@article{Abdi:2007,
  title = {The {{Bonferonni}} and {{\v Sid\'ak Corrections}} for {{Multiple Comparisons}}},
  author = {Abdi, Herv{\'e}},
  editor = {Salkind, Neil J.},
  year = 2007,
  journal = {Encyclopedia of measurement and statistics},
  publisher = {Sage},
  address = {Thousand Oaks, CA},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/DGZBR96T/Abdi - 2006 - The Bonferonni and Šidák Corrections for Multiple Comparisons.pdf}
}

@book{Agresti:2010,
  title = {Analysis of {{Ordinal Categorical Data}}},
  author = {Agresti, Alan},
  year = 2010,
  month = mar,
  series = {Wiley {{Series}} in {{Probability}} and {{Statistics}}},
  edition = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  doi = {10.1002/9780470594001},
  urldate = {2026-05-09},
  copyright = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm\_license\_1.1},
  isbn = {978-0-470-08289-8 978-0-470-59400-1},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/6VTIQ5AE/L-G-0000645264-0003879127.pdf}
}

@article{Allingham:2012,
  title = {Testing {{Equality}} of {{Variances}} for {{Multiple Univariate Normal Populations}}},
  author = {Allingham, David and Rayner, J. C. W.},
  year = 2012,
  month = sep,
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Theory and Practice},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {524--535},
  issn = {1559-8608, 1559-8616},
  doi = {10.1080/15598608.2012.695703},
  urldate = {2025-06-29},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/DPA3PLFT/Allingham und Rayner - 2012 - Testing Equality of Variances for Multiple Univariate Normal Populations.pdf}
}

@article{Bartlett:1937,
  title = {Properties of Sufficiency and Statistical Tests},
  author = {Bartlett, M. S.},
  year = 1937,
  journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences},
  volume = {160},
  number = {901},
  pages = {268--282},
  doi = {10.1098/rspa.1937.0109}
}

@article{Bijlenga:2017,
  title = {{{PHASES Score}} for the {{Management}} of {{Intracranial Aneurysm}}: {{A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Retrospective Study}}},
  shorttitle = {{{PHASES Score}} for the {{Management}} of {{Intracranial Aneurysm}}},
  author = {Bijlenga, Philippe and Gondar, Renato and Schilling, Sabine and Morel, Sandrine and Hirsch, Sven and Cuony, Johanna and Corniola, Marco-Vincenzo and Perren, Fabienne and R{\"u}fenacht, Daniel and Schaller, Karl},
  year = 2017,
  month = aug,
  journal = {Stroke},
  volume = {48},
  number = {8},
  pages = {2105--2112},
  issn = {0039-2499, 1524-4628},
  doi = {10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.017391},
  urldate = {2025-05-07},
  abstract = {Background and Purpose---The aim of this study is to assess whether the PHASES score allows to (1) match decisions taken by multidisciplinary team whether to observe or intervene, (2) classify patients being diagnosed with a ruptured versus unruptured intracranial aneurysm (UIA), and (3) discriminate patients at low risk of rupture from the population of patients diagnosed with intracranial aneurysm. Methods---Population-based prospective and consecutive data were collected between 2006 and 2014. Patients (n=841) were stratified into 4 groups: stable UIA; growing observed UIA; immediately treated UIA; and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). All patients initially observed were pooled in a follow-up UIA group; patients from growing observed UIA, immediately treated UIA, and aSAH were pooled in a high risk of rupture group. Results are expressed as median [quartile 1, quartile 3]. Results---PHASES scores of immediately treated UIA patients were significantly higher than follow-up UIA group (5 [3, 7] versus 2 [1, 4]). Patients diagnosed with UIA and PHASES score of {$>$}3 were more likely to be treated, and the score {$\leq$}3 was predictive for observation (areas under these curves=0.74). Odds of being diagnosed with an aSAH were associated with PHASES score of {$>$}3 (UIA, 4 [2, 6]; aSAH, 5 [4, 8]; areas under these curves=0.66). Scores of stable UIA patients were significantly lower than high risk of rupture group (2 [1, 4] versus 5 [4, 7]; stable UIA outcome prediction by PHASES score of {$\leq$}3: areas under these curves=0.76). Conclusions---There is a progression of PHASES score between stable UIA, growing observed UIA, immediately treated UIA, and aSAH groups. PHASES score of {$\leq$}3 is associated with a low but not negligible likelihood of aneurysm rupture, and specificity of the classifier is low. (Stroke. 2017;48:2105-2112. DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.117.017391.)},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/SKLTPY7L/Bijlenga et al. - 2017 - PHASES Score for the Management of Intracranial Aneurysm A Cross-Sectional Population-Based Retrosp.pdf}
}

@article{Breusch:1979,
  title = {A {{Simple Test}} for {{Heteroscedasticity}} and {{Random Coefficient Variation}}},
  author = {Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R.},
  year = 1979,
  journal = {Econometrica},
  volume = {47},
  number = {5},
  eprint = {1911963},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {1287--1294},
  publisher = {[Wiley, Econometric Society]},
  issn = {0012-9682},
  doi = {10.2307/1911963},
  urldate = {2025-12-29},
  abstract = {A simple test for heteroscedastic disturbances in a linear regression model is developed using the framework of the Lagrangian multiplier test. For a wide range of heteroscedastic and random coefficient specifications, the criterion is given as a readily computed function of the OLS residuals. Some finite sampleevidence is presented to supplement the general asymptotic properties of Lagrangian multiplier tests.},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/2ZWR7ZY8/Breusch und Pagan - 1979 - A Simple Test for Heteroscedasticity and Random Coefficient Variation.pdf}
}

@article{Brown:1974,
  title = {Robust {{Tests}} for the {{Equality}} of {{Variances}}},
  author = {Brown, Morton B. and Forsythe, Alan B.},
  year = 1974,
  month = jun,
  journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
  volume = {69},
  number = {346},
  pages = {364--367},
  issn = {0162-1459, 1537-274X},
  doi = {10.1080/01621459.1974.10482955},
  urldate = {2025-06-17},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/ABFAPTP8/Brown und Forsythe - 1974 - Robust Tests for the Equality of Variances.pdf}
}

@book{Chambers:2018,
  title = {Graphical {{Methods}} for {{Data Analysis}}},
  author = {Chambers, J. M.},
  year = 2018,
  month = jan,
  publisher = {{Chapman and Hall/CRC}},
  address = {Boca Raton},
  doi = {10.1201/9781351072304},
  abstract = {This book present graphical methods for analysing data. Some methods are new and some are old, some require a computer and others only paper and pencil; but they are all powerful data analysis tools. In many situations, a set of data \dbend{} even a large set- can be adequately analysed through graphical methods alone. In most other situations, a few well-chosen graphical displays can significantly enhance numerical statistical analyses.},
  isbn = {978-1-351-07230-4}
}

@article{Chicco:2025,
  title = {A Simple Guide to the Use of {{Student}}'s~t-Test, {{Mann-Whitney~U}} Test, {{Chi-squared}} Test, and {{Kruskal-Wallis}} Test in Biostatistics},
  author = {Chicco, Davide and Sichenze, Andrea and Jurman, Giuseppe},
  year = 2025,
  month = aug,
  journal = {BioData Min},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  pages = {56},
  issn = {1756-0381},
  doi = {10.1186/s13040-025-00465-6},
  abstract = {In an age when machine learning and artificial intelligence are broadly employed, traditional statistics can still provide insightful information and results quickly and at a low computational cost. Statistics, in fact, offers many useful tools to researchers, including a series of univariate statistical tests that can identify relationships between pairs of numeric samples: Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-squared test, and Kruskal-Wallis test. These tests generate several outcomes, including probability values (p-values) that can express a numerical quantity which accepts or rejects the null hypothesis, based on a certain threshold used. Although effective, these tests are often misused or employed in the wrong contexts, especially among biostatistics studies. Many scientific researchers do not seem to know how to choose one test over the others, and this misuse can lead to incorrect results and wrong conclusions. Here we present a simple theoretical and practical guide to the use of these four tests, first describing their theoretical properties and then displaying the results obtained by applying these tests to real-world medical datasets. Eventually, we explain when and how to use each test based on the data types of the samples considered. Our study can have a strong impact on scientific research by potentially influencing future studies involving these tests. Our recommendations, in turn, can help researchers produce more reliable and sound scientific results, thus increasing the quality of multiple scientific studies across various fields.},
  langid = {english},
  pmcid = {PMC12366075},
  pmid = {40835959},
  keywords = {Biostatistics,Chi-squared test,Kruskal-Wallis test,Mann-Whitney U test,Statistical significance,Student's t-test,Univariate statistical tests},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/FLPURLDD/Chicco et al. - 2025 - A simple guide to the use of Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-squared test, and Kruskal-Wa.pdf}
}

@article{Cochran:1954,
  title = {The {{Combination}} of {{Estimates}} from {{Different Experiments}}},
  author = {Cochran, William G.},
  year = 1954,
  month = mar,
  journal = {Biometrics},
  volume = {10},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {3001666},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {101},
  issn = {0006341X},
  doi = {10.2307/3001666},
  urldate = {2025-05-19},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/9ABTBY4F/1955-00087-001.html;/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/9IW9ZBXF/1955-00087-001.html}
}

@book{Cook:1982,
  title = {Residuals and {{Influence}} in {{Regression}}},
  author = {Cook, R. Dennis and Weisberg, Sanford},
  year = 1982,
  publisher = {{New York: Chapman and Hall}},
  urldate = {2026-05-09},
  isbn = {0-412-24280-0},
  langid = {american},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/BHN8FT9W/Cook und Weisberg - 1982 - Residuals and Influence in Regression.pdf}
}

@article{Delacre:2017,
  title = {Why Psychologists Should by Default Use {{Welch}}'s t-Test Instead of {{Student}}'s t-Test},
  author = {Delacre, Marie and Lakens, Dani{\"e}l and Leys, Christophe},
  year = 2017,
  journal = {International Review of Social Psychology},
  volume = {30},
  number = {1},
  pages = {92--101},
  publisher = {Ubiquity Press},
  doi = {10.5334/irsp.82},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/CNFQD5ZI/82-1-534-4-10-20221125.pdf;/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/WMNMCFU3/Delacre et al. - 2017 - Why Psychologists Should by Default Use Welchâs t-test Instead of Studentâs t-test.pdf;/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/ZZ8X255K/Delacre et al. - 2017 - Why Psychologists Should by Default Use Welchâs t-test Instead of Studentâs t-test.pdf}
}

@article{Fagerland:2009,
  title = {Performance of Five Two-Sample Location Tests for Skewed Distributions with Unequal Variances},
  author = {Fagerland, Morten W. and Sandvik, Leiv},
  year = 2009,
  month = sep,
  journal = {Contemporary Clinical Trials},
  volume = {30},
  number = {5},
  pages = {490--496},
  issn = {1551-7144},
  doi = {10.1016/j.cct.2009.06.007},
  urldate = {2025-06-04},
  abstract = {Tests for comparing the locations of two independent populations are associated with different null hypotheses, but results are often interpreted as evidence for or against equality of means or medians. We examine the appropriateness of this practice by investigating the performance of five frequently used tests: the two-sample T test, the Welch U test, the Yuen--Welch test, the Wilcoxon--Mann--Whitney test, and the Brunner--Munzel test. Under combined violations of normality and variance homogeneity, the true significance level and power of the tests depend on a complex interplay of several factors. In a wide ranging simulation study, we consider scenarios differing in skewness, skewness heterogeneity, variance heterogeneity, sample size, and sample size ratio. We find that small differences in distribution properties can alter test performance markedly, thus confounding the effort to present simple test recommendations. Instead, we provide detailed recommendations in Appendix A. The Welch U test is recommended most frequently, but cannot be considered an omnibus test for this problem.},
  keywords = {Brunner--Munzel test,Heteroscedasticity,Robustness,Skewness,test,Two-sample location problem,Welch test,Wilcoxon--Mann--Whitney test,Yuen--Welch test},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/T83TNKK2/S1551714409001098.html;/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/UA44IKA4/S1551714409001098.html}
}

@article{Fagerland:2012,
  title = {T-Tests, Non-Parametric Tests, and Large Studies---a Paradox of Statistical Practice?},
  author = {Fagerland, Morten W.},
  year = 2012,
  month = jun,
  journal = {BMC Medical Research Methodology},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {78},
  issn = {1471-2288},
  doi = {10.1186/1471-2288-12-78},
  urldate = {2025-06-04},
  abstract = {During the last 30 years, the median sample size of research studies published in high-impact medical journals has increased manyfold, while the use of non-parametric tests has increased at the expense of t-tests. This paper explores this paradoxical practice and illustrates its consequences.},
  keywords = {{Data Interpretation, Statistical},{Models, Statistical},{Statistics, Nonparametric},\textbraceleft Data Interpretation,\textbraceleft Models,\textbraceleft Statistics,Computer Simulation,Confidence Intervals,Humans,Non-parametric test,Nonparametric\textbraceright,Probability,Sample size,Statistical practice,Statistical\textbraceright,T-test,Welch test,Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/5XG4W6SM/Fagerland - 2012 - t-tests, non-parametric tests, and large studies—a paradox of statistical practice.pdf;/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/RZW5Z7N6/1471-2288-12-78.html;/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/SXVHTLJ4/1471-2288-12-78.html}
}

@book{Fisher:1934,
  title = {Statistical {{Method For Research Workers}}},
  author = {Fisher, Roland A.},
  year = 1934,
  edition = {9th edition},
  urldate = {2025-05-20},
  abstract = {Book Source: Digital Library of India Item 2015.205971 dc.contributor.author: Fisher, R. A dc.date.accessioned: 2015-07-09T14:25:03Z dc.date.available: 2015-07-09T14:25:03Z dc.date.digitalpublicationdate: 2005-02-28 dc.date.citation: 1934 dc.identifier.barcode: 1040010075117 dc.identifier.origpath: /data\_copy/upload/0075/122 dc.identifier.copyno: 1 dc.identifier.uri: http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/205971 dc.description.scannerno: 4 dc.description.scanningcentre: IISc, Bangalore dc.description.main: 1 dc.description.tagged: 0 dc.description.totalpages: 334 dc.format.mimetype: application/pdf dc.language.iso: English dc.publisher.digitalrepublisher: Svinfo dc.publisher: Oliver And Boyd,london dc.rights: Out\_of\_copyright dc.source.library: Jrd Tata Library, Indian Institute Of Science, Bangalore dc.subject.classification: Social Sciences dc.subject.classification: Demography.statistics.sociology dc.subject.classification: Fundamentals.basics Of Statistics dc.subject.keywords: Statistical Method For Research Workers dc.title: Statistical Method For Research Workers},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Other}
}

@book{Fisher:1935,
  title = {The Design of Experiments},
  author = {Fisher, Roland A.},
  year = 1971,
  edition = {9th ed},
  publisher = {Macmillan},
  isbn = {978-0-02-844690-5},
  langid = {english},
  annotation = {OCLC: 316331623}
}

@book{Fisher:1970,
  title = {Statistical Methods for Research Workers},
  author = {Fisher, Ronald Aylmer},
  year = 1970,
  edition = {14th ed., revised and enlarged},
  publisher = {{Oliver and Boyd}},
  address = {Edinburgh},
  isbn = {978-0-05-002170-5},
  lccn = {HA29 .F5 1970},
  keywords = {Biometry,Statistics}
}

@book{Fisher:1990,
  title = {Statistical {{Methods}}, {{Experimental Design}}, and {{Scientific Inference}}: {{A Re-issue}} of {{Statistical Methods}} for {{Research Workers}}, the {{Design}} of {{Experiments}} and {{Statistical Methods}} and {{Scientific Inference}}},
  shorttitle = {Statistical {{Methods}}, {{Experimental Design}}, and {{Scientific Inference}}},
  author = {Fisher, Ronald A. and Yates, F},
  editor = {Bennett, J H},
  year = 1990,
  month = apr,
  publisher = {Oxford University PressOxford},
  doi = {10.1093/oso/9780198522294.001.0001},
  urldate = {2025-05-29},
  abstract = {Abstract             R.A. Fisher has had more influence on the development of statistical theory and practice than any other twentieth-century statistician. His writings (both in paper and book form) have proved to be as relevant to present-day statisticians as they were when first published. This book brings together as a single volume three of Fisher's most influential textbooks: Statistical Methods for Research Workers, The Design of Experiments , and Statistical Methods and Scientific Inference . In this new edition Frank Yates has provided a foreword which sheds fresh light on Fisher's thinking and on the writing and reception of each of the books. He discusses some of the key issues tackled in the three books and reflects on how the ideas expressed have come to permeate modern statistical practice.R.A. Fisher has had more influence on the development of statistical theory and practice than any other twentieth-century statistician. His writings (both in paper and book form) have proved to be as relevant to present-day statisticians as they were when first published. This book brings together as a single volume three of Fisher's most influential textbooks: Statistical Methods for Research Workers, The Design of Experiments , and Statistical Methods and Scientific Inference . In this new edition Frank Yates has provided a foreword which sheds fresh light on Fisher's thinking and on the writing and reception of each of the books. He discusses some of the key issues tackled in the three books and reflects on how the ideas expressed have come to permeate modern statistical practice.},
  isbn = {978-0-19-852229-4 978-1-383-02363-3},
  langid = {english}
}

@book{Fox:2019,
  title = {An {{R}} Companion to Applied Regression},
  author = {Fox, John and Weisberg, Sanford},
  year = 2019,
  edition = {3},
  publisher = {Sage},
  address = {Thousand Oaks CA}
}

@article{Franc:2025,
  title = {The {{Misuse}} of {{Normality Tests}} as {{Gatekeepers}} for {{Research}} in {{Prehospital}} and {{Disaster Medicine}}},
  author = {Franc, Jeffrey Michael},
  year = 2025,
  month = oct,
  journal = {Prehospital and Disaster Medicine},
  volume = {40},
  number = {5},
  pages = {241--242},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  issn = {1049-023X, 1945-1938},
  doi = {10.1017/S1049023X25101465},
  urldate = {2025-12-08},
  abstract = {This editorial discusses the common practice of using normality tests as a preliminary step for choosing between parametric and non-parametric methods. The editorial argues that such pre-testing is theoretically unfounded and practically harmful, as parametric tests are robust to moderate deviations from normality, while reliance on normality tests can distort error rates and mislead researchers.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {normality tests,parametric tests,statistical analysis},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/9X3JXYRM/Franc - 2025 - The Misuse of Normality Tests as Gatekeepers for Research in Prehospital and Disaster Medicine.pdf}
}

@article{Games:1976,
  title = {Pairwise Multiple Comparison Procedures with Unequal {{N}}'s and/or Variances: {{A Monte Carlo}} Study},
  shorttitle = {Pairwise Multiple Comparison Procedures with Unequal {{N}}'s and/or Variances},
  author = {Games, Paul A. and Howell, John F.},
  year = 1976,
  journal = {Journal of Educational Statistics},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {113--125},
  publisher = {American Educational Research Assn},
  address = {US},
  issn = {0362-9791},
  doi = {10.2307/1164979},
  abstract = {Three different methods for testing all pairs of Yk - Yk{$\prime$} were contrasted under varying sample size and variance conditions. With unequal n's of 6 and up, only the Behrens-Fisher statistic provided satisfactory control of both the familywise rate of Type I errors and Type I error rate on each contrast. Satisfactory control with unequal n's of 3 and up is dubious even with this statistic. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)},
  keywords = {Statistical Samples,Statistical Significance,Statistical Tests,Variability Measurement},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/QSFZ3UYD/1979-12392-001.html;/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/QYBAE3M6/1979-12392-001.html}
}

@article{Ghasemi:2012,
  title = {Normality {{Tests}} for {{Statistical Analysis}}: {{A Guide}} for {{Non-Statisticians}}},
  shorttitle = {Normality {{Tests}} for {{Statistical Analysis}}},
  author = {Ghasemi, Asghar and Zahediasl, Saleh},
  year = 2012,
  month = dec,
  journal = {Int J Endocrinol Metab},
  volume = {10},
  number = {2},
  pages = {486--489},
  issn = {1726-913X, 1726-9148},
  doi = {10.5812/ijem.3505},
  urldate = {2025-05-29},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/U87LFJAQ/Ghasemi und Zahediasl - 2012 - Normality Tests for Statistical Analysis A Guide for Non-Statisticians.pdf}
}

@manual{Graves:2026,
  type = {Manual},
  title = {{{multcompView}}: {{Visualizations}} of Paired Comparisons},
  author = {Graves, Spencer and Piepho, Hans-Peter and {\noopsort{sundar dorai-raj}}{with help from Sundar Dorai-Raj}, Luciano Selzer},
  year = 2026,
  doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.multcompView}
}

@manual{Gross:2015,
  type = {Manual},
  title = {Nortest: {{Tests}} for Normality},
  author = {Gross, Juergen and Ligges, Uwe},
  year = 2015,
  doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.nortest}
}

@article{Hayat:2017,
  title = {Statistical Methods Used in the Public Health Literature and Implications for Training of Public Health Professionals},
  author = {Hayat, Matthew J. and Powell, Amanda and Johnson, Tessa and Cadwell, Betsy L.},
  year = 2017,
  month = jun,
  journal = {PLOS ONE},
  volume = {12},
  number = {6},
  pages = {e0179032},
  publisher = {Public Library of Science},
  issn = {1932-6203},
  doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0179032},
  urldate = {2026-05-11},
  abstract = {Statistical literacy and knowledge is needed to read and understand the public health literature. The purpose of this study was to quantify basic and advanced statistical methods used in public health research. We randomly sampled 216 published articles from seven top tier general public health journals. Studies were reviewed by two readers and a standardized data collection form completed for each article. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and frequency distributions. Results were summarized for statistical methods used in the literature, including descriptive and inferential statistics, modeling, advanced statistical techniques, and statistical software used. Approximately 81.9\% of articles reported an observational study design and 93.1\% of articles were substantively focused. Descriptive statistics in table or graphical form were reported in more than 95\% of the articles, and statistical inference reported in more than 76\% of the studies reviewed. These results reveal the types of statistical methods currently used in the public health literature. Although this study did not obtain information on what should be taught, information on statistical methods being used is useful for curriculum development in graduate health sciences education, as well as making informed decisions about continuing education for public health professionals.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Computer software,Epidemiological statistics,Health statistics,Medical journals,Public and occupational health,Statistical data,Statistical methods,Statistical models},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/JGIUTD2P/Hayat et al. - 2017 - Statistical methods used in the public health literature and implications for training of public hea.pdf}
}

@book{Hochberg:1987,
  title = {Multiple {{Comparison Procedures}}},
  author = {Hochberg, Yosef and Tamhane, Ajit C.},
  year = 1987,
  month = sep,
  series = {Wiley {{Series}} in {{Probability}} and {{Statistics}}},
  edition = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  issn = {1940-6347},
  doi = {10.1002/9780470316672},
  urldate = {2025-05-23},
  copyright = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm\_license\_1.1},
  isbn = {978-0-471-82222-6 978-0-470-31667-2}
}

@book{Hollander:2014,
  title = {Nonparametric Statistical Methods},
  author = {Hollander, Myles and Chicken, Eric and Wolfe, Douglas A.},
  year = 2014,
  series = {Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics},
  edition = {Third edition},
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc},
  address = {Hoboken, New Jersey},
  isbn = {978-0-470-38737-5 978-1-118-67799-5},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Holm:1979,
  title = {A {{Simple Sequentially Rejective Multiple Test Procedure}}},
  author = {Holm, Sture},
  year = 1979,
  journal = {Scandinavian Journal of Statistics},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  eprint = {4615733},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {65--70},
  publisher = {[Board of the Foundation of the Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, Wiley]},
  issn = {0303-6898},
  urldate = {2025-05-19},
  abstract = {This paper presents a simple and widely applicable multiple test procedure of the sequentially rejective type, i.e. hypotheses are rejected one at a time until no further rejections can be done. It is shown that the test has a prescribed level of significance protection against error of the first kind for any combination of true hypotheses. The power properties of the test and a number of possible applications are also discussed.}
}

@manual{Kassambara:2025,
  type = {Manual},
  title = {Rstatix: {{Pipe-friendly}} Framework for Basic Statistical Tests},
  author = {Kassambara, Alboukadel},
  year = 2025,
  doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.rstatix}
}

@manual{Kassambara:2026,
  type = {Manual},
  title = {Ggpubr: 'ggplot2' Based Publication Ready Plots},
  author = {Kassambara, Alboukadel},
  year = 2026,
  doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.ggpubr}
}

@article{Kendall:1945,
  title = {The {{Treatment}} of {{Ties}} in {{Ranking Problems}}},
  author = {Kendall, M. G.},
  year = 1945,
  journal = {Biometrika},
  volume = {33},
  number = {3},
  eprint = {2332303},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {239--251},
  publisher = {[Oxford University Press, Biometrika Trust]},
  issn = {0006-3444},
  doi = {10.2307/2332303},
  urldate = {2026-05-09},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/8N7SKLS4/biomet%2F33.3.239.pdf}
}

@article{Kozak:2018,
  title = {What's Normal Anyway? {{Residual}} Plots Are More Telling than Significance Tests When Checking {{{\textsc{ANOVA}}}} Assumptions},
  shorttitle = {What's Normal Anyway?},
  author = {Kozak, M. and Piepho, H.-P.},
  year = 2018,
  month = feb,
  journal = {J Agronomy Crop Science},
  volume = {204},
  number = {1},
  pages = {86--98},
  issn = {0931-2250, 1439-037X},
  doi = {10.1111/jac.12220},
  urldate = {2025-06-20},
  abstract = {Abstract                            We consider two questions important for applying analysis of variance (               ANOVA               ): Should normality be checked on the raw data or on the residuals (or is it immaterial which of the two approaches we take)? Should normality and homogeneity of variance be checked using significance tests or diagnostic plots (or both)? Based on two examples, we show that residuals should be used for model checking and that residual plots are better for checking               ANOVA               assumptions than statistical tests. We also discuss why one should be very cautious when using statistical tests to check the assumptions.},
  copyright = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions\#vor},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/88M9NAGB/Kozak und Piepho - 2018 - What's normal anyway Residual plots are more telling than significance tests when checking span st.pdf}
}

@article{Kruskal:1952,
  title = {Use of {{Ranks}} in {{One-Criterion Variance Analysis}}},
  author = {Kruskal, William H. and Wallis, W. Allen},
  year = 1952,
  journal = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
  volume = {47},
  number = {260},
  eprint = {2280779},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {583--621},
  publisher = {[American Statistical Association, Taylor \& Francis, Ltd.]},
  issn = {0162-1459},
  doi = {10.2307/2280779},
  urldate = {2025-05-19},
  abstract = {Given C samples, with n\textsubscript{i} observations in the ith sample, a test of the hypothesis that the samples are from the same population may be made by ranking the observations from from 1 to \$\textbackslash Sum n\_i\$ (giving each observation in a group of ties the mean of the ranks tied for), finding the C sums of ranks, and computing a statistic H. Under the stated hypothesis, H is distributed approximately as {$\chi$}\textsuperscript{2}(C - 1), unless the samples are too small, in which case special approximations or exact tables are provided. One of the most important applications of the test is in detecting differences among the population means.}
}

@article{Kwak:2017,
  title = {Central Limit Theorem: The Cornerstone of Modern Statistics},
  shorttitle = {Central Limit Theorem},
  author = {Kwak, Sang Gyu and Kim, Jong Hae},
  year = 2017,
  month = apr,
  journal = {Korean J Anesthesiol},
  volume = {70},
  number = {2},
  pages = {144--156},
  issn = {2005-6419},
  doi = {10.4097/kjae.2017.70.2.144},
  urldate = {2025-06-05},
  abstract = {According to the central limit theorem, the means of a random sample of size, n, from a population with mean, \textmu, and variance, {$\sigma$}2, distribute normally with mean, \textmu, and variance, {$\sigma$}2n. Using the central limit theorem, a variety of parametric tests have been developed under assumptions about the parameters that determine the population probability distribution. Compared to non-parametric tests, which do not require any assumptions about the population probability distribution, parametric tests produce more accurate and precise estimates with higher statistical powers. However, many medical researchers use parametric tests to present their data without knowledge of the contribution of the central limit theorem to the development of such tests. Thus, this review presents the basic concepts of the central limit theorem and its role in binomial distributions and the Student's t-test, and provides an example of the sampling distributions of small populations. A proof of the central limit theorem is also described with the mathematical concepts required for its near-complete understanding.},
  pmcid = {PMC5370305},
  pmid = {28367284},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/3SF7FASB/Kwak und Kim - 2017 - Central limit theorem the cornerstone of modern statistics.pdf}
}

@incollection{Levene:1960,
  title = {Robust Tests for Equality of Variances},
  booktitle = {Contributions to Probability and Statistics: {{Essays}} in Honor of Harold Hotelling},
  author = {Levene, Howard},
  editor = {Olkin, Ingram},
  year = 1960,
  pages = {278--292},
  publisher = {Stanford University Press},
  address = {Stanford, CA}
}

@article{Lumley:2002,
  title = {The {{Importance}} of the {{Normality Assumption}} in {{Large Public Health Data Sets}}},
  author = {Lumley, Thomas and Diehr, Paula and Emerson, Scott and Chen, Lu},
  year = 2002,
  month = may,
  journal = {Annu. Rev. Public Health},
  volume = {23},
  number = {1},
  pages = {151--169},
  issn = {0163-7525, 1545-2093},
  doi = {10.1146/annurev.publhealth.23.100901.140546},
  urldate = {2025-06-03},
  abstract = {▪ Abstract\enspace{} It is widely but incorrectly believed that the t-test and linear regression are valid only for Normally distributed outcomes. The t-test and linear regression compare the mean of an outcome variable for different subjects. While these are valid even in very small samples if the outcome variable is Normally distributed, their major usefulness comes from the fact that in large samples they are valid for any distribution. We demonstrate this validity by simulation in extremely non-Normal data. We discuss situations in which in other methods such as the Wilcoxon rank sum test and ordinal logistic regression (proportional odds model) have been recommended, and conclude that the t-test and linear regression often provide a convenient and practical alternative. The major limitation on the t-test and linear regression for inference about associations is not a distributional one, but whether detecting and estimating a difference in the mean of the outcome answers the scientific question at hand.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/5V5NQAXG/E662F882-7A81-4F34-9958-C30949933CA8.pdf;/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/827EFYF5/E662F882-7A81-4F34-9958-C30949933CA8.pdf;/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/CMENI3TQ/E662F882-7A81-4F34-9958-C30949933CA8.pdf;/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/RQ6FBQZ5/E662F882-7A81-4F34-9958-C30949933CA8.pdf;/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/SLGATDQ7/E662F882-7A81-4F34-9958-C30949933CA8.pdf;/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/UUMIL633/Lumley et al. - 2002 - The Importance of the Normality Assumption in Large Public Health Data Sets.pdf}
}

@article{Mann:1947,
  title = {On a Test of Whether One of Two Random Variables Is Stochastically Larger than the Other},
  author = {Mann, Henry B. and Whitney, Donald R.},
  year = 1947,
  journal = {The Annals of Mathematical Statistics},
  volume = {18},
  number = {1},
  pages = {50--60},
  doi = {10.1214/aoms/1177730491}
}

@article{Meyer:2006,
  title = {The Strucplot Framework: {{Visualizing}} Multi-Way Contingency Tables with Vcd},
  author = {Meyer, David and Zeileis, Achim and Hornik, Kurt},
  year = 2006,
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  volume = {17},
  number = {3},
  pages = {1--48},
  doi = {10.18637/jss.v017.i03}
}

@manual{Meyer:2024,
  type = {Manual},
  title = {{{vcd}}: {{Visualizing}} Categorical Data},
  author = {Meyer, David and Zeileis, Achim and Hornik, Kurt and Friendly, Michael},
  year = 2024,
  doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.vcd}
}

@article{Moser:1992,
  title = {Homogeneity of Variance in the Two-Sample Means Test},
  author = {Moser, B K and Stevens, G. R.},
  year = 1992,
  month = feb,
  journal = {The American Statistician},
  pages = {19--21},
  doi = {10.1080/00031305.1992.10475839},
  abstract = {Homogeneity of Variance in the Two-Sample Means Test Page 1 In this department The Amrricai? Starisrician publishes articles. reviews, and notes of interest to teachers of the first mathematical statistics cowbe and of applied statistics courses. The department includes the Accen( on Teaching Materials section; suitable contents for the section are described under the section heading. Articles and notes for the department, but not intended specifically for the section, should be useful to a substantial number of teachers of the indicated types of courses \l dots},
  keywords = {Power,Preliminary variance test,Size},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/2EIU6DZC/moser1992.pdf}
}

@article{Olejnik:1987,
  title = {Type {{I Error Rates}} and {{Power Estimates}} of {{Selected Parametric}} and {{Nonparametric Tests}} of {{Scale}}},
  author = {Olejnik, Stephen F. and Algina, James},
  year = 1987,
  journal = {Journal of Educational Statistics},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {1164627},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {45},
  issn = {03629791},
  doi = {10.2307/1164627},
  urldate = {2025-06-17},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/ZRXDDFRZ/Olejnik und Algina - 1987 - Type I Error Rates and Power Estimates of Selected Parametric and Nonparametric Tests of Scale.pdf}
}

@article{Patil:2021,
  title = {Visualizations with Statistical Details: {{The}} 'ggstatsplot' Approach},
  shorttitle = {Visualizations with Statistical Details},
  author = {Patil, Indrajeet},
  year = 2021,
  month = may,
  journal = {Journal of Open Source Software},
  volume = {6},
  number = {61},
  pages = {3167},
  issn = {2475-9066},
  doi = {10.21105/joss.03167},
  urldate = {2026-05-04},
  abstract = {Patil, I., (2021). Visualizations with statistical details: The 'ggstatsplot' approach. Journal of Open Source Software, 6(61), 3167, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03167},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/SLJXM2B9/Patil - 2021 - Visualizations with statistical details The 'ggstatsplot' approach.pdf}
}

@article{Pearson:1900,
  title = {On the Criterion That a given System of Deviations from the Probable in the Case of a Correlated System of Variables Is Such That It Can Be Reasonably Supposed to Have Arisen from Random Sampling},
  author = {Pearson, Karl},
  year = 1900,
  month = jul,
  journal = {The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science},
  volume = {50},
  number = {302},
  pages = {157--175},
  issn = {1941-5982, 1941-5990},
  doi = {10.1080/14786440009463897},
  urldate = {2025-05-19},
  langid = {english}
}

@article{Rasch:2011,
  title = {The Two-Sample t Test: Pre-Testing Its Assumptions Does Not Pay Off},
  shorttitle = {The Two-Sample t Test},
  author = {Rasch, Dieter and Kubinger, Klaus D. and Moder, Karl},
  year = 2011,
  month = feb,
  journal = {Stat Papers},
  volume = {52},
  number = {1},
  pages = {219--231},
  issn = {0932-5026, 1613-9798},
  doi = {10.1007/s00362-009-0224-x},
  urldate = {2025-05-19},
  copyright = {http://www.springer.com/tdm},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/KADLMW3L/Ra-Ku-Mo_StatisticalPapers.pdf}
}

@article{Razali:2011,
  title = {Power Comparisons of {{Shapiro-Wilk}}, {{Kolmogorov-Smirnov}}, {{Lilliefors}} and {{Anderson-Darling}} Tests},
  author = {Razali, Nornadiah Mohd and Wah, Yap Bee},
  year = 2011,
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Modeling and Analytics},
  volume = {2},
  number = {1},
  pages = {21--33},
  publisher = {Scienpress Ltd}
}

@article{Sato:2017,
  title = {Statistical Methods in the \textexclamdown i\textquestiondown journal\textexclamdown/I\textquestiondown{} \&\#x2014; an Update},
  author = {Sato, Yasunori and Gosho, Masahiko and Nagashima, Kengo and Takahashi, Sho and Ware, James H. and Laird, Nan M.},
  year = 2017,
  journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},
  volume = {376},
  number = {11},
  eprint = {https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc1616211},
  pages = {1086--1087},
  doi = {10.1056/NEJMc1616211},
  abstract = {The authors surveyed the types of statistical methods used in the Journal during 2015. Investigators used a greater variety statistical methods, and the methods were more sophisticated than those used in earlier epochs. To the Editor: Among the original articles published in the Journal from 1978 through 19791 and from 2004 through 2005,2 it has been shown previously that there was an increase in the sophistication of the statistical methods used. Since those periods, statistical methods have become a core component of data analysis and interpretation in medical research. Our objective was to update the findings on the statistical approaches used by authors of research articles in the Journal. We reviewed data from all 238 articles published as ``Original Articles'' and ``Special Articles'' from January through December 2015 (volumes 372 and 373) .\&nbsp;.\&nbsp;.},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/HHSTNP73/Sato et al. - 2017 - Statistical methods in the ¡i¿journal¡i¿ &#x2014; an update.pdf}
}

@article{Satterthwaite:1946,
  title = {An {{Approximate Distribution}} of {{Estimates}} of {{Variance Components}}},
  author = {Satterthwaite, F. E.},
  year = 1946,
  journal = {Biometrics Bulletin},
  volume = {2},
  number = {6},
  pages = {110--114},
  publisher = {[International Biometric Society, Wiley]},
  issn = {0099-4987},
  doi = {10.2307/3002019},
  urldate = {2025-05-19},
  jstor = {3002019}
}

@book{Searle:1971,
  title = {Linear Models},
  author = {Searle, Shayle R},
  year = 1971,
  publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons}
}

@article{Shapiro:1965,
  title = {An Analysis of Variance Test for Normality (Complete Samples)\dag},
  author = {Shapiro, S. S. and Wilk, M. B.},
  year = 1965,
  month = dec,
  journal = {Biometrika},
  volume = {52},
  number = {3-4},
  pages = {591--611},
  issn = {0006-3444},
  doi = {10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591},
  urldate = {2025-06-05},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/CTQLTNS6/ShapiroWilk.pdf}
}

@article{Shatz:2024,
  title = {Assumption-Checking Rather than (Just) Testing: {{The}} Importance of Visualization and Effect Size in Statistical Diagnostics},
  shorttitle = {Assumption-Checking Rather than (Just) Testing},
  author = {Shatz, Itamar},
  year = 2024,
  month = feb,
  journal = {Behav Res},
  volume = {56},
  number = {2},
  pages = {826--845},
  issn = {1554-3528},
  doi = {10.3758/s13428-023-02072-x},
  urldate = {2025-06-05},
  abstract = {Statistical methods generally have assumptions (e.g., normality in linear regression models). Violations of these assumptions can cause various issues, like statistical errors and biased estimates, whose impact can range from inconsequential to critical. Accordingly, it is important to check these assumptions, but this is often done in a flawed way. Here, I first present a prevalent but problematic approach to diagnostics---testing assumptions using null hypothesis significance tests (e.g., the Shapiro--Wilk test of normality). Then, I consolidate and illustrate the issues with this approach, primarily using simulations. These issues include statistical errors (i.e., false positives, especially with large samples, and false negatives, especially with small samples), false binarity, limited descriptiveness, misinterpretation (e.g., of p-value as an~effect size), and potential testing failure due to unmet test assumptions. Finally, I synthesize the implications of these issues for statistical diagnostics, and provide practical recommendations for improving such diagnostics. Key recommendations include maintaining awareness of the issues with assumption tests (while recognizing they can be useful), using appropriate combinations of diagnostic methods (including visualization and effect sizes) while recognizing their limitations, and distinguishing between testing and checking assumptions. Additional recommendations include judging assumption violations as a complex spectrum (rather than a simplistic binary), using programmatic tools that increase replicability and decrease researcher degrees of freedom, and sharing the material and rationale involved in the diagnostics.},
  langid = {english},
  keywords = {Assessment and Testing,Assumption checks,Graphical methods,Logical Analysis,Null hypothesis significance testing,Psychological Assessment,Psychological Diagnostics,Psychological Testing,Software Testing,Statistical assumptions,Statistical diagnostics,Visualization},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/YPHKW4YD/Shatz - 2024 - Assumption-checking rather than (just) testing The importance of visualization and effect size in s.pdf}
}

@article{Strasak:2007,
  title = {The {{Use}} of {{Statistics}} in {{Medical Research}}: {{A Comparison}} of "{{The New England Journal}} of {{Medicine}}" and "{{Nature Medicine}}"},
  shorttitle = {The {{Use}} of {{Statistics}} in {{Medical Research}}},
  author = {Strasak, Alexander M. and Zaman, Qamruz and Marinell, Gerhard and Pfeiffer, Karl P. and Ulmer, Hanno},
  year = 2007,
  journal = {The American Statistician},
  volume = {61},
  number = {1},
  eprint = {27643837},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {47--55},
  publisher = {[American Statistical Association, Taylor \& Francis, Ltd.]},
  issn = {0003-1305},
  urldate = {2026-05-11},
  abstract = {There is widespread evidence of the extensive use of statistical methods in medical research. Just the same, standards are generally low and a growing body of literature points to statistical errors in most medical journals. However, there is no comprehensive study contrasting the top medical journals of basic and clinical science for recent practice in their use of statistics. All original research articles in Volume 10, Numbers 1---6 of "Nature Medicine (Nat Med)" and Volume 350, Numbers 1---26 of "The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)" were screened for their statistical content. Types, frequencies, and complexity of applied statistical methods were systematically recorded. A 46-item checklist was used to evaluate statistical quality for a subgroup of papers. 94.5 percent (95\% CI 87.6---98.2) of NEJM articles and 82.4 percent (95\% CI 65.5---93.2) of Nat Med articles contained inferential statistics. NEJM papers were significantly more likely to use advanced statistical methods (p {$<$} 0.0001). Statistical errors were identified in a considerable proportion of articles, although not always serious in nature. Documentation of applied statistical methods was generally poor and insufficient, particularly in Nat Med. Compared to 1983, a vast increase in usage and complexity of statistical methods could be observed for NEJM papers. This does not necessarily hold true for Nat Med papers, as the results of the study indicate that basic science sticks with basic analysis. As statistical errors seem to remain common in medical literature, closser attention to statistical methodology should be seriously considered to raise standards.}
}

@article{Subirana:2014,
  title = {Building Bivariate Tables: {{The compareGroups}} Package for {{R}}},
  author = {Subirana, Isaac and Sanz, H{\'e}ctor and Vila, Joan},
  year = 2014,
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Software},
  volume = {57},
  number = {12},
  pages = {1--16}
}

@manual{Urbanek:2025,
  type = {Manual},
  title = {Cairo: {{R}} Graphics Device Using Cairo Graphics Library for Creating High-Quality Bitmap ({{PNG}}, {{JPEG}}, {{TIFF}}), Vector ({{PDF}}, {{SVG}}, {{PostScript}}) and Display ({{X11}} and Win32) Output},
  author = {Urbanek, Simon and Horner, Jeffrey},
  year = 2025,
  doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.Cairo},
  annotation = {Urbanek:2025}
}

@article{Welch:1947,
  title = {The Generalization of `Student's' Problem When Several Different Population Variances Are Involved},
  author = {Welch, B. L.},
  year = 1947,
  journal = {Biometrika},
  volume = {34},
  number = {1--2},
  pages = {28--35},
  doi = {10.1093/biomet/34.1-2.28}
}

@article{Welch:1951,
  title = {On the {{Comparison}} of {{Several Mean Values}}: {{An Alternative Approach}}},
  shorttitle = {On the {{Comparison}} of {{Several Mean Values}}},
  author = {Welch, B. L.},
  year = 1951,
  journal = {Biometrika},
  volume = {38},
  number = {3/4},
  eprint = {2332579},
  eprinttype = {jstor},
  pages = {330--336},
  publisher = {[Oxford University Press, Biometrika Trust]},
  issn = {0006-3444},
  doi = {10.2307/2332579},
  urldate = {2025-05-20}
}

@book{Wickham:2016,
  title = {Ggplot2: {{Elegant}} Graphics for Data Analysis},
  author = {Wickham, Hadley},
  year = 2016,
  publisher = {Springer-Verlag New York},
  isbn = {978-3-319-24277-4}
}

@book{Wilcox:2021,
  title = {Introduction to {{Robust Estimation}} and {{Hypothesis Testing}}},
  author = {Wilcox, Rand R.},
  year = 2021,
  month = sep,
  urldate = {2025-06-17},
  abstract = {Introduction to Robust Estimating and Hypothesis Testing, Fifth Edition is a useful `how-to' on the application of robust methods utilizing eas},
  isbn = {978-0-12-820098-8},
  langid = {american},
  annotation = {Wilcox:2021},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/RMINBM5C/978-0-12-820098-8.html;/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/USBETENT/978-0-12-820098-8.html}
}

@article{Xu:2013,
  title = {A Comparative Analysis of {{Spearman}}'s Rho and {{Kendall}}'s Tau in Normal and Contaminated Normal Models},
  author = {Xu, Weichao and Hou, Yunhe and Hung, Y.S. and Zou, Yuexian},
  year = 2013,
  month = jan,
  journal = {Signal Processing},
  volume = {93},
  number = {1},
  pages = {261--276},
  issn = {01651684},
  doi = {10.1016/j.sigpro.2012.08.005},
  urldate = {2026-05-10},
  copyright = {https://www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/XLSFVWWG/Xu et al. - 2013 - A comparative analysis of Spearman's rho and Kendall's tau in normal and contaminated normal models.pdf}
}

@article{Yap:2011,
  title = {Comparisons of Various Types of Normality Tests},
  author = {Yap, B. W. and Sim, C. H.},
  year = 2011,
  month = dec,
  journal = {Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation},
  volume = {81},
  number = {12},
  pages = {2141--2155},
  issn = {0094-9655, 1563-5163},
  doi = {10.1080/00949655.2010.520163},
  urldate = {2025-05-29},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/BP34C34R/Yap und Sim - 2011 - Comparisons of various types of normality tests.pdf}
}

@article{Yates:1934,
  title = {Contingency {{Tables Involving Small Numbers}} and the {$\chi$}2 {{Test}}},
  author = {Yates, F.},
  year = 1934,
  month = jul,
  journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {217--235},
  issn = {1369-7412, 1467-9868},
  doi = {10.2307/2983604},
  urldate = {2025-06-17},
  copyright = {https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open\_access/funder\_policies/chorus/standard\_publication\_model},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/sschilli/Library/CloudStorage/OneDrive-HochschuleLuzern/storage/TQT7DCSX/Yates - 1934 - Contingency Tables Involving Small Numbers and the χ2 Test.pdf}
}

@manual{Zeevat:2025,
  type = {Manual},
  title = {Automatedtests: {{Automating}} Choosing Statistical Tests},
  author = {Zeevat, Wouter},
  year = 2025,
  doi = {10.32614/CRAN.package.automatedtests}
}

@preamble{ "\providecommand{\noopsort}[1]{} " }
