Date: 2025-04-07

# fhircrackr Intro: Handling HL7® FHIR® Resources in R

#### 2025-04-07

## Introduction

`fhircrackr` is a package designed to help analyzing HL7 FHIR1 resources.

FHIR stands for Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources and is a standard describing data formats and elements (known as “resources”) as well as an application programming interface (API) for exchanging electronic health records. The standard was created by the Health Level Seven International (HL7) health-care standards organization. For more information on the FHIR standard, visit https://www.hl7.org/fhir/.

While FHIR is a very useful standard to describe and exchange medical data in an interoperable way, it is not at all useful for statistical analyses of data. This is due to the fact that FHIR data is stored in many nested and interlinked resources instead of matrix-like structures.

Thus, to be able to do statistical analyses a tool is needed that allows converting these nested resources into data frames. This process of tabulating FHIR resources is not trivial, as the unpredictable degree of nesting and connectedness of the resources makes generic solutions to this problem not feasible.

We therefore implemented a package that makes it possible to download FHIR resources from a server into R and to tabulate these resources into (multiple) data frames.

The package is still under development. The CRAN version of the package contains all functions that are already stable, for more recent (but potentially unstable) developments, the development version of the package can be downloaded from GitHub using `devtools::install_github("POLAR-fhiR/fhircrackr")`.

This vignette is an introduction on the basic functionalities of the `fhircrackr` and should give you a broad overview over what the package can do. For more detailed instructions on each subtopic please have a look the other vignettes. This introduction covers the following topics:

- Prerequisites

- Downloading resources from a FHIR server

- Flattening resources

- Multiple entries

- Saving and loading downloaded bundles

## Prerequisites

The complexity of the problem requires a couple of prerequisites both regarding your knowledge and access to data. We will shortly list the preconditions for using the `fhircrackr` package here:

1. First of all, you need the base URL of the FHIR server you want to access. If you don’t have your own FHIR server, you can use one of the available public servers, such as `https://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4` or `http://fhir.hl7.de:8080/baseDstu3`. The base URL of a FHIR server is often referred to as [base].

2. To download resources from the server, you should be familiar with FHIR search requests. FHIR search allows you to download sets of resources that match very specific requirements. The `fhircrackr` package offers some help building FHIR search requests, for this please see the vignette on downloading FHIR resources.

3. In the first step, `fhircrackr` downloads the resources in xml format into R. To specify which elements from the FHIR resources you want in your data frame, you should have at least some familiarity with XPath expressions. A good tutorial on XPath expressions can be found here: https://www.w3schools.com/xml/xpath_intro.asp.

In the following we’ll go through a typical workflow with `fhircrackr` step by step. The first and foremost step is of course, to install and load the package:

    install.packages("fhircrackr")
    library(fhircrackr)

## Downloading resources

To download resources from a FHIR server, you need to send a FHIR search request using `fhir_search()`. This introduction will not go into the details of building a valid FHIR search request. For that, please see the vignette on downloading FHIR resources or have a look at `?fhir_url`. Here we will use a simple example of downloading all Patient resources from a public HAPI server:

    request <- fhir_url(url = "http://fhir.hl7.de:8080/baseDstu3", resource = "Patient")
    patient_bundles <- fhir_search(request = request, max_bundles = 2, verbose = 0)

The minimum information `fhir_search()` requires is a url containing the full FHIR search request in the argument `request` which you can build by a call to `fhir_url()` or by providing an explicit string. In general, a FHIR search request returns a bundle of the resources you requested. If there are a lot of resources matching your request, the search result isn’t returned in one big bundle but distributed over several of them. If the argument `max_bundles` is set to its default `Inf`, `fhir_search()` will return all available bundles, meaning all resources matching your request. If you set it to `2` as in the example above, the download will stop after the first two bundles. Note that in this case, the result may not contain all the resources from the server matching your request.

If you want to connect to a FHIR server that uses basic authentication, you can supply the arguments `username` and `password`. If your server uses some form of bearer token authorization, you can supply the token in the argument `token`.

As you can see in the next block of code, `fhir_search()` returns a `fhir_bundle_list` object, which is basically a list of xml objects where each list element represents one bundle of resources, so a list of two xml objects in our case:

    length(patient_bundles)
    #> [1] 2
    patient_bundles
    #> An object of class "fhir_bundle_list"
    #> [[1]]
    #> A fhir_bundle_xml object
    #> No. of entries : 20
    #> Self Link: http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient
    #> Next Link: http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4?_getpages=ce958386-53d0-4042-888c-cad53bf5d5a1 ...
    #>
    #> {xml_node}
    #> <Bundle>
    #>  [1] <id value="ce958386-53d0-4042-888c-cad53bf5d5a1"/>
    #>  [2] <meta>\n  <lastUpdated value="2021-05-10T12:12:43.317+00:00"/>\n</meta>
    #>  [3] <type value="searchset"/>
    #>  [4] <link>\n  <relation value="self"/>\n  <url value="http://hapi.fhir.org/b ...
    #>  [5] <link>\n  <relation value="next"/>\n  <url value="http://hapi.fhir.org/b ...
    #>  [6] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837602"/ ...
    #>  [7] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/example-r ...
    #>  [8] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837624"/ ...
    #>  [9] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837626"/ ...
    #> [10] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837631"/ ...
    #> [11] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837716"/ ...
    #> [12] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837720"/ ...
    #> [13] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837714"/ ...
    #> [14] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837721"/ ...
    #> [15] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837722"/ ...
    #> [16] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837723"/ ...
    #> [17] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837724"/ ...
    #> [18] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/cfsb16116 ...
    #> [19] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837736"/ ...
    #> [20] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837737"/ ...
    #> ...
    #>
    #> [[2]]
    #> A fhir_bundle_xml object
    #> No. of entries : 20
    #> Self Link: http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4?_getpages=ce958386-53d0-4042-888c-cad53bf5d5a1 ...
    #> Next Link: http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4?_getpages=ce958386-53d0-4042-888c-cad53bf5d5a1 ...
    #>
    #> {xml_node}
    #> <Bundle>
    #>  [1] <id value="ce958386-53d0-4042-888c-cad53bf5d5a1"/>
    #>  [2] <meta>\n  <lastUpdated value="2021-05-10T12:12:43.317+00:00"/>\n</meta>
    #>  [3] <type value="searchset"/>
    #>  [4] <link>\n  <relation value="self"/>\n  <url value="http://hapi.fhir.org/b ...
    #>  [5] <link>\n  <relation value="next"/>\n  <url value="http://hapi.fhir.org/b ...
    #>  [6] <link>\n  <relation value="previous"/>\n  <url value="http://hapi.fhir.o ...
    #>  [7] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837760"/ ...
    #>  [8] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837766"/ ...
    #>  [9] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837768"/ ...
    #> [10] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837781"/ ...
    #> [11] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837783"/ ...
    #> [12] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837784"/ ...
    #> [13] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837787"/ ...
    #> [14] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837788"/ ...
    #> [15] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837789"/ ...
    #> [16] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837790"/ ...
    #> [17] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837791"/ ...
    #> [18] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837792"/ ...
    #> [19] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837793"/ ...
    #> [20] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837794"/ ...
    #> ...

If for some reason you cannot connect to a FHIR server at the moment but want to explore the following functions anyway, the package provides two example lists of bundles containing Patient and MedicationStatement resources. See `?patient_bundles` and `?medication_bundles` for how to use them.

## Flattening resources

Now we know that inside these xml objects there is the patient data somewhere. To bring it into a tabular format, we will use `fhir_crack()` which creates one table per resource type requested in the `design` argument. The most important argument `fhir_crack()` takes is `bundles`, the list of bundles that is returned by `fhir_search()`. The second important argument is `design`, an object that tells the function which data to extract from the bundle and how. `fhir_crack()` returns (a list of) data.frames or data.tables (if argument `data.table = TRUE`).

The object that is passed to the `design` argument can be of class `fhir_table_description` or `fhir_design`. A `fhir_table_description` is used when you want to extract just one resource type, resulting in a single table. A `fhir_design` is basically a named list of `fhir_table_descriptions` and is used when you want to extract several resource types at once, resulting in a named list of tables.

The details of what the different elements of a `fhir_table_description` or `fhir_design` mean are described in the vignette on flattening resources. Please refer to this document for more information, as we will just use one simple example here.

    #define table_description
    table_description <- fhir_table_description(
        resource = "Patient",
        cols     = c(
            id        = "id",
            use_name    = "name/use",
            given_name  = "name/given",
            family_name = "name/family",
            gender      = "gender",
            birthday    = "birthDate"
        ),
        sep           = " ~ ",
        brackets      = c("<<", ">>"),
        rm_empty_cols = FALSE,
        format        = 'compact',
        keep_attr     = FALSE
    )

    #have a look
    table_description
    #> A fhir_table_description with the following elements:
    #>
    #> resource: Patient
    #>
    #> cols:
    #> ------------ -----------------
    #> column name | xpath expression
    #> ------------ -----------------
    #> id          | id
    #> use_name    | name/use
    #> given_name  | name/given
    #> family_name | name/family
    #> gender      | gender
    #> birthday    | birthDate
    #> ------------ -----------------
    #>
    #> sep:           ' ~ '
    #> brackets:      '<<', '>>'
    #> rm_empty_cols: FALSE
    #> format:        'compact'
    #> keep_attr:     FALSE

Each of the five style elements `sep`, `brackets`, `remove_empty_columns`, `format` and `keep_attr` in `table_description` can also be controlled directly by the argument of the same name of `fhir_crack()`. If one of these function arguments is `NULL` (the default value for each argument), the corresponding value specified from the `table_description` will be used. If the argument in `fhir_crack` is set, the corresponding value in `fhir_table_description` will be overruled. If both the `fhir_crack` function argument and the corresponding component in `fhir_table_description` are `NULL`, the respective default value (`sep = ':::'`, `brackets = NULL`, `rm_empty_cols = TRUE`, `format = 'compact'`, `keep_attr = FALSE`) will be applied.

After it is defined, the `fhir_table_description` can be used in `fhir_crack()` like this:

    #flatten resources
    patients <- fhir_crack(bundles = patient_bundles, design = table_description, verbose = 0)

    #have look at the results
    head(patients)
    #>             id                                       use_name
    #> 1 <<1>>2072744                                <<1.1>>official
    #> 2 <<1>>2431578                                <<1.1>>official
    #> 3 <<1>>2431568 <<1.1>>official ~ <<2.1>>usual ~ <<3.1>>maiden
    #> 4 <<1>>2431577                                <<1.1>>official
    #> 5 <<1>>2431757                                     <<1.1>>old
    #> 6 <<1>>2431759                                <<1.1>>official
    #>                                                               given_name
    #> 1                                                 <<1.1>>K ~ <<1.2>>Kari
    #> 2                                                           <<1.1>>Roman
    #> 3 <<1.1>>Peter ~ <<1.2>>James ~ <<2.1>>Jim ~ <<3.1>>Peter ~ <<3.2>>James
    #> 4                                         <<1.1>>Ganpat ~ <<1.2>>Malekar
    #> 5                                                                   <NA>
    #> 6                                                             <<1.1>>ABC
    #>                        family_name      gender        birthday
    #> 1                  <<1.1>>Nordmann <<1>>female <<1>>2018-09-12
    #> 2                     <<1.1>>Smith   <<1>>male <<1>>2021-07-19
    #> 3 <<1.1>>Chalmers ~ <<3.1>>Windsor   <<1>>male <<1>>1974-12-25
    #> 4                   <<1.1>>Malekar   <<1>>male <<1>>1996-02-07
    #> 5                    <<1.1>>murali   <<1>>male            <NA>
    #> 6                       <<1.1>>XYZ   <<1>>male <<1>>1998-01-03

## Multiple entries

A particularly complicated problem in flattening FHIR resources is caused by the fact that there can be multiple occurrences of the same FHIR element within one resource. For a more detailed description of this problem, please see the vignette on flattening resources.

In general, `fhir_crack()` will paste multiple entries for the same attribute together in the table, using the separator provided by the `sep` argument.

Let’s have a look at the following simple example, where we have a bundle containing just two Patient resources. The example is part of the `fhircrackr` package and you can make it available like this:

    bundles <- fhir_unserialize(bundles = example_bundles1)

This represents a bundle list with only one very simple bundle of just two Patient resources which looks like this:

    <Bundle>

        <Patient>
            <id value='id1'/>
            <address>
                <use value='home'/>
                <city value='Amsterdam'/>
                <type value='physical'/>
                <country value='Netherlands'/>
            </address>
            <name>
                <given value='Marie'/>
            </name>
        </Patient>

        <Patient>
            <id value='id3'/>
            <address>
                <use value='home'/>
                <city value='Berlin'/>
            </address>
            <address>
                <type value='postal'/>
                <country value='France'/>
            </address>
            <address>
                <use value='work'/>
                <city value='London'/>
                <type value='postal'/>
                <country value='England'/>
            </address>
            <name>
                <given value='Frank'/>
            </name>
            <name>
                <given value='Max'/>
            </name>
        </Patient>

    </Bundle>

The first resource has just one entry for the address attribute. The second Patient resource has an address attribute with three entries containing different elements and also two entries for the name attribute.

This is where the style elements of the `table_description` comes into play:

    table_description <- fhir_table_description(
        resource = "Patient",
        brackets      = c("[", "]"),
        sep           = " | ",
        rm_empty_cols = FALSE,
        format        = 'compact',
        keep_attr     = FALSE
    )

    df <- fhir_crack(bundles = bundles, design = table_description, verbose = 0)

    df
    #>                address.city            address.country
    #> 1            [1.1]Amsterdam           [1.1]Netherlands
    #> 2 [1.1]Berlin | [3.1]London [2.1]France | [3.1]England
    #>                address.type           address.use     id            name.given
    #> 1             [1.1]physical             [1.1]home [1]id1            [1.1]Marie
    #> 2 [2.1]postal | [3.1]postal [1.1]home | [3.1]work [1]id3 [1.1]Frank | [2.1]Max

Multiple entries are pasted together with the specified separator string (in this case: `" | "`) in between and the indices (inside the specified bracket strings (here: `"["` and `"]"`)) display the entry the value belongs to. That way you can see that Patient resource 2 had three entries for the attribute `address` and you can also see which attributes belong to which entry.

If you know beforehand that you only need home addresses, you can use predicates in your XPath expressions that filter for that and avoid multiple entries in your table:

    table_description <- fhir_table_description(
        resource = "Patient",
        cols = c(
            id = "id",
            city = "address[use[@value='home']]/city",
            type = "address[use[@value='home']]/type",
            country = "address[use[@value='home']]/country",
            name = "name/given"
        )
    )

    df_filtered <- fhir_crack(bundles = bundles, design = table_description, verbose = 0)

    df_filtered
    #>    id      city     type     country        name
    #> 1 id1 Amsterdam physical Netherlands       Marie
    #> 2 id3    Berlin     <NA>        <NA> Frank:::Max

If you can’t filter during cracking, there are several options to deal with the resulting multiple entries in your table.

## Process Tables with multiple Entries

### Melt tables with multiple entries

If the table produced by `fhir_crack()` contains multiple entries, you’ll probably want to divide these entries into distinct observations at some point. This is where `fhir_melt()` comes into play. `fhir_melt()` takes an indexed table with multiple entries in one or several `columns` and spreads (aka melts) these entries over several rows.

    fhir_melt(
        indexed_data_frame = df,
        columns            = "address.city",
        brackets           = c("[", "]"),
        sep                = " | ",
        all_columns        = FALSE
    )
    #>   resource_identifier address.city
    #> 1                   1 [1]Amsterdam
    #> 2                   2    [1]Berlin
    #> 3                   2         <NA>
    #> 4                   2    [1]London

The new variable `resource_identifier` maps which rows in the created table belong to which row (usually equivalent to one resource) in the original table. `brackets` and `sep` have to be the same character vectors that have been used to build the indices with `fhir_crack()`. `columns` is a character vector with the names of the variables/columns you want to melt. You can provide more than one column here but it makes sense to only have variables from the same repeating attribute together in one call to `fhir_melt()`:

    cols <- c("address.city", "address.use", "address.type", "address.country")

    fhir_melt(
        indexed_data_frame = df,
        columns            = cols,
        brackets           = c("[", "]"),
        sep                = " | ",
        all_columns        = FALSE
    )
    #>   resource_identifier address.city address.use address.type address.country
    #> 1                   1 [1]Amsterdam     [1]home  [1]physical  [1]Netherlands
    #> 2                   2    [1]Berlin     [1]home         <NA>            <NA>
    #> 3                   2         <NA>        <NA>    [1]postal       [1]France
    #> 4                   2    [1]London     [1]work    [1]postal      [1]England

With the argument `all_columns` you can control whether the resulting table contains only the molten columns or all columns of the original table:

    molten <- fhir_melt(
        indexed_data_frame = df,
        columns            = cols,
        brackets           = c("[", "]"),
        sep                = " | ",
        all_columns        = TRUE
    )

    molten
    #>   address.city address.country address.type address.use     id
    #> 1 [1]Amsterdam  [1]Netherlands  [1]physical     [1]home [1]id1
    #> 2    [1]Berlin            <NA>         <NA>     [1]home [1]id3
    #> 3         <NA>       [1]France    [1]postal        <NA> [1]id3
    #> 4    [1]London      [1]England    [1]postal     [1]work [1]id3
    #>              name.given resource_identifier
    #> 1            [1.1]Marie                   1
    #> 2 [1.1]Frank | [2.1]Max                   2
    #> 3 [1.1]Frank | [2.1]Max                   2
    #> 4 [1.1]Frank | [2.1]Max                   2

Values on the other variables will just repeat in the newly created rows. For more information please see the vignette on flattening resources.

### Remove indices

Once you have sorted out the multiple entries, you might want to get rid of the indices in your data frame. This can be achieved using `fhir_rm_indices()`:

    fhir_rm_indices(indexed_data_frame = molten, brackets = c("[", "]"))
    #>   address.city address.country address.type address.use  id  name.given
    #> 1    Amsterdam     Netherlands     physical        home id1       Marie
    #> 2       Berlin            <NA>         <NA>        home id3 Frank | Max
    #> 3         <NA>          France       postal        <NA> id3 Frank | Max
    #> 4       London         England       postal        work id3 Frank | Max
    #>   resource_identifier
    #> 1                   1
    #> 2                   2
    #> 3                   2
    #> 4                   2

Again, `brackets` should be given the same character vector that was used for `fhir_crack()` and `fhir_melt()` respectively.

## Save and load downloaded bundles

Since `fhir_crack()` ignores all data that are not specified in `design`, it makes sense to store the original search result for reproducibility and in case you realize later on that you need elements from the resources that you haven’t extracted at first.

There are two ways of saving the FHIR bundles you downloaded: Either you save them as R objects, or you write them to an xml file.

### Save and load bundles as R objects

If you want to save the list of downloaded bundles as an `.rda` or `.RData` file, you can’t just use R’s `save()` or `save_image()` on it, because this will break the external pointers in the xml objects representing your bundles. Instead, you have to serialize the bundles before saving and unserialize them after loading. For single xml objects the package `xml2` provides serialization functions. For convenience, however, `fhircrackr` provides the functions `fhir_serialize()` that can be used directly on the bundles returned by `fhir_search()` and `fhir_unserialize()`:

    #serialize bundles
    serialized_bundles <- fhir_serialize(bundles = patient_bundles)

    #have a look at them
    head(serialized_bundles[[1]])
    #> [1] 58 0a 00 00 00 03

    #create temporary directory for saving
    temp_dir <- tempdir()

    #save
    saveRDS(serialized_bundles, file = paste0(temp_dir, "/bundles.rda"))

If you reload this bundle, you have to unserialize it before you can work with it:

    #load bundles
    serialized_bundles_reloaded <- readRDS(paste0(temp_dir, "/bundles.rda"))

    #unserialize
    bundles <- fhir_unserialize(bundles = serialized_bundles_reloaded)

    #have a look
    bundles
    #> An object of class "fhir_bundle_list"
    #> [[1]]
    #> A fhir_bundle_xml object
    #> No. of entries : 20
    #> Self Link: http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient
    #> Next Link: http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4?_getpages=ce958386-53d0-4042-888c-cad53bf5d5a1 ...
    #>
    #> {xml_node}
    #> <Bundle>
    #>  [1] <id value="ce958386-53d0-4042-888c-cad53bf5d5a1"/>
    #>  [2] <meta>\n  <lastUpdated value="2021-05-10T12:12:43.317+00:00"/>\n</meta>
    #>  [3] <type value="searchset"/>
    #>  [4] <link>\n  <relation value="self"/>\n  <url value="http://hapi.fhir.org/b ...
    #>  [5] <link>\n  <relation value="next"/>\n  <url value="http://hapi.fhir.org/b ...
    #>  [6] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837602"/ ...
    #>  [7] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/example-r ...
    #>  [8] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837624"/ ...
    #>  [9] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837626"/ ...
    #> [10] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837631"/ ...
    #> [11] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837716"/ ...
    #> [12] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837720"/ ...
    #> [13] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837714"/ ...
    #> [14] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837721"/ ...
    #> [15] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837722"/ ...
    #> [16] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837723"/ ...
    #> [17] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837724"/ ...
    #> [18] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/cfsb16116 ...
    #> [19] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837736"/ ...
    #> [20] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837737"/ ...
    #> ...
    #>
    #> [[2]]
    #> A fhir_bundle_xml object
    #> No. of entries : 20
    #> Self Link: http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4?_getpages=ce958386-53d0-4042-888c-cad53bf5d5a1 ...
    #> Next Link: http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4?_getpages=ce958386-53d0-4042-888c-cad53bf5d5a1 ...
    #>
    #> {xml_node}
    #> <Bundle>
    #>  [1] <id value="ce958386-53d0-4042-888c-cad53bf5d5a1"/>
    #>  [2] <meta>\n  <lastUpdated value="2021-05-10T12:12:43.317+00:00"/>\n</meta>
    #>  [3] <type value="searchset"/>
    #>  [4] <link>\n  <relation value="self"/>\n  <url value="http://hapi.fhir.org/b ...
    #>  [5] <link>\n  <relation value="next"/>\n  <url value="http://hapi.fhir.org/b ...
    #>  [6] <link>\n  <relation value="previous"/>\n  <url value="http://hapi.fhir.o ...
    #>  [7] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837760"/ ...
    #>  [8] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837766"/ ...
    #>  [9] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837768"/ ...
    #> [10] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837781"/ ...
    #> [11] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837783"/ ...
    #> [12] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837784"/ ...
    #> [13] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837787"/ ...
    #> [14] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837788"/ ...
    #> [15] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837789"/ ...
    #> [16] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837790"/ ...
    #> [17] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837791"/ ...
    #> [18] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837792"/ ...
    #> [19] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837793"/ ...
    #> [20] <entry>\n  <fullUrl value="http://hapi.fhir.org/baseR4/Patient/1837794"/ ...
    #> ...

After unserialization, the pointers are restored and you can continue to work with the bundles. Note that the example bundles `medication_bundles` and `patient_bundles` that are provided with the `fhircrackr` package are also provided in their serialized form and have to be unserialized as described on their help page.

### Save and load bundles as xml files

If you want to store the bundles in xml files instead of R objects, you can use the functions `fhir_save()` and `fhir_load()`. `fhir_save()` takes a list of bundles in form of xml objects (as returned by `fhir_search()`) and writes them into the directory specified in the argument `directory`. Each bundle is saved as a separate xml-file. If the folder defined in `directory` doesn’t exist, it is created in the current working directory.

    #save bundles as xml files
    fhir_save(bundles = patient_bundles, directory = temp_dir)

To read bundles saved with `fhir_save()` back into R, you can use `fhir_load()`:

    bundles <- fhir_load(directory = temp_dir)

`fhir_load()` takes the name of the directory (or path to it) as its only argument. All xml-files in this directory are read into R and returned as a list of bundles in xml format just as returned by `fhir_search()`.

## Acknowledgments

This work was carried out by the SMITH consortium and the cross-consortium use case POLAR_MI; both are part of the German Initiative for Medical Informatics and funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), grant no. 01ZZ1803A , 01ZZ1803C and 01ZZ1910A.

1. FHIR is the registered trademark of HL7 and is used with the permission of HL7. Use of the FHIR trademark does not constitute endorsement of this product by HL7↩︎