/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.cassandra.io.sstable;

import java.io.Closeable;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.UncheckedIOException;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.nio.file.NoSuchFileException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.NavigableSet;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

import com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
import com.google.common.collect.Sets;

import org.apache.cassandra.config.CassandraRelevantProperties;
import org.apache.cassandra.config.DatabaseDescriptor;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.ColumnSpecification;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.QueryOptions;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.QueryProcessor;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.UpdateParameters;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions.types.TypeCodec;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.functions.types.UserType;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.statements.ModificationStatement;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.statements.schema.CreateIndexStatement;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.statements.schema.CreateTableStatement;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.statements.schema.CreateTypeStatement;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.Clustering;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.ColumnFamilyStore;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.Directories;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.Directories.DataDirectory;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.Keyspace;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.Slice;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.Slices;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.AbstractType;
import org.apache.cassandra.dht.IPartitioner;
import org.apache.cassandra.dht.Murmur3Partitioner;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.InvalidRequestException;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.SyntaxException;
import org.apache.cassandra.index.sai.StorageAttachedIndexGroup;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.sstable.format.SSTableFormat;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.sstable.format.SSTableReader;
import org.apache.cassandra.io.util.File;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.KeyspaceMetadata;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.KeyspaceParams;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.Keyspaces;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.Schema;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.SchemaConstants;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.SchemaTransformations;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.TableMetadata;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.TableMetadataRef;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.Tables;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.Types;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.UserFunctions;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.Views;
import org.apache.cassandra.service.ClientState;
import org.apache.cassandra.transport.ProtocolVersion;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.ByteBufferUtil;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.JavaDriverUtils;

import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

import static org.apache.cassandra.utils.Clock.Global.currentTimeMillis;

/**
 * Utility to write SSTables.
 * <p>
 * Typical usage looks like:
 * <pre>
 *   String type = CREATE TYPE myKs.myType (a int, b int)";
 *   String schema = "CREATE TABLE myKs.myTable ("
 *                 + "  k int PRIMARY KEY,"
 *                 + "  v1 text,"
 *                 + "  v2 int,"
 *                 + "  v3 myType,"
 *                 + ")";
 *   String insert = "INSERT INTO myKs.myTable (k, v1, v2, v3) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)";
 *
 *   // Creates a new writer. You need to provide at least the directory where to write the created sstable,
 *   // the schema for the sstable to write and a (prepared) modification statement to use. If you do not use the
 *   // default partitioner (Murmur3Partitioner), you will also need to provide the partitioner in use, see
 *   // CQLSSTableWriter.Builder for more details on the available options.
 *   CQLSSTableWriter writer = CQLSSTableWriter.builder()
 *                                             .inDirectory("path/to/directory")
 *                                             .withType(type)
 *                                             .forTable(schema)
 *                                             .using(insert).build();
 *
 *   UserType myType = writer.getUDType("myType");
 *   // Adds a nember of rows to the resulting sstable
 *   writer.addRow(0, "test1", 24, myType.newValue().setInt("a", 10).setInt("b", 20));
 *   writer.addRow(1, "test2", null, null);
 *   writer.addRow(2, "test3", 42, myType.newValue().setInt("a", 30).setInt("b", 40));
 *
 *   // Close the writer, finalizing the sstable
 *   writer.close();
 * </pre>
 * <p>
 * Please note that {@code CQLSSTableWriter} is <b>not</b> thread-safe (multiple threads cannot access the
 * same instance). It is however safe to use multiple instances in parallel (even if those instance write
 * sstables for the same table).
 */
public class CQLSSTableWriter implements Closeable
{
    public static final ByteBuffer UNSET_VALUE = ByteBufferUtil.UNSET_BYTE_BUFFER;

    static
    {
        CassandraRelevantProperties.FORCE_LOAD_LOCAL_KEYSPACES.setBoolean(true);
        DatabaseDescriptor.clientInitialization(false);
        // Partitioner is not set in client mode.
        if (DatabaseDescriptor.getPartitioner() == null)
            DatabaseDescriptor.setPartitionerUnsafe(Murmur3Partitioner.instance);
    }

    private final AbstractSSTableSimpleWriter writer;
    private final ModificationStatement modificationStatement;
    private final List<ColumnSpecification> boundNames;
    private final List<TypeCodec<?>> typeCodecs;

    private CQLSSTableWriter(AbstractSSTableSimpleWriter writer, ModificationStatement modificationStatement, List<ColumnSpecification> boundNames)
    {
        this.writer = writer;
        this.modificationStatement = modificationStatement;
        this.boundNames = boundNames;
        this.typeCodecs = boundNames.stream().map(bn -> JavaDriverUtils.codecFor(JavaDriverUtils.driverType(bn.type)))
                                    .collect(Collectors.toList());
    }

    /**
     * Returns a new builder for a CQLSSTableWriter.
     *
     * @return the new builder.
     */
    public static Builder builder()
    {
        return new Builder();
    }

    /**
     * Adds a new row to the writer.
     * <p>
     * This is a shortcut for {@code addRow(Arrays.asList(values))}.
     *
     * @param values the row values (corresponding to the bind variables of the
     *               modification statement used when creating by this writer).
     * @return this writer.
     */
    public CQLSSTableWriter addRow(Object... values)
    throws InvalidRequestException, IOException
    {
        return addRow(Arrays.asList(values));
    }

    /**
     * Adds a new row to the writer.
     * <p>
     * Each provided value type should correspond to the types of the CQL column
     * the value is for. The correspondance between java type and CQL type is the
     * same one than the one documented at
     * www.datastax.com/drivers/java/2.0/apidocs/com/datastax/driver/core/DataType.Name.html#asJavaClass().
     * <p>
     * If you prefer providing the values directly as binary, use
     * {@link #rawAddRow} instead.
     *
     * @param values the row values (corresponding to the bind variables of the
     *               modification statement used when creating by this writer).
     * @return this writer.
     */
    public CQLSSTableWriter addRow(List<Object> values)
    throws InvalidRequestException, IOException
    {
        int size = Math.min(values.size(), boundNames.size());
        List<ByteBuffer> rawValues = new ArrayList<>(size);

        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
        {
            Object value = values.get(i);
            rawValues.add(serialize(value, typeCodecs.get(i), boundNames.get(i)));
        }

        return rawAddRow(rawValues);
    }

    /**
     * Adds a new row to the writer.
     * <p>
     * This is equivalent to the other addRow methods, but takes a map whose
     * keys are the names of the columns to add instead of taking a list of the
     * values in the order of the modification statement used during construction of
     * this write.
     * <p>
     * Please note that the column names in the map keys must be in lowercase unless
     * the declared column name is a
     * <a href="http://cassandra.apache.org/doc/cql3/CQL.html#identifiers">case-sensitive quoted identifier</a>
     * (in which case the map key must use the exact case of the column).
     *
     * @param values a map of colum name to column values representing the new
     *               row to add. Note that if a column is not part of the map, it's value will
     *               be {@code null}. If the map contains keys that does not correspond to one
     *               of the column of the modification statement used when creating this writer, the
     *               the corresponding value is ignored.
     * @return this writer.
     */
    public CQLSSTableWriter addRow(Map<String, Object> values)
    throws InvalidRequestException, IOException
    {
        int size = boundNames.size();
        List<ByteBuffer> rawValues = new ArrayList<>(size);
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
        {
            ColumnSpecification spec = boundNames.get(i);
            Object value = values.get(spec.name.toString());
            rawValues.add(serialize(value, typeCodecs.get(i), boundNames.get(i)));
        }
        return rawAddRow(rawValues);
    }

    /**
     * Adds a new row to the writer given already serialized values.
     *
     * @param values the row values (corresponding to the bind variables of the
     *               modification statement used when creating by this writer) as binary.
     * @return this writer.
     */
    public CQLSSTableWriter rawAddRow(ByteBuffer... values)
    throws InvalidRequestException, IOException
    {
        return rawAddRow(Arrays.asList(values));
    }

    /**
     * Adds a new row to the writer given already serialized values.
     * <p>
     * This is a shortcut for {@code rawAddRow(Arrays.asList(values))}.
     *
     * @param values the row values (corresponding to the bind variables of the
     *               modification statement used when creating by this writer) as binary.
     * @return this writer.
     */
    public CQLSSTableWriter rawAddRow(List<ByteBuffer> values)
    throws InvalidRequestException, IOException
    {
        if (values.size() != boundNames.size())
            throw new InvalidRequestException(String.format("Invalid number of arguments, expecting %d values but got %d", boundNames.size(), values.size()));

        QueryOptions options = QueryOptions.forInternalCalls(null, values);
        ClientState state = ClientState.forInternalCalls();
        List<ByteBuffer> keys = modificationStatement.buildPartitionKeyNames(options, state);

        long now = currentTimeMillis();
        // Note that we asks indexes to not validate values (the last 'false' arg below) because that triggers a 'Keyspace.open'
        // and that forces a lot of initialization that we don't want.
        UpdateParameters params = new UpdateParameters(modificationStatement.metadata,
                                                       modificationStatement.updatedColumns(),
                                                       ClientState.forInternalCalls(),
                                                       options,
                                                       modificationStatement.getTimestamp(TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toMicros(now), options),
                                                       options.getNowInSec((int) TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.toSeconds(now)),
                                                       modificationStatement.getTimeToLive(options),
                                                       Collections.emptyMap());

        try
        {
            if (modificationStatement.hasSlices())
            {
                Slices slices = modificationStatement.createSlices(options);

                for (ByteBuffer key : keys)
                {
                    for (Slice slice : slices)
                        modificationStatement.addUpdateForKey(writer.getUpdateFor(key), slice, params);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                NavigableSet<Clustering<?>> clusterings = modificationStatement.createClustering(options, state);

                for (ByteBuffer key : keys)
                {
                    for (Clustering clustering : clusterings)
                        modificationStatement.addUpdateForKey(writer.getUpdateFor(key), clustering, params);
                }
            }
            return this;
        }
        catch (SSTableSimpleUnsortedWriter.SyncException e)
        {
            // If we use a BufferedWriter and had a problem writing to disk, the IOException has been
            // wrapped in a SyncException (see BufferedWriter below). We want to extract that IOE.
            throw (IOException) e.getCause();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Adds a new row to the writer given already serialized values.
     * <p>
     * This is equivalent to the other rawAddRow methods, but takes a map whose
     * keys are the names of the columns to add instead of taking a list of the
     * values in the order of the modification statement used during construction of
     * this write.
     *
     * @param values a map of colum name to column values representing the new
     *               row to add. Note that if a column is not part of the map, it's value will
     *               be {@code null}. If the map contains keys that does not correspond to one
     *               of the column of the modification statement used when creating this writer, the
     *               the corresponding value is ignored.
     * @return this writer.
     */
    public CQLSSTableWriter rawAddRow(Map<String, ByteBuffer> values)
    throws InvalidRequestException, IOException
    {
        int size = Math.min(values.size(), boundNames.size());
        List<ByteBuffer> rawValues = new ArrayList<>(size);
        for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
        {
            ColumnSpecification spec = boundNames.get(i);
            rawValues.add(values.get(spec.name.toString()));
        }
        return rawAddRow(rawValues);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the User Defined type, used in this SSTable Writer, that can
     * be used to create UDTValue instances.
     *
     * @param dataType name of the User Defined type
     * @return user defined type
     */
    public UserType getUDType(String dataType)
    {
        KeyspaceMetadata ksm = Schema.instance.getKeyspaceMetadata(modificationStatement.keyspace());
        org.apache.cassandra.db.marshal.UserType userType = ksm.types.getNullable(ByteBufferUtil.bytes(dataType));
        return (UserType) JavaDriverUtils.driverType(userType);
    }

    /**
     * Close this writer.
     * <p>
     * This method should be called, otherwise the produced sstables are not
     * guaranteed to be complete (and won't be in practice).
     */
    public void close() throws IOException
    {
        writer.close();
    }

    private ByteBuffer serialize(Object value, TypeCodec codec, ColumnSpecification columnSpecification)
    {
        if (value == null || value == UNSET_VALUE)
            return (ByteBuffer) value;

        try
        {
            return codec.serialize(value, ProtocolVersion.CURRENT);
        }
        catch (ClassCastException cce)
        {
            // For backwards-compatibility with consumers that may be passing
            // an Integer for a Date field, for example.
            return ((AbstractType) columnSpecification.type).decompose(value);
        }
    }

    /**
     * A Builder for a CQLSSTableWriter object.
     */
    public static class Builder
    {
        private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Builder.class);
        private static final long DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE_IN_MIB_FOR_UNSORTED = 128L;

        protected SSTableFormat<?, ?> format = null;

        private final List<CreateTypeStatement.Raw> typeStatements;
        private final List<CreateIndexStatement.Raw> indexStatements;

        private File directory;
        private CreateTableStatement.Raw schemaStatement;
        private ModificationStatement.Parsed modificationStatement;
        private IPartitioner partitioner;
        private boolean sorted = false;
        private long maxSSTableSizeInMiB = -1L;
        private boolean buildIndexes = true;
        private Consumer<Collection<SSTableReader>> sstableProducedListener;
        private boolean openSSTableOnProduced = false;

        protected Builder()
        {
            this.typeStatements = new ArrayList<>();
            this.indexStatements = new ArrayList<>();
        }

        /**
         * The directory where to write the sstables.
         * <p>
         * This is a mandatory option.
         *
         * @param directory the directory to use, which should exists and be writable.
         * @return this builder.
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code directory} doesn't exist or is not writable.
         */
        public Builder inDirectory(String directory)
        {
            return inDirectory(new File(directory));
        }

        /**
         * The directory where to write the sstables (mandatory option).
         * <p>
         * This is a mandatory option.
         *
         * @param directory the directory to use, which should exists and be writable.
         * @return this builder.
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code directory} doesn't exist or is not writable.
         */
        public Builder inDirectory(File directory)
        {
            if (!directory.exists())
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(directory + " doesn't exists");
            if (!directory.isWritable())
                throw new IllegalArgumentException(directory + " exists but is not writable");

            this.directory = directory;
            return this;
        }

        public Builder withType(String typeDefinition) throws SyntaxException
        {
            typeStatements.add(QueryProcessor.parseStatement(typeDefinition, CreateTypeStatement.Raw.class, "CREATE TYPE"));
            return this;
        }

        /**
         * The schema (CREATE TABLE statement) for the table for which sstable are to be created.
         * <p>
         * Please note that the provided CREATE TABLE statement <b>must</b> use a fully-qualified
         * table name, one that include the keyspace name.
         * <p>
         * This is a mandatory option.
         *
         * @param schema the schema of the table for which sstables are to be created.
         * @return this builder.
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code schema} is not a valid CREATE TABLE statement
         *                                  or does not have a fully-qualified table name.
         */
        public Builder forTable(String schema)
        {
            this.schemaStatement = QueryProcessor.parseStatement(schema, CreateTableStatement.Raw.class, "CREATE TABLE");
            return this;
        }

        /**
         * The schema (CREATE INDEX statement) for index to be created for the table. Only SAI indexes are supported.
         *
         * @param indexes CQL statements representing SAI indexes to be created.
         * @return this builder
         */
        public Builder withIndexes(String... indexes)
        {
            for (String index : indexes)
                indexStatements.add(QueryProcessor.parseStatement(index, CreateIndexStatement.Raw.class, "CREATE INDEX"));

            return this;
        }

        /**
         * The partitioner to use.
         * <p>
         * By default, {@code Murmur3Partitioner} will be used. If this is not the partitioner used
         * by the cluster for which the SSTables are created, you need to use this method to
         * provide the correct partitioner.
         *
         * @param partitioner the partitioner to use.
         * @return this builder.
         */
        public Builder withPartitioner(IPartitioner partitioner)
        {
            this.partitioner = partitioner;
            return this;
        }

        /**
         * The INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement defining the order of the values to add for a given CQL row.
         * <p>
         * Please note that the provided statement <b>must</b> use a fully-qualified
         * table name, one that include the keyspace name. Moreover, said statement must use
         * bind variables since these variables will be bound to values by the resulting writer.
         * <p>
         * This is a mandatory option.
         *
         * @param modificationStatement an insert, update, or delete statement that defines the order
         *                              of column values to use.
         * @return this builder.
         * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code modificationStatement} is not a valid insert, update, or delete
         *                                  statement, does not have a fully-qualified table name or have no bind variables.
         */
        public Builder using(String modificationStatement)
        {
            this.modificationStatement = QueryProcessor.parseStatement(modificationStatement,
                                                                       ModificationStatement.Parsed.class,
                                                                       "INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE");
            return this;
        }

        /**
         * Defines the maximum SSTable size in mebibytes when using the sorted writer.
         * By default, i.e. not specified, there is no maximum size limit for the produced SSTable
         *
         * @param size the maximum sizein mebibytes of each individual SSTable allowed
         * @return this builder
         */
        public Builder withMaxSSTableSizeInMiB(int size)
        {
            if (size <= 0)
            {
                logger.warn("A non-positive value for maximum SSTable size is specified, " +
                            "which disables the size limiting effectively. Please supply a positive value in order " +
                            "to enforce size limiting for the produced SSTables.");
            }
            this.maxSSTableSizeInMiB = size;
            return this;
        }

        /**
         * The size of the buffer to use.
         * <p>
         * This defines how much data will be buffered before being written as
         * a new SSTable. This corresponds roughly to the data size that will have the created
         * sstable.
         * <p>
         * The default is 128MiB, which should be reasonable for a 1GiB heap. If you experience
         * OOM while using the writer, you should lower this value.
         *
         * @param size the size to use in MiB.
         * @return this builder.
         * @deprecated This method is deprecated in favor of the new withMaxSSTableSizeInMiB(int size)
         */
        @Deprecated(since = "5.0")
        public Builder withBufferSizeInMiB(int size)
        {
            return withMaxSSTableSizeInMiB(size);
        }

        /**
         * The size of the buffer to use.
         * <p>
         * This defines how much data will be buffered before being written as
         * a new SSTable. This corresponds roughly to the data size that will have the created
         * sstable.
         * <p>
         * The default is 128MiB, which should be reasonable for a 1GiB heap. If you experience
         * OOM while using the writer, you should lower this value.
         *
         * @param size the size to use in MiB.
         * @return this builder.
         * @deprecated This method is deprecated in favor of the new withBufferSizeInMiB(int size). See CASSANDRA-17675
         */
        @Deprecated(since = "4.1")
        public Builder withBufferSizeInMB(int size)
        {
            return withBufferSizeInMiB(size);
        }

        /**
         * Creates a CQLSSTableWriter that expects sorted inputs.
         * <p>
         * If this option is used, the resulting writer will expect rows to be
         * added in SSTable sorted order (and an exception will be thrown if that
         * is not the case during modification). The SSTable sorted order means that
         * rows are added such that their partition key respect the partitioner
         * order.
         * <p>
         * You should thus only use this option is you know that you can provide
         * the rows in order, which is rarely the case. If you can provide the
         * rows in order however, using this sorted might be more efficient.
         * <p>
         * Note that if used, some option like withBufferSizeInMiB will be ignored.
         *
         * @return this builder.
         */
        public Builder sorted()
        {
            this.sorted = true;
            return this;
        }

        /**
         * Whether indexes should be built and serialized to disk along data. Defaults to true.
         *
         * @param buildIndexes true if indexes should be built, false otherwise
         * @return this builder
         */
        public Builder withBuildIndexes(boolean buildIndexes)
        {
            this.buildIndexes = buildIndexes;
            return this;
        }

        /**
         * Set the listener to receive notifications on sstable produced
         * <p>
         * Note that if listener is registered, the sstables are opened into {@link SSTableReader}.
         * The consumer is responsible for releasing the {@link SSTableReader}
         *
         * @param sstableProducedListener receives the produced sstables
         * @return this builder
         */
        public Builder withSSTableProducedListener(Consumer<Collection<SSTableReader>> sstableProducedListener)
        {
            this.sstableProducedListener = sstableProducedListener;
            return this;
        }

        /**
         * Specifies the SSTable format this CQLSSTableWriter instance should use for writing.
         *
         * @param format The format to use
         * @return this builder
         */
        public Builder withFormat(SSTableFormat<?, ?> format)
        {
            this.format = format;
            return this;
        }

        /**
         * Whether the produced sstable should be open or not.
         * By default, the writer does not open the produced sstables
         *
         * @return this builder
         */
        public Builder openSSTableOnProduced()
        {
            this.openSSTableOnProduced = true;
            return this;
        }

        public CQLSSTableWriter build()
        {
            if (directory == null)
                throw new IllegalStateException("No ouptut directory specified, you should provide a directory with inDirectory()");
            if (schemaStatement == null)
                throw new IllegalStateException("Missing schema, you should provide the schema for the SSTable to create with forTable()");
            if (modificationStatement == null)
                throw new IllegalStateException("No modification (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE) statement specified, you should provide a modification statement through using()");

            Preconditions.checkState(Sets.difference(SchemaConstants.LOCAL_SYSTEM_KEYSPACE_NAMES, Schema.instance.getKeyspaces()).isEmpty(),
                                     "Local keyspaces were not loaded. If this is running as a client, please make sure to add %s=true system property.",
                                     CassandraRelevantProperties.FORCE_LOAD_LOCAL_KEYSPACES.getKey());

            // Assign the default max SSTable size if not defined in builder
            if (isMaxSSTableSizeUnset())
            {
                maxSSTableSizeInMiB = sorted ? -1L : DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE_IN_MIB_FOR_UNSORTED;
            }

            synchronized (CQLSSTableWriter.class)
            {
                String keyspaceName = schemaStatement.keyspace();

                Schema.instance.transform(SchemaTransformations.addKeyspace(KeyspaceMetadata.create(keyspaceName,
                                                                                                    KeyspaceParams.simple(1),
                                                                                                    Tables.none(),
                                                                                                    Views.none(),
                                                                                                    Types.none(),
                                                                                                    UserFunctions.none()), true));

                KeyspaceMetadata ksm = Schema.instance.getKeyspaceMetadata(keyspaceName);

                TableMetadata tableMetadata = ksm.tables.getNullable(schemaStatement.table());
                if (tableMetadata == null)
                {
                    Types types = createTypes(keyspaceName);
                    Schema.instance.transform(SchemaTransformations.addTypes(types, true));
                    tableMetadata = createTable(types);

                    if (buildIndexes && !indexStatements.isEmpty())
                    {
                        tableMetadata = applyIndexes(ksm.withSwapped(ksm.tables.with(tableMetadata)));
                        Keyspace ks = Keyspace.openWithoutSSTables(keyspaceName);
                        Directories directories = new Directories(tableMetadata, Collections.singleton(new DataDirectory(new File(directory.toPath()))));
                        ColumnFamilyStore cfs = ColumnFamilyStore.createColumnFamilyStore(ks,
                                                                                          tableMetadata.name,
                                                                                          TableMetadataRef.forOfflineTools(tableMetadata),
                                                                                          directories,
                                                                                          false,
                                                                                          false,
                                                                                          true);
                        ks.initCfCustom(cfs);

                        // this is the empty directory / leftover from times we initialized ColumnFamilyStore
                        // it will automatically create directories for keyspace and table on disk after initialization
                        // we set that directory to the destination of generated SSTables so we just remove empty directories here
                        try
                        {
                            new File(directory, keyspaceName).deleteRecursive();
                        }
                        catch (UncheckedIOException ex)
                        {
                            if (!(ex.getCause() instanceof NoSuchFileException))
                            {
                                throw ex;
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    Schema.instance.transform(SchemaTransformations.addTable(tableMetadata, true));
                }

                ModificationStatement preparedModificationStatement = prepareModificationStatement();

                TableMetadataRef ref = TableMetadataRef.forOfflineTools(tableMetadata);
                AbstractSSTableSimpleWriter writer = sorted
                                                     ? new SSTableSimpleWriter(directory, ref, preparedModificationStatement.updatedColumns(), maxSSTableSizeInMiB)
                                                     : new SSTableSimpleUnsortedWriter(directory, ref, preparedModificationStatement.updatedColumns(), maxSSTableSizeInMiB);

                if (format != null)
                    writer.setSSTableFormatType(format);

                if (buildIndexes && !indexStatements.isEmpty())
                {
                    StorageAttachedIndexGroup saiGroup = StorageAttachedIndexGroup.getIndexGroup(Schema.instance.getColumnFamilyStoreInstance(tableMetadata.id));
                    if (saiGroup != null)
                        writer.addIndexGroup(saiGroup);
                }

                if (sstableProducedListener != null)
                    writer.setSSTableProducedListener(sstableProducedListener);

                writer.setShouldOpenProducedSSTable(openSSTableOnProduced);

                return new CQLSSTableWriter(writer, preparedModificationStatement, preparedModificationStatement.getBindVariables());
            }
        }

        private boolean isMaxSSTableSizeUnset()
        {
            return maxSSTableSizeInMiB <= 0;
        }

        private Types createTypes(String keyspace)
        {
            Types.RawBuilder builder = Types.rawBuilder(keyspace);
            for (CreateTypeStatement.Raw st : typeStatements)
                st.addToRawBuilder(builder);
            return builder.build();
        }

        /**
         * Applies any provided index definitions to the target table
         *
         * @param ksm the KeyspaceMetadata object that has the table defined
         * @return an updated TableMetadata instance with the indexe create statements applied
         */
        private TableMetadata applyIndexes(KeyspaceMetadata ksm)
        {
            ClientState state = ClientState.forInternalCalls();
            Keyspaces keyspaces = Keyspaces.of(ksm);

            for (CreateIndexStatement.Raw statement : indexStatements)
                keyspaces = statement.prepare(state).apply(keyspaces);

            return keyspaces.get(ksm.name).get().tables.get(schemaStatement.table()).get();
        }

        /**
         * Creates the table according to schema statement
         *
         * @param types types this table should be created with
         */
        private TableMetadata createTable(Types types)
        {
            ClientState state = ClientState.forInternalCalls();
            CreateTableStatement statement = schemaStatement.prepare(state);
            statement.validate(ClientState.forInternalCalls());

            TableMetadata.Builder builder = statement.builder(types);
            if (partitioner != null)
                builder.partitioner(partitioner);

            return builder.build();
        }

        /**
         * Prepares modification statement for writing data to SSTable
         *
         * @return prepared modification statement and it's bound names
         */
        private ModificationStatement prepareModificationStatement()
        {
            ClientState state = ClientState.forInternalCalls();
            ModificationStatement preparedModificationStatement = modificationStatement.prepare(state);
            preparedModificationStatement.validate(state);

            if (preparedModificationStatement.hasConditions())
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Conditional statements are not supported");
            if (preparedModificationStatement.isCounter())
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Counter modification statements are not supported");
            if (preparedModificationStatement.getBindVariables().isEmpty())
                throw new IllegalArgumentException("Provided preparedModificationStatement statement has no bind variables");

            return preparedModificationStatement;
        }
    }
}
