16 h of digestion). MSA ion chromatographic analysis for soil AA/AS composition is a robust nonderivatization method requiring little sample preparation that can distinguish between small changes in soil AA composition during one growing season due to vegetation and tillage managements. SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 PD OCT 22 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 22 BP 6521 EP 6529 DI 10.1021/jf034422e UT WOS:000185990500025 PM 14558773 ER PT J AU Vasan, RS Sullivan, LM D'Agostino, RB Roubenoff, R Harris, T Sawyer, DB Levy, D Wilson, PWF AF Vasan, RS Sullivan, LM D'Agostino, RB Roubenoff, R Harris, T Sawyer, DB Levy, D Wilson, PWF TI Serum insulin-like growth factor I and risk for heart failure in elderly individuals without a previous myocardial infarction: The Framingham Heart Study SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE AB Background: several experimental investigations have emphasized the favorable effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) on left ventricular remodeling, partly through its antiapoptotic effects. Cross-sectional clinical studies have reported that low serum IGF-I levels in patients with heart failure correlate with cachexia and severity of ventricular dysfunction. it is unclear whether low serum IGF-I is a risk factor for heart failure. Objective: To prospectively study the association between serum IGF-I level and the incidence of congestive heart failure. Design: Community-based, prospective cohort study. Setting: Framingham, Massachusetts. Participants: 717 elderly individuals (mean age, 78.4 years; 67% women) who did not have myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure at baseline. Measurement: Incidence of a first episode of congestive heart failure on follow-up. Results: During follow-up (mean, 5.2 years), 56 participants (35 women) developed congestive heart failure. In multivarlable Cox regression models adjusting for established risk factors at baseline, there was a 27% decrease in risk for heart failure for every 1 standard. deviation increment in log IGF-I. Individuals with serum IGF-I level at or above the median value (140 mug/L) had half the risk for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.49 [95% Cl, 0.26 to 0.92]) of those with serum IGF-I levels below the median. These comparisons were maintained in analyses adjusting for the occurrence of a myocardial infarction on follow-up. Conclusions: In our prospective, community-based investigation, serum IGF-I level was inversely related to the risk for congestive heart failure in elderly people without a previous myocardial infarction. Additional investigations are warranted to confirm these findings. OI Ramachandran, Vasan/0000-0001-7357-5970 SN 0003-4819 PD OCT 21 PY 2003 VL 139 IS 8 BP 642 EP 648 UT WOS:000186040800002 PM 14568852 ER PT J AU Zhou, L Dickinson, RE Ogawa, K Tian, Y Jin, M Schmugge, T Tsvetsinskaya, E AF Zhou, L Dickinson, RE Ogawa, K Tian, Y Jin, M Schmugge, T Tsvetsinskaya, E TI Relations between albedos and emissivities from MODIS and ASTER data over North African desert SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS AB [1] This paper analyzes relations among MODIS surface albedos, ASTER broadband ( 3 - 14 mum) emissivities, and a soil taxonomy map over the arid areas of Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia in North Africa at 30 second ( about 1 km) and 2 minute ( about 4 km) spatial resolutions. The MODIS albedo data are from 7 spectral bands and 3 broadbands during dust-free seasons and the emissivity data are derived from a linear combination of the waveband emissivities of the ASTER five thermal infrared channels. Both albedo and emissivity data in the study region show similar considerable spatial variability, larger than assumed by most climate models, and such variability is related to the surface types ( sands, rock, and soil orders). Emissivity over bare soils exhibits statistically significant correlations with albedos at both broadbands and most of spectral bands and decreases linearly with albedos. Albedo and emissivity are more strongly correlated with each other than either is to the surface types, apparently because of their higher resolution either spatially or in surface mineralogy. This paper provides guidance for the possible inclusion of such correlation to specify albedo and emissivity in climate models. RI Ogawa, Kenta/B-7687-2008; Zhou, Liming/A-2688-2012 SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 PD OCT 17 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 20 AR 2026 DI 10.1029/2003GL018069 UT WOS:000186086700002 ER PT J AU Suchyta, SP Sipkovsky, S Kruska, R Jeffers, A McNulty, A Coussens, MJ Tempelman, RJ Halgren, RG Saama, PM Bauman, DE Boisclair, YR Burton, JL Collier, RJ DePeters, EJ Ferris, TA Lucy, MC McGuire, MA Medrano, JF Overton, TR Smith, TP Smith, GW Sonstegard, TS Spain, JN Spiers, DE Yao, JB Coussens, PM AF Suchyta, SP Sipkovsky, S Kruska, R Jeffers, A McNulty, A Coussens, MJ Tempelman, RJ Halgren, RG Saama, PM Bauman, DE Boisclair, YR Burton, JL Collier, RJ DePeters, EJ Ferris, TA Lucy, MC McGuire, MA Medrano, JF Overton, TR Smith, TP Smith, GW Sonstegard, TS Spain, JN Spiers, DE Yao, JB Coussens, PM TI Development and testing of a high-density cDNA microarray resource for cattle SO PHYSIOLOGICAL GENOMICS AB A cDNA microarray resource has been developed with the goal of providing integrated functional genomics resources for cattle. The National Bovine Functional Genomics Consortium's (NBFGC) expressed sequence tag ( EST) collection was established in 2001 to develop resources for functional genomics research. The NBFGC EST collection and microarray contains 18,263 unique transcripts, derived from many different tissue types and various physiologically important states within these tissues. The NBFGC microarray has been tested for false-positive rates using self-self hybridizations and was shown to yield robust results in test microarray experiments. A web-accessible database has been established to provide pertinent data related to NBFGC clones, including sequence data, BLAST results, and ontology information. The NBFGC microarray represents the largest cDNA microarray for a livestock species prepared to date and should prove to be a valuable tool in studying genome-wide gene expression in cattle. SN 1094-8341 PD OCT 17 PY 2003 VL 15 IS 2 BP 158 EP 164 DI 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00094.2003 UT WOS:000185992100006 PM 13130080 ER PT J AU Loya, WM Pregitzer, KS Karberg, NJ King, JS Giardina, CP AF Loya, WM Pregitzer, KS Karberg, NJ King, JS Giardina, CP TI Reduction of soil carbon formation by tropospheric ozone under increased carbon dioxide levels SO NATURE AB In the Northern Hemisphere, ozone levels in the troposphere have increased by 35 per cent over the past century(1), with detrimental impacts on forest(2,3) and agricultural(4) productivity, even when forest productivity has been stimulated by increased carbon dioxide levels'. In addition to reducing productivity, increased tropospheric ozone levels could alter terrestrial carbon cycling by lowering the quantity and quality of carbon inputs to soils. However, the influence of elevated ozone levels on soil carbon formation and decomposition are unknown. Here we examine the effects of elevated ozone levels on the formation rates of total and decay-resistant acid-insoluble soil carbon under conditions of elevated carbon dioxide levels in experimental aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands and mixed aspen-birch (Betula papyrifera) stands. With ambient concentrations of ozone and carbon dioxide both raised by 50 per cent, we find that the formation rates of total and acid-insoluble soil carbon are reduced by 50 per cent relative to the amounts entering the soil when the forests were exposed to increased carbon dioxide alone. Our results suggest that, in a world with elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, global-scale reductions in plant productivity due to elevated ozone levels will also lower soil carbon formation rates significantly. RI Giardina, Christian/C-3120-2011 OI Giardina, Christian/0000-0002-3431-5073 SN 0028-0836 PD OCT 16 PY 2003 VL 425 IS 6959 BP 705 EP 707 DI 10.1038/nature02047 UT WOS:000185924500038 PM 14562100 ER PT J AU Roubenoff, R Parise, H Payette, HA Abad, LW D'Agostino, R Jacques, PF Wilson, PWF Dinarello, CA Harris, TB AF Roubenoff, R Parise, H Payette, HA Abad, LW D'Agostino, R Jacques, PF Wilson, PWF Dinarello, CA Harris, TB TI Cytokines, insulin-like growth factor 1, sarcopenia, and mortality in very old community-dwelling men and women: The Framingham Heart Study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AB BACKGROUND: Aging is associated with increased production of catabolic cytokines, reduced circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and acceleration of sarcopenia (loss of muscle with age). We hypothesized that these factors are independently linked to mortality in community-dwelling older persons. METHODS: We examined the relation of all-cause mortality to peripheral blood mononuclear cell production of inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], interleukin 1beta, interleukin 6), serum interleukin 6 and IGF-1, and fat-free mass and clinical status in 525 ambulatory, free-living participants in the Framingham Heart Study. RESULTS: Of the 525 subjects (aged 72 to 92 years at baseline), 122 (23%) died during 4 years of follow-up. After adjusting for age, sex, comorbid conditions, smoking, and body mass index, mortality was associated with greater cellular production of TNF-alpha (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.27 per log(10) difference in ng/mL; 95% confidence interval [Cl]: 1.00 to 1.61; P = 0.05) and higher serum interleukin 6 levels (HR = 1.30 per log(10) difference in pg/mL; 95% Cl: 1.04 to 1.63]; P = 0.02), but not with higher serum IGF-1 levels (HR = 0.70 per log,, difference in pg/mL; 95% Cl: 0.49 to 0.99; P = 0.04). In a subset of 398 subjects (55 deaths) in whom change in fat-free mass index during the first 2 years was measured, less loss of fat-free mass and greater IGF-1 levels were associated with reduced mortality during the next 2 years. CONCLUSION: Greater levels or production of the catabolic cytokines TNF-alpha and interleukin 6 are associated with increased mortality in community-dwelling elderly adults, whereas IGF- I levels had the opposite effect. (C) 2003 by Excerpta Medica Inc. SN 0002-9343 PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 115 IS 6 BP 429 EP 435 DI 10.1016/S0002-9343(03)00478-9 UT WOS:000185978700001 PM 14563498 ER PT J AU Seo, KH Holt, PS Stone, HD Gast, RK AF Seo, KH Holt, PS Stone, HD Gast, RK TI Simple and rapid methods for detecting Salmonella enteritidis in raw eggs SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY AB The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates there were 300,000 cases of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) in 1997. Egg products were associated with many of the cases. To address this problem, many producers implemented flock surveillance of the SE situation at their facilities. A rapid and simple method for detecting SE from poultry samples is critical for the effective implementation of such testing strategies. A lateral flow device for the detection of SE utilized in this study was manufactured by Neogen, Lansing, MI. The test panel is a presumptive qualitative test system that detects only members of Group D I Salmonella species. A series of studies were conducted to optimize the test procedure for raw eggs with different sample preparations. A novel antigen extraction method was developed for use with the test panel kit. The detection limit of the test panel kit was increased approximately tenfold when the extraction method was used. Detection of SE was 100% in raw egg pools inoculated with 10 SE cells per in] of egg and incubated at a 1:10 ratio in buffered peptone water (BPW) or tetrathionate brilliant green broth (TBG) for 24 It at 37 degreesC. The developed lateral flow test kit could provide a simple, rapid, and inexpensive method for egg producers and processors to test specifically for Salmonella group D I serovars, such as SE, in egg samples. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. SN 0168-1605 PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 87 IS 1-2 BP 139 EP 144 DI 10.1016/S0168-1605(03)00053-9 UT WOS:000185499300015 PM 12927716 ER PT J AU Barzilai, N Atzmon, G Schechter, C Schaefer, EJ Cupples, AL Lipton, R Cheng, S Shuldiner, AR AF Barzilai, N Atzmon, G Schechter, C Schaefer, EJ Cupples, AL Lipton, R Cheng, S Shuldiner, AR TI Unique lipoprotein phenotype and genotype associated with exceptional longevity SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB Context Individuals with exceptional longevity have a lower incidence and/or significant delay in the onset of age-related disease, and their family members may inherit biological factors that modulate aging processes and disease susceptibility. Objective To identify specific biological and genetic factors that are associated with or reliably define a human longevity phenotype. Design, Setting, and Participants In a case-control design, 213 Ashkenazi Jewish probands with exceptional longevity (mean [SDI age, 98.2 [5.3] years) and their offspring (n=216; mean [SD] age, 68.3 [6.7] years) were recruited from 1998 to 2002, while an age-matched control group of Ashkenazi Jews (n=258) and participants from the Framingham Offspring Study (n = 589) were accepted as control groups. Main Outcome Measures Detailed questionnaires, physical examination, and blood samples were taken, including assessment of lipids and lipoprotein subclass levels and particle sizes by proton nuclear magnetic resonance. Samples were also genotyped for the codon 405 isoleucine to valine (1405V) variation in the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene, which is involved in regulation of lipoprotein and its particle sizes. Results High-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle sizes were significantly higher in probands compared with both control groups (P=.001 for both), independent of plasma levels of HDL and LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 and B. This phenotype was also typical of the proband's offspring but not of the age-matched controls. The HDL and LDL particle sizes were significantly larger in offspring and controls without hypertension or cardiovascular disease, (P=.001 and P=.008, respectively). Furthermore, lipoprotein particle sizes, but not plasma LDL levels, were significantly higher in offspring and controls without the metabolic syndrome (P<.001). Probands and offspring had a 2.9- and 3.6-fold (in men) and 2.7- and 1.5-fold (in women) increased frequency, respectively, of homozygosity for the 405 valine allele of CETP (VV genotype), respectively, compared with controls (P<.001 for both). Those probands with the VV genotype had increased lipoprotein sizes and lower serum CETP concentrations. Conclusions Individuals with exceptional longevity and their offspring have significantly larger HDL and LDL particle sizes. This phenotype is associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, the metabolic syndrome, and increased homozygosity for the 1405V variant in CETP. These findings suggest that lipoprotein particle sizes are heritable and promote a healthy aging phenotype. SN 0098-7484 PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 290 IS 15 BP 2030 EP 2040 DI 10.1001/jama.290.15.2030 UT WOS:000185924200027 PM 14559957 ER PT J AU Campagnolo, ER Ernst, MJ Berninger, ML Gregg, DA Shumaker, TJ Boghossian, AM AF Campagnolo, ER Ernst, MJ Berninger, ML Gregg, DA Shumaker, TJ Boghossian, AM TI Outbreak of rabbit hemorrhagic disease in domestic lagomorphs SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION AB Rabbit hemorrhagic disease is an acute, highly contagious, and fatal disease of domestic and wild rabbits of the species Oryctolagus cuniculus. The disease is a devastating foreign animal disease that must be immediately reported to state and federal government veterinary officials. Veterinarians should be aware of the clinical signs of rabbit hemorrhagic disease; sudden deaths of large numbers of rabbits should alert clinicians to consider the disease in their differential diagnoses. SN 0003-1488 PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 223 IS 8 BP 1151 EP 1155 DI 10.2460/javma.2003.223.1151 UT WOS:000185954300026 PM 14584745 ER PT J AU Nagler, PL Inoue, Y Glenn, EP Russ, AL Daughtry, CST AF Nagler, PL Inoue, Y Glenn, EP Russ, AL Daughtry, CST TI Cellulose absorption index (CAI) to quantify mixed soil-plant litter scenes SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT AB Quantification of plant litter cover on the soil surface is necessary in both agricultural and natural systems because the presence of litter influences the flow of nutrients, carbon, water, and energy in terrestrial ecosystems. Although remote sensing methods for measuring plant litter cover provide both a wider area of coverage and a more objective estimate of the spatial variability of litter than manual methods of quantifying the nongreen vegetation landscape components (e.g., litter or soil percent cover), it has been difficult to assess the efficiency of detecting partial litter cover over different soil types. The objectives of this study were (i) to acquire spectral reflectance data for four crop residues and two forest litter types in mixed scenes of soil and plant litter, (ii) to derive relationships that show the spectral variable, cellulose absorption index (CAI), as a function of the amount of litter on the soil surface, and (iii) to test whether the variability of soil background reflectance inhibits the detection of residues and/or the ability to quantify residue cover. Scenes of known amounts of plant litter covering three contrasting soils were prepared and their reflectance spectra (0.4-2.5 mum) were measured with a hyper-resolution spectroradiometer. Litter from four crop (corn, soybean, rice, and wheat) and two tree species (coniferous and deciduous) were included. The CAI (0.5(R-2.0 + R-2.2) - R-2.1) describes the average depth of the cellulose absorption feature at 2.1 mum in reflectance spectra. Positive values of CAI indicate the presence of cellulose. The mean CAI of the soils was -2.0 while the mean CAI of the plant litter was 5.2. CAI increased linearly for each plant litter as the amount of plant litter in the scene increased from 0% (bare soil) to 100% cover. The CAI values of mixed scenes with more than 10% litter cover were significantly larger than the CAI values of the soils. The results of this study indicate that CAI is useful for quantifying plant litter cover, even at low percent cover. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SN 0034-4257 PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 87 IS 2-3 BP 310 EP 325 DI 10.1016/j.rse.2003.06.001 UT WOS:000186447400014 ER PT J AU Solano-Aguilar, G Zarlenga, D Beshah, E Vengroski, K Gasbarre, L Junker, DE Cochran, MD Weston, CQ Valencia, DM Chiang, C Dawson, HD Urban, JF Lunney, JK AF Solano-Aguilar, G Zarlenga, D Beshah, E Vengroski, K Gasbarre, L Junker, DE Cochran, MD Weston, CQ Valencia, DM Chiang, C Dawson, HD Urban, JF Lunney, JK TI Limited effect of recombinant porcine Interleukin-12 on porcine lymphocytes due to a low level of IL-12 Beta2 receptor (vol 89, pg 133, 2002) SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY RI Dawson, Harry/H-8242-2013 SN 0165-2427 PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 95 IS 3-4 BP 183 EP 183 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(03)00054-0 UT WOS:000185530600010 ER PT J AU Mosier, AR Pendall, E Morgan, JA AF Mosier, AR Pendall, E Morgan, JA TI Effect of water addition and nitrogen fertilization on the fluxes of CH4, CO2, NOx, and N2O following five years of elevated CO2 in the Colorado Shortgrass Steppe SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS AB An open-top-chamber (OTC) CO2 enrichment (similar to720 mumol mol(-1)) study was conducted in the Colorado shortgrass steppe from April 1997 through October 2001. Aboveground plant biomass increased under elevated CO2 and soil moisture content was typically higher than under ambient CO2 conditions. Fluxes of CH4, CO2, NOx and N2O, measured weekly year round were not significantly altered by CO2 enrichment over the 55 month period of observation. During early summer of 2002, following the removal of the open-top-chambers from the CO2 enrichment sites in October 2001, we conducted a short term study to determine if soil microbial processes were altered in soils that had been exposed to double ambient CO2 concentrations during the growing season for the past five years. Microplots were established within each experimental site and 10 mm of water or 10 mm of water containing the equivalent of 10 g m(-2) of ammonium nitrate-N was applied to the soil surface. Fluxes of CO2, CH4, NOx and N2O fluxes within control (unchambered), ambient CO2 and elevated CO2 OTC soils were measured at one to three day intervals for the next month. With water addition alone, CO2 and NO emission did not differ between ambient and elevated CO2 soils, while CH4 uptake rates were higher and N2O fluxes lower in elevated CO2 soils. Adding water and mineral N resulted in increased CO2 emissions, increased CH4 uptake and decreased NO emissions in elevated CO2 soils. The N addition study confirmed previous observations that soil respiration is enhanced under elevated CO2 and N immobilization is increased, thereby decreasing NO emission. OI Pendall, Elise/0000-0002-1651-8969 SN 1680-7324 PD OCT 13 PY 2003 VL 3 BP 1703 EP 1708 UT WOS:000185901500001 ER PT J AU Kim, YK Kitaoka, M Kiyoshi, HA Kim, CH Cote, GL AF Kim, YK Kitaoka, M Kiyoshi, HA Kim, CH Cote, GL TI A synergistic reaction mechanism of a cycloalternan-forming enzyme and a D-glucosyltransferase for the production of cycloalternan in Bacillus sp NRRL B-21195 SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH AB Cycloalternan-forming enzyme (CAFE) was first described as the enzyme that produced cycloalternan from alternan. In this study, we found that a partially purified preparation of CAFE containing two proteins catalyzed the synthesis of cycloalternan from maltooligosaccharides, whereas the purified CAFE alone was unable to do so. In addition to the 117 kDa CAFE itself, the mixture also contained a 140 kDa protein. The latter was found to be a disproportionating enzyme (DE) that catalyzes transfer of a D-glucopyranosyl residue from the non-reducing end of one maltooligosaccharide to the non-reducing end of another, forming an isomaltosyl residue at the non-reducing end. CAFE then transfers the isomaltosyl residue to the non-reducing end of another isomaltosyl maltooligosaccharide, to form an alpha-isomaltosyl-(1-->3)-alpha-isomaltosyl-(1-->4)-maltooligosaccharide, and subsequently catalyzes a cyclization to produce cycloalternan. Thus, DE and CAFE act synergistically to produce cycloalternan directly from maltodextrin or starch. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. SN 0008-6215 PD OCT 10 PY 2003 VL 338 IS 21 BP 2213 EP 2220 DI 10.1016/S0008-6215(03)00375-6 UT WOS:000186003700007 PM 14553982 ER PT J AU Bhagwat, AA AF Bhagwat, AA TI Regulation of the glutamate-dependent acid-resistance system of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS AB The ability to withstand an acid challenge of pH 2.5 or less by Escherichia coli strains is a trait generally believed to be restricted to their stationary phase of growth. Of the three distinct acid-resistance systems that have been identified in E. coli, the glutamate-dependent acid resistance (GAD) system provides the highest level of acid resistance. Earlier reports indicated that in the exponential growth phase of E. coli K-12 strains the GAD system is not active. The present study reports that when grown on minimal medium several diarrheagenic and K-12 strains of E. coli have a complete set of induced genes necessary for GAD in the exponential growth phase to overcome the acid challenge of pH 2.5 for several hours. A previously identified factor(s) specific to the GAD system in the stationary phase and predicted to undergo dilution during the exponential phase appears to be glutamate-decarboxylase isozyme(s) inactivated differentially in the rich vs. minimal growth media. (C) 2003 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. SN 0378-1097 PD OCT 10 PY 2003 VL 227 IS 1 BP 39 EP 45 DI 10.1016/S0378-1097(03)00646-3 UT WOS:000186016400006 PM 14568146 ER PT J AU Tang, FY Nguyen, N Meydani, M AF Tang, FY Nguyen, N Meydani, M TI Green tea catechins inhibit VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vitro through suppression of VE-cadherin phosphorylation and inactivation of Akt molecule SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER AB Studies have indicated that the consumption of green tea is associated with a reduced risk of developing certain forms of cancer and angiogenesis. The mechanism of inhibition of angiogenesis by green tea or its catechins, however, has not been well-established. Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, an adhesive molecule located at the site of intercellular contact, is involved in cell-cell recognition during vascular morphogenesis. The extracellular domain of VE-cadherin mediates initial cell adhesion, whereas the cytosolic tail binding with beta-catenin is required for interaction with the cytoskeleton and junctional strength. Therefore, the cadherin-catenin adhesion system is implicated in cell recognition, differentiation, growth and migration of capillary endothelium. Using tube formation of human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC) in culture as an in vitro model of angiogenesis, we reported that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)induced tube formation is inhibited by anti-VE-cadherin antibody and dose-dependently by green tea catechins. We also demonstrated here that inhibition of tube formation by epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), one of the green tea catechins, is in part mediated through suppression of VE-cadherin tyrosine phosphorylation and inhibition of Akt activation during VEGF-induced tube formation. These findings indicate that VE-cadherin and Akt, known downstream proteins in VEGFR-2-mediated cascade, are the new-targeted proteins by which green tea catechins inhibit angiogenesis. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. SN 0020-7136 PD OCT 10 PY 2003 VL 106 IS 6 BP 871 EP 878 DI 10.1002/ijc.11325 UT WOS:000185086200008 PM 12918064 ER PT J AU Anastassiades, M Mastovska, K Lehotay, SJ AF Anastassiades, M Mastovska, K Lehotay, SJ TI Evaluation of analyte protectants to improve gas chromatographic analysis of pesticides SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A CT 4th European Pesticide Residues Workshop (EPRW 2000) CY MAY 28-31, 2002 CL ROME, ITALY AB A common problem in gas chromatography (GC) applications is the analyte losses and/or peak tailing due to undesired interactions with active sites in the inlet and column. Analytes that give poor peak shapes or degrade have higher detection limits, are more difficult to identify and integrate, and are more prone to interferences than stable analytes that give narrow peaks. For susceptible analytes, significant peak quality improvements are obtained when matrix components are present because they fill active sites, thus reducing analyte interactions. This phenomenon is called "matrix-induced chromatographic response enhancement." Several approaches have been proposed to minimize peak distortion phenomena and compensate for matrix-induced effects, which is especially important for accurate quantitation, but each approach has serious limitations for routine multi-pesticide analysis. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of using "analyte protectants" to provide a more convenient and effective solution to the problem than other approaches developed thus far. The protecting agents are added to extracts and matrix-free standards alike to provide the chromatographic enhancement effect even for the most susceptible analytes in a very dirty GC system. In this study, we evaluated 93 different compounds to find the most suitable ones for improving chromatographic quality of the signal. Because hydrogen bonding has been shown to be an important factor in analyte interactions with active sites, we mainly focused on additives with strong hydrogen bonding capabilities. Dramatic peak enhancements were achieved using compounds containing multiple hydroxy groups, such as sugars and sugar derivatives, and gulonolactone appears to be the most effective protecting agent for the most pesticides that we tested. The benefits of using analyte protectants versus alternative procedures for overcoming matrix-induced effects in quantitation include: (a) simpler procedure; (b) easier integration of peaks; (c) lower detection limits; (d) better quantitation; (e) less maintenance of the GC inlet; and (e) lower cost. However, long-term influences on the performance of the chromatographic system have yet to be established. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. RI Mastovska, Katerina/B-1077-2008 SN 0021-9673 PD OCT 10 PY 2003 VL 1015 IS 1-2 BP 163 EP 184 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(03)01208-1 UT WOS:000185689600016 PM 14570329 ER PT J AU Sommers, CH AF Sommers, CH TI 2-dodecylcyclobutanone does not induce mutations in the Escherichia coli tryptophan reverse mutation assay SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY AB Like thermal processing, ionizing radiation can break molecular bonds and induce the formation of chemicals not found in the unprocessed product. Irradiation of foods containing palmitic acid can lead to the formation of 2-dodecylcyclobutanone (2-DCB). In this study, the Escherichia coli tryptophan reverse mutation assay was used to evaluate the capacity of 2-DCB to induce mutations. E coli tester strains WP2 (pkM101) and WP2 uvrA (pKM101), with and without exogenous metabolic activation, were exposed to 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/well 2-DCB using the Miniscreen version of the assay. 2-DCB did not induce mutations in the E coli tryptophan reverse mutation assay. These results are in agreement with negative results obtained in short-term and long-term genetic toxicology tests of irradiated food products. SN 0021-8561 PD OCT 8 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 21 BP 6367 EP 6370 DI 10.1021/jf030348o UT WOS:000185785600042 PM 14518969 ER PT J AU Peterson, J Lagiou, P Samoli, E Lagiou, A Katsouyanni, K La Vecchia, C Dwyer, J Trichopoulos, D AF Peterson, J Lagiou, P Samoli, E Lagiou, A Katsouyanni, K La Vecchia, C Dwyer, J Trichopoulos, D TI Flavonoid intake and breast cancer risk: a case-control study in Greece SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER AB Flavonoids have been investigated for possible inverse associations with various chronic degenerative diseases, but there are no epidemiologic data concerning a possible association between several of the main flavonoid categories and breast cancer risk. We have applied recently published data on the flavonoid content of several foods and beverages on dietary information collected in the context of a large case-control study of 820 women with breast cancer and 1548 control women, conducted in Greece. We found a strong, statistically significant inverse association of flavone intake with breast cancer. The odds ratio for an increment equal to one standard deviation of daily flavone intake (i.e. 0.5 mg day(-1)) was 0.87, with 95% confidence interval 0.77-0.97. The association persisted after controlling for fruit and vegetable consumption, or for other flavonoid intake. This inverse association is compatible with and may explain the reported inverse association of breast cancer with consumption of vegetables, particularly leafy vegetables. After controlling for dietary confounding, there was no association of breast cancer risk with flavanones, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, anthocyanidins or isoflavones. RI Katsouyanni, Klea/D-4856-2014; OI Katsouyanni, Klea/0000-0002-0132-9575; Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769; La Vecchia, Carlo/0000-0003-1441-897X SN 0007-0920 PD OCT 6 PY 2003 VL 89 IS 7 BP 1255 EP 1259 DI 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601271 UT WOS:000185799500022 PM 14520456 ER PT J AU Girao, H Shang, F Pereira, P AF Girao, H Shang, F Pereira, P TI 7-Ketocholesterol stimulates differentiation of lens epithelial cells SO MOLECULAR VISION AB Purpose: To establish if oxysterols stimulate differentiation of lens epithelial cells (LEC). Methods: Primary cultures of lens epithelial cells were incubated with 7-ketocholesterol (7-keto), 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH) or cholesterol at 10 mug/ml for 10 days. Cells incubated with 100 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) were used as positive controls for differentiation. The expression of the differentiation marker p57KIP2, proliferation marker PCNA (Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen) and fibers specific proteins gamma-crystallin, CP49, MIP26 following treatment with oxysterols was determined by western blot. Differentiation into fiber cells was further confirmed by counting the number of lentoid bodies formed following incuabtion with 7-keto. Results: LEC incubated with 7-keto presented higher levels of p57KIP2 and showed expression of fiber specific proteins such as MIP26 and CP49, compared to cells incubated with 25-OH or cholesterol. The differentiation marker p57KIP2 increased over time for cells incubated with 7-keto while there was a decline on the amount of the proliferation marker PCNA. The expression of the fiber specific proteins gamma-crystallin, MIP26 and CP49 was detected after 5 days of incubation with 7-keto. Differentiation was accompanied by a seven-fold increase in the number of lentoid bodies formed. Conclusions: Results show for the first time that 7-keto inhibits proliferation and stimulates differentiation of lens epithelial cells into fiber cells. The presence of 7-keto in the lens may disrupt the highly regulated differentiation program of LEC, compromising normal lens growth and transparency. OI Girao, Henrique/0000-0002-5786-8447 SN 1090-0535 PD OCT 6 PY 2003 VL 9 IS 61-62 BP 497 EP 501 UT WOS:000185898800002 PM 14551533 ER PT J AU Angawi, RF Swenson, DC Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT AF Angawi, RF Swenson, DC Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT TI Malettinin A: a new antifungal tropolone from an unidentified fungal colonist of Hypoxylon stromata (NRRL 29110) SO TETRAHEDRON LETTERS AB Malettinin A (1) has been isolated from cultures of an unidentified fungus encountered as a colonist of Hypoxylon stromata. The structure of 1 was proposed by analysis of NMR and MS data, and confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis of a methanol adduct. Malettinin A shows significant activity in assays against Aspergillus flavus. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. SN 0040-4039 PD OCT 6 PY 2003 VL 44 IS 41 BP 7593 EP 7596 DI 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.08.057 UT WOS:000185586100007 ER PT J AU Reid, CD Maherali, H Johnson, HB Smith, SD Wullschleger, SD Jackson, RB AF Reid, CD Maherali, H Johnson, HB Smith, SD Wullschleger, SD Jackson, RB TI On the relationship between stomatal characters and atmospheric CO2 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS AB [1] Leaf stomatal characters influence the response of terrestrial evapotranspiration to climate change and are used as proxies for the reconstruction of past atmospheric [CO2]. We examined the phenotypic response of stomatal index (SI), density (SD) and aperture (AP) to rising atmospheric CO2 in 15 species after four years exposure to a field CO2 gradient (200 to 550 mumol mol(-1) atmospheric [CO2]) or at three Free Air CO2 Enrichment ( FACE) sites. Along the CO2 gradient, SI and SD showed no evidence of a decline to increasing [CO2], while AP decreased slightly. There was no significant change in SI, SD or AP with CO2 across FACE experiments. Without evolutionary changes, SI and SD may not respond to atmospheric [CO2] in the field and are unlikely to decrease in a future high CO2 world. RI Wullschleger, Stan/B-8297-2012 OI Wullschleger, Stan/0000-0002-9869-0446 SN 0094-8276 PD OCT 4 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 19 AR 1983 DI 10.1029/2003GL017775 UT WOS:000185888700001 ER PT J AU McArthur, LJB Halliwell, DH Niebergall, OJ O'Neill, NT Slusser, JR Wehrli, C AF McArthur, LJB Halliwell, DH Niebergall, OJ O'Neill, NT Slusser, JR Wehrli, C TI Field comparison of network Sun photometers SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES AB [1] Measurements of aerosol optical depth have become more numerous since the mid-1990s with the onset of commercially available, high-quality, low-maintenance automatic instrumentation. The development of several networks for aerosol measurements, and the next day availability of preliminary data for some, have further enhanced interest in the products this type of measurement can provide. With several networks operating globally and others operating either regionally or continentally within North America the comparability of the data emanating from the various archive centers is an important issue. The Bratt's Lake Observatory operates four separate types of Sun photometers in conjunction with three different networks: Aerosols in Canada, Global Atmosphere Watch, and the U. S. Department of Agriculture UV-B Monitoring Program. Data collected during the summer of 2001, following the protocols established by the networks and the Meteorological Service of Canada, were analyzed to determine the comparability among these networks. As the instruments and conversion algorithms are similar to other networks from around the globe, it is believed that the results of this comparison can be transferred, at least in part, to other operational networks. The results of the 3-month study indicate that the data obtained from the networks that operate direct-pointing instruments are very comparable, being within +/- 0.01 of an optical depth for instantaneous measurements during cloud-free line-of-sight conditions. Over the length of the comparison the root mean square difference of aerosol optical depth at 500 nm between the direct sun-pointing instruments was 0.0069. The rotating shadowband instruments did not perform as well. These results indicate that the data from well-maintained networks of direct sun-pointing photometers can provide data of the quality necessary to compare stations from across the globe. SN 2169-897X PD OCT 2 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D19 AR 4596 DI 10.1029/2002JD002964 UT WOS:000185892200001 ER PT J AU Welch, CM Peters, JG AF Welch, CM Peters, JG TI Acid vs. weak base catalysis in durable press finishing with BTCA or citric acid SO AATCC REVIEW AB Direct comparison of hypophosphorous acid and sodium hypophosphite as curing catalysts has been made in formaldehyde-free durable press (DP) finishing of trouser weight cotton fabric with 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) or citric acid. Use of the acid catalyst caused excessive fabric breaking and tearing strength losses, and was consistently less effective than the sodium salt in imparting wrinkle resistance and smooth drying properties. Hypophosphorous acid as catalyst also increased the fabric bending moment and stiffness with epoxysilicone present as softener. However, adding of moderate amounts of triethylamine made hypophosphorous acid nearly equivalent to sodium hypophosphite in catalytic effects. In an equilibrium mixture of sodium hypophosphite and polycarboxylic acid, both acid and base catalysis may occur to accelerate production of anhydrides as intermediates and speed cellulose crosslinking. SN 1532-8813 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 3 IS 10 BP 27 EP 30 UT WOS:000185927300004 ER PT J AU Ellis, KJ Shypailo, RJ Wong, WW Abrams, SA AF Ellis, KJ Shypailo, RJ Wong, WW Abrams, SA TI Bone mineral mass in overweight and obese children: diminished or enhanced? SO ACTA DIABETOLOGICA CT 6th International Symposium on In Vivo Body Composition Studies CY OCT 03-05, 2002 CL ROME, ITALY AB Childhood obesity has become a worldwide health problem. Recent studies have suggested that obese and overweight children have lower bone mass. We used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to examine the relation between bone mineral content (BMC) and body fatness (%Fat) in healthy children. Obese children (%Fat>30%) had higher BMC compared with age-, gender-, and ethnic-matched children with normal adiposity (%Fat<25%). When adjusted for height, these differences were less significant. We conclude obese children do not have lower whole-body BMC when compared with leaner children, even when adjusted for height, age, gender, and ethnicity. SN 0940-5429 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 40 SU 1 BP S274 EP S277 DI 10.1007/s00592-003-0085-z UT WOS:000186365800070 PM 14618492 ER PT J AU Lukaski, HC AF Lukaski, HC TI Regional bioelectrical impedance analysis: applications in health and medicine SO ACTA DIABETOLOGICA CT 6th International Symposium on In Vivo Body Composition Studies CY OCT 03-05, 2002 CL ROME, ITALY AB Although skeletal muscle mass represents the largest organ in the human body and plays a critical role in energy metabolism, its routine assessment has been limited by the availability of practical methods. This review critically evaluates traditional and new applications of the four-electrode bioelectrical impedance method in determining regional skeletal muscle mass or volume and assessing muscle function in health and disease. It also describes opportunities for research in the use of regional bioelectrical impedance. SN 0940-5429 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 40 SU 1 BP S196 EP S199 DI 10.1007/s00592-003-0064-4 UT WOS:000186365800049 PM 14618471 ER PT J AU Van Loan, MD AF Van Loan, MD TI Body composition in disease: what can we measure and how can we measure it? SO ACTA DIABETOLOGICA CT 6th International Symposium on In Vivo Body Composition Studies CY OCT 03-05, 2002 CL ROME, ITALY AB This manuscript presents a brief overview of the topic of body composition in disease. The purpose of this paper is threefold: (1) to present examples of diseases in which body composition assessment might provide valuable information to physicians and other clinical personnel in patient care; (2) provide basic information on the types of methodologies available for various aspects of body composition assessment; and (3) give a brief review of some of the research literature available on the topic of body composition use in disease. Materials in this paper should not be interpreted as providing all the relevant information in this area of research, but the paper does represent a limited overview of the topic. SN 0940-5429 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 40 SU 1 BP S154 EP S157 DI 10.1007/s00592-003-0052-8 UT WOS:000186365800037 PM 14618459 ER PT J AU Burt, R Wilson, MA Keck, TJ Dougherty, BD Strom, DE Lindahl, JA AF Burt, R Wilson, MA Keck, TJ Dougherty, BD Strom, DE Lindahl, JA TI Trace element speciation in selected smelter-contaminated soils in Anaconda and Deer Lodge Valley, Montana, USA SO ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AB Long-term copper smelting in the Anaconda and Deer Lodge Valley area of Montana has resulted in an extensive area of trace element contamination. Aerial extent of contamination is generally established, but total analysis of soils does not correlate to relative degree of impact on vegetation growth. Three pedons (Beaverell, Cetrack and Judco) were analyzed by routine soil characterization methods, aqua regia microwave digestion, sequential chemical extraction, and X-ray diffraction analysis with the objective of providing a better understanding of chemical forms and potential reactivity of selected trace elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb). Surface horizons of soils are more acidic than subsoils, with pH for all horizons ranging from 4.0 to 8.7. Beaverell is the most contaminated in the upper 20 cm with the sum of total extractable (SUMTE) trace elements by microwave digestion ranging from 1836 to 3605 mg kg(-1), largest H2O-soluble (WS) and exchangeable (EX) fractions (e.g. 1.6 and 9.3%, respectively), and smallest residual (RES) fraction (e.g. 14.3%). Cetrack has greater SUMTE elements than Judco, though a lower WS+EX fraction due to the effects of alkaline pH, carbonates and high P. Oxide (OX), organic matter/sulfide (OM/S), and RES fractions predominate over WS, EX, and specially-sorbed/carbonate-bound fractions (SS/CAR) for all horizons. Copper, Zn, Ph and Cd are elevated in surface over subsurface horizons in these latter fractions, indicating these elements were anthropogenic additions. X-ray data indicate that Pb, Cu, Cr and Cd partially exists as both OX and sulfide mineral forms. (C) 2002 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. SN 1093-0191 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 8 IS 1 BP 51 EP 67 DI 10.1016/s1093-0191(02)00140-5 UT WOS:000187802100005 ER PT J AU Sajwan, KS Paramasivam, S Alva, AK Adriano, DC Hooda, PS AF Sajwan, KS Paramasivam, S Alva, AK Adriano, DC Hooda, PS TI Assessing the feasibility of land application of fly ash, sewage sludge and their mixtures SO ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AB Land disposal of fly ash (FA) and sewage sludge (SS) is a major problem due largely to their potentially harmful constituents. Combined use of FA and SS however may help reduce the associated pollution potential. In this paper we summarize the results of several case studies designed to assess the feasibility of land application of FA with and without SS. A wide range of application rates was tested under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. The leaching of metals from soil columns amended with moderate rates of FA applications (8-16 Mg ha(-1)) generally had no significant impact on the metal content of leachate or their downward migration in the soil. The application of FA or SS at a much high rate (74.1 Mg ha(-1)) significantly increased both leaching and downward migration of metals. The use of 1:1 FA+SS mixture at 148.2 Mg ha(-1) reduced metal leaching compared to the combined metal quantities leached when FA or SS applied at 74.1 Mg ha(-1). The results indicate that combined use of FA and SS at a rational rate of application should not cause any significant effect on drainage water quality. Plant studies conducted using FA and SS mixtures indicated that these materials could be beneficial for biomass production, without contributing significant metal uptake or leaching. The application of FA as high as 560 Mg ha(-1) in a long-term field trial had no detectable deterioration in soil or groundwater quality and no substantial increases in plant uptake of metals and other trace elements were observed. Low to moderate rates of FA and SS therefore could be successfully used as soil amendments, particularly so when used as a mixture. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. SN 1093-0191 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 8 IS 1 BP 77 EP 91 DI 10.1016/S1093-0191(02)00137-5 UT WOS:000187802100007 ER PT J AU Ribaudo, MO AF Ribaudo, MO TI The economic value of water quality SO AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SN 0169-5150 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 29 IS 2 BP 235 EP 236 DI 10.1016/S0169-5150(03)00049-5 UT WOS:000185811700011 ER PT J AU Xie, Y Kiniry, JR Williams, JR AF Xie, Y Kiniry, JR Williams, JR TI The ALMANAC model's sensitivity to input variables SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS AB Crop models often require extensive input data sets to realistically simulate crop growth. Development of such input data sets can be difficult for some model users. The objective of this study was to evaluate the importance of variables in input data sets for crop modeling. Based on published hybrid performance trials in eight Texas counties, we developed standard data sets of 10-year simulations of maize and sorghum for these eight counties with the Agricultural Land Management Alternatives with Numerical Assessment Criteria (ALMANAC) model. The simulation results were close to the measured county yields with bias values and root mean square errors less than 1.0 Mg ha(-1) in each county. We then analyzed the sensitivity of grain yield to solar radiation, rainfall, soil depth, soil plant available water, and runoff curve number, comparing simulated yields with those with the original, standard data sets. Runoff curve number [US Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service (1972) National Engineering Handbook, Hydrology Section 4, chapters 4-10] changes had the greatest impact on simulated maize and sorghum yields for all the counties. The next most critical input was rainfall, and then solar radiation for both maize and sorghum, especially for dryland conditions. For irrigated sorghum, solar radiation was the second most critical input instead of rainfall. The degree of sensitivity of yield to all variables was larger for maize than for sorghum except for solar radiation. Many models use a USDA curve number approach to represent soil water redistribution, so it will be important to have accurate curve numbers, rainfall, and soil depth to realistically simulate yields. Published by Elsevier Ltd. SN 0308-521X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 78 IS 1 BP 1 EP 16 DI 10.1016/S0308-521X(03)00002-7 UT WOS:000185372000001 ER PT J AU McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN Folmar, G AF McDowell, RW Sharpley, AN Folmar, G TI Modification of phosphorus export from an eastern USA catchment by fluvial sediment and phosphorus inputs SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT AB Phosphorus (P) export from agricultural catchments can accelerate freshwater eutrophication. Landscape-based remedial measures can reduce edge-of-field P losses. However, stream channel hydraulics and fluvial sediment properties can modify the forms and amounts of P exported by the time it reaches the catchment outlet. This study examines if land use, fluvial sediment properties, and storm flow dissolved and particulate P are interdependent within a mixed land use catchment in Pennsylvania, USA, so that remedial strategies can be most effectively targeted within the catchment to mitigate P export. Samples of the top 2-3 cm of stream-bed sediments (n = 40) were collected in April 200 1, above and below tributary confluences and in areas of likely deposition. Stream water samples were collected at each of 23 sub-watershed outlets during base (n = 7) and storm flow (n = 3) events between 2000 and 2002. The P content and sorptive properties of deposited fluvial sediments varied among tributaries and flow regimes. Total P of sediments in tributaries (322 mg kg(-1)) was greater than below confluences (239 mg kg(-1)), whereas dissolved P release rate was lower (92 and 166 mg P kg(-1) min(-1), respectively). This was attributed to physical disturbance by turbulent mixing and presence of more sand-sized particles at confluences (747 g kg(-1)) than tributaries (707 g kg(-1)). The percent cropped (r = 0.51) and forest (r = -0.57) land was related to the Mehlich-3 extractable P concentration of outflow sediment for each sub-catchment. This in turn influenced sediment P release, which was related to base flow P when sediments establish a quasi-equilibrium with flowing water within the catchment. However, storm flow P was not related to any sediment P properties but to percent of each sub-catchment in cropland (r = 0.58), reflecting the importance of erosion in P transport. Storm flow suspended sediment was related to sub-catchment area in crop (r = 0.78). To gain a better understanding of processes controlling P transport within and from a catchment and, thus, mitigation of losses, measures such as conservation tillage, manure management, and buffer strips, fluvial sediment properties as well as landscape management must be considered. Published by Elsevier B.V. OI McDowell, Richard/0000-0003-3911-4825 SN 0167-8809 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 99 IS 1-3 BP 187 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00142-7 UT WOS:000186022300015 ER PT J AU Kanga, LH Jones, WA AF Kanga, LH Jones, WA TI Varroa control with fungal pathogens SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL SN 0002-7626 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 143 IS 10 BP 817 EP 818 UT WOS:000185611400022 ER PT J AU Tubbs, H Harper, C Bigalk, M Bernard, SJ Delatte, GT Sylvester, HA Rinderer, TE AF Tubbs, H Harper, C Bigalk, M Bernard, SJ Delatte, GT Sylvester, HA Rinderer, TE TI Commercial management of ARS Russian honey bees SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL SN 0002-7626 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 143 IS 10 BP 819 EP 820 UT WOS:000185611400023 ER PT J AU Elzen, PJ AF Elzen, PJ TI Beekeeping issues SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL SN 0002-7626 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 143 IS 10 BP 821 EP 821 UT WOS:000185611400024 ER PT J AU Cane, JH Schiffhauer, D AF Cane, JH Schiffhauer, D TI Dose-response relationships between pollination and fruiting refine pollinator comparisons for cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon [Ericaceae]) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY AB Comparisons of pollinator efficacy using pollen received on stigmas can be refined by incorporating experimental dose-response relationships for pollen deposition and fruiting responses. A range of discrete pollen doses applied to cranberry stigmas resulted in decelerating curvilinear responses for fruiting, berry size, and seed set. Minimum thresholds and maximum asymptotes bounded reproductive responses to incremental stigmatic pollen loads. Four bee species were compared for their pollination efficacies on commercial cranberries. using counts of pollen received by stigmas during single bee visits to previously virgin flowers. Differences between these bee species were found to be exaggerated when raw pollen counts were used for comparison because foragers of some species often delivered pollen in excess of that needed to maximize fruit and seed production. Sixfold differences between species in mean pollen deposition translated into 1.5-2-fold differences in predicted cranberry fruit set and size. Implications for pollen tube competition and agricultural production are discussed. SN 0002-9122 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 90 IS 10 BP 1425 EP 1432 DI 10.3732/ajb.90.10.1425 UT WOS:000186077500003 PM 21659094 ER PT J AU Havel, PJ Elliott, SS Stern, JS Keim, NL Teff, K AF Havel, PJ Elliott, SS Stern, JS Keim, NL Teff, K TI Metabolic effects of dietary fructose - Reply to TJ Vasankari SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION SN 0002-9165 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 78 IS 4 BP 805 EP 806 UT WOS:000185403700023 ER PT J AU Zhao, AP Shea-Donohue, T AF Zhao, AP Shea-Donohue, T TI PAR-2 agonists induce contraction of murine small intestine through neurokinin receptors SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY AB Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) is a G protein-coupled receptor and is expressed throughout the gut. It is well known that PAR-2 participates in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility; however, the results are inconsistent. The present study investigated the effect and mechanism of PAR-2 activation on murine small intestinal smooth muscle function in vitro. Both trypsin and PAR-2-activating peptide SLIGRL induced a small relaxation followed by a concentration-dependent contraction. The sensitivity to trypsin was greater than that to SLIGRL (EC50 = 0.03 vs. 40 muM), but maximal responses were similar (12.3 +/- 1.6 vs. 13.7 +/- 1.3 N/cm(2)). Trypsin-evoked contraction (1 muM) exhibited a rapid desensitization, whereas the desensitization of response to SLIGRL was less even at high concentration ( 50 muM). Atropine had no effect on PAR-2 agonist-induced contractions. In contrast, TTX and capsaicin significantly attenuated those contractions, implicating a neurogenic mechanism that may involve capsaicin-sensitive sensory nerves. Furthermore, contractions induced by trypsin and SLIGRL were reduced by neurokinin receptor NK1 antagonist SR-140333 or NK2 antagonist SR-48968 alone or were further reduced by combined application of SR-140333 and SR-48968, indicating the involvement of neurokinin receptors. In addition, desensitizing neurokinin receptors with substance P and/ or neurokinin A decreased the PAR-2 agonist-evoked contraction. We concluded that PAR-2 agonists induced a contraction of murine intestinal smooth muscle that was mediated by nerves. The excitatory effect is also dependent on sensory neural pathways and requires both NK1 and NK2 receptors. SN 0193-1857 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 285 IS 4 BP G696 EP G703 DI 10.1152/ajpgi.00064.2003 UT WOS:000185265700005 PM 12801882 ER PT J AU Elsasser, TH AF Elsasser, TH TI Insulin-like growth factor-I: a traffic control device on the road to tissue recovery SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY SN 0363-6119 PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 285 IS 4 BP R722 EP R723 DI 10.1152/ajpregu.00343.2003 UT WOS:000185135900005 PM 12959917 ER PT J AU Seguin, R Nelson, ME AF Seguin, R Nelson, ME TI The benefits of strength training for older adults SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AB Aging is associated with a number of physiologic and functional declines that can contribute to increased disability, frailty, and falls. Contributing factors are the loss of muscle mass and strength as age increases, a phenomenon called sarcopenia. Sarcopenia can result or be exacerbated by certain chronic conditions, and can also increase the burden of chronic disease. Current research has demonstrated that strength-training exercises have the ability to combat weakness and frailty and their debilitating consequences. Done regularly (e.g., 2 to 3 days per week), these exercises build muscle strength and muscle mass and preserve bone density, independence, and vitality with age. In addition, strength training also has the ability to reduce the risk of osteoporosis and the signs and symptoms of numerous chronic diseases such as heart disease, arthritis, and type 2 diabetes, while also improving sleep and reducing depression. This paper reviews the current research on strength training and older adults, evaluating exercise protocols in a variety of populations. It is clear that a variety of strength-training prescriptions from highly controlled laboratory-based to minimally supervised home-based programs have the ability to elicit meaningful health benefits in older adults. The key challenges as this field of exercise science moves for-ward are to best identify the most appropriate strength-training recommendations for older adults and to greatly increase the access to safe and effective programs in a variety of settings. SN 0749-3797 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 25 IS 3 SU 2 BP 141 EP 149 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00177-6 UT WOS:000185803900007 PM 14552938 ER PT J AU Owen, SF Menzel, MA Ford, WM Chapman, BR Miller, KV Edwards, JW Wood, PB AF Owen, SF Menzel, MA Ford, WM Chapman, BR Miller, KV Edwards, JW Wood, PB TI Home-range size and habitat used by the northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST AB We examined home range size and habitat use of nine female northern myotis (Myotis septentrionalis) within air intensively managed forest in the central Appalachians of West Virginia. Using the 95% adaptive kernel method, we calculated a mean home range of 65 ha. Northern myotis used recent diameter-limit harvests and road corridors more than expected based on availability of these habitats. Intact forest stands and more open deferment harvested stands were used less than expected based on the availability of these habitats, although intact forest stands still constituted the overall majority of habitat used. Partial timber harvests that leave a relatively closed canopy appear to promote or improve northern myotis foraging habitat in heavily forested landscapes. However, the long-term ecological impacts on bats and other biota from this silviculturally unacceptable practice are unclear. SN 0003-0031 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 150 IS 2 BP 352 EP 359 DI 10.1674/0003-0031(2003)150[0352:HSAHUB]2.0.CO;2 UT WOS:000185772500016 ER PT J AU Cole, E Youngblood, A Newton, M AF Cole, E Youngblood, A Newton, M TI Effects of competing vegetation on juvenile white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) growth in Alaska SO ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE CT 4th International Conference on Forest Vegetation Management CY JUN 17-21, 2002 CL Nancy, FRANCE AB We examined the impacts of competing vegetation on survival and juvenile growth of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) on 3 units in south-central Alaska and on 3 units in interior Alaska. Treatments consisted of herbicide site preparation and release treatments, and also included a treatment in which competition was minimized for 5 years (weed-free treatment). At all units, the weed-free treatment resulted in significant increases in white spruce height and basal diameter by ages 10 or 11 compared to untreated plots. Average heights and diameters in the weed-free treatments were 1.5 to 3.8 times and 2.0 to 3.8 times those in the untreated plots, respectively. Results from the other treatments differed by unit based on the efficacy of a particular treatment on the vegetation at that unit. For all units, regression equations indicated a significant decrease in diameter at year 10 or 11 with increasing competitive cover and overtopping. RI Youngblood, Andrew/A-8762-2009 OI Youngblood, Andrew/0000-0001-5976-0838 SN 1286-4560 PD OCT-NOV PY 2003 VL 60 IS 7 BP 573 EP 583 DI 10.1051/forest:2003049 UT WOS:000220783000003 ER PT J AU Larrondo, LF Salas, L Melo, F Vicuna, R Cullen, D AF Larrondo, LF Salas, L Melo, F Vicuna, R Cullen, D TI A novel extracellular multicopper oxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium with ferroxidase activity SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY AB Lignin degradation by the white rot basidiomycete Phanerochaete chrysosporium involves various extracellular oxidative enzymes, including lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and a peroxide-generating enzyme, glyoxal oxidase. Recent studies have suggested that laccases also may be produced by this fungus, but these conclusions have been controversial. We identified four sequences related to laccases and ferroxidases (Fet3) in a search of the publicly available P. chrysosporium database. One gene, designated meal, has a typical eukaryotic secretion signal and is transcribed in defined media and in colonized wood. Structural analysis and multiple alignments identified residues common to laccase and Fet3 sequences. A recombinant MCO1 (rMCO1) protein expressed in Aspergillus nidulans had a molecular mass of 78 kDa, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the copper I-type center was confirmed by the UV-visible spectrum. rMCO1 oxidized various compounds, including 2,2'-azino(bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) and aromatic amines, although phenolic compounds were poor substrates. The best substrate was Fe2+, with a K-m close to 2 muM. Collectively, these results suggest that the P. chrysosporium genome does not encode a typical laccase but rather encodes a unique extracellular multicopper oxidase with strong ferroxidase activity. RI Melo, Francisco/I-5139-2012; Larrondo, Luis/A-2916-2013; Melo, Francisco/M-3923-2014; Larrondo, Luis/J-1086-2016 OI Larrondo, Luis/0000-0002-8832-7109 SN 0099-2240 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 69 IS 10 BP 6257 EP 6263 DI 10.1128/AEM.69.10.6257-6263.2003 UT WOS:000185881300066 PM 14532088 ER PT J AU Blackwood, CB Marsh, T Kim, SH Paul, EA AF Blackwood, CB Marsh, T Kim, SH Paul, EA TI Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism data analysis - Authors' reply SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY RI Blackwood, Christopher/B-3839-2010 OI Blackwood, Christopher/0000-0001-5764-6978 SN 0099-2240 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 69 IS 10 BP 6342 EP 6343 DI 10.1128/AEM.69.10.6342-6343.2003 UT WOS:000185881300085 ER PT J AU Leathers, TD AF Leathers, TD TI Biotechnological production and applications of pullulan SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY AB Pullulan is a unique biopolymer with many useful traits and hundreds of patented applications. However, despite the fact that pullulan has been in commercial production for more than 25 years, few of these potential uses have been widely adopted. In large part this may be due to the relatively high price of pullulan. Nevertheless, the last few years have seen a resurgence in interest in pullulan, particularly for higher-value health and pharmaceutical applications. SN 0175-7598 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 62 IS 5-6 BP 468 EP 473 DI 10.1007/s00253-003-1386-4 UT WOS:000186277800004 PM 12830329 ER PT J AU Solaiman, DKY Ashby, RD Foglia, TA AF Solaiman, DKY Ashby, RD Foglia, TA TI Effect of inactivation of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) depolymerase gene on the properties of poly(hydroxyalkanoates) in Pseudomonas resinovorans SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY AB The phaZ gene of Pseudomonas resinovorans codes for a poly(hydroxyalkanoates) (PHA) depolymerase. Two phaZ mutants of Pseudomonas resinovorans NRRL B-2649, FOAC001 and FOAC002, were constructed by an in vitro transposition procedure followed by chromosomal integration via homologous recombination. A detailed mapping of the transposon insertion sites and an analysis of the resultant sequences showed that putative fusion polypeptides PhaZ(FOAC001) (239 amino-acid residues) and PhaZ(FOAC002) (85 amino-acid residues) could result from the mutant phaZ genes of FOAC001 and FOAC002, respectively. In vivo PHA degradation data indicated that PhaZ(FOAC001) might still retain a partial PHA depolymerization activity, while PhaZ(FOAC002) is completely devoid of this function. The cell yields and PHA contents of B-2649, FOAC001, and FOAC002 were similar when the cells were grown either under a limiting nitrogen-source (low-N) condition for up to 5 days or in excess N-source (high-N) for 3 days. A dramatic decrease in PHA content was observed in the PhaZ-active B-2649 and FOAC001 cells during prolonged cell growth (5 days) in high-N medium or in response to a shift-up in nitrogen-source. The repeat-unit compositions of the PHAs from FOAC001 and FOAC002 contained slightly lower amounts of beta-hydroxyoctanoate and higher beta-hydroxytetradecenoate than that of the wild-type B-2649 when grown under a high-N condition. While the molecular masses of the PHAs from FOAC001 and FOAC002 did not vary under any conditions used in this study, those of the wild-type B-2649 were markedly increased in cells either grown for 5 days under a high-N condition or subjected to a nitrogen-source shift-up. These phaZ mutants thus provide a valuable system to study the influence of PHA depolymerase on the accumulation and properties of medium-chain-length PHA. SN 0175-7598 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 62 IS 5-6 BP 536 EP 543 DI 10.1007/s00253-003-1317-4 UT WOS:000186277800015 PM 12759786 ER PT J AU Schulz, R Moore, MT Bennett, ER Milam, CD Bouldin, JL Farris, JL Smith, S Cooper, CM AF Schulz, R Moore, MT Bennett, ER Milam, CD Bouldin, JL Farris, JL Smith, S Cooper, CM TI Acute toxicity of methyl-parathion in wetland mesocosms: Assessing the influence of aquatic plants using laboratory testing with Hyalella azteca SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY AB Methyl-parathion (MeP) was introduced into constructed wetlands for the purpose of assessing the importance of distance from the source of contamination and the role of emergent vegetation on the acute toxicity to Hyalella azteca (Crustacea: Amphipoda). A vegetated (90% cover: mainly Juncus effuses) and a nonvegetated wetland (each with a water body of 50 x 5.5 x 0.2 m) were each exposed to a simulated MeP storm runoff event. H. azteca was exposed for 48 h in the laboratory to water samples taken from the wetlands at a distance of 5, 10, 20, and 40 m from the pesticide inlet 3 h, 24 h. 96 h, and 10 days following application. Methyl-parathion was detected throughout the nonvegetated wetland, whereas the pesticide was only transported halfway through the vegetated wetland. A repeated-measure three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using time, location, and vegetation indicated significantly lower toxicity in the vegetated wetland. Furthermore, the mortality decreased significantly with both increasing distance from the inlet and time (48-h LC(50) +/- 95% CI: 9.0 +/- 0.3 mug/L). A significant three-way interaction of time X vegetation X location confirmed higher toxicity at the inlet area of the nonvegetated wetland immediately after contamination. Significant linear regressions of maximum mortality (independent of time) versus distance from the pesticide inlet indicated that 44 m of vegetated and 111 m of nonvegetated wetland would reduce H. azteca mortality to less than or equal to5%. These results suggest that vegetation contributes to reduced MeP effects in constructed wetlands. RI Schulz, Ralf/G-3674-2011 SN 0090-4341 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 45 IS 3 BP 331 EP 336 DI 10.1007/s00244-003-2170-2 UT WOS:000185370400006 PM 14674585 ER PT J AU Key, PB Fulton, MH Harman-Fetcho, JA McConnell, LL AF Key, PB Fulton, MH Harman-Fetcho, JA McConnell, LL TI Acetylcholinesterase activity in grass shrimp and aqueous pesticide levels from South Florida drainage canals SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY AB Freshwater drainage canals in South Florida are utilized to manage water in agricultural, urban, and water conservation areas and, as a result, collect urban and agricultural storm runoff that is discharged into the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Pesticides in this runoff may be toxic to the biota inhabiting these waters. This study evaluated the effects of contaminants in South Florida canals draining into Biscayne Bay on the estuarine grass shrimp (Palaemonetes intermedius), a representative invertebrate species. Results of surface water analysis for pesticides indicated that eight pesticides out of 52 analyzed were detected. The herbicide metolachlor was found at all nine sites in the five canals sampled at concentrations up to 119 ng/L. Atrazine was detected at seven sites at concentrations up to 29 ng/L. Three organophosphate insecticides (chlorpyrifos, malathion, diazinon) were detected at three sites in two canals (Military and North). Grass shrimp from these three sites showed significantly reduced levels of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme as compared to control shrimp. These two canals are similar in the land use areas drained-urban and suburban and agriculture. The results suggest that monitoring organisms for ACNE levels can be a means of detecting exposure to organophosphorus pesticide contamination. SN 0090-4341 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 45 IS 3 BP 371 EP 377 DI 10.1007/s00244-003-0173-7 UT WOS:000185370400012 PM 14679985 ER PT J AU Ayala, J Dowdy, AK Beeman, RW Zhu, KY AF Ayala, J Dowdy, AK Beeman, RW Zhu, KY TI Molecular cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding cytochrome c oxidase subunit Va from the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera : Bostrichidae) SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB A cDNA encoding subunit Va of cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) was cloned and characterized from a lesser groin borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) cDNA library. The complete cDNA consists of 693-bp and contains an open reading frame of 450-bp that encodes 150 amino acid residues. The sequence includes a 28-bp putative N-terminal and a 122-bp putative mature protein. The estimated molecular weight and pl for the predicted mature protein are 13,962 and 4.60, respectively. The cDNA-deduced amino acid sequence of the mature protein shows 73% identity to that of a corresponding subunit of African malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae) and 59% identity to that of the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster). In addition, 31% of all amino acid residues are conserved among six different animal species. Evolutionary distance analysis suggests that cytochrome c oxidase subunit Va from R. dominica is most similar to the corresponding subunit from the malaria mosquito. Northern analysis revealed a single 4.9-kb transcript that is much larger than that found in mammalian species. (C) 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. SN 0739-4462 EI 1520-6327 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 54 IS 2 BP 47 EP 54 DI 10.1002/arch.10101 UT WOS:000185689100001 PM 14518003 ER PT J AU He, XD AF He, XD TI A continuous spectrophotometric assay for the determination of diamondback moth esterase activity SO ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY AB Conventional methods to determine esterase activity from insects are composed of a three-step process where the enzyme is allowed to hydrolyze a 1-naphthyl acetate substrate, that reaction is quenched by a SDS detergent, and then a Fast Blue B dye complex is formed with 1-naphthol, the product of 1-naphthyl acetate hydrolysis. These methods measure dye-product complex rather than the product, 1-naphthol. A new assay is presented that continuously monitors the formation of 1-naphthol with the hydrolysis of an esterase substrate. The esterase activity was determined as the slope of the linear regression change in absorbance over time at 320 nm. The continuous assay provides a simple, rapid, and sensitive method for measuring esterases extracted from a single diamondback moth in 1-10 min. The detection limit of the assay is approximately 0.6 muM 1-naphthol. The 1-naphthol product from the esterase reaction was confirmed by HPLC analysis. According to the assay, the K-m and V-max values of the esterase were 28 +/- 2 muM and 6.0 +/- 0.1 muM/min, respectively, at 37degreesC for 1-naphthyl acetate. The K-i value was 9 +/- 2 muM using azadirachtin, on insecticide from neem tree, Azadirachta indica (A. luss). Azadirachtin was a reversible competitive inhibitor of the esterase activity. Published 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. SN 0739-4462 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 54 IS 2 BP 68 EP 76 DI 10.1002/arch.10103 UT WOS:000185689100003 PM 14518005 ER PT J AU Domier, LL Latorre, IJ Steinlage, TA McCoppin, N Hartman, GL AF Domier, LL Latorre, IJ Steinlage, TA McCoppin, N Hartman, GL TI Variability and transmission by Aphis glycines of North American and Asian Soybean mosaic virus isolates SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY AB The variability of North American and Asian strains and isolates of Soybean mosaic virus was investigated. First, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products representing the coat protein (CP)-coding regions of 38 SMVs were analyzed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). Second, the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence variability of the P1-coding region of 18 SMVs and the helper component/protease (HC/Pro) and CP-coding regions of 25 SMVs were assessed. The CP nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences were the most similar and predicted phylogenetic relationships similar to those obtained from RFLP analysis. Neither RFLP nor sequence analyses of the CP-coding regions grouped the SMVs by geographical origin. The P1 and HC/Pro sequences were more variable and separated the North American and Asian SMV isolates into two groups similar to previously reported differences in pathogenic diversity of the two sets of SMV isolates. The P1 region was the most informative of the three regions analyzed. To assess the biological relevance of the sequence differences in the HC/Pro and CP coding regions, the transmissibility of 14 SMV isolates by Aphis glycines was tested. All field isolates of SMV were transmitted efficiently by A. glycines, but the laboratory isolates analyzed were transmitted poorly. The amino acid sequences from most, but not all, of the poorly transmitted isolates contained mutations in the aphid transmission-associated DAG and/or KLSC amino acid sequence motifs of CP and HC/Pro, respectively. OI Latorre, Isabel/0000-0003-0638-1783 SN 0304-8608 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 148 IS 10 BP 1925 EP 1941 DI 10.1007/s00705-003-0147-0 UT WOS:000186180100005 PM 14551816 ER PT J AU James, LF Young, JA Sanders, K AF James, LF Young, JA Sanders, K TI A new approach to monitoring rangelands SO ARID LAND RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT CT Meeting on Genesis of A New Rangeland Monitoring System CY OCT 04, 2000 CL TWIN FALLS, IDAHO AB Rangelands are among the most important agricultural ecosystems in the United States and the world. The rangelands of the western United States are fundamental to the rural economy. In order to maintain the quality of these rangelands, they must be monitored over time and space. The ecological condition of rangelands is a major factor in their environmental quality, in their overall performance as watersheds, and in wildlife and livestock production. The monitoring system must be science-based and take into account topography, climate, soils, plant communities, and animal populations that go to make up the western range. An information storage, processing, interpretation, and retrieval system must be included if the monitoring data are to be assessed in a timely manner. This report outlines a research program for the development of a new approach to monitoring rangelands. It includes the principle variables (climate, soils, plants, and grazing animals) involved in determining rangeland condition and trend as an indication of rangeland health. SN 1532-4982 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 BP 319 EP 328 DI 10.1080/15324980390225467 UT WOS:000185732900002 ER PT J AU Weltz, MA Dunn, G AF Weltz, MA Dunn, G TI Ecological sustainability of rangelands SO ARID LAND RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT CT Meeting on Genesis of A New Rangeland Monitoring System CY OCT 04, 2000 CL TWIN FALLS, ID AB Rangelands and pastures are found in every state and cover 55% of the land surface of the United States. Taken as a whole, from Western deserts and grasslands to meadows and woodlands, rangelands comprise some 364 million ha or 80% of the land in the 17 Western states. The vast expanses and remoteness of rangelands make assessing economic and ecological sustainability a difficult task. Currently, there is no national monitoring framework in place to collect data on long-term or episodic processes and agents of change over time. There are no defined methods for summarizing the health of rangelands. Thus individual conclusions about the health or sustainability of the nation's rangelands vary from person to person and organization to organization. Over one million people derive some portion of their income from farm and ranch activities on rangelands and pastures in the western United States. These individuals own and operate over 406,000 farms and ranches with revenues from selling beef cattle exceeding $13 billion in the 17 Western states. Their continued economic survival is dependent on the environmental sustainability of rangelands. Moreover, organizations and individuals charged with selection of best management systems on rangelands are under increasing pressure to consider not only livestock production issues, but also sustainability and health under multiple land use. As a result, ranchers, government agencies, and other organizations have a critical need for improved methods to balance the economic viability of ranchers, the well being of rural America, and the health and sustainability of the nation's range- and grazinglands. Therefore, a coordinated national research and technology transfer effort is required to successfully develop and transfer to ranchers and rangeland managers a science-based, monitoring system to determine the effect of management practices on sustainability of rangeland ecosystems. SN 1532-4982 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 BP 369 EP 388 DI 10.1080/713936117 UT WOS:000185732900007 ER PT J AU Havstad, KM Herrick, JE AF Havstad, KM Herrick, JE TI Long-term ecological monitoring SO ARID LAND RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT CT Meeting on Genesis of A New Rangeland Monitoring System CY OCT 04, 2000 CL TWIN FALLS, ID AB The intent of long-term ecological monitoring is to document changes in important properties of biological communities. At the least, a long-term monitoring system should be designed to detect long-term trends in three key attributes: soil and site stability, hydrologic function, and the biotic integrity of the system. There are four basic guidelines for developing integrated soil-vegetation monitoring systems for rangelands. These are: (1) identifying a suite of indicators which are consistently correlated with the functional status of one or more critical ecosystem processes and/or properties; (2) selecting base indicators on site specific objectives and resource concerns, and inherent soil and site characteristics; (3) using spatial variability in developing and interpreting indicators to make them more representative of ecological processes; and (4) interpreting indicators in the context of an understanding of dynamic, nonlinear ecological processes. To the extent possible, indicators should reflect early changes in ecological processes and indicate that a more significant change is likely to occur. In addition to these guidelines, measurements included in long-term monitoring systems should be rapidly applied, simple to understand, inexpensive to use, and quantitatively repeatable. SN 1532-4982 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 BP 389 EP 400 DI 10.1080/15324980390229300 UT WOS:000185732900008 ER PT J AU Clements, CD Young, JA AF Clements, CD Young, JA TI Rangeland monitoring and wildlife populations SO ARID LAND RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT CT Meeting on Genesis of A New Rangeland Monitoring System CY OCT 04, 2000 CL TWIN FALLS, IDAHO AB The capability of agricultural producers to monitor the condition and trend of the rangelands on which they operate should not be limited to plant communities. The purpose of this article is to underscore the importance of monitoring wildlife populations and their critical habitats. Agricultural producers should be aware of the many wildlife species that inhabit public and private rangelands. Wildlife species should be part of their range monitoring program. Agricultural producers and their employees are present on specific rangelands more often than the state and federal employees that are mandated to manage the variety of resources on those rangelands. This presence, along with the observations and development of good note taking skills and documentation, will lead to a better understanding of the condition and trend of wildlife populations on various habitats. Such knowledge will benefit the resource as well as the agricultural operation. The objective of this monitoring program is to communicate with the various entities (state, federal, special interest) what you have learned and to help better understand the complexity associated with wildlife species and their habitats. This will improve the chances of making better management decisions on rangelands and integrated agricultural operations. SN 1532-4982 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 BP 401 EP 406 DI 10.1080/15324980390225485 UT WOS:000185732900009 ER PT J AU Young, JA Clements, CD AF Young, JA Clements, CD TI Rangeland monitoring and invasive weeds SO ARID LAND RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT CT Meeting on Genesis of A New Rangeland Monitoring System CY OCT 04, 2000 CL TWIN FALLS, ID AB One of the serious biological obstacles that must be addressed in any comprehensive revision of rangeland ecological condition assessment is what to do with sites dominated by exotic self-invasive species. In certain cases such species have truncated succession so that with a bare minimum of disturbance, the sites will never return to dominance by native perennial species. Are such sites destined to remain always in what is defined as "poor'' ecological condition. Many communities dominated by exotic annuals are closed to the recruitment of seedlings of native perennial species. At the same time the communities are open to invasion by other introduced species. Should susceptibility to future invasions be a criteria in assessing the ecological condition of rangeland communities. The sustainability of communities dominated by exotic invasive species is assessing the ecological condition of such communities. Deviation from the plant community concepts of range condition and trend judgement involves setting new benchmark standards. This is an endeavor fraught with many perils. SN 1532-4982 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 BP 439 EP 447 DI 10.1080/1532498039022511 UT WOS:000185732900012 ER PT J AU Booth, DT Tueller, PT AF Booth, DT Tueller, PT TI Rangeland monitoring using remote sensing SO ARID LAND RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT CT Meeting on Genesis of A New Rangeland Monitoring System CY OCT 04, 2000 CL TWIN FALLS, IDAHO AB Monitoring vast landscapes has, from the beginning of rangeland management, depended on people's judgements. This is no longer tenable, but a more effective method has yet to be devised. The problem is how to do an economical inventory that will detect ecologically important change over extensive land areas with acceptable error rates. The error risk is a function of adequate sample numbers and distribution for each indicator monitored. Of all of the indicators identified for monitoring, ground cover and its inverse, bare ground, may be the most discussed. Ground-cover measurements address soil stability and watershed function which are first-priority ecological concerns; are well adapted to remote sensing frameworks thus allowing extensive, unbiased, economical sampling; and, the measurements, especially when done by computer image analysis, have the potential to reduce or avoid the human-judgement factor. Data collection through remote sensing appears the most logical approach to acquiring appropriately distributed information over large areas in short time periods and on random sites far removed from easy ground access. The value of satellite and high-altitude sensors for landscape-level evaluations, such as plant community distribution, is well established but these tools are inadequate for inventory and measurement of details needed for valid conclusions about range condition. New advances in low-altitude remote sensing may give us the ability to accurately measure bare ground and perhaps other indicators. Combining information from high and low-altitude sensors appears to offer an optimal path for developing a practical system for cost-effective, data-based, rangeland monitoring and management. SN 1532-4982 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 BP 455 EP 467 DI 10.1080/15324980390225539 UT WOS:000185732900014 ER PT J AU Asay, KH Chatterton, NJ Jensen, KB Jones, TA Waldron, BL Horton, WH AF Asay, KH Chatterton, NJ Jensen, KB Jones, TA Waldron, BL Horton, WH TI Breeding improved grasses for semiarid rangelands SO ARID LAND RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT CT Meeting on Genesis of A New Rangeland Monitoring System CY OCT 04, 2000 CL TWIN FALLS, IDAHO AB Vast areas of semiarid rangelands in western USA are severely degraded and infested with troublesome weeds such as cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) and medusahead rye (Taeniatherum asperum). Reseeding with appropriate plant materials that are adapted to the site and competitive enough to replace existing undesirable vegetation is often the most plausible way to reclaim such sites. Unfortunately, many of our native grasses are more difficult to establish and are not as competitive with these exotic weedy grasses as their introduced counterparts, including crested and Siberian wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum, A. desertorum, and A. fragile). Most native grasses did not evolve under intense management or in association with species as competitive as cheatgrass. Genetically improved germplasms and cultivars of native and introduced (naturalized) grasses have been and are being developed by the Forage and Range Research Laboratory (FRRL) of the United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) in cooperation with the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station (UAES) and other agencies. These plant materials have demonstrated the potential for increasing the genetic diversity, protecting watersheds and soil resources, and improving the habitat and grazing potential for livestock and wildlife on semiarid rangelands. Research is also in progress at FRRL to develop germplasm and methodology whereby introduced grasses may be used in combination with natives, and in some instances assist in the establishment of native stands. The proper choice of plant materials must be based on objective criteria if we are to protect our lands and natural resources from further degradation. SN 1532-4982 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 BP 469 EP 478 DI 10.1080/15324980390225548 UT WOS:000185732900015 ER PT J AU Hart, RH Frasier, GW AF Hart, RH Frasier, GW TI Bare ground and litter as estimators of runoff on short- and mixed-grass prairie SO ARID LAND RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT CT Meeting on Genesis of A New Rangeland Monitoring System CY OCT 04, 2000 CL TWIN FALLS, IDAHO AB After 56 years of grazing on shortgrass prairie and 13 years of grazing on mixed-grass prairie, surface runoff was estimated with a rotating boom rainfall simulator. Runoff was strongly and positively correlated with percent bare ground, and was strongly and negatively correlated with percent litter cover. Neither foliar nor basal plant cover were useful estimators of runoff. SN 1532-4982 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 BP 485 EP 490 DI 10.1080/15324980390225566 UT WOS:000185732900017 ER PT J AU Leopold, RA Freeman, TP Buckner, JS Nelson, DR AF Leopold, RA Freeman, TP Buckner, JS Nelson, DR TI Mouthpart morphology and stylet penetration of host plants by the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata, (Homoptera : Cicadellidae) SO ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT AB The ultrastructural morphology of the mouthparts of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca coagulata, and method of plant penetration was examined using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy methods. The gross morphology of the labrum, labium, and stylet fascicle was consistent with what has been described for other plant-sucking homopterans. The ultrastructural examination of the mouthparts revealed unique details that have previously gone unreported. Several types of sensilla-like structures having the form of pegs and multi-lobed objects were identified on the outer surfaces of the labrum and within the labial groove. Dendritic canals terminated in an extensive network of smaller canals at the distal tip of the maxillary stylets below a series of surface denticles suggesting that this area may have a sensory function associated with locating xylem elements of host plants. Examination of salivary sheath pathways established that 65% of the plant penetrations by this insect terminated in the xylem vessels of the host plant. Probing by the insect was largely intracellular and terminal branching of a single probe site was common. Plant surface feeding sites varied with the stage of development which correlates with the depth of the xylem vessels and the length of the maxillary stylets of the various instars. Published by Elsevier Ltd. SN 1467-8039 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 32 IS 2-3 BP 189 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S1467-8039(03)00047-1 UT WOS:000186309700004 PM 18089004 ER PT J AU Tan, CE Tai, ES Tan, CS Chia, KS Lee, J Chew, SK Ordovas, JM AF Tan, CE Tai, ES Tan, CS Chia, KS Lee, J Chew, SK Ordovas, JM TI APOE polymorphism and lipid profile in three ethnic groups in the Singapore population SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS AB Background Serum lipid concentrations are modulated by environmental factors such as exercise, alcohol intake, smoking, obesity and dietary intake and genetic factors. Polymorphisms at the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) locus have consistently shown a significant association with total and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). However, their impact on HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) may be population dependent. Having three major ethnic groups within a similar social environment allows us to study the role of genetics and their interactions with lifestyle factors on the serum lipid profile and coronary risk in Asians. Methods: This study included 1740 males (1146 Chinese, 327 Malays and 267 Asian Indians) and 1950 females (1329 Chinese, 360 Malays and 261 Asian Indians) with complete data on anthropometric indices, fasting lipids, smoking status, alcohol consumption, exercise frequency and genotype at the APOE locus. Results: Malays and Asian Indians were more obese compared with the Chinese. Smoking was uncommon in all females but Malay males had significantly higher prevalence of smokers. Malays had the highest LDL-C whilst Indians had the lowest HDL-C, The epsilon3 allele was the most frequent allele in all three ethnic groups. Malays had the highest frequency of epsilon4 (0.180 and 0. 152) compared with Chinese (0.085 and 0.087) and Indians (0. 108 and 0.075) in males and females, respectively. The epsilon2 allele was the least common in Asian Indians. Total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C was highest in epsilon4 carriers and lowest in epsilon2 carriers. The reverse was seen in HDL-C with the highest levels seen in epsilon2 subjects. The association between ethnic group and HDL-C differed according to APOE genotype and gender. Asian Indians had the lowest HDL-C for each APOE genotype except in Asian Indian males with epsilon2, where HDL-C concentrations were intermediate between Chinese and Malays. Conclusion: Ethnic differences in lipid profile could be explained in part by the higher prevalence of epsilon4 in the Malays. Ethnicity may influence the association between APOE genotypes and HDL-C. APOE genotype showed no correlation with HDL-C in Malay males whereas the association in Asian Indians was particularly marked. Further studies of interactions between genes and environmental factors will contribute to the understanding of differences of coronary risk amongst ethnic groups. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. RI CHIA, Kee Seng/C-5790-2011; Tan, Chuen Seng/K-1078-2013; OI Tan, Chuen Seng/0000-0002-6513-2309; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680; Tai, E Shyong/0000-0003-2929-8966 SN 0021-9150 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 170 IS 2 BP 253 EP 260 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(03)00232-6 UT WOS:000186850000008 PM 14612205 ER PT J AU Brown, S Ordovas, JM Campos, H AF Brown, S Ordovas, JM Campos, H TI Interaction between the APOC3 gene promoter polymorphisms, saturated fat intake and plasma lipoproteins SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS AB Objective: To test the hypothesis that APOC3 gene polymorphisms modulate the effect of saturated fat (SAT) intake on plasma lipoproteins and LDL size. Methods: We studied 336 randomly selected residents from Costa Rica. APOC3 polymorphisms were genotyped in the promoter region (T-455C, T-625del) and the C3238G 3' untranslated region (UTR). Dietary intake was assessed by a validated food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and median saturated fat intake (11 %) was used to define low and high exposure to saturated fat. Results: Allele frequencies were 0.49, 0.51 and 0. 19 for the APOC3-455C, -625del, and APOC3 3238G alleles, respectively. Significant gene-diet interactions were found for total (P < 0.0004) and LDL cholesterol (P < 0.01). In homozygotes for the APOC-3-455T-625T alleles, saturated fat intake was associated with a 13% increase in total cholesterol (P < 0.001) and] a 20% increase in LDL cholesterol (P < 0.001). In contrast, no association between plasma lipoproteins and saturated fat intake was found among carriers of the APOC3-455C-625del allele. The APOC3 3238G UTR allele did not modify the observed association. Conclusion: Compared to a diet high in saturated fat, a habitually low saturated fat diet is associated with a beneficial lipoprotein profile only among homozygotes of the APOC3 promoter 455T-625T polymorphism. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 SN 0021-9150 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 170 IS 2 BP 307 EP 313 DI 10.1016/S0021-9150(03)00293-4 UT WOS:000186850000015 PM 14612212 ER PT J AU Dalloul, RA Lillehoj, HS Shellem, TA Doerr, JA AF Dalloul, RA Lillehoj, HS Shellem, TA Doerr, JA TI Intestinal immunomodulation by vitamin a deficiency and Lactobacillus-based probiotic in Eimeria acervulina-infected broiler chickens SO AVIAN DISEASES AB In a 2 x 2 factorial study, a broiler starter ration was amended for vitamin A (control, C; deficient, A) and probiotic status (-, P) to investigate their modulatory effects on the host immune system. Birds were inoculated orally with Eimeria acervulina (EA) oocysts, and disease susceptibility was evaluated by assessment of fecal oocyst shedding. Humoral and local cellular mediated immunity were assessed by evaluation of antibody and cytokine (interferon-gamma [IFN-gamma] and interleukin-2 [IL-2]) levels in sera and intestinal secretions on a 3-day interval after inoculation. Fecal oocyst shedding was highest (P < 0.05) in A- birds, followed by AP, C-, and CP birds. Feeding the probiotic reduced shed oocysts by 20% in A fed birds and by 26% in C fed birds. Intestinal IFN-gamma was relatively constant in all treatment groups except for A-, where it declined steadily and was lower (P < 0.05) from day 6 on. Serum IFN-gamma levels fluctuated within each treatment and over time were not revealing. Intestinal IL-2 was highest in CP birds at 3 and 9 days postinfection (DPI) and lowest in A- birds at 3, 9, and 12 DPI (P < 0.05); no difference between treatments was found at 6 DPI (P > 0.05). Eimeria-specific intestinal antibody (Ab) level was constant (P > 0.05) in C- birds but increased with time (P < 0.05) in A-, AP, and CP birds. Serum Ab levels were also constant in A- and CP birds but increased (P < 0.05) in C- and AP birds after 6 DPI. The data demonstrate for the first time a probiotic-enhanced immunity in vitamin A deficient birds. This study is also the first to demonstrate the probiotic effect on local cell-mediated immunity of chickens, best manifested by apparent lower intestinal invasion and development by EA, on the basis of higher IL-2 secretion and lower EA oocyst production. OI Dalloul, Rami/0000-0003-4690-9220 SN 0005-2086 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 47 IS 4 BP 1313 EP 1320 DI 10.1637/6079 UT WOS:000187065200005 PM 14708977 ER PT J AU Cui, ZZ Du, Y Zhang, Z Silva, RF AF Cui, ZZ Du, Y Zhang, Z Silva, RF TI Comparison of Chinese field strains of avian leukosis subgroup J viruses with prototype strain HPRS-103 and United States strains SO AVIAN DISEASES AB Eight Chinese field strains of subgroup J avian leukosis viruses (ALV-J) were isolated from broilers or parent stocks during January 1999 to April 2001. One strain, SD9902, was an acute transforming virus, able to induce typical myelocytomatosis in 22-38 days after inoculation of 1-day-old meat-type chicks. The envelope protein and 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of the eight field strains were compared with the U.K. prototype HPRS-103 and several U.S. field strains isolated in 1993-97. All Chinese strains shared an almost identical deletion with the U.S. strain 4817 in the E element region of 3'-UTR when compared with the prototype HPRS-103, indicating that they have a very close phylogenic relationship. Every year, China has to import grandparent stocks of meat-type chickens, mainly from the United States. Chinese isolates should represent a part in the phylogenic tree of U.S. ALV-J evolution. Envelope protein gp85 amino acid sequence analysis demonstrated that, interestingly, all recent Chinese isolates were more closely related to HPRS-103 and the earliest U.S. isolates but not to the late U.S. isolates. The result implies that envelope gp85 may not have diverged from prototype and older strains. It is also possible that some recently imported birds could have been infected by the older viruses that were introduced in the late 1990s. SN 0005-2086 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 47 IS 4 BP 1321 EP 1330 DI 10.1637/6085 UT WOS:000187065200006 PM 14708978 ER PT J AU Okamura, M Lillehoj, HS Raybourne, RB Babu, U Heckert, R AF Okamura, M Lillehoj, HS Raybourne, RB Babu, U Heckert, R TI Antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin production in chickens immunized with killed salmonella enteritidis vaccine or experimental subunit vaccines SO AVIAN DISEASES AB Lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-6 levels in serum were measured as indicators of cell-mediated immunity after immunization of chickens with a commercial killed Salmonella enteritidis (SE) vaccine or experimental subunit vaccines of crude protein (CP) extract or the outer membrane protein (OMP). Significantly increased proliferative responses to SE flagella, but not lipopolysaccharide, porin, CP, or OMP, were observed at 1 wk postimmunization in the three vaccination groups. The responses to flagella were specific because flagella-induced proliferation was not seen in chickens immunized with adjuvant alone. Of the three immunization protocols, use of the killed SE vaccine appeared most effective because it induced higher flagella-Stimulated lymphocyte proliferation at 1 and 2 wk postvaccination compared with the CP- and OMP-vaccinated groups. Significantly increased IL-2 and IL-6 levels in serum were seen at 1 wk postimmunization in the three vaccination groups compared with adjuvant alone, but there were no differences between the killed vaccine and the subunit vaccines at this time, and the levels of both lymphokines returned to baseline at 2 wk postimmunization. We conclude that cell-mediated immunity to SE after vaccination with the killed bacterial vaccine or subunit vaccines is transient and mainly limited to flagella. SN 0005-2086 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 47 IS 4 BP 1331 EP 1338 DI 10.1637/6096 UT WOS:000187065200007 PM 14708979 ER PT J AU Richardson, LJ Hofacre, CL Mitchell, BW Wilson, JL AF Richardson, LJ Hofacre, CL Mitchell, BW Wilson, JL TI Effect of electrostatic space charge on reduction of airborne transmission of Salmonella and other bacteria in broiler breeders in production and their progeny SO AVIAN DISEASES AB Salmonella in birds is a concern because of the human foodborne illness associated with the consumption of poultry meat and eggs. One of the methods of transmission of Salmonella within a flock can be by the air. Therefore, we used reduction of transmission of Salmonella to monitor the effectiveness of the electrostatic space charge system (ESCS). During the average broiler breeder laying cycle of 40 wk, a large amount of dust becomes airborne and accumulates on walls, ceiling, and equipment. Many microorganisms adhere to these dust particles, making dust an excellent vector for horizontal disease transmission between birds. We used two environmentally controlled rooms containing commercial broiler breeders to evaluate the effectiveness of an ESCS that produced a strong negative electrostatic charge to reduce airborne dust and, subsequently, microorganism levels. The ESCS caused the dust to become negatively charged, therefore moving to the grounded floor in the treatment room. The use of the ESCS resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.0001, 61% reduction) in airborne dust concentration levels, which resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.0001, 76% reduction) in total airborne bacteria and gram-negative bacteria (48% reduction) in the treatment room. Significant reductions (P < 0.05) of gram-negative bacteria (63% reduction) on the egg collection belts were also recorded in the treatment room, which resulted in a significant reduction (P < 0.0001) of gram-negative bacteria (28% reduction) on the eggshell surface. The ESCS treatment resulted in fewer Salmonella enteritidis-positive hens and their progeny from the treatment room due to reductions of dust and airborne bacteria. In addition, this significant reduction in bacteria on the eggshell surface should result in less bacteria in the day-old chicks, therefore better early chick livability. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in egg production, male or female body weights, mortality, or reproductive performance in the ESCS room compared with the control room. SN 0005-2086 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 47 IS 4 BP 1352 EP 1361 DI 10.1637/7013 UT WOS:000187065200010 PM 14708982 ER PT J AU Kapczynski, DR Sellers, HS AF Kapczynski, DR Sellers, HS TI Immunization of turkeys with a DNA vaccine expressing either the F or N gene of avian metapneumovirus SO AVIAN DISEASES AB In this study we compared protection by DNA vaccination with the F (pCMV-F) or N (pCMV-N) gene from avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) in turkeys. One-week-old turkey poults received two intramuscular injections 2 wk apart. Birds were challenged with a turkey-embryo-adapted aMPV at 5 wk of age. Birds vaccinated with pCMV-F had decreased clinical signs of disease as well as significantly reduced virus load in tracheal swabs compared with birds vaccinated with pCMV-N or unvaccinated control birds. Serum neutralizing antibodies were significantly higher in birds receiving pCMV-F compared with all other groups. These results indicate that DNA vaccination with the F, but not N, gene of aMPV can induce significant protection against aMPV infection. SN 0005-2086 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 47 IS 4 BP 1376 EP 1383 DI 10.1637/7033 UT WOS:000187065200013 PM 14708985 ER PT J AU Huff, WE Huff, GR Rath, NC Balog, JM Donoghue, AM AF Huff, WE Huff, GR Rath, NC Balog, JM Donoghue, AM TI Bacteriophage treatment of a severe Escherichia coli respiratory infection in broiler chickens SO AVIAN DISEASES AB A bacteriophage to a serotype 02, nonmotile Escherichia coli was isolated from municipal waste treatment facilities and poultry processing plants. A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of multiple vs. single intramuscular (i.m.) injections of bacteriophage to treat a severe E. coli respiratory infection. The birds were challenged at 7 days of age by injection of 6 x 10(4) colony-forming units (cfu) of E. coli into the thoracic air sac followed by an i.m. injection into the thigh with either heat-killed or active bacteriophage. There were 16 treatments with three replicate pens of 10 birds. There were four control treatments, which included untreated birds, birds injected with either heat-killed or active bacteriophage, and birds challenged only with E. coli. In the remaining treatments, birds were injected with heat-killed or active bacteriophage either once immediately after E. coli challenge or immediately after challenge and at 8 and 9 days of age, once at 8 days of age or at 8, 9, and 10 days of age, and once at 9 days of age or at 9, 10, and 11 days of age. Mortality was significantly decreased from 57% to 13% in the birds given a single i.m. injection of bacteriophage immediately after E. coli challenge, and there was complete recovery in birds treated immediately after challenge and at 8 and 9 days of age, which was a significant improvement from the single injection treatment. There was a significant reduction in mortality from 57% to 10% in the birds treated with bacteriophage once at 8 days of age and those birds treated at 8, 9, and 10 days of age, with no difference between single or multiple treatments. The mortality in the single or multiple phage treated birds that started at 9 days of age was reduced from 57% to 28% and 27%, respectively, but was not statistically different from the control. These data suggest that bacteriophage can be an effective treatment when administered early in this experimental E. coli respiratory disease and that early multiple treatments are better than a single treatment. The efficacy of bacteriophage treatment diminishes as it is delayed, with no difference between single or multiple treatments. Bacteriophage may provide an effective alternative to antibiotics, but like antibiotic therapy, the effectiveness of phage to rescue animals decreases the longer treatment is delayed in the disease process. SN 0005-2086 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 47 IS 4 BP 1399 EP 1405 DI 10.1637/7041 UT WOS:000187065200016 PM 14708988 ER PT J AU Ziprin, RL Sheffield, CL Hume, ME Drinnon, DLJ Harvey, RB AF Ziprin, RL Sheffield, CL Hume, ME Drinnon, DLJ Harvey, RB TI Cecal colonization of chicks by bovine-derived strains of Campylobacter SO AVIAN DISEASES AB Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains were isolated from feces of dairy cattle at farms with no known problem due to campylobacteria. Farms were located in the northeast, desert southwest, and Pacific west. Twenty isolates were identified by ribotyping with a RiboPrinter.(R) The ability of these bovine isolates to colonize the ceca of chicks was determined by challenge inoculation and reisolation of the challenge strain from the ceca at 1 and 2 wk after challenge. Isolates recovered from chick ceca were examined by ribotyping to assure they matched the challenge strain. One hundred percent of the bovine-derived challenge strains were capable of colonizing chicks. These results indicate that dairy cattle may be asymptomatic Campylobacter carriers and potential sources of campylobacteria contamination of poultry facilities. SN 0005-2086 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 47 IS 4 BP 1429 EP 1433 DI 10.1637/7014 UT WOS:000187065200020 PM 14708992 ER PT J AU Swaggerty, CL Pevzner, IY Ferro, PJ Crippen, TL Kogut, MH AF Swaggerty, CL Pevzner, IY Ferro, PJ Crippen, TL Kogut, MH TI Association between in vitro heterophil function and the feathering gene in commercial broiler chickens SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY AB We recently showed that in vitro heterophil functional efficiency in commercial broiler chickens is genetically controlled and may be a sex-associated trait. To further characterize the genetic mechanism(s) of heterophil functional efficiency, we wanted to determine whether the feathering gene, present on the Z sex chromosome, contributes to heterophil functional efficiency. Heterophils from two pairs of broiler lines were evaluated; each pair contained a fast feather (FF) ( lines A and X) and a slow feather ( SF) line ( lines B and Y). On days 1 and 4 post-hatch, heterophils isolated from two sets of pure line broilers ( A and B, and X and Y) were evaluated for their ability to ( 1) phagocytize Salmonella enteritidis, and ( 2) exhibit bactericidal activity against S. enteritidis. On days 1 and 4 post-hatch, heterophils isolated from the FF lines were statistically (P less than or equal to 0.02) more proficient at phagocytizing S. enteritidis than heterophils from SF lines. Bactericidal activity was also statistically (p less than or equal to 0.02) greater on day 1 post-hatch in the heterophils isolated from FF lines compared to heterophils isolated from SF lines. These data indicate that the presence of the FF gene locus on the Z sex chromosome contributes to heterophil function and may contribute to the early innate immune competence of a flock. SN 0307-9457 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 32 IS 5 BP 483 EP 488 DI 10.1080/0307945031000154071 UT WOS:000185695900004 PM 14522703 ER PT J AU Farrar, RR Shapiro, M Javaid, I AF Farrar, RR Shapiro, M Javaid, I TI Photostabilized titanium dioxide and a fluorescent brightener as adjuvants for a nucleopolyhedrovirus SO BIOCONTROL AB Titanium dioxide (TiO2) reflects ultraviolet light, and so could be expected to protect the occlusion bodies (OBs) of nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) from degradation by sunlight. However, in the presence of sunlight and water, TiO2 catalyzes the formation of hydrogen peroxide, which can degrade OBs. We tested microfine TiO2 that had been photostabilized (particles were coated to prevent catalytic activity), as a UV protectant for the OBs of the NPV of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). In the absence of UV, activity of the OBs was reduced by nonphotostabilized TiO2 but was unaffected by photostabilized TiO2 or by zinc oxide (ZnO). None of these materials influenced larval feeding rates. Under simulated sunlight, photostabilized TiO2 protected the OBs to a greater degree than did ZnO. Photostabilized TiO2 was compatible with a viral enhancer, the fluorescent brightener Blankophor HRS. Under simulated sunlight, both materials increased activity of the OBs, relative to OBs with neither material, in a largely additive manner. In bioassays of foliage collected from field plots of lima bean plants sprayed with OBs with or without one or both of these materials, TiO2 increased persistence of the OBs, but Blankophor HRS had no significant effect. SN 1386-6141 EI 1573-8248 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 48 IS 5 BP 543 EP 560 UT WOS:000185303400005 ER PT J AU Meikle, WG Jaronski, ST Mercadier, G Quimby, PC AF Meikle, WG Jaronski, ST Mercadier, G Quimby, PC TI A distributed delay routine-based simulation model of Beauveria bassiana conidial stability in response to environmental stressors SO BIOCONTROL AB Using published data and equations on the relationship between spore longevity of the entomopathogenic hyphomycetes, Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Deuteromycota: Hyphomycetes) and temperature and moisture content, a model of spore viability was constructed based on a distributed-delay routine. The model is modified via average spore survival time or by including an additional attrition (mortality) rate. The model was parameterized using published values from studies on M. a. var. acridum spores, and output compared favorably with germination data and with a previously-developed model. After initializing the model using parameter estimates of B. bassiana spores from the laboratory and published data on changes in (1) spore viability with respect to temperature and moisture content, and (2) spore moisture content with respect to temperature and relative humidity, the model was run using daily min/max temperature and relative humidity data and compared with data from four field experiments of Mycotech B. bassiana isolate GHA sprayed on canteloupe plants. For two of the experiments, observed viability trends were compared to model outputs using weather data from both a weather station and from within-canopy temperature and humidity probes. Output using weather station data fit observations much better than output using within-canopy probe data. For the two remaining sets of field data, both earlier in the season, only weather station data were available and the resulting output fit observations poorly. An attrition rate of 98% was needed to fit output to field data early in the growing season, and a rate of 74% was needed for data collected four weeks later. These attrition rates can be considered estimates for the proportion of spores dying for reasons other than temperature and relative humidity, and they were attributed largely to UVB radiation due to the more open canopy earlier in the season. SN 1386-6141 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 48 IS 5 BP 561 EP 578 DI 10.1023/A:1025765703022 UT WOS:000185303400006 ER PT J AU Aguilar, JA Camarena, OM Center, TD Bojorquez, G AF Aguilar, JA Camarena, OM Center, TD Bojorquez, G TI Biological control of waterhyacinth in Sinaloa, Mexico with the weevils Neochetina eichhorniae and N-bruchi SO BIOCONTROL AB Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms.) creates severe problems in the irrigation districts of Mexico, particularly in western Sinaloa. Therefore water hyacinth weevils (Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache), imported from the USA in 1993, were used to initiate a biological control program. Precautionary screening revealed that some were infected with a microsporidian so disease-free colonies were produced by eliminating infected breeding lines. To demonstrate effectiveness prior to open field releases, weevils were first released in cages at field sites. Weevil intensity increased to 6.3 weevils/plant after 320 days when the plants were all dead or dying. More than 8,600 N. bruchi and 14,500 N. eichhorniae were then released at various sites during January 1995 to August 1996. Water-hyacinth coverage declined at Batamote reservoir (134 ha) from 95% to <3% by 1997; at the 12-ha Hilda reservoir from 100% in May 1995 to 1% by March 1998; at the 42.3-ha Arroyo Prieto reservoir from 100% to 1% during the same interval; and at the Mariquita reservoir (492 ha), the largest reservoir in the Humaya system, from 394 ha (80%) to 98.4 ha (20%). SN 1386-6141 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 48 IS 5 BP 595 EP 608 DI 10.1023/A:1025707603627 UT WOS:000185303400008 ER PT J AU Oh, BT Shea, PJ Drijber, RA Vasilyeva, GK Sarath, G AF Oh, BT Shea, PJ Drijber, RA Vasilyeva, GK Sarath, G TI TNT biotransformation and detoxification by a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain SO BIODEGRADATION AB Successful microbial-mediated remediation requires transformation pathways that maximize metabolism and minimize the accumulation of toxic products. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain MX, isolated from munitions-contaminated soil, degraded 100 mg TNT L(-1) in culture medium within 10 h under aerobic conditions. The major TNT products were 2-amino-4,6-dinitrotoluene (2ADNT, primarily in the supernatant) and 2,2'-azoxytoluene (2,2' AZT, primarily in the cell fraction), which accumulated as major products via the intermediate 2-hydroxylamino-4,6-dinitrotoluene(2HADNT). The 2HADNT and 2,2' AZT were relatively less toxic to the strain than TNT and 2ADNT. Aminodinitrotoluene (ADNT) production increased when yeast extract was added to the medium. While TNT transformation rate was not affected by pH, more HADNTs accumulated at pH 5.0 than at pH 8.0 and AZTs did not accumulate at the lower pH. The appearance of 2,6-diamino-4-nitrotoluene (2,6DANT) and 2,4-diamino-6-nitrotoluene (2,4DANT); dinitrotoluene (DNT) and nitrotoluene (NT); and 3,5-dinitroaniline (3,5DNA) indicated various routes of TNT metabolism and detoxification by P. aeruginosa strain MX. SN 0923-9820 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 14 IS 5 BP 309 EP 319 DI 10.1023/A:1025656325834 UT WOS:000185261000001 PM 14571948 ER PT J AU Engeman, RM Martin, RE Constantin, B Noel, R Woolard, J AF Engeman, RM Martin, RE Constantin, B Noel, R Woolard, J TI Monitoring predators to optimize their management for marine turtle nest protection SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION AB The fundamental conservation focus for Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge (HSNWR), Florida is to provide protected nesting habitat for three threatened or endangered marine turtle species. Turtle nesting and hatching spans from early spring to fall each year. Left unchecked, nest predation by raccoons and armadillos would destroy most turtle nests. Predators are removed to protect nests, primarily with a one person-month contract using control specialists. We maximized the efficiency of predator removal by using a passive tracking index to: (1) optimize the timing and strategy for predator removal, (2) minimize labor by identifying areas where predator removal would have maximal effect, (3) examine beach invasion patterns of predators, (4) assess efficacy of removal efforts, (5) provide anticipatory information for future turtle nesting seasons, and (6) serve as a detection method for invasion by additional species known to depredate turtle nests. An overall nest predation rate of 28% resulted, whereas the rate for the previous year was 42% when the same level of contracted predator removal was applied, but without monitoring predators. One year before that, predator removal was done without contracts with specialists and predation was 48%. Up to 95% of the nests were destroyed in the years prior to predator removal. Using 2000 data on numbers of nests, clutch sizes, and emergence rates, we estimated the number of hatchlings that would have been lost assuming that the predation rates observed from four predator removal scenarios at HSNWR would have occurred in 2000. Historical predation of 95% would have resulted in 120,597 hatchlings lost in 2000. Predator removal as part of regular refuge operations would have reduced this number to 62,481. Addition of a contract with control specialists would have further reduced the number lost to 53,778. Addition of temporal and spatial monitoring for predator removal reduced losses to 36,637. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. SN 0006-3207 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 113 IS 2 BP 171 EP 178 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00295-1 UT WOS:000183819900002 ER PT J AU Berner, DK Paxson, LK AF Berner, DK Paxson, LK TI Use of digital images to differentiate reactions of collections of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) to infection by Puccinia jaceae SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AB Yellow starthistle (YST) (Centaurea solstitialis) is an invasive weed in the USA and a target of classical biological control. However, the precise geographical origin(s) of YST in the USA is not known. This study was conducted to learn whether the origin(s) of YST in California, USA could be determined on the basis of digital image analysis (DIA) of YST reactions to isolates of the rust Puccinia jaceae. One trial was conducted with two isolates of P. jaceae and another trial with only one of these isolates. Six different YST collections were tested. The DIA consistently detected and measured rust pustules on YST leaves. Compared to visual assessment, DIA was a fair predictor of the number of rust pustules per leaf. There were no differences between isolates of P. jaceae in reactions of different YST collections in the first trial. Differences in plant reactions between trials were predominately due to more disease incidence and severity in the second trial, which was probably from the greater amount of inoculum. Based on analyses of variance and canonical discriminative analyses, YST from California appeared most closely related to the YST collection from Erzurum, Turkey. In examination of squared Mahalanobis distances, all collections, except the collection from Turkey, were significantly distant from the California collection in both trials. More studies are necessary to determine the precise area(s) of origin (within Turkey and neighboring countries) of YST in the USA. Digital image analysis of rust reactions can be a powerful tool to do this. Published by Elsevier Science (USA). SN 1049-9644 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 28 IS 2 BP 171 EP 179 DI 10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00096-3 UT WOS:000185593700003 ER PT J AU Sobhian, R Ryan, FJ Khamraev, A Pitcairn, MJ Bell, DE AF Sobhian, R Ryan, FJ Khamraev, A Pitcairn, MJ Bell, DE TI DNA phenotyping to find a natural enemy in Uzbekistan for California biotypes of Salsola tragus L. SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AB Salsola tragus L. (Russian thistle, Chenopodiaceae), a weed of Central Asian origin, has two biotypes in California, type A and type B. The gall midge Desertovellum stackelbergi Mamaev (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), which attacks S. tragus in Uzbekistan, is a candidate biological control agent for this weed in the United States. In a field test conducted in Uzbekistan with plants of the two biotypes of S. tragus from California, both biotypes were attacked by the insect, although type A was the preferred host. Accessions of S. tragus from Uzbekistan, Greece, and Ukraine were similar to the California type A when compared using RAPID and ISSR analyses, while California type B was distinct. Since both California biotypes were hosts to the gall midge, further studies on the biology and host specificity of the insect are justified. Genetic characterization of target weeds can provide information useful for the selection of natural enemies. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. SN 1049-9644 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 28 IS 2 BP 222 EP 228 DI 10.1016/S1049-9644(03)00068-9 UT WOS:000185593700008 ER PT J AU Sistani, KR Brink, GE McGowen, SL Rowe, DE Oldham, JL AF Sistani, KR Brink, GE McGowen, SL Rowe, DE Oldham, JL TI Characterization of broiler cake and broiler litter, the by-products of two management practices SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY AB The application of broiler manure and bedding (litter) on land has been a long-used disposal method that benefits plant and soil. For proper manure management, factors such as nutrient content, house cleaning management, application methods, and many land, crop, and climatic factors must be considered. A study was undertaken to characterize broiler cake and broiler litter as the by-products of two management systems in Mississippi. Broiler cake and litter productions were quantified and analyzed for four flocks during 1999 and 2000. The overall means for broiler cake production were 12.50, 13.90, and 10.30 kg m(-2) for producers 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Significantly greater quantities of litter, 27.50, 29.0, and 28.30 kg m(-2) than cake were determined for the same producers. The cake and litter moisture averaged 455 and 277 g kg(-1), respectively. No significant differences were observed between cake and litter total N, NH4-N, total C, total P, and water-soluble P (WP). However, cake had significantly greater Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Fe, Mn. and Zn than litter. Approximately 16.8% of the broiler cake and 15.2% of the broiler litter total P were in the form of water-soluble P. The NH4-N content of the cake and the litter were 12.5% and 11.5% of the cake and litter total nitrogen, respectively. The results also showed the advantage of the decaking practice with respect to the quantity of the manure generated for land application. Approximately 57% of the litter remains in the poultry house with decaking practice after each growth cycle compared to the 0% for total cleanout practice. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. SN 0960-8524 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 90 IS 1 BP 27 EP 32 DI 10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00096-8 UT WOS:000184652000004 PM 12835053 ER PT J AU Saha, BC AF Saha, BC TI Purification and properties of an extracellular beta-xylosidase from a newly isolated Fusarium proliferatum SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY AB An extracellular beta-xylosidase from a newly isolated Fusarium proliferatum (NRRL 26517) capable of utilizing corn fiber xylan as growth substrate was purified to homogeneity from the culture supernatant by DEAE-Sepharose CL-613 batch adsorption chromatography, CM Bio-Gel A column chromatography, Bio-Gel A-0.5 in gel filtration and Bio-Gel HTP Hydroxyapatite column chromatography. The purified P-xylosidase (specific activity, 53 U/mg protein) had a molecular weight of 91,200 as estimated by SDS-PAGE. The optimum temperature and pH for the action of the enzyme were 60 degreesC and 4.5, respectively. The purified enzyme hydrohlzed xylobiose and higher xylooligosaccharides but was inactive against xylan substrates. It had a K-m value of 0.77 mM (p-nitrophenol-beta-D-xyloside, pH 4.5, 50 degreesC) and was competitively inhibited by xylose with a K-i value of 5 mM. The enzyme did not require any metal ion for activity and stability. Comparative properties of this enzyme with other fungal beta-xylosidases are presented. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. SN 0960-8524 EI 1873-2976 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 90 IS 1 BP 33 EP 38 DI 10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00098-1 UT WOS:000184652000005 PM 12835054 ER PT J AU Anderson, RC Callaway, TR Van Kessel, JAS Jung, YS Edrington, TS Nisbet, DJ AF Anderson, RC Callaway, TR Van Kessel, JAS Jung, YS Edrington, TS Nisbet, DJ TI Effect of select nitrocompounds on ruminal fermentation; an initial look at their potential to reduce economic and environmental costs associated with ruminal methanogenesis SO BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY AB Methane production by ruminal microbes during the digestion of feedstuffs is an inefficient process resulting in losses of 2-12% of the gross energy consumed by ruminants. Presently, we report the effect of three inhibitors on ruminal methane production in vitro. Mixed populations of ruminal microbes collected from cannulated cows maintained on an alfalfa hay:corn diet (50:50) were incubated at 39 degreesC for 24 h under a 100% carbon dioxide gas phase in closed tubes with 72 mM added sodium formate. Cultures were supplemented with 12 mM 2-nitropropanol, nitroethane or nitroethanol (experiment 1) or with 2, 12 or 24 mM nitroethane or a combination of 12 mM nitroethane and 4 mM nitroethanol (experiment 2). Control cultures containing no added nitrocompound were incubated simultaneously with treated incubations. Methane concentrations were reduced (P < 0.05) from those measured in control incubations (27.6 +/- 2.1 and 17.7 +/- 0.8 mumol/ml; mean +/- SD for experiments 1 and 2, respectively) by at least 57% and as much as 94% in the nitrocompound supplemented incubations. By comparison, the widely fed methane inhibitor, monensin, typically reduces ruminal methane production by about 33%. Concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia that accumulated in the nitrocompound supplemented incubations were not markedly affected compared to those produced by control cultures despite the reductions in methane produced. Hydrogen accumulated only slightly in cultures supplemented with the nitrocompounds. These results demonstrate that 2-nitropropanol, nitroethane and nitroethanol inhibit ruminal methane production. Further research is warranted to determine the mechanisms responsible for this inhibition and to see if these inhibitors can be used in practical application to reduce economic and environmental costs associated with ruminal methanogenesis. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. SN 0960-8524 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 90 IS 1 BP 59 EP 63 DI 10.1016/S0960-8524(03)00086-5 UT WOS:000184652000009 PM 12835058 ER PT J AU Laliberte, AS Ripple, WJ AF Laliberte, AS Ripple, WJ TI Wildlife encounters by Lewis and Clark: A spatial analysis of interactions between native Americans and wildlife SO BIOSCIENCE AB The Lewis and Clark journals contain some of the earliest and most detailed written descriptions of a large part of the United States before Euro-American settlement. We used the journal entries to assess the influence of humans on wildlife distribution and abundance. Areas with denser human population, such as the Columbia Basin and the Pacific Coast, had lower species diversity and a lower abundance of large mammals. The opposite effect was observed on the Plains. We believe that overhunting before Euro-American contact and the introduction of the horse, which heightened the effects of hunting, may have been major contributors to the historical absence of some species that are present in the archaeological record. The results show considerable human influence on wildlife even under relatively low human population densities. This finding has major implications for conservation biology and ecological restoration, as human influence is often underestimated when considering presettlement conditions. SN 0006-3568 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 53 IS 10 BP 994 EP 1003 DI 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0994:WEBLAC]2.0.CO;2 UT WOS:000185816100012 ER PT J AU Ogawa, Y Orts, WJ Glenn, GM Wood, DF AF Ogawa, Y Orts, WJ Glenn, GM Wood, DF TI A simple method for studying whole sections of rice grain SO BIOTECHNIC & HISTOCHEMISTRY AB We developed a new and simple method to collect sections of a whole brown rice kernel for investigation of histological properties. A single kernel of rice was dehydrated through a graded ethanol series, transferred to xylene, and embedded in paraffin. During sectioning of the blocks using a rotary microtome, we used a special adhesive tape to collect and place the sections on slides so they remained flat. The use of the adhesive tape technique combined with autofluorescence characteristics allowed us to visualize cell walls throughout an entire longitudinal or transverse section of a whole rice kernel. We obtained scanning electron microscopy images of the sections to determine section quality. SN 1052-0295 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 78 IS 5 BP 237 EP 242 DI 10.1080/10520290310001630467 UT WOS:000188927600002 PM 14989641 ER PT J AU Kenealy, WR Jeffries, TW AF Kenealy, WR Jeffries, TW TI Rapid 2,2 '-bicinchoninic-based xylanase assay compatible with high throughput screening SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS AB High-throughput screening requires simple assays that give reliable quantitative results. A microplate assay was developed for reducing sugar analysis that uses a 2,2'-bicinchoninic-based protein reagent. Endo-1,4-beta-D-xylanase activity against oat spelt xylan was detected at activities of 0.002 to 0.011 IU ml(-1). The assay is linear for sugar concentrations from 0 to 86 mug ml(-1) and can also be used to assay protein concentrations (0 to 143 mug ml(-1)) on the same plate. A variety of temperatures and pH conditions can be used and, after incubation, the assay requires only one detection reagent and one heating step. RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065 SN 0141-5492 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 25 IS 19 BP 1619 EP 1623 DI 10.1023/A:1025668031928 UT WOS:000185207600007 PM 14584917 ER PT J AU Hsu, AF Jones, KC Foglia, TA Marmer, WN AF Hsu, AF Jones, KC Foglia, TA Marmer, WN TI Optimization of alkyl ester production from grease using a phyllosilicate sol-gel immobilized lipase SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS AB Simple alkyl ester derivatives of restaurant grease were prepared using a lipase from Pseudomonoas cepacia immobilized within a phyllosilicate sol-gel matrix as biocatalyst. Alcoholysis reactions of grease were carried out in solvent-free media using a one-step addition of alcohol to the reaction mixture. The immobilized lipase was active from 40 to 70 degreesC. Ester yields (60-97%) were highest when using a ratio of reactants of 2 mmol grease to 8 mmol alcohol and the biocatalyst was 10% (w/w) of grease in the presence of molecular sieves. SN 0141-5492 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 25 IS 20 BP 1713 EP 1716 DI 10.1023/A:1026094318940 UT WOS:000185682000005 PM 14626413 ER PT J AU Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC AF Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC TI The effects of behavior and environmental enrichment on disease resistance of turkeys SO BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY AB Turkey poults were provided with environmental enrichment for the first 14 days after hatch. At 2 days of age each bird was tested for the speed in which it would cross a T-maze. At 5 weeks of age birds were treated with dexamethasone and challenged with Escherichia coli. Enriched birds had higher body weights and incidence of disease and mortality and lower numbers of leukocytes when challenged. Challenged and enriched birds that tested FAST had higher mortality and air sacculitis scores and lower body weights than SLOW birds. Non-enriched, SLOW birds were the only ones to respond to challenge with increases in leukocyte counts and heterophil/lymphocyte ratios. These data suggest that environmental enrichment during the first 2 weeks after hatch may be detrimental to those birds with a FAST T-maze response, and that poults with a FAST response in the T-maze may be more susceptible to experimental bacterial infection. Published by Elsevier Science (USA). SN 0889-1591 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 17 IS 5 BP 339 EP 349 DI 10.1016/S0889-1591(03)00035-7 UT WOS:000185220300004 PM 12946656 ER PT J AU Mass, CF Albright, M Ovens, D Steed, R MacIver, M Grimit, E Eckel, T Lamb, B Vaughan, J Westrick, K Storck, P Colman, B Hill, C Maykut, N Gilroy, M Ferguson, SA Yetter, J Sierchio, JM Bowman, C Stender, R Wilson, R Brown, W AF Mass, CF Albright, M Ovens, D Steed, R MacIver, M Grimit, E Eckel, T Lamb, B Vaughan, J Westrick, K Storck, P Colman, B Hill, C Maykut, N Gilroy, M Ferguson, SA Yetter, J Sierchio, JM Bowman, C Stender, R Wilson, R Brown, W TI Regional environmental prediction over the Pacific Northwest SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY AB This paper examines the potential of regional environmental prediction by focusing on the local forecasting effort in the Pacific North; west. A consortium of federal, state, and local agencies have funded the development and operation of a multifaceted numerical prediction system centered at the University of Washington that includes atmospheric, hydrologic, and air quality models, the collection of real-time regional weather data sources, and a number of realtime applications using both observations and model output. The manuscript reviews northwest modeling and data collection systems, describes the funding and management system established to support and guide the effort, provides some examples of regional real-time applications, and examines the national implications of regional environmental prediction. SN 0003-0007 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 84 IS 10 BP 1353 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-10-1353 UT WOS:000186073600012 ER PT J AU Gaines, WL AF Gaines, WL TI Black Bear, Ursus americanus, denning chronology and den site selection in the northeastern Cascades of Washington SO CANADIAN FIELD-NATURALIST AB 1 studied Black Bear denning chronology and den site selection during 1995-1998 in the northeastern Cascade Mountains of Washington. Male Black Bears entered dens between 22 October and 19 November and emerged between 4 April and 7 May. Females entered dens somewhat sooner, between 15 October and 19 November, and emerged later than males, 4 April and 22 May. These den entry and emergence dates were similar to those reported at similar lattitudes in northwestern Montana. Roads had an important influence on den site selection by Black Bears in this study area. Bears selected dens in areas with no open roads >200 ha in size, >500 m from the nearest open road, and 1500-2000 in in elevation. The combination of information on denning chronology and site characterstics should allow managers to coordinate human activities to reduce the potential for disturbance to denning Black Bears. SN 0008-3550 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 117 IS 4 BP 626 EP 633 UT WOS:000224081100014 ER PT J AU Joley, DB Maddox, DM Schoenig, SE Mackey, BE AF Joley, DB Maddox, DM Schoenig, SE Mackey, BE TI Parameters affecting germinability and seed bank dynamics in dimorphic achenes of Centaurea solstitialis in California SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE AB Yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis L.) is a major rangeland weed pest in California and other western states. Two complementary aspects of seed biology were examined: germination and seed bank dynamics. Achenes were tested for changes in germinability over time using various light, temperature, and moisture treatments. Soil cores were collected over time to monitor changes in achene density. Both plumed and nonplumed achenes exhibited photo reversible responses to red and far-red light. White and red light enhanced germination above that occurring in darkness. Achenes showed seasonal changes in germinability, which were characteristic of conditional dormancy. Exposure of achenes to field conditions during summer alleviated primary dormancy, allowing germination to occur at higher temperatures and lower substrate moisture. Nonplumed achenes collected in winter showed reduced germinability at or above moderate temperatures under both single and multiple light exposures. Imbibition and moderately low temperatures with subsequent drying induced secondary conditional dormancy in some achenes. Plumed achenes dominated the soil seed bank before the rainy season, then declined rapidly following rain. Nonplumed achenes peaked after rains began, then declined. Although nearly all achenes were depleted after 4 years, both types remained, showing annual cycles of high and low germinability in autumn and late spring, respectively. SN 0008-4026 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 81 IS 10 BP 993 EP 1007 DI 10.1139/B03-093 UT WOS:000186777300001 ER PT J AU Fiorentino, I Fahey, TJ Groffman, PM Driscoll, CT Eagar, C Siccama, TG AF Fiorentino, I Fahey, TJ Groffman, PM Driscoll, CT Eagar, C Siccama, TG TI Initial responses of phosphorus biogeochemistry to calcium addition in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB We measured changes in P pools and cycling I year after a Ca fertilization treatment at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in central New Hampshire. We hypothesized that by increasing soil pH and available Ca, the treatment would change the amount of readily available P in the forest floor and the biogeochemical cycling of P in the forest ecosystem. One year after the Ca addition, significant increases occurred in soil pH (one pH unit), resin-sorbed P (2- to over 10-fold), and the microbial respiratory quotient (27%) in the Oe horizon of the treated watershed compared with a reference watershed. Additionally, we observed significant increases in foliar P concentrations (20-133% across six species) and in P retranslocation in the treated watershed between pre- and post-Ca-addition years (P < 0.05). Foliar P was strongly correlated (r = 0.74) with resin-sorbed P. Microbial biomass P, microbial C to P ratios, and available organic and inorganic P fractions were lower in the Oe horizon of the treatment watershed than in the reference watershed, but no differences were observed in soil solution or fine root P concentration. Apparently, by changing soil pH, Ca addition increased rates of P cycling in forest floor horizons at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; OI Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 SN 0045-5067 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1864 EP 1873 DI 10.1139/X03-111 UT WOS:000186396200004 ER PT J AU Haywood, JD Goelz, JC Sayer, MAS Tiarks, AE AF Haywood, JD Goelz, JC Sayer, MAS Tiarks, AE TI Influence of fertilization, weed control, and pine litter on loblolly pine growth and productivity and understory plant development through 12 growing seasons SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB On a silt loam soil in central Louisiana, three cultural treatments were applied to a seedling loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation. The treatments were in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design: (1) no fertilization or a broadcast application of 177 kg N/ha and 151 kg P/ha; (2) no herbicides applied or broadcast or spot applications of hexazinone, sulfometuron methyl, or glyphosate herbicides and felling as required to control competing vegetation during the first three growing seasons; and (3) no litter applied or broadcast application of pine litter to form a 10 to 15 cm layer in the first growing season. Through 12 growing seasons, the fertilization or herbicide treatment significantly increased stand growth (alpha = 0.05), and these two treatments had an additive effect (no treatments, 209 m(3)/ha; fertilization, 328 m(3)/ha; herbicide, 280 m(3)/ha; fertilization and herbicide, 362 m(3)/ha). However, because litter application probably had a minor fertilization effect, the fertilizer and litter combination produced the greatest yield (370 m(3)/ha). The herbicide and litter combination adversely affected pine survival, and so applying all three treatments was no more effective than fertilization alone. The loblolly pine overstory was the dominant factor influencing the long-term development of the understory. SN 0045-5067 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1974 EP 1982 DI 10.1139/X03-119 UT WOS:000186396200014 ER PT J AU McRoberts, RE AF McRoberts, RE TI Compensating for missing plot observations in forest inventory estimation SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB The Enhanced Forest Inventory and Analysis program of the U.S. Forest Service has established a nationwide array of permanent field plots, each representing approximately 2400 ha. Each plot has been assigned to one of five interpenetrating, nonoverlapping panels, with one panel selected for measurement on a rotating basis each year. As with most large surveys, observations for some plots are not obtained. Several techniques for dealing with missing observations were compared with respect to the bias and precision of stratified estimates of mean volume per unit area using data from the State of Indiana in the north-central region of the United States for illustrative purposes. For the proportion of missing plots ranging from 1% to 10%, acceptable results were obtained for techniques that both ignored and replaced missing plot observations, but only when the techniques accounted for differences between plots in private and public ownerships. SN 0045-5067 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 33 IS 10 BP 1990 EP 1997 DI 10.1139/X03-112 UT WOS:000186396200016 ER PT J AU Lindh, BC Gray, AN Spies, TA AF Lindh, BC Gray, AN Spies, TA TI Responses of herbs and shrubs to reduced root competition under canopies and in gaps: a trenching experiment in old-growth Douglas-fir forests SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE AB We tested the effect of root trenching on vegetation in closed-canopy and gap locations in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) forests. Based on theory, we expected belowground competition to be intense in a region with low summer rainfall, and trench responses were expected to be greater in the high light environment of the gaps. We installed I in deep trenches around study plots and lined the trenches to prevent reinvasion by tree roots. Soil moisture was measured monthly during the growing season for the first 3 years after trench installation. Vegetation in these trenched plots was compared with control plots 10 years after installation of the plots. Trenched plots with no vegetation manipulation averaged 92% total understory cover, while untrenched plots averaged 47% cover. Contrary to our expectation, both vegetation and soil moisture responses to trenching were greater in areas of high tree canopy cover than in gaps. Trenched plots under, closed canopies were moister than control plots throughout the growing season, while the trenching effect became apparent in the overall wetter gaps only at the end of the growing season. We conclude that understory plants at these sites were limited at least as much by belowground competition as by aboveground competition. SN 0045-5067 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 33 IS 10 BP 2052 EP 2057 DI 10.1139/X03-120 UT WOS:000186396200023 ER PT J AU Reutebuch, SE McGaughey, RJ Andersen, HE Carson, WW AF Reutebuch, SE McGaughey, RJ Andersen, HE Carson, WW TI Accuracy of a high-resolution lidar terrain model under a conifer forest canopy SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING CT Workshop on 3-D Analysis of Forest Structure and Terrain Using LiDAR Technology CY MAR, 2002 CL VICTORIA, CANADA AB Airborne laser scanning systems (commonly referred to as light detection and ranging or lidar systems) can provide terrain elevation data for open areas with a vertical accuracy of 15 cm. Accuracy in heavily forested areas has not been thoroughly tested. In this study, a high-resolution digital terrain model (DTM) was produced from high-density lidar data. Vegetation in the 500-ha mountainous study area varied from bare ground to dense 70-year-old conifer forest. Conventional ground survey methods were used to collect coordinates and near-ground vegetation heights at 347 ground checkpoints distributed under a range of canopy covers. These points were used to check the DTM accuracy. The mean DTM error was 0.22 +/- 0.24 m (mean +/- SD). DTM elevation errors for four tree canopy cover classes were: clearcut 0.16 +/- 0.23 m, heavily thinned 0.18 +/- 0.14 m, lightly thinned 0.18 +/- 0.18 m, and uncut 0.31 +/- 0.29 m. These DTM errors show a slight increase with canopy density but the differences are strikingly small. In general, the lidar DTM was found to be extremely accurate and potentially very useful in forestry. SN 0703-8992 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 29 IS 5 BP 527 EP 535 UT WOS:000186314400002 ER PT J AU Leathers, TD Nunnally, MS Ahlgren, JA Cote, GL AF Leathers, TD Nunnally, MS Ahlgren, JA Cote, GL TI Characterization of a novel modified alternan SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS AB A novel modified alteman, produced by using newly isolated strains of Penicillium sp., was physically characterized. High molecular weight native alteman was progressively modified to lower molecular weight heterodisperse forms, associated with a reduction in absorbance at 225 nm, light scattering, and opalescence. Methylation analysis indicated that modified alteman has a linkage pattern similar to that of native alteman. The solution viscosity properties of modified alternan resemble those of ultrasonicated alteman and commercial gum arabic. However, alteman lacks the emulsification capacity of gum arabic. Alternan solutions are stable for at least 7 days under all conditions tested, from 4 to 70 degreesC and from pH 3-9. Dry preparations of alteman are bright white powders that are not highly hygroscopic. Thus, modified alteman is promising for further development as a gum arabic substitute, particularly in food applications requiring a low-viscosity bulking agent. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. SN 0144-8617 PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 54 IS 1 BP 107 EP 113 DI 10.1016/S0144-8617(03)00157-7 UT WOS:000185071800013 ER PT J AU He, HQ Kogut, MH AF He, HQ Kogut, MH TI CpG-ODN-induced nitric oxide production is mediated through clathrin-dependent endocytosis, endosomal maturation, and activation of PKC, MEK1/2 and p38 MAPK, and NF-kappa B pathways in avian macrophage cells (HD11) SO CELLULAR SIGNALLING AB We have characterized the nitric oxide (NO) induction by CpG oligodeoxydinucleotide (CpG-ODN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in an avian macrophage cell line (HD11) and evaluated signal transduction pathways by using selective inhibitors. Our results indicate that while CpG-ODN and LPS both stimulate inducible NO synthase (iNOS) to produce NO through common signalling pathways involving activation of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK and MEK12) and transcription factor NF-kappaB; CpG-ODN inducing NO production distinctively requires a clathrin-dependent endocytosis and subsequent endosomal maturation. Inhibitors of clathrin-dependent endocytosis such as monodansylcadaverine and hyperosmolar sucrose completely abolished CpG-ODN stimulated NO production by HD11 cells, but have no or less effect on LPS-induced NO production. The endosomal maturation is also critical for stimulation of NO induction by CpG-ODN, but not by LPS. Our findings are the first to demonstrate cellular signalling pathways that mediate CpG-ODN immunostimulatory activity in cells from non-mammalian species. Published by Elsevier Inc. SN 0898-6568 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 15 IS 10 BP 911 EP 917 DI 10.1016/S0898-6568(03)00100-1 UT WOS:000184594600003 PM 12873704 ER PT J AU Pantarotto, D Partidos, CD Hoebeke, J Brown, F Kramer, E Briand, JP Muller, S Prato, M Bianco, A AF Pantarotto, D Partidos, CD Hoebeke, J Brown, F Kramer, E Briand, JP Muller, S Prato, M Bianco, A TI Immunization with peptide-functionalized carbon nanotubes enhances virus-specific neutralizing antibody responses SO CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY AB Functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) hold a lot of promise for application in medicinal chemistry. Based on a method for preparation of water-soluble CNTs, we covalently linked a neutralizing B cell epitope from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) to mono- and bis-derivatized CNTs. Immunological characterization of these conjugates revealed that the epitope was appropriately presented after conjugation to CNTs for recognition by antibodies as measured by BlAcore technology. Moreover, peptide-carbon nanotubes elicited strong anti-peptide antibody responses in mice with no detectable cross-reactivity to the carbon nanotubes. However, only the mono-derivitized CNT conjugate induced high levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies. These findings highlight for the first time the potential of CNTs to present biologically important epitopes in an appropriate conformation both in vitro and in vivo and open up the possibility for their use in vaccine delivery. RI Prato, Maurizio/G-7067-2012; Muller, Sylviane/J-5319-2014 OI Prato, Maurizio/0000-0002-8869-8612; SN 1074-5521 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 10 IS 10 BP 961 EP 966 DI 10.1016/j.chembiol.2003.09.011 UT WOS:000186190400010 PM 14583262 ER PT J AU Ramsay, TG Rosebrough, RW AF Ramsay, TG Rosebrough, RW TI Hormonal regulation of postnatal chicken preadipocyte differentiation in vitro SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB This study was designed to develop a culture system from the stromal-vascular fraction of chicken adipose tissue that can be used to characterize hormones that promote preadipocyte differentiation. Abdominal adipose tissue was excised from 2 to 4-week-old male broilers (Gallus domesticus) by sterile dissection. The stromal-vascular cell fraction from the adipose tissue was isolated by collagenase digestion, filtration, and subsequent centrifugation. These preadipocytes were seeded in six well culture plates and proliferated to confluency in 10% fetal bovine serum in DMEM/F12 (50:50) medium. At confluency, experiments were initiated to determine hormonal requirements for differentiation. Insulin (100 nM) stimulated expression of citrate lyase and sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase relative to lactate dehydrogenase in the presence of 2.5% chicken serum (P < 0.05), but not with 10% chicken serum (P > 0.05). Triiodothyronine (T-3, 1 nM) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (100 ng/ml) had no effect on differentiation. Dexamethasone (Dex, 1 muM) stimulated differentiation in 2.5 or 10% chicken serum (P < 0.05). Insulin, Dex and 2.5% chicken serum stimulated enzymatic differentiation to the extent of 10% chicken serum, but heparin (10 U/ml) addition, in combination with insulin and Dex was necessary to stimulate lipid filling of adipocytes. (C) 2002 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SN 1096-4959 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 136 IS 2 BP 245 EP 253 AR PII S1096-4959(02)00261-0 DI 10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00261-0 UT WOS:000185879000010 PM 14529750 ER PT J AU Nelson, DR Leopold, RA AF Nelson, DR Leopold, RA TI Composition of the surface hydrocarbons from the vitelline membranes of dipteran embryos SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB Hydrocarbons were the major lipid class extracted by hexane from the vitelline membrane surface of dechorionated eggs of the house fly, Musca domestica, the New World screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax, the secondary screwworm, Cochliomyia macellaria, the green bottle fly, Phaenicia sericata, the sheep blow fly, Lucilia cuprina and the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens. The length of time the embryos must be exposed to hexane with or without a small amount of alcohol in order to attain permeability was species-dependant. Long-chain n-alkanes comprised the major lipid class removed from vitelline membranes of all species except A. ludens where 2-methylalkanes were the major class. The range in size by the total number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbons was: C23-C49 in C. hominivorax, C27-C33 in C. macellaria, C24-C35 in L. cuprina, C25-C36 in M. domestica, C25-03 in P sericata and C21-C51 in A. ludens. The major hydrocarbon component, expressed as percent of the total hydrocarbons, was n-nonacosane (C29) in C. hominivorax (40%), C. macellaria (43%), L. cuprina (38%), M. domestica (39%) and P sericata (60%). However, in A. ludens, 2-methyloctacosane (32%) was the major hydrocarbon. Unsaturated hydrocarbons, monoenes (16%) and dienes (11%), were abundant only in A. ludens. Since prior studies indicated that the length of time the embryos must be exposed to hexane with or without a small amount of alcohol in order to attain permeability is species dependant, we suggest that the differences in hydrocarbon composition may contribute to this variation in lipid extractability. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SN 1096-4959 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 136 IS 2 BP 295 EP 308 DI 10.1016/S1096-4959(03)00206-9 UT WOS:000185879000015 PM 14529755 ER PT J AU Nelson, DR Freeman, TP Buckner, JS Hoelmer, KA Jackson, CG Hagler, JR AF Nelson, DR Freeman, TP Buckner, JS Hoelmer, KA Jackson, CG Hagler, JR TI Characterization of the cuticular surface wax pores and the waxy particles of the dustywing, Semidalis flinti (Neuroptera : Coniopterygidae) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB The adult dustywing, Semidalis flinti Meinander (Neuroptera: Coniopterygidae), begins producing circular-shaped waxy particles after eclosion. The waxy material, which forms the particles, is extruded from individual pores found in clusters on the abdomen. Pores also are present in two rows of three pores on the frontalis and two pores on the first segment of each antennae. The pores have a rosette-like appearance and each pore extrudes dual waxy ribbons. As each ribbon extends a short distance out of the pore, it begins to curl back on itself until the end makes contact with the ribbon. The curled end then breaks free from the extruding ribbon to form the circular waxy particles with fluted edges approximately 2.75-mum diameter. The adults use the particles to cover all parts of their body except for their eyes and appear to lightly coat their antennae. The lipid portion of the particles consists largely of free fatty acids, almost exclusively the 24-carbon fatty acid, tetracosanoic acid. Minor lipid classes are hydrocarbons, fatty alcohols and unidentified material. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SN 1096-4959 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 136 IS 2 BP 343 EP 356 DI 10.1016/S1096-4959(03)00216-1 UT WOS:000185879000020 PM 14529760 ER PT J AU Ospina-Giraldo, MD Mullins, E Kang, S AF Ospina-Giraldo, MD Mullins, E Kang, S TI Loss of function of the Fusarium oxysporum SNF1 gene reduces virulence on cabbage and Arabidopsis SO CURRENT GENETICS AB Fusarium oxysporum pathogenicity is believed to require the activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes. Production of these enzymes in fungi is subject to carbon catabolite repression, a process that in yeast is mostly controlled by the SNF1 (sucrose non-fermenting 1) gene. To elucidate the role of cell wall-degrading enzymes in F. oxysporum pathogenicity, we cloned and disrupted its SNF1 homologue (FoSNF1). The fosnf1 mutants had a reduced expression of several genes encoding cell wall-degrading enzymes and grew poorly on certain carbon sources. Infection assays on Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica oleracea revealed that progression of wilt symptoms in plants infected by fosnf1 mutants was considerably delayed, in comparison with those infected by a wild-type strain. In conclusion, mutations in FoSNF1 prevent F. oxysporum from properly derepressing the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes, compromise the utilization of certain carbon sources, and reduce its virulence on A. thaliana and B. oleracea. OI Mullins, Ewen/0000-0003-3005-4264 SN 0172-8083 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 44 IS 1 BP 49 EP 57 DI 10.1007/s00294-003-0419-y UT WOS:000185513800006 PM 12845476 ER PT J AU Xie, H Raybourne, RB Babu, US Lillehoj, HS Heckert, RA AF Xie, H Raybourne, RB Babu, US Lillehoj, HS Heckert, RA TI CpG-induced immunomodulation and intracellular bacterial killing in a chicken macrophage cell line SO DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY AB The immunostimulatory properties of synthetic CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) have been studied in various mammalian models including humans and mice. However, little was known about effects of CpG ODNs on immune responses of chickens, a common avian species with important economical value in the poultry industry. In the present study, two CpG ODNs, 2006 and 1826, which show immunomodutating properties for humans and mice were tested using a chicken macrophage cell line (HD11). ODN 2006, which has been reported to be an optimal stimulatory sequence for humans, showed strong immunomodulatory effects on HD11 cells, whereas ODN 1826, a CpG sequence with optimal immunostimulatory effects on mice, had weak influences on HD11 cells. ODN 2006 also induced strong IL-6 and nitric oxide secretion by HD11 cells in both dose-and time-dependent manners. Intracellular killing of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) was also increased in ODN 2006-activated HD11 cells. Furthermore, HD11 cells had reduced proliferation and underwent apoptosis, which is contradictory to the effects of ODN 2006 on human and murine cells. N-G-monomethyl L-arginine(L-NMMA), an iNOS inhibitor, inhibited apoptosis of HD11 cells induced by ODN 2006, suggesting that this effect was likely mediated through an iNOS-dependent pathway. These results indicate that the differences in the responses of chicken HID I I macrophage cells to CpG ODNs compared to those of mammalian macrophages are species-related, and the potential of CpG ODNs as immunomodulators in poultry needs to be further explored. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. SN 0145-305X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 27 IS 9 BP 823 EP 834 DI 10.1016/S0145-305X(03)00079-X UT WOS:000184484300007 PM 12818639 ER PT J AU Zobeck, TM Van Pelt, RS AF Zobeck, TM Van Pelt, RS TI Editorial: Joint Meeting of the 5th International Conference on Aeolian Research and the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems-Soil Erosion Network SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS RI Zobeck, Ted/A-6126-2012 SN 0197-9337 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 28 IS 11 BP 1161 EP 1161 DI 10.1002/sp.1032 UT WOS:000186388700001 ER PT J AU Zobeck, TM Sterk, G Funk, R Rajot, JL Stout, JE Van Pelt, RS AF Zobeck, TM Sterk, G Funk, R Rajot, JL Stout, JE Van Pelt, RS TI Measurement and data analysis methods for field-scale wind erosion studies and model validation SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS CT Joint Meeting of the 5th International Conference on Aeolian Research/Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems-Soil Erosion Network CY JUL 22-25, 2002 CL LUBBOCK, TEXAS AB Accurate and reliable methods of measuring windblown sediment are needed to confirm, validate, and improve erosion models, assess the intensity of aeolian processes and related damage, determine the source of pollutants, and for other applications. This paper outlines important principles to consider in conducting field-scale wind erosion studies and proposes strategies of field data collection for use in model validation and development. Detailed discussions include consideration of field characteristics, sediment sampling, and meteorological stations. The field shape used in field-scale wind erosion research is generally a matter of preference and in many studies may not have practical significance. Maintaining a clear non-erodible boundary is necessary to accurately determine erosion fetch distance. A field length of about 300 in may be needed in many situations to approach transport capacity for saltation flux in bare agricultural fields. Field surface conditions affect the wind profile and other processes such as sediment emission, transport, and deposition and soil erodibility. Knowledge of the temporal variation in surface conditions is necessary to understand aeolian processes. Temporal soil properties that impact aeolian processes include surface roughness, dry aggregate size distribution, dry aggregate stability, and crust characteristics. Use of a portable 2 tall anemometer tower should be considered to quantify variability of friction velocity and aerodynamic roughness caused by surface conditions in field-scale studies. The types of samplers used for sampling aeolian sediment will vary depending upon the type of sediment to be measured. The Big Spring Number Eight (BSNE) and Modified Wilson and Cooke (MWAC) samplers appear to be the most popular for field studies of saltation. Suspension flux may be measured with commercially available instruments after modifications are made to ensure isokinetic conditions at high wind speeds. Meteorological measurements should include wind speed and direction, air temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, rain amount, soil temperature and moisture. Careful consideration of the climatic, sediment, and soil surface characteristics observed in future field-scale wind erosion studies will ensure maximum use of the data collected. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. RI Zobeck, Ted/A-6126-2012; RAJOT, Jean Louis/J-5635-2016; Funk, Roger/A-4412-2014 OI RAJOT, Jean Louis/0000-0002-3428-5636; SN 0197-9337 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 28 IS 11 BP 1163 EP 1188 DI 10.1002/esp.1033 UT WOS:000186388700002 ER PT J AU Van Donk, SJ Skidmore, EL AF Van Donk, SJ Skidmore, EL TI Measurement and simulation of wind erosion, roughness degradation and residue decomposition on an agricultural field SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS CT Joint Meeting of the 5th International Conference on Aeolian Research/Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems-Soil Erosion Network CY JUL 22-25, 2002 CL LUBBOCK, TEXAS AB The Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) includes submodels to simulate soil erosion by wind, roughness degradation and residue decomposition. These WEPS submodels were tested using data measured on a 600 m by 415 m fanner's field, planted with winter wheat, near Burlington, Colorado, USA. Big Spring Number Eight (BSNE) samplers were used to measure wind blown sediment flux and automated devices (Sensits) detected saltating sediment. A weather station recorded relevant meteorological data. Detailed measurements of field surface conditions were taken on three dates. One significant dust storm occurred during the experimental period (November 2000 to April 2001). Spatial variability of sediment discharge was high. This could partially be explained by spatial differences in residue cover and mass, leaf area index, sand fraction and wetness of the surface soil. WEPS overestimated the ability of small wheat plants to protect the soil against wind erosion. A simulation without any wheat plants produced a large field sediment loss of 4.43 kg m(-2), whereas a simulation with very small wheat plants (height = 10 mm, leaf area index = 0.1, stem area index = 0.01) produced no erosion. This component of WEPS is based on laboratory wind tunnel experiments with simulated standing biomass uniformly spaced on a flat surface. Wheat biomass in the field is not uniformly spaced. WEPS should be modified to account for these non-uniform realities. Mean ridge height was reduced from 42 mm on 19 December to 34 mm (36 mm simulated using WEPS) on 12 April. Mean random roughness was reduced from 5.8 mm on 19 December to 5.2 mm (5.3 mm simulated) on 8 March. Mean corn residue biomass was reduced only slightly from 1204 kg ha(-1) on 19 December to 1174 kg ha(-1) (1075-1175 kg ha(-1) simulated) on 12 April. These differences between measured data and simulations were not significant (P > 0.05), enhancing confidence in the ability of WEPS to simulate roughness degradation and residue decomposition. Published in 2003 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. SN 0197-9337 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 28 IS 11 BP 1243 EP 1258 DI 10.1002/esp.1037 UT WOS:000186388700006 ER PT J AU Shields, FD Cooper, CM Knight, SS Moore, MT AF Shields, FD Cooper, CM Knight, SS Moore, MT TI Stream corridor restoration research: a long and winding road SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING CT 1st Annual Conference of the American-Ecological-Engineering-Society CY APR 30-MAY 02, 2001 CL UNIV GEORGIA, ATHENS, GEORGIA SP Amer Ecol Engn Soc HO UNIV GEORGIA AB Stream corridor restoration research and practice is presented as an example of the application of ecology and engineering to solve a class of environmental problems. Interest and public investment in stream corridor restoration has increased sharply in developed nations over the last two decades, as evidenced by the volume of technical and refereed literature. However, real progress at the regional and national scale depends on successful research outcomes. Research addressing problems associated with stream corridor ecosystem restoration is beset by numerous problems. First, terms referring to restoration are loosely defined. Secondly, stream ecosystems are not amenable to rigorous experimental design because they are governed by a host of independent variables that are heterogeneous in time and space, they are not scalable, and their response times are often too long for human attention spans. These problems lead to poorly controlled or uncontrolled experiments with outcomes that are not reproducible. Extension of results to other sites or regions is uncertain. Social factors further complicate research and practice-riparian landowners may or may not cooperate with the experiment, and application of findings normally occurs through a process of suboptimal compromise. Economic issues, namely assigning costs for present and future ecosystem services that provide off-site benefits, further impede progress. Clearly, the situation calls for a hybrid approach between the rigor of the ecologist and the judgment and pragmatism of the engineer. This hybrid approach can be used to develop creative, low-cost approaches to address key factors limiting recovery. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. SN 0925-8574 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 20 IS 5 BP 441 EP 454 DI 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2003.08.005 UT WOS:000187243600009 ER PT J AU Ferreyra, RA Dardanelli, JL Pachepsky, LB Collino, DJ Faustinelli, PC Giambastiani, G Reddy, VR Jones, JW AF Ferreyra, RA Dardanelli, JL Pachepsky, LB Collino, DJ Faustinelli, PC Giambastiani, G Reddy, VR Jones, JW TI Nonlinear effects of water stress on peanut photosynthesis at crop and leaf scales SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING AB Crop models are being increasingly used in agricultural and environmental studies of marginal environments where water availability limits crop growth. The PNUTGRO model (a precursor of CROPGRO and CSM) has systematically underestimated rainfed pod yield and aboveground biomass, while accurately predicting the same variables under irrigation, in the frequently drought-stricken Argentine peanut-growing region. This happened although the model was previously optimized to properly simulate atmospheric water demand and soil/plant water supply, suggesting that the mechanisms of peanut drought tolerance are not adequately expressed in the model. Crop models such as PNUTGRO typically describe water stress using a linear function to penalize carbon assimilation when water supply falls below a certain limit, assuming that stomatal control affects transpiration and photosynthesis proportionally. We analyzed the feasibility of a linear transpiration-protosynthesis relationship at the leaf and crop scales. At the leaf scale we used two leaf gas exchange models (a conductance model and the anatomy-based 2DLEAF). At the crop scale we replaced the linear equation linking transpiration supply/demand and photosynthesis in PNUTGRO with an equation of the form PG/PGMAX = 1 - (1 - SWFAC)<^>WSFEXP, where SWFAC is PNUTGRO's transpiration demand/supply ratio and WSFEXP is an empirical nonlinearity constant that was determined by simultaneously fitting simulated and observed biomass and-plant-extractable soil water (PESW) content of several field experiments. An independent data set was used for validation. Both leaf models showed that linearity is infeasible, primarily due to the greater contribution of stomatal aperture to the total pathway resistance of water vapor versus CO2. At the crop-level, simulations of biomass, PESW, and pod yield in rainfed experiments improved the most when we used the nonlinear function with WSFEXP = 2.5. Mean final biomass error improved from -20 to -6.5%; mean final pod yield error went from 20 to 0.07%; mean PESW error went from 5 to -0.2%. Our results support the idea that water use efficiency (WUE) is a nonlinear function that increases under conditions of water stress. This agrees with experimental evidence from the literature and with theory integrating quasi-steady-state stomatal closure due to low soil water availability, short-timescale midday adaptive behavior, and peanut-specific drought-avoidance mechanisms. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. SN 0304-3800 PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 168 IS 1-2 BP 57 EP 76 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00195-9 UT WOS:000185454700005 ER PT J AU Kwit, C Platt, WJ AF Kwit, C Platt, WJ TI Disturbance history influences regeneration of non-pioneer understory trees SO ECOLOGY AB Is regeneration of understory trees in closed-canopy forests following large-scale disturbances influenced by the recent history of small-scale disturbances? We examined recruitment (in-growth of advance recruits to 2-cm diameter at 1.5-m height at each biennial census), growth, and mortality of non-pioneer understory trees in local areas with different disturbance histories in a southeastern United States hardwood forest over 13 years following a moderate-intensity hurricane. Recruitment was negligible beneath closed canopy, but occurred in hurricane-generated gaps, as well as older and recently formed preexisting gaps already containing recruits of understory trees. Growth rates of recruits in all three types of gaps were generally highest after the hurricane, and declined to similarly low rates over time. High recruitment and low mortality resulted in high densities of Ostrya virginiana and Carpinus caroliniana. Growth rates of these usurper-type species, which exhibit low mortality and substantial responsiveness to increased light levels, were initially Greater in hurricane-generated gaps than in pre-hurricane gaps. Other understory species had lower growth rates and higher mortality in all three types of gaps. Differences in local history at the time of the hurricane produced variation in the dynamics of non-pioneer understory tree populations and favored usurper-type species that responded rapidly in both hurricane-generated gaps and in preexisting gaps that had not yet closed. SN 0012-9658 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 84 IS 10 BP 2575 EP 2581 DI 10.1890/02-3130 UT WOS:000186599300008 ER PT J AU Vance, MD Fahrig, L Flather, CH AF Vance, MD Fahrig, L Flather, CH TI Effect of reproductive rate on minimum habitat requirements of forest-breeding birds SO ECOLOGY AB A major challenge facing conservation biologists and wildlife managers is to predict how fauna will respond to habitat loss. Different species require different amounts of habitat for population persistence, and species' reproductive rates have been identified as one of the major factors affecting these habitat-amount requirements. The purpose of this study was to test the prediction that species with higher reproductive rates require less habitat for population persistence than species with lower reproductive rates. We used 41 species of forest breeding birds to test for a relationship between the annual reproductive output and the amount of forest cover at which each species has a 50% probability of presence in the landscape. To look at the presence of species over landscapes with varying amounts of forest cover, we combined two large-scale independent data sets: the North American Breeding Bird Survey and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) digital data. Species presence/absence information was determined over a 10-year window for 779 circular landscapes that surround each Breeding Bird Survey route in the central and eastern USA region. Annual reproductive rates were obtained-from the literature. There was a significant negative (interspecies) relationship between the estimated minimum habitat amount at which there was a 50% probability of presence in the landscape and annual reproductive output (F-1.39 = 7.71, P = 0.008, r(2) = 0.16). This is the first direct test for a negative relationship between minimum habitat requirements and annual reproductive rates. RI Flather, Curtis/G-3577-2012 OI Flather, Curtis/0000-0002-0623-3126 SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 84 IS 10 BP 2643 EP 2653 DI 10.1890/02-0159 UT WOS:000186599300014 ER PT J AU Bai, Y Tischler, CR Booth, DT Taylor, EM AF Bai, Y Tischler, CR Booth, DT Taylor, EM TI Variations in germination and grain quality within a rust resistant common wheat germplasm as affected by parental CO2 conditions SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY AB Parental conditions, such as temperature, soil moisture, nutrient availability, light and competition during plant growth and seed maturation, influence seed quality and germinability. Elevated CO2 concentration can be also treated as a parental condition and should be considered when evaluating crop productivity under future climate conditions. Available information on the effect of parental CO2 conditions on seed quality and germinability is limited, particularly for intra-population variations. Therefore, seeds of several entries of a rust resistant common wheat germplasm (Triticum aestivum L., AZ-MSFERS-82RR PI# 552988) grown under three CO2 concentrations (350, 700 and 1000 ppm) were studied to determine the intra-population variation in seed germinability and grain quality, and the relationship between grain quality and germinability. Germination percentage was near 100% for all treatments, but different patterns in germination rate were found among entries: (1) both 700 and 1000 ppm CO2 increased germination rate comparing with 350 ppm CO2, (2) both 700 and 1000 ppm CO2 reduced seed germination rate, and (3) 700 but not 1000 ppm CO2 reduced germination rate. These variations were apparently entry-related, indicating the existence of intra-population variation in the response of germination rate to parental CO2 conditions. Chemical constituents responded to increasing CO2 concentration differently among entries, but the C/N ratio was similar among CO2 treatments. A negative correlation between C content and germination rate was found. The importance of this correlation in seeds of other species should be evaluated because it may serve as an indicator for the effect Of CO2 enrichment on seed germinability. Because elevated CO2 parental conditions may affect both seedling establishment and grain quality of crops, intra-population variations in the response of seed germinability and grain quality to CO2 conditions should be considered in future breeding efforts. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. SN 0098-8472 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 50 IS 2 BP 159 EP 168 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(03)00022-4 UT WOS:000186161800005 ER PT J AU Snodgrass, GL AF Snodgrass, GL TI Role of reproductive diapause in the adaption of the tarnished plant bug (Heteroptera : Miridae) to its winter habitat in the Mississippi River Delta SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB Reproductive diapause in the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), was studied by dissection of field collected adults or adults reared from field collected nymphs in 1999-2001 in Washington County near Stoneville, MS. The critical photoperiod for diapause induction was 12.5:11.5 (L:D) h, or approximate to12 September. This photoperiod was also near the day-length at which new generation adults produced in late winter and early spring became reproductive. Overwintering adults collected from winter host plants in December 1999 and 2001 began breaking diapause in the second and third weeks of December at a day-length near 10:14 (L:D) h. Most of the overwintering females collected on winter host plants had mature eggs by the end of December in both winters, and new generation adults were produced on winter hosts by the second or third week in March. Overwintering adults also were collected in January 2002 from plant debris not associated with any winter host plant. Most of the females overwintering in plant debris had mature eggs at the end of January, approximately 1 month later than overwintering females collected from winter hosts. This indicated than the adults from plant debris were in a different state of diapause, because they did not overwinter on a food source and matured reproductively at a later date. The winters of 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 were mild, whereas in the winter of 2000-2001, winter host plants were killed or stunted by cold weather. Diapause in plant debris in the winter of 2000-2001 was probably favored, because these adults would be more likely to survive until suitable host plants were available. SN 0046-225X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 32 IS 5 BP 945 EP 952 UT WOS:000186445200004 ER PT J AU Cardoza, YJ Teal, PEA Tumlinson, JH AF Cardoza, YJ Teal, PEA Tumlinson, JH TI Effect of peanut plant fungal infection on oviposition preference by Spodoptera exigua and on host-searching behavior by Cotesia marginiventris SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB In the current study, we tested the effect of peanut, Arachis hypogaea L. (Leguminoseae), stem infection by the white mold fungus, Sclerotium rolfsii Saccodes (Basidiomycetes), on the oviposition preference of beet armyworms (BAW), Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and on the host-searching behavior by a BAW larval parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris. We found that, in choice tests, adult BAW oviposited more on white mold-infected plants than on healthy plants. We also found evidence that this preference is mediated by plant volatiles and other biochemical changes in plant chemistry caused by fungal infection. When plants were exposed to BAW feeding, the parasitoid C. marginiventris landed more frequently on infected than on healthy plants. We conducted wind tunnel choice experiments to determine whether the more frequent landing by the wasps was mediated by the volatiles emitted by healthy and white mold-infected plants in response to BAW damage. In these wind tunnel experiments, wasps were more responsive to volatiles from plants infected with the white mold compared with healthy ones, when both types of plants were exposed to damaged by BAW caterpillars. Thus, white mold-infected peanut plants were preferred by RAW for oviposition, but, when damaged by BAW larvae, infected plants were also more attractive to one of the BAW natural enemies. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the effect of pathogen-induced biochemical changes in plants on parasitoid behavior has been evaluated. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011 SN 0046-225X EI 1938-2936 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 32 IS 5 BP 970 EP 976 UT WOS:000186445200007 ER PT J AU Cornelius, ML Osbrink, WLA AF Cornelius, ML Osbrink, WLA TI Agonistic interactions between colonies of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) in New Orleans, Louisiana SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB Our objective was to examine the pattern of agonistic behavior observed among 11 colonies of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, collected from two locations in New Orleans, LA. In 24-h petri dish tests, 13 of the 40 colony pairs displayed agonism in at least one replicate. In 14-d tests conducted in sand-filled foraging arenas, seven of the nine colony pairs tested showed agonism, including three that had showed agonism in the 24-h test and four that had not shown any agonism in the 24-h test. In tests in which individual behavior was observed for I h, there was variation in the prevalence of aggressive behavior shown by individual workers. This study shows that interactions between colonies of C. formosanus from the same geographic area are complex and that these interactions could influence strategies for termite control. SN 0046-225X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 32 IS 5 BP 1002 EP 1009 UT WOS:000186445200011 ER PT J AU Hansen, EA Funderburk, JE Reitz, SR Ramachandran, S Eger, JE McAuslane, H AF Hansen, EA Funderburk, JE Reitz, SR Ramachandran, S Eger, JE McAuslane, H TI Within-plant distribution of Frankliniella species (Thysanoptera : Thripidae) and Orius insidiosus (Heteroptera : Anthocoridae) in field pepper SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB We evaluated the within-plant distribution of Frankliniella spp. and the predator Orius insidiosus (Say) in pepper (Capsicum anuum L.), over a range of field conditions, and we conducted behavioral experiments to examine the time budgets of F occidentalis (Pergande) and F tritici (Fitch) females on pepper plant parts. In the field experiments Frankliniella species composition varied by season and location. Still, all populations of thrips and O. insidiosus in untreated and insecticide-treated pepper were highly concentrated in the flowers, with 82-99% of individuals of each taxa found in flowers. This preference for flowers was corroborated by laboratory-choice experiments. Adult females of F. occidentalis and F. tritici showed a strong preference for pepper flowers over leaves and buds. In laboratory observations, females of F. occidentalis spent 3.6x as much time on flowers as on all other plant parts, and females of F. tritici spent over 6.3x as much time on flowers as on all other plant parts. Therefore, the concentration of these thrips in flowers appears to be behaviorally based and not an artifact of insecticide applications or sampling. Using estimates of populations from flowers of field pepper is sufficient for understanding the local dynamics of Frankliniella spp. and the predator O. insidiosus, and for estimating the benefits of biological control in scouting programs based on predator to prey ratios. RI Reitz, Stuart/B-7667-2008 SN 0046-225X EI 1938-2936 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 32 IS 5 BP 1035 EP 1044 UT WOS:000186445200015 ER PT J AU Geden, CJ De Almeida, MAF Do Prado, AP AF Geden, CJ De Almeida, MAF Do Prado, AP TI Effects of Nosema disease on fitness of the parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus (Hymenoptera : Encyrtidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB The effects of an undetermined species of Nosema on fitness of the muscoid fly parasitoid Tachinaephagus zealandicus were examined in the laboratory. Infected female parasitoids that were given honey and water lived about one-half as long as uninfected parasitoids under these feeding conditions. Effects of infection on longevity were strongest at 30degreesC; infected and uninfected females lived 2.8 and 8.7 d, respectively. Infected and uninfected parasitoids that were given only water had similar longevities, but water-only-fed parasitoids had much shorter lifespans than honey-fed parasitoids at all temperatures. Infection did not result in significant lengthening of development times of immature stages, with male and female parasitoids completing development from egg to adult in approximate to23, 33, and 60 d at 25, 20, and 15degreesC, respectively. Overall emergence of uninfected parasitoid adults was 16 times greater than infected parasitoids at 15degreesC. Emergence of uninfected parasitoids was 11 and 3 times greater than infected parasitoids at 20 and 25degreesC, respectively, and sex ratios of emerged adults were significantly more male-biased in infected parasitoids at these temperatures than among uninfected parasitoids. Dissections of uneclosed puparia revealed that many infected parasitoids completed development to the adult stage but did not successfully emerge from host puparia. Infected and uninfected females killed similar numbers of hosts (70-75 house fly or Sarcophaga bullata larvae killed per group of five females in 24 h). Uninfected females parasitized significantly more house fly larvae (59.7) and produced more than twice as many adult progeny (311.1) as infected females (34.1 hosts parasitized, 138.3 progeny produced). Infected females parasitized about as many S. bullata hosts as uninfected females and produced slightly fewer adult progeny (588.2 and 460.1 progeny per group of five uninfected and infected females, respectively). In tests with individual females given house fly hosts daily throughout life, uninfected and infected parasitoids had similar longevities (3.9 and 3.7 d, respectively), but uninfected parasitoids produced 2-5 times as many adult progeny. SN 0046-225X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 32 IS 5 BP 1139 EP 1145 UT WOS:000186445200027 ER PT J AU Boohene, CK Geden, CJ Becnel, JJ AF Boohene, CK Geden, CJ Becnel, JJ TI Evaluation of remediation methods for Nosema disease in Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB Several methods were investigated for managing Nosema disease in the parasitoid Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Sanders. Treatment of parasitoid eggs or pupae within host puparia with gamma radiation from a cesium-137 source were either lethal to the parasitoids at all dosages tested (eggs), or failed to reduce infection rates (pupae). Exposure of parasitoid eggs within host puparia to heat was effective at several temperatures and exposure times. Optimal results for disease reduction were achieved with a 5-h exposure to 45degreesC, which resulted in no infection in the resulting adult parasitoids. Continuous rearing at elevated temperatures (30 and 32degreesC) for three generations resulted in decreased spore loads in infected parasitoids but did not reduce infection rates. Incorporation of the drugs albendazole and rifampicin into rearing media of the parasitoid's host (house fly immatures) resulted in pupae that were of poor quality and did not reduce infection rates in parasitoids that developed in flies reared on drug-treated media. Treatment of adult parasitoids with 3% albendazole and/or rifampicin resulted in decreased rates of transovarial transmission of the disease. Transmission blockage required 3-7 d of exposure to the drug before substantial treatment effects were manifest. Parasitoids that fed for 7 d on rifampicin-treated honey transmitted the disease to 57.7% of their progeny compared with a 99.1% transmission rate among untreated parasitoids. An uninfected colony of M. raptor was established by pooling cured parasitoids from heat shock and drug treatment experiments. Parasitoids from the uninfected colony lived longer and produced over twice as many female progeny (201.2) as infected parasitoids (85.2). SN 0046-225X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 32 IS 5 BP 1146 EP 1153 UT WOS:000186445200028 ER PT J AU Oi, DH Williams, DF AF Oi, DH Williams, DF TI Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporidia : Thelohaniidae) infection in reproductives of red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) and its implication for intercolony transmission SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB The natural mechanism of intercolony transmission of Thelohania solenopsae, a pathogen of red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta, is unknown. However, T solenopsae can be transmitted by introducing infected brood into an uninfected colony. We hypothesized that the transfer of brood among colonies during intercolony competition may be a mechanism for the horizontal transmission of T solenopsae. Male and female reproductive caste alates, collected during the initiation of mating flights from infected colonies, had T solenopsae infection rates of 93 and 75%, respectively. In addition, 47 field-collected, newly mated queens that were reared in the laboratory established T. solenopsae-infected colonies that contained egg, larvae, pupae, and adults. Because T solenopsae is transovarially transmitted, this indicated that infected founding queens generated infected colonies. A life span of less than or equal to52 wk was documented for 81% of the infected queens and 59% for uninfected queens. To determine whether imported fire ant colonies can become infected with T solenopsae via colony raiding, seven pairs of S. invicta colonies consisting of large, uninfected and small, infected colonies were given access to each other in the laboratory. T solenopsae infection was detected in four of seven of the large colonies. In the four large, infected colonies, brood levels declined an average of 64% after 22 wk in contrast to a 116% increase in the controls. Thus, there was evidence that incipient, T solenopsae-infected colonies could provide a source of inocula for the horizontal transmission of T solenopsae through the transfer of brood during colony raiding. SN 0046-225X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 32 IS 5 BP 1171 EP 1176 UT WOS:000186445200031 ER PT J AU Morales-Ramos, JA Rojas, MG Hennon, PE AF Morales-Ramos, JA Rojas, MG Hennon, PE TI Black-staining fungus effects on the natural resistance properties of Alaskan yellow cedar to the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB The effects of a black wood stain, caused by one or more fungi, on the natural resistance of Alaskan yellow cedar (AYC), Chamacyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach, to the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, were studied. Feeding and survival of groups of 300 C. formosanus feeding on unstained Alaskan yellow cedar heartwood and sapwood and fully and partially black-stained heartwood were compared with a control group feeding on loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., wood. All termite groups feeding on unstained AYC died by the end of 14 wk. At the end of 32 wk, mortality of termite groups feeding on fully,and partially black-stained AYC was significantly higher than that of groups feeding on pine. Termite mortality was significantly higher when feeding on partially than on fully black-stained AYC at the end of 32 wk. Wood consumption was significantly different among all treatment groups, with means of 4.07,8.76,19.81, and 29.77 mg/d in the unstained, partially, and fully black-stained AYC, and loblolly pine, respectively. This suggests that toxic and feeding deterrence properties of AYC heartwood were significantly reduced by black-staining fungus infection but were not totally lost. Chemical analysis of unstained and black-stained AYC wood showed approximately a 50% reduction in concentration of secondary chemicals in the black-stained wood. Carvacrol was totally absent in the black-stained wood. Concentrations of nootkatone in the black-stained wood were one-fourth of those observed in unstained AYC wood. Ecological implications are discussed. OI Morales-Ramos, Juan/0000-0002-3506-3859 SN 0046-225X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 32 IS 5 BP 1234 EP 1241 UT WOS:000186445200039 ER PT J AU Borowicz, VA Albrecht, U Mayer, RT AF Borowicz, VA Albrecht, U Mayer, RT TI Effects of nutrient supply on citrus resistance to root herbivory by Diaprepes abbreviatus L. (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY AB We treated two citrus cultivars with a complete fertilizer diluted to 25,100,200, or400 ppm N to test whether increasing fertilizer concentration alters root and leaf chemistry and decreases resistance of,city-us to root-feeding larvae of Diaprepes abbreviatus L. Roots and leaves of better-nourished 'sour orange' (Citrus aurantium L.) had larger amounts of total proteins and increased activities of enzymes associated with resistance than did plants given 25 ppm N. The fertilizer effect was less consistent for 'Swingle citrumelo' (C. paradise Macf. X Poncirus trifoliate L.), which has greater resistance to D. abbreviatus. Herbivory increased root protein. content and peroxidase but decreased activities of chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase, which are enzymes associated with resistance to microbial pathogens. When significant, the effect of root herbivory on enzyme activities in leaves was opposite the effects on roots. Fertilizer and herbivory rarely interacted, indicating enzyme induction was not a function of nutrient supply. Fertilizer did not affect total phenolics in roots of either citrus, but root herbivory increased levels in 'sour orange'. Despite elevated levels of putative defense proteins, 'sour orange' given greater than or equal to100 ppm N produced 50% greater total larval mass per pot than did plants given 25 ppm N. Fertilizer concentration did not affect mass of larvae on 'Swingle citrumelo' roots and aid not affect larval mortality for either citrus cultivar. Our results concerning a root herbivore are consistent with the body of studies of folivores that have demonstrated that increased fertilizer has no effect or increases herbivore performance. SN 0046-225X EI 1938-2936 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 32 IS 5 BP 1242 EP 1250 UT WOS:000186445200040 ER PT J AU Martin-Duque, JF Pedraza, J Sanz, MA Bodoque, JM Godfrey, AE Diez, A Carrasco, RM AF Martin-Duque, JF Pedraza, J Sanz, MA Bodoque, JM Godfrey, AE Diez, A Carrasco, RM TI Landform classification for land use planning in developed areas: An example in Segovia Province (Central Spain) SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AB Landform-based physiographic maps, also called land systems inventories, have been widely and successfully used in undeveloped/rural areas in several locations, such as Australia, the western United States, Canada, and the British ex-colonies. This paper presents a case study of their application in a developed semi-urban/suburban area (Segovia, Spain) for land use planning purposes. The paper focuses in the information transfer process, showing how land use decision-makers, such as governments, planners, town managers, etc., can use the information developed from these maps to assist them. The paper also addresses several issues important to the development and use of this information, such as the goals of modern physiography, the types of landform-based mapping products, the problem of data management in developed areas, and the distinctions among data, interpretations, and decisions. RI Diez-Herrero, Andres/A-3401-2009; Bodoque, Jose Maria/E-3129-2016; Carrasco, Rosa/F-4973-2016; Pedraza, Javier/F-4992-2016 OI Diez-Herrero, Andres/0000-0003-1106-191X; Bodoque, Jose Maria/0000-0002-7865-5141; Carrasco, Rosa/0000-0001-8762-6951; Pedraza, Javier/0000-0002-3445-8111 SN 0364-152X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 32 IS 4 BP 488 EP 498 DI 10.1007/s00267-003-2848-2 UT WOS:000187308600008 PM 14986898 ER PT J AU Mau, CJD Garneau, S Scholte, AA Van Fleet, JE Vederas, JC Cornish, K AF Mau, CJD Garneau, S Scholte, AA Van Fleet, JE Vederas, JC Cornish, K TI Protein farnesyltransferase inhibitors interfere with farnesyl diphosphate binding by rubber transferase SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AB Rubber transferase, a cis-prenyltransferase, catalyzes the addition of thousands of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) molecules to an allylic diphosphate initiator, such as farnesyl diphosphate (FPP, 1), in the presence of a divalent metal cofactor. In an effort to characterize the catalytic site of rubber transferase, the effects of two types of protein farnesyltransferase inhibitors, several chaetomellic acid A analogs (2, 4-7) and alpha-hydroxyfarnesylphosphonic acid (3), on the ability of rubber transferase to add IPP to the allylic diphosphate initiator were determined. Both types of compounds inhibited the activity of rubber transferases from Hevea brasiliensis and Parthenium argentatum, but there were species-specific differences in the inhibition of rubber transferases by these compounds. Several shorter analogs of chaetomellic acid A did not inhibit rubber transferase activity, even though the analogs contained chemical features that are present in an elongating rubber molecule. These results indicate that the initiator-binding site in rubber transferase shares similar features to FPP binding sites in other enzymes. RI Cornish, Katrina/A-9773-2013; OI Vederas, John/0000-0002-2996-0326 SN 0014-2956 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 270 IS 19 BP 3939 EP 3945 DI 10.1046/j.1432-1033.2003.03775.x UT WOS:000185370100008 PM 14511375 ER PT J AU Coleman, SW Moore, JE AF Coleman, SW Moore, JE TI Feed quality and animal performance SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH CT International Workshop on Approaches to Improve the Utilization of Food-Feed Crops CY JAN 29-31, 2002 CL INT LIVESTOCK RES INST, ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA HO INT LIVESTOCK RES INST AB A sound theoretical definition for forage or feed quality is animal performance. This definition may be useful as a relative comparison among forages when given to growing or lactating animals. Voluntary intake and nutrient digestibility have been used to form indices of forage quality, and most feeding standards and models are based on the assumption that animal performance is related closely to intake of available nutrients. Due to variation in measurements of intake, digestibility, and animal performance, however, relationships used to develop prediction equations for animal performance from intake and digestibility are often less accurate than desired. Some of the causes for inaccurate predictions include nutrient imbalances, environmental constraints on the animals used for measurements, and individual animal differences. Variation in voluntary intake is greater than that for digestibility, and appears to be more important in assessment of forage quality. Yet intake is more difficult to determine in animal trials and to predict from forage characteristics. To be useful in livestock feeding, forage quality information must be available before feeding. Due to expense, labor, time, and amount of the feed required, animal trials are not suitable for screening large numbers of feeds or forages such as those from genetic improvement trials. Therefore, prediction of forage quality from feed attributes taken from small samples is necessary. Chemical composition, in vitro bioassays, and near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy have been used successfully to predict intake and digestibility of defined sample sets such as those from genetic improvement trials, but have been more difficult to implement on unknown or open populations such as producer samples. The challenge to progress in this area is obtaining accurate intake, digestibility and performance data on an adequate number of samples under standardized conditions so that a suitable database is available for development of either robust equations, or equations with sufficient specificity to discriminate among different forage and genetic types. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. SN 0378-4290 PD OCT-NOV PY 2003 VL 84 IS 1-2 BP 17 EP 29 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(03)00138-2 UT WOS:000187608400003 ER PT J AU Huang, LH AF Huang, LH TI Estimation of growth of Clostridium perfringens in cooked beef under fluctuating temperature conditions SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY AB A new concept for estimating the bacterial growth under temperature fluctuations was hypothesized and validated using Clostridium perfringens as a test organism. This new methodology was based on the Gompertz models to calculate the equivalent growth times under different temperatures, and estimated the bacterial population under temperature fluctuations. The new concept was tested in ground beef maintained under fluctuating temperature conditions. The estimation accuracy of this methodology was generally within 1.0log(10) (cfu/g). Although the methodology was based on C perfringens, it can potentially be applied to other foodborne pathogens to predict the bacterial growth under temperature fluctuations. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. SN 0740-0020 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 20 IS 5 BP 549 EP 559 AR PII S0740-0020(02)00155-7 DI 10.1016/S0740-0020(02)00155-7 UT WOS:000185308000010 ER PT J AU Harrington, TB Dagley, CM Edwards, MB AF Harrington, TB Dagley, CM Edwards, MB TI Above- and belowground competition from longleaf pine plantations limits performance of reintroduced herbaceous species SO FOREST SCIENCE AB Although overstory trees limit the abundance and species richness of herbaceous vegetation in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) plantations, the responsible mechanisms are poorly understood because of confounding among limiting factors. In fall 1998, research was initiated to determine the separate effects of above- and belowground competition and needlefall from overstory pines on understory plant performance. Three 13- to 15-yr-old plantations near Aiken, SC, were thinned to 0, 25, 50, or 100% of nonthinned basal area (19.5 m(2) ha(-1)). Combinations of trenching (to eliminate root competition) and needlefall were applied to areas within each plot, and containerized seedlings of 14 perennial herbaceous species and longleaf pine were planted within each. Overstory crown closure ranged from 0 to 81%, and soil water and available nitrogen varied consistently with pine stocking, trenching, or their combination. Cover of planted species decreased an average of 16.5 and 14.1% as a result of above- and belowground competition, respectively. Depending on species, needlefall effects were positive, negative, or negligible. Results indicate that understory restoration will be most successful when herbaceous species are established within canopy openings (0.1-0.2 ha) managed to minimize negative effects from above- and belowground competition and needlefall. SN 0015-749X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 49 IS 5 BP 681 EP 695 UT WOS:000185877200004 ER PT J AU Nowak, JT Harrington, TB Berisford, CW AF Nowak, JT Harrington, TB Berisford, CW TI Nantucket pine tip moth development and population dynamics: Influence of nitrogen fertilization and vegetation control SO FOREST SCIENCE AB It is commonly believed that Nantucket pine tip moth (Rhyacionia frustrana [Comstock]) feeding damage on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) increases in relation to the intensity of silvicultural practices. Some studies have produced contrary or inconclusive data regarding this issue. This study was designed to examine the relationships between tree growth rates and tip moth development by enhancing growth with nitrogen (N) fertilizer and herbicide applications. The four treatments were N fertilizer, herbicide, herbicide+fertilizer, and untreated control. These treatments were monitored for tip moth damage levels, tip moth pupal numbers per pine shoot, insect population dynamics, and tree growth. Pine growth was significantly greater in the herbicide treatments than in the other treatments. There was a significant increase in diameter related to the fertilizer treatments, but no differences in tree height or volume were detected. Pupal weight was significantly lower in the herbicide treatment in the second year. Tip moth population fluctuations were greater in the herbicide treated plots than in the untreated control, and there were significant linear relationships between these fluctuations in the treatments versus percent parasitism, pupal weight, and diameter growth. This study shows that tip moth populations are not necessarily increased or decreased by intensive management practices, but can be less stable due to these practices. SN 0015-749X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 49 IS 5 BP 731 EP 737 UT WOS:000185877200008 ER PT J AU Moreira, MZ Scholz, FG Bucci, SJ Sternberg, LS Goldstein, G Meinzer, FC Franco, AC AF Moreira, MZ Scholz, FG Bucci, SJ Sternberg, LS Goldstein, G Meinzer, FC Franco, AC TI Hydraulic lift in a neotropical savanna SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY AB 1. We report hydraulic lift in the savanna vegetation of central Brazil (Cerrado). Both heat-pulse measurements and isotopic (deuterium) labelling were used to determine whether hydraulic lift occurred in two common species, and whether neighbouring small shrubs and trees were utilizing this water. 2. Both techniques showed water uptake by tap-roots and reverse flow of water in lateral roots. Roots transferred hydraulically lifted water to the soil, and small shrubs and trees neighbouring the labelled individuals were labelled by deuterated water. 3. Isotopic mass-balance equations and sap-flow measurements showed that water taken up by the central tap-root in each individual constituted only a small percentage of total flux of water through the treated plants. Mass-balance equations also indicated that small shrubs and trees neighbouring the treated plants utilized only a few thousandths of a per cent of the label. 4. The small proportion of water uptake by the tap-root of these two species may be limiting hydraulic lift in this system, unless sinker roots descending from lateral roots contribute to hydraulic lift. RI Franco, Augusto/B-1615-2008; Meinzer, Frederick/C-3496-2012; Moreira, Marcelo/D-4622-2013; OI Franco, Augusto/0000-0003-0869-5989; Bucci, Sandra Janet/0000-0003-1079-9277 SN 0269-8463 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 17 IS 5 BP 573 EP 581 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00770.x UT WOS:000185595900001 ER PT J AU Drennon, K Moriyama, S Kawauchi, H Small, B Silverstein, J Parhar, I Shepherd, B AF Drennon, K Moriyama, S Kawauchi, H Small, B Silverstein, J Parhar, I Shepherd, B TI Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the measurement of plasma growth hormone (GH) levels in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): assessment of environmental salinity and GH secretogogues on plasma GH levels SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY AB We report the development of a sensitive, and specific, competitive, antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the measurement of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) growth hormone (cfGH). The detection limit of the assay (90% binding) was 2.0 ng/ml and the ED50 value (standard curve range 150-0.59 ng/ml) was 67.3 ng/ml. Recovery of cfGH-spiked plasma samples was determined to be 102%. Dose-response inhibition curves using serially diluted pituitary homogenates and plasma samples consistently showed parallelism with the standard curves using purified cfGH. The GH antibody (rabbit anti-catfish GH) specificity was demonstrated in competitive binding curves employing heterologous hormones and purified channel catfish prolactin (cfPRL). These studies show that there was no significant (0.006%) binding of cfPRL (competitive inhibition of cfGH binding), or heterologous hormones, within the working range of the assay. To physiologically validate the assay, catfish were injected (100 mug/g body weight, 3 injections every 5 days) with either bovine GHRH(1-29)-amide or the synthetic hexapeptide GHRP-2 (KP-102: D-Ala-D-beta-Nal-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) suspended in corn oil. Following the last injection, half of the animals were sampled for plasma and the remaining transferred from fresh water (FW) to 12 ppt seawater (BW: brackish water). Twenty-four hours after transfer to BW, animals were again sampled for plasma. Plasma GH levels were significantly (p < 0.001) elevated in all the BW groups (control, KP-102, and bGHRH), compared with the FW (fresh water) groups. In addition, plasma GH levels were significantly (p < 0.001) elevated by treatment with either of the GH secretogogues, KP-102 or bGHRH. Our findings demonstrate that two regulatory mechanisms of GH elevation, one which is seen in euryhaline teleosts (salinity-induced GH levels) and another, which has been recently described in teleosts (GHRP-induced GH levels), are present in the stenohaline channel catfish. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. SN 0016-6480 PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 133 IS 3 BP 314 EP 322 DI 10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00194-1 UT WOS:000185341000006 PM 12957475 ER PT J AU Giardina, CP Ryan, MG Binkley, D Fownes, JH AF Giardina, CP Ryan, MG Binkley, D Fownes, JH TI Primary production and carbon allocation in relation to nutrient supply in a tropical experimental forest SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY AB Nutrient supply commonly limits aboveground plant productivity in forests, but the effects of an altered nutrient supply on gross primary production (GPP) and patterns of carbon (C) allocation remain poorly characterized. Increased nutrient supply may lead to a higher aboveground net primary production (ANPP), but a lower total belowground carbon allocation (TBCA), with little change in either aboveground plant respiration (APR) or GPP. Alternatively, increases in nutrient supply may increase GPP, with the quantity of GPP allocated aboveground increasing more steeply than the quantity of GPP allocated belowground. To examine the effects of an elevated nutrient supply on the C allocation patterns in forests, we determined whole-ecosystem C budgets in unfertilized plots of Eucalyptus saligna and in adjacent plots receiving regular additions of 65 kg N ha(-1), 31 kg P ha(-1), 46 kg K ha(-1), and macro- and micronutrients. We measured the absolute flux of C allocated to the components of GPP (ANPP, TBCA and APR), as well as the fraction of GPP allocated to these components. Fertilization dramatically increased GPP. Averaged over 3 years, GPP in the fertilized plots was 34% higher than that in the unfertilized controls (3.95 vs. 2.95 kg C m(-2) yr(-1)). Fertilization-related increases in GPP were allocated entirely aboveground - ANPP was 85% higher and APR was 57% higher in the fertilized than in the control plots, while TBCA did not differ significantly between treatments. Carbon use efficiency (NPP/GPP) was slightly higher in the fertilized (0.53) compared with the control plots (0.51). Overall, fertilization increased ANPP and APR, and these increases were related to a greater GPP and an increase in the fraction of GPP allocated aboveground. RI Giardina, Christian/C-3120-2011; Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008 OI Giardina, Christian/0000-0002-3431-5073; Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738 SN 1354-1013 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 9 IS 10 BP 1438 EP 1450 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00558.x UT WOS:000185841900008 ER PT J AU Cullen, KW Baranowski, T Owens, E Marsh, T Rittenberry, L de Moor, C AF Cullen, KW Baranowski, T Owens, E Marsh, T Rittenberry, L de Moor, C TI Availability, accessibility, and preferences for fruit, 100% fruit juice, and vegetables influence children's dietary behavior SO HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR AB The relationships among home fruit (F), 100% fruit juice (J), and vegetable (V) availability and accessibility separately, as reported by 225 fourth- through sixth-grade children and their parents (n = 88), separately, and FJV preferences to child-reported FJV consumption were assessed. For girls, child-reported FJV availability and accessibility accounted for 35% of the variability in FJV consumption. Child-reported availability and parent-reported accessibility were significantly correlated with child FJV consumption in a combined model. For children with high FJV preferences, FJV availability was the only significant predictor, whereas both availability and accessibility were significantly related to consumption for children with low FJV preferences. Interventions targeting child dietary behaviors may need to tailor to the home environment, separately by gender. Extra efforts are necessary by parents to enhance accessibility among children who do not like FJV. OI Baranowski, Tom/0000-0002-0653-2222 SN 1090-1981 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 30 IS 5 BP 615 EP 626 DI 10.1177/1090198103257254 UT WOS:000185619600006 PM 14582601 ER PT J AU Wang, SM Hwang, RD Greenberg, AS Yeo, HL AF Wang, SM Hwang, RD Greenberg, AS Yeo, HL TI Temporal and spatial assembly of lipid droplet-associated proteins in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes SO HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY AB This study aimed to investigate the relationship between newly formed lipid droplets and lipid droplet surface proteins, including perilipin, adipose differentiation related protein (ADRP), and p200 kDa protein (p200) in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, during lipogenesis. Sterol ester was used to induce nascent lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and the sequence of lipids and lipid droplet surface proteins was studied using a combination of immunohistochemistry and Nile red staining/Oil red O. We demonstrated that, although most growing lipid droplets appeared to have a lipid core surrounded by a fluorescent rim of ADRP, perilipin, and p200, tiny protein aggregates of ADRP, perilipin, or p200 could also be found to occur in the absence of lipid accumulation. In addition, ADRP associated with nascent lipid droplets prior to that of perilipin or p200. We provide evidence that lipid droplet surface proteins, especially ADRP and perilipin, are important in serving as a nucleation center for the assembly of lipid to form nascent lipid droplets. RI Yeo, Hui Ling/A-8191-2010 SN 0948-6143 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 120 IS 4 BP 285 EP 292 DI 10.1007/s00418-003-0575-7 UT WOS:000186082500004 PM 14574583 ER PT J AU Kartal, SN Green, F AF Kartal, SN Green, F TI Leachability of boron from wood treated with natural and semi-synthetic polymers and calcium precipitating agent SO HOLZ ALS ROH-UND WERKSTOFF RI Kartal, Nami/E-6516-2013 SN 0018-3768 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 61 IS 5 BP 388 EP 389 DI 10.1007/s00107-003-0413-6 UT WOS:000185810100011 ER PT J AU Tisserat, B Vaughn, SF AF Tisserat, B Vaughn, SF TI Ultra-high CO2 levels enhance loblolly pine seedling growth, morphogenesis, and secondary metabolism SO HORTSCIENCE AB The growth (fresh weight), morphogenesis (number of needles and roots and shoot length) and monoterpene (alpha- and beta-pinene) levels were determined in Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) seedlings exposed to 350, 1,500, 3,000,10;000, or 30,000 mumol(.)mol(-1) CO2 for 30 days under greenhouse conditions. Seedlings exposed to ultra-high levels (i.e.,greater than or equal to3000 mumol(.)mol(-1) CO2) had significantly higher (P = 0.05) fresh weight, needle number, root number, and shoot lengths compared to seedlings grown under ambient air (350 mumol(.)mol(-1) CO2). Seedling fresh weights, number of roots, shoot length; and number of needles from pine seedlings supplemented with 10,000 mumol-mol(-1) CO2 increased 341%, 200%, 74%, and 75 %, respectively, when compared to seedlings grown without any CO2 enrichment. In addition, alpha and beta-pinene levels in seedlings increased under ultra-high CO2 levels. The dominant monoterpene, a-pinene, increased 57% in seedlings grown under 10,000 mumol-mol(-1) CO2, compared to levels obtained under 350 mumol-mol(-1) CO2. SN 0018-5345 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1083 EP 1085 UT WOS:000186563300003 ER PT J AU Preusch, PL Tworkoski, TJ AF Preusch, PL Tworkoski, TJ TI Nitrogen and phosphorus availability and weed suppression from composted poultry litter applied as mulch in a peach orchard SO HORTSCIENCE AB Composted poultry litter (CPL) may be applied as a mulch in fruit orchards to manage waste and to provide a slow-release nutrient source and weed control. With proper management, poultry manure and bedding (litter) can prevent environmental degradation, such as hypoxia in aquatic communities. Peach (Prunes persica L. 'Sunhigh') plots all received preemergence herbicides in May and then the following treatments in June 1998: commercial fertilizer (N at 15 g(.)m(-2)), low rate CPL (N at 15 g(.)m(-2) as CPL at 2.9 kg(.)m(-2)), high rate CPL (N at 62 g(.)m(-2) as CPL at 11.6 kg(.)-m(-2)), and no fertilizer or mulch control. Weed's were completely controlled by mulch and herbicide during 1998 but not during 1999. By Sept. 1999, the high rate of CPL had only 27 % weed cover compared with 86% for the commercial fertilizer-treated plots. Soil N was highest (NH4-N and NO3-N at 16.4 and 18.6 mg(.)kg(-1) soil, respectively) in plots treated with commercial fertilizer, 6 weeks after treatment (WAT). Soil N did not differ among the two CPL treatments and the control at any time. At the high rate of CPL, there was NH4-N and NO3-N at 3.2 and 0.7 mg(.)kg(-1) soil, respectively, at 6 WAT. Water-extractable P (WEP) in the soil did not differ among the CPL and commercial fertilizer treatments at 6 WAT (P at approximate to14 mg(.)kg(-1) soil). However, at 47 WAT, plots with the high rate of CPL had significantly higher WEP, with P at 30 mg(.)kg(-1) soil vs. 14 mg(.)kg(-1) soil in plots treated with commercial fertilizer. High applications of CPL could elevate P in surface runoff to levels that cause environmental degradation. In general, Mehlich 1-extractable P (MEP) did not differ among the CPL- and fertilizer-treated plots (averaging P at 45 mg(.)kg(-1) soil). MEP was lowest in control plots (averaging P at 21 mg(.)kg(-1) soil). Results indicate that CPL could be used as a weed suppressant without adversely affecting N release to the environment; however, P concentration in soil water may be problematic. SN 0018-5345 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1108 EP 1111 UT WOS:000186563300009 ER PT J AU Bryla, DR Trout, TJ Ayars, JE Johnson, RS AF Bryla, DR Trout, TJ Ayars, JE Johnson, RS TI Growth and production of young peach trees irrigated by furrow, microjet, surface drip, or subsurface drip systems SO HORTSCIENCE AB A 3-year study was conducted in central California to compare the effects of furrow, microjet, surface drip, and subsurface drip irrigation on vegetative growth and early production of newly planted 'Crimson Lady' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees. Furrow treatments were irrigated every 7, 14, or 21 days; microjet treatments were irrigated every 2-3, 7, or 14 days; and surface and subsurface drip (with one, two, or three buried laterals per row) treatments were irrigated when accumulated crop evapotranspiration reached 2.5 mm. The overall performance showed that trees irrigated by surface and subsurface drip were significantly larger, produced higher yields, and had higher water use efficiency than trees irrigated by microjets. In fact, more than twice as much water had to be applied to trees with microjets than to trees with drip systems in order to achieve the same amount of vegetative growth and yield. Yield and water use efficiency were also higher under surface and subsurface drip irrigation than under furrow irrigation, although tree size was similar among the treatments. Little difference was found between trees irrigated by surface and subsurface drip, except that trees irrigated with only one subsurface drip lateral were less vigorous, but not less productive, than trees irrigated by one surface drip lateral, or by two or three subsurface drip laterals. Within furrow and microjet treatments, irrigation frequency had little effect on tree development and performance with the exception that furrow irrigation every 3 weeks produced smaller trees than furrow irrigation every 1 or 2 weeks. OI Trout, Thomas/0000-0003-1896-9170 SN 0018-5345 EI 2327-9834 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1112 EP 1116 UT WOS:000186563300010 ER PT J AU Peterson, JK Harrison, HF Jackson, DM Snook, ME AF Peterson, JK Harrison, HF Jackson, DM Snook, ME TI Biological activities and contents of scopolin and scopoletin in sweetpotato clones SO HORTSCIENCE AB Periderm and cortex tissues of 14 genetically diverse sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] clones were grown under low stress conditions and analyzed for their content of scopoletin ((7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin) and scopolin (7-glucosylscopoletin). A wide range of concentrations of both compounds was found in both tissues: The two compounds were tested in vitro for their biological activity (concentration-activity relationships) using several bioassays: germination of proso-millet (Panicum milliaceum L.) seed; mycelial growth of the sweetpotato fungal pathogens Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. batatas (Wollemv.) Snyd. & Hans, F solani (Sace.) Mart., Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl., and Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehr. ex Fr.) Lind; and growth and mortality of diamondback moth [Plutella xylostella (L.)] larvae on artificial diet. The glycoside scopolin showed little activity, except moderate inhibition of F. oxysporum. The aglycone scopoletin inhibited seed germination and larval growth; however,. at much higher concentrations than were measured in the tissues. Mycelial growth of the four pathogenic fungi, however, was inhibited at concentrations occurring in some sweetpotato clones. SN 0018-5345 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1129 EP 1133 UT WOS:000186563300013 ER PT J AU Beckman, TG Pusey, PL Bertrand, PF AF Beckman, TG Pusey, PL Bertrand, PF TI Impact of fungal gummosis on peach trees SO HORTSCIENCE AB Peach tree fungal gummosis caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea [(Moug.:Fr.) Cos & de Not.] is widespread throughout the southeastern United States. Until recently, its economic impact on peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] has been impossible to estimate, since no effective controls were known. Significant, though not total, suppression of gummosis on 'Summergold' peach trees was achieved with an intensive 5-year spray program with captafol. Captan was far less effective than captafol. Both trunk diameter and fruit yield were negatively correlated with disease severity. After eight growing seasons, trees treated with captafol were 18% larger than the untreated trees. Yield of mature captafol-treated trees was 40% to 60% higher than that of untreated ones. Following termination of the spray program after 5 years, disease severity gradually increased on both captafol- and captan-treated trees. However, through eight growing seasons, disease severity was significantly lower on captafol-treated trees. This study demonstrates that peach tree fungal gummosis significantly depresses tree growth and fruit yield on susceptible peach cultivars. SN 0018-5345 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1141 EP 1143 UT WOS:000186563300016 ER PT J AU Tong, CBS Bedford, DS Luby, JJ Propsom, FM Beaudry, RM Mattheis, JP Watkins, CB Weis, SA AF Tong, CBS Bedford, DS Luby, JJ Propsom, FM Beaudry, RM Mattheis, JP Watkins, CB Weis, SA TI Location and temperature effects on soft scald in 'Honeycrisp' apples SO HORTSCIENCE AB The effects of growing and storage locations and storage temperature on soft scald incidence of 'Honeycrisp' apples were examined. In 1999 and 2000, fruits were produced at five different locations, harvested at two different times, and stored at two or five different storage locations. In 1999, fruits were stored at 0 or 2 degreesC. Soft scald was only observed in fruits from one growing location and primarily at 0 degreesC. More soft scald was observed from the second harvest than from the first. Scalded fruits were preclimacteric as determined by ethylene production rate, whereas fruits from the other locations were postclimacteric. In 2000, fruits from four of the growing locations developed soft scald, and soft scald incidence was not related to ethylene production rate. Scalded fruits had higher concentrations of phosphorus, boron, and magnesium, and lower concentrations of manganese than unaffected fruit. Development of soft scald was not related to fruit ethylene production rates, was dependent on growing location, increased with later harvest, and may be related to fruit elemental content. SN 0018-5345 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1153 EP 1155 UT WOS:000186563300019 ER PT J AU Follett, PA Sanxter, SS AF Follett, PA Sanxter, SS TI Lychee quality after hot-water immersion and x-ray irradiation quarantine treatments SO HORTSCIENCE AB Hot-water immersion and irradiation quarantine treatments are used to disinfest lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) of fruit flies and other pests before export from Hawaii to the U.S. mainland. In the first experiment, one day after harvest, 'Kaimana' lychee fruit were subjected to 1) hot-water immersion at 49.0 degreesC for 20 minutes, 2) irradiation treatment at a minimum absorbed dose of 400 Gy, or 3) left untreated as controls. Fruit were then stored at 2 or 5 degreesC in perforated plastic bags, and quality attributes were evaluated after 8 days. Lychee fruit treated with hot-water immersion were darker (lower lightness) and less intensely colored (lower chroma) than irradiated or untreated fruits at both storage temperatures. Fruit stored at 2 degreesC were darker (lower lightness) than fruit stored at 5 degreesC, but fruit held at 5 degreesC had greater weight loss. External appearance of fruit treated with hot-water immersion was rated as unacceptable, whereas irradiated and nontreated fruit were rated as acceptable. Taste of fruit was rated as acceptable in all treatments. In the second experiment, lychee fruit were subjected to 1) hot-water immersion at 48, 48.5, or 49 degreesC for 20 minutes or 2) irradiation at 400 Gy, or 3) left untreated as controls. Fruit were then stored at 4 degreesC in perforated plastic bags, and external appearance of the pericarp was evaluated after 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, and 9 days. Pericarp darkening was more rapid for lychee fruit treated with hot-water immersion than irradiated or control fruit, and the degree of quality loss increased with increasing hot-water immersion temperature. Overall, under these experimental conditions, irradiation was superior to hot-water immersion as a quarantine treatment on the basis of fruit quality maintenance. SN 0018-5345 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1159 EP 1162 UT WOS:000186563300021 ER PT J AU Finn, C Wennstrom, K Link, J Ridout, J AF Finn, C Wennstrom, K Link, J Ridout, J TI Evaluation of Rubus leucodermis populations from the Pacific Northwest SO HORTSCIENCE AB Sixteen western black raspberry (Rubus leucodermis Douglas ex Torrey & A. Gray) populations, collected from throughout the Pacific Northwest, and 'Munger', the most widely grown black raspberry (R. occidentalis L.) cultivar, were established in 1994 in a replicated trial in Corvallis, Ore. In 1996 and 1997 the seedlings were evaluated for date of budbreak, flowering date, ripening date, fruit size, and disease tolerance. Fruit within a replication were pooled for evaluation of pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and anthocyanin content. The plants were vigorous and had produced solid hedges by the time evaluation commenced. The populations were significantly different within each year for all traits except for anthocyanin content in 1996. Rubus leucodermis populations were identified that broke bud and ripened fruit earlier or later than `Munger'; however, all flowered with or sooner than `Munger'. Despite the fact that R. occidentalis is native to eastern North America and R. leucodermis to the West, `Munger' was much less affected by foliar and cane diseases than the R. leucodermis populations. Several populations were as vigorous as `Munger'. `Munger' had fruit that were 30% larger than the mean for any R. leucodermis population. Generally, R. leucodermis had higher pH and lower titratable acidity than `Munger', but many populations had similar soluble solids; lower acidity may partly explain the blandness of R. leucodermis fruit compared with `Munger'. Despite the lighter appearance of R. leucodermis, the anthocyanin levels of some populations were higher than `Munger'. Rubus leucodermis maybe a source of earlier fruiting, later budbreak, and vigor when used in breeding but careful selection for fruit size (for the fresh market), acidity (for the processing market), and disease resistance must be done. Rubus leucodermis may also be an excellent source of raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) resistance in black and red raspberry breeding programs. SN 0018-5345 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1169 EP 1172 UT WOS:000186563300024 ER PT J AU Beckman, TG Sherman, WB AF Beckman, TG Sherman, WB TI Probable qualitative inheritance of full red skin color in peach SO HORTSCIENCE AB Recently observed hybrid populations of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] provide evidence for the presence of a single gene controlling full red skin color. The fruit of seedling populations of 'UFQueen' x 'Springbaby', 'UFQueen' x 'Springprince', FL93-12C x 'Springprince', FL92-22C x BY79P1945, and AP98-18 o.p. were rated for percent red skin color at full maturity. At this stage of development, "full red" phenotypes display red color over the entire surface of the fruit, including the stem cavity and portions of the fruit shaded by leaves or stems. Both crosses with 'UFQueen' yielded populations displaying a 1:1 segregation ration for partial red : full red. All other crosses produced populations that did not deviate significantly from a 3:1 segregation ratio. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the "full red" phenotype is a single gene recessive trait. We propose the gene symbols of fr and Fr for the recessive full red and dominant partial red (wild-type) alleles, respectively. SN 0018-5345 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1184 EP 1185 UT WOS:000186563300027 ER PT J AU Russo, VM AF Russo, VM TI Soil depth and tillage effects on dry bean production SO HORTTECHNOLOGY AB The effects of soil depth on yields of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) produced under different types of tillage is not well understood. Black and pinto bean yields were evaluated under conventional and reduced-tillage for 2 years in a 3.24-ha (8-acre) commercial field in southeastern Oklahoma. Before planting, a grid pattern was laid out on the field with points at every 13.7 m (45.0 ft) north to south and 6.1 m (20.0 ft) east to west. Samples were taken at each intersection of the grid lines (496 sites) to determine pH, and the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium present in soil. Depth to an impervious clay pan was determined at these sites, and were grouped as being one of the following: <25 cm (9.8 inches), >25 to 50 cm (19.7 inches), >50 to 75 cm (29.5 inches) and >75 cm. Irrigation was supplied, if needed, at 50% flowering and, in both years, at 50% pod set. There was no significant effect on yield due to year. Black bean yields from conventional tillage averaged 1166 kg.ha(-1) (1040.4 lb/acre) across soil depths and were better than yields from reduced-tillage which averaged 136 kg.ha(-1) (121.3 lb/acre). Pinto bean yields from conventional tillage were 611 kg.ha(-1) (545.2 lb/acre) across soil depths and were better than for reduced tillage, which averaged 403 kg.ha(-1) (359.6 lb/acre). Yields generally were reduced as soil depth increased regardless of tillage type. The reduction in input for reduced-tillage would not compensate for the reduced yields for plants grown on the most productive soil depths. SN 1063-0198 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 13 IS 4 BP 653 EP 656 UT WOS:000185618900014 ER PT J AU Hutchinson, CM White, JM Haynes, KG Gergela, DM Solano, PA Lippi, CS AF Hutchinson, CM White, JM Haynes, KG Gergela, DM Solano, PA Lippi, CS TI Red-skinned, fresh-market potato varieties for northeastern Florida production SO HORTTECHNOLOGY AB Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is an important agricultural crop for Florida. From 1996 to 2000, the winter and spring potato crop was grown on an average of 15,782.7 ha (39,000 acres) and valued at $117 million. Variety evaluation and selection is an important tool to improve production efficiency and increase the competitiveness of Florida growers. A red-skinned potato variety evaluation was conducted in northeastern Florida in 2002. The experimental design was a 4 (site) x 5 (variety) factorial with four replications at each site. The four sites were the University of Florida's Plant Science Research and Extension Unit and three local commercial farms. Potato varieties in the trial were 'Red LaSoda', 'LaRouge', B0984-1, B1145-2, and B1758-3. Marketable tuber yields were 36.3, 35.6, 30.2, 20.3, and 21.4 t(.)ha(-1) (324, 318, 269, 181, and 191 cwt/acre) respectively, with tuber yields of the two named varieties significantly higher than the numbered entries. Specific gravity ranged from 1:060 ('Red LaSoda') to 1.070 (B0984-1). There were no significant differences among entries for total cull weight or the incidence of hollow heart, brown rot, or corky ringspot. However a higher percentage of B0984-1 tubers showed symptoms of internal heat necrosis than all other varieties. Potato varieties ranked from lowest to highest in overall appearance were 'LaRouge', 'Red LaSoda', B1758-3 B0984-1, and B1145-2. Higher. appearance ratings in the numbered entries were attributed to darker-red skin color, rounder tuber shape, and shallower eyes compared to 'Red LaSoda' and 'LaRouge'. 'Red LaSoda' and 'LaRouge' will continue to be recommended as the standard red-skinned potato varieties for Florida. However, B0984-1 and B1145-2 had desirable characteristics and should be planted in larger plantings to further evaluate quality and production characteristics. SN 1063-0198 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 13 IS 4 BP 702 EP 706 UT WOS:000185618900024 ER PT J AU Hutchinson, CM White, JM Gergela, DM Solano, PA Haynes, KG Wenrich, R Lippi, CS AF Hutchinson, CM White, JM Gergela, DM Solano, PA Haynes, KG Wenrich, R Lippi, CS TI Performance of chip processing potato varieties in northeastern Florida SO HORTTECHNOLOGY AB Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a high value crop in Florida. It consistently ranks in the top five valued vegetable crops produced in the state. The identification of new potato varieties that improve production efficiency is an imperative because of constantly evolving market and production demands. A chip potato variety evaluation experiment was conducted in northeast Florida in 2002 to compare the production characteristics of industry standards to advanced selections. The potato varieties evaluated in this experiment were bred specifically for processing by the potato chip industry. The experimental design was a four (site) by five (variety) factorial with four replications at each site. The sites were the University of Florida's research farm, in Hastings, FL and three commercial farms in the surrounding area. Potato varieties were two seed sources of 'Atlantic', as well as, 'Snowden', B0564-8, and B0766-3. Marketable yield for each variety was 39.4, 33.4, 38.4, 33.6, and 33.6 t(.)ha(-1) (351, 298, 343, 300, and 300 cwt/acre), respectively. Total yield of B0564-8 was statistically equivalent to an 'Atlantic' standard at all four locations and similar to 'Snowden' at three of four locations. Specific gravity of B0564-8 and B0766-3 was significantly lower than that of 'Atlantic' from both sources but within acceptable range for chip potatoes. B0564-8 tubers had the highest overall appearance ratings and the most consistent size and shape. B0564-8 and B0766-3 tubers had a significantly lower percentage of hollow heart and internal heat necrosis than 'Atlantic' tubers. This resulted in overall better chip ratings for the numbered entries compared to 'Atlantic' tubers. A potential fit for B0564-8 and B0766-3 in northeastern Florida production may be as a late season chip variety when the potential for the development of internal heat necrosis increases. SN 1063-0198 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 13 IS 4 BP 706 EP 711 UT WOS:000185618900025 ER PT J AU Marks, H Coleman, M Michael, M AF Marks, H Coleman, M Michael, M TI Further deliberations on uncertainty in risk assessment SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT AB Risk assessors are often faced with decisions on the nature of the information that they should provide to those who develop strategies for decreasing or eliminating the risks. Because of the incomplete nature of the data or the lack of understanding of the scientific principles or mechanisms that could be used to explain the information, the parameters and models most appropriate for modeling risk are not known with certainty. Two types of uncertainties are considered in this paper: 1) the uncertainty that arises from the incomplete nature of data from which statistical estimates are used for developing the parameters of risk assessment models, and 2) other types of uncertainty that involve a subjective assessment arising from indecision or a lack of consensus among experts. A simple question is asked: Should risk estimates given to the risk manager consist of estimates that somehow incorporate and combine both types of uncertainties or should the information given consist of different sets of risk estimates, each one reflecting the estimated risk from an assumed theory or set of assumptions? This paper presents our reasons for choosing the latter,, which are based on analyses of the meanings of the two types of uncertainties. SN 1080-7039 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 9 IS 6 BP 1399 EP 1410 DI 10.1080/10807030390250886 UT WOS:000187603800002 ER PT J AU Guha, A Jacobs, JM Jackson, TJ Cosh, MH Hsu, EC Judge, J AF Guha, A Jacobs, JM Jackson, TJ Cosh, MH Hsu, EC Judge, J TI Soil moisture mapping using ESTAR under dry conditions from the Southern Great Plains Experiment (SGP99) SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING AB The electronically scanned thin array radiometer (ESTAR) was utilized for soil moisture mapping during the Southern Great Plains Experiment (SGP99). A retrieval algorithm was applied to obtain soil moisture from passive microwave measurements at 1.4 GHz. The algorithm was verified using ground data collected during SGP99. The results indicate a good correlation between observed and predicted soil moisture values and are consistent with results obtained from the same instrument in previous experiments. The present results demonstrate the validity of the retrieval algorithm for moderately to extremely dry soils. The ESTAR measurements along with ancillary data were used to create soil moisture maps of the entire region. RI Cosh, MIchael/A-8858-2015; Lakshmi, Venkat/I-3078-2016 OI Cosh, MIchael/0000-0003-4776-1918; Lakshmi, Venkat/0000-0001-7431-9004 SN 0196-2892 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 41 IS 10 BP 2392 EP 2397 DI 10.1109/TGRS.2003.817187 PN 2 UT WOS:000186004300002 ER PT J AU Valles, SM Perera, OP Strong, CA AF Valles, SM Perera, OP Strong, CA TI Purification, biochemical characterization, and cDNA cloning of a glutathione S-transferase from the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB A glutathione S-transferase (GST) was purified 266-fold from adult workers of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) by affinity chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing. The purified enzyme appeared as a single band on SDS-PAGE and had a M-r of 25.5 kDa. Steady state kinetics assays of the enzyme with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as substrate were conducted. The V-max, K-m CDNB, K-m GSH, k(cat), k(cat)/K-m CDNB, and k(cat)/K-m GSH for the purified fire ant GST were 87.4 mumol/min/mg. 0.13 mM, 0.84 mM, 74.5 s(-1), 573.1 mM(-1) s(-1), and 88.7 mM(-1) s(-1), respectively. An internal fragment of the enzyme. released by endoproteinase Lys-C digestion, was sequenced and used to design a degenerate oligonucleotide primer. Purified cDNA from a lambda-phage expression library produced from worker fire ants was used as template to amplify a fragment of the GST transcript which was subsequently cloned and sequenced. 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends were subsequently conducted after cDNA production by RT-PCR of mRNA from adult worker fire ants. An open reading frame comprising 202 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 23,433 and a theoretical pI of 7.84 was located within the transcript beginning at nucleotide 85 and terminating in a stop codon at nucleotide 691. The transcript contained 5' and 3' untranslated regions of 84 and 296 nucleotides, respectively. The sequences of the internal fragments from the purified fire ant GST were identical to corresponding translated regions of the transcript (nucleotides 214-258, and 457-477). Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with GSTs from other species revealed that the enzyme was most closely related to sigma class GSTs. Published by Elsevier Ltd. SN 0965-1748 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 33 IS 10 BP 981 EP 988 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(03)00104-8 UT WOS:000185958200003 PM 14505691 ER PT J AU Lorenzen, MD Berghammer, AJ Brown, SJ Denell, RE Klingler, M Beeman, RW AF Lorenzen, MD Berghammer, AJ Brown, SJ Denell, RE Klingler, M Beeman, RW TI piggyBac-mediated germline transformation in the beetle Tribolium castaneum SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB The lepidopteran transposable element piggyBac can mediate germline insertions in at least four insect orders. It therefore shows promise as a broad-spectrum transformation vector, but applications such as enhancer trapping and transposon-tag mutagenesis are still lacking. We created, cloned, sequenced and genetically mapped a set of piggyBac insertions in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Transpositions were precise, and specifically targeted the canonical TTAA recognition sequence. We detected several novel reporter-expression domains, indicating that piggyBac could be used to identify enhancer regions. We also demonstrated that a primary insertion of a nonautonomous element can be efficiently remobilized to non-homologous chromosomes by injection of an immobile helper element into embryos harbouring the primary insertion. These developments suggest potential for more sophisticated methods of piggyBac mediated genome manipulation. RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011; Klingler, Martin/J-8383-2013 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180; Klingler, Martin/0000-0001-8859-1965 SN 0962-1075 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 12 IS 5 BP 433 EP 440 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2003.00427.x UT WOS:000185348300003 PM 12974948 ER PT J AU Nagoshi, RN Meagher, R AF Nagoshi, RN Meagher, R TI Fall armyworm FR sequences map to sex chromosomes and their distribution in the wild indicate limitations in interstrain mating SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AB The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, consists of two host strains ( rice and corn) that differ in developmental, physiological and behavioural characteristics. However, because the strains are morphologically indistinguishable the investigation of strain-specific behaviour, particularly in the wild, is very difficult. This has spurred the isolation of diagnostic molecular markers. FR sequences are tandem-repeat genetic elements found in large clusters only in the rice strain. To facilitate their use as a strain marker we genetically mapped FR clusters and found they localized to the sex chromosomes. This represents one of the first examples of chromosome mapping in fall armyworm. The FR sequence and a strain-specific mitochondrial marker were then used to examine the distribution of different marker combinations in field specimens. These studies identified significant barriers to interstrain mating in the wild, specifically that corn strain females rarely, if ever, mate with rice strain males. The data also suggest that only a genetically distinct subset of the overwintering rice strain population in Florida annually migrate to Georgia. These studies demonstrate that the availability of genetically characterized molecular markers for strain identity makes possible studies on fall armyworm biology in the wild previously considered unfeasible. SN 0962-1075 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 12 IS 5 BP 453 EP 458 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2003.00429.x UT WOS:000185348300005 PM 12974950 ER PT J AU Hodgkinson, JE Lichtenfels, JR Mair, TS Cripps, P Freeman, KL Ramsey, YH Love, S Matthews, JB AF Hodgkinson, JE Lichtenfels, JR Mair, TS Cripps, P Freeman, KL Ramsey, YH Love, S Matthews, JB TI A PCR-ELISA for the identification of cyathostomin fourth-stage larvae from clinical cases of larval cyathostominosis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY AB We report the use of six oligoprobes designed from intergenic spacer region sequences to identify fourth-stage larvae (L4) of the tribe Cyathostominae. Oligoprobes were designed for identification of the following species: Cylicocyclus ashworthi, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicocyclus insigne, Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicostephanus goldi, and Cylicostephanus longibursatus. A seventh probe was designed as a positive control to identify all these members of the Cyathostominae. The intergenic spacer region was amplified by PCR using conserved primers. Initially, three oligoprobes were used in Southern blot analysis. To facilitate high-throughput identification, these and a further four oligoprobes were developed for use in a PCR-ELISA. All probes were validated for their ability to detect cyathostomin PCR products in the PCR-ELISA, using DNA from morphologically identified adult parasites. Initially, 712 L4 were isolated from the diarrhoeic faeces from horses (n = 17) with clinical larval cyathostominosis. PCR products from 522 of these L4 were subjected to analysis, with 413 L4 being identified as one of the aforementioned species. With reference to individual species analysis, 28.5% of the 522 L4 were identified as C. longibursatus, 25.7% as C. nassatus, 15.9% as C. ashworthi, 7.3% as C. goldi and 1.7% as C. catinatum. No L4 were identified as being C. insigne species. When L4 within faeces from individual horses were compared, no sample was found to comprise parasites of one species. The least number of species identified in a single sample was two. This study suggests that clinical larval cyathostominosis is predominantly caused by mixed-species infections. (C) 2003 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. SN 0020-7519 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 33 IS 12 BP 1427 EP 1435 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(03)00140-1 UT WOS:000186023400013 PM 14527525 ER PT J AU Stephensen, CB AF Stephensen, CB TI Commentary: A hypothesis concerning vitamin A supplementation, vaccines, and childhood mortality SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY SN 0300-5771 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 32 IS 5 BP 828 EP 829 DI 10.1093/ije/dyg208 UT WOS:000186146300032 PM 14559759 ER PT J AU Legg, DE Van Vleet, SM Ragsdale, DW Hansen, RW Skinner, LC Collier, TR Lloyd, JE AF Legg, DE Van Vleet, SM Ragsdale, DW Hansen, RW Skinner, LC Collier, TR Lloyd, JE TI Roles of bootstrap resampling, measure of central tendency, and method for calculating thermal units when developing phenology models for pest management SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEST MANAGEMENT AB The successful development of phenology models from field studies depends on many factors, some of which are entirely under the control of pest managers. For example, one such factor is the choice of method for calculating thermal units. In this study, we have demonstrated that four methods for calculating thermal units provided for acceptable predictions of one phenological event of one insect species, while another method for calculating thermal units did not. The measure of central tendency (mean or median) that is used to estimate lower developmental temperatures and required thermal summations is another factor that pest managers can control when developing phenology models from field studies. Here, we show that predictions that were made when using phenology models based on median lower developmental temperatures and median required thermal summations were superior to predictions that were made when using phenology models based on mean lower developmental temperatures and mean required thermal summations. The use of bootstrap vs. non-bootstrap estimates of lower developmental temperatures and required thermal summations is yet another factor that pest managers can control when developing phenology models from field studies. In this study, we found that calculating and using bootstrap estimates of lower developmental temperatures and required thermal summations in phenology models did not improve the predictions of one phenological event for one insect species. The implications of these and other findings are discussed. SN 0967-0874 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 49 IS 4 BP 319 EP 325 DI 10.1080/09670870310001603892 UT WOS:000186438200010 ER PT J AU Wilkins, MJ Bartlett, PC Frawley, B O'Brien, DJ Miller, CE Boulton, ML AF Wilkins, MJ Bartlett, PC Frawley, B O'Brien, DJ Miller, CE Boulton, ML TI Mycobacterium bovis (bovine TB) exposure as a recreational risk for hunters: results of a Michigan Hunter Survey, 2001 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE AB SETTING: Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis (bovine TB) is endemic in the white-tailed deer population of north-eastern Michigan. Hunters may be exposed to M. bovis via cutaneous inoculation while field dressing deer or by ingestion of undercooked venison. Michigan hunters have received inconsistent messages about their risk of acquiring tuberculosis from recreational exposure to deer. The most common health advice offered has been to wear gloves while field dressing deer and to cook venison products thoroughly. OBJECTIVE: Data were collected to quantify these self-protective activities and to characterize hunters practicing these activities. DESIGN: In 2001, we surveyed 1833 hunters who had successfully harvested deer in or near Michigan's bovine TB endemic area in 2000. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 78%. Most hunters (89%) reported field dressing deer, 43% of whom wore gloves, Most hunters (95%) reported eating venison, 55% of whom reported their venison was always cooked thoroughly. Several hunter characteristics, including older age, female sex, higher awareness level, and area of residence, were significantly associated with the practice of these self-protective activities. CONCLUSION: The survey results suggest that hunters should receive consistent advice encouraging glove use while field dressing deer and the thorough cooking of venison products before consumption. SN 1027-3719 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 7 IS 10 BP 1001 EP 1009 UT WOS:000185659100014 PM 14552572 ER PT J AU Draper, A Hancock, J AF Draper, A Hancock, J TI Florida 4B: Native blueberry with exceptional breeding value SO JOURNAL AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY SN 1527-3741 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 57 IS 4 BP 138 EP 141 UT WOS:000186142600001 ER PT J AU Black, BL Swartz, HJ Millner, P Steiner, P AF Black, BL Swartz, HJ Millner, P Steiner, P TI Pre-plant crop rotation and compost amendments for improving establishment of red raspberry SO JOURNAL AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AB Three crop rotation treatments: (1) a sorghum x sudangrass hybrid (Sudex) and rapeseed, (2) a conventional corn-barley rotation, and (3) a corn-barley rotation followed by preplant compost amendment, were compared for alleviating replant problems on a field with a long history of perennial fruit crops. A raspberry selection trial was planted in each treatment, and initial raspberry survival and growth over two seasons was measured to compare the efficacy of these pre-plant treatments. The initial survival and growth of raspberry plants in the Sudex-rapeseed treatment was similar to that of the corn-barley treatment. However, the corn-barley-compost treatment significantly improved raspberry growth and survival. At the conclusion of the experiment, root samples from two raspberry cultivars; were assayed for root-disease associated fungi. Isolates of fast-growing fungi (Cylindrocarpon, Fusarium, Pythium, and Rhizoctonia) were found at low frequencies, but there were no significant differences in their occurrence among pre-plant treatments. RI Black, Brent/A-8822-2008 SN 1527-3741 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 57 IS 4 BP 149 EP 156 UT WOS:000186142600004 ER PT J AU Brown, MW AF Brown, MW TI Characterization of stink bug (Heteroptera : Pentatomidae) damage to mid- and late-season apples SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY AB Stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) were found to feed on apples in mid- to late season, from late July until harvest. Stink bug-feeding damage has been confused with cork spot, but differs in three ways: 1) the edge of the depression on the fruit surface from stink bug feeding is gradual instead of abrupt as in cork spot, 2) the corky flesh is always immediately beneath the skin in stink bug damage but may not be in contact with the skin in cork spot, and 3) the presence of a puncture site from stink bug feeding. Application of foliar calcium chloride did not affect the occurrence of corking damage related to stink bug feeding, and the fruit flesh immediately below the skin in stink bug damaged fruit had the same concentration of calcium and boron as fruit flesh from undamaged fruit. Damage caused by stink bugs was eliminated by caging fruit in early July, whereas damage was higher on fruit caged with stink bugs for a two-week period between late July and harvest than on fruit that were not caged. Most stink bug damage occurred from 26 to 60 days before harvest. SN 1523-5475 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 20 IS 4 BP 193 EP 202 UT WOS:000223288400003 ER PT J AU MacNeil, MD AF MacNeil, MD TI Genetic evaluation of an index of birth weight and yearling weight to improve efficiency of beef production SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB The CGC population is a stabilized composite of 1/2 Red Angus, 1/4 Charolais, and 1/4 Tarentaise germplasm. The objectives of this research were to estimate genetic parameters for weight traits of CGC and to evaluate genetic responses resulting from selection based on the following index: I = 365-d weight-3.2(birth weight). Phenotypes evaluated were birth weight (n = 5,083), 200-d weight (n = 4,902), 365-d weight (n 4,626), and the index. In addition, there were 1,433 cows with at least one recorded weight, and 4,375 total observations of cow weight collected at the time their calves were weaned. In 1989, a randomly selected control line and a line selected for greater values of the index were established. Average generation intervals were 3.16 +/- 0.04 and 3.90 +/- 0.08 yr in the index and control lines, respectively. The index selection line (n = 950) accumulated approximately 212 kg more selection differential than the control line over three generations (n = 912). Heritability estimates for direct effects were 0.32 +/- 0.04, 0.49 +/- 0.05, 0.49 +/- 0.05, 0.30 +/- 0.04, and 0.70 +/- 0.04 for the index, birth weight, 365-dweight, 200-d weight, and cow weight, respectively. Heritability estimates for maternal effects were 0.05 +/- 0.02, 0.11 +/- 0.03, 0.04 +/- 0.02, and 0.19 +/- 0.04 for the index, birth weight, 365-d weight, and 200-d weight, respectively. In the control line, direct genetic changes for the index and its components were small. For the index selection line, direct genetic changes for the index, birth weight, 365-d weight, 200-d weight, and cow weight were 6.0 +/- 0.3, 0.45 +/- 0.09, 7.74 +/- 0.55, 3.42 +/- 0.25, and 6.3 +/- 0.9 kg/generation, respectively. Maternal genetic changes were generally small for both the control and index selection lines. Thus, selection for the index produced positive correlated responses for direct genetic effects on BW traits at all ages, with only minor effects on maternal genetic effects. Results demonstrate that despite a genetic antagonism that compromises selection response for decreased birth weight and increased postnatal growth, favorable genetic responses can be achieved with the selection index used in this study. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 SN 0021-8812 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 81 IS 10 BP 2425 EP 2433 UT WOS:000186718800007 PM 14552368 ER PT J AU Klindt, J AF Klindt, J TI Influence of litter size and creep feeding on preweaning gain and influence of preweaning growth on growth to slaughter in barrows SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB The importance of birth-to-weaning average daily gain as a determinant of weight at a final age and yield of marketable pork was investigated. Treatments were imposed to create variation in birth-to-weaning ADG independent of birth weight. Newborn pigs were cross-fostered to create litters of four through 14 pigs/litter. Creep feed was offered to pigs from 5 d of age or during last 2 d before weaning at 13 to 20 d (average = 17 d). Growth rate and carcass dissection data were obtained from 195 barrows that were slaughtered at an average age of 170 d (SD = 7.5), weight of 109 kg (SD = 10.5). All traits measured were influenced by birth dam and sire (P < 0.01). Quadratic and cubic effects (P < 0.09) of litter size on birth-to-weaning AD, G and weaning weight were different between the creep feeding treatments. Data revealed a positive influence (P < 0.04) of creep feeding from 5 d of age on birth-to-weaning ADG and weaning weight in larger size (>8) litters. Importance of the independent variables birth weight, birth-to-weaning ADG, weaning weight, and birth weight plus birth-to-weaning ADG in determination of measures of postweaning growth and yield of marketable pork were examined by step-down regression analysis. Initial models included the linear and quadratic effects of the independent variables. In general, R-2 for models ranked birth weight < birth-to-weaning ADG < d-17 weaning weight < birth weight + birth-to-weaning ADG. The R-2 of models for BW at 170 d of age were 0.11 (P < 0.01) using birth weight as the independent variable, 0.16 (P < 0.01) using birth-to-weaning ADG, 0.19 (P < 0.01) using d-17 weaning weight, and 0.21 (P < 0.01) using birth weight + birth-to-weaning ADG. The model for effect of birth-to-weaning ADG on BW at 170 d of age indicated that a 10-g advantage in birth-to-weaning ADG produced a 0.94-kg advantage in BW at 170 d of age. Positive relationships (P < 6.05) between birth-to-weaning ADG and measures of postweaning growth and carcass yield suggest management practices that increase birth-to-weaning ADG may be advantageous in pork production. SN 0021-8812 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 81 IS 10 BP 2434 EP 2439 UT WOS:000186718800008 PM 14552369 ER PT J AU Riley, DG Chase, CC Pringle, TD West, RL Johnson, DD Olson, TA Hammond, AC Coleman, SW AF Riley, DG Chase, CC Pringle, TD West, RL Johnson, DD Olson, TA Hammond, AC Coleman, SW TI Effect of sire on mu- and m-calpain activity and rate of tenderization as indicated by myofibril fragmentation indices of steaks from Brahman cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB The objectives of this study were to assess the influence of sire on mu- and m-calpain activities, to evaluate the relationships of activities of these enzymes to other traits related to beef palatability, and to assess the influence of sire on the rate of tenderization (as measured by myofibril fragmentation index [MFI]) in Brahman longissimus muscle. Brahman calves (n = 87), sired by nine bulls, were born, weaned, fed, and slaughtered in central Florida. Traits evaluated were mu- and m-calpain activities and MFI after 1, 7, 14, and 21 d of aging. Other traits were analyzed to determine their associations with mu- and m-calpain activity and MFI, including calpastatin activity, percentage of raw and cooked lipids, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) values after 7, 14, and 21 d of aging, and sensory panel rating of tenderness, juiciness, and connective tissue amount after 14 d of aging. Data were analyzed using a model with sire, sex, year, and slaughter group (calves of the same sex slaughtered on the same date) as fixed effects, and adjusted to a constant adjusted 12th-rib fat thickness. Sire affected R-calpain activity (P < 0.04), calpastatin activity (P < 0.01), d-14 MFI (P < 0.02), d-7 WBSF (P < 0.05), d-14 WBSF (P < 0.04), and sensory panel juiciness score (P < 0.01), but not (P < 0.75) m-calpain activity. Measures of tenderness and palatability were generally moderately to strongly correlated (both simple and residual correlations) with calpastatin and m-calpain activity. Myofibril fragmentation index residuals (adjusted for all model components except sire) after all aging periods were fitted using nonlinear regression to the exponential curve (MFIi = kappa(0) + kappa(1) exp{kappa(2) t(i)} + epsilon(i), where t(i) represents aging in days, kappa(0) is ultimate MFI after aging, kappa(1) is the difference between initial and ultimate MFI, kappa(2) is the rate of increase in MFI, and epsilon(i) is the error term associated with the ith observation, assumed to be independent and identically distributed normally). Sires had different estimates and combinations of estimates, which were used to plot MFI change with time. These curves visually differed for sires and suggested that postmortem tenderization extent and rate differ as well. Use of a combination of these estimated parameters in a selection/carcass sorting program represents an alternative consideration for tenderization improvement programs. SN 0021-8812 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 81 IS 10 BP 2440 EP 2447 UT WOS:000186718800009 PM 14552370 ER PT J AU Daniel, JA Elsasser, TH Morrison, CD Keisler, DH Whitlock, BK Steele, B Pugh, D Sartin, JL AF Daniel, JA Elsasser, TH Morrison, CD Keisler, DH Whitlock, BK Steele, B Pugh, D Sartin, JL TI Leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), and CD14 in ovine adipose tissue and changes in circulating TNF in lean and fat sheep SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AB Four studies were designed to determine whether 1) tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding ligand, CD14, are produced by sheep adipose tissue; 2) nutritional reserves and/or short-term fasting affect circulating concentrations of TNF; 3) there is a relationship between TNF and metabolic factors in sheep; and 4) inflammation alters circulating concentrations of leptin. In Exp. 1 and 2, ewes were assigned, based on ultrasonic assessments of last-rib subcutaneous fat measurements to fat (fat thickness >1 cm; mean = 1.52 +/- 0.03 cm) or thin (fat thickness <1 cm; mean = 0.25 +/- 0.03 cm) groups. Fat and thin ewes were assigned to fed or fasted groups for a total of four groups (fed-fat; fasted-fat; fed-thin; fasted-thin). Fed-ewes had ad libitum access to feed, and fasted-ewes were prohibited feed 48 h before initiation of sample collection. In Exp. 1, subcutaneous fat samples were collected from just above the last rib for detection of TNF and CD14 mRNA, and immunoreactivity. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-like immunoreactivity in adipocytes was sparse, more pronounced in cells in fed-ewes than fasted-ewes, and localized to membranes between adjacent cells in nucleated regions. Immunoreactivity for CD14 was minimally observed but present in adipocytes and widely expressed in infiltrating monocytes and epithelial vascular cells. Leptin was detected in adipocytes. In Exp. 2, plasma samples collected every 6 h for 24 h were analyzed for plasma concentrations of TNF. Fat ewes had greater plasma concentrations of TNF than thin ewes (P = 0.039). In Exp. 3, wethers were injected i.v. with interleukin-1beta or TNF. Blood samples were collected every 15 min for 8 h following injection. Plasma concentration of leptin was not affected by treatment (P > 0.39). In Exp. 4, wethers were injected with LPS. Blood samples were collected every 15 min for 8 h following injection. Plasma concentration of leptin was not altered by LPS (P > 0.20). These results provide evidence: 1) of TNF-like immunoreactivity within fat tissue; 2) that elements within fatty tissues have CD14 that may allow adipocyte function to be directly affected by LPS; 3) that plasma concentrations of leptin are not altered by LPS treatment; and 4) that circulating concentrations of TNF are elevated with obesity in sheep. RI Morrison, Christopher/A-6093-2010; Keisler, Duane/C-2746-2011; Whitlock, Brian/H-4198-2016 OI Keisler, Duane/0000-0002-8792-7030; Whitlock, Brian/0000-0001-7247-0982 SN 0021-8812 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 81 IS 10 BP 2590 EP 2599 UT WOS:000186718800027 PM 14552388 ER PT J AU Houlihan, AJ Russell, JB AF Houlihan, AJ Russell, JB TI The susceptibility of ionophore-resistant Clostridium aminophilum F to other antibiotics SO JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY AB Objective: To determine if ionophore-resistant ruminal bacteria are cross-resistant to other classes of antibiotics. Clostridium aminophilum was used as a model organism because this Gram-positive ruminal bacterium can adapt to ionophores (monensin and lasalocid). Non-adapted cultures lagged for at least 12 h with 1 muM monensin or lasalocid, but initiated no growth if the concentration was 10 muM. Adapted cultures did not lag with 1 muM monensin or lasalocid, grew well even if the ionophore concentration was 10 muM and contained cells at least 100 000-fold more resistant than those in non-adapted cultures. Methods: Ionophore-adapted and non-adapted cultures were assayed for their susceptibility to other classes of antibiotics (penicillin G, ampicillin, cephalosporin C, vancomycin, carbenicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, streptomycin, linocomycin, rifampicin, trimethoprim, novobiocin, polymyxin B and bacitracin) using a broth microdilution method. Results: Adapted cultures retained their resistance phenotype for at least 28 generations even if ionophore was no longer present. Monensin-adapted cultures were as resistant to lasalocid as those adapted to lasalocid, but lasalocid-adapted cultures lagged with 1 muM monensin. Monensin- and lasalocid-resistant C. aminophilum F cultures were as susceptible to most antibiotics as non-adapted cultures. The only antibiotic that seemed to have a common mechanism of resistance was bacitracin, and the ionophore-adapted cultures had a 32-fold greater MIC. Conclusion: The use of ionophores in cattle feed and the selection of ionophore-resistant ruminal bacteria does not necessarily lead to other types of antibiotic resistance. SN 0305-7453 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 52 IS 4 BP 623 EP 628 DI 10.1093/jac/dkg398 UT WOS:000185732100016 PM 12951349 ER PT J AU Rivera, CA Tcharmtchi, MH Mendoza, L Smith, CW AF Rivera, CA Tcharmtchi, MH Mendoza, L Smith, CW TI Endotoxemia and hepatic injury in a rodent model of hindlimb unloading SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AB Hindlimb unloading (HU) is known to induce physiological alterations in various organ systems that mimic some responses observed after exposure to microgravity. In the present study, the effects of up to 4 wk of HU on the liver were assessed in male Wistar rats and two mouse strains: endotoxin-sensitive C57BL/6 mice and endotoxin-resistant C3H/HEJ mice. Plasma levels of endotoxin, a known stimulator of hepatic injury, were measured in portal and systemic blood samples. Endotoxin was elevated by similar to 50% in portal blood samples of mice and rats but was not detectable in systemic blood. This low-grade portal endotoxemia was associated with hepatic injury in rats and C57BL/6 mice as indicated by inflammation and elevated serum transaminase activities. Blood levels of the cytokine TNF-alpha were increased by similar to 50% in C57BL/6 mice; no significant elevation of this cytokine was detected in rats. Messenger RNA levels of the acute-phase proteins serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and lipopolysaccharide binding protein were significantly enhanced after 3 wk of HU in endotoxin-sensitive rodents. In contrast, no histological changes or significant increases in serum enzyme activity were detected after HU in C3H/HEJ mice despite portal endotoxin levels of 222 +/- 83.4 pg/ml. At the 3-wk time point, expression of acute-phase proteins was not elevated in C3H/HEJ mice; however, expression after 4 wk of HU was similar to endotoxin-sensitive rodents. In conclusion, these findings indicate that HU induced mild portal endotoxemia, which contributed to the observed hepatic injury in endotoxin-sensitive rodents. SN 8750-7587 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 95 IS 4 BP 1656 EP 1663 DI 10.1152/japplphysiol.00302.2003 UT WOS:000185386800041 PM 12794033 ER PT J AU Di Lorenzo, M Stork, M Tolmasky, ME Actis, LA Farrell, D Welch, TJ Crosa, LM Wertheimer, AA Chen, Q Salinas, P Waldbeser, L Crosa, JH AF Di Lorenzo, M Stork, M Tolmasky, ME Actis, LA Farrell, D Welch, TJ Crosa, LM Wertheimer, AA Chen, Q Salinas, P Waldbeser, L Crosa, JH TI Complete sequence of virulence plasmid pJM1 from the marine fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum strain 775 SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AB The virulence plasmid pJM1 enables the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum, a gram-negative polarly flagellated comma-shaped rod bacterium, to cause a highly fatal hemorrhagic septicemic disease in salmonids and other fishes, leading to epizootics throughout the world. The pJM1 plasmid 65,009-nucleotide sequence, with an overall G+C content of 42.6%, revealed genes and open reading frames (ORFs) encoding iron transporters, nonribosomal peptide enzymes, and other proteins essential for the biosynthesis of the siderophore anguibactin. Of the 59 ORFs, approximately 32% were related to iron metabolic functions. The plasmid pJM1 confers on V. anguillarum the ability to take up ferric iron as a complex with anguibactin from a medium in which iron is chelated by transferrin, ethylenediamine-di(o-hydroxyphenyl-acetic acid), or other iron-chelating compounds. The fatDCBA-angRT operon as well as other downstream biosynthetic genes is bracketed by the homologous ISV-A1 and ISV-A2 insertion sequences. Other clusters on the plasmid also show an insertion element-flanked organization, including ORFs homologous to genes involved in the biosynthesis of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Homologues of replication and partition genes are also identified on pJM1 adjacent to this region. ORFs with no known function represent approximately 30% of the pJM1 sequence. The insertion sequence elements in the composite transposon-like structures, corroborated by the G+C content of the pJM1 sequence, suggest a modular composition of plasmid pJM1, biased towards acquisition of modules containing genes related to iron metabolic functions. We also show that there is considerable microheterogeneity in pJM1-like plasmids from virulent strains of V. anguillarum isolated from different geographical sources. RI Di Lorenzo, Manuela/A-8534-2008; Stork, Michiel/C-4867-2008 OI Stork, Michiel/0000-0003-4801-7875 SN 0021-9193 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 185 IS 19 BP 5822 EP 5830 DI 10.1128/JB.185.19.5822-5830.2003 UT WOS:000185493500019 PM 13129954 ER PT J AU Fyhrie, DP Barone, JR AF Fyhrie, DP Barone, JR TI Polymer dynamics as a mechanistic model for the flow-independent viscoelasticity of cartilage SO JOURNAL OF BIOMECHANICAL ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME AB The initial, rapid, flow independent, apparent stress relaxation of articular cartilage disks deformed by unconfined compressive displacement is shown to be consistent with the theory of polymer dynamics. A relaxation function for polymers based upon a mechanistic model of molecular interaction (reptation) appropriately approximated early, flow independent relaxation of stress. It is argued that the theory of polymer dynamics, with its reliance on mechanistic models of molecular interaction, is an appropriate technique for application to and the understanding of rapid, flow independent, stress relaxation in cartilage. SN 0148-0731 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 125 IS 5 BP 578 EP 584 DI 10.1115/1.1610019 UT WOS:000186160600002 PM 14618916 ER PT J AU James, DG Petroski, RJ Cosse, AA Zilkowski, BW Bartelt, RJ AF James, DG Petroski, RJ Cosse, AA Zilkowski, BW Bartelt, RJ TI Bioactivity, synthesis, and chirality of the sex pheromone of currant stem girdler, Janus integer SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY AB It was previously reported that females of the currant stem girdler, Janus integer Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), produce a compound, (Z)-9-octadecen- 4-olide (1), that is sensitively detected by the antennae of males only. These characteristics suggested a pheromonal function, and this has now been confirmed with behavioral tests. Field tests conducted during two seasons in a commercial red currant field in Washington State showed that synthetic racemic 1 is attractive to male J. integer under natural conditions. A clear dose-response was evident, with greatest numbers of girdlers caught in sticky traps baited with 10 mg of the pheromone ( in rubber septa) and least in traps baited with 1 mg or less. During May 2002, 10, 5, 3, and 1 mg baited traps caught means of 41.4, 26.6, 6.7, and 2.7 males/trap/visit ( 3 - 5 day intervals), respectively, with a maximum of 229 males caught in a single trap baited with 5 mg. A new synthetic method for racemic 1 is presented. The absolute configuration of natural 1 from the male sawflies was determined to be (R). The potential for using the sex pheromone of J. integer to improve management of this currant and gooseberry pest is discussed. SN 0098-0331 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 29 IS 10 BP 2189 EP 2199 DI 10.1023/A:1026210111334 UT WOS:000186128800001 PM 14682505 ER PT J AU Gries, R Khaskin, G Khaskin, E Foltz, JL Schaefer, PW Gries, G AF Gries, R Khaskin, G Khaskin, E Foltz, JL Schaefer, PW Gries, G TI Enantiomers of (Z,Z)-6,9-heneicosadien-11-ol: Sex pheromone components of Orgyia detrita SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY AB (6Z, 9Z, 11S)- 6,9-Heneicosadien-11-ol (Z6Z9-11S-ol-C21) and (6Z; 9Z; 11R)-6,9-heneicosadien-11-ol (Z6Z9-11R-ol-C21) were identified as major sex pheromone components of female tussock moths, Orgyia detrita Guerin-Meneville (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), on the basis of (1) analyses of pheromone gland extracts of female O. detrita by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC mass spectrometry, and (2) field trapping experiments with synthetic standards. Z6Z9-11S-ol-C21 and Z6Z9-11R-ol-C21 in combination, but not singly, attracted significant numbers of male moths. Racemic Z6Z9-11-ol-C21 was more attractive than the 1: 3.5 ( R: S) blend ratio found in pheromone gland extracts from female moths. Lower and higher homologues of Z6Z9-11-ol-C21 were also detected in GC-EAD recordings of pheromone extracts, and the racemic compounds enhanced attractiveness of Z6Z9-11-ol-C21 in field experiments. Because of trace amounts of these homologues in extracts, their enantiomeric composition could not be determined. This is the first report of secondary alcohols as pheromone components in the ditrysian ( advanced) Lepidoptera. RI Khaskin, Eugene/G-2151-2015 OI Khaskin, Eugene/0000-0003-1790-704X SN 0098-0331 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 29 IS 10 BP 2201 EP 2212 DI 10.1023/A:1026262028172 UT WOS:000186128800002 PM 14682506 ER PT J AU Olsen, IE Richardson, DK Schmid, CH Ausman, LM Dwyer, JT AF Olsen, IE Richardson, DK Schmid, CH Ausman, LM Dwyer, JT TI The impact of early transfer bias in a growth study among neonatal intensive care units SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Background and Objective: Transfer of infants between hospitals or their discharge home may bias comparisons of the performance across neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). This study attempts to show the potential size of transfer bias in the context of a large cohort study and describe strategies for minimizing this type of bias. Methods: To limit transfer bias in a neonatal growth study of extremely premature infants in six tertiary NICUs, we restricted eligibility to infants <30 weeks gestation at birth and substituted matched replacements for early transfers (infants transferred or discharged prior to day of life 16). Results: The restriction strategy was successful, reducing the overall early transfer rate from 16.4 to 3.6% and the range of transfer rates among individual NICUs from 0.6-32.7% to 0-11.0%. Replacement by matched substitutes had a much smaller effect because of the small number of early transfers and our inability to match on all factors distinguishing early transfers. Conclusion: Sampling strategies to minimize infants lost to follow-up were more successful than replacement strategies in limiting transfer bias in a NICU growth study. Although complete elimination of bias is likely impossible, valid studies require efforts to minimize, quantify, and test the effect of transfer bias. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. OI Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769; Schmid, Christopher/0000-0002-0855-5313 SN 0895-4356 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 56 IS 10 BP 998 EP 1005 DI 10.1016/S0895-4356(03)00168-9 UT WOS:000186147200011 PM 14568632 ER PT J AU Yoshimura, S Teramoto, T Whalen, MJ Irizarry, MC Takagi, Y Qiu, JH Harada, J Waeber, C Breakefield, XO Moskowitz, MA AF Yoshimura, S Teramoto, T Whalen, MJ Irizarry, MC Takagi, Y Qiu, JH Harada, J Waeber, C Breakefield, XO Moskowitz, MA TI FGF-2 regulates neurogenesis and degeneration in the dentate gyrus after traumatic brain injury in mice SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION AB We studied the role of FGF-2 on regulation of neurogenesis and cell loss in the granule cell layer (GCL) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). in both FGF-2(-/-) and FGF-2(+/+) mice subjected to controlled cortical impact, the number of dividing cells labeled with BrdU, injected on posttrauma days 6 through 8, increased at 9 days after TBI, and the number of BrdU-positive cells colabeled with neuron-specific nuclear antigen significantly increased at 35 days. However, in injured FGF-2(-/-) mice, BrdU-positive cells and BrdU-positive neurons (days 9, 35) were fewer compared with FGF-2(+/+) mice. The re was also a decrease in the volume of the GCL and the number of GCL neurons after TBI in both FGF-2(-/-) and FGF-2(+/+) mice, but the decrease in both was greater in FGF-2(-/-) mice at 35 days. Overexpression of FGF-2 by intracerebral injection of herpes simplex virus-1 amplicon vectors encoding this factor increased numbers of dividing cells (day 9) and BrdU-positive neurons (day 35) significantly in C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, the decrease in GCL volume was also attenuated. These results suggest that FGF-2 upregulates neurogenesis and protects neurons against degeneration in the adult hippocampus after TBI, and that FGF-2 supplementation via gene transfer can reduce GCL degeneration after TBI. RI Waeber, Christian/A-8333-2009 OI Waeber, Christian/0000-0001-6078-0027 SN 0021-9738 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 112 IS 8 BP 1202 EP 1210 DI 10.1172/JCI200316618 UT WOS:000186000300012 PM 14561705 ER PT J AU Hunter, WJ AF Hunter, WJ TI Accumulation of nitrite in denitrifying barriers when phosphate is limiting SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY AB Permeable in situ denitrifying barriers can remove nitrate from groundwater. Barriers may be constructed by filling an excavated area with a porous mixture of sand, fine gravel, and substrate or by the injection of a nonaqueous phase substrate into an aquifer. The substrate stimulates the development of a denitrifying microbial community by providing an electron donor. The objective of this study was to determine the ability of denitrifying barriers to function under low-phosphate conditions. Sand columns injected with a soybean oil emulsion were used as laboratory models of denitrifying barriers. When a natural groundwater containing 17 mg l(-1) nitrate-N and 0.009 mg l(-1) phosphate-P was pumped through the columns, only a small amount of nitrate was removed from the water and, in some effluent fractions, 52% to 88% of the influent nitrate had converted to nitrite. Nitrite also accumulated when the phosphate concentration of the groundwater was increased to 0.040 or 0.080 mg l(-1) phosphate-P. Only when a 0.160 mg l(-1) phosphate-P supplement was added to the groundwater was there a loss of nitrate without a large accumulation of nitrite. The addition of solid calcium phosphate or rock phosphate to the sand columns was found to provide adequate phosphate for denitrification in short-term studies. These studies point out the need to ensure that adequate phosphate is present in denitrifying barriers especially when such barriers are used beneath phosphate-binding soils. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. SN 0169-7722 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 66 IS 1-2 BP 79 EP 91 DI 10.1016/S0169-7722(03)00008-1 UT WOS:000185855300005 PM 14516942 ER PT J AU Bannerman, DD Paape, MJ Hare, WR Sohn, EJ AF Bannerman, DD Paape, MJ Hare, WR Sohn, EJ TI Increased levels of LPS-binding protein in bovine blood and milk following bacterial lipopolysaccharide challenge SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB Several species of gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and various species of Enterobacter, are common mastitis pathogens. All of these bacteria are characterized by the presence of endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in their outer membrane. The bovine mammary gland is highly sensitive to LPS, and LPS has been implicated, in part, in the pathogenesis of gram-negative mastitis. Recognition of LPS is a key event in the innate immune response to gram-negative infection and is mediated by the accessory molecules CD14 and LPS-binding protein (LBP). The objective of the current study was to determine whether LBP levels increased in the blood and mammary gland following LPS challenge. The left and right quarters of five midlactating Holstein cows were challenged with either saline or LPS (100 mug), respectively, and milk and blood samples collected. Basal levels of plasma and milk LBP were 38 and 6 mug/ml, respectively. Plasma LBP levels increased as early as 8 h post-LPS challenge and reached maximal levels of 138 mug/ml by 24 h. Analysis of whey samples derived from LPS-treated quarters revealed an increase in milk LBP by 12 h. Similar to plasma, maximal levels of milk LBP (34 mug/ml) were detected 24 h following the initial LPS challenge. Increments in milk LBP levels paralleled a rise in soluble CD14 (sCD14) levels and initial rises in the levels of these proteins were temporally coincident with maximal neutrophil recruitment to the inflamed gland. Because LBP and sCD14 are known to enhance LPS-induced host cell activation and to facilitate detoxification of LPS, these data are consistent with a role for these molecules in mediating mammary gland responses to LPS. SN 0022-0302 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 86 IS 10 BP 3128 EP 3137 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73914-9 UT WOS:000185666100013 PM 14594231 ER PT J AU Van Tassell, CP Wiggans, GR Misztal, I AF Van Tassell, CP Wiggans, GR Misztal, I TI Implementation of a sire-maternal grandsire model for evaluation of calving ease in the United States SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB The objective of this study was to add a maternal grandsire (MGS) effect to the existing sire model for national calving ease genetic evaluations. The Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory (AIPL) of USDA assumed responsibility for conducting the national genetic evaluation for calving ease and maintaining the associated database in 1999. Existing evaluations used a sire threshold model. Adding an MGS effect to the model was expected to improve accuracy by partially accounting for merit of mates and differences in maternal ability of the dams. Dystocia data were migrated to a relational database integrated with the AIPL production database. This database design allowed more rigorous data edits by comparison with the production data and improved MGS identification (ID) rate by utilizing pedigrees from the production records. Integration of dystocia data with production data increased MGS ID rate from 58 to 73%. In addition, nearly 200,000 duplicate records were identified using the new edit system. Sire and sire-MGS models were compared using over 10 million observations available for the August 2002 national genetic evaluation. The sire model included herd-year, season, sex of calf, parity of dam, birth year group of sire, and sire. For the sire-MGS model, MGS and birth year group of MGS were added, year-seasons rather than seasons were used, and sex of calf and parity of dam were combined into a single interaction effect. Herd-year, sire, and MGS were random effects. Variance components used for the sire model were those previously used in the national evaluation and for the sire-MGS model were estimated in a separate study. Correlations between predicted genetic merits for service sire calving ease from the two models was 85%, indicating general agreement, but with some significant differences in evaluations. A sire-MGS model was implemented in August 2002 for the national calving ease genetic evaluation system. OI Van Tassell, Curtis/0000-0002-8416-2087 SN 0022-0302 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 86 IS 10 BP 3366 EP 3373 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73940-X UT WOS:000185666100039 PM 14594257 ER PT J AU Powell, RL Norman, HD Sanders, AH AF Powell, RL Norman, HD Sanders, AH TI Progeny testing and selection intensity for Holstein bulls in different countries SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE AB International Bull Evaluation Service (Interbull) Holstein evaluations from February 1995 through February 2003 were used to determine characteristics of progeny testing for Holstein bulls in Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden, The Netherlands, and the United States. The decision to graduate a bull from progeny test (PT) was assumed to have been made based on the second Interbull evaluation, and graduation was defined as the addition of 200 daughters in the period 2.5 to 4.5 yr later. Mean bull age at PT decision varied across countries by 12 mo. Mean numbers of herds and daughters ranged from 39 to 111 and 54 to 144, respectively. Countries with higher requirements for official evaluations generally had more herds and daughters but older bulls at PT decision. Mean estimated breeding values for yield traits of sires of tested bulls were most similar across countries for fat, differing by only 6.4 kg. The four countries highest for sire protein differed only by 1 kg; however, the range was 12 kg. Percentages of bulls graduated ranged from 4.4 to 14.7 across countries. Selection intensities (standardized selection differentials) tended to be about 1.0 for yield traits. Selection intensities for somatic cell score were generally unfavorable, reflecting selection for negatively correlated yield traits. Reflecting variation in national breeding goals, selection intensities for stature were positive for most countries and highly negative for New Zealand. Selection intensity for fore udder was generally the lowest among the traits examined. All but one country showed positive selection for udder support. These statistics permit comparison of the components of PT programs across country, illustrating possible opportunities for improvement. SN 0022-0302 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 86 IS 10 BP 3386 EP 3393 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73942-3 UT WOS:000185666100041 PM 14594259 ER PT J AU Hallman, GJ AF Hallman, GJ TI Ionizing irradiation quarantine treatment against plum curculio (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB Plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), is a quarantine pest of many temperate fruits, such as ponies, Malus spp.; stone fruits, Prunus spp.; and blueberries, Vaccinium spp.; in North America east of the Rocky Mountains and a small area in Utah. There are two strains, a northern univoltine one that undergoes obligate diapause as an adult and a southern multivoltine strain that usually has facultative diapause. Current quarantine treatments for shipment to areas that do not have the pest include methyl bromide fumigation and cold storage for several weeks. The cold storage treatment may not be effective against northern strain adults in diapause. The objective of this research was to develop an irradiation quarantine treatment against plum curculio. The estimated dose to kill southern strain plum curculio adults in one day is approximate to 4 kGy. Diapausing northern strain plum curculios were prevented from reproducing with 40 Gy. Reproduction of southern strain plum curculios was prevented with a target dose of 80 Gy, and the dose recommended as a quarantine treatment, that would prevent adults from reproducing, is 92 Gy, the maximum absorbed dose measured when a target dose of 80 Gy was sought. At that dose, oviposition may still occur for up to 1 wk and some of the eggs may hatch, but there is no development beyond the first instar. Hosts of the plum curculio would tolerate that dose well. Immature plum curculios were prevented from reproducing with lower doses. SN 0022-0493 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 96 IS 5 BP 1399 EP 1404 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.5.1399 UT WOS:000186236600004 PM 14650511 ER PT J AU Barry, JD Vargas, RI Miller, NW Morse, JG AF Barry, JD Vargas, RI Miller, NW Morse, JG TI Feeding and foraging of wild and sterile Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) in the presence of spinosad bait SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB The sterile insect technique (SIT) is used to control wild Mediterranean fruit fly introductions in California and Florida in the U.S. In the past, bait sprays containing malathion proved invaluable in treating new outbreaks or large populations before the use of SIT. Recently, a spinosad protein bait spray, CF-120, has been developed as a possible alternative to malathion, the standard insecticide in protein bait sprays. In this study, protein-deficient and protein-fed Vienna-7 (sterile, mass-reared. "male-only" strain) flies and wild males and females were evaluated to determine the effectiveness of the GF-120 protein bait containing spinosad with respect to bait attraction, feeding, and toxicology. There were no effects of diet or fly type on feeding duration in small laboratory cages. Wild flies, however, registered more feeding events than Vienna-7 males. Flies that fed longer on fresh bait died faster. Protein-deficient flies were more active and found the bait more often than protein-fed flies. Data suggest that adding protein to the diet of SIT flies may decrease their response to baits, therefore, reduce mortality, and thus, allow the concurrent use of SIT and bait sprays in a management or eradication program. SN 0022-0493 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 96 IS 5 BP 1405 EP 1411 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.5.1405 UT WOS:000186236600005 PM 14650512 ER PT J AU Mayo, JH Straka, TJ Leonard, DS AF Mayo, JH Straka, TJ Leonard, DS TI The cost of slowing the spread of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB Beginning in 1992, the Slow The Spread (STS) pilot project was initiated to target gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) spread rate reduction by controlling populations in the transition zone. The project uses intensive monitoring techniques, with pheromone-baited sticky moth traps, to detect low-level populations and target them for eradication. The primary objective of the pilot project was to evaluate the feasibility of using integrated pest management techniques to slow the spread of gypsy moths over a large geographical area. In this study, the cost of STS pilot project activities in 1993-1995 was investigated. A cost accounting system was developed and used as a framework to collect the cost data and to investigate cost patterns and characteristics. Total expenditures of STS activities for 1993-1995 were $7,685.2 million. Per unit cost was $49.67 per trap with the direct cost component being $35.03 per trap. Trapper labor and vehicle expense accounted for approximate to90% of this direct cost. Per unit cost for treatment activities was found to average $27.86 per treated acre. In general, the STS pilot project is labor intensive, specifically the trapping component. From 1993-1995, 59% of total project expenditures were spent on trapping activities, 28% on pesticide treatments, and 13% on data management. A trapper productivity rate regression model is described. SN 0022-0493 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 96 IS 5 BP 1448 EP 1454 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.5.1448 UT WOS:000186236600010 PM 14650517 ER PT J AU Prokopy, RJ Miller, NW Pinero, JC Barry, JD Tran, LC Oride, L Vargas, RI AF Prokopy, RJ Miller, NW Pinero, JC Barry, JD Tran, LC Oride, L Vargas, RI TI Effectiveness of GF-120 fruit fly bait spray applied to border area plants for control of melon flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB In a field study in Hawaii, color-marked protein-deprived and protein-fed female melon flies; Bactrocera cucurbitae Coquillett, were released within canopies of unsprayed sorghum plants (a nonhost of melon flies) outside of a border area of unsprayed or bait-sprayed sorghum plants or open space that surrounded cucumbers, a favored host of melon flies. Application of bait spray to sorghum or sugarcane surrounding host plants of melon flies is a common practice for melon fly control in Hawaii. GF-120 Fruit Fly Bait spray proved very effective in preventing protein-deprived females from alighting on cucumbers (23% of released females were observed dead on bait-sprayed sorghum; 0% were observed alive on cucumbers), but proved less effective in suppressing protein-fed females (14% of released females were observed dead on bait-sprayed sorghum; 11% were observed alive on cucumbers). No females were found dead on unsprayed sorghum. Compared with open space surrounding cucumbers, the presence of unsprayed sorghum as surrounding border area neither significantly enhanced nor significantly inhibited the ability of either type of female with respect to finding cucumbers. Greenhouse cage assays revealed that compared with droplets of water, droplets of GF-120 Fruit Fly Bait spray were highly attractive to protein-deprived females within 1 h of bait spray application to sorghum, but lost about half of their attractiveness within 5 h and all of it within 24 h under the dry greenhouse conditions used for maintaining baited-sprayed sorghum plants in these assays. Laboratory cup assays showed that bait spray droplets remained highly toxic to protein-deprived females 24 h after application, but lost nearly half of their toxicity within 4 d under laboratory exposure and nearly all of it after approximate to8 mm of rainfall. Combined findings suggest that application of GF-120 Fruit Fly Bait spray to nonhost plants for melon fly control either be made often enough to overcome loss of attractiveness of bait spray droplets to females or that bait spray be applied to nonhost plants that are themselves attractive to the females. SN 0022-0493 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 96 IS 5 BP 1485 EP 1493 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.5.1485 UT WOS:000186236600015 PM 14650522 ER PT J AU Silva, EM Dean, BB Hiller, LK AF Silva, EM Dean, BB Hiller, LK TI Honey bee (Hymenoptera : Apidae) foraging in response to preconditioning with onion flower scent compounds SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB Onion (Allium cepa L.) seed production has long been plagued with yield problems because of lack of pollination by the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. To attempt to attract more pollinators to the onion seed production field, honey bees were conditioned to associate onion floral odor components with a reward. Isolated nucleus hives of honey bees were fed 30% sucrose solutions scented with a 0.2% solution of onion floral odor compounds. After feeding on these solutions for 6 wk, bees were not found to prefer onion flowers to two competing food sources, carrot and alfalfa flowers, at the 5% significance level. However, there was an overall trend indicating a change in honey bee behavior, with fewer "trained" bees visiting alfalfa and carrot and more visiting onion. Thus, it may be possible to alter honey bee behavior with preconditioning but probably not to a degree that would be economically significant. SN 0022-0493 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 96 IS 5 BP 1510 EP 1513 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.5.1510 UT WOS:000186236600018 PM 14650525 ER PT J AU Xue, RD Barnard, DR AF Xue, RD Barnard, DR TI Boric acid bait kills adult mosquitoes (Diptera : Culicidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB The toxicity of boric acid solutions to adult Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, Culex nigripalpus Theobald, and Aedes albopictus Skuse was evaluated in the laboratory. Median lethal concentrations (LC50 in %) at 24-h exposure for male and female An. quadrimaculatus were 0.317 and 0.885, respectively; for Cx. nigripalpus, 0.273 and 0.560, respectively; and for Ae. albopictus, 0.174 and 0.527, respectively. The LC50 values at 48-h exposure for male and female An. quadrimaculatus were 0.101 and 0.395, respectively; for Cx. nigripalpus, 0.098 and 0.255, respectively; and for Ae. albopictus, 0.078 and 0.244 respectively. In laboratory tests, access for 48 h to sucrose (10%) water containing 1% boric acid (boric acid bait) resulted in 98% mortality in blood fed, gravid, and parous Ae. albopictus. When offered a choice between boric acid bait and sucrose water, 52% of male and 33% of female Ae. albopictus ingested sufficient boric acid bait in 24 h to cause death; after 48 h, respective percent mortalities were 88 and 58%. In outdoor tests, in a walk-in screened cage (156 m(3)) containing 1,250 female Ae. albopictus mosquito biting rates on the exposed forearm of a human subject in 3-min exposure were reduced greater than or equal to78% for the boric acid bait treatment, compared with a sucrose water control. SN 0022-0493 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 96 IS 5 BP 1559 EP 1562 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.5.1559 UT WOS:000186236600024 PM 14650531 ER PT J AU Elliott, NC Giles, KL Royer, TA Kindler, SD Tao, FL Jones, DB Cuperus, GW AF Elliott, NC Giles, KL Royer, TA Kindler, SD Tao, FL Jones, DB Cuperus, GW TI Fixed precision sequential sampling plans for the greenbug and bird cherry-oat aphid (Homoptera : Aphididae) in winter wheat SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB The numbers of greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), and bird cherry-oat aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi L., per wheat tiller (stem) were estimated in 189 production winter wheat (Triticum. aestivum L.) fields located throughout Oklahoma. Taylor's power law regressions were calculated from these data and used to construct fixed precision sequential sampling schemes for each species. An evaluation data set was constructed from 210 samples taken during three growing seasons from winter wheat fields at four locations in Oklahoma. Wheat cultivar and growth stage were recorded for each field on the day of sampling. Taylor's power law parameters for evaluation fields differed significantly for both species among growing seasons, locations, and plant growth stages. Median precision achieved using the fixed precision sequential sampling schemes for each species departed <20% from expected precision over the range population intensity in the evaluation data. For the 10% of samples with greatest deviation between observed and expected precision, observed precision was 13.8-81.8% greater than that expected precision depending on aphid species and population intensity. For the greenbug, the distribution of the percentage deviation between observed and expected precision was positively skewed, so that the sampling scheme tended to over-predict precision. For the bird cherry-oat aphid, the distribution was more symmetric. Even though precision observed using the sampling schemes frequently varied from expected precision, because of the inevitable consequence of sampling error and environmental variation, the sampling schemes yielded median observed precision levels close to expected precision levels over a broad range of population intensity. RI Royer, Tom/D-9737-2016 OI Royer, Tom/0000-0003-0912-7115 SN 0022-0493 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 96 IS 5 BP 1585 EP 1593 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.5.1585 UT WOS:000186236600028 PM 14650535 ER PT J AU Geden, CJ Steinkraus, DC AF Geden, CJ Steinkraus, DC TI Evaluation of three formulations of Beauveria bassiana for control of lesser mealworm and hide beetle in Georgia poultry houses SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB Initial screening of 12 Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin isolates against larvae of the lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus [Panzer]) resulted in the selection of two isolates, GHA and 707, for further testing under field conditions. Three formulations of each strain were prepared: an EC, a ground corn granular formulation, and waste product of fungal propagation containing spent media, mycelia, and unharvested conidia ("residue" formulation). Two field trials were conducted in commercial caged-layer houses in Georgia with 5-6 mo of manure accumulation and established populations of A. diaperinus and hide beetles (Dermestes maculatus DeGeer). In the first trial field, B. bassiana was applied a single time to the manure surface at either 10(9) (EC and granular cornmeal bait formulations) or 10(8) (residue formulation) fungal spores per square meter. In the second trial, two successive weekly treatments were applied, using a total of 6X the rate of application used in the first trial, Significant treatment effects were short-lived and only detected 2 wk after treatment in both trials. The granular formulations of both strains and the residue formulation of the GHA strain provided the greatest degree of suppression (60-90%) of beetle larvae. A laboratory bioassay confirmed that the granular bait was the most effective formulation. More frequent applications made earlier in the manure accumulation cycle may be necessary to achieve satisfactory control of these beetles. SN 0022-0493 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 96 IS 5 BP 1602 EP 1607 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.5.1602 UT WOS:000186236600030 PM 14650537 ER PT J AU Miller, JA Davey, RB Oehler, DD Pound, JM George, JE AF Miller, JA Davey, RB Oehler, DD Pound, JM George, JE TI Efficacy of the Ivomec SR bolus for control of horn flies (Diptera : Muscidae) on cattle in South Texas SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY AB The concentration of ivermectin in the serum of Hereford heifers treated with a single Ivomec SR bolus reached a maximum of 8.8 +/- 0.9 ppb at 2 wk post-treatment. The single bolus treatment resulted in <10% mortality of adult horn flies feeding on the blood of the treated animals over the 21-wk trial. Bioassays of the manure from treated cattle showed complete inhibition of development of immature horn flies through week 19 post-treatment. When the trial was repeated using two Ivomec SR boluses/heifer, the concentration of ivermectin in the serum of the treated cattle reached a maximum level of 31.2 +/- 3.9 ppb at week 13 post-treatment. During the first 17 wk of treatment, the use of two boluses/heifer resulted in 96.2 and 81.2% mortality of adult male and female horn flies feeding on the blood of treated animals, respectively. From these studies, we conclude that a single Ivomec SR bolus used as an anthelmintic treatment can be expected to provide significant control of immature horn flies developing in the manure, but not of adults feeding on the treated cattle. SN 0022-0493 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 96 IS 5 BP 1608 EP 1611 DI 10.1603/0022-0493-96.5.1608 UT WOS:000186236600031 PM 14650538 ER PT J AU Abel, CA Wilson, RL Luhman, RL AF Abel, CA Wilson, RL Luhman, RL TI Pollinating efficacy of Osmia cornifrons and Osmia lignaria subsp lignaria (Hymenoptera : Megachilidae) on three Brassicaceae species grown under field cages SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB Until 1997, honey bees, Apis mellifera L., were used to pollinate Brassicaceae grown in field cages at the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station (NCRPIS), at Ames, IA. At this time, a solitary bee, Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski), was first employed to pollinate the crop in field cages; however, a native bee species, Osmia lignaria subsp. lignaria Say, out-competes O. cornifrons in central Iowa for artificial nesting sites erected for rearing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of these two solitary bee species for producing Brassica napus, B. rapa, and Sinapis alba seed in field cages. There was no difference in seed production for the S. alba accession, PI 209022, or the B. rapa accession, PI 278766, between the two species of Osmia. But, the B. rapa accession, PI 392025, and the B. napus accession, PI 469944, produced significantly more seed when pollinated by O. lignaria subsp. lignaria than by O. cornifrons. Because the native bee is easier to rear and maintain, it will be the pollinator of choice for control pollinating collections of Brassicaceae species maintained at NCRPIS. The commercial use of O. lignaria subsp. lignaria or the related subspecies, O. lignaria subsp. propinqua, should be investigated for improving the production of canola and rapeseed. SN 0749-8004 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 4 BP 545 EP 552 UT WOS:000187021100008 ER PT J AU Robacker, DC Fraser, I AF Robacker, DC Fraser, I TI Relative attractiveness of oranges and grapefruits to Mexican fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) in a wind tunnel SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB Grapefruits and sweet oranges were equally attractive to, and elicited comparable oviposition behavior from, naive laboratory-strain female Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), in wind-tunnel experiments. Neither fruit attracted nor elicited oviposition behavior from naive wild females. For laboratory females, experience with either grapefruits or oranges enhanced attraction to both fruits and enhanced attraction to the experienced fruit more so than to the other, but did not affect oviposition propensity, For wild females, experience with either fruit enhanced attraction to both fruits, enhanced attraction to the experienced fruit more so than to the other, and increased oviposition propensity on both fruits. Also, wild females experienced with grapefruits oviposited more readily in grapefruits than did those experienced with oranges. Both laboratory and wild females experienced with either fruit directed less oviposition behavior toward wind-tunnel walls than did naive females. Laboratory males were attracted to both fruits, but wild males were attracted to neither. Overall, experience with fruit had smaller effects on responses of males compared with effects on females. SN 0749-8004 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 4 BP 566 EP 575 UT WOS:000187021100010 ER PT J AU Miller, DR Borden, JH AF Miller, DR Borden, JH TI Responses of lps pini (Say), Pityogenes knechteli Swaine and associated beetles (Coleoptera) to host monoterpenes in stands of lodgepole pine SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB We conducted seven experiments in stands of mature lodgepole pine in southern British Columbia to elucidate the role of host volatiles in the semiochernical ecology of the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), with particular reference to the behavioral responses of predators and competing species of bark beetles. Our results demonstrated that the attraction of Ips pini and the bark beetle predators Lasconotus complex LeConte (Colydiidae), Thanasimus undatulus (Say) (Cleridae) and a Corticeus sp. (Tenebrionidae) were increased by 3-carene. In contrast, attraction of the bark beetle Pityogenes knechteli Swaine (Scolytidae) to ipsdienol was interrupted by 3-carene and a-pinene. Attraction of L. complex to ipsdienol was increased by gamma-terpinene, a compound attractive to the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Scolytidae). Terpinolene interrupted the attraction of l. pini to ipsdienol. SN 0749-8004 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 4 BP 602 EP 611 UT WOS:000187021100013 ER PT J AU Coyle, DR Nowak, JT Fettig, CJ AF Coyle, DR Nowak, JT Fettig, CJ TI Irrigation and fertilization effects on nantucket pine tip moth (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) damage levels and pupal weight in an intensively-managed pine plantation SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB The widespread application of intensive forest management practices throughout the southeastern U.S. has increased loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., yields and shortened conventional rotation lengths. Fluctuations in Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), population density and subsequent damage levels have been linked to variations in management intensity. We examined the effects of two practices, irrigation and fertilization, on R. frustrana damage levels and pupal weights in an intensively-managed P. taeda plantation in South Carolina. Trees received intensive weed control and one of the following treatments: irrigation only, fertilization only, irrigation + fertilization, or control. Mean whole-tree tip moth damage levels ranged from <1 to 48% during this study. Damage levels differed significantly among treatments in two tip moth generations in 2001, but not 2000. Pupal weight was significantly heavier in fertilization compared to the irrigation treatment in 2000, but no significant differences were observed in 2001. Tree diameter, height, and aboveground volume were significantly greater in the irrigation + fertilization than in the irrigation treatment after two growing seasons. Our data suggest that intensive management practices that include irrigation and fertilization do not consistently increase R. frustrana damage levels and pupal weights as is commonly believed. However, tip moth suppression efforts in areas adjacent to our study may have partially reduced the potential impacts of R. frustrana on this experiment. SN 0749-8004 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 4 BP 621 EP 630 UT WOS:000187021100015 ER PT J AU Sullivan, BT Dalusky, MJ Berisford, CW AF Sullivan, BT Dalusky, MJ Berisford, CW TI Interspecific variation in host-finding cues of parasitoids of the southern pine beetle (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB Experiments were performed with host-associated olfactory attractants of the larval parasitoids of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, to elucidate both their biological origin and their chemical composition. Sticky-screen traps were erected in an active D. frontalis infestation and baited with parts of D. frontalis-infested loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) or their extracts. The diversity of parasitoid species landing on trees infested with larval D. frontalis was substantially greater than that attracted to traps baited with wood and bark taken from similar, infested trees. Females of four parasitoid species, Spathius pallidus (Ashmead), Roptrocerus xylophagorum (Ratzeburg), Dinotiscus dendroctoni (Ashmead), and Eurytoma tomici Ashmead, were attracted to bark infested with D. frontalis larvae. Two of these species, R. xylophagorum and S. pallidus, were attracted to debarked wood from host-infested trees although this tissue was free of hosts and host frass. Spathius pallidus were more attracted to the excised bark (containing D. frontalis larvae and frass) than the debarked wood from D. frontalis-infested pine bolts, while R. xylophagorum were attracted in similar numbers to both materials. When traps were baited with steam/water-distilled extracts of D. frontalis-infested bark, R. xylophagorum strongly preferred extracts from bark containing early-instar larvae over extracts from bark infested with either younger (egg-stage) or older (late-instar larval and pupal) brood. In contrast, S. pallidus responded significantly only to extracts of late larval/pupal bark. Coupled gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC-MS) analyses of the bark extracts revealed that the concentrations of numerous extract constituents correlated positively with trap catch of S. pallidus, but no such relationships were identified for R. xylophagorum. These data provide further evidence that members of the parasitoid complex associated with D. frontalis differ in their strategies for locating trees infested with susceptible hosts. SN 0749-8004 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 4 BP 631 EP 643 UT WOS:000187021100016 ER PT J AU Lait, CG Miller, DR Bates, SL Borden, JH Kermode, AR AF Lait, CG Miller, DR Bates, SL Borden, JH Kermode, AR TI Biochemical assay detects feeding damage to loblolly pine seeds caused by the leaffooted pine seed bug (Hemiptera : Coreidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE AB A large number of proteins in salivary gland extracts of the leaffooted pine seed bug, Leptoglossus corculus Say, were strongly recognized by a polyclonal antibody-based assay developed for detecting saliva of the western conifer seed bug. Leptoglossus occidentalis Heide-mann, in lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann, seeds. An average of approximately 85% of loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., seeds exposed to feeding by L. corculus for 1 to 4 weeks in the laboratory contained detectable amounts of salivary proteins when the antibody assays were performed weekly on samples (n = 10) of seed. In comparison, radiography of exposed seed detected an average of approximately 63% damaged seed over the same 4-wk period, indicating that the antibody assay increased sensitivity of damage detection by approximately one-third. Depletion of insoluble polypeptides and proliferation of soluble polypeptides less than or equal to23.5 kDa was apparent after SDS-PAGE and quantitative assays were performed on proteins extracted from seeds that were damaged by exposure to L. corculus feeding. Our data suggest that the antibody-based test could be used to obtain accurate estimates of seed losses attributable to L. corculus feeding in southern pine seed orchards. SN 0749-8004 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 4 BP 644 EP 653 UT WOS:000187021100017 ER PT J AU Dumont, JF Peterson, J Haytowitz, D Booth, SL AF Dumont, JF Peterson, J Haytowitz, D Booth, SL TI Phylloquinone and dihydrophylloquinone contents of mixed dishes, processed meats, soups and cheeses SO JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS AB Assessment of dietary intakes of phylloquinone (VK-1) and dihydrophylloquinone (dK) has been limited by an overall deficit of food composition data, especially for mixed dishes and processed foods. Ninety-eight geographically representative food samples, obtained as part of the National Food and Nutrient Analysis Program (NFNAP), were analyzed for VK-1 and dK using reversed phase HPLC with fluorescent detection. The VK-1 concentrations of the mixed dishes, processed meats, soups, and cheeses ranged from zero (non-detectable, ND) to 11.1 mug/100 g; the dK concentrations ranged from zero (ND) to 22.4 mug/100 g. No dK was detected in the cheese samples. Minimal variation in VK-1 content was observed between the cooked and uncooked samples. Mixed dishes, processed meats, soups. and cheeses contain relatively small amounts of phylloquinone and dK when compared with vegetables and certain plant oils. However, since these foods may frequently be consumed in large amounts, they may be important dietary contributors of vitamin K. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. SN 0889-1575 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 16 IS 5 BP 595 EP 603 DI 10.1016/S0889-1575(03)00029-2 UT WOS:000185210500007 ER PT J AU Miller-Ihli, NJ Pehrsson, PR Cutrifelli, RL Holden, JM AF Miller-Ihli, NJ Pehrsson, PR Cutrifelli, RL Holden, JM TI Fluoride content of municipal water in the United States: what percentage is fluoridated? SO JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS AB Recently, a study was conducted to look at the trace element content of municipal waters sampled around the United States. This was a collaborative project defined by representatives of the Nutrient Data Laboratory and the Food Composition Laboratory of the United States Department of Agriculture. As part of the study, the fluoride content of nationally representative water samples was measured since water is one of the principal sources of fluoride in the US diet. This study served as a pilot for planning a more extensive future nationwide sampling. Samples were analyzed using a separate reference electrode and ion selective electrode with TISAB II buffer. The calibration range was from 0.5 to 3.0 ppm. Accuracy of the method was validated by analyzing NIST SRM 2671a Fluoride in Freeze-Dried Urine. Results from the municipal water study clearly showed that the distribution of fluoride in US municipal waters is bi-modal. That is to say, because of the fact that ambient levels are typically extremely low, the concentration of fluoride is basically quantized. Either the water is fluoridated and contains approximately 1 ppm of fluoride or it is not fluoridated with undetectable fluoride concentration. The distribution of these data make it difficult to assign a meaningful average value useful to health professionals and consumers to assess fluoride intake. This study revealed that approximately 40% of the water samples from this nationwide sampling were fluoridated with a mean concentration of 1.01 +/- 0.15 mug/ml. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. SN 0889-1575 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 16 IS 5 BP 621 EP 628 DI 10.1016/S0889-1575(03)00056-5 UT WOS:000185210500010 ER PT J AU Line, JE Pearson, KG AF Line, JE Pearson, KG TI Development of a selective broth medium for the detection of injured Campylobacter jejuni by capacitance monitoring SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB The purpose of these studies was to develop a conductimetric method for the rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni. Numerous basal medium components were analyzed to develop a growth-enhancing broth medium for detection of freeze-injured Campylobacter cells using a conductimetric system. The final medium was composed of a modified Campy-Line agar from which the agar and triphenyltetrazolium chloride were removed and the amino acid, L-arginine was added. Pure isolates of C. jejuni. (frozen and thawed to produce stressed cells) were utilized to test the detection methodology. Monitoring of significant changes in the capacitance signal was found suitable for detection of Campylobacter proliferation. Using stressed pure cultures, Campylobacter growth was repeatedly detected at very low inoculum levels (about one cell per well). There was a direct linear relationship between detection times (DTs) and the initial inoculum level. For example, using a single strain, the mean DT (n = 20) at the 10 CFU/ml inoculum level was 28.6 h, with 100% of the inoculated wells detecting. The mean DTs at the 100, 1,000, and 10,000 CFU/ml inoculum levels were 24.9, 21.4, and 17.0 h, respectively. This study demonstrates that conductimetric methods can be utilized for the rapid detection of C. jejuni. SN 0362-028X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 66 IS 10 BP 1752 EP 1755 UT WOS:000185821500001 PM 14572208 ER PT J AU Van Kessel, JS Karns, JS Perdue, ML AF Van Kessel, JS Karns, JS Perdue, ML TI Using a portable real-time PCR assay to detect Salmonella in raw milk SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a portable real-time PCR system in detecting Salmonella spp. in raw milk. The 200 bulk milk samples chosen for this study constituted a subset of the samples for a larger study; this subset contained 24 samples that were culture positive for Salmonella and 176 that were culture negative. Milk was both plated directly on selective agar and plated after enrichment in selective media. Presumptive Salmonella colonies were isolated by direct culturing of five samples, while Salmonella was isolated from the remaining 19 positive samples only after enrichment. Presumptive Salmonella isolates were serotyped, and isolates from 22 samples were confirmed to be Salmonella isolates. PCR assays of culture-positive milk prior to enrichment yielded no evidence of Salmonella. DNA extracts of bacterial pellets from the enriched samples were analyzed for Salmonella by real-time PCR with the Ruggedized Advanced Pathogen Identification Device (RAPID). Fifty-four samples from the enrichment pellets tested positive for Salmonella by real-time PCR. Two samples that tested positive for Salmonella by culture and serotyping tested Salmonella negative by real-time PCR. Serotyping identified isolates from these samples as Salmonella Montevideo. All DNA extracts of Salmonella Montevideo isolates tested positive for Salmonella by real-time PCR. Thirty-three samples tested negative by culture and positive by real-time PCR. These results indicate that the portable real-time PCR system appears to be a useful tool for detecting Salmonella in raw milk. Additionally, the combination of enrichment and real-time PCR techniques used in this study can yield results in 24 h, compared with the 48 to 72 h required for traditional culture. SN 0362-028X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 66 IS 10 BP 1762 EP 1767 UT WOS:000185821500003 PM 14572210 ER PT J AU Simmons, M Fletcher, DL Berrang, ME Cason, JA AF Simmons, M Fletcher, DL Berrang, ME Cason, JA TI Comparison of sampling methods for the detection of Salmonella on whole broiler carcasses purchased from retail outlets SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB An experiment was conducted to compare the effectiveness levels of two methods in recovering Salmonella from the same carcass. One hundred fresh whole broiler chickens were purchased from retail outlets over a 5-week period (20 carcasses per week). After carcasses had been aseptically removed from the packages and giblets had been removed, the carcasses were placed in sterile bags containing 400 ml of 1 % buffered peptone water, the bags were shaken for 60 s, and a 30-ml aliquot was removed and incubated for 24 h at 37 C (aliquot sample). Then, an additional 130 ml of 1 % buffered peptone water was immediately added to the bag with the carcass (bringing the volume to 500 ml), the bag was reshaken, and the carcass and rinse were incubated for 24 h at 37 degreesC (whole-carcass enrichment sample). Following incubation, 0.5-ml samples for the two methods were placed into 10 ml of Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth and into 10 ml of tetrathionate (Hajna) broth and incubated at 42 C for 24 h. Each broth was then streaked onto BG Sulfa agar and modified lysine iron agar and incubated for 24 h at 35 C. Suspected Salmonella colonies were inoculated onto triple sugar iron and lysine iron agar slants and incubated at 35 C for 24 h. Presumptive positive results were confirmed by Poly O and Poly H agglutination tests. Over the 5-week period, 13% of the aliquot samples tested positive for Salmonella, compared with 38% of the whole-carcass enrichment samples from the same carcasses. Recovery rates ranged from 0 of 20 samples to 4 of 20 samples for aliquot method and from 4 of 20 samples to 10 of 20 samples for the whole-carcass enrichment method over the 5-week period. These results indicate that when small numbers of Salmonella are expected, the sampling method has a major influence on the identification of Salmonella-positive carcasses. SN 0362-028X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 66 IS 10 BP 1768 EP 1770 UT WOS:000185821500004 PM 14572211 ER PT J AU Riley, DG Gray, JT Loneragan, GH Barling, KS Chase, CC AF Riley, DG Gray, JT Loneragan, GH Barling, KS Chase, CC TI Escherichia coli O157 : H7 prevalence in fecal samples of cattle from a southeastern beef cow-calf herd SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB The proportion of fecal samples culture-positive for Escherichia coli O157:H7 was determined for samples collected from 296 beef cows on pasture in a single Florida herd in October, November, and December 2001. The overall proportion of samples that cultured positive was 0.03. The proportion of cows that were culture-positive on at least one occasion was 0.091. No effect of pregnancy status or nutritional regimen on the proportion of culture-positive samples for E. coli O157:H7 was detected. We detected a breed effect on the shedding of E. coli O157, with Romosinuano cows having a lower (P < 0.01) proportion of samples culture-positive than Angus or Brahman cows. This difference might have resulted from the presence of confounding variables; however, it also. might represent evidence of breed-to-breed genetic variation in E. coli O157 shedding. Further research is warranted to evaluate breed as a possible risk factor for shedding of this important foodborne pathogen. Further substantiated findings could indicate that breed is a cow-calf-level critical control point of E. coli O157:H7. SN 0362-028X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 66 IS 10 BP 1778 EP 1782 UT WOS:000185821500006 PM 14572213 ER PT J AU Barak, JD Chue, B Mills, DC AF Barak, JD Chue, B Mills, DC TI Recovery of surface bacteria from and surface sanitization of cantaloupes SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB Practical, effective methods that could be implemented in a food service establishment (restaurant or delicatessen) for the surface sanitization of cantaloupes were microbiologically evaluated. Cantaloupes (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulates) were immersed in an inoculum containing Salmonella enterica serovar Poona or Pantoea agglomerans at ca. 10(4) to 10(5) CFU/ml. An efficient method for the recovery of bacteria from the cantaloupe surface was developed and validated. The method consisted of washing the entire melon with Butterfield's buffer containing 1 % Tween 80 in a plastic bag placed inside a plastic pail affixed to an orbital shaker. Levels of S. enterica Poona recovered by washing the entire melon were significantly higher than those recovered by the more common laboratory method of blending the rind. P. agglomerans can be used as a nonpathogenic proxy for S. enterica Poona. A three-compartment surface sanitization method consisting of washing with an antimicrobial soap solution, scrubbing with a brush in tap water, and immersion in 150 ppm of sodium hypochlorite reduced the initial level of recoverable viable bacteria by 99.8%. When examined separately, scrubbing with a vegetable brush in tap water, washing with soap, and dipping in chlorine were found to reduce the bacterial load by 70, 80, and 90%, respectively. SN 0362-028X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 66 IS 10 BP 1805 EP 1810 UT WOS:000185821500010 PM 14572217 ER PT J AU Friedman, M Henika, PR Mandrell, RE AF Friedman, M Henika, PR Mandrell, RE TI Antibacterial activities of phenolic benzaldehydes and benzoic acids against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB We evaluated the bactericidal activities of 35 benzaldehydes, 34 benzoic acids, and I benzoic acid methyl ester against Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica when these compounds were substituted on the benzene ring with 0, I, 2, or 3 hydroxy (OH) and/or methoxy (OCH3) groups in a pH 7.0 buffer. Dose-response plots were used to determine the percentage of the sample that induced a 50% decrease in CFU after 60 min (BA(50)). Of the 70 compounds tested, 24 were found to be active against all four pathogens, and additional 4, 10, and 12 were found to be active against three, two, and one of the pathogens, respectively. C. jejuni was similar to100 times as sensitive as the other three pathogens. The 10 compounds that were most active against the four pathogens (with average BA(50) values ranging from 0.026 to 0.166) and are candidates for studies of activity in foods or for disinfections were 2,4,6-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde, 2,3-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, 2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Comparison of the chemical structures of the test compounds and their activities revealed that (i) the aldehyde (CHO) group was more active than the carboxyl (COOH) group whether or not OH groups were present; (ii) compounds were most active with trisubstituted OH > disubstituted OH > monosubstituted OH; (iii) for disubstituted derivatives, 2-OH enhanced activities were exhibited by benzaldehyde but not by benzoic acid; (iv) compounds were more active with OH than with OCH3, irrespective of the position of substitution on the benzene ring; (v) compounds with mixed OH and OCH3 groups exhibited variable results, i.e., in some cases OCH3 groups enhanced activity and in other cases they did not; (vi) methoxybenzoic acids were largely inactive; and (vii) gallic acid was 20 times as active against S. enterica at pH 7.0 as it was at pH 3.7, suggesting that the ionization of its OH groups may enhance bactericidal activity. OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 SN 0362-028X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 66 IS 10 BP 1811 EP 1821 UT WOS:000185821500011 PM 14572218 ER PT J AU Niemira, BA Sommers, CH Boyd, G AF Niemira, BA Sommers, CH Boyd, G TI Effect of freezing, irradiation, and frozen storage on survival of Salmonella in concentrated orange juice SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB Six strains of Salmonella (Anatum F4317, Dublin 15480, Enteritidis 13076, Enteritidis WY15159, Stanley H0588, and Typhimurium 14028) were individually inoculated into orange juice concentrate (OJC) and frozen to -20degreesC. The frozen samples were treated with 0 (nonirradiated), 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 kGy of gamma radiation and held frozen for 1 h, and the surviving bacterial population was assessed. The strains showed significant variability in their response to freezing and to freezing in combination with irradiation. The response was dose dependent. Relative to the nonfrozen, nonirradiated control, the reduction following the highest dose (2.0 kGy) ranged from 1.29 log CFU/ml (Salmonella Typhimurium) to 2.17 log CFU/ml (Salmonella Stanley). Samples of OJC inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis WY15159 and irradiated were stored at -20degreesC for 1, 2, 7, or 14 days, and the surviving population was determined. Relative to the nonfrozen, nonirradiated control, after 14 days, the population was reduced by 1.2 log CFU/ml in the nonirradiated samples and by 3.3 log CFU/ml following treatment with 2.0 kGy. The combination of frozen storage plus irradiation resulted in greater overall reductions than either process alone. SN 0362-028X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 66 IS 10 BP 1916 EP 1919 UT WOS:000185821500025 PM 14572232 ER PT J AU Wallace, FM Call, JE Luchansky, JB AF Wallace, FM Call, JE Luchansky, JB TI Validation of the USDA/ARS package rinse method for recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from naturally contaminated, commercially prepared frankfurters SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB The utility of the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service (USDA/ARS) package rinse method for recovering Listeria monocytogenes from the surface of contaminated foods was validated in comparison to the standard USDA/ Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) product composite enrichment method and two other methods using frankfurters from a lot with a known package prevalence rate of approximately 16% for this pathogen. One hundred packages from this batch of naturally contaminated, commercially prepared frankfurters were examined as follows: (i) the package exudative fluid was removed and tested using the standard USDA/FSIS product composite enrichment method; (ii) approximately 5 to 7 portions of frankfurters were removed to obtain a 25-g composite of meat that was then processed using the standard USDA/ FSIS product composite enrichment method; (iii) 50 ml of 0.1% peptone water was added to each package, and the USDA/ ARS package rinse method was performed on the remaining contents; and (iv) after removing the rinse fluid, the solid contents remaining in each package were directly enriched using the USDA/FSIS product composite enrichment method. These four methods identified that 7, 6, 15, and 9 of the 100 packages tested positive for the pathogen, respectively. Although no single approach yielded a positive result for every package that tested positive for L. monocytogenes by any one of the four sampling strategies, the USDA/ARS package rinse method was appreciably (P < 0.05) better than either the package exudate enrichment method or the standard USDA/FSIS product composite enrichment method at recovering the bacterium. These findings validate the sensitivity and ease of use of the USDA/ARS package rinse method using naturally contaminated frankfurters and argue strongly for its adoption for routine screening of ready-to-eat products that are prone to surface contamination with undesirable microbes such as L. monocytogenes. SN 0362-028X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 66 IS 10 BP 1920 EP 1923 UT WOS:000185821500026 PM 14572233 ER PT J AU Brown, RL Brown-Jenco, CS Bhatnagar, D Payne, GA AF Brown, RL Brown-Jenco, CS Bhatnagar, D Payne, GA TI Construction and preliminary evaluation of an Aspergillus flavus reporter gene construct as a potential tool for screening aflatoxin resistance SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION AB Effective preharvest strategies to eliminate aflatoxin accumulation in crops are not presently available. The molecular biology of aflatoxin biosynthesis has been extensively studied, and genetic and molecular tools such as reporter gene systems for the measurement of fungal growth have been developed. A reporter construct containing the Aspergillus flavus beta-tubulin gene promoter fused to Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase (GUS) has been shown to be a reliable tool for the indirect measurement of fungal growth in maize kernels. Since cost-saving alternative methods for the direct measurement of aflatoxin levels are needed to facilitate more widespread field and laboratory screening of maize lines, a new reporter gene construct involving the promoter region of the omtA gene of the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway was constructed and tested. Expression of GUS activity by this construct (omtA::GUS) was correlated with aflatoxin accumulation in culture. In the fungal transformant GAP26-1, which harbors this construct, aflatoxin production and GUS expression on sucrose-containing medium showed the same temporal pattern of toxin induction. Furthermore, GUS expression by GAP26-1 was shown to be associated with aflatoxin accumulation in maize kernels inoculated with this strain. Our results suggest that this and other reporter gene pathway promoter constructs may provide superior alternatives to direct aflatoxin quantification with respect to time, labor, and materials for the screening of maize lines for resistance to aflatoxin accumulation. SN 0362-028X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 66 IS 10 BP 1927 EP 1931 UT WOS:000185821500028 PM 14572235 ER PT J AU Bett-Garber, KL Beaulieu, JC Ingram, DA AF Bett-Garber, KL Beaulieu, JC Ingram, DA TI Effect of storage on sensory properties of fresh-cut cantaloupe varieties SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY AB The sensory properties of fresh-cut fruit deteriorate before visual sensory properties. An appealing look that has lost its appealing flavor will not result in repeat purchases. The sensory attributes were characterized for 4 varieties of cantaloupes and monitored for change during storage using descriptive sensory analysis. The 4 varieties, Athena, Sol Real, Primo and Pacstart, were produced in 1999 and 2000. The melons were prepared and stored in rigid packaging. Variety significantly affected sweet aromatic, chemical, sweet, astringent, hardness, moisture release and surface wetness. Pacstart was lower in 'Fruity' and 'Sweet' intensity. At the ideal condition 4C, little change occurred during storage. Cucurbits, cohesiveness and surface wetness significantly changes during 7 days of storage. Sol Real and Pacstart were significantly harder than Athena and Primo. Sol Real decreased in hardness. Off-flavor development was minimal. OI Beaulieu, John/0000-0001-7767-5901; Bett-Garber, Karen/0000-0002-1453-2759 SN 0146-9428 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 26 IS 4 BP 323 EP 335 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.2003.tb00248.x UT WOS:000186097800004 ER PT J AU Parkinson, TM Force, JE Smith, JK AF Parkinson, TM Force, JE Smith, JK TI Hands-on learning: Its effectiveness in teaching the public about wildland fire SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY AB This study evaluated workshops for the adult public featuring experiential learning about wildland fire. Participants used hands-on activities to investigate fire behavior and ecology and to assess hazards in the wildland-urban interface. Effectiveness was examined using a pretest, a posttest following the program, and another posttest 30 days later. Participants' knowledge increased following the program, and their attitudes and beliefs became more supportive of fire management. These changes were still evident a month later. Hands-on activities can help adults become better informed about wildland fire and more positive about fire management. SN 0022-1201 PD OCT-NOV PY 2003 VL 101 IS 7 BP 21 EP + UT WOS:000185493800006 ER PT J AU Morin, E Krajewski, WF Goodrich, DC Gao, XG Sorooshian, S AF Morin, E Krajewski, WF Goodrich, DC Gao, XG Sorooshian, S TI Estimating rainfall intensities from weather radar data: The scale-dependency problem SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY AB Meteorological radar is a remote sensing system that provides rainfall estimations at high spatial and temporal resolutions. The radar-based rainfall intensities (R) are calculated from the observed radar reflectivities (Z). Often, rain gauge rainfall observations are used in combination with the radar data to find the optimal parameters in the Z-R transformation equation. The scale dependency of the power-law Z-R parameters when estimated from radar reflectivity and rain gauge intensity data is explored herein. The multiplicative (a) and exponent (b) parameters are said to be "scale dependent'' if applying the observed and calculated rainfall intensities to objective function at different scale results in different "optimal'' parameters. Radar and gauge data were analyzed from convective storms over a midsize, semiarid, and well-equipped watershed. Using the root-mean-square difference (rmsd) objective function, a significant scale dependency was observed. Increased time- and space scales resulted in a considerable increase of the a parameter and decrease of the b parameter. Two sources of uncertainties related to scale dependency were examined: 1) observational uncertainties, which were studied both experimentally and with simplified models that allow representation of observation errors; and 2) model uncertainties. It was found that observational errors are mainly (but not only) associated with positive bias of the b parameter that is reduced with integration, at least for small scales. Model errors also result in scale dependency, but the trend is less systematic, as in the case of observational errors. It is concluded that identification of optimal scale for Z-R relationship determination requires further knowledge of reflectivity and rain-intensity error structure. RI sorooshian, soroosh/B-3753-2008; Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009 OI sorooshian, soroosh/0000-0001-7774-5113; Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448 SN 1525-755X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 4 IS 5 BP 782 EP 797 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<0782:ERIFWR>2.0.CO;2 UT WOS:000185945200002 ER PT J AU Crow, WT AF Crow, WT TI Correcting land surface model predictions for the impact of temporally sparse rainfall rate measurements using an ensemble Kalman filter and surface brightness temperature observations SO JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY AB Current attempts to measure short-term (<1 month) rainfall accumulations using spaceborne radiometers are characterized by large sampling errors associated with low observation frequencies for any single point on the globe (from two to eight measurements per day). This degrades the value of spaceborne rainfall retrievals for the monitoring of surface water and energy balance processes. Here a data assimilation system, based on the assimilation of surface L-band brightness temperature (T-B) observations via the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), is introduced to correct for the impact of poorly sampled rainfall on land surface model predictions of root-zone soil moisture and surface energy fluxes. The system is evaluated during the period from 1 April 1997 to 31 March 1998 over two sites within the U. S. Southern Great Plains. This evaluation includes both a data assimilation experiment, based on synthetically generated T-B measurements, and the assimilation of real T-B observations acquired during the 1997 Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment (SGP97). Results suggest that the EnKF-based assimilation system is capable of correcting a substantial fraction (>50%) of model error in root-zone (40 cm) soil moisture and latent heat flux predictions associated with the use of temporally sparse rainfall measurements as forcing data. Comparable gains in accuracy are demonstrated when actual T-B measurements made during the SGP97 experiment are assimilated. SN 1525-755X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 4 IS 5 BP 960 EP 973 DI 10.1175/1525-7541(2003)004<0960:CLSMPF>2.0.CO;2 UT WOS:000185945200014 ER PT J AU James, RR Buckner, JS Freeman, TP AF James, RR Buckner, JS Freeman, TP TI Cuticular lipids and silverleaf whitefly stage affect conidial germination of Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY AB Beauveria bassiana and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus are generalist entomopathogenic fungi that infect the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii). We found second and third instar whiteflies to be the most susceptible larval stage to both fungi. Conidia of B. bassiana germinated most readily on the cuticle of second instars (54% germinated) and P. fumosoroseus germination was highest on third instar cuticle (45%). Fourth instars (the ultimate instar) had low susceptibility to these pathogens, and spore germination on the cuticle of fourth instars was very low for R bassiana (7%) and intermediate for P. fumosoroseus (33%). Cuticular lipids were found to have toxic or inhibitory effects on conidia of B. bassiana and P. fumosoroseus when the spores were germinated on nutrient agar in the presence of the lipids. In the absence of added nutrients, P. fumosoroseus conidial germination increased in the presence of the lipids. To test if the inhibitory effects of the lipids were due solely to hydrophobicity (preventing water from coming into contact with the conidia) we tested the effects of synthetic long-chain wax esters. The synthetic wax esters inhibited germination of P. fumosoroseus to a degree that was similar to the effect of the cuticular lipid extracts, but the synthetic lipids did not have a significant effect on B. bassiana. Thus, the thick coating of long-chain wax esters produced by whitefly nymphs affect spore germination of fungal pathogens, but whether they play a significant role in defense against disease is not clear. Published by Elsevier Inc. SN 0022-2011 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 67 EP 74 DI 10.1016/j.jip.2003.08.006 UT WOS:000186717000001 PM 14615214 ER PT J AU Reed, C Otvos, IS Reardon, R Ragenovich, I Williams, HL AF Reed, C Otvos, IS Reardon, R Ragenovich, I Williams, HL TI Effects of long-term storage on the stability of OpMNPV DNA contained in TM Biocontrol-1 SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY AB Orgyia pseudotsugata multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (OpMNPV) DNA was extracted from samples representing 10 lots of TM Biocontrol-1 stored at -10 degreesC for 5-15 years and digested with the restriction enzymes BglII, PstI, and SalI. DNA from the OpMNPV virus strain (MEM-75-STANDARD) used to produce the TM Biocontrol-1 lots was also extracted and digested. No restriction fragment length polymorphisms were observed in any of the samples and there was no evidence of DNA degradation. This indicates that long-term cold storage of TM Biocontrol-1 had no adverse effect on the quality of the OpMNPV DNA. In addition to the expected >23 kb OpMNPV DNA, extracts from lots 4a, 5b, and 6 contained 10 additional nucleic acid segments, ranging in size from 0.9 to 4.2 kb. The electrophoretic profile of these segments was characteristic of O. pseudotsugata cypovirus (OpCPV). RNase A/DNase I treatment showed that the nucleic acid contaminants were composed of RNA, suggesting that lots 4a, 5b, and 6 contained OpCPV as well as OpMNPV. Bioassay results have shown that there is a decrease in efficacy of stored TM-biocontrol-1, but this did not appear to be directly correlated with the length of time in storage. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Inc. SN 0022-2011 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 104 EP 113 DI 10.1016/j.jip.2003.08.002 UT WOS:000186717000006 PM 14615219 ER PT J AU Valles, SM Pereira, RM AF Valles, SM Pereira, RM TI Use of ribosomal DNA sequence data to characterize and detect a neogregarine pathogen of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY AB A neogregarine parasite of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, was discovered recently in Florida and tentatively placed in the Mattesia genus based on morphological characterization. S. invicta infected with this Mattesia species exhibited a characteristic yellowing of the cuticle which was designated Mattesia "yellow-head disease" (YHD). The 18S rRNA gene sequence from Mattesia YHD was elucidated and compared with the neogregarine pathogens, Mattesia geminata and Ophriocystis elektroscirrha. The sequence data support the previous conclusion that Mattesia YHD is a new species that infects S. invicta. Furthermore, high sequence identity between Mattesia YHD, M. geminata (95.7%), and O. elektroscirrha (86.2%) correctly place the YHD organism in the Mattesia genus and Neogregarinorida order. Oligonucleotide primer pairs were designed to unique areas of the 18S rRNA genes of Mattesia YHD and S. invicta. Multiplex PCR resulted in sensitive and specific detection of Mattesia YHD infection of S. invicta. Published by Elsevier Inc. RI Pereira, Roberto/B-5008-2010 OI Pereira, Roberto/0000-0002-5618-7690 SN 0022-2011 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 114 EP 118 DI 10.1016/j.jip.2003.09.001 UT WOS:000186717000007 PM 14615220 ER PT J AU Delalibera, I Hajek, AE Humber, RA AF Delalibera, I Hajek, AE Humber, RA TI Use of cell culture media for cultivation of the mite pathogenic fungi Neozygites tanajoae and Neozygites floridana SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY AB The pathogenic fungus Neozygites tanajoae, one of the most efficient natural enemies of the cassava green mite (CGM) Mononychellus tanajoa in Brazil, was introduced experimentally in Benin in 1998/1999 for the control of CGM. Isolation methods and culture media for in vitro production of N. tanajoae are reported for the first time in this study. Continuous growth of N. tanajoae was achieved using medium NT-1 (IPL-41 + 5-10% fetal bovine serum + 0.3% lactalbumin hydrolysate + 0.3% yeastolate). This medium supported production of N. tanajoae up to 1.53 (+/-0.08) x 10(7) hyphal bodies/mL after 8 days. The growth of N. tanajoae from Cruz das Almas, Brazil, was compared to the growth of two Neozygites floridana isolates with wider host ranges from North Carolina, US, and Palmira, Colombia, in 11 cell culture media. We demonstrated that differences in nutritional requirements exist between A tanajoae and the similar species, N. floridana. N. tanajoae is a particularly fastidious species highly specific to CGM and grows well in few media while N. floridana which is less host specific, grows in a broader range of media, including serum free media. N. floridana isolates produced more than 2 x 10(6) hyphal bodies/mL in greater than or equal to 7 of the 11 media tested. However, the N. tanajoae isolate reached the same final concentration in only 3 media. Cell densities of N. tanajoae also increased slower than in N. floridana isolates in most media. N. tanajoae differed morphologically from the two N. floridana isolates in vitro. Hyphal bodies of eight N. tanajoae isolates are shorter than hyphal bodies of the two N. floridana isolates. The distinction of these two species was initially proposed based on host specificity, genetic and physiological patterns and is supported by the results presented in this study. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. RI Delalibera Jr., Italo/D-6186-2012 OI Delalibera Jr., Italo/0000-0001-9770-9216 SN 0022-2011 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 119 EP 127 DI 10.1016/j.jip.2003.09.005 UT WOS:000186717000008 PM 14615221 ER PT J AU Cottrell, TE Shapiro-Ilan, DI AF Cottrell, TE Shapiro-Ilan, DI TI Susceptibility of a native and an exotic lady beetle (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae) to Beauveria bassiana SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY AB The exotic multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis, became established and recently spread across much of North America and southern Canada. In a habitat now used by both the invading H. axyridis and a native lady beetle, Olla v-nigrum, we discovered that the native lady beetle was commonly infected by Beauveria bassiana; whereas, the exotic H. axyridis, was not. Laboratory assays revealed that B. bassiana isolates collected from naturally infected O. v-nigrum were pathogenic to adult O. v-nigrum but not to adult H. axyridis. In contrast, the GHA strain of B. bassiana was not significantly pathogenic to O. v-nigrum nor H. axyridis. Late-season field collections revealed significantly higher R bassiana infection of O. v-nigrum than H. axyridis. Our results lead us to hypothesize that low susceptibility of H. axyridis to B. bassiana (found to infect O. v-nigrum) may provide an intraguild advantage to H. axyridis over O. v-nigrum; this may also occur with other species of native lady beetles and other endemic entomopathogens in different habitats and regions. Published by Elsevier Inc. SN 0022-2011 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 84 IS 2 BP 137 EP 144 DI 10.1016/j.jip.2003.09.003 UT WOS:000186717000010 PM 14615223 ER PT J AU Diwadkar-Navsariwala, V Novotny, JA Gustin, DM Sosman, JA Rodvold, KA Crowell, JA Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M Bowen, PE AF Diwadkar-Navsariwala, V Novotny, JA Gustin, DM Sosman, JA Rodvold, KA Crowell, JA Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, M Bowen, PE TI A physiological pharmacokinetic model describing the disposition of lycopene in healthy men SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH AB A physiological pharmacokinetic model was developed to describe the disposition of lycopene, delivered as a tomato beverage formulation in five graded doses (10, 30, 60, 90, or 120 mg), for a phase I study in healthy male subjects (five per dose). Blood was collected before dose administration (0 h) and at scheduled intervals until 672 h. Serum concentrations of carotenoids and vitamins were measured by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. The model was comprised of seven compartments: gastrointestinal tract, enterocytes, chylomicrons, plasma lipoproteins, fast-turnover liver, slow-turnover tissues, and a delay compartment before the enterocytes. As predicted, the percent absorption at the 10 mg dose (33.9 +/- 8.1%) was significantly greater than at the higher doses; however, the amount of lycopene absorbed (mg) was not statistically different (mean: 4.69 +/- 0.55 mg) between doses, suggesting a possible saturation of absorptive mechanisms. jlr The slow-turnover tissue compartment served as a slow-depleting reservoir for lycopene, and the liver represented the fast-turnover pool. Independent of dose, 80% of the subjects absorbed less than 6 mg of lycopene. This may have important implications for planning clinical trials with pharmacological doses of lycopene in cancer control and prevention if absorption saturation occurs at levels that are already being consumed in the population.-Diwadkar-Navsariwala, V, J. A. Novotny, D. M. Gustin, J. A. Sosman, K. A. Rodvold, J. A. Crowell, M. Stacewicz-Sapuntzakis, and P. E. Bowen. A physiological pharmacokinetic model describing the disposition of lycopene in healthy men. J. Lipid Res. 2003. 44: 1927-1939. SN 0022-2275 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 44 IS 10 BP 1927 EP 1939 DI 10.1194/jlr.M200130-JLR200 UT WOS:000186043900013 PM 12867539 ER PT J AU Brewster, JD AF Brewster, JD TI Isolation and concentration of Salmonellae with an immunoaffinity column SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS AB A method for rapidly and selectively isolating Salmonellae from buffer solutions and concentrating the bacteria by a factor of similar to 500 was developed. Anti-Salmonellae antibody was covalently linked to 40 pm polyacrylamide beads to prepare a solid phase with affinity for the bacteria. The beads were packed into 1-mm diameter glass tubes to form a column 20 mul in volume. Buffer containing Salmonellae at concentrations ranging from 10(2) to 10(6)/ml was pumped through the column to trap and concentrate the bacteria. At a flow rate of 50 mul/min, more than 95% of the bacteria introduced to the column were captured, while at 800 mul/min capture dropped to 32%. Specificity was high, with no detectable capture of Escherichia coli at a concentration of 10(5)/ml. Capture of more than 90% of Salmonellae in a 5-ml sample was achieved in 40 min by re-circulating the sample through the column at a flow rate of 500 mul/. Published by Elsevier B.V. SN 0167-7012 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 55 IS 1 BP 287 EP 293 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(03)00163-5 UT WOS:000185956000031 PM 14500020 ER PT J AU Howarth, NC Saltzman, E McCrory, MA Greenberg, AS Dwyer, J Ausman, L Kramer, DG Roberts, SB AF Howarth, NC Saltzman, E McCrory, MA Greenberg, AS Dwyer, J Ausman, L Kramer, DG Roberts, SB TI Fermentable and nonfermentable fiber supplements did not alter hunger, satiety or body weight in a pilot study of men and women consuming self-selected diets SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION CT Experimental Biology 2003 Meeting CY APR 11-15, 2003 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA AB Little is known about the relative effects of fermentable fiber (FF) vs. nonfermentable fiber (NFF) on energy regulation in humans. We compared 27 +/- 0.6 g/d supplements of FF (pectin, beta-glucan) and NFF (methylcellulose) for their ability to decrease ad libitum energy intake (EI) and hunger, increase satiety and cause spontaneous body weight and fat losses. Men and women (n = 11) aged 23-46 y, BMI 20.0-34.4 kg/m(2), consumed first NFF and then FF for 3 wk each, with a 4-wk washout period between phases. Daily satiety assessed with analog scales was higher with NFF than FF (60.7 +/- 1.0 vs. 57.7 +/- 0.8 mm, P = 0.01). However, there were no differences in reported EI (NFF < FF by 7%, P = 0.31, NFF < baseline by 9.5%, P = 0.11), body weight (NFF 0.13 kg, P = 0.73; FF 0.13 kg, P = 0.60) or fat percentage (NFF -0.3%, P = 0.56; FF -0.1%, P = 0.66) within either phase. In contrast to findings in animals, NFF was more, rather than less satiating than FF, and use of neither NFF nor FF preparations was associated with body weight or fat loss. These pilot results suggest no role for short-term use of FF and NFF supplements in promoting weight loss in humans consuming a diet ad libitum. OI Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769 SN 0022-3166 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 133 IS 10 BP 3141 EP 3144 UT WOS:000185711400020 PM 14519798 ER PT J AU Palencia, E Torres, O Hagler, W Meredith, FI Williams, LD Riley, RT AF Palencia, E Torres, O Hagler, W Meredith, FI Williams, LD Riley, RT TI Total fumonisins are reduced in tortillas using the traditional nixtamalization method of mayan communities SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 09-13, 2003 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH SP Soc Toxicol AB Fumonisin B-1 (FB1) is a maize mycotoxin. In tortilla preparation, maize is treated with lime (nixtamalization), producing hydrolyzed FB1 (HFB1) due to loss of the tricarballylic acid side chains. This study determined the following: 1) whether nixtamalization by Mayan communities reduces total fumonisins, and 2) the steps in the process at which reduction occurs. Tortillas prepared by the traditional process contained FB1, FB2 and FB3 and their hydrolyzed counterparts. There were equimolar amounts of FB1 and HFB1 in the tortillas, but the total fumonisins were reduced 50%. The total FB1 plus HFB1 in the residual lime water and water washes of the nixtamal accounted for 50% of the total FB1 in the uncooked maize. HFB1 and FB1 were present in a 1:1 mol/L ratio in the water washes of the nixtamal, the masa dough and the cooked tortillas, whereas the ratio of HFB1:FB1 in lime water after steeping was 21. Water washes contained 11% of the FB1 that was in the uncooked maize. The results show that the traditional method reduced the total fumonisins in tortillas and reduced the sphinganine elevation (a biomarker closely correlated with fumonisin toxicity) in cells treated with extracts of tortillas compared with cells treated with extracts of contaminated maize. SN 0022-3166 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 133 IS 10 BP 3200 EP 3203 UT WOS:000185711400033 PM 14519811 ER PT J AU Roughead, ZK Hunt, JR AF Roughead, ZK Hunt, JR TI High meat diet, acid-base status and calcium retention - Reply to Sebastian and Remer and Manz SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION SN 0022-3166 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 133 IS 10 BP 3240 EP 3240 UT WOS:000185711400041 ER PT J AU Blumberg, J AF Blumberg, J TI Introduction to the proceedings of the Third International Scientific Symposium on Tea and Human Health: Role of flavonoids in the diet SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION SN 0022-3166 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 133 IS 10 BP 3244S EP 3246S UT WOS:000185711400042 PM 14519820 ER PT J AU Davies, MJ Judd, JT Baer, DJ Clevidence, BA Paul, DR Edwards, AJ Wiseman, SA Muesing, RA Chen, SC AF Davies, MJ Judd, JT Baer, DJ Clevidence, BA Paul, DR Edwards, AJ Wiseman, SA Muesing, RA Chen, SC TI Black tea consumption reduces total and LDL cholesterol in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION CT 3rd International Scientific Symposium on Tea and Human Health - Role of Flavonoids in the Diet CY SEP 23, 2002 CL USDA, WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Canc Soc, Amer Coll Nutrit, Amer Hlth Fdn, Amer Soc Nutrit Sci, Food & Agr Org, Oregon State Univ, Linus Pauling Inst HO USDA AB Despite epidemiological evidence that tea consumption is associated with the reduced risk of coronary heart disease, experimental studies designed to show that tea affects oxidative stress or blood cholesterol concentration have been unsuccessful. We assessed the effects of black tea consumption on lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in mildly hypercholesterolemic adults. Tea and other beverages were included in a carefully controlled weight-maintaining diet. Five servings/d of tea were compared with a placebo beverage in a blinded randomized crossover study (7 men and 8 women, consuming a controlled diet for 3 wk/treatment). The caffeine-free placebo was prepared to match the tea in color and taste. In a third period, caffeine was added to the placebo in an amount equal to that in the tea. Five servings/d of tea reduced total cholesterol 6.5%, LDL cholesterol 11.1%, apolipoprotein B 5% and lipoprotein(a) 16.4% compared with the placebo with added caffeine. Compared with the placebo without added caffeine, total cholesterol was reduced 3.8% and LDL cholesterol was reduced 7.5% whereas apolipoprotein B, Lp(a), HDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein A-I and triglycerides were unchanged. Plasma oxidized LDL, F2-isoprostanes, urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, ex vivo ferric ion reducing capacity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in LDL were not affected by tea consumption compared with either placebo. Thus, inclusion of tea in a diet moderately low in fat reduces total and LDL cholesterol by significant amounts and may, therefore, reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. Tea consumption did not affect antioxidant status in this study. SN 0022-3166 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 133 IS 10 BP 3298S EP 3302S UT WOS:000185711400051 PM 14519829 ER PT J AU Sanchez-Moreno, C Paniagua, M Madrid, A Martin, A AF Sanchez-Moreno, C Paniagua, M Madrid, A Martin, A TI Protective effect of vitamin C against the ethanol mediated toxic effects on human brain glial cells SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY AB It is now known that chronic consumption of excessive amounts of alcohol is a major source of social and medical problems. Ethanol-mediated glial cell activation may lead to neuron damage in many ways, including the formation of free radicals and production of pro-inflammatory molecules. Vitamin C (vit-C) is an essential dietary nutrient required as a co-factor for many enzymes and a very efficient antioxidant, protecting cells against free radical-mediated damage. The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of vit-C on glial cell activation and viability against ethanol-mediated toxicity. Human brain astrocyte cells (HA) were exposed to ethanol (0, 50, and 350 mmol/L) for 24 It. We found that glial cells incubated with different concentrations of vit-C increase their vit-C in a dose-dependent manner. HA incubated with 0, 50 or 350 mmol/L of ethanol for up to 24 h showed toxic effects that were proportional to the levels of ethanol in the medium, HA showed increased levels of heat shock protein (Hsp70). However, cells enriched with vit-C before being exposed to ethanol, were better protected against the alcohol-mediated toxicity than non-supplemented cells, and showed significantly lower concentrations of Hsp70. Ethanol also caused increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and synthesis of prostaglandin E-2 (PGE(2)), which were reduced by vit-C. In summary, HA supplemented with vit-C were significantly more resistant to the ethanol-mediated toxic effects. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. RI Sanchez-Moreno, Concepcion/N-6798-2013 OI Sanchez-Moreno, Concepcion/0000-0002-2341-9328 SN 0955-2863 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 14 IS 10 BP 606 EP 613 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(03)00132-3 UT WOS:000186060000007 PM 14559112 ER PT J AU Lichtenfels, JR Pilitt, PA Gibbons, LM AF Lichtenfels, JR Pilitt, PA Gibbons, LM TI Ovejector structure in the Haemonchinae (Nematoda : Trichostrongyloidea) of ruminants SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AB The use of ovejector structure in the phylogeny of the Haemonchinae is hampered by differences among nematologists in the application of terminology and the recognition of homologous parts. Some workers recognize a sphincter with 2 parts, but others recognize only the proximal, rounded part of the sphincter and include the distal cylindrical part of the sphincter with the vestibule. The results of this study demonstrate that all sphincters of Haemonchinae of ruminants have 2 parts. To encourage the application Of a uniform terminology to homologous parts of the ovejector, we propose the use of the terms "sphincter 1" for the rounded part and "sphincter 2" for the cylindrical part. It is hoped that clarification of the terminology for ovejectors of the Haemonchinae will provide a model useful for improving descriptions of ovejectors throughout the Trichostrongyloidea. SN 0022-3395 EI 1937-2345 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 89 IS 5 BP 984 EP 993 DI 10.1645/GE-3162 UT WOS:000186283800019 PM 14627148 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Graham, DH Dahl, E Sreekumar, C Lehmann, T Davis, MF Morishita, TY AF Dubey, JP Graham, DH Dahl, E Sreekumar, C Lehmann, T Davis, MF Morishita, TY TI Toxoplasma gondii isolates from free-ranging chickens from the United States SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AB Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in chickens is a good indicator of the strains prevalent in their environment because they feed from ground. The prevalence of T. gondii was determined in 118 free-range chickens from 14 counties in Ohio and in 11 chickens from a pig farm in Massachusetts. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies ( greater than or equal to1: 5) were found using the modified agglutination test (MAT) in 20 of 118 chickens from Ohio. Viable T. gondii was recovered from 11 of 20 seropositive chickens by bioassay of their hearts and brains into mice. The parasite was not isolated from tissues of 63 seronegative (less than or equal to1:5) chickens by bioassay in cats. Hearts, brains, and muscles from legs and breast of the 11 chickens from the pig farm in Massachusetts were fed each to a T. gondii-negative cat. Eight cats fed chicken tissues shed oocysts the 3 cats that did not shed oocysts were fed tissues of chickens with MAT titers of 1:5 or less. Tachyzoites of 19 isolates of T gondii front Ohio and Massachusetts were considered avirulent for mice. Of 19 isolates genotyped, 5 isolates were type II and 14 were type Ill: mixed types and type I isolates were not found. OI Chirukandoth, Sreekumar/0000-0003-2875-4034 SN 0022-3395 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1060 EP 1062 DI 10.1645/GE-124R UT WOS:000186283800029 PM 14627158 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Venturini, MC Venturini, L Piscopo, M Graham, DH Dahl, E Sreekumar, C Vianna, MC Lehmann, T AF Dubey, JP Venturini, MC Venturini, L Piscopo, M Graham, DH Dahl, E Sreekumar, C Vianna, MC Lehmann, T TI Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from free-ranging chickens from Argentina SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AB The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging chickens can be considered a good indicator of the prevalence of T gondii oocysts in the environment because chickens feed from the ground. In the present study. prevalence of T gondii in 29 free-range chickens (Gallus domesticus) from Argentina was investigated. Blood, heart, and brain from each chicken were examined for T. gondii infection. Antibodies to T. gondii. assayed with the modified agglutination test (MAT). were found in 19 of 29 (65.5%) chickens. Hearts and brains of seropositive (MAT greater than or equal to 1:5) chickens were bioassayed in mice. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 9 of 19 seropositive chickens. Genotyping of chicken isolates of T gondii using the SAG2 locus indicated that 1 was type I. 1 was type II, and 7 were type III . This is the first report of isolation of T gondii from chickens from Argentina. OI Chirukandoth, Sreekumar/0000-0003-2875-4034 SN 0022-3395 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1063 EP 1064 DI 10.1645/GE-126 UT WOS:000186283800030 PM 14627159 ER PT J AU Gauss, CBL Almeria, S Ortuno, A Garcia, F Dubey, JP AF Gauss, CBL Almeria, S Ortuno, A Garcia, F Dubey, JP TI Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in domestic cats from Barcelona, Spain SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AB Cats are important in the epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection because they are the only hosts that can excrete the environmentally resistant oocysts. Antibodies to T. gondii were determined in serum samples from 220 domestic cats (Felis catus) from Barcelona, Spain. using the modified agglutination test (MAT). Antibodies to T gondii were found in 99 (45%) of 220 cats, with MAT titers of 1:25 in 26, 1:50 in 57. and greater than or equal to1:500 in 16 cats. Seropositivity (MAT 1:25 or more) was significantly higher in adult (greater than or equal to1 yr old, 49.7% of 153) than in juvenile (<1 yr old. 34.3% of 67) cats, in feral (51.9% of 131) than in domiciled (34.8% of 89) cats. and in cats living in a group (community) of more than 5 cats (50.7% of 142) than in cats living alone (28.0% of 50). These seropositive cats are likely to have already shed T. gondii oocysts in the environment around Barcelona. RI Almeria, Sonia/N-4663-2014 OI Almeria, Sonia/0000-0002-0558-5488 SN 0022-3395 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1067 EP 1068 DI 10.1645/GE-114 UT WOS:000186283800032 PM 14627161 ER PT J AU Sreekumar, C Hill, DE Fournet, VM Rosenthal, BM Lindsay, DS Dubey, JP AF Sreekumar, C Hill, DE Fournet, VM Rosenthal, BM Lindsay, DS Dubey, JP TI Detection of Hammondia heydorni-like organisms and their differentiation from Neospora caninum using random-amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY AB Neospora caninum and Hammondia heydorni are morphologically and phylogenetically related coccidians that are found in dogs. New diagnostic genetic loci, based on random-amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) were developed to aid in the detection of H. heydorni like parasites and to discriminate them from N. caninum and other related coccidians of dogs. On the basis of the data obtained from 5 random decamers, H. heydorni (Manhattan-1) and N. caninum (NC1) were characterized by distinct banding patterns (similarity index = 0.068). High-stringency PCR assays were developed from the sequences of 2 cloned hands (GenBank BZ592549 and BZ592593), uniquely amplified from H. heydorni. Interestingly, using these primers, PCR amplification was achieved only from 2 of the 5 isolates presumed to represent H. heydorni. The same result was obtained From these 5 isolates using a recently described PCR assay directed to the H. heydorni internal transcribed spacer-1. It is concluded that H. heydorni and N. caninum are genetically distinct and that such tools may be useful for more detailed characterization of the diversity of related parasites occurring in dogs. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016; OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321; Rosenthal, Benjamin/0000-0002-0224-3773; Chirukandoth, Sreekumar/0000-0003-2875-4034 SN 0022-3395 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 89 IS 5 BP 1082 EP 1085 DI 10.1645/GE-93R UT WOS:000186283800039 PM 14627168 ER PT J AU Lapillonne, A Clarke, SD Heird, WC AF Lapillonne, A Clarke, SD Heird, WC TI Plausible mechanisms for effects of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on growth SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS AB A few studies conducted over the past decade suggest that formulas supplemented with long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids may adversely affect growth of preterm infants. Others suggest that a high intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3 n-3), the precursor of the long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids, also may limit growth. The majority of studies, however, have not shown an effect of either long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids or their precursor on growth. Nonetheless, the importance of growth during infancy and the possibility that these fatty acids may inhibit growth under some circumstances makes the issue worthy of further consideration. At the very least, plausible mechanisms for such an effect of n-3 PUFA on growth should be considered. These include (1) altered nutrient intake, absorption, and/or utilization; (2) low plasma and tissue contents of arachidonic acid (ARA:20:4 n-6); (3) an imbalance between n-6 and n-3 LCPUFA eicosanoid precursors and, hence, the eicosanoids produced from each; (4) altered membrane characteristics; and (5) effects on gene expression. Each of these is discussed. It is concluded that any or all are feasible but that none can be specifically implicated. Moreover, since few studies were designed specifically to assess growth, the reported effects of n-3 PUFA on growth could represent chance findings secondary to the suboptimal design. Furthermore, although additional data are needed for a definitive conclusion, the observed effects on growth. regardless of mechanism, does not appear to be biologically significant. SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 143 IS 4 SU S BP S9 EP S16 DI 10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00397-4 UT WOS:000186366300002 PM 14597909 ER PT J AU Wei, HR Wang, ML Moore, PH Albert, HH AF Wei, HR Wang, ML Moore, PH Albert, HH TI Comparative expression analysis of two sugarcane polyubiquitin promoters and flanking sequences in transgenic plants SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB GUS (uidA) reporter gene expression for two sugarcane polyubiquitin promoters, ubi4 and ubi9, was compared to expression from the maize Ubi-1 promoter in stable transgenic rice (only ubi9) and sugarcane (ubi4 and ubi9). Ubi9 drove high-level GUS expression, comparable to the maize Ubi-1 promoter, in both callus and regenerated plants of rice transformed by Agrobacterium. This high level expression was inherited in R1 plants. Expression from ubi4 and ubi9 was quite high in sugarcane callus transformed via particle bombardment. Expression dropped to very low or undetectable levels in the resulting plants; this drop in expression resulted from PTGS. PTGS in regenerated sugarcane plants also occurred with the maize Ubi-1 promoter. In sugarcane callus, ubi4 was HS inducible, but ubi9 was not. This physiological difference corresponds to a MITE insertion that is present in the putative HSEs of ubi9 but not present in ubi4. SN 0176-1617 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 160 IS 10 BP 1241 EP 1251 DI 10.1078/0176-1617-01086 UT WOS:000186276000013 PM 14610893 ER PT J AU Park, SH Morris, JL Park, JE Hirschi, KD Smith, RH AF Park, SH Morris, JL Park, JE Hirschi, KD Smith, RH TI Efficient and genotype-independent Agrobacterium - mediated tomato transformation SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AB An efficient method to transform five cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), Micro-Tom, Red Cherry, Rubion, Piedmont, and E6203 is reported. A comparison was made of leaf, cotyledon, and hypocotyl explants on 7 different regeneration media without Agrobacterium tumefaciens cocultivation and on 11 different media with cocultivation. Although all cultivars and explants formed callus and regenerated on the initial 7 media, cocultivation with A. tumefaciens significantly reduced the callus induction and regeneration. From these experiments, a transformation methodology using either hypocotyls or cotyledons cultured for one day on BA 1mg L-1, NAA 0.1 mg L-1 and 3 days cocultivation with the Agrobacterium on this same medium followed by a transfer to a medium with zeatin 2 mg L-1 and IAA 0.1mg L-1 for 4-6 weeks resulted in a greater than 20 % transformation frequency for all five cultivars tested. In this transformation method, no feeder layers of tobacco, petunia or tomato suspension cultures were used, and the subculture media was minimal, Stable integration and transmission of the transgene in T-1 generation plants were confirmed by Southern blot analysis. This procedure represents a simple, efficient and general means of transforming tomato. SN 0176-1617 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 160 IS 10 BP 1253 EP 1257 DI 10.1078/0176-1617-01103 UT WOS:000186276000014 PM 14610894 ER PT J AU Kwon, YM Kubena, LF Nisbet, DJ Ricke, SC AF Kwon, YM Kubena, LF Nisbet, DJ Ricke, SC TI Genetic screening for identification of Salmonella typhimurium TN5 mutants with potential hypersensitivity to short-chain fatty acids SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY AB This study was conducted to test if transposon footprinting could be used to identify transposon mutants of Salmonella typhimurium with growth defects in a media containing short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) as the test selective condition. High concentrations of SCFA are one of the characteristic conditions in the animal intestine that has been suggested to play a role in inhibiting colonization by nonindigenous bacterial pathogens. When the mutant pools containing 25 Tn5 mutants/pool were analyzed for transposon footprints before and after selection, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product could be identified that was present in an input pool, but not in a corresponding output pool. The results indicate that transposon footprinting can be used for negative screening of genes sensitive to SCFA in the S. typhimurium bacterial genome. SN 1060-3999 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 11 IS 2 BP 89 EP 95 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2003.tb00032.x UT WOS:000186376100003 ER PT J AU Yu, LSL Reed, SA Tarkkinen, P Tu, SI AF Yu, LSL Reed, SA Tarkkinen, P Tu, SI TI Detection of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 from food by a microplate sandwich immunoassay using time-resolved fluorometry SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY AB Escherichia coli O157:H7 has been identified as a causative agent in outbreaks of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome involving ground beef and apple cider. A microplate sandwich immunoassay for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 from food was developed utilizing time-resolved fluorometry. Biotin-labeled, polyclonal anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibodies immobilized on streptavidin-coated microliter plates were used to capture the bacteria. The bound antigen-antibody complex was then detected using the same antibodies labeled with europium chelates. The effects of capture antibody concentrations, immobilization procedures, and addition of 0.1% Tween 20 to assay buffer were studied during assay development. The detection threshold for the assay developed is 10(3)-10(4) CFU/mL. The optimized assay was further tested in ground beef and apple cider samples spiked with E. coli O157:H7. The detection limit was <10 CFU/g of ground beef and similar to10 CFU/mL of apple cider with 6 h of enrichment. SN 1060-3999 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 11 IS 2 BP 133 EP 143 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4581.2003.tb00035.x UT WOS:000186376100006 ER PT J AU Nicklas, TA AF Nicklas, TA TI Calcium intake trends and health consequences from childhood through adulthood SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION AB Issues involving low calcium intake and dairy product consumption are currently the focus of much debate and discussion at both the scientific and lay community levels. In this review, we examine the following major areas of interest: (1) the role of calcium intake and dairy product consumption in-chronic diseases, (2) nutritional qualities of milk and other dairy products, (3) trends in calcium intake and dairy product consumption, (4) current status of calcium intakes and dairy product consumption in children, (5) tracking of calcium intake and diary product consumption, (6) the impact of school meal participation on calcium intake and dairy product consumption, (7) concerns related to calcium-fortified foods and beverages and (8) factors influencing children's milk consumption. To date, the findings indicate that calcium intake and dairy product consumption have beneficial roles in a variety of chronic diseases; dairy products provide an abundant source of vitamins and minerals; calcium intakes of children have increased over time, yet intakes are not meeting the current adequate intake (AI) calcium recommendations; dairy consumption has decreased, and soft drink consumption and, possibly, consumption of calcium-fortified products have increased; consumption of dairy products have a positive nutritional impact on diets of children, particularly from school meals, and there are many factors which influence children's milk consumption, all of which need to be considered in our efforts to promote adequate calcium intakes by children. Based on this review, areas that need immediate attention and future research imperatives are summarized in an effort to further our understanding on what we already know and what we need to know to promote healthier eating habits early in life. SN 0731-5724 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 22 IS 5 BP 340 EP 356 UT WOS:000185922700002 PM 14559926 ER PT J AU French, SA Lin, BH Guthrie, JF AF French, SA Lin, BH Guthrie, JF TI National trends in soft drink consumption among children and adolescents age 6 to 17 years: Prevalence, amounts, and sources, 1977/1978 to 1994/1888 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION AB Objectives Trends between 1977/1978 and 1994/1998 in the prevalence, amounts, and sources of soft drink consumption were examined among youth age 6 to 17 years. Design Dietary intake data were examined from three national surveys: the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1977/1978 (n = 8,908), and the combined Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals 1994/1996, and the Supplemental Children's Survey 1998 (n = 3,177). Soft drinks were defined as carbonated beverages (all United States Department of Agriculture database codes starting with 924) and included flavored waters and juice drinks. Subjects/Setting A national sample of youth ages 6 to 17 years were interviewed for each of the 3 surveys. Statistical Analysis t tests were conducted to examine between-survey changes in soft drink consumption and sources of soft drinks. Results The prevalence of soft drink consumption among youth ages 6 to 17 years increased 48%, from a prevalence of 37% in 1977/1978 to 56% in 1994/1998. Mean intake of soft drinks more than doubled, from 5 fl oz to 12 fl oz per day. Although the home environment remained the largest source of children's soft drink access, an increasing share was obtained from,restaurants and fast-food establishments (+53%), vending machines (+48%), and other sources (+37%). Conclusions Away-from-home sources of soft drink are an important factor for dietitians to consider when evaluating the dietary intake and nutritional status of youths. SN 0002-8223 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 103 IS 10 BP 1326 EP 1331 DI 10.1053/S0002-8223(03)01076-9 UT WOS:000185718600014 PM 14520252 ER PT J AU Most, MM Craddick, S Crawford, S Redican, S Rhodes, D Rukenbrod, F Laws, R AF Most, MM Craddick, S Crawford, S Redican, S Rhodes, D Rukenbrod, F Laws, R CA DASH Sodium Collaborative Res Grp TI Dietary quality assurance processes of the DASH-Sodium controlled diet study SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION AB A thorough quality assurance (QA) program upholds the integrity of nutrition research studies by yielding reliable data and results. Continually evaluating the implementation of a procedure against a goal and making adjustments when needed enhance the quality of a study's conduct and outcomes. Controlled diet studies require QA processes at various steps beginning with the screening of study participants, through diet preparation and delivery to data collection. Staff' training and observations with monitoring activities, are important so tasks are completed according to protocol. When several clinical sites participate as partners in a controlled diet study, uniform procedures must be followed and a formal standardized QA program will assist. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-Sodium study employed such a program, described in this article, that included training staff, observing procedures, monitoring data for completeness and accuracy, evaluating processes, giving feedback, and documenting that tasks were done according to protocol. Furthermore, QA processes were used in the areas of participant screening, orientation, diet adherence, food procurement and preparation, and exit interviews. Other researchers may implement similar activities to ensure quality in their nutrition research programs. SN 0002-8223 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 103 IS 10 BP 1339 EP 1346 DI 10.1053/S0002-8223(03)01080-0 UT WOS:000185718600016 PM 14520254 ER PT J AU Liu, CK Latona, NP AF Liu, CK Latona, NP TI Application of tocopherol to improve the durability of leather SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION CT 99th Annual Meeting of the American-Leather-Chemists-Association CY JUN 19-22, 2003 CL GREENSBORO, NORTH CAROLINA SP Amer Leather Chem Assoc AB Durability of leather is a very important quality, particularly the UV and heat resistance for automobile applications. The fast growth in the domestic production of automotive leather to meet the demands of automakers magnifies the significance of this quality. cc-Tocopherol (vitamin E) and its derivatives a-tocopheryl succinate and alpha-tocopheryl acetate are potent free radical scavengers and highly protective agents for collagen fibers against UV damage. Efforts were made to develop a process treatment that produces minimum effluents (i.e., environmentally friendly) and yet significantly increases the UV and heat resistance of a fibrous collagen material: leather. Tocopherol and its derivatives were applied to the grain layer of leather. The treated samples were exposed in a Fadeometer and then evaluated for the efficacy of UV and heat resistance and by Instron testing for mechanical properties (tensile strength and initial strain energy). Observation showed that tocopherol yielded the most promising results compared to its derivatives. Data showed that leather treated with tocopherol resulted in significant improvement in tensile strength and softness and, more importantly, increased strength retention and color fading resistance against UV radiation and heat. SN 0002-9726 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 98 IS 10 BP 400 EP 406 UT WOS:000185854000003 ER PT J AU Brown, EM Taylor, MM AF Brown, EM Taylor, MM TI Essential chromium? SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION CT 98th Annual Meeting of the American-Leather-Chemists-Association CY JUN 20-23, 2002 CL SKYTOP, PENNSYLVANIA SP Amer Leather Chemists Assoc AB During the production of chrome-tanned leather, chromium is incorporated into the leather with at least three types of interactions. Most important is the chromium that is complexed with collagen to give leather its characteristic properties. Other interactions include nonproductive binding of chromium to collagen and adsorption of chromium by the collagen matrix. To evaluate the extent and possible effects of these other interactions, we extracted chrome shavings with water, HCl, or EDTA to remove adsorbed or loosely bound chromium. The effect of chromium removal on hydrothermal stability was followed by differential scanning calorimetry, and the chromium content of extracts was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Extraction of less than 2% of the chromium initially present had no effect on the denaturation temperature, but removal of 3% to 10% of the chromium resulted in a 20degreesC decrease in the denaturation temperature. As 10% to 60% of the chromium was extracted, the denaturation temperature decreased an additional 30degreesC, nearly reaching the temperature expected for leather that was not tanned. The results suggest that up to 2% of the chromium is simply adsorbed, and most easily removed. The next 3% to 10% is, however, important for the thermal stability of the shavings. Beyond this level, extraction with EDTA continually shifts the chromium-collagen equilibrium and the denaturation temperature to lower values. The final approximately 40% of the chromium appears to be bound to the collagen, but no longer crosslinked. SN 0002-9726 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 98 IS 10 BP 408 EP 414 UT WOS:000185854000005 ER PT J AU Knothe, G Dunn, RO AF Knothe, G Dunn, RO TI Dependence of oil stability index of fatty compounds on their structure and concentration and presence of metals SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY AB During storage and use, vegetable oil-derived industrial products such as biodiesel and biodegradable lubricants can be subjected to conditions that promote oxidation of their unsaturated components. The materials arising during oxidation and subsequent degradation can seriously impair the quality and performance of such products. Therefore, oxidative stability is a significant issue facing these vegetable oil-derived products, and enhanced understanding of the influence of various components of vegetable oils and storage parameters is necessary. In this work, the oil stability index (OSI) was used for assessing oxidation of monoalkyl esters of FA by varying several parameters. Neat fatty compounds and prepared mixtures thereof were studied for assessing the influence of compound structure and concentration. Small amounts of more highly unsaturated compounds had a disproportionately strong effect on oxidative stability. The recently developed concept of bis-allylic equivalents correlated more closely than the iodine value with the OSI times of mixtures of fatty esters. The OSI times of free acids were shorter than those of the corresponding alkyl esters. The presence of copper, iron, and nickel also reduced oxidative stability, but their effect was less than the presence of more highly unsaturated fatty compounds. Of these metals, copper had the strongest catalytic effect on OSI time. OSI may be an alternative to long-term storage tests for determining the influence of extraneous materials such as metals on oxidative stability. SN 0003-021X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 80 IS 10 BP 1021 EP 1026 DI 10.1007/s11746-003-0814-x UT WOS:000186002100014 ER PT J AU Kenar, JA AF Kenar, JA TI Preparation of long-chain beta-enaminones and beta-diketones from long-chain 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole compounds SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY AB A series of long-chain compounds containing the beta-enaminone functionality were prepared in yields ranging from 71 to 88% from their corresponding long-chain 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole precursors utilizing a Raney nickel-catalyzed reductive ring-opening procedure. These newly prepared multifunctional compounds were subsequently hydrolyzed under mild acidic conditions (pH 4-5) to give their corresponding long-chain beta-diketones in yields ranging from 79 to 98%. Both the beta-enaminone and beta-diketone functionalized compounds were characterized by NMR, IR spectroscopy, GC-MS, and m.p. The mass spectra for these two classes of compounds, derived by utilizing electron impact ionization, gave distinctive McLafferty rearrangement fragmentation ions that clearly established the newly introduced functionality to reside at the C-2 and C-4 positions of the lipid's alkyl chain. H-1 NMR spectra of the pure beta-diketone compounds were complex owing to the keto enol tautomerism displayed by the beta-cliketone moiety. in solution the beta-diketone compounds were shown to exist mainly in the enolic tautomeric form. Long-chain beta-diketone compounds are known to be relatively common constituents of some plant waxes, and the overall procedure starting from soybean methyl esters provides a complementary approach to prepare these types of compounds. SN 0003-021X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 80 IS 10 BP 1027 EP 1032 DI 10.1007/s11746-003-0815-9 UT WOS:000186002100015 ER PT J AU Dunn, RO Knothe, G AF Dunn, RO Knothe, G TI Oxidative stability of biodiesel in blends with jet fuel by analysis of oil stability index SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY SN 0003-021X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 80 IS 10 BP 1047 EP 1048 DI 10.1007/s11746-003-0818-6 UT WOS:000186002100018 ER PT J AU Shufran, KA AF Shufran, KA TI Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms identify mtDNA haplotypes of greenbug (Hemiptera : Aphididae) SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AB Phylogenetic studies of the greenbug, Schizapwhis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), based on DNA sequences of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, have revealed the presence of three sub-specific clades. Each clade has been found to roughly correspond to a host ecotype, i.e., crops or wild grasses. An alternative method to DNA sequencing followed by maximum parsimony (and other phylogenetic analyses) to classify individual greenbugs to a specific clade was developed. Using published DNA sequences a 525-bp portion of the COI gene was found to contain endonuclease restriction sights that were diagnostic for each clade. Greenbug DNA template was PCR amplified and the resulting products subjected to digestion with Dral plus XmnI, or Bc/I plus XmnI. The resulting RFLP patterns identified COI haplotypes I, II and III, which directly corresponded to clades 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Furthermore, the Dral plus XmnI digest was diagnostic for biotype H. The PCR-RFLP technique is very efficient and will facilitate genetic studies of greenbug populations that involve hundreds to thousands of individuals. SN 0022-8567 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 76 IS 4 BP 551 EP 556 UT WOS:000220049300002 ER PT J AU Clement, SL Elberson, LR Young, FL Alldredge, JR Ratcliffe, RH Hennings, C AF Clement, SL Elberson, LR Young, FL Alldredge, JR Ratcliffe, RH Hennings, C TI Variable Hessian fly (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) populations in cereal production systems in eastern Washington SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AB A 3 yr study in a semiarid wheat production region of eastern Washington quantified Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), populations in cereal production systems using on-farm replicated plots. The systems were as follows: reduced-tillage soft white winter wheat (SWW) (Triticum aestivum L.)-summer fallow rotation, no-till soft white spring wheat (SWS)-chemical fallow rotation, continuous no-till hard red spring wheat (HRS), and no-till HRS-no-till spring barley (SB) (Hordeum vulgare L.) rotation. This study also quantified natural mortality of fly populations in the spring cereal plots, identified hymenopterous parasitoids of the fly, and determined the biotype composition of the fly population at the research site. From 1998 to 2000, tiller infestations in no-till FIRS and SWS plots (4.5-13.1%) increased to levels (15.6-47.5%) equivalent to or above the economic injury level of 13-20% for spring-infested tillers. The SB (cultivar Baronesse) in this study was resistant to Hessian fly. Fly infestations were non-existent or low on SWW in 1998 and 1999, but were higher in spring 2000 (27.6% infested tillers). Fly mortality (eggs to larvae) in HRS and SWS plots averaged 88.5 to 91.7% in 1999 and 77.7 to 87.9% in 2000, yet survival was sufficient to account for moderate to high populations in spring wheats. Ten hyruenopterous parasitoid adults (seven Homoporus destructor (Say), two Eupelmus alynii French, and one Pediobius epigonus Walker) emerged from field collected puparia in 1999. The biotype composition of the fly population was 58% GP, 17% E, 14% F, 10% G, and 1% N. The high percentage of GP indicates that the currently deployed resistance gene H3 is effective against this population, but its effectiveness will likely diminish over time as frequencies of biotypes E and G, which are virulent to H3, increase in populations. SN 0022-8567 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 76 IS 4 BP 567 EP 577 UT WOS:000220049300004 ER PT J AU Duffield-Lillico, AJ Slate, EH Reid, ME Turnbull, BW Wilkins, PA Combs, GF Park, HK Gross, EG Graham, GF Stratton, MS Marshall, JR Clark, LC AF Duffield-Lillico, AJ Slate, EH Reid, ME Turnbull, BW Wilkins, PA Combs, GF Park, HK Gross, EG Graham, GF Stratton, MS Marshall, JR Clark, LC CA Nutr Prevention of Canc Study Grp TI Selenium supplementation and secondary prevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer in a randomized trial SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE AB The Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial designed to test whether selenium as selenized yeast (200 pg daily) could prevent nonmelanoma skin cancer among 1312 patients from the Eastern United States who had previously had this disease. Results from September 15, 1983, through December 31, 1993, showed no association between treatment and the incidence of basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. This report summarizes the entire blinded treatment period, which ended on January 31, 1996. The association between treatment and time to first nonmelanoma skin cancer diagnosis and between treatment and time to multiple skin tumors overall and within subgroups, defined by baseline characteristics, was evaluated. Although results through the entire blinded period continued to show that selenium supplementation was not statistically significantly associated with the risk of basal cell carcinoma (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.94 to 1.26), selenium supplementation was associated with statistically significantly elevated risk of squamous cell carcinoma (HR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.51) and of total nonmelanoma skin cancer (HR = 1.17, 95% C1 = 1.02 to 1.34). Results from the Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Trial conducted among individuals at high risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer continue to demonstrate that selenium supplementation is ineffective at preventing basal cell carcinoma and that it increases the risk of squamous cell carcinoma and total nonmelanoma skin cancer. SN 0027-8874 PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 95 IS 19 BP 1477 EP 1481 DI 10.1093/jnci/djg061 UT WOS:000185568900013 PM 14519754 ER PT J AU Delhon, G Moraes, MP Lu, Z Afonso, CL Flores, EF Weiblen, R Kutish, GF Rock, DL AF Delhon, G Moraes, MP Lu, Z Afonso, CL Flores, EF Weiblen, R Kutish, GF Rock, DL TI Genome of bovine herpesvirus 5 SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY AB Here we present the complete genomic sequence of bovine herpesvirus 5 (BHV-5), an alphaherpesvirus responsible for fatal meningoencephalitis in cattle. The 138,390-bp genome encodes 70 putative proteins and resembles the alpha2 subgroup of herpesviruses in genomic organization and gene content. BHV-5 is very similar to BHV-1, the etiological agent of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, as reflected by the high level of amino acid identity in their protein repertoires (average, 82%). The highest similarity to BHV-1 products (greater than or equal to95% amino acid identity) is found in proteins involved in viral DNA replication and processing (UL5, UL15, UL29, and UL39) and in virion proteins (UL14, UL19, UL48, and US6). Among the least conserved (less than or equal to75%) are the homologues of immediate-early (IE) proteins BICP0, BICP4, and BICP22, the three proteins being longer in BHV-5 than in BHV-1. The structure of the BHV-5 latency-related (LR) region departs markedly from that of BHV-1 in both coding and transcriptional regulatory regions. Given the potential significance of IE genes and the LR region in virus-neuron interactions, it is likely these differences contribute to BHV-5 neuropathogenicity. RI Weiblen, Rudi/H-7003-2014; flores, eduardo/H-5125-2016 OI Weiblen, Rudi/0000-0002-1737-9817; SN 0022-538X EI 1098-5514 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 77 IS 19 BP 10339 EP 10347 DI 10.1128/JVI.77.19.10339-10347.2003 UT WOS:000185400400016 PM 12970418 ER PT J AU Bender, LC Li, H Thompson, BC Morrow, PC Valdez, R AF Bender, LC Li, H Thompson, BC Morrow, PC Valdez, R TI Infectious disease survey of gemsbok in New Mexico SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB Exotic wildlife can introduce new diseases or act as reservoirs of endemic diseases. On White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico (USA), significant declines in populations of native ungulates generally correspond to increases in range and population density of the exotic gemsbok (Oryx gazella gazella), introduced beginning in 1969. We surveyed gemsbok in 2001 for exposure to a variety of diseases potentially important for native ungulates. High seroprevalence was found for malignant catarrhal fever virus (49 [98%] of 50 sera; 43 [96%] of 45 plasma samples), bluetongue virus (48 [96%] of 50), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (33 [66%] of 50), and parainfluenza-3 virus (10 [20%] of 50). Low numbers of Nematodirus spp. eggs in a few individuals were the only parasites detected in gemsbok. Exposure to the above diseases in gemsbok is of interest to managers because of potential implications for recovery of desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) and desert mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus crooki) in the White Sands area because each has been implicated in mortality in these species either in the White Sands area or elsewhere in the western/southwestern United States. SN 0090-3558 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 772 EP 778 UT WOS:000187791800003 PM 14733271 ER PT J AU Burns, R Williams, ES O'Toole, D Dubey, JP AF Burns, R Williams, ES O'Toole, D Dubey, JP TI Toxoplasma gondii infections in captive black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes), 1992-1998: Clinical signs, serology, pathology, and prevention SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB An epizootic of toxoplasmosis occurred among 22 adult and 30 kit black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) maintained under quarantine conditions at the Louisville Zoological Garden (Louisville, Kentucky, USA) in June,1992. Black-footed ferrets appear to be highly susceptible to acute and chronic toxoplasmosis. Clinical signs were observed in 19 adults and six kits and included anorexia, lethargy, corneal edema, and ataxia. Two adults and six kits died with acute disease. High antibody titers to Toxoplasma gondii were detected by latex agglutination and modified agglutination assay in 10 black-footed ferrets. One adult and six kits that died with acute clinical signs were necropsied and T gondii-like organisms were found microscopically in multiple organs. Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining with anti-T. gondii antibodies and by ultrastructural examination. Although the source of T gondii for black-footed ferrets was not identified, frozen uncooked rabbit was the most likely source. Chronic toxoplasmosis resulted in the death of an additional 13 black-footed ferrets that were adults during the epizootic. Affected animals developed chronic progressive posterior weakness and posterior ataxia 6-69 me after the epizootic began. Meningoencephalitis or meningoencephalomyelitis associated with chronic toxoplasmosis were identified at necropsy in all 13 ferrets. Precautions to prevent introduction of pathogens into the colony were insufficient to exclude T gondii. Although toxoplasmosis may cause significant mortality in mustelids, the high mortality of black-footed ferrets in this epizootic was of concern due to their endangered status. This is the first detailed report of toxoplasmosis in black-footed ferrets. SN 0090-3558 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 787 EP 797 UT WOS:000187791800005 PM 14733273 ER PT J AU Samuel, MD Shadduck, DJ Goldberg, DR Wilson, MA Joly, DO Lehr, MA AF Samuel, MD Shadduck, DJ Goldberg, DR Wilson, MA Joly, DO Lehr, MA TI Characterization of Pasteurella multocida isolates from wetland ecosystems during 1996 to 1999 SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB We cultured 126 Pasteurella multocida isolates, 92 from water and 34 from sediment samples collected from wetlands in the Pacific and Central flyways of the United States between 1996 and 1999. Most (121) of the isolates were P. multocida serotype 1, but serotypes 3, 3/4, 10, and 11 were also found. Many (82) of the isolates were further characterized by DNA fingerprinting procedures and tested in Pekin ducks for virulence. Almost all the serotype I isolates we tested caused mortality in Pekin ducks. Serotype I isolates varied in virulence, but the most consistent pattern was higher mortality in male ducks than in females. We found no evidence that isolates found in sediment vs. water, between Pacific and Central flyways, or during El Nino years had consistently different virulence. We also found a number of non-serotype I isolates that were avirulent in Pekin ducks. isolates had DNA fingerprint profiles similar to those found in birds that died during avian cholera outbreaks. OI Goldberg, Diana/0000-0001-8540-8512 SN 0090-3558 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 798 EP 807 UT WOS:000187791800006 PM 14733274 ER PT J AU Palmer, MV Waters, WR Whipple, DL AF Palmer, MV Waters, WR Whipple, DL TI Aerosol exposure of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to Mycobacterium bovis SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB Tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis affects both captive and free-ranging Cervidae in the United States. Various animal models have been developed to study tuberculosis of both humans and animals. Generally, tuberculosis is transmitted by aerosol and oral routes. Models of aerosol exposure of large animals to M. bovis are uncommon. In order to develop a reliable method of aerosol exposure of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) to M. bovis, 12 healthy white-tailed deer, aged 8-10 mo, were infected by aerosol exposure to 2x10(5) to 1x10(6) Colony forming units (CFU) (high dose, n=4) of M. bovis or 6x10(2) to 1.6x10(3) CFU (low dose, n=8) of M. bovis. Tuberculous lesions were more widely disseminated in deer receiving the high dose, while lesions in deer receiving the low dose were more focused on the lungs and associated lymph nodes (tracheobronchial and mediastinal). Aerosol delivery of M. bovis to white-tailed deer results in a reliable manner of experimental infection that may be useful for studies of disease pathogenesis, immune response, mycobacterial shedding, and vaccine efficacy. SN 0090-3558 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 817 EP 823 UT WOS:000187791800008 PM 14733276 ER PT J AU Olsen, SC Holland, SD AF Olsen, SC Holland, SD TI Safety of revaccination of pregnant bison with Brucella abortus strain RB51 SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB From December 1998 through February 1999, a study was conducted in a Brucella-infected bison herd to evaluate the safety of booster vaccination of adult bison (Bison bison) with 6x10(9) colony forming units (CFU) of Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51) that had previously been vaccinated as yearlings with 1x10(10) CFU of SRB51. Abortions or other adverse effects were not observed after SRB51. booster vaccination. At 10 wk after adult vaccination, pregnant and nonpregnant bison (n=65) were randomly selected for bacteriologic sampling of targeted maternal tissues during abattoir processing. Fetal tissues were also sampled in pregnant bison. The SRB51 vaccine was recovered from tissue samples of eight of 48 pregnant bison and none of 17 nonpregnant bison. In three of the eight culture-positive bison, SRB51 was recovered from fetal tissues. In three additional bison, one pregnant and two nonpregnant, B. abortus biovar I field strain was recovered from internal iliac or supramammary lymphatic tissues. Results of this study suggest the possibility that the SRB51 vaccine can be safety used to booster vaccinate pregnant bison in a Brucella-infected bison herd. Our data also reaffirms the potential for B. abortus field strains to persist in bison until attainment of reproductive age, despite extensive use of vaccination and serologic testing. SN 0090-3558 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 824 EP 829 UT WOS:000187791800009 PM 14733277 ER PT J AU Li, H Gailbreath, K Bender, LC West, K Keller, J Crawford, TB AF Li, H Gailbreath, K Bender, LC West, K Keller, J Crawford, TB TI Evidence of three new members of malignant catarrhal fever virus group in muskox (Ovibos moschatus), Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana), and gemsbok (Oryx gazella) SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB Six members of the malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) virus group of ruminant rhadinoviruses have been identified to date. Four of these viruses are clearly associated with clinical disease: alcelaphine herpesvirus I (AlHV-1) carried by wildebeest (Connochaetes spp.); ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), ubiquitous in domestic sheep; caprine herpesvirus 2 (CpHV-2), endemic in domestic goats; and the virus of unknown origin found causing classic MCF in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus; MCFV-WTD). Using serology and polymerase chain reaction with degenerate primers targeting a portion of the herpesviral DNA polymerase gene, evidence of three previously unrecognized rhadinoviruses in the MCF virus group was found in muskox (Ovibos moschatus), Nubian ibex (Capra nubiana), and gemsbok (South African oryx, Oryx gazella), respectively. Based on sequence alignment, the viral sequence in the muskox is most closely related to MCFV-WTD (81.5% sequence identity) and that in the Nubian ibex is closest to CpHV-2 (89.3% identity). The viral sequence in the gemsbok is most closely related to AlHV-1 (85.1% identity). No evidence of disease association with these viruses has been found. SN 0090-3558 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 875 EP 880 UT WOS:000187791800015 PM 14733283 ER PT J AU Rudolph, KM Hunter, DL Foreyt, WJ Cassirer, EF Rimler, RB Ward, ACS AF Rudolph, KM Hunter, DL Foreyt, WJ Cassirer, EF Rimler, RB Ward, ACS TI Sharing of Pasteurella spp. between free-ranging bighorn sheep and feral goats SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES AB Pasteurella spp. were isolated from feral goats and free-ranging bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis canadensis) in the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area bordering Idaho Oregon, and Washington (USA). Biovariant Pasteurella haemolytica organisms were isolated from one goat and one of two bighorn sheep found in close association. Both isolates produced leukotoxin and had identical electrophoretic patterns of DNA fragments following cutting with restriction endonuclease HaeIII. Similarly Pasteurella multocida multocida a isolates cultured from the goat and one of the bighorn sheep had D type capsules, serotype 4 somatic antigens, produced dermonecrotoxin and had identical HaeIII electrophoretic profiles. A biovariant U-beta P haemolytica strain isolated from two other feral goats, not known to have been closely associated with bighorn sheep, did not produce leukotoxin but had biochemical utilization and HaeIII electrophoretic profiles identical to those of isolates from bighorn sheep. It was concluded that identical Pasteurella strains were shared by the goats and bighorn sheep. Although the direction of transmission could not be established, evidence suggests transmission of strains from goats to bighorn sheep. Goats may serve as a reservoir of Pasteurella strains that may be virulent in bighorn sheep; therefore, goats in bighorn sheep habitat should be managed to prevent contact with bighorn sheep. Bighorn sheep which have nose-to-nose contact with goats should be removed from the habitat. SN 0090-3558 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 897 EP 903 UT WOS:000187791800019 PM 14733287 ER PT J AU Pearson, DE Ortega, YK Ruggiero, LF AF Pearson, DE Ortega, YK Ruggiero, LF TI Trap-induced mass declines in small mammals: Mass as a population index SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB Body mass is routinely used its an index of physical condition for comparing small-mammal populations. However, trapping effects on animals may undermine the effectiveness of body mass as an index of population health. We examined the effects of live-trapping on body mass of 3 small-mammal species: deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), southern red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi), and red-tailed chipmunks (Tamias ruficaudus). We found that live-trapping resulted in significant trap-induced body mass declines (TMDs) that varied by species, age, and sex. Longer rest intervals between captures reduced TMDs in deer mice, but not in other species. The TMDs were more dramatic for deer mice that died in traps than for those that did not, suggesting that TMDs may induce trap mortality and reduce survivorship in small mammals that are live-trapped. The proximate causes of TMDs remain unknown, but dehydration and hypothermia are likely causal agents. Since TMDs vary by species, age, and sex, and exposure to heating and cooling vary in space and time (e.g., by habitat and season), body mass as measured by live-trapping appears to be a negatively biased index whose deviation from true mass may vary among study populations and demographic groups. Researchers can attempt to bias correct indices of body mass using regression approaches, but such adjustments require large samples to be robust and so may not necessarily improve the raw indices. Additional research is needed to identify the causes of TMDs to better understand biases associated with using body mass as a population index and minimize impacts on small mammals. SN 0022-541X PD OCT PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 BP 684 EP 691 UT WOS:000186216800003 ER PT J AU Blackwell, BF Huszar, E Linz, GM Dolbeer, RA AF Blackwell, BF Huszar, E Linz, GM Dolbeer, RA TI Lethal control of red-winged blackbirds to manage damage to sunflower: An economic evaluation SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AB In the northern Great Plains of the United States, conflicts between red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) growers have intensified since the late 1960s due to the expanded commercial production of sunflowers. We studied the potential population effects of the removal of LIP to 2 million red-winged blackbirds annually under a 5-year program of baiting during spring with DRC-1339 (3-choloro-4-methalalanine)-treated rice. We also examined whether lethal control, in combination with current levels of breeding-habitat management, would be cost-effective in decreasing depredation of sunflower crops during late summer. We evaluated the cost-benefit ratio for 4 culling scenarios involving (1) variable annual culls, not exceeding 2 million birds, with and without density compensation (i.e., a positive density-dependent response) on adult survival; and (2) culls of 2 million birds annually with and without density compensation. We constructed a red-winged blackbird population model represented as an age-based matrix and calibrated to stable growth. We assumed a total population of 27 million birds on 1 April (week 1), representing the red-winged blackbird breeding population staging in eastern South Dakota and migrating into North Dakota. Under each culling scenario, we reduced the stable red-winged blackbird population (equally for females and males) and projected the population through week 23 of the annual cycle (2 Sep). We then evaluated the associated costs of the management relative to potential sunflower crop losses, assuming $0.07 in damage per bird and 4% loss to other factors. Variable annual culls, likely the more biologically realistic model scenarios, yielded mean annual removals of 1,240,560 (SE = 12,328) birds with density compensation and 1,231,620 (SE = 28,811) birds without density compensation, with cost-benefit ratios of 1:2.3 and 1:3.6, respectively. Annual intrinsic rates for the model population over the 5-year period ranged from -1.4 to -4.8%. Considering potential variability in the effectiveness of the cull and the combination of direct and indirect costs, we contend that the realized benefits to sunflower growers by lethal control of red-winged blackbirds via spring baiting, in combination with current nonlethal management efforts, would likely be negligible. SN 0022-541X EI 1937-2817 PD OCT PY 2003 VL 67 IS 4 BP 818 EP 828 DI 10.2307/3802689 UT WOS:000186216800017 ER PT J AU Burns, RC Graefe, AR Absher, JD AF Burns, RC Graefe, AR Absher, JD TI Alternate measurement approaches to recreational customer satisfaction: Satisfaction-only versus gap scores SO LEISURE SCIENCES AB This study blends service quality and importance-performance methodologies to extend previous research beyond traditional customer service domains. The study examined water-based recreationists' importance and satisfaction ratings across a battery of 19 individual attributes within four domains relevant to outdoor recreation satisfaction (facilities, services, information, and recreation experience). Both the satisfaction-only item scores and gap scores (difference between importance and satisfaction level) were analyzed to determine their relationship within their respective satisfaction domain and with overall satisfaction. The satisfaction-only measures were found to be significantly better indicators than the gap scores of domain-level and overall satisfaction. The items were found to be stronger predictors within the four satisfaction domains than within the overall satisfaction model. SN 0149-0400 PD OCT-DEC PY 2003 VL 25 IS 4 BP 363 EP 380 DI 10.1080/01490400390240473 UT WOS:000185917800004 ER EF