Author: Jamie Reilly, Ben Sacks, Ginny Ulichney, Gus Cooney, Chelsea Helion
Date: 2026-04-29

# ConversationAlign_Introduction

#### Jamie Reilly, Ben Sacks, Ginny Ulichney, Gus Cooney, Chelsea Helion

#### April 29, 2026

A good conversation is a cooperative endeavor where both parties modify the form and content of their own production to align with each other. This is a phenomenon known as alignment. People align across many dimensions including the words they choose and the affective tenor of their prosody. `ConversationAlign` measures dynamics of lexical use between conversation partners across more than 40 semantic, lexical, phonological, and affective dimensions. Before launching into your analyses, there are some important use caveats to consider.

## Caveats for Using ConversationAlign

- Language analyses often proliferate in complexity. Spend the extra time to keep careful records and a logical organization system (e.g., smart filenaming, variable keys, a formalized processing pipeline).
- `ConversationAlign` only works on dyadic language transcripts (i.e., 2-person dialogues).
- `ConversationAlign` does NOT parse turns automatically. The software will aggregate all words produced by one speaker across sentences and rows until a switch occurs in the ‘speaker’ column.
- `ConversationAlign` will strip punctuation and other special characters automatically.
- `ConversationAlign` will split/vectorize your text into a one-word-per-row format, retaining all variable labels.
- `ConversationAlign` will retain all meta-data throughout text processing (e.g., timestamps, grouping variables). `ConversationAlign` is pretty good at detecting and repairing unconventional font encoding systems, but it will not catch everything, You will find all sorts of hidden junk when you copy/paste interview transcripts from random websites are from YouTube. Inspect your transcripts to make sure they are what you think they are before launching into a complex computational analysis.

## Prepare your Transcripts Outside of the Package

- Save each conversation transcript as a separate file (`*.txt`, `*.csv`, or Otter `*.ai`).
- Be deliberate about your filenaming convention. Each transcript’s filename will become its unique document identifier (Event_ID) when importing into `ConversationAlign`.
- Store all the transcripts you want to analyze in the same folder (e.g., ’/my_transcripts).
- Your transcript folder and analysis scripts should ideally exist within the same directory.
- Each raw comversation transcript MUST nominally contain at least two columns, talker/interlocutor and text.
- Name your talker/interlocutor column as ‘Interlocutor’, ‘Speaker’, or ‘Participant’ (not case sensitive).
- Name your text column as ‘Text’, ‘Utterance’, or ‘Turn’ (not case sensitive).

# Installation

Install and load the development version of `ConversationAlign` from GitHub using the `devtools` package.

    # Load SemanticDistance
    library(ConversationAlign)

## Calibaration Transcripts Included in `ConversationAlign`

`ConversationAlign`contains two sample conversation transcripts that are pre-load when you call the package. These are: MaronGross_2013: Interview transcript of Marc Maron and Terry Gross on NPR (2013).
NurseryRhymes: Three nursery rhymes looping same phrases formatted as conversations, cleaned, and aligned to illustrate how the formatting pipeline reshaopes conversation transcripts.

### NurseryRhymes

    knitr::kable(head(NurseryRhymes, 20), format = "simple")

Event_ID | Participant_ID | Text_Raw
--- | --- | ---
ItsySpider | Yin | The itsy-bitsy spider climbed up the water spout
ItsySpider | Maya | Down came the rain and washed the spider out
ItsySpider | Yin | Out came the sun, and dried up all the rain
ItsySpider | Maya | And the itsy-bitsy spider climbed up the spout again
ItsySpider | Yin | The itsy-bitsy spider climbed up the water spout
ItsySpider | Maya | Down came the rain and washed the spider out
ItsySpider | Yin | Out came the sun, and dried up all the rain
ItsySpider | Maya | And the itsy-bitsy spider climbed up the spout again
ItsySpider | Yin | The itsy-bitsy spider climbed up the water spout
ItsySpider | Maya | Down came the rain and washed the spider out
ItsySpider | Yin | Out came the sun, and dried up all the rain
ItsySpider | Maya | And the itsy-bitsy spider climbed up the spout again
ItsySpider | Yin | The itsy-bitsy spider climbed up the water spout
ItsySpider | Maya | Down came the rain and washed the spider out
ItsySpider | Yin | Out came the sun, and dried up all the rain
ItsySpider | Maya | And the itsy-bitsy spider climbed up the spout again
ItsySpider | Yin | The itsy-bitsy spider climbed up the water spout
ItsySpider | Maya | Down came the rain and washed the spider out
ItsySpider | Yin | Out came the sun, and dried up all the rain
ItsySpider | Maya | And the itsy-bitsy spider climbed up the spout again

    str(NurseryRhymes)
    #> 'data.frame':    228 obs. of  3 variables:
    #>  $ Event_ID      : chr  "ItsySpider" "ItsySpider" "ItsySpider" "ItsySpider" ...
    #>  $ Participant_ID: chr  "Yin" "Maya" "Yin" "Maya" ...
    #>  $ Text_Raw      : chr  "The itsy-bitsy spider climbed up the water spout" "Down came the rain and washed the spider out" "Out came the sun, and dried up all the rain" "And the itsy-bitsy spider climbed up the spout again" ...

### Maron-Gross Interview

Here’s one from a 2013 NPR interview (USA) between Marc Maron and Terry Gross, titled Marc Maron: A Life Fueled By ‘Panic And Dread’.

    knitr::kable(head(MaronGross_2013, 20), format = "simple")

speaker | text
--- | ---
MARON | I’m a little nervous but I’ve prepared I’ve written things on a piece of paper
MARON | I don’t know how you prepare I could ask you that - maybe I will But this is how I prepare - I panic
MARON | For a while
GROSS | Yeah
MARON | And then I scramble and then I type some things up and then I handwrite things that are hard to read So I can you know challenge myself on that level during the interview
GROSS | Being self-defeating is always a good part of preparation
MARON | What is?
GROSS | Being self-defeating
MARON | Yes
GROSS | Self-sabotage
MARON | Yes
GROSS | Key
MARON | Right so you do that?
GROSS | I sometimes do that
MARON | How often?
GROSS | I try not to do that I do that more in life than I do in radio
MARON | Really?
GROSS | Yeah
MARON | Like today?
GROSS | Life is harder than radio

    str(MaronGross_2013)
    #> 'data.frame':    546 obs. of  2 variables:
    #>  $ speaker: chr  "MARON" "MARON" "MARON" "GROSS" ...
    #>  $ text   : chr  " I'm a little nervous but I've prepared I've written things on a piece of paper" " I don't know how you prepare I could ask you that - maybe I will But this is how I prepare - I panic" " For a while" " Yeah" ...

# Caveat emptor

Any analysis of language comes with assumptions and potential bias. For example, there are some instances where a researcher might care about morphemes and grammatical elements such as ‘the’, ‘a’, ‘and’, etc.. The default for ConversationAlign is to omit these as stopwords and to average across all open class words (e.g., nouns, verbs) in each turn by interlocutor. There are some specific cases where this can all go wrong. Here are some things to consider:

1. Stopwords : `ConversationAlign` omits stopwords by default applying a customized stopword list, `Temple_Stopwords25`. CLICK HERE to inspect the list. This stopword list includes greetings, idioms, filler words, numerals, and pronouns.

2. Lemmatization : The package will lemmatize your language transcripts by default. Lemmatization transforms inflected forms (e.g., standing, stands) into their root or dictionary entry (e.g., stand). This helps for yoking offline values (e.g., happiness, concreteness) to each word and also entails what NLP folks refer to as ‘term aggregation’. However, sometimes you might NOT want to lemmatize. You can easily change this option by using the argument, “lemmatize=FALSE,” to the clean_dyads function below.

3. Sample Size Issue 1: Exchange Count: The program derives correlations and AUC for each dyad as metrics of alignment. For very brief conversations (<30 turns), the likelihood of unstable or unreliable estimates is high.

4. Sample Size Issue 2 : matching to lookup database: ConversationAlign works by yoking values from a lookup database to each word in your language transcript. Some variables have lots of values characterizing many English words. Other variables (e.g., age of acquisition) only cover about 30k words. When a word in your transcript does not have a ‘match’ in the lookup datase, ConversationAlign will return an NA which will not go into the average of the words for that interlocutor and turn. This can be dangerous when there are many missing values. Beware!

5. Compositionality : ConversationAlign is a caveman in its complexity. It matches a value to each word as if that word is an island. Phenomena like polysemy (e.g., bank) and the modulation of one word by an intensifier (e.g., very terrible) are not handled. This is a problem for many of the affective measures but not for lexical variables like word length.

# Background and Supporting Materials

1. Preprint
   Our PsyArXiv preprint describing the method(s) in greater detail is referenced as: Sacks, B., Ulichney, V., Duncan, A., Helion, C., Weinstein, S., Giovannetti, T., … Reilly, J. (2025, March 12). ConversationAlign: Open-Source Software for Analyzing Patterns of Lexical Use and Alignment in Conversation Transcripts. to read our preprint. It was recently invited for revision at Behavior Rsearch Methods. We will update when/if eventually accepted there!

2. Variable Key for ConversationAlign
   `ConversationAlign` currently allows users to compute alignment dynamics across >40 different lexical, affective, and semantic dimensions.Click Here to View Lookup Key.

# References

Lewis, David D., et al. (2004) “Rcv1: A new benchmark collection for text categorization research.” Journal of machine learning research 5: 361-397.