Author: Gregor de Cillia

# Iterative Proportional Fitting

#### Gregor de Cillia

This vignette explains the usage of the `ipf()` function, which has been used for calibrating the labour force survey of Austria for several years. It is based on the Iterative Proportional Fitting algorithm and gives some flexibility about the details of the implementation. See (Meraner, Gumprecht, and Kowarik 2016) or `vignette("methodology")` for more details.

## Setup

We will assume the output of `demo.eusilc()` is our population. From this population, a sample without replacement is drawn. The sample covers 10 percent of the population. We assign a weight of one for all observations of the population and a weight of ten for all observations of the sample.

    library(surveysd)
    population <- demo.eusilc(1, prettyNames = TRUE)
    population[, pWeight := 1]
    pop_sample <- population[sample(1:.N, floor(.N*0.10)), ]
    pop_sample[, pWeight := 10]

## One constraint, one variable

We will start with an example where we want to adapt the weights of `pop_sample` such that the weighted number of males and females matches the ones of `population`. We can see that this is currently not the case.

    (gender_distribution <- xtabs(pWeight ~ gender, population))
    #> gender
    #>   male female
    #>   7267   7560
    xtabs(pWeight ~ gender, pop_sample)
    #> gender
    #>   male female
    #>   7400   7420

Due to random sampling (rather than stratified sampling), there are differences between the gender distributions. We can pass `gender_distribution` as a parameter to `ipf()` to obtain modified weights.

    pop_sample_c <- ipf(pop_sample, conP = list(gender_distribution), w = "pWeight")

The resulting dataset, `pop_sample_c` is similar to `pop_sample` but has an additional column with the adjusted weights.

    dim(pop_sample)
    #> [1] 1482   30
    dim(pop_sample_c)
    #> [1] 1482   31
    setdiff(names(pop_sample_c), names(pop_sample))
    #> [1] "calibWeight"

We can now calculate the weighted number of males and females according to this new weight. This will result in a match for the constraints.

    xtabs(calibWeight ~ gender, pop_sample_c)
    #> gender
    #>   male female
    #>   7267   7560
    xtabs(pWeight ~ gender, population)
    #> gender
    #>   male female
    #>   7267   7560

In this simple case, `ipf` just performs a post stratification step. This means, that all males and all females have the same weight.

    xtabs(~ calibWeight + gender, pop_sample_c)
    #>                   gender
    #> calibWeight        male female
    #>   9.82027027027027  740      0
    #>   10.188679245283     0    742

All males have been weighted down (`calibWeight < 10`) to compensate for the overrepresentation in the sample.

## One constraint, two variables

Let’s now assume that we want to put constraints on the number of males and females for each age group. The numbers from the original population can be obtained with `xtabs()`.

    (con_ga <- xtabs(pWeight ~ gender + age, population))
    #>         age
    #> gender   (-Inf,16] (16,25] (25,45] (45,65] (65, Inf]
    #>   male        1528     855    2165    1822       897
    #>   female      1375     848    2255    1845      1237
    xtabs(pWeight ~ gender + age, pop_sample)
    #>         age
    #> gender   (-Inf,16] (16,25] (25,45] (45,65] (65, Inf]
    #>   male        1420     860    2150    2080       890
    #>   female      1240     850    2120    1930      1280

Again, we can see that those constraints are not met. Supplying the contingency table `con_ga` to `ipf()` will again resolve this.

    pop_sample_c2 <- ipf(pop_sample, conP = list(con_ga), w = "pWeight")
    xtabs(pWeight ~ gender + age, population)
    #>         age
    #> gender   (-Inf,16] (16,25] (25,45] (45,65] (65, Inf]
    #>   male        1528     855    2165    1822       897
    #>   female      1375     848    2255    1845      1237
    xtabs(calibWeight ~ gender + age, pop_sample_c2)
    #>         age
    #> gender   (-Inf,16] (16,25] (25,45] (45,65] (65, Inf]
    #>   male        1528     855    2165    1822       897
    #>   female      1375     848    2255    1845      1237

## Two constraints

Now we assume that we know the number of persons living in each nuts2 region from registry data.

    registry_table <- xtabs(pWeight ~ region, population)

However, those registry data does not provide any information about age or `gender`. Therefore, the two contingency tables (`con_ga` and `registry_table`) have to be specified independently. This can be done by supplying a list to `conP`

    pop_sample_c2 <- ipf(pop_sample, conP = list(con_ga, registry_table), w = "pWeight")
    xtabs(pWeight ~ gender + age, population)
    #>         age
    #> gender   (-Inf,16] (16,25] (25,45] (45,65] (65, Inf]
    #>   male        1528     855    2165    1822       897
    #>   female      1375     848    2255    1845      1237
    xtabs(calibWeight ~ gender + age, pop_sample_c2)
    #>         age
    #> gender   (-Inf,16] (16,25] (25,45] (45,65] (65, Inf]
    #>   male        1528     855    2165    1822       897
    #>   female      1375     848    2255    1845      1237
    xtabs(pWeight ~ region, population)
    #> region
    #>    Burgenland     Carinthia Lower Austria      Salzburg        Styria
    #>           549          1078          2804           924          2295
    #>         Tyrol Upper Austria        Vienna    Vorarlberg
    #>          1317          2805          2322           733
    xtabs(calibWeight ~ region, pop_sample_c2)
    #> region
    #>    Burgenland     Carinthia Lower Austria      Salzburg        Styria
    #>      548.9999     1078.0001     2803.9998      924.0001     2295.0003
    #>         Tyrol Upper Austria        Vienna    Vorarlberg
    #>     1316.9999     2804.9998     2322.0003      732.9999

this time, the constraints are not matched perfectly. That is, because we provided more than one constraint. therefore, the `ipf()` algorithm had to work iteratively.

## Household Constraints

If the dataset has a household structure, household constraints can be passed via the parameter `conH`. If this parameter is used, it is also necessary to supply `hid`, which defines the column names that contains household ids.

    (conH1 <- xtabs(pWeight ~ hsize + region, data = population[!duplicated(hid)]))
    #>      region
    #> hsize Burgenland Carinthia Lower Austria Salzburg Styria Tyrol Upper Austria
    #>     1         58       117           325      103    264   118           262
    #>     2         82       126           345      102    260   149           321
    #>     3         37        80           189       55    187    79           203
    #>     4         33        63           169       71    122   102           168
    #>     5         16        39           103       30     83    48           114
    #>      region
    #> hsize Vienna Vorarlberg
    #>     1    431         67
    #>     2    355         72
    #>     3    175         44
    #>     4     96         53
    #>     5     50         34
    pop_sample_hh <- ipf(pop_sample, hid = "hid", conH = list(conH1), w = "pWeight",
                         bound = 10)
    xtabs(calibWeight ~ hsize + region, data = pop_sample_hh[!duplicated(hid)])
    #>      region
    #> hsize Burgenland Carinthia Lower Austria Salzburg Styria Tyrol Upper Austria
    #>     1         58       117           325      103    264   118           262
    #>     2         82       126           345      102    260   149           321
    #>     3         37        80           189       55    187    79           203
    #>     4         33        63           169       71    122   102           168
    #>     5         16        39           103       30     83    48           114
    #>      region
    #> hsize Vienna Vorarlberg
    #>     1    431         67
    #>     2    355         72
    #>     3    175         44
    #>     4     96         53
    #>     5     50         34

## Tolerances

If `conP` or `conH` contain several contingency tables or if `conP` and `conH` are used at the same time, the ipf algorithm will operate iteratively. This means that the calibrated dataset will satisfy the constraints only approximately. The default tolerances of the approximation can be overwritten using the parameters `conP` and `conH`.

Lowering the tolerances will improve the match between the constraints and the contingency tables according to the calibrated weights. However, lower tolerances will also make it so more iterations are necessary until a convergence is met. If the constraints are too small, ipf will return with a warning that indicates that a convergence could not be reached.

    ipf(pop_sample, conP = list(con_ga, registry_table), w = "pWeight",
        verbose = TRUE, epsP = 0.01)
    #> Iteration stopped after 3 steps
    #> Convergence reached
    ipf(pop_sample, conP = list(con_ga, registry_table), w = "pWeight",
        verbose = TRUE, epsP = 0.0001)
    #> Iteration stopped after 4 steps
    #> Convergence reached

We see that changing the tolerances from `0.01` (one percent) to `0.0001` increases the number of required iterations.

## References

Meraner, Angelika, Daniela Gumprecht, and Alexander Kowarik. 2016. “Weighting Procedure of the Austrian Microcensus Using Administrative Data.” Austrian Journal of Statistics 45 (June): 3. https://doi.org/10.17713/ajs.v45i3.120.