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 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */
package org.apache.cassandra.cql3.validation.operations;

import java.util.UUID;

import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Test;

import org.apache.cassandra.Util;
import org.apache.cassandra.config.DatabaseDescriptor;
import org.apache.cassandra.cql3.CQLTester;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.ColumnFamilyStore;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.Keyspace;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.memtable.Memtable;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.memtable.SkipListMemtable;
import org.apache.cassandra.db.memtable.TestMemtable;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.ConfigurationException;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.InvalidRequestException;
import org.apache.cassandra.exceptions.SyntaxException;
import org.apache.cassandra.locator.InetAddressAndPort;
import org.apache.cassandra.locator.TokenMetadata;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.MemtableParams;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.SchemaConstants;
import org.apache.cassandra.schema.SchemaKeyspaceTables;
import org.apache.cassandra.service.StorageService;
import org.apache.cassandra.utils.FBUtilities;

import static java.lang.String.format;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertEquals;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertNull;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertSame;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
import static org.junit.Assert.fail;

public class AlterTest extends CQLTester
{
    @Test
    public void testNonFrozenCollectionsAreIncompatibleWithBlob() throws Throwable
    {
        String[] collectionTypes = new String[] {"map<int, int>", "set<int>", "list<int>"};

        for (String type : collectionTypes)
        {
            createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (a int, b " + type + ", PRIMARY KEY (a));");
            alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s DROP b;");
            assertInvalidMessage("Cannot add a column 'b' of type blob, incompatible with previously dropped column 'b' of type " + type,
                                 "ALTER TABLE %s ADD b blob;");
        }

        for (String type : collectionTypes)
        {
            createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (a int, b blob, PRIMARY KEY (a));");
            alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s DROP b;");
            assertInvalidMessage("Cannot add a column 'b' of type " + type + ", incompatible with previously dropped column 'b' of type blob",
                                 "ALTER TABLE %s ADD b " + type + ';');
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void testFrozenCollectionsAreNotCompatibleWithBlob() throws Throwable
    {
        String[] collectionTypes = new String[] {"frozen<map<int, int>>", "frozen<set<int>>", "frozen<list<int>>"};

        for (String type : collectionTypes)
        {
            createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (a int, b " + type + ", PRIMARY KEY (a));");
            alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s DROP b;");
            assertInvalidMessage("Cannot add a column 'b' of type blob, incompatible with previously dropped column 'b' of type " + type,
                                 "ALTER TABLE %s ADD b blob;");
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void testAddList() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id text PRIMARY KEY, content text);");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s ADD myCollection list<text>;");
        execute("INSERT INTO %s (id, content , myCollection) VALUES ('test', 'first test', ['first element']);");

        assertRows(execute("SELECT * FROM %s;"), row("test", "first test", list("first element")));
    }

    @Test
    public void testDropList() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id text PRIMARY KEY, content text, myCollection list<text>);");
        execute("INSERT INTO %s (id, content , myCollection) VALUES ('test', 'first test', ['first element']);");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s DROP myCollection;");

        assertRows(execute("SELECT * FROM %s;"), row("test", "first test"));
    }

    @Test
    public void testAddMap() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id text PRIMARY KEY, content text);");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s ADD myCollection map<text, text>;");
        execute("INSERT INTO %s (id, content , myCollection) VALUES ('test', 'first test', { '1' : 'first element'});");

        assertRows(execute("SELECT * FROM %s;"), row("test", "first test", map("1", "first element")));
    }

    @Test
    public void testDropMap() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id text PRIMARY KEY, content text, myCollection map<text, text>);");
        execute("INSERT INTO %s (id, content , myCollection) VALUES ('test', 'first test', { '1' : 'first element'});");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s DROP myCollection;");

        assertRows(execute("SELECT * FROM %s;"), row("test", "first test"));
    }

    @Test
    public void testDropListAndAddListWithSameName() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id text PRIMARY KEY, content text, myCollection list<text>);");
        execute("INSERT INTO %s (id, content , myCollection) VALUES ('test', 'first test', ['first element']);");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s DROP myCollection;");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s ADD myCollection list<text>;");
        assertRows(execute("SELECT * FROM %s;"), row("test", "first test", null));
        execute("UPDATE %s set myCollection = ['second element'] WHERE id = 'test';");
        assertRows(execute("SELECT * FROM %s;"), row("test", "first test", list("second element")));
    }

    @Test
    public void testDropListAndAddMapWithSameName() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id text PRIMARY KEY, content text, myCollection list<text>);");
        execute("INSERT INTO %s (id, content , myCollection) VALUES ('test', 'first test', ['first element']);");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s DROP myCollection;");

        assertInvalid("ALTER TABLE %s ADD myCollection map<int, int>;");
    }

    @Test
    public void testDropWithTimestamp() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id int, c1 int, v1 int, todrop int, PRIMARY KEY (id, c1));");
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
            execute("INSERT INTO %s (id, c1, v1, todrop) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?) USING TIMESTAMP ?", 1, i, i, i, 10000L * i);

        // flush is necessary since otherwise the values of `todrop` will get discarded during
        // alter statement
        flush(true);
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s DROP todrop USING TIMESTAMP 20000;");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s ADD todrop int;");
        execute("INSERT INTO %s (id, c1, v1, todrop) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?) USING TIMESTAMP ?", 1, 100, 100, 100, 30000L);
        assertRows(execute("SELECT id, c1, v1, todrop FROM %s"),
                   row(1, 0, 0, null),
                   row(1, 1, 1, null),
                   row(1, 2, 2, null),
                   row(1, 3, 3, 3),
                   row(1, 4, 4, 4),
                   row(1, 100, 100, 100));
    }

    @Test
    public void testDropAddWithDifferentKind() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (a int, b int, c int, d int static, PRIMARY KEY (a, b));");

        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s DROP c;");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s DROP d;");

        assertInvalidMessage("Cannot re-add previously dropped column 'c' of kind STATIC, incompatible with previous kind REGULAR",
                             "ALTER TABLE %s ADD c int static;");

        assertInvalidMessage("Cannot re-add previously dropped column 'd' of kind REGULAR, incompatible with previous kind STATIC",
                             "ALTER TABLE %s ADD d int;");
    }

    @Test
    public void testDropStaticWithTimestamp() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id int, c1 int, v1 int, todrop int static, PRIMARY KEY (id, c1));");
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
            execute("INSERT INTO %s (id, c1, v1, todrop) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?) USING TIMESTAMP ?", 1, i, i, i, 10000L * i);

        // flush is necessary since otherwise the values of `todrop` will get discarded during
        // alter statement
        flush(true);
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s DROP todrop USING TIMESTAMP 20000;");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s ADD todrop int static;");
        execute("INSERT INTO %s (id, c1, v1, todrop) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?) USING TIMESTAMP ?", 1, 100, 100, 100, 30000L);
        // static column value with largest timestmap will be available again
        assertRows(execute("SELECT id, c1, v1, todrop FROM %s"),
                   row(1, 0, 0, 4),
                   row(1, 1, 1, 4),
                   row(1, 2, 2, 4),
                   row(1, 3, 3, 4),
                   row(1, 4, 4, 4),
                   row(1, 100, 100, 4));
    }

    @Test
    public void testDropMultipleWithTimestamp() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id int, c1 int, v1 int, todrop1 int, todrop2 int, PRIMARY KEY (id, c1));");
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
            execute("INSERT INTO %s (id, c1, v1, todrop1, todrop2) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?) USING TIMESTAMP ?", 1, i, i, i, i, 10000L * i);

        // flush is necessary since otherwise the values of `todrop1` and `todrop2` will get discarded during
        // alter statement
        flush(true);
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s DROP (todrop1, todrop2) USING TIMESTAMP 20000;");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s ADD todrop1 int;");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s ADD todrop2 int;");

        execute("INSERT INTO %s (id, c1, v1, todrop1, todrop2) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?) USING TIMESTAMP ?", 1, 100, 100, 100, 100, 40000L);
        assertRows(execute("SELECT id, c1, v1, todrop1, todrop2 FROM %s"),
                   row(1, 0, 0, null, null),
                   row(1, 1, 1, null, null),
                   row(1, 2, 2, null, null),
                   row(1, 3, 3, 3, 3),
                   row(1, 4, 4, 4, 4),
                   row(1, 100, 100, 100, 100));
    }


    @Test
    public void testChangeStrategyWithUnquotedAgrument() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id text PRIMARY KEY);");

        assertInvalidSyntaxMessage("no viable alternative at input '}'",
                                   "ALTER TABLE %s WITH caching = {'keys' : 'all', 'rows_per_partition' : ALL};");
    }

    @Test
    // tests CASSANDRA-7976
    public void testAlterIndexInterval() throws Throwable
    {
        String tableName = createTable("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS %s (id uuid, album text, artist text, data blob, PRIMARY KEY (id))");
        ColumnFamilyStore cfs = Keyspace.open(KEYSPACE).getColumnFamilyStore(tableName);

        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s WITH min_index_interval=256 AND max_index_interval=512");
        assertEquals(256, cfs.metadata().params.minIndexInterval);
        assertEquals(512, cfs.metadata().params.maxIndexInterval);

        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s WITH caching = {}");
        assertEquals(256, cfs.metadata().params.minIndexInterval);
        assertEquals(512, cfs.metadata().params.maxIndexInterval);
    }

    /**
     * Migrated from cql_tests.py:TestCQL.create_alter_options_test()
     */
    @Test
    public void testCreateAlterKeyspaces() throws Throwable
    {
        assertInvalidThrow(SyntaxException.class, "CREATE KEYSPACE ks1");
        assertInvalidThrow(ConfigurationException.class, "CREATE KEYSPACE ks1 WITH replication= { 'replication_factor' : 1 }");

        String ks1 = createKeyspace("CREATE KEYSPACE %s WITH replication={ 'class' : 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor' : 1 }");
        String ks2 = createKeyspace("CREATE KEYSPACE %s WITH replication={ 'class' : 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor' : 1 } AND durable_writes=false");

        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                   row(KEYSPACE, true),
                   row(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, true),
                   row(ks1, true),
                   row(ks2, false));

        schemaChange("ALTER KEYSPACE " + ks1 + " WITH replication = { 'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', '" + DATA_CENTER + "' : 1 } AND durable_writes=False");
        schemaChange("ALTER KEYSPACE " + ks2 + " WITH durable_writes=true");

        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                   row(KEYSPACE, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                   row(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                   row(ks1, false, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.NetworkTopologyStrategy", DATA_CENTER, "1")),
                   row(ks2, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")));

        execute("USE " + ks1);

        assertInvalidThrow(ConfigurationException.class, "CREATE TABLE cf1 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int) WITH compaction = { 'min_threshold' : 4 }");

        execute("CREATE TABLE cf1 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int) WITH compaction = { 'class' : 'SizeTieredCompactionStrategy', 'min_threshold' : 7 }");
        assertRows(execute("SELECT table_name, compaction FROM system_schema.tables WHERE keyspace_name='" + ks1 + "'"),
                   row("cf1", map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.db.compaction.SizeTieredCompactionStrategy",
                                  "min_threshold", "7",
                                  "max_threshold", "32")));
    }

    @Test
    public void testCreateAlterNetworkTopologyWithDefaults() throws Throwable
    {
        TokenMetadata metadata = StorageService.instance.getTokenMetadata();
        metadata.clearUnsafe();
        InetAddressAndPort local = FBUtilities.getBroadcastAddressAndPort();
        InetAddressAndPort remote = InetAddressAndPort.getByName("127.0.0.4");
        metadata.updateHostId(UUID.randomUUID(), local);
        metadata.updateNormalToken(Util.token("A"), local);
        metadata.updateHostId(UUID.randomUUID(), remote);
        metadata.updateNormalToken(Util.token("B"), remote);

        // With two datacenters we should respect anything passed in as a manual override
        String ks1 = createKeyspace("CREATE KEYSPACE %s WITH replication={ 'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', 'replication_factor' : 1, '" + DATA_CENTER_REMOTE + "': 3}");

        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(KEYSPACE, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                                        row(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                                        row(ks1, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.NetworkTopologyStrategy", DATA_CENTER, "1", DATA_CENTER_REMOTE, "3")));

        // Should be able to remove data centers
        schemaChange("ALTER KEYSPACE " + ks1 + " WITH replication = { 'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', '" + DATA_CENTER + "' : 0, '" + DATA_CENTER_REMOTE + "': 3 }");

        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(KEYSPACE, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                                        row(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                                        row(ks1, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.NetworkTopologyStrategy", DATA_CENTER_REMOTE, "3")));

        schemaChange("ALTER KEYSPACE " + ks1 + " WITH replication = { 'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', '" + DATA_CENTER_REMOTE + "': 3 }");

        // Removal is a two-step process as the "0" filter has been removed from NTS.prepareOptions
        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(KEYSPACE, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                                        row(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                                        row(ks1, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.NetworkTopologyStrategy", DATA_CENTER_REMOTE, "3")));

        // The auto-expansion should not change existing replication counts; do not let the user shoot themselves in the foot
        schemaChange("ALTER KEYSPACE " + ks1 + " WITH replication = { 'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', 'replication_factor' : 1 } AND durable_writes=True");

        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(KEYSPACE, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                                        row(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                                        row(ks1, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.NetworkTopologyStrategy", DATA_CENTER, "1", DATA_CENTER_REMOTE, "3")));

        // The keyspace should be fully functional
        execute("USE " + ks1);

        assertInvalidThrow(ConfigurationException.class, "CREATE TABLE tbl1 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int) WITH compaction = { 'min_threshold' : 4 }");

        execute("CREATE TABLE tbl1 (a int PRIMARY KEY, b int) WITH compaction = { 'class' : 'SizeTieredCompactionStrategy', 'min_threshold' : 7 }");

        assertRows(execute("SELECT table_name, compaction FROM system_schema.tables WHERE keyspace_name='" + ks1 + "'"),
                   row("tbl1", map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.db.compaction.SizeTieredCompactionStrategy",
                                  "min_threshold", "7",
                                  "max_threshold", "32")));
        metadata.clearUnsafe();
    }

    @Test
    public void testCreateSimpleAlterNTSDefaults() throws Throwable
    {
        TokenMetadata metadata = StorageService.instance.getTokenMetadata();
        metadata.clearUnsafe();
        InetAddressAndPort local = FBUtilities.getBroadcastAddressAndPort();
        InetAddressAndPort remote = InetAddressAndPort.getByName("127.0.0.4");
        metadata.updateHostId(UUID.randomUUID(), local);
        metadata.updateNormalToken(Util.token("A"), local);
        metadata.updateHostId(UUID.randomUUID(), remote);
        metadata.updateNormalToken(Util.token("B"), remote);

        // Let's create a keyspace first with SimpleStrategy
        String ks1 = createKeyspace("CREATE KEYSPACE %s WITH replication={ 'class' : 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor' : 2}");

        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(KEYSPACE, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                                        row(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                                        row(ks1, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "2")));

        // Now we should be able to ALTER to NetworkTopologyStrategy directly from SimpleStrategy without supplying replication_factor
        schemaChange("ALTER KEYSPACE " + ks1 + " WITH replication = { 'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy'}");

        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(KEYSPACE, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                                        row(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                                        row(ks1, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.NetworkTopologyStrategy", DATA_CENTER, "2", DATA_CENTER_REMOTE, "2")));

        schemaChange("ALTER KEYSPACE " + ks1 + " WITH replication = { 'class' : 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor' : 3}");
        schemaChange("ALTER KEYSPACE " + ks1 + " WITH replication = { 'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', 'replication_factor': 2}");

        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(KEYSPACE, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                                        row(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                                        row(ks1, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.NetworkTopologyStrategy", DATA_CENTER, "2", DATA_CENTER_REMOTE, "2")));
    }

    @Test
    public void testDefaultRF() throws Throwable
    {
        TokenMetadata metadata = StorageService.instance.getTokenMetadata();
        metadata.clearUnsafe();
        InetAddressAndPort local = FBUtilities.getBroadcastAddressAndPort();
        InetAddressAndPort remote = InetAddressAndPort.getByName("127.0.0.4");
        metadata.updateHostId(UUID.randomUUID(), local);
        metadata.updateNormalToken(Util.token("A"), local);
        metadata.updateHostId(UUID.randomUUID(), remote);
        metadata.updateNormalToken(Util.token("B"), remote);

        DatabaseDescriptor.setDefaultKeyspaceRF(3);

        //ensure default rf is being taken into account during creation, and user can choose to override the default
        String ks1 = createKeyspace("CREATE KEYSPACE %s WITH replication={ 'class' : 'SimpleStrategy' }");
        String ks2 = createKeyspace("CREATE KEYSPACE %s WITH replication={ 'class' : 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor' : 2 }");
        String ks3 = createKeyspace("CREATE KEYSPACE %s WITH replication={ 'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy' }");
        String ks4 = createKeyspace("CREATE KEYSPACE %s WITH replication={ 'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', 'replication_factor' : 2 }");

        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(ks1, true, map("class","org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy","replication_factor", Integer.toString(DatabaseDescriptor.getDefaultKeyspaceRF()))),
                                        row(ks2, true, map("class","org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy","replication_factor", "2")),
                                        row(ks3, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.NetworkTopologyStrategy", DATA_CENTER,
                                                           Integer.toString(DatabaseDescriptor.getDefaultKeyspaceRF()), DATA_CENTER_REMOTE, Integer.toString(DatabaseDescriptor.getDefaultKeyspaceRF()))),
                                        row(ks4, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.NetworkTopologyStrategy", DATA_CENTER, "2", DATA_CENTER_REMOTE, "2")));

        //ensure alter keyspace does not default to default rf unless altering from NTS to SS
        //no change alter
        schemaChange("ALTER KEYSPACE " + ks4 + " WITH durable_writes=true");
        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(ks4, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.NetworkTopologyStrategy", DATA_CENTER, "2", DATA_CENTER_REMOTE, "2")));
        schemaChange("ALTER KEYSPACE " + ks4 + " WITH replication={ 'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy' }");
        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(ks4, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.NetworkTopologyStrategy", DATA_CENTER, "2", DATA_CENTER_REMOTE, "2")));

        // change from SS to NTS
        // without specifying RF
        schemaChange("ALTER KEYSPACE " + ks2 + " WITH replication={ 'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy' } AND durable_writes=true");
        // verify that RF of SS is retained
        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(ks2, true, map("class","org.apache.cassandra.locator.NetworkTopologyStrategy", DATA_CENTER, "2", DATA_CENTER_REMOTE, "2")));
        // with specifying RF
        schemaChange("ALTER KEYSPACE " + ks1 + " WITH replication={ 'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', 'replication_factor': '1' } AND durable_writes=true");
        // verify that explicitly mentioned RF is taken into account
        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(ks1, true, map("class","org.apache.cassandra.locator.NetworkTopologyStrategy", DATA_CENTER, "1", DATA_CENTER_REMOTE, "1")));

        // change from NTS to SS
        // without specifying RF
        schemaChange("ALTER KEYSPACE " + ks4 + " WITH replication={ 'class' : 'SimpleStrategy' } AND durable_writes=true");
        // verify that default RF is taken into account
        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(ks4, true, map("class","org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy","replication_factor", Integer.toString(DatabaseDescriptor.getDefaultKeyspaceRF()))));
        // with specifying RF
        schemaChange("ALTER KEYSPACE " + ks3 + " WITH replication={ 'class' : 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor' : '1' } AND durable_writes=true");
        // verify that explicitly mentioned RF is taken into account
        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(ks3, true, map("class","org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy","replication_factor", "1")));

        // verify updated default does not effect existing keyspaces
        // create keyspaces
        String ks5 = createKeyspace("CREATE KEYSPACE %s WITH replication={ 'class' : 'SimpleStrategy' }");
        String ks6 = createKeyspace("CREATE KEYSPACE %s WITH replication={ 'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy' }");
        String oldRF = Integer.toString(DatabaseDescriptor.getDefaultKeyspaceRF());
        // change default
        DatabaseDescriptor.setDefaultKeyspaceRF(2);
        // verify RF of existing keyspaces
        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(ks5, true, map("class","org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy","replication_factor", oldRF)));
        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(ks6, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.NetworkTopologyStrategy",
                                                           DATA_CENTER, oldRF, DATA_CENTER_REMOTE, oldRF)));

        //clean up config change
        DatabaseDescriptor.setDefaultKeyspaceRF(1);

        //clean up keyspaces
        execute(String.format("DROP KEYSPACE IF EXISTS %s", ks1));
        execute(String.format("DROP KEYSPACE IF EXISTS %s", ks2));
        execute(String.format("DROP KEYSPACE IF EXISTS %s", ks3));
        execute(String.format("DROP KEYSPACE IF EXISTS %s", ks4));
        execute(String.format("DROP KEYSPACE IF EXISTS %s", ks5));
        execute(String.format("DROP KEYSPACE IF EXISTS %s", ks6));
    }


    /**
     * Test {@link ConfigurationException} thrown when altering a keyspace to invalid DC option in replication configuration.
     */
    @Test
    public void testAlterKeyspaceWithNTSOnlyAcceptsConfiguredDataCenterNames() throws Throwable
    {
        // Create a keyspace with expected DC name.
        createKeyspace("CREATE KEYSPACE %s WITH replication = {'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', '" + DATA_CENTER + "' : 2 }");

        // try modifying the keyspace
        assertAlterKeyspaceThrowsException(ConfigurationException.class,
                                           "Unrecognized strategy option {INVALID_DC} passed to NetworkTopologyStrategy for keyspace " + currentKeyspace(),
                                           "ALTER KEYSPACE %s WITH replication = { 'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', 'INVALID_DC' : 2 }");

        alterKeyspace("ALTER KEYSPACE %s WITH replication = {'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', '" + DATA_CENTER + "' : 3 }");

        // Mix valid and invalid, should throw an exception
        assertAlterKeyspaceThrowsException(ConfigurationException.class,
                                           "Unrecognized strategy option {INVALID_DC} passed to NetworkTopologyStrategy for keyspace " + currentKeyspace(),
                                           "ALTER KEYSPACE %s WITH replication={ 'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', '" + DATA_CENTER + "' : 2 , 'INVALID_DC': 1}");
    }

    @Test
    public void testAlterKeyspaceWithMultipleInstancesOfSameDCThrowsSyntaxException() throws Throwable
    {
        // Create a keyspace
        createKeyspace("CREATE KEYSPACE %s WITH replication = {'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', '" + DATA_CENTER + "' : 2}");

        // try modifying the keyspace
        assertAlterTableThrowsException(SyntaxException.class,
                                        "",
                                        "ALTER KEYSPACE %s WITH replication = {'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', '" + DATA_CENTER + "' : 2, '" + DATA_CENTER + "' : 3 }");
        alterKeyspace("ALTER KEYSPACE %s WITH replication = {'class' : 'NetworkTopologyStrategy', '" + DATA_CENTER + "' : 3}");
    }

    /**
     * Test for bug of 5232,
     * migrated from cql_tests.py:TestCQL.alter_bug_test()
     */
    @Test
    public void testAlterStatementWithAdd() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (id int PRIMARY KEY, t text)");

        execute("UPDATE %s SET t = '111' WHERE id = 1");

        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s ADD l list<text>");
        assertRows(execute("SELECT * FROM %s"),
                   row(1, null, "111"));

        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s ADD m map<int, text>");
        assertRows(execute("SELECT * FROM %s"),
                   row(1, null, null, "111"));
    }

    /**
     * Test for 7744,
     * migrated from cql_tests.py:TestCQL.downgrade_to_compact_bug_test()
     */
    @Test
    public void testDowngradeToCompact() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("create table %s (k int primary key, v set<text>)");
        execute("insert into %s (k, v) VALUES (0, {'f'})");
        flush();
        alterTable("alter table %s drop v");
        alterTable("alter table %s add v1 int");
    }

    @Test
    public void testInvalidDroppingAndAddingOfCollections() throws Throwable
    {
        for (String[] typePair : new String[][]
                                 {
                                 new String[] {"list<int>", "list<varint>"},
                                 new String[] {"set<int>", "set<varint>"},
                                 new String[] {"map<int, int>", "map<varint, varint>"},
                                 new String[] {"list<int>", "frozen<list<varint>>"},
                                 new String[] {"set<int>", "frozen<set<varint>>"},
                                 new String[] {"map<int, int>", "frozen<map<varint, varint>>"},
                                 })
        {
            createTable("create table %s (k int, c int, v " + typePair[0] + ", PRIMARY KEY (k, c))");
            execute("alter table %s drop v");
            assertInvalidMessage("Cannot add a column 'v' of type "
                                 + typePair[1] + ", incompatible with previously dropped column 'v' of type " + typePair[0],
                                 "alter table %s add v " + typePair[1]);
        }
    }

    @Test(expected = InvalidRequestException.class)
    public void testDropFixedAddVariable() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("create table %s (k int, c int, v int, PRIMARY KEY (k, c))");
        execute("alter table %s drop v");
        execute("alter table %s add v varint");
    }

    @Test(expected = InvalidRequestException.class)
    public void testDropSimpleAddComplex() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("create table %s (k int, c int, v set<text>, PRIMARY KEY (k, c))");
        execute("alter table %s drop v");
        execute("alter table %s add v blob");
    }

    @Test(expected = SyntaxException.class)
    public void renameToEmptyTest() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (k int, c1 int, v int, PRIMARY KEY (k, c1))");
        execute("ALTER TABLE %s RENAME c1 TO \"\"");
    }

    @Test
    // tests CASSANDRA-9565
    public void testDoubleWith() throws Throwable
    {
        String[] stmts = { "ALTER KEYSPACE WITH WITH DURABLE_WRITES = true",
                           "ALTER KEYSPACE ks WITH WITH DURABLE_WRITES = true" };

        for (String stmt : stmts) {
            assertAlterTableThrowsException(SyntaxException.class, "no viable alternative at input 'WITH'", stmt);
        }
    }

    @Test
    public void testAlterTableWithMemtable() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (a text, b int, c int, primary key (a, b))");
        assertSame(MemtableParams.DEFAULT.factory(), getCurrentColumnFamilyStore().metadata().params.memtable.factory());
        assertSchemaOption("memtable", null);
        Class<? extends Memtable> defaultClass = getCurrentColumnFamilyStore().getTracker().getView().getCurrentMemtable().getClass();

        testMemtableConfig("skiplist", SkipListMemtable.FACTORY, SkipListMemtable.class);
        testMemtableConfig("test_fullname", TestMemtable.FACTORY, SkipListMemtable.class);
        testMemtableConfig("test_shortname", SkipListMemtable.FACTORY, SkipListMemtable.class);

        // verify memtable does not change on other ALTER
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s"
                   + " WITH compression = {'class': 'LZ4Compressor'};");
        assertSchemaOption("memtable", "test_shortname");

        testMemtableConfig("default", MemtableParams.DEFAULT.factory(), defaultClass);


        assertAlterTableThrowsException(ConfigurationException.class,
                                        "The 'class_name' option must be specified.",
                                        "ALTER TABLE %s"
                                           + " WITH memtable = 'test_empty_class';");

        assertAlterTableThrowsException(ConfigurationException.class,
                                        "Memtable class org.apache.cassandra.db.memtable.SkipListMemtable does not accept any futher parameters, but {invalid=throw} were given.",
                                        "ALTER TABLE %s"
                                           + " WITH memtable = 'test_invalid_param';");

        assertAlterTableThrowsException(ConfigurationException.class,
                                        "Could not create memtable factory for class NotExisting",
                                        "ALTER TABLE %s"
                                           + " WITH memtable = 'test_unknown_class';");

        assertAlterTableThrowsException(ConfigurationException.class,
                                        "Memtable class org.apache.cassandra.db.memtable.TestMemtable does not accept any futher parameters, but {invalid=throw} were given.",
                                        "ALTER TABLE %s"
                                           + " WITH memtable = 'test_invalid_extra_param';");

        assertAlterTableThrowsException(ConfigurationException.class,
                                        "Could not create memtable factory for class " + CreateTest.InvalidMemtableFactoryMethod.class.getName(),
                                        "ALTER TABLE %s"
                                           + " WITH memtable = 'test_invalid_factory_method';");

        assertAlterTableThrowsException(ConfigurationException.class,
                                        "Could not create memtable factory for class " + CreateTest.InvalidMemtableFactoryField.class.getName(),
                                        "ALTER TABLE %s"
                                           + " WITH memtable = 'test_invalid_factory_field';");

        assertAlterTableThrowsException(ConfigurationException.class,
                                        "Memtable configuration \"unknown\" not found.",
                                        "ALTER TABLE %s"
                                           + " WITH memtable = 'unknown';");
    }

    void assertSchemaOption(String option, Object expected) throws Throwable
    {
        assertRows(execute(format("SELECT " + option + " FROM %s.%s WHERE keyspace_name = ? and table_name = ?;",
                                  SchemaConstants.SCHEMA_KEYSPACE_NAME,
                                  SchemaKeyspaceTables.TABLES),
                           KEYSPACE,
                           currentTable()),
                   row(expected));
    }

    private void testMemtableConfig(String memtableConfig, Memtable.Factory factoryInstance, Class<? extends Memtable> memtableClass) throws Throwable
    {
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s"
                   + " WITH memtable = '" + memtableConfig + "';");
        assertSame(factoryInstance, getCurrentColumnFamilyStore().metadata().params.memtable.factory());
        Assert.assertTrue(memtableClass.isInstance(getCurrentColumnFamilyStore().getTracker().getView().getCurrentMemtable()));
        assertSchemaOption("memtable", MemtableParams.DEFAULT.configurationKey().equals(memtableConfig) ? null : memtableConfig);
    }

    @Test
    public void testAlterTableWithCompression() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (a text, b int, c int, primary key (a, b))");
        assertSchemaOption("compression", map("chunk_length_in_kb", "16", "class", "org.apache.cassandra.io.compress.LZ4Compressor"));

        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s WITH compression = { 'class' : 'SnappyCompressor', 'chunk_length_in_kb' : 32 };");
        assertSchemaOption("compression", map("chunk_length_in_kb", "32", "class", "org.apache.cassandra.io.compress.SnappyCompressor"));

        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s WITH compression = { 'class' : 'LZ4Compressor', 'chunk_length_in_kb' : 64 };");
        assertSchemaOption("compression", map("chunk_length_in_kb", "64", "class", "org.apache.cassandra.io.compress.LZ4Compressor"));

        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s WITH compression = { 'class' : 'LZ4Compressor', 'min_compress_ratio' : 2 };");
        assertSchemaOption("compression", map("chunk_length_in_kb", "16", "class", "org.apache.cassandra.io.compress.LZ4Compressor", "min_compress_ratio", "2.0"));

        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s WITH compression = { 'class' : 'LZ4Compressor', 'min_compress_ratio' : 1 };");
        assertSchemaOption("compression", map("chunk_length_in_kb", "16", "class", "org.apache.cassandra.io.compress.LZ4Compressor", "min_compress_ratio", "1.0"));

        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s WITH compression = { 'class' : 'LZ4Compressor', 'min_compress_ratio' : 0 };");
        assertSchemaOption("compression", map("chunk_length_in_kb", "16", "class", "org.apache.cassandra.io.compress.LZ4Compressor"));

        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s WITH compression = { 'class' : 'SnappyCompressor', 'chunk_length_in_kb' : 32 };");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s WITH compression = { 'enabled' : 'false'};");
        assertSchemaOption("compression", map("enabled", "false"));

        assertAlterTableThrowsException(ConfigurationException.class,
                                        "Missing sub-option 'class' for the 'compression' option.",
                                        "ALTER TABLE %s WITH  compression = {'chunk_length_in_kb' : 32};");

        assertAlterTableThrowsException(ConfigurationException.class,
                                        "The 'class' option must not be empty. To disable compression use 'enabled' : false",
                                        "ALTER TABLE %s WITH  compression = { 'class' : ''};");


        assertAlterTableThrowsException(ConfigurationException.class,
                                        "If the 'enabled' option is set to false no other options must be specified",
                                        "ALTER TABLE %s WITH compression = { 'enabled' : 'false', 'class' : 'SnappyCompressor'};");

        assertAlterTableThrowsException(ConfigurationException.class,
                                        "Invalid negative min_compress_ratio",
                                        "ALTER TABLE %s WITH compression = { 'class' : 'SnappyCompressor', 'min_compress_ratio' : -1 };");

        assertAlterTableThrowsException(ConfigurationException.class,
                                        "min_compress_ratio can either be 0 or greater than or equal to 1",
                                        "ALTER TABLE %s WITH compression = { 'class' : 'SnappyCompressor', 'min_compress_ratio' : 0.5 };");
    }

    private void assertAlterKeyspaceThrowsException(Class<? extends Throwable> clazz, String msg, String stmt)
    {
        assertThrowsException(clazz, msg, () -> {alterKeyspaceMayThrow(stmt);});
    }

    private void assertAlterTableThrowsException(Class<? extends Throwable> clazz, String msg, String stmt)
    {
        assertThrowsException(clazz, msg, () -> {alterTableMayThrow(stmt);});
    }

    private static void assertThrowsException(Class<? extends Throwable> clazz, String msg, CheckedFunction function)
    {
        try
        {
            function.apply();
            fail("An error should havee been thrown but was not.");
        }
        catch (Throwable e)
        {
            assertTrue("Unexpected exception type (expected: " + clazz + ", value: " + e.getClass() + ")",
                       clazz.isAssignableFrom(e.getClass()));
            assertTrue("Expecting the error message to contains: '" + msg + "' but was " + e.getMessage(), e.getMessage().contains(msg));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Test for CASSANDRA-13337. Checks that dropping a column when a sstable contains only data for that column
     * works properly.
     */
    @Test
    public void testAlterDropEmptySSTable() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s(k int PRIMARY KEY, x int, y int)");

        execute("UPDATE %s SET x = 1 WHERE k = 0");

        flush();

        execute("UPDATE %s SET x = 1, y = 1 WHERE k = 0");

        flush();

        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s DROP x");

        compact();

        assertRows(execute("SELECT * FROM %s"), row(0, 1));
    }

    /**
     * Similarly to testAlterDropEmptySSTable, checks we don't return empty rows from queries (testAlterDropEmptySSTable
     * tests the compaction case).
     */
    @Test
    public void testAlterOnlyColumnBehaviorWithFlush() throws Throwable
    {
        testAlterOnlyColumnBehaviorWithFlush(true);
        testAlterOnlyColumnBehaviorWithFlush(false);
    }

    private void testAlterOnlyColumnBehaviorWithFlush(boolean flushAfterInsert) throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s(k int PRIMARY KEY, x int, y int)");

        execute("UPDATE %s SET x = 1 WHERE k = 0");

        assertRows(execute("SELECT * FROM %s"), row(0, 1, null));

        if (flushAfterInsert)
            flush();

        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s DROP x");

        assertEmpty(execute("SELECT * FROM %s"));
    }

    @Test
    public void testAlterTypeUsedInPartitionKey() throws Throwable
    {
        // frozen UDT used directly in a partition key
        String  type1 = createType("CREATE TYPE %s (v1 int)");
        String table1 = createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (pk frozen<" + type1 + ">, val int, PRIMARY KEY(pk));");

        // frozen UDT used in a frozen UDT used in a partition key
        String  type2 = createType("CREATE TYPE %s (v1 frozen<" + type1 + ">, v2 frozen<" + type1 + ">)");
        String table2 = createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (pk frozen<" + type2 + ">, val int, PRIMARY KEY(pk));");

        // frozen UDT used in a frozen collection used in a partition key
        String table3 = createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (pk frozen<list<frozen<" + type1 + ">>>, val int, PRIMARY KEY(pk));");

        // assert that ALTER fails and that the error message contains all the names of the table referencing it
        assertInvalidMessage(table1, format("ALTER TYPE %s.%s ADD v2 int;", keyspace(), type1));
        assertInvalidMessage(table2, format("ALTER TYPE %s.%s ADD v2 int;", keyspace(), type1));
        assertInvalidMessage(table3, format("ALTER TYPE %s.%s ADD v2 int;", keyspace(), type1));
    }

    @Test
    public void testAlterDropCompactStorageDisabled() throws Throwable
    {
        DatabaseDescriptor.setEnableDropCompactStorage(false);

        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (k text, i int, PRIMARY KEY (k, i)) WITH COMPACT STORAGE");

        assertInvalidMessage("DROP COMPACT STORAGE is disabled. Enable in cassandra.yaml to use.", "ALTER TABLE %s DROP COMPACT STORAGE");
    }

    /**
     * Test for CASSANDRA-14564
     */
    @Test
    public void testAlterByAddingColumnToCompactTableShouldFail() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (a int, b int, PRIMARY KEY (a, b)) WITH COMPACT STORAGE");
        assertInvalidMessage("Cannot add new column to a COMPACT STORAGE table",
                             "ALTER TABLE %s ADD column1 text");
    }

    @Test
    public void testAlterTableWithoutCreateTableOrIfExistsClause()
    {
        String tbl1 = KEYSPACE + "." + createTableName();
        assertAlterTableThrowsException(InvalidRequestException.class, String.format("Table '%s' doesn't exist", tbl1),
                                        "ALTER TABLE %s ADD myCollection list<text>;");
    }

    @Test
    public void testAlterTableWithoutCreateTableWithIfExists() throws Throwable
    {
        String tbl1 = KEYSPACE + "." + createTableName();
        assertNull(execute(String.format("ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS %s ADD myCollection list<text>;", tbl1)));
    }

    @Test
    public void testAlterTableWithIfExists() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (a int, b int, PRIMARY KEY (a, b)); ");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS %s ADD myCollection list<text>;");
        execute("INSERT INTO %s (a, b, myCollection) VALUES (1, 2, ['first element']);");

        assertRows(execute("SELECT * FROM %s;"), row(1, 2, list("first element")));
    }

    @Test
    public void testAlterTableAddColWithIfNotExists() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (a int, b int, PRIMARY KEY (a, b)); ");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s ADD IF NOT EXISTS a int;");
        execute("INSERT INTO %s (a, b) VALUES (1, 2);");

        assertRows(execute("SELECT * FROM %s;"), row(1, 2));
    }

    @Test
    public void testAlterTableAddExistingColumnWithoutIfExists()
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (a int, b int, PRIMARY KEY (a, b)); ");
        assertAlterTableThrowsException(InvalidRequestException.class,
                                        String.format("Column with name '%s' already exists", "a"),
                                        "ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS %s ADD a int");
    }

    @Test
    public void testAlterTableDropNotExistingColWithIfExists() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (a int, b int, PRIMARY KEY (a, b)); ");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s DROP IF EXISTS myCollection");
        execute("INSERT INTO %s (a, b) VALUES (1, 2);");

        assertRows(execute("SELECT * FROM %s;"), row(1, 2));
    }

    @Test
    public void testAlterTableDropExistingColWithIfExists() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (a int, b int, myCollection list<text>, PRIMARY KEY (a, b)); ");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s DROP IF EXISTS myCollection");
        execute("INSERT INTO %s (a, b) VALUES (1, 2);");

        assertRows(execute("SELECT * FROM %s;"), row(1, 2));
    }

    @Test
    public void testAlterTableRenameExistingColWithIfExists() throws Throwable
    {
        createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (a int, b int, myCollection list<text>, PRIMARY KEY (a, b)); ");
        alterTable("ALTER TABLE %s RENAME IF EXISTS a TO y AND b to z");
        execute("INSERT INTO %s (y, z, myCollection) VALUES (1, 2, ['first element']);");
        assertRows(execute("SELECT * FROM %s;"), row(1, 2, list("first element")));
    }

    @Test
    public void testAlterTypeWithIfExists() throws Throwable
    {
        // frozen UDT used directly in a partition key
        String type1 = createType("CREATE TYPE %s (v1 int)");
        String table1 = createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (pk frozen<" + type1 + ">, val int, PRIMARY KEY(pk));");

        // frozen UDT used in a frozen UDT used in a partition key
        String type2 = createType("CREATE TYPE %s (v1 frozen<" + type1 + ">, v2 frozen<" + type1 + ">)");
        String table2 = createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (pk frozen<" + type2 + ">, val int, PRIMARY KEY(pk));");

        // frozen UDT used in a frozen collection used in a partition key
        String table3 = createTable("CREATE TABLE %s (pk frozen<list<frozen<" + type1 + ">>>, val int, PRIMARY KEY(pk));");

        // assert that ALTER fails and that the error message contains all the names of the table referencing it
        assertInvalidMessage(table1, format("ALTER TYPE %s.%s ADD v2 int;", keyspace(), type1));
        assertInvalidMessage(table2, format("ALTER TYPE %s.%s ADD v2 int;", keyspace(), type1));
        assertInvalidMessage(table3, format("ALTER TYPE %s.%s ADD v2 int;", keyspace(), type1));
    }

    @Test
    public void testAlterKeyspaceWithIfExists() throws Throwable
    {
        String ks1 = createKeyspace("CREATE KEYSPACE %s WITH replication={ 'class' : 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor' : 1 }");
        execute("ALTER KEYSPACE IF EXISTS " + ks1 + " WITH durable_writes=true");

        assertRowsIgnoringOrderAndExtra(execute("SELECT keyspace_name, durable_writes, replication FROM system_schema.keyspaces"),
                                        row(KEYSPACE, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                                        row(KEYSPACE_PER_TEST, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")),
                                        row(ks1, true, map("class", "org.apache.cassandra.locator.SimpleStrategy", "replication_factor", "1")));

        assertInvalidThrow(InvalidRequestException.class, "ALTER KEYSPACE ks1 WITH replication= { 'class' : 'SimpleStrategy', 'replication_factor' : 1 }");
    }
}
