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use std::any::Any;
use std::fmt::Debug;
use std::sync::Arc;

pub use crate::schema::SchemaProvider;
use datafusion_common::Result;
use datafusion_common::not_impl_err;

/// Represents a catalog, comprising a number of named schemas.
///
/// # Catalog Overview
///
/// To plan and execute queries, DataFusion needs a "Catalog" that provides
/// metadata such as which schemas and tables exist, their columns and data
/// types, and how to access the data.
///
/// The Catalog API consists:
/// * [`CatalogProviderList`]: a collection of `CatalogProvider`s
/// * [`CatalogProvider`]: a collection of `SchemaProvider`s (sometimes called a "database" in other systems)
/// * [`SchemaProvider`]:  a collection of `TableProvider`s (often called a "schema" in other systems)
/// * [`TableProvider`]:  individual tables
///
/// # Implementing Catalogs
///
/// To implement a catalog, you implement at least one of the [`CatalogProviderList`],
/// [`CatalogProvider`] and [`SchemaProvider`] traits and register them
/// appropriately in the `SessionContext`.
///
/// DataFusion comes with a simple in-memory catalog implementation,
/// `MemoryCatalogProvider`, that is used by default and has no persistence.
/// DataFusion does not include more complex Catalog implementations because
/// catalog management is a key design choice for most data systems, and thus
/// it is unlikely that any general-purpose catalog implementation will work
/// well across many use cases.
///
/// # Implementing "Remote" catalogs
///
/// See [`remote_catalog`] for an end to end example of how to implement a
/// remote catalog.
///
/// Sometimes catalog information is stored remotely and requires a network call
/// to retrieve. For example, the [Delta Lake] table format stores table
/// metadata in files on S3 that must be first downloaded to discover what
/// schemas and tables exist.
///
/// [Delta Lake]: https://delta.io/
/// [`remote_catalog`]: https://github.com/apache/datafusion/blob/main/datafusion-examples/examples/data_io/remote_catalog.rs
///
/// The [`CatalogProvider`] can support this use case, but it takes some care.
/// The planning APIs in DataFusion are not `async` and thus network IO can not
/// be performed "lazily" / "on demand" during query planning. The rationale for
/// this design is that using remote procedure calls for all catalog accesses
/// required for query planning would likely result in multiple network calls
/// per plan, resulting in very poor planning performance.
///
/// To implement [`CatalogProvider`] and [`SchemaProvider`] for remote catalogs,
/// you need to provide an in memory snapshot of the required metadata. Most
/// systems typically either already have this information cached locally or can
/// batch access to the remote catalog to retrieve multiple schemas and tables
/// in a single network call.
///
/// Note that [`SchemaProvider::table`] **is** an `async` function in order to
/// simplify implementing simple [`SchemaProvider`]s. For many table formats it
/// is easy to list all available tables but there is additional non trivial
/// access required to read table details (e.g. statistics).
///
/// The pattern that DataFusion itself uses to plan SQL queries is to walk over
/// the query to find all table references, performing required remote catalog
/// lookups in parallel, storing the results in a cached snapshot, and then plans
/// the query using that snapshot.
///
/// # Example Catalog Implementations
///
/// Here are some examples of how to implement custom catalogs:
///
/// * [`datafusion-cli`]: [`DynamicFileCatalogProvider`] catalog provider
///   that treats files and directories on a filesystem as tables.
///
/// * The [`catalog.rs`]:  a simple directory based catalog.
///
/// * [delta-rs]:  [`UnityCatalogProvider`] implementation that can
///   read from Delta Lake tables
///
/// [`datafusion-cli`]: https://datafusion.apache.org/user-guide/cli/index.html
/// [`DynamicFileCatalogProvider`]: https://github.com/apache/datafusion/blob/31b9b48b08592b7d293f46e75707aad7dadd7cbc/datafusion-cli/src/catalog.rs#L75
/// [`catalog.rs`]: https://github.com/apache/datafusion/blob/main/datafusion-examples/examples/data_io/catalog.rs
/// [delta-rs]: https://github.com/delta-io/delta-rs
/// [`UnityCatalogProvider`]: https://github.com/delta-io/delta-rs/blob/951436ecec476ce65b5ed3b58b50fb0846ca7b91/crates/deltalake-core/src/data_catalog/unity/datafusion.rs#L111-L123
///
/// [`TableProvider`]: crate::TableProvider
pub trait CatalogProvider: Any + Debug + Sync + Send {
    /// Retrieves the list of available schema names in this catalog.
    fn schema_names(&self) -> Vec<String>;

    /// Retrieves a specific schema from the catalog by name, provided it exists.
    fn schema(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Arc<dyn SchemaProvider>>;

    /// Adds a new schema to this catalog.
    ///
    /// If a schema of the same name existed before, it is replaced in
    /// the catalog and returned.
    ///
    /// By default returns a "Not Implemented" error
    fn register_schema(
        &self,
        name: &str,
        schema: Arc<dyn SchemaProvider>,
    ) -> Result<Option<Arc<dyn SchemaProvider>>> {
        // use variables to avoid unused variable warnings
        let _ = name;
        let _ = schema;
        not_impl_err!("Registering new schemas is not supported")
    }

    /// Removes a schema from this catalog. Implementations of this method should return
    /// errors if the schema exists but cannot be dropped. For example, in DataFusion's
    /// default in-memory catalog, `MemoryCatalogProvider`, a non-empty schema
    /// will only be successfully dropped when `cascade` is true.
    /// This is equivalent to how DROP SCHEMA works in PostgreSQL.
    ///
    /// Implementations of this method should return None if schema with `name`
    /// does not exist.
    ///
    /// By default returns a "Not Implemented" error
    fn deregister_schema(
        &self,
        _name: &str,
        _cascade: bool,
    ) -> Result<Option<Arc<dyn SchemaProvider>>> {
        not_impl_err!("Deregistering new schemas is not supported")
    }
}

impl dyn CatalogProvider {
    /// Returns `true` if the catalog provider is of type `T`.
    ///
    /// Prefer this over `downcast_ref::<T>().is_some()`. Works correctly when
    /// called on `Arc<dyn CatalogProvider>` via auto-deref.
    pub fn is<T: CatalogProvider>(&self) -> bool {
        (self as &dyn Any).is::<T>()
    }

    /// Attempts to downcast this catalog provider to a concrete type `T`,
    /// returning `None` if the provider is not of that type.
    ///
    /// Works correctly when called on `Arc<dyn CatalogProvider>` via auto-deref,
    /// unlike `(&arc as &dyn Any).downcast_ref::<T>()` which would attempt to
    /// downcast the `Arc` itself.
    pub fn downcast_ref<T: CatalogProvider>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        (self as &dyn Any).downcast_ref()
    }
}

/// Represent a list of named [`CatalogProvider`]s.
///
/// Please see the documentation on [`CatalogProvider`] for details of
/// implementing a custom catalog.
pub trait CatalogProviderList: Any + Debug + Sync + Send {
    /// Adds a new catalog to this catalog list
    /// If a catalog of the same name existed before, it is replaced in the list and returned.
    fn register_catalog(
        &self,
        name: String,
        catalog: Arc<dyn CatalogProvider>,
    ) -> Option<Arc<dyn CatalogProvider>>;

    /// Retrieves the list of available catalog names
    fn catalog_names(&self) -> Vec<String>;

    /// Retrieves a specific catalog by name, provided it exists.
    fn catalog(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Arc<dyn CatalogProvider>>;
}

impl dyn CatalogProviderList {
    /// Returns `true` if the catalog provider list is of type `T`.
    ///
    /// Prefer this over `downcast_ref::<T>().is_some()`. Works correctly when
    /// called on `Arc<dyn CatalogProviderList>` via auto-deref.
    pub fn is<T: CatalogProviderList>(&self) -> bool {
        (self as &dyn Any).is::<T>()
    }

    /// Attempts to downcast this catalog provider list to a concrete type `T`,
    /// returning `None` if the provider list is not of that type.
    ///
    /// Works correctly when called on `Arc<dyn CatalogProviderList>` via
    /// auto-deref, unlike `(&arc as &dyn Any).downcast_ref::<T>()` which would
    /// attempt to downcast the `Arc` itself.
    pub fn downcast_ref<T: CatalogProviderList>(&self) -> Option<&T> {
        (self as &dyn Any).downcast_ref()
    }
}
