Author: Sebastian Kreutzer1,2 & Barbara Mauz3

# Get started with RCarb

#### Sebastian Kreutzer1,2 & Barbara Mauz3

#### Last modified: 2025-07-25 (‘RCarb’ version: 0.1.7)

1Institute of Geography, Universität Heidelberg, Germany
2Archéosciences Bordeaux, UMR 6034, CNRS-Université Bordeaux Montaigne (France)
3Department of Geography and Geology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg (Austria)”

# Scope

Getting started with a new R package can be a very tedious business (if not to say annoying). This document was written with the intention to make your first steps as painless as possible.

# Quick start with the example dataset

If you have no idea what a function does and how it works, it is always a good idea to have a closer look into the example sections of the package functions. The package `'RCarb'` has one central function named `model_DoseRate()`. The example given in the example section in the manual will be used in the following to illustrate the central package functionality in three steps.

## Load ‘RCarb’

    library(RCarb)

## Load example data

    ##load example data
    data("Example_Data", envir = environment())

To get a first impression on how the example dataset looks like, you call the function `head()` to print the first five rows of a `data.frame` on the terminal.

    head(Example_Data)

    ##   SAMP_NAME     K   K_X    T  T_X    U  U_X U238 U238_X U234_U238 U234_U238_X
    ## 1     BN107 0.080 0.010 1.64 0.08 1.90 0.08    0      0         0           0
    ## 2     BN102 0.170 0.009 2.59 0.03 3.02 0.07    0      0         0           0
    ## 3     BN106 0.560 0.030 1.80 0.11 0.83 0.03    0      0         0           0
    ## 4      LV61 0.131 0.005 0.85 0.03 0.86 0.11    0      0         0           0
    ## 5      LV99 0.047 0.003 0.59 0.03 1.94 0.11    0      0         0           0
    ## 6      D101 0.105 0.004 0.65 0.02 1.25 0.08    0      0         0           0
    ##   WCI WCI_X WCF WCF_X CC CC_X DIAM DIAM_X COSMIC COSMIC_X INTERNAL INTERNAL_X
    ## 1  20     7   7     7 62    1  180     10  0.180   0.0100        0          0
    ## 2  20    10  10    10 68    1  180     22  0.180   0.0100        0          0
    ## 3  20     6   6     6 49    1  145     15  0.180   0.0100        0          0
    ## 4  12     5   2     2 17    1  210     30  0.069   0.0035        0          0
    ## 5   8     3   5     5 61    3  210     30  0.182   0.0090        0          0
    ## 6   8     3   2     2 59    2  210     20  0.180   0.0100        0          0
    ##   ONSET ONSET_X FINISH FINISH_X  DE DE_X
    ## 1   100      10     40       10  98    9
    ## 2   100      10     40       10 130   10
    ## 3   100      10     40       10 120   10
    ## 4   120      10     40       10  52    5
    ## 5    60      10     40       10  50    4
    ## 6   180      10    130       10  81    5

Unfortunately, the naming of the table columns is not straightforward to understand. The good news is that each column carries additional information that can be seen in the R terminal by typing, e.g., for the column ‘K’ (which is the 2nd column):

    attributes(Example_Data$K)

    ## $UNIT
    ## [1] "%"
    ##
    ## $DESCRIPTION
    ## [1] "K concentration"

It reveals that the numbers in the column correspond to the potassium concentration and are given in ‘%’. Similar all other columns can be inspected.

And here the full overview

COLUM | UNIT | DESCRIPTION
--- | --- | ---
SAMP_NAME | NA | Sample name, unique identifier
K | % | K concentration
K_X | % | K concentration standard error
T | ppm | Th concentration
T_X | ppm | Th concentration standard error
U | ppm | U concentration
U_X | ppm | U concentration standard error
U238 | ppm | U-238 concentration
U238_X | ppm | U-238 concentration standard error
U234_U238 | NA | U-234/U-238 activity ratio
U234_U238_X | NA | U-234/U-238 activity ratio standard error
WCI | % dry wt. | Initial water content
WCI_X | % dry wt. | Initial water content standard error
WCF | % dry wt. | Final water content
WCF_X | % dry wt. | Final water content standard error
CC | % dry wt. | Carbonate content
CC_X | % dry wt. | Carbonate content standard error
DIAM | m x 10^-6 | Grain diameter
DIAM_X | m x 10^-6 | Grain diameter standard error
COSMIC | Gy/ka | Cosmic dose rate
COSMIC_X | Gy/ka | Cosmic dose rate standard error
INTERNAL | Gy/ka | Internal dose rate
INTERNAL_X | Gy/ka | Internal dose standard error
ONSET | ka | Carbonate onset
ONSET_X | ka | Carbonate onset standard error
FINISH | ka | Carbonate completion
FINISH_X | ka | Carbonate completion standard error
DE | Gy | Equivalent dose
DE_X | Gy | Equivalent dose standard error

## Run dose rate modelling

Now we want to start the modelling using the data given for the first sample only.

    ##extract only the first row
    data <- Example_Data[1,]

    ##run model
    results <- model_DoseRate(
      data = data,
      DR_conv_factors = "Carb2007",
      n.MC = 10,
      txtProgressBar = FALSE)

    ##
    ## [model_DoseRate()]
    ##
    ##  Sample ID:       BN107
    ##  Equivalent dose:     98  ±  9 Gy
    ##  Diameter:        180 µm
    ##  MC runs error estim.:    10
    ##  ------------------------------------------------
    ##  Age (conv.):         133.451  ±  11.735  ka
    ##  Age (new):       117.443  ±  6.827  ka
    ##
    ##  Dose rate (conv.):   0.734  ±  0.041  Gy/ka
    ##  Dose rate (onset):   1.005  ±  0.051  Gy/ka
    ##  Dose rate (final):   0.75  ±  0.03  Gy/ka
    ##  ------------------------------------------------

The function returns a terminal output along with two plots, which are mostly similar to the original graphical output provided by the ‘MATLAB’ program ‘Carb’.

In the example above the function `model_DoseRate()` was called with three additional arguments, `DR_conv_factors = "Carb2007"`, `n.MC = 10`, `txtProgressBar = FALSE`. The first argument selects the dose rate conversion factors used by ‘RCarb’. The second argument limits the number of Monte Carlo runs for the error estimation to 10 and the second argument prevents the plotting of the progress bar, indicating the progression of the calculation. Both arguments were solely set to reduce calculation time and output in this vignette.

Obviously, you do not want to run each row in the input table separately to model all dose rates, so to run all the modelling for all samples in the example dataset you can call the model without subsetting the dataset first. Be careful, the calculation may take some time.

    results <- model_DoseRate(
      data = Example_Data)

A note on the used dose rate conversion factors: For historical reasons ‘Carb’ has its own set of dose rate conversion factors, which differ slightly from values in the literature (e.g., Adamiec & Atiken, 1998) and are used in `'RCarb'` as default values. However, with `'RCarb' >= 0.1.3` you can select other dose rate conversion factors. Please type `?RCarb::Reference_Data` in your R terminal for further details.

# Using your own dataset

Running only the example dataset is somewhat dissatisfactory, and the usual case will be that you provide your own dataset as input. While you can enter all data directly using R, the package offers another way, using external spreadsheet software such as ‘Libre Office’ (or, of course, MS Excel). The procedure is sketched in the following.

## Create template table

The function `write_InputTemplate()` was written to create a template table (a CSV-file) that can be subsequently opened and filled. Using the function ensures that your input data have the correct structure, e.g., the correct number for columns and column names.

    write_InputTemplate(file = "files/RCarb_Input.csv")

The path given with the argument `file` can be modified as needed.

## Enter own data & back import into R

Own data are added using an external spreadsheet program and then save again as CSV-file.

For re-importing, the data standard R functionality can be used.

    data <- read.csv(file = "files/RCarb_Input.csv")

## Model the dose rate

The final modelling does not differ from the call already show above (here without a plot output):

    ##run model
    results <- model_DoseRate(
      data = data,
      n.MC = 10,
      txtProgressBar = FALSE,
      plot = FALSE)

    ##
    ## [model_DoseRate()]
    ##
    ##  Sample ID:       EXAMPLE
    ##  Equivalent dose:     98  ±  9 Gy
    ##  Diameter:        180 µm
    ##  MC runs error estim.:    10
    ##  ------------------------------------------------
    ##  Age (conv.):         133.451  ±  10.836  ka
    ##  Age (new):       117.443  ±  8.962  ka
    ##
    ##  Dose rate (conv.):   0.734  ±  0.034  Gy/ka
    ##  Dose rate (onset):   0.994  ±  0.082  Gy/ka
    ##  Dose rate (final):   0.754  ±  0.029  Gy/ka
    ##  ------------------------------------------------

# I don’t like R

Well, then you are wrong here. However, if you are just tired of using the R terminal and you want to have a graphical user interface to interact with ‘RCarb’? Surprise: We also spent countless hours to develop a shiny application called ‘RCarb app’, and we ship it as part of the R package ‘RLumShiny’.

## References

Adamiec, G., Aitken, M.J., 1998. Dose-rate conversion factors: update. Ancient TL 16, 37–50. 10.26034/la.atl.1998.292