TY - RPRT AN - 00739023 AU - Tabiei, A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE USE OF FIBER REINFORCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR ROAD SIDE SAFETY APPLICATIONS PY - 1997/05 SP - 89 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration is currently investigating the potential of using fiber reinforced composite materials for applications in highway structures. The feasibility and application of composite materials are analyzed through a series of impact tests on laboratory specimens and numerical simulation. The investigation is conducted in two parts. The objective of the first part is to determine the impact characteristics and failure modes of pultruded box-beams under impact loads. The loading rate sensitivity of pultruded box-beams with different resin systems is investigated. The second study is a numerical simulation of a series of impact tests of steel guardrails. A finite element model of the pendulum fixture of the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory is developed with the following objectives: (1) determine the feasibility of simulating a full-scale impact test of guardrails made of isotropic and anisotropic materials; and (2) identify the critical parameters governing a successful simulation of test fixture pendulum impact. Results of the experimental investigations are presented. A successful simulation is performed, and possibilities for future investigations are recommended. KW - Composite materials KW - Failure KW - Failure mode KW - Fiber reinforced materials KW - Finite element method KW - Guardrails KW - Impact loads KW - Impact tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pendulum tests KW - Pultruded box beams KW - Roadside structures KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573009 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738989 AU - Fong, H K AU - Rooney, F D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PASSING RATES ALONG THE FIRST 2000', OR 609.6M, OF PASSING LANES FOR GROUPS OF THREE OR MORE VEHICLES PY - 1997/05 SP - 40 p. AB - There is video data for the first 2000 ft (609.6 m) of five passing lanes. Four of the locations are at rolling terrain. One location is at slightly mountainous terrain. References to terrain are to the terrain at the areas, not to the profiles of the highways. There are no steep prior grades near the passing lanes. The horizontal alignment is adequate for fast or very fast speeds at all of the locations. The approximate average grades along the first 2000 ft (609.6 m) of the passing lanes were -0.05%, +2.02%, +3.15%, +4.32%, and +5.05%. There was not much traffic data regarding the location where the grade was -0.05%. Passing rates for passing of the first vehicles of groups of three or more vehicles along the first 2000 ft (609.6 m) of the passing lanes along the steeper grades were typically not more than the passing rates along the less steep grades. KW - Grade (Slope) KW - Passing lanes KW - Passing rates KW - Rural highways KW - Slopes KW - Speed KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572976 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738986 AU - Davidson, J L AU - Smith, E R AU - Dornic, S D AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF STATIC CAPACITY PREDICTION BETWEEN SPT94 AND PILEUF LOAD TEST DATA PY - 1997/05 SP - 256 p. AB - The purpose of this research was to develop a new deep foundations database and to use the database to evaluate and enhance the static capacity program SPT94 by means of database comparison with load test Davisson capacities. It was also an aim to study the percentage of end bearing available for concrete piles tipped in Florida limestone. The PILEUF database has been developed using LOTUS software. Previous databases for concrete piles, steel pipe piles and steel H-piles have been combined along with newly acquired data into a single database of 213 piles. This versatile database allows specific pile types or a variety of pile types to be evaluated. Additionally, a related program named GLOBALUF has been developed primarily to evaluate pile capacity predictions. Better capacity correlations between SPT94 Davisson estimates and PILEUF load test Davisson values were achieved through the consideration of SPT hammer system efficiency, with increased energy delivered to the standard penetration test sampler from automatic hammers, and by acknowledgment of site specific locations of pile freeze, where estimates of capacity should be based on static rather than dynamic calculations. Current SPT94 assumptions of blow count truncation were investigated by performing a parametric study to determine the effect of upper bound truncation for N-values in the SPT94 code on prediction accuracy. Sensitivity to SPT94 soil type classification was also investigated and indicated the need for more soil type categories to remove the uncertainty in correlating standard penetration test boring log soil descriptions to a SPT94 numbered soil category. The PILEUF database was used primarily to evaluate pile capacity predictions based on an enhanced SPT94 computer program. The measured Davisson values from load tests were used for comparisons, using parameters such as side soil type, tip soil type, pile diameter, length to diameter ratio and overburden to diameter ratio. Finally, a study of mobilized end bearing for concrete piles tipped in Florida limestone was performed. The existing PILEUF end bearing option, telltale calculations and an interpretive load settlement technique were used to estimate the end bearing and side friction components of capacity. However, analysis based on dynamic CAPWAP data provided greater statistical confidence. These data were used to establish a revised method of capacity prediction for concrete piles tipped in limestone. KW - Accuracy KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete piles KW - Databases KW - Deep foundations KW - End bearing KW - End bearing piles KW - Evaluation KW - Forecasting KW - Foundations KW - Limestone KW - Load tests KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Soil classifications KW - Soil types KW - Steel KW - Steel piling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572973 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738850 AU - Pennak, S AU - Mace, D J AU - Finkle, M AU - Last Resource, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VISIBILITY AND COMPREHENSION OF PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC SIGNALS PY - 1997/05 SP - 66 p. AB - Two studies were conducted to determine the visibility and comprehension of pedestrian signals. A video questionnaire was developed to study the comprehension of innovative and standard pedestrian crosswalk devices. Results indicated that green and red are interchangeable in meaning with white and orange, respectively. A red "slash man" appears to be a strong alternative to a symbolic orange hand. It was recommended that a three-phase pedestrian signal be considered that would incorporate the strengths of green, yellow, and red with innovative symbols. The study on the visibility of actual pedestrian signals determined that a minimum signal intensity of 25 cd is adequate for any pedestrian signal regardless of technology, distance, signal size, text, or symbol. KW - Comprehension KW - Innovation KW - Pedestrian actuated controllers KW - Pedestrian phase KW - Recommendations KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738851 AU - Thompson, N G AU - Lankard, D R AU - Cortest Columbus Technologies, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED CONCRETES FOR CORROSION RESISTANCE PY - 1997/05 SP - 176 p. AB - A major cause of concrete deterioration on bridge structures is the corrosion of the embedded steel reinforcement. In response to the continued problem of corrosion, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) initiated this research aimed at (1) quantifying the corrosive conditions fostering concrete bridge deterioration and (2) identifying concrete materials which consistently provide superior performance when used in bridge applications. The experimental phase of this research project was divided into three tasks: Task A - Corrosive Environment Studies, Task B - Concrete Chemical and Physical Properties, and Task C - Long-Term Corrosion Performance. This Interim Report reviews the results of Tasks A and B and provides recommendations for performing Task C. In Task A, laboratory experiments were conducted to characterize the corrosive environment and to establish boundary conditions for environmental variables of moisture content, chloride concentration, and temperature. Special test specimen design and test procedures were developed to permit uniform chloride diffusion to the steel surface. A full factorial matrix of experiments was performed for three levels each of chloride concentration, relative humidity, and temperature. A regression model was developed to predict corrosion rate and corrosion potential as a function of environment for two different concretes. In Task B, experiments were performed to identify the chemical components of concretes and to determine how they effect corrosion induced deterioration of concrete structures. The dependent variables of interest in examining corrosion induced deterioration of concrete are corrosion rate, corrosion potential, chloride permeability, electrical resistivity, and physical properties. The independent concrete design mix variables examined included: water-cement ratio, air content, coarse aggregate type, fine aggregate type, mineral admixture, and cement type. Because of the large number of independent variables and the number of levels of interest for the variables, an optimized experimental design was developed to permit the estimate of the main-effect terms for each independent variable. Models were developed to predict the effect of the independent variables on corrosion rate and corrosion potential in each of two environments, chloride permeability, resistivity, and compressive strength. The data developed were used to make recommendations for the concretes to be tested in the Task C long-term experiments. KW - Admixtures KW - Air content KW - Cement KW - Chlorides KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete composition KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion rate KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Corrosive environments KW - Electrical resistivity KW - Fine aggregates KW - Forecasting KW - Humidity KW - Laboratory tests KW - Long term KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance evaluations KW - Permeability KW - Physical properties KW - Recommendations KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Temperature KW - Time duration KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738807 AU - Barnes, J A AU - Rutherford, G S AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF THE INITIAL APPLICATION OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON HIGHWAY MOBILITY PROJECT RANKING PROCEDURE AND RECOMMENDED REVISIONS FOR THE UPCOMING BIENNIUM PY - 1997/05 SP - 128 p. AB - This study was prompted by the impending prioritization of Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) highway mobility projects for the 1997-1999 biennium. The ranking procedure that was analyzed and refined in the study is based on a methodology called "Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution," commonly known as TOPSIS; it is the final step in WSDOT's current process for prioritizing proposed projects. TOPSIS normalizes project scores in an evaluation matrix into dimensionless units, multiplies each of the scores by relative assigned weights, formulates a theoretical "ideal-best" project and a theoretical "ideal-worst" project, and prioritizes proposed projects by calculating their relative distances between the ideal solutions. All the revisions to the prioritization procedure were based on feedback from WSDOT personnel on the 1995-1997 programming cycle. Their requests were transformed into four major objectives: 1) increase user friendliness to minimize user errors and reduce production time; 2) increase the consistency between relative rankings of the same projects on different lists, regardless of the characteristics of the other projects on the lists; 3) reconcile the mathematical results of the program with general "intuitive" understanding of how the program works, particularly with regard to the influence of the benefit-cost ratio over the final rankings; 4) create a "seamless" transition for WSDOT regions from the previous version of the ranking procedure to the new version. The research focused on mitigating an observed sensitivity to project mix. Rank order consistency was improved by introducing scoring constraints and standardized project ideals by normalizing or truncating three criteria categories. The resulting algorithm, TOPSIS-8, is a new version of the TOPSIS ranking algorithm studied. KW - Algorithms KW - Computer programming KW - Highway transportation KW - Programming KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/428.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738809 AU - Reed, T L AU - Rutherford, T L AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION REVIEW OF THE MOBILITY IMPROVEMENTS PRIORITIZATION METHOD. APPENDICES PY - 1997/05 SP - 168 p. AB - This study was prompted by the impending prioritization of Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) highway mobility projects for the 1997-1999 biennium. The ranking procedure that was analyzed and refined in the study is based on a methodology called "Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution," commonly known as TOPSIS; it is the final step in WSDOT's current process for prioritizing proposed projects. This report contains the appendices to the technical report, which are as follows: (A) Project Description Sheets, Criteria Worksheets, and Scoring Guidelines; (B) Mathematical Summary of TOPSIS; (C) TOPSIS-6 Illustration and Annotated Code; (D) Summary of Delphi Analysis for Weight Setting; (E) Prioritized Mobility Projects - 1995-1997 Biennium; (F) Category Score Histograms; (G) Alternate Prioritization Examples; (H) Visual Basic Macros and Sample Output; (I) Simulation Output Charts; (J) Sample ANOVA Test Statistics; (K) Sample Normal Probability Plots for Summary Measures; and (L) Preliminary Simulation Results from Urban Sub-program. KW - Algorithms KW - Computer programming KW - Highway transportation KW - Implementation KW - Programming KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Ratings KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Strategic planning KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572835 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738808 AU - Reed, T L AU - Rutherfor, G S AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS AND IMPLEMENTATION REVIEW OF THE MOBILITY IMPROVEMENTS PRIORITIZATION METHOD PY - 1997/05 SP - 150 p. AB - This study was prompted by the impending prioritization of Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) highway mobility projects for the 1997-1999 biennium. The ranking procedure that was analyzed and refined in the study is based on a methodology called "Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution," commonly known as TOPSIS; it is the final step in WSDOT's current process for prioritizing proposed projects. The report used the WSDOT programming method as a case study of one flexible framework for assessing projects related to all highway modes. Rank order sensitivity to estimate errors and to various categorical weight distributions was investigated. Furthermore, direct comparisons were made between the WSDOT priority programming method, a WSDOT systems planning method, and a Puget Sound Regional Council project prioritization method. The goals of the report were to inform the policy making debate over assigning subjective category weights and selecting pertinent categories of criteria, and to investigate the range of acceptable error in project performance predictions. In so doing, the reliability and adequacy of the WSDOT ranking methodology was also assessed. KW - Algorithms KW - Computer programming KW - Highway transportation KW - Implementation KW - Programming KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Ratings KW - Sensitivity analysis KW - Strategic planning KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/428.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572834 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738019 AU - Najafi, F T AU - Yao, Q-Y AU - Blackadar, B AU - Lee, Jong Jae AU - Ruiz, D M AU - Ferraro, C C AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF WEIGH-IN-MOTION TRUCK TRAFFIC DATA TO DETERMINE TRUCK DAMAGE FACTORS AND AVERAGE WEIGHTS PY - 1997/05 SP - 87 p. AB - The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) truck traffic data were analyzed to generate average truck damage factors and average weight for each truck classification. Visual Basic and the statistical package in Excel were used to calculate the number of trucks, maximum, minimum and average damage factors and average weight for each type of truck. The trucks were classified according to the FDOT's standard classification system. Seven classes of trucks were analyzed at nine sites in the State of Florida. The 18-kip Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) or load equivalency is used to calculate damage factors for each type of truck. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) test results show that roadway damage caused by trucks increases approximately in accordance with the load in ESALs multiplied to the fourth power. This concept is used in the calculation of damage factors. Each WIM data file was sorted and the bad data (the data that did not meet the established criteria) were excluded from the analysis. A computer program was developed in which established criteria tables sorted out the data according to the vehicle classifications of loaded and unloaded. Modules were formed to include different functional macros. Bar charts were prepared showing the total number of each truck classification, average loaded damage factors and total damage factors. Furthermore, prepared charts show the site number, the total records of data in a WIM file, the percentages of total good data (the data that meet the criteria) and bad data, truck type, and percentages of loaded and unloaded trucks. The charts also present the average, maximum and minimum damage factors and the standard deviations for both loaded and unloaded trucks. The generated results are useful to planners and highway designers. The main objectives of this research project were to develop systematic procedures for the collection and analysis of WIM data and to identify the parameters and influencing factors that affect damage factor and average weight calculations. Statistical models are developed to set up a hypothesis to determine if the means of the total average truck weights are equal in all sites under the study. KW - Axle loads KW - Data analysis KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Florida KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572455 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737990 AU - Ostrom, B K AU - Walker, D AU - Harris, S AU - Rowshan, S AU - EBA Engineering, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG-TERM PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE INFORMATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM DATA USERS REFERENCE MANUAL PY - 1997/05 SP - 64 p. AB - The Long-Term Pavement Performance Information Management System (LTPP IMS) Data Users Reference Manual contains an overview of the LTPP program and the data available to researchers. LTPP is a 20-year study of pavements to improve design, rehabilitation, and maintenance practices. This document is intended to assist researchers in understanding the data that are currently available for General Pavement Studies Experiments and how to obtain it. The General Pavement Studies are a group of asphalt concrete (AC) and portland cement concrete (PCC) experiments using in-service pavements. In addition to materials test results for the pavement sections, data on pavement history, maintenance, and rehabilitation are stored in the IMS. Information on distress, transverse profile, cross profile, pavement deflection, and traffic is collected on a routine basis and added to the data base regularly. The manual includes information on the quality control process. One chapter discusses a related, but separate, traffic data base. Data for all valid sections are available in various formats. A copy of a data request form is included, along with instructions on filling out the form and any applicable fees. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Availability KW - Computer program documentation KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cross profile KW - Data KW - Defects KW - Deflection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Forms (Documents) KW - History KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Management information systems KW - Manuals KW - Materials tests KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Quality control KW - Rehabilitation KW - Supply KW - Test results KW - Traffic data KW - Transverse profile UR - http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/sp/ltpp_manual.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572427 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737989 AU - Morian, D A AU - Epps, J A AU - Gibson, S D AU - Nichols Consulting Engineers, Chartered AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAVEMENT TREATMENT EFFECTIVENESS, 1995 SPS-3 AND SPS-4 SITE EVALUATIONS, NATIONAL REPORT PY - 1997/05 SP - 85 p. AB - This report presents an evaluation of the performance of Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) SPS-3 and SPS-4 experiment sites based on field reviews after 5 years of performance. Condition evaluation of the sections and Expert Task Group performance estimates are the basis for treatment assessments. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Chip seals KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Crack seal KW - Cracking KW - Effectiveness KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - Slurry seals KW - Test sections UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6400/6495/97-029.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572426 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737983 AU - VanBramer, T F AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RUBBER-MODIFIED ASPHALT-CONCRETE OVERLAYS: A SUMMARY OF FIELD PERFORMANCE PY - 1997/05 SP - 37 p. AB - In 1987, the New York State Legislature directed the Department of Transportation to undertake a pilot project demonstrating the use of waste-tire rubber in construction or improvement of state highways. This resulted in building two test roads in the summer of 1989, using various percentages of rubber as an aggregate incorporated into asphalt-cement-concrete pavement, by what is commonly called the "dry process". Each site consisted of five 2000-ft (609.6-m) test sections: three containing 1%, 2%, or 3% rubber by total weight of the mix; a fourth containing a proprietary rubber additive of coarser gradation at 3% by total weight; and a fifth with a conventional mix used as a control. This report covers the conclusion of that study, addressing the issues of service life and performance of these rubber-modified asphalt concrete (RUMAC) pavements over a 5-year period. Performance was recorded semiannually and types and locations of distress were documented. Falling-weight deflectometer tests, laboratory analyses, and other field tests were also conducted. Results from this study indicate that RUMAC pavements, as designed from the job-mix formulas used here, did not perform as well as conventional mixes. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Defects KW - Dry process KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Scrap tires KW - Service life KW - Solid wastes KW - Test sections KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572420 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737984 AU - Brooks, E W AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPAIR OF STUDDED TIRE DAMAGE, I-5 PILOT PROJECT, MP 276-278 NORTHBOUND SECTION PY - 1997/05 SP - 68 p. AB - In 1996, a pilot project to repair studded tire damage on continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavement was constructed on Interstate 5 north of Salem, Oregon. The test section was about 5 km (3 mi) long on a three-lane section of highway. Rut depths on this section were about 20 mm (.80 in.) with most of the damage in the center lane. Since the average daily traffic volume (ADT) was greater than 45,000, the work was done at night. Four different thin asphaltic concrete (AC) overlays were placed on the test section. The first was a standard open graded F-mix. The second was the same F-mix with mineral fibers added. The third was a 38 mm (1.5 in.) stone mastic coarse aggregate mix. Finally, the last section was paved with a 25 mm (1.0 in.) lift of a fine stone mastic mix. The work was completed near the end of the paving season and was delayed by a week due to rain. The night paving and the late season low temperatures caused some lay down problems. Lumping of the mix slowed the paving operation and produced a rough ride. Compaction was also low and inconsistent. The section will be monitored for distress for two years. Raveling and/or rutting will be checked periodically. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Compaction KW - Construction KW - Construction problems KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Fiber reinforcement KW - Fine aggregates KW - Low temperature KW - Mastic asphalt KW - Monitoring KW - Night KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement damage KW - Pavements KW - Rain KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Stone KW - Stone matrix asphalt KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Studded tires KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572421 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737926 AU - Rausche, F AU - Thendean, G AU - Abou-matar, H AU - Likins, G E AU - Goble, G G AU - Goble Rausche Likins and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF PILE DRIVEABILITY AND CAPACITY FROM PENETRATION TESTS. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1997/05 SP - 242 p. AB - Research has been conducted on the potential improvement of dynamic wave equation analysis methodology using in-situ soil testing techniques. As a basis for this investigation, the literature was reviewed and a summary was compiled of efforts made to date on the development of models and associated parameters for pile driving analysis. Furthermore a data base was developed containing more than 150 cases of test piles with static load tests, dynamic restrike tests, soil information, driving system data and installation records. One hundred data base cases were subjected to correlation studies using both wave equation and CAPWAP. This work yielded dynamic soil model parameters which did not indicate a specific relationship with soil grain size. The in-situ soil testing device utilized was a Modified SPT which yielded data from both static and dynamic measurements. Either static uplift or torque tests yielded static ultimate shaft resistance, and uplift tests also indicated a shaft resistance quake. Static compressive tests on a special tip indicated ultimate end bearing and associated toe quake. Indirectly, by signal matching, soil damping parameters were calculated. These quantities were then used for the prediction of full-scale pile behavior. Data from the Modified SPT were gathered and analyzed on six sites with previous full-scale static pile tests and on three sites where static load tests were to be performed at a later date. Recommendations derived from these tests pertain to the current soil model and to proposals for future changes. In general, the current approach was found to yield, on the average, very reasonable results for end of installation situations. For restrike tests, standard parameters may be misleading. Any necessary modifications to the current approach, for example, the use of particularly large toe quakes or low toe damping factors, should be based on Modified SPT measurements. Differences between prediction and full-scale pile field behavior were attributed to soil strength changes over relatively small distances which cannot be detected with standard SPT spacings of 5 ft (1.5 m). KW - Case studies KW - Databases KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Mathematical models KW - Pile bearing capacities KW - Pile behavior KW - Pile driving KW - Pile foundations KW - Soil penetration test KW - Soil tests KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737917 AU - Knoblauch, R AU - Nitzburg, M AU - Seifert, R AU - Center for Applied Research, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF OLDER DRIVER FREEWAY NEEDS AND CAPABILITIES PY - 1997/05 SP - 219 p. AB - The objectives of the study were to: (1) identify the characteristics of older drivers that affect their ability to drive on freeways; (2) identify the characteristics of freeway driving that cause the greatest difficulties for older drivers; (3) conduct problem identification research to define the problems experienced by older drivers on freeways; and (4) recommend further research to develop guidelines for countermeasures to accommodate the needs and capabilities of older drivers. To achieve these objectives, six problem identification activities were conducted: (1) a task analysis was performed to identify the relationship between the freeway driving tasks and age-diminished capabilities; (2) a series of eight focus groups were conducted to identify older driver freeway driving problems; (3) computerized accident data analyses were done to compare the freeway accident involvement of younger and older drivers; (4) more than 900 hard-copy accident records were reviewed and coded to identify causative and descriptive factors associated with older driver freeway accidents; (5) about 1,500 members of the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) from 39 States were surveyed to identify specific problems or difficulties experienced by older drivers on freeways; and (6) a 2-week travel diary study representing almost 8,000 trips by older drivers in 29 States was conducted to document route selection criterion, freeway avoidance behavior, and problems encountered. These project activities identified a wide range of different problems that older drivers have on freeways. Recommendations were made for additional research to address these problems. KW - Aged drivers KW - Crash causes KW - Crash data KW - Crash records KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Freeways KW - Highway driving KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Problem identification KW - Research KW - Reviews KW - Route choice KW - Surveys KW - Travel diary studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736872 AU - Wall, H AU - Hauser, E AU - Kolcz, A AU - Kimley-Horn and Associates, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STRATEGIC PLAN FOR EARLY DEPLOYMENT OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS ON INTERSTATE 40 CORRIDOR PY - 1997/05 SP - 117 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study to develop a strategic plan to deploy Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) rural technologies along the I-40 corridor in northern Arizona. The report describes the participation of a coalition of over 100 stakeholders, both in Arizona and from neighboring states (California and New Mexico). The Final Report presents a summary of the findings and recommendations discussed in the fourteen technical memoranda. The needs along the corridor were identified through focus groups meetings of coalition members. Each of the needs were matched, where possible, to one or more of the 30 Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) User Services defined in the National Program Plan. A systems architecture, patterned after the ITS National Architecture (April 1996), was developed for the I-40 corridor representing an evolutionary, open standards architecture that will incorporate specific technologies and Market Packages for each of three deployment time frames. Twenty-one separate Market Packages were incorporated into the architecture in order to respond to the needs identified in this study. A multimodal I-40 traveler information system is proposed to accumulate and distribute roadway and weather information; transit information; tourism information including national and state park information; incident information; and traveler services information. A request for private partnerships is proposed as a means of deploying the information dissemination systems. Interoperability between Arizona traffic operations centers and communication systems in New Mexico and California is proposed as a goal for ITS deployment in the corridor. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Arizona KW - California KW - Cooperation KW - Deployment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - New Mexico KW - Public private partnerships KW - Rural areas KW - Strategic planning KW - System architecture KW - System design KW - Traffic control centers KW - Traffic control centers KW - Transportation corridors UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16500/16540/PB2000104172.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479071 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00746655 JO - National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research PB - National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research AU - Rojahn, C AU - Mayes, R AU - Anderson, D G AU - Clark, J AU - Hom, J H AU - Nutt, R V AU - O'Rourke, M J AU - National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research AU - Applied Technology Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES AND OTHER HIGHWAY STRUCTURES PY - 1997/04/30 SP - 198 p. AB - This project consisted of a review of current design practice and criteria, ongoing research in seismic design criteria development, and philosophies behind the seismically resistant design of highway structures including bridges, tunnels, and retaining structures. Particular attention was given to foundation design requirements. Recommendations were developed for the future direction of seismic code requirements for bridge structures in the United States. The report is organized in twelve sections. Section 1 provides an introduction. An overview of the design philosophies of various codes throughout the world is discussed in Section 2 along with a summary of their seismic input requirements. Section 2 also includes key issues that need to be addressed in future codes. Sections 3 to 7 summarize the current worldwide design requirements for transportation structures. U.S. bridge requirements are given in Section 3 and New Zealand, Japanese, and European bridge requirements are presented in Section 4. A detailed summary of worldwide bridge code requirements is presented in tabular form in Section 4.4. A summary of worldwide foundation design requirements is given in Section 5 and abutment and retaining wall requirements are presented in Section 6. U.S. and foreign design requirements for tunnels are presented in Section 7. A detailed discussion of a two-level design approach is presented in Section 8, a proposed outline for a future code is presented in Section 9, and topics for additional research and development are presented in Section 10. Section 11 contains symbols and acronyms and Section 12 lists references. KW - Coding systems KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Europe KW - Foundations KW - Foundations (Structures) KW - Highway bridges KW - Japan KW - New Zealand KW - Requirements KW - Research KW - Retaining walls KW - Specifications KW - Tunnels KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/476593 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104397 AU - Apogee Research Incorporated AU - Castle Rock Consultants AU - DBH Consulting AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - National Capital Area Umbrella: ITS Early Deployment Study PY - 1997/04/25 SP - 119p AB - The National Capital Metropolitan Area 'Umbrella' ITS Ear1y Deployment Planning Study is unique among early deployment studies undertaken across the U.S. because beyond an assessment of the technological issues and opportunities associated with ITS, it seeks to consider the institutional issues as well. In this context, 'institutional issues' are those non-technical issues related to project implementation, especially those pertaining to inter-jurisdictional coordination, such as planning, standards, funding, management, and authority. The study focuses in particular on the relationship between these institutional issues and technology, with special emphasis on those strategies that can enhance the long-term success of region-wide ITS applications. The study organization and process are built around the three study goals: (1) Identify regional transportation improvements and other opportunities that can be reasonably and appropriately addressed with ITS technologies, (2) Identify effective mechanisms for inter-jurisdictional cooperation to ensure ITS program development and projects are compatible and coordinated, and (3) Identify methods for area decision-makers and political leaders to endorse ITS on a regional basis. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Communication systems KW - Demand responsive transportation KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Regional planning KW - Regional transportation KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control devices UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16500/16531/PB2000104163.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760311 AU - Abdulshafi, O AU - Kedzierski, B AU - Fitch, M AU - Muhktar, H AU - CTL Engineering, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BENEFITS OF ADDING WASTE FIBERGLASS ROOFING SHINGLES TO HOT-MIX ASPHALT PY - 1997/04/02 SP - 181 p. AB - The decreased availability of landfills, growing concern over waste disposal, and rising cost of asphalt cement, resulted in an increased interest in incorporating waste asphalt roofing shingles in the production of asphalt concrete mixes. This project addressed Hot-Mix, surface course asphalt concrete mixes produced with an addition of waste fiberglass asphalt roofing shingles that were obtained from the shingle manufacturing process. A total of 26 asphalt concrete mixes were studied. The variables included: aggregate type, shingle producers, level of shingle addition (0, 5, 10, and 15%), and type of shingle size reduction. Properties of the produced asphalt concrete mixes were evaluated based on the results of applicable tests that were performed. It was concluded that the asphalt concrete mixes made with the addition of fiberglass waste roofing shingles that were evaluated in this research project showed superior performance to that of conventional asphalt mixes in terms of improved structural capacity, resilient characteristics, and resistance to moisture induced damage. The use of these shingle mixes would produce pavements having improved serviceability by virtue of reduced temperature susceptibility, improved resilient characteristics, and reduced rutting and deformation. This study, however, was limited in its scope and did not include mixture properties below 0 deg C (32 deg F) and aging properties of these mixtures. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Deformation KW - Fiberglass KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recycling KW - Resilience (Materials) KW - Rutting KW - Serviceability KW - Shingles KW - Solid wastes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21200/21238/PB99106676.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496162 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00808915 AU - Dempsey, D AU - BRADY, D AU - Fuentes, E AU - Yarema, G AU - L.S. Gallegos & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INNOVATIVE PROCUREMENT PRACTICES FOR ITS PY - 1997/04/01 SP - 204 p. AB - This report presents the results of research on procurement-related legal and non-technical issues which may be constraining the deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The report's focus is on State and local procurement practices when Federal funds are involved. Issues arising in early ITS operational tests were researched, with focus on the following topics: types of contracts, methods of award, combined or coordinated procurements, pricing and cost sharing allowability of costs, cost accounting standards and principles, auditing, intellectual property, organizational conflicts of interest, and liability. The report provides findings on each of the above topics and discusses their effects on implementing ITS. Practical procurement techniques, available under existing law, are provided to remove or mitigate potential barriers to deployment. The report is targeted at program managers, contracting officers, attorneys, and contains many examples and extensive citations for further research to assist both novice and expert practitioners. KW - Auditing KW - Constraints KW - Contracting KW - Cost accounting KW - Cost sharing KW - Deployment KW - Federal aid KW - Innovation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Legal factors KW - Liability KW - Pricing KW - Procurement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580485 AU - Marks, Vernon J AU - Weber, Michael A AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Fast Track Portland Cement Concrete Pavement PY - 1997/04//Final Report SP - 20p AB - In 1987, i.5 km (0.935 mi.) of Spruce Hill Drive in Bettendorf, Iowa was reconstructed. It is an arterial street with commercial usage on both termini with single family residential dwellings along most of the project. A portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement design was selected, but a 14 day curing period would have been an undue hardship on the residents and commercial businesses. An Iowa Department of Transportation Class F fast track concrete was used so the roadway could be used in 7 to 10 days. The Class F concrete with fly ash was relatively sticky and exhibited early stiffening problems and substantial difficulty in obtaining the target entrained air content of 6.5%. These problems were never completely resolved on the project. Annual visual field reviews were conducted through 1996. In November 1991, severe premature distress was identified on the westbound two lanes of the full width replacement. The most deteriorated section in a sag vertical, 152 m (500 ft) section of the westbound roadway, was replaced in 1996. Premature distress has been identified on a dozen other conventional PCC Iowa pavements constructed between 1983 and 1989, so the deterioration may not be related to the fact that it was fast track pavement. KW - Air entrainment KW - Bettendorf (Iowa) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Fast track concrete KW - Fly ash KW - Pavement distress KW - Paving UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17087 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01333092 AU - Glauz, William D AU - Mischon, Raymond M AU - Perkins, Edward L AU - St John, Andrew D AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Recreational Travel Impacts: Review of Recreational Travel and Recreational Vehicle Data PY - 1997/04//Interim Report SP - 118p AB - Recreational travel has grown markedly over the past several decades with a growth rate averaging over 5 percent per year. Although the growth rate slowed somewhat during the 1973 to 1975 period of energy and economic concerns, it has since recovered. Projections of future growth depend upon the data base used, however, barring major world events, recreational highway travel should continue to grow at the same rate which is faster than other highway travel between now and 1990, perhaps 1.5 to 2.0 times as fast. Recreational vehicle ownership has likewise experienced tremendous growth, except that production dropped sharply in 1974 to 1975. More growth is expected but the market will probably become saturated within a decade. Recreational vehicles affect traffic in a manner similar to trucks, but to a lesser degree •. New data collection efforts coupled with computer simulations have led to improved means of quantifying these effects. Recreational vehicles also possess rather unique safety problems such as sensitivity to wind gusts and to overturning. Highway planners/designers can take certain steps to help ameliorate these problems. KW - Data collection KW - Highway operations KW - Highway planning KW - Overturning KW - Recreation KW - Recreational vehicles KW - Traffic safety KW - Wind shear UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/35000/35400/35417/FHWA-PL-77-018.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1097283 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01024455 AU - Sargand, Shad AU - Cinadr, Edward AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Field Instrumentation of Dowels PY - 1997/04//Final Report SP - 106p AB - Four different types of dowels, 1 1/2 in. diameter epoxy-coated steel bars, 1 1/2 in. diameter fiberglass, 1 1/2 in. deep steel and fiberglass I-beams, were instrumented with strain gages and installed. Forces that developed in these dowel bars due to curling and non-destructive testing using falling weight deflectometer (FWD) were examined. Based on the data obtained in this study, it can be concluded that generally moments due to curling were significantly higher than moments developed during the non-destructive testing (FWD). Also, forces in the fiberglass dowels were less than those in the steel dowels. It is obvious that dowel bars function as a load transfer mechanism at joints, but also, they served to reduce the magnitude of curling at the joints. KW - Curling (Pavements) KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Fiberglass KW - I beams KW - Load transfer KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement joints KW - Steel KW - Strain gages KW - Tie bars UR - http://www.dot.state.oh.us/Divisions/TransSysDev/Research/reportsandplans/Reports/1999%20and%20Older/Pavements/14580-FR.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/781631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746682 AU - Hunter, W W AU - Pein, W E AU - Stutts, J C AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BICYCLE CRASH TYPES: A 1990'S INFORMATIONAL GUIDE PY - 1997/04 SP - 126 p. AB - This bicycle crash type informational guide is a supplement to the research report FHWA-RD-95-163 entitled, "Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Types of the Early 1990's" (Hunter, Stutts, Pein, and Cox, 1995). The purpose of the research was to apply the basic National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) pedestrian and bicyclist typologies to a sample of recent crashes and to refine and update the crash type distributions with particular attention to roadway and locational factors. Five thousand pedestrian- and 3,000 bicycle-motor vehicle crashes were coded in a population-based sample drawn from the States of California, Florida, Maryland, Minnesota, North Carolina, and Utah. The bicycle-motor vehicle crash types distributed as: (1) parallel path events - 36%, (2) crossing path events - 57%, and (3) specific circumstances - 6%. This particular informational guide provides detail on specific bicycle-motor vehicle crash types (e.g., motorist left turn facing the cyclist) through two-page layouts that contain a sketch, description and summary of the crash type, various graphs, and "bullet" information boxes. A similar informational guide (FHWA-RD-96-163) is available for pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes. KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Crash types KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Information management KW - Information organization UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20000/20098/PB98109663.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473195 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00938474 AU - Hunter, M AU - Machemehl, R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REEVALUATION OF RAMP DESIGN SPEED CRITERIA: REVIEW OF PRACTICE AND DATA COLLECTION PLAN PY - 1997/04 SP - 104 p. AB - Freeway ramp design speed criteria contained in current American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) design policies have been traced through roughly 50 years of technical literature. The evolution of design speed criteria has been documented and technical rational leading to periodic changes has been included. TxDOT ramp design speed criteria are, essentially, the AASHTO criteria. The origins of driver acceleration and deceleration rates, which are built into the AASHTO criteria, are experimental studies performed during the late thirties. Several studies have raised questions about the appropriateness of the AASHTO minimum allowable ramp design speed, which is 50% of the freeway design speed. Questions have also been raised about the adequacy of high-speed ramp lengths designed by AASHTO criteria. A conceptual data collection plan has been designed to provide information that will answer questions regarding current criteria. Additionally, a nationwide survey of ramp design agencies indicates that (1) there is a variety of different design policies; (2) most designers have concern for entrance ramps, as opposed to exits; and (3) safety is the most commonly used evaluation measure. KW - Acceleration rates KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Data collection KW - Deceleration rates KW - Design practices KW - Design speed KW - Freeways KW - Highway safety KW - Length KW - Literature reviews KW - Off ramps KW - On ramps KW - Ramps KW - Surveys KW - Texas KW - Texas Department of Transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22100/22145/PB99164758.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/730695 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806844 AU - Izzo, R P AU - Button, J W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERMEABILITY OF COARSE MATRIX-HIGH BINDER MIXTURES AND ITS EFFECTS ON PERFORMANCE PY - 1997/04 SP - 178 p. AB - The primary objective of this study is to evaluate permeability of coarse matrix-high binder (CMHB) mixtures in comparison with dense-graded mixtures and estimate the relative effects on pavement performance. Specific objectives include (1) developing a permeability test protocol, (2) comparing oxidative aging of CMHB and dense-graded mixtures, (3) comparing moisture susceptibility of CMHB and dense-graded mixtures, (4) monitoring field performance of CMHB field test pavements, and (5) suggesting methods to optimize performance of CMHB mixtures. The scope of the laboratory work includes 3 aggregate types (limestone, sandstone, and siliceous) and 4 grades of asphalt cement. Engineering properties measured include permeability; stability; resistance to permanent deformation, water, and oxidation; voids in the mineral aggregate; and air void content. Findings indicate CMHB mixtures are more permeable than dense-graded mixtures at similar air void contents; however, these differences are generally small and often statistically insignificant. Permeability of newly constructed CMHB pavements is often quite high, but usually decreases rapidly with traffic to acceptable levels. Flushing was the most common form of early CMHB pavement distress. However, this was usually explained by excessive asphalt above the optimum. Because of the coarse texture, even with some flushing the texture appeared comparatively good. Texas Department of Transportation static creep testing did not conclusively establish that CMHB mixtures are less rut-susceptible than corresponding dense-graded mixtures. CMHB mixtures are generally more resistant to moisture damage and oxidative aging than dense-graded mixtures made using similar materials. KW - Air voids KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binder content KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Coarse matrix-high binder mixtures KW - Creep tests KW - Dense graded mixtures KW - Field tests KW - Flushing KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Oxidation KW - Pavement performance KW - Permeability KW - Rutting KW - Sandstones KW - Siliceous aggregates KW - Stability (Chemistry) KW - Stone matrix asphalt KW - Test procedures KW - Voids in mineral aggregate UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/672786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806055 AU - Richter, Jeff M AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOISTURE SENSORS IN A BASE AND SUBBASE PY - 1997/04 SP - n.p. AB - Results inconclusive. It appears that at joint locations the drainable base is not effective or is only marginally effective in reducing the moisture content of the subgrade at the joint locations. The mid-panel locations appear to show the dense graded base is more effective than the drainable base, however, the moisture content in the subgrade shows the drainable base to be more effective. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Drainage KW - Moisture barriers KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sensors KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673766 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00779582 AU - Barker, M G AU - Hartnagel, B A AU - Schilling, C G AU - Dishongh, B E AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INELASTIC DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL TESTING OF COMPACT AND NONCOMPACT STEEL GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1997/04 SP - 186 p. AB - Inelastic design of steel girder bridges offers the potential for significant cost savings because it accounts for the true strength of the bridge, which is often considerably above that predicted by the elastic or psuedo-plastic procedures used in present bridge specifications. However, current inelastic design procedures are only applicable to bridges comprising compact sections. The objectives of this research are to (1) propose new comprehensive and practical inelastic design procedures that allow compact and noncompact sections, (2) experimentally verify inelastic limit state behavior with large-scale continuous span tests of composite girders, and (3) examine the moment-rotation behavior of compact and noncompact pier sections. KW - Bridges KW - Costs KW - Design KW - Girders KW - Specifications KW - Steel UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/MCHRP/MCHRP97-4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/509019 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00744708 JO - PATH Research Report PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Johnston, R A AU - Rodier, C J AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - A Comparative Systems-Level Analysis: Automated Freeways, HOV Lanes, Transit Expansion, Pricing Policies and Land Use Intensification PY - 1997/04 SP - 118 p. AB - The travel and emissions effects of advanced freeway automation and travel demand management measures were simulated in the Sacramento region for a twenty year time horizon with a state-of-the-practice regional travel demand model (SACMET 95). Total consumer welfare and consumer welfare by income class were also obtained for these technology scenarios by applying the Small and Rosen method (1981) to the mode choice models in SACMET 95. The scenarios examined included various combinations of automated freeways, new high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, transit, land use intensification, and pricing policies. The authors found that pricing policies, with and without transit and roadway capacity expansion, reduced travel delay and emissions and increased total consumer welfare. With respect to transit investment and supportive land use intensification, the authors found comparatively modest reductions in travel delay and emissions and increased consumer welfare for all income classes. The authors also found that freeway automation significantly reduced travel delay; however, it increased emissions. In addition, freeway automation increased total consumer welfare as long as gains in travel time savings resulting from reduced travel delay were greater than the full private automobile operating costs of additional travel; although, only the highest income groups reaped these gains. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Automated freeways KW - Automated highway systems KW - Comparative analysis KW - Consumer welfare KW - Forecasting KW - Freeway management systems KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Land use intensification KW - Pollutants KW - Pricing KW - Public transit KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Sacramento (California) KW - Systems analysis KW - Traffic delays KW - Travel demand management UR - https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6mt9f54w UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/475135 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00754941 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPEED MANAGEMENT WORK PLAN PY - 1997/04 SP - 15 p. AB - This plan is part of the continuing commitment by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Federal Highway Administration to reduce the number of speed-related fatalities and injuries occurring on our highways. Since the repeal of the National Maximum Speed Limit (NSML), in December 1995, many states have raised speed limits on both Interstate and non-Interstate roads. To address these changes, the agencies have refocused planned speed management activities, and new tasks have been added. The first new task is a complete reexamination of criteria used to determine and set speed limits. Secondly, a Report to Congress will require the secretary to prepare a study of the costs to the state of deaths and injuries resulting from motor vehicle crashes, and the benefits associated with the repeal of the national maximum speed limit. The specific activities that are described in this report fall into five categories: 1. Improved Information and Analysis- to gather and analyze information designed to provide insight into the speeding problem and its associated consequences; 2. Speed Zoning- to develop and implement rational criteria for setting speed limits; 3. Technology Development- to identify, develop, and evaluate applicable speed management technologies; 4. Enforcement- to develop innovative and effective speed enforcement methods, strategies, and programs; and 5. Public Information and Education. KW - Analysis KW - Enforcement KW - Fatalities KW - Highways KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Injuries KW - Laws KW - Management KW - National Maximum Speed Limit KW - Public information programs KW - Roads KW - Speed KW - Speed laws KW - Speed limits KW - Speed zones KW - Speeding KW - Technology KW - Traffic crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6800/6876/Speedwor.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537141 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00748834 AU - Brewer, W B AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAND ANTI-FRACTURE MIXTURE: I-35 LOGAN COUNTY PY - 1997/04 SP - 10 p. AB - The Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) constructed a sand anti-fracture (SAF) crack relief layer as a comparison to the Type B dense graded asphalt concrete (ODOT 708.1996) with a fabric membrane. The existing roadway was Portland cement concrete pavement with 19 m (62 1/2 ft) joint spacing. The surface courses covering the SAF were Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) and Type B dense graded mix. The sand anti-fracture mix caused a greater number of distresses than the standard leveling course and fabric membrane treatments. The SAF is not recommended for replacing the ODOT standard practice of using a leveling course, fabric, and dense graded mix overlay. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Fabrics KW - Interfaces KW - Interlayers KW - Mastic asphalt KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Reflection cracking KW - Sand anti-fracture mix KW - Stone KW - Stone matrix asphalt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/483858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00748155 AU - Jennings, H AU - Johnson, D L AU - Moss, G M AU - Saak, A W AU - Northwestern University, Evanston AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POOLED FUND STUDY OF PREMATURE CONCRETE PAVEMENT DETERIORATION PY - 1997/04 SP - 94 p. AB - Recently, a number of roads have begun to exhibit the onset of deterioration at relatively early ages. Since this deterioration appears to be the result of materials issues, data concerning raw materials, design, and paving conditions have been collected and analyzed for correlation between independent variables and deterioration. This analysis shows that there is a positive and statistically significant correlation between deterioration and the following variables: alkali and sulfate content of the cementitious materials, impermeable base course, paving temperature, and the presence of fly ash. This study also concludes that there is a significant need for improvement in data collection and maintenance by many organizations responsible for the production of concrete. KW - Alkali KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data needs KW - Deterioration KW - Fly ash KW - Information organization KW - Mix design KW - Paving KW - Permeability KW - Raw materials KW - Sulfates UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/19890 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746802 AU - Agent, K R AU - Pigman, J G AU - Weber, J M AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SPEED LIMITS IN KENTUCKY PY - 1997/04 SP - 95 p. AB - The objectives of this study were to examine current criteria and procedures used for setting speed limits on public roads and to recommend appropriate speed limits for various types of roadways. The major components of the study were a review of the literature, the collection and analysis of speed data, and the collection and analysis of accident data. The speed data showed that operating speeds for most types of highways are substantially above the posted speed limit and that speeds of cars are slightly above those of trucks. Data taken before and after speed limit changes show that operating speeds are changed much less than the change in speed limit. Speed data taken in construction zones show that, while speeds are lower than typical for the specific type of highway, there is a disregard for lowered speed limits. A comparison of accident rates at adjacent sections of interstate showed no increase in either total, injury, or fatal injury rates at locations with a 65 mph (104.6 kph) speed limit compared to a 55 mph (88.5 kph) speed limit. Except where legislatively mandated speed limits apply, the 85th percentile speed should be used to establish speed limits. Maximum limits are given for various types of roadways. In many instances, the maximum speed limit is slightly higher than the existing limit. Also, different speed limits for cars and trucks are recommended for some roadways. An engineering study must be conducted before the speed limit is increased for any specific section of roadway. KW - 55 mph speed limit KW - 65 mph speed limit KW - 85th percentile speed KW - Automobiles KW - Before and after studies KW - Construction sites KW - Crash rates KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Guides to the literature KW - Kentucky KW - Literature reviews KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Operating speed KW - Speed changes KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic speed KW - Trucks UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2012/06/KTC_97_06_SPR_96_172.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20400/20474/PB98130172.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/38000/38400/38450/KTC_97_06_SPR_96_172.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473306 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746683 AU - Hunter, W W AU - Stutts, J C AU - Pein, W E AU - University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PEDESTRIAN CRASH TYPES: A 1990'S INFORMATIONAL GUIDE PY - 1997/04 SP - 99 p. AB - This pedestrian crash type informational guide is a supplement to a research report entitled, "Pedestrian and Bicycle Crash Types of the Early 1990's" (FHWA-RD-95-163). The purpose of the research was to apply the basic National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) pedestrian and bicyclist typologies to a sample of recent crashes and to refine and update the crash type distributions with particular attention to roadway and locational factors. Five thousand pedestrian- and 3,000 bicycle-motor vehicle crashes were coded in a population-based sample drawn from the States of California, Florida, Maryland, Minnesota, North Carolina, and Utah. The pedestrian-motor vehicle crash types distributed as: Special circumstances - 2.6%, Vehicle specific - 9.1%, Disabled/Emergency vehicle-related - 2.4%, Working/Playing in roadway - 3.0%, Walking along road/Crossing expressway - 7.9%, Not in road - 8.6%, Intersection-related - 32.1%, Midblock - 26.4%, and Other or inadequate information - 7.8%. This particular informational guide provides detail on specific pedestrian-motor vehicle crash types (e.g., intersection dash) through two-page layouts that contain a sketch, description, and summary of the crash type, various graphs, and "bullet" information boxes. A similar informational guide (FHWA-RD-96-104) is available for bicycle-motor vehicle crashes. KW - Crash types KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Information management KW - Information organization KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20000/20099/PB98109671.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745830 AU - Ghanoudi, M K AU - BROWN, C M AU - MiTech Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF A MODIFIED OREGON MULTIDIRECTIONAL SLIP-BASE SIGN SUPPORT, FOIL TEST NUMBERS: 95F007 AND 95F009 PY - 1997/04 SP - 41 p. AB - This report contains the test procedures, test setup, and test results from two crash tests performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center in McLean, Virginia. The objectives of these tests were to evaluate the safety performance of a large sign support system provided by the Oregon Department of Transportation (DOT) and to provide Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) finite element model simulation engineers with data on the performance of a slip-base sign support. Previous testing on Oregon slip-base sign supports was conducted at the FOIL. These tests demonstrated a problem with the slip-base mechanism. The slip base was modified by increasing the previous bolt-notch angle from 60 deg to 90 deg. This change was made to one slip-base sign support design and to the new system tested at the FOIL. This report documents the results from two crash tests using the FOIL bogie vehicle and the Oregon DOT's 8X8 TBB sign support. The two tests were conducted at nominal test speeds of 35 km/h and 100 km/h. The results indicate that the larger notch angle improved the safety performance of the sign support. The sign support met the FHWA safety performance criteria outlined in National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report Number 350. KW - Bolt-notch angle KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sign supports KW - Speed KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745826 AU - Lerner, N AU - Benel, D AU - Dekker, D AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UNDERSTANDING DRIVER PERFORMANCE VARIABILITY AND PERCEPTION OF RISK: DRIVER PERFORMANCE VARIABILITY RESEARCH PLAN PY - 1997/04 SP - 46 p. AB - The objective of this research project was to develop a comprehensive and clearly defined research program to define, measure, and quantify demographic variability in driver performance as it relates to highway design, operations, and safety standards. This was accomplished through a systematic research and development effort that defined seven research projects. The Driver Performance Variability Research Plan is comprehensive in scope, including all aspects of human sensory, perceptual, cognitive, and psychomotor response processes, as well as demographic factors, as they relate to design elements in the highway system. The results of this research will provide input to: (1) human factors safety handbooks, such as the "Human Factors Highway Safety Handbook", for use by highway designers, and (2) driver performance models, such as the Driver Performance-Based Highway Design Model (DPB/HDM), that incorporate human factors data and driver behavior models. The sequence of projects provides a broad quantitative description of meaningful aspects of driver performance variability, its safety consequences, and what can be done to minimize the negative effects of driver variability on safety and traffic operations. KW - Behavior KW - Cognition KW - Demographics KW - Driver modeling KW - Driver perception KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Hazard perception KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Human factors KW - Motor skills KW - Perception KW - Personnel performance KW - Psychomotor performance KW - Research projects KW - Risk assessment KW - Sensory motor coordination KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745831 AU - BROWN, C M AU - MiTech Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TEST OF A BCT TERMINAL WITH A FORD FESTIVA: FOIL TEST NUMBER 94F016 PY - 1997/04 SP - 36 p. AB - This report contains the test procedures, test setup, and test results from a one vehicle crash test conducted at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) in McLean, Virginia. The crash test was set up and conducted in accordance with the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report Number 350, test designation 3-30. The test conducted involved the breakaway cable terminal (BCT) and a Ford Festiva traveling at 100 km/h. In addition to the instrumentation outlined in NCHRP Report 350, several transducers were added to provide computer simulation engineers with data from certain vehicle components. The component transducers were affixed to the vehicle in accordance with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 208. The results from this test showed a marginal level of safety performance and provided data to the computer simulation engineers to aid in the development and validation of the BCT finite element model (FEM). KW - Breakaway cable terminals KW - Breakaway supports KW - Crashes KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory KW - Finite element method KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Instrumentation KW - Simulation KW - Speed KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Transducers KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745716 AU - Martinez, D F AU - Nasr, G AU - El-Dahdah, E AU - ATSER Systems, Incorporated AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL MODEL TO PREDICT VOLUMETRIC PROPERTIES PY - 1997/04 SP - 47 p. AB - The joint Montana DOT-ATSER research project focused on evaluating an analytical method for estimating Marshall and Superpave mix design procedures for Hot Mix Asphaltic Concrete. This project was divided into two phases. In Phase 1, a literature review of the state of the art in the design of Hot Mix Asphaltic Concrete was performed. In Phase 2, the actual methods of predicting mix designs were evaluated. This report evaluated the ATSER method of estimating volumetric properties without preparing laboratory specimens. Existing methods of determining volumetric properties were evaluated. The study revealed that the Hudson and Davis method (Hudson and Davis, 1965) did not correlate well with actual mix designs. However, the Hensley method (Hensley, 1985) correlated well, although required final test data. The ATSER method utilized basic engineering properties to evaluate the proposed job mix formulas. The method proved to provide an excellent estimation of actual volumetric properties. A new method of estimating volumetric properties was utilized in this study. The method is contained within a computer software program, Asphalt-IT (trademark). The user can enter preliminary laboratory test data and select a proposed job mix formula. The job mix formula's volumetric properties are estimated rapidly. Therefore, job mix formulas with a high potential for success can be verified in the laboratory. ATSER's method proved to be a valuable mix design "tool". KW - Analytical models KW - Computer programs KW - Forecasting KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Marshall mix design KW - Mathematical models KW - Mix design KW - Properties of materials KW - Superpave KW - Voids in mineral aggregate KW - Volumetric analysis KW - Volumetric properties UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20200/20258/PB98119191.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744875 AU - Lomax, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEXICAN PRESENCE ON U.S. HIGHWAYS AFTER THE 17TH OF DECEMBER 1995 PY - 1997/04 SP - 106 p. AB - September 13-15, 1995, Texas A&M International University, in cooperation with the Texas Transportation Institute, hosted a conference in preparation for the opening of the border for commercial trucking between the United States and Mexico after December 17, 1995, as provided for in the North American Free Trade Agreement. Participants in the conference included state authorities from Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona representing the law enforcement and transportation sectors of these states, and federal authorities involved in the transportation, immigration, and drug enforcement sectors of the Clinton administration. The conference's purpose was to put together all the government players involved in the border's opening in an attempt to ascertain and clarify potential problems likely to be encountered, especially as a result of Mexican motor carriers operating in the four U.S. border states. This report contains the conference proceedings. KW - Arizona KW - California KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Conferences KW - International borders KW - International trade KW - New Mexico KW - North American Free Trade Agreement KW - Problem identification KW - Texas KW - Trucking KW - United States-Mexico Border UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472308 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742518 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - ITS DEPLOYMENT GUIDANCE FOR TRANSIT SYSTEMS. TECHNICAL EDITION PY - 1997/04 SP - 410 p. AB - Basically, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) offer nontraditional solutions to problems faced by the entire spectrum of transportation service providers and have the ability to produce broad benefits for transit users and operators. This technical edition provides guidance for the transit community on developing and implementing ITS systems and using the National ITS Architecture. It is written specifically for the transit community and focuses on transit applications of ITS and the National ITS Architecture. It provides practical assistance based on real life experiences with developing and implementing transit ITS systems. This is a comprehensive document that defines the key concepts, products, and components of ITS and the National ITS Architecture. This document serves as a basic reference tool for understanding and deploying ITS in transit. It consists of six major sections and four appendices. KW - Advanced public transportation systems KW - Advanced systems KW - Deployment KW - Guidance KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - National ITS Architecture KW - System design KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573961 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742517 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - ITS DEPLOYMENT GUIDANCE FOR TRANSIT SYSTEMS. EXECUTIVE EDITION PY - 1997/04 SP - 22 p. AB - If you are interested in improving transit service, increasing ridership, assisting transit operators, and reducing operating costs, read this booklet. By incorporating Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) into your transit system and applying the National ITS Architecture, these goals become realities. This executive summary booklet is intended for transit board members and senior management. It provides general information on ITS and the National ITS Architecture with respect to transit, and highlights the benefits of each. Section 2 briefly discusses ISTEA which led to the National ITS program and the National ITS Architecture. Section 3 provides an overview of ITS, examples of ITS applications for transit benefits of transit ITS, and examples of where these benefits have accrued. Section 4, final section, discusses the National ITS Architecture in terms of its benefits and importance. For additional information on ITS and the National ITS Architecture with respect to transit, refer to supplemental publication, ITS Deployment Guidance for Transit Systems - Technical Edition. KW - Advanced public transportation systems KW - Advanced systems KW - Deployment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - National ITS Architecture KW - System design KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573960 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00739013 AU - Bell, C A AU - Hunter-Zaworski, K M AU - Zaworski, D D AU - Oregon State University, Corvallis AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOW VOLUME HIGHWAY-RAIL GRADE CROSSING TREATMENTS FOR THE OREGON HIGH SPEED RAIL CORRIDOR PY - 1997/04 SP - 120 p. AB - This study defines how to gather information and how to obtain the communication and response necessary for safety at highway-rail crossings. It examines technologies for low-cost, high-safety treatments for low volume (less than 200 ADT) highway crossings of higher speed [130-200 kph (80-125 mph)] rail. A full crossing closure and consolidation process for the corridor is a necessary first step. Current train control and crossing safety systems are also examined. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technologies are evaluated to determine applicability in information gathering, communicating, and control functions of grade crossing safety. This study also presents guidelines for low volume crossings of the higher speed rail line in Oregon. Finally, a preliminary cost-benefit analysis is presented. Above 200 kph (125 mph), a crossing closure or grade separation is required. In the range of 130-200 kph (80-125 mph), ITS technologies have the potential to enhance crossing safety at a much lower cost than grade separation. Advanced systems can provide train location and speed information needed for sophisticated crossing control. A traffic management center can receive train and crossing information, operate crossing systems, and grant clearance for train or highway users through the crossing. Remote lock gates provide safety at private crossings. Increased traveler information and four quadrant warning gates increase motorist compliance at public crossings. At train speeds above 175 kph (110 mph), barrier gates protect rail movements. Video monitoring and detection systems provide reliable, but redundant information should a vehicle become trapped in a crossing. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Gates KW - Grade crossing protection KW - Grade crossing protection systems KW - Grade crossing safety KW - Guidelines KW - High speed rail KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Low volume roads KW - Monitoring KW - Passenger information systems KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic control centers KW - Traffic control centers KW - Traveler information and communication systems UR - http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/ResearchReports/LowVolumeRailCorridor.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572999 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738997 AU - Ozyildirim, C AU - Moen, C AU - Hladky, S AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR USE IN TRANSPORTATION STRUCTURES PY - 1997/04 SP - 25 p. AB - This report presents the results of a laboratory investigation to determine the properties of fiber-reinforced concretes (FRCs) with steel (hooked-end), polypropylene (monofilament and fibrillated), and the recently introduced polyolefin fibers (monofilament) for use in pavement and bridge deck overlay applications. Concrete properties in the unhardened and hardened states were evaluated and compared. Although the ultimate splitting tensile strength, compressive strength, and first crack strength were higher in most of the FRCs, when strength values were adjusted for changes in air content, only a few batches had higher strengths. The addition of fibers resulted in great improvements in flexural toughness and impact resistance. Parallel with this study, three FRC pavement overlays were applied in Virginia in 1995. The FRCs used in these projects were similar to those used in this laboratory investigation, with similar fiber volumes, types, and sizes. To implement the findings of the study successfully, the performance of these FRC pavement overlays is being monitored. KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete hardening KW - Concrete properties KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Fibers KW - Flexural strength KW - Flexural toughness KW - Fresh concrete KW - Hardened concrete KW - Impact resistance KW - Laboratory tests KW - Olefins KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Physical properties KW - Polyolefin fibers KW - Polypropylene KW - Steel fibers KW - Tensile strength KW - Toughness UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37000/37000/97-R15.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572984 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738987 AU - Sheppard, D M AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONDITIONS OF MAXIMUM LOCAL SCOUR PY - 1997/04 SP - 36 p. AB - This report addresses the question of what are the steady flow conditions under which maximum local sediment scour will occur for a given structure and cohesionless sediment. Live bed local scour tests performed on part of this work show that over a wide range of conditions, equilibrium scour depths under live bed conditions exceed those at transition (from clear water to live bed). A hypothesis regarding the live bed scour peak is formulated and tested with field data from a USGS study. KW - Cohesionless sediments KW - Correlation analysis KW - Correlations KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Flow KW - Flow velocity KW - Flumes KW - Hypothesis KW - Hypothesis testing KW - Laboratory tests KW - Scour KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572974 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738801 AU - Brown, C B AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCURACY AND PRECISION IN THE ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLOATING BRIDGES PY - 1997/04 SP - 23 p. AB - Measurements of wind characteristics and the kinematic performance of floating bridges are proposed. The relationship between these measurements is then used as a check of detailed analyses and a statement of accuracy. The use of these measurements and the detailed analytical results are applied to the initial design of these bridges. KW - Accuracy KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Floating structures KW - Kinematics KW - Measurement KW - Pontoon bridges KW - Structural design KW - Wind UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/367.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738021 AU - Bischoff, D L AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DURISOL NOISE BARRIERS PY - 1997/04 SP - 16 p. AB - Durisol, manufactured by the Reinforced Earth Company, is a material designed to absorb incident sound energy rather than reflect it. Many miles of noise barriers made of Durisol have been constructed along highways in Canada and Europe. These barriers have endured the elements of harsh climates for nearly two decades with no apparent loss of acoustical effectiveness and no significant weather damage. Prior to this research study, Durisol had seen limited use in the United States and had never been used in Wisconsin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of Durisol Noise Barriers with regard to construction techniques, sound reduction/absorption characteristics, material durability, maintenance, and costs. Based on the performance of Durisol noise barriers and the results of this study, it is recommended that the Wisconsin Department of Transportation continue to accept Durisol for use as a noise barrier. KW - Construction management KW - Costs KW - Durability KW - Durisol KW - Maintenance KW - Noise barriers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Properties of materials KW - Recommendations KW - Sound absorption UR - http://wisdotresearch.wi.gov/wp-content/uploads/wifep-02-97noisebarriers.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572456 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738022 AU - Madanat, S AU - Pan, H AU - LIU, P AU - Teng, H AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FREEWAY INCIDENT LIKELIHOOD PREDICTION AND RESPONSE DECISION-MAKING PY - 1997/04 SP - 39 p. AB - This research project consisted of two parts. The first part developed a set of real-time freeway incident likelihood prediction models. The second part developed a freeway incident response decision-making methodology based on sequential hypothesis testing methods. The freeway incident likelihoods predicted by the real-time prediction models act as prior probabilities for the freeway incident response decision-making system. The products of this research project will be incorporated in the Advanced Traffic Management System that is being implemented on the Borman Expressway, a 16-mile segment of I-80 in northwest Indiana. The decision-making system can be used by traffic management personnel to assist in responding to various freeway incidents in a near optimal manner to minimize traffic delays and reduce the number of secondary incidents. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Decision making KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - Incident management KW - Incident response KW - Incidents KW - Mathematical models KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Traffic incidents UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1578&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572457 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738016 AU - Head, L AU - Mirchandani, P AU - University of Arizona, Tucson AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RHODES-INTEGRATED TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (ITMS) PROJECT PY - 1997/04 SP - 67 p. AB - This report documents the work performed and the results obtained on the RHODES - Integrated Traffic Management System (ITMS) Project. The project addressed the design and development of a real-time traffic adaptive control system for Freeway-Arterial Diamond Interchanges using the concepts underlying the RHODES traffic-adaptive signal control system. The traffic "controls" at a diamond interchange are the two sets of traffic signals located at the arterials, on both sides of the freeway, and the ramp meters at the on-ramps to the freeway. The RHODES-ITMS strategy considers, in real-time, the vehicle arrivals and the queues at the intersections and the on-ramps to optimally set these signals, also in real time, to decrease the overall delay of all the vehicles which use the arterials, the frontage roads parallel to the freeway (if they exist) and the ramps at the interchange. RHODES-ITMS prediction/optimization algorithms (1) predict the arrivals and queues of individual vehicles at the arterial approaches on both sides of the freeway, as well as arrivals from the off-ramps and the departures and queues at the on-ramps, and (2) determine the optimal phasing of the signals at the two intersections on either side of the freeway. To test the algorithms and the RHODES-ITMS strategy, a CORSIM-based simulation model was used. The simulation tests showed that the average vehicle delay is significantly lower for RHODES-ITMS than for the current fully actuated controls; average delays decrease between 25% to 50%. Also, the variance of these delays is drastically reduced. In addition, the simulation tests appear to indicate that RHODES-ITMS probably delays the onset of queue spillback and oversaturated conditions when the traffic volume is very high. KW - Algorithms KW - Arrivals and departures KW - Arterial highways KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Forecasting KW - Freeway ramps KW - Freeways KW - Integrated systems KW - Queuing KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572452 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738010 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY TO KEEP AMERICA MOVING: SURFACE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. PROGRAM ELEMENTS PROPOSED BY U.S. DOT/FHWA IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMIC CROSSROADS TRANSPORTATION EFFICIENCY ACT (NEXTEA) PY - 1997/04 SP - 83 p. AB - This document provides further detail on the Surface Transportation Research and Technology Program proposed by the U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT) under Title VI, Section 307, "Research and Technology Program," within the administration's proposed National Economic Crossroads Transportation Efficiency Act (NEXTEA). The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) is the lead modal administration within the U.S. DOT for most of the program areas covered in this report. Some related program areas, such as Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), are not included in this document because they are not funded under Section 307. The proposed program builds upon the successes of several innovative Research and Technology initiatives conducted under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991, including the Applied Research and Technology Program (Sec. 6005) and the Strategic Highway Research Program Initiative [Sec. 6001(b)]. The NEXTEA proposals will carry forward the central theme of increased implementation of innovative technologies through customer-driven focus areas, which was initiated under ISTEA. This document suggests how the Research and Technology Program has the potential to dramatically increase the benefits that surface transportation users receive from innovative technologies by initiating further innovative approaches and providing enhanced resources. The contents are organized in the following sections: (I) Overview; (II) Research, Technology and Education Strategic Planning; (III) National Technology Deployment Initiatives; (IV) Professional Capacity Building and Technology Partnerships; (V) Long-Term Pavement Performance and Advanced Research Program; and (VI) State Planning and Research (SP&R) Technology Program. Appendices are (A) NEXTEA Title VI, Section 307; (B) National Technology Deployment Initiative Goal Areas; and (C) Funding Table. KW - Advanced research program KW - Deployment KW - Education KW - Ground transportation KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - National economic crossroads transp efficiency act KW - Partnerships KW - Pavement performance KW - Research and technology program (Usdot) KW - State planning and research technology program KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations KW - U.S. Department of Transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572446 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737998 AU - Bedard, A J AU - Department of Commerce AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AVALANCHE DETECTION USING ATMOSPHERIC INFRASOUND PY - 1997/04 SP - 25 p. AB - This report describes the phenomena that snow avalanches produce sounds in the 0.5 to 5.0 Hertz range. It also documents testing of an infrasound detection system to detect snow avalanches in the southwest mountains of Colorado. Two infrasound sensors were installed so the direction of the sound could be determined by comparing the phasing and arrival times. Avalanche detection was sometime obscured because of the high mountains nearby diverting the sound and causing clear-air turbulence. Linking sound events with avalanche events was hampered by the fact that the time of actual avalanches could only be determined within a 12-hour period. Results were encouraging, but further testing is necessary to better define the sound patterns produced by avalanches before such a system can be used in conjunction with a motorist warning system. Synergistic use of these detectors may be possible because of their ability to detect tornados and worldwide nuclear bomb testing. KW - Avalanches KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Directivity pattern KW - Infrasound sensors KW - Sound KW - Sound patterns KW - Warning systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737992 AU - Sukley, R AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIBER COLUMN WRAP STRENGTHENING SYSTEM. CONSTRUCTION & INITIAL PERFORMANCE REPORT PY - 1997/04 SP - 118 p. AB - The Tyfo S Tensioned Column Strengthening System incorporates high strength composite fibers and epoxy resin to strengthen concrete columns especially, for seismic retrofit projects. The manufacturer, R.J. Watson, Inc., explains that its product is economical and easy to install. The objective of this research project is to evaluate the performance, durability and cost effectiveness of using the Tyfo S Column Strengthening System. A four-span composite steel I-beam and multi-girder bridge in Lackawanna County on SR 0084 was selected as a test site for seismic retrofit. The site was constructed in August of 1993 and has performed satisfactorily with no deterioration noticeable after the initial three years. This evaluation will continue to evaluate the performance, durability and cost effectiveness of the Tyfo S System for at least five years or until a seismic event occurs. KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Columns KW - Concrete KW - Construction management KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Durability KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Epoxy resins KW - Fiber wrap KW - Fibers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Retrofitting KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572429 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736878 AU - Fu, Gongkang AU - Hag-Elsafi, O AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY-BASED BRIDGE-OVERSTRESS CRITERIA FOR NONDIVISIBLE LOADS PY - 1997/04 SP - 46 p. AB - Most states face increasing pressure to issue more permits for heavier overweight trucks, and currently use the AASHTO rating concept (with or without an overstress criterion) in checking these loads. That bridge-rating procedure, however, is intended to cover only normal traffic, and the basis for these overstress criteria involved is not well documented. This report discusses current New York State practice for checking overweight permits. A new permit-issuance procedure for checking overloads is then proposed for both annual and trip permits for nondivisible loads, based on principles of uniform bridge safety. This procedure may be included in bridge-evaluation specifications. KW - Bridges KW - Load limits KW - New York (State) KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Permits KW - Safety KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural behavior KW - Structural mechanics KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479076 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736873 AU - Gunaratne, M AU - Mullins, G AU - Stinnette, P AU - Thilakasiri, S AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STABILIZATION OF FLORIDA ORGANIC MATERIAL BY DYNAMIC REPLACEMENT PY - 1997/04 SP - 139 p. AB - This extensive investigation included model Dynamic Replacement (DR) tests, full-scale field DR and surcharge tests, analytical simulation and field performance evaluation using a state-of-the-art data management system. Results from the full-scale testing verified the laboratory findings of a previously completed study and confirmed the effectiveness of DR through strength gains and improved consolidation characteristics. A quality control program that can continuously evaluate the stabilization of an organic soil deposit during DR and thus enable the identification of the optimum treatment level was developed by computing the dynamic settlement modulus (DSM) parameter based on acceleration records and other measurements. Consequent to comprehensive finite element (FE) modeling of the DR process, the time variation of the crater depth and the pounding weight acceleration as well as lateral deformations and pore pressures throughout the impacted soil regime were analytically predicted. Hence, the optimum energy levels and the treatment plan for a future study can be selected based on the field study results and the FE program predictions. KW - Consolidation KW - Effectiveness KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Model tests KW - Organic soils KW - Prototype tests KW - Quality control KW - Replacing KW - Shear strength KW - Shear strength of soils KW - Soil consolidation KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil treatment KW - Soils UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479072 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736870 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA VEHICLE CRASH ANALYSIS CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS PY - 1997/04 SP - 158 p. AB - The Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC), as part of an ongoing effort to improve the modeling of vehicular collisions with roadside safety hardware, sponsored university research on finite element (FE) modeling of vehicle impact with a variety of safety structures. To culminate these efforts, a conference was held July 8-9, 1996, to allow the authors to present their findings and to discuss the use of DYNA3D, the FE code of choice for analyzing vehicle impacts. The proceedings are a compilation of the following seven university research papers commissioned for this study: Development and Evaluation of a C-1500 Pickup Truck Model for Roadside Hardware Impact Simulation, A.K. Zaouk, N.E. Bedewi, C-D Kan, and D. Marzougui; A Finite Element Model of the Modified Eccentric Loader Breakaway Cable Terminal (MELT), M.H. Ray and G.S. Patzner; Finite Element Modeling of Vehicular Collision with Transformer Base Luminaire Support, T. Munz, and K. Willam; Finite Element Simulation of Vehicle Impact Against a Modified Thrie-Beam Guardrail, C.A. Plaxico, R.M. Hackett, and W. Uddin; Simulation of Four Roadside Safety Applications, J.D. Reid; Finite Element Analysis of a Slip-Base Luminaire Support, A.Y. Abu-Odeh, R.P. Bligh, and H.E. Ross, Jr.; and Impact Simulation of the 820C Vehicle with the G2 Guardrail, B.F. Hendricks, O.S. Martin, and J.W. Wekezer. Each commissioned university study applied the DYNA3D code to model vehicle impact with a different roadside safety structure, comparing these results with results of an actual crash test to validate the model's behavior. FE modeling scenarios included vehicle impact of a modified thrie-beam guardrail, development and evaluation of a C-1500 pickup truck model for roadside hardware impact simulation, and FE analysis of a slip-base luminaire support. Results are generally promising and of interest to those working in the roadside safety arena and to any others using the DYNA3D code. KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Breakaway cable terminals KW - Breakaway supports KW - Collision modeling KW - Conferences KW - Crashes KW - Finite element method KW - Guardrails KW - Lighting columns KW - Luminaires KW - Mailboxes KW - Mathematical models KW - Pickup trucks KW - Roadside structures KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Vehicle fixed object collisions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479069 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736825 AU - McGonigle, J T AU - Beatty, C L AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NON-DESTRUCTIVE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTY EVALUATION OF BTW RECYCLED PLASTIC POSTS PY - 1997/04 SP - 117 p. AB - The objective of this research was to non-destructively characterize internal voids and relate them to bulk post mechanical properties in hopes of increasing confidence in the prediction of post performance and reducing replacement cost associated with post premature failure. Non-destructive techniques that were considered were x-ray, ultrasonic, infrared, MRI, and thermal imaging. Sizes, placements, and concentration densities of voids in recycled plastic posts could be determined accurately and reliably through graphic analysis of transmission x-ray images. Preliminary flexural fatigue studies of BTW recycled plastic were conducted to simulate flexural loading conditions posts would experience in the field. The goal was to predict life spans for posts subjected to fatigue. Three-point bending tests of BTW recycled plastic posts, with and without simulated voids, were conducted to relate post mechanical properties to void sizes and placements. KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Fences KW - Flexural fatigue KW - Flexural strength KW - Infrared analysis KW - Magnetic detectors KW - Magnetic resonance imaging KW - Mechanical properties KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Nuclear magnetic resonance KW - Plastics KW - Posts KW - Recycled materials KW - Thermal imagery KW - Thermal imaging KW - Three-point bending tests KW - Ultrasonics KW - Void ratios KW - Voids KW - X ray analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479024 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736030 AU - Lee, J D AU - Morgan, J AU - WHEELER, W A AU - Hulse, M C AU - Dingus, T A AU - Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN FACTORS GUIDELINES FOR ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEMS (ATIS) AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS (CVO): DESCRIPTION OF ATIS/CVO FUNCTIONS PY - 1997/04 SP - 277 p. AB - This document is part of an integrated program to develop human factors guidelines for advanced in-vehicle information systems. This program requires a clear definition of the potential functions of Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) to relate drivers' capabilities and needs to the capabilities of in-vehicle technology. This document provides a comprehensive description of ATIS/CVO functions and their human factors implications. These functions range from simple sensors and alarms that monitor vehicle condition and alert the driver to abnormalities, to sophisticated combinations of databases, motion sensors, and displays that provide drivers with turn-by-turn guidance through unfamiliar cities. Technology makes many of these functions feasible; however, it is unclear whether these systems, alone or in combination, will enhance or degrade driver safety and efficiency. Specifically, when technological advances guide system design, the resulting systems often ignore human needs and overestimate human capabilities. This document presents a functional description of ATIS/CVO systems that will help avoid the pitfalls of technology-driven design by describing ATIS/CVO capabilities in a way that is consistent with drivers' needs and limitations, rather than in terms of what is technologically feasible. A total of 26 ATIS/CVO functions were identified. Information flows, interactions with other functions, prototypical driver decision-making elements, and data input/output requirements were used to describe each of the ATIS/CVO functions. The functional description also considered how driver attitudes, knowledge, and information processing limits might interact with system functions. By linking driver limits, capabilities, and attitudes to ATIS/CVO functions, this document will guide the research and development of human factors guidelines. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Driver information systems KW - Functions KW - Functions (Mathematics) KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent information systems KW - Route guidance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/95201/ UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/DOCS/95201/index.html UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00764779 AU - Gruberg, R AU - Star Mountain, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL FLEET SAFETY SURVEY, 1996. FINAL ANALYSIS REPORT PY - 1997/03/25 SP - 43 p. AB - This report describes both the methodology and findings from the 1996 National Fleet Safety Survey, conducted by the U.S. Department of Transportation (US DOT), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Office of Motor Carriers (OMC), in conjunction with the US DOT's Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA). In this study, data were collected in 11 States from more than 10,000 random, Level 1 truck inspections during June and July 1996 and were used to estimate overall, driver- and vehicle-specific out-of-service (OOS) rates for the general population of commercial motor vehicles (CMVs) on the road, and for the subpopulation of CMVs carrying hazardous materials. These estimated rates represent weighted estimates, using a weighting scheme based on State vehicle miles traveled (VMT) for trucks. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Data collection KW - Fleet safety KW - Hazardous materials KW - Motor carriers KW - National Fleet Safety Survey KW - Out-of-service rates KW - Random sampling KW - Surveys KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Weighting UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16900/16970/PB2000106456.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497683 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00764780 AU - Gruberg, R AU - Star Mountain, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL FLEET SAFETY SURVEY, 1996. TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1997/03/25 SP - 20 p. AB - This technical report presents an evaluation of the survey design and data collection methodology used for the 1996 National Fleet Safety Survey, conducted by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Office of Motor Carriers (OMC), in conjunction with the Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation. In this study, data were collected from over 10,000 random Level I truck inspections and were used to estimate overall, driver-specific, and vehicle-specific out-of-service (OOS) rates for the general population of commercial vehicles on the road and for the subpopulation of vehicles carrying hazardous materials. The findings from the survey are presented in the Final Analysis Report. This technical report serves as an addendum to the Final Analysis Report. It contains recommendations for evaluating potential sources of bias in the survey. Because this technical report also serves as a stand-alone document, background information presented in the Final Analysis Report may be repeated herein. KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Data collection KW - Fleet safety KW - Hazardous materials KW - Motor carriers KW - National Fleet Safety Survey KW - Out-of-service rates KW - Random sampling KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497684 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580503 AU - Bales, Jeff AU - City of Waterloo, Iowa AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Reinforced Slope with Geogrids PY - 1997/03//Final Report SP - 30p AB - The objective of this research study is to evaluate the performance, maintenance requirements and cost effectiveness of constructing reinforced slope along a concrete bikeway overpass with a geogrid system such as manufactured by Tensar Corporation or Reinforced Earth Company. This final report consists of two separate reports - construction and performance. An earlier design report and work plan was submitted to the Iowa Department of Transportation (DOT) in 1989. From the Design Report, it was determined that the reinforced slope would be the most economical system for this particular bikeway project. Preliminary cost estimates for other design alternatives including concrete retaining walls, gabions and sheet pile walls ranged from $204/L.F. to $220/L.F. The actual final construction cost of the reinforced slope with geogrids was around $112/L.F. Although, since the reinforced slope system was not feasible next to the bridge overpass because of design constraints, a fair cost comparison should reflect costs of constructing a concrete retaining wall. Including the concrete retaining wall costs raises the per lineal foot cost to around $122/L.F. In addition to this initial construction cost effectiveness of the reinforced slope, there has been little or no maintenance needed for this reinforced slope. It was noted that some edge mowing or weed whacking could be done near the concrete bikeway slab to improve the visual quality of the slope, but no work has been assigned to city crews. It was added that this kind of weed whacking over such steep slope is more difficult and there could possibly be more potential for work related injury. The geogrid reinforced slope has performed really well once the vegetation took control and prevented soil washing across the bikeway slab. To that end, interim erosion control measures might need to be considered in future projects. Some construction observations were noted. First, there is no specialized experience or equipment required for a contractor to successfully build a low-to-medium geogrid reinforced slope structure. Second, the adaptability of the reinforced earth structure enables the designer to best fit the shape of the structure to the environment and could enhance aesthetic quality. Finally, a reinforced slope can be built with relatively soft soils provided differential settlements between facing are limited to one or two percent. KW - Bikeways KW - Construction KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Embankments KW - Geogrids KW - Mechanically stabilized earth UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17094 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374118 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01099683 AU - Whitney, Michael William AU - Harik, Issam E AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Kentucky Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Analysis and Design of Bridges Susceptible to Barge Impact PY - 1997/03//Final Report SP - 266p AB - The present study is aimed towards the development of an improved methodology of bridge design for barge impact. Analysis procedures developed in the present study can be integrated into the current vessel impact design foundation given by the AASHTO Guide Specification for Vessel Impact Design of Highway Bridges. The objectives of the present study are: (1) Development of a statistical method by which barge traffic data can be used for impact design of inland waterway bridges. (2) Derivation of multiple-barge impact time-histories using the single barge load-deformation curve provided in the AASHTO Guide Specification. (3) Derivation of design impact response curves. (4) Development of barge impact analysis procedures that may be used in place of the current AASHTO Equivalent Static analysis procedure. A design example is also included in Section 5 to illustrate the use of the pseudo-dynamic analysis procedure. The results of this study make possible true analysis and design of bridges susceptible to barge traffic. True dynamic analysis includes member loads that result from the inertial effect of the loading. This is in contrast to the current AASHTO equivalent static method which neglects the dynamic effects of the impact loading. KW - Barges KW - Bridge design KW - Deformation curve KW - Dynamic structural analysis KW - Highway bridges KW - Impact loads KW - Inland waterways traffic KW - Statistical analysis KW - Water transportation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18000/18015/PB2001106213.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/855908 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01099672 AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Faucett (Jack) Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - Air Quality Impacts of Intercity Freight. Volume 1: Guidebook PY - 1997/03 SP - 294p AB - This report has been developed to provide assistance to planners and decision makers -- public and private -- to improve the understanding of freight transportation, economic and air quality relationships, and to provide some helpful tools for identifying and testing improvement strategies. The focus of the report is on truck and rail/intermodal transportation, and it offers guidance and procedures in assessing the impacts of shifts in the industry and overall traffic levels, capacity enhancements, changes in operational or management practices, policy or pricing initiatives, or changes in vehicle technologies or fuels. KW - Air quality KW - Economic analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freight transportation KW - Fuels KW - Intercity transportation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Operations KW - Pricing KW - Railroads KW - Traffic control KW - Trucking KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21400/21415/PB99117038.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/851880 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01099660 AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Faucett (Jack) Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Railroad Administration AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - Air Quality Impacts of Intercity Freight. Volume 2: Appendices PY - 1997/03//Appendices SP - 314p AB - This report has been developed to provide assistance to planners and decision makers -- public and private -- to improve the understanding of freight transportation, economic and air quality relationships, and to provide some helpful tools for identifying and testing improvement strategies. The focus of the report is on truck and rail/intermodal transportation, and it offers guidance and procedures in assessing the impacts of shifts in the industry and overall traffic levels, capacity enhancements, changes in operational or management practices, policy or pricing initiatives, or changes in vehicle technologies or fuels. This document provides the appendices to the report. KW - Air quality KW - Economic analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freight transportation KW - Fuels KW - Intercity transportation KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Operations KW - Pricing KW - Railroads KW - Traffic control KW - Trucking KW - Urban areas UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21400/21471/PB99119620.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/851899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00977148 AU - Chiu, S AU - Mourant, R R AU - Belambe, A AU - Jaeger, B AU - Northeastern University AU - Massachusetts Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF NIGHTTIME HIGHWAY LANE SHIFTS PY - 1997/03 SP - 52 p. AB - The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices and the Massachusetts Work Safety Guidelines contain little guidance with respect to aids for driving in nighttime construction zones. This research studied mature and younger drivers as they drove through two types of construction zones (a lane shift and a lane closure), under three illumination levels (day, dusk, and night). Four nighttime runs were made by each subject: 1) with reflectorized lane markings, 2) with reflectors on the construction barrels, 3) with both types of reflectors, and 4) with no reflectors. For each run there was a stretch of road before and after the construction zone. All subjects drove a virtual environments based driving simulator. The younger drivers drove about 4 to 8 mph faster than the mature drivers. Both the younger and mature drivers drove slower (about 5 mph) under the nighttime illumination conditions, with mature drivers driving slowest during the unaided nighttime run. Mature drivers reported that the reflectorized lane markings helped in determining the path of the roadway. The younger drivers thought that the brightness level of the reflectors was distracting. All drivers preferred warning signs with symbols rather than words. The authors recommend that construction zones be equipped with roadway reflectors to aid mature drivers during nighttime illumination conditions. KW - Barrels with reflectors KW - Daylight KW - Driver experience KW - Driving simulators KW - Dusk KW - Lane closure KW - Lane shifts KW - Night KW - Reflectorized road markings KW - Speed KW - Symbols KW - Warning signs KW - Work zone traffic control KW - Work zones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/703222 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00921767 AU - Kurtz, S AU - Balaguru, P AU - Consolazio, Gary R. AU - Maher, A AU - Center for Advanced Infrastructure and Transportation AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Research and Innovative Technology Administration TI - FAST TRACK CONCRETE FOR CONSTRUCTION REPAIR PY - 1997/03 SP - 75p AB - Under the sponsorship of the New Jersey Department of Transportation a unique concrete mix was developed. This concrete mix attains a significant strength in a period of six to nine hours for use on pavement repair in high-traffic areas. It is not "rapid setting" formulation, but is Portland cement based, relying on chemical admixtures and insulated coverings to attain very high temperature levels, very quickly. The mix, which is designated as "fast track mix", has been shown to be effective in reaching its target compressive and flexural strengths of 3000 and 350 psi, respectively in as little as six hours. Several full-scale demonstration slabs have been completed both in the laboratory and in the field with satisfactory results. The strength gain is primarily dependent on its temperature history, over time. All other factors being equal, higher curing temperatures result in concrete of greater maturity, at any point in times. One application of this is the maturity method. The maturity method is a means of estimating the in-place strength and equivalent age or between strength and temperature-time factor. A correlation between either strength and equivalent age or between strength and temperature-time factor must be established experimentally. Once the correlation has been established thermoprobes are embedded in freshly placed concrete and connected to specially designed field computers for continual maturity determination. Knowing the maturity, in terms of either the equivalent age or the temperature-time factor, the strength of in-place concrete is estimated. KW - Admixtures KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete curing KW - Construction KW - Correlation analysis KW - Fast track concrete KW - Flexural strength KW - High early strength KW - High temperature KW - Maturity (Concrete) KW - Portland cement KW - Repairing UR - http://cait.rutgers.edu/files/FHWA-NJ-2001-015.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18500/18588/PB2002100681.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/706835 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802417 AU - Xiao, Yan AU - Wu, H AU - OLSON, B AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - SEISMIC RETROFIT OF BRIDGE COLUMNS USING PREFABRICATED COMPOSITE JACKETS PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 45-54 AB - This paper describes an on-going multi-phase research program to develop methods for seismic analysis and retrofit design of bridge columns using prefabricated composite jackets. Nine half-scale model circular columns have been tested and the results established the effectiveness of the prefabricated composite jackets for strength enhancement and ductility improvement. A construction test with retrofitting two actual columns of a typical California bridge also demonstrated the superior constructability of prefabricated composite jacketing. Several recent destructive earthquakes have alerted the society the urgent need to upgrade existing older bridges to current seismic design standards in regions with high seismicity. Although steel jacketing has been widely used in practices in California and elsewhere, the society is also looking for other alternatives to improve the retrofitting process for the vast number of existing, structurally deficit bridges both in the U.S., and throughout the world. One of the key areas is east to construction. Advanced composite materials have been recently recognized and applied to bridge retrofit. The general expectations from composite retrofit systems include light weight, high stiffness or strength to weight ratios, etc. Several composite jacketing systems have been developed and validated in laboratory or field conditions. These composite retrofit measures can be categorized as in-situ fabricated jacketing which involves hand or automated machine placement of epoxy saturated glass or carbon fabrics on the surface of existing concrete. An in-situ fabricated jacket can match the shape of the existing column. However, due to the fact of in-situ fabrication, these systems may need special attention to the job-site quality control and curing of the composite jackets. This paper presents the results of investigations on prefabricated composite jacketing systems for retrofitting reinforced concrete columns. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Columns KW - Composite structures KW - Design KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic prospecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670467 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802419 AU - Jones, M H AU - Holloway, L J AU - Hinman, J AU - Toan, V AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - SEISMIC RETROFIT DETAILS OF THE 1927 CARQUINEZ BRIDGE PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 81-91 AB - Seismic retrofit design of the Carquinez Bridge is nearing completion as part of the California Department of Transportation's (Caltrans) state wide seismic retrofit program. With a main span of 1100 ft and constructed in 1927 from built-up riveted laced members, retrofit of the Carquinez Main Spans provided many challenges. This paper focuses on the retrofit methods and details used to either increase the displacement capacity of the deficient bridge components or strengthen them to meet seismic demands. Details illustrate the concept of introducing fuses at specific locations in the structure to project joints, members, or entire frames. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridge members KW - Bridges KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670469 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802434 AU - Davalos, J F AU - Salim, H A AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - CELLULAR FIBER-REINFORCED PLASTIC SECTIONS FOR NEW AND REPLACEMENT BRIDGE DECKS PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 241-250 AB - A new conceptual design for rapid replacement of short-span bridges for secondary roads is presented. Cellular FRP sections are used to construct the bridge decks. A simplified analysis/design procedure is developed based on a first-order shear deformation macro-flexibility (SDMF) orthotropic plate solution. The present approach will permit the designer to analyze and optimize various case studies before implementation in the field. In this study, FRP decks are fabricated by bonding side-by-side pultruded thin-walled box beams, and the decks are placed transversely over stringers. Experimental studies are conducted to obtain the stiffness coefficients, and future studies include testing of an FRP deck on FRP stringers under various loading and stringer spacing conditions. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bonding KW - Bridge decks KW - Cellular structures KW - Composite structures KW - Deformation KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Flexibility KW - Reinforced plastics KW - Shear strength KW - Stringers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670484 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802436 AU - Nanni, A AU - Arduini, M AU - Boothby, T E AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - BEHAVIOR OF SIMPLY-SUPPORTED AND CONTINUOUS RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH CARBON FRP SHEETS PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 261-270 AB - A promising new technique for the rehabilitation and strengthening of reinforced concrete structures is the application of bonded sheets of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP). The system can be applied by semi-skilled workers to the underside of existing bridge decks and beams resulting in minimal disturbance to traffic on the structure. Several systems of this material are commercially available and are being promoted by their manufacturers for application to in situ bridge repairs. This paper describes an experimental program developed to determine the basic properties of reinforced concrete beams repaired with bonded FRP sheets. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Beams KW - Bridges KW - Carbon fibers KW - Concrete structures KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Repairing KW - Sheets KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670486 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802432 AU - Bettigole, R A AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - RAPID BRIDGE DECK REPLACEMENT WITH EXODERMIC DECK PANELS PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 219-228 AB - An exodermic deck is constructed from an unfilled steel grid composite with a reduced depth reinforced concrete slab that is either precast or cast-in-place on top of it. The modular and lightweight nature of this design makes it particularly well suited to rapid deck replacement. Many bridge re-decking projects are located in congested metropolitan areas, carrying traffic in excess of original design capacity. Any bridge work that disrupts the normal flow of traffic leads to major congestion and delays and increases the chances for accidents. A number of exodermic deck projects have been completed at night with precast panels, with the entire structure open to daytime traffic. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Concrete structures KW - Design KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670482 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802421 AU - Fyfe, E R AU - Gee, D J AU - Arnold, S F AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - COMPOSITE STRENGTHENING OF CIVIL STRUCTURES FOR REHABILITATION AND SEISMIC APPLICATIONS PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 103-107 AB - The TYFO S Fibrwrap System concept was conceived in 1988 as an alternate to conventional steel jacket retrofits of reinforced concrete bridge columns. The system has undergone numerous structural tests to validate its use in providing ductility and shear strengthening to various structural elements. Resulting from the extensive testing has been approval of the Fibrwrap System by the City of Los Angeles and the California Department of Transportation for its use in seismic retrofit applications. Since its inception, the Fibrwrap System has been successfully installed on over 3000 columns worldwide, including two structures which performed as designed and withstood the 1994 Northridge Earthquake. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Composite structures KW - Design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670471 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802423 AU - Hair, G L AU - Spear, D W AU - Fleming, G AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - REHABILITATION OF SEPTA BRIDGE 6.44 PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 121-130 AB - The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority's (SEPTA's) Bridge 6.44, originally constructed in 1914, was in need of extensive rehabilitation, including removal of lead-based paint, repainting steel members, strengthening girder webs in regions of excessive corrosion, replacing concrete ballast curbs, waterproofing decks, replacing movable components of expansion bearings, and refacing concrete abutments and wingwalls. Details used to economically rehabilitate each major bridge components so that no significant maintenance will be required for 20 years are presented. Construction techniques permitting SEPTA to maintain rail operations during construction are described. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Corrosion KW - Paint removal KW - Painting KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670473 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802430 AU - Vitek, J AU - Verma, R AU - Banan, M R AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA AND RETROFIT SCHEMES FOR THE SAN MATEO-HAYWARD TOLL BRIDGE PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 197-206 AB - The San Mateo-Hayward Bridge represents one of the major orthotropic steel spans in the United States with the total length of 7.1 miles. The bridge carries six lanes of traffic on State Route 92 between Foster City and the City of Hayward and spans the south arm of the San Francisco Bay. The Carter and Burgess team was selected for the seismic retrofit design of the San-Mateo-Hayward Toll Bridge as part of the State of California embarked task of seismically retrofitting major toll bridges in the state. This paper briefly addresses the main issues related to the performance evaluation, vulnerability assessment, and retrofit design concepts of steel subsystems and foundation substructures of the San Mateo-Hayward Tool Bridge. The objective of this paper is to highlight the performance criteria, vulnerabilities, and retrofit schemes for selected key members of this bridge. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Performance evaluations KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Steel structures KW - Toll bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670480 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802415 AU - Chen, G AU - Timinisky, M AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF LEMOINE AVENUE BRIDGE PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 23-32 AB - The main scopes of the project are to rehabilitate the deck and to upgrade the seismic capacity of the Lemoine Avenue bridge. The 405 ft long bridge consists of seven simply-supported spans that were constructed in three periods over thirty years. Four out of six bridge piers, used to function as abutments, were designed based on different criteria with non-uniform capacities against earthquake loads. The in-depth evaluation for the piers and abutments leads to an optional bearing arrangement that minimizes the retrofit costs. Two piers are found inadequate to endure the design seismic load and recommended being strengthened. All existing steel rocker bearings are replaced due to their poor performance. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Girder bridges KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Steel rails UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670465 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802422 AU - Homaee, H V AU - Nathan, M A AU - Lutz, J F AU - Fike, L B AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - REHABILITATION OF THE HISTORIC STRAWBERRY MANSION BRIDGE PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 111-119 AB - The Strawberry Mansion Bridge, built in 1897, is a historic bridge that spans the West River Drive, Schuylkill River and Kelly Drive in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The bridge has a total length of 1,250 feet consisting of six (6) approach deck truss spans, and four (4) 3-hinged steel arch truss river spans (span lengths of 200 feet each). The bridge was constructed by the Fairmount Park Transportation Company, originally carried two lanes of traffic and two sets of track carrying the Woodside trolley in Fairmount Park. The City of Philadelphia, Department of Streets, is to perform an in-depth inspection and evaluation, non-destructive testing, seismic analysis, and design of bridge strengthening and rehabilitation for current seismic requirements and AASHTO loadings. The design also included construction of a promenade within the area of the original trolley lines which were abandoned in 1947. The deck, stringers, portions of the steel floorbeams and steel bracing system and the main steel arch truss spans and approach deck truss spans became severely deteriorated resulting in closure of the bridge in July 1996. The results of the inspection findings were reported and replacement and rehabilitation recommendations were developed with preliminary costs estimates. The goals established were to rehabilitate this historic structure with all restoration work being performed within a historical framework that would maintain and preserve the character and fabric or the original design. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Preservation KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Truss bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670472 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802433 AU - Pattern, W N AU - Song, G AU - Sun, J AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - A VARIABLE STIFFNESS AND DAMPING SYSTEM FOR BRIDGES PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 229-233 AB - This paper describes a project designed to demonstrate a bridge vibration suppression system that requires no line power or pumps. The patented system in effect adds an automatically regulatable actuator to a bridge girder to provide optimized levels of stiffness and damping during the passage of trucks, in order to mitigate deflections and stress. Field test indicate that the system can increase the safe life of the bridge by over 80 years. The results also suggest that existing bridges outfitted with the new system can traffic much heavier trucks while still increasing the useful service life of bridges. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Damping (Engineering) KW - Deflection KW - Girders KW - Heavy duty trucks KW - Pumps KW - Service life KW - Stiffness KW - Suppressors KW - Trucks KW - Vibration KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670483 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802440 AU - Saiidi, M AU - Labia, Y AU - Douglas, B AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - REPAIR OF A FULL-SCALE PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BOX GIRDER AND FATIGUE PERFORMANCE OF THE REPAIRED GIRDER PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 305-314 AB - Three full-scale precast, pretensioned box girders were tested. The study on the first two was focused on the strength and serviceability parameters and is reported elsewhere. This paper describes the results of the study on the third girder which involved the testing of a strand repair system and assessment of the repaired girder behavior under design fatigue loads in combination with periodically applied static overloads. Under this loading, strand stress ranges increased significantly, indicating the need to develop fatigue design criteria that account for potential overloads. After nearly 508,000 cycles of design load and periodic overloads, the shear strength of concrete dropped resulting in a shear/flexure failure mode. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Box girders KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue strength KW - Flexural strength KW - Girder bridges KW - Loads KW - Oversize loads KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Repairing KW - Static loads KW - Static tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670490 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802447 AU - Blatz, R B AU - Mazumdar, A K AU - Kertesz, C AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - THE STRENGTHENING OF THE PORT AUTHORITY 42ND ST. TERMINAL BUS RAMPS FOR 45 LONG BUSES PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 375-385 AB - In 1993, the Port Authority of NY and NJ (PANY&NJ) initiated an investigation to study the structural adequacy of the bus ramps connecting the Lincoln Tunnel to the Port Authority Bus Terminal (PABT) in New York City for the recently introduced 45 long buses. The 45 buses are longer and heavier, and can carry more passengers and cargo than the buses currently in use. After researching available 45 buses in the region, the PANY&NJ selected the MCI 45 coach as a representative prototype. The axle loading of the MCI coach was increased 10% to account for future heavier buses. The bus ramps were originally designed for lighter weight 40 buses. In 1983, the PANY&NJ conducted an investigation to determine the structural adequacy of the ramps for articulated buses. As a result, the use of the bus terminal was restricted to the lighter weight articulated buses due to the limited load carrying capacity of the ramps. However, in the 1990s, due to an increase in demand for larger capacity 45 long buses, the PANY&NJ decided to strengthen the bus ramp structure. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bents KW - Bridge decks KW - Bus terminals KW - Buses KW - Cast in place concrete KW - Concrete overlays KW - Live loads KW - Loads KW - New York (New York) KW - Ramps KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670497 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802425 AU - Aguirre, J T AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - REHABILITATION OF A STONE ARCH BRIDGE ON MARYLAND ROUTE 68 OVER ANTIETAM CREEK PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 141-153 AB - The primary objective of the project was to rehabilitate a 163 year old, three span stone arch bridge to retain its usage as a maintainable highway structure. An additional primary objective would therefore be the strengthening of the posted, deteriorated bridge to accommodate current loadings. Secondary conditions were to restore and renovate the bridge so it could replicate its former historical condition. Secondary conditions were to restore and renovate the bridge so it could replicate its former historical condition. Key features of the project included the implementation of an internal reinforced concrete T wall, lightweight concrete fill, anticipated redesign under construction and a partnering charter with the contractor. Many states carry structures on their bridge inventories which are historic in nature and present problems with maintainability to the highway agency. In the past many very old bridges particularly stone arches have been replaced because their deteriorated condition outweighed their historical prominence. With advances in bridge rehabilitation technology, many stone arches can now be strengthened and restored and remain visible parts of the local infrastructure. Also a trend has developed nationwide where the public has a keen interest on the retention of high visibility historic structures. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Arch bridges KW - Bridges KW - Highway bridges KW - Historic bridges KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670475 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802426 AU - LeRoy, D H AU - Kauhl, N E AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - REHABILITATION OF THE MACOMBS DAM BRIDGE PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 155-164 AB - The rehabilitation of the 100-year old Boller-designed Swing Span over the Harlem River and its approaches is discussed. This project will bring the rating of the structure up to HS20, replace the roadway deck, repaint the entire structure and perform other needed repair work. The rehabilitation work will retain the structure's historic character. Construction will be performed during the winter to accommodate the traffic demands of nearby Yankee Stadium. Problems encountered and the solutions developed for this project which may be of interest are described. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Painting KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Repairing KW - Traffic delays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670476 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802429 AU - Reip, D W AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - REHABILITATION OF THE AIKEN STREET BRIDGE PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 187-196 AB - This paper discusses the proposed rehabilitation of the Aiken Street Bridge over the Merrimack River in the City of Lowell, Massachusetts. The primary goals include upgrading live load capacity to HS20 and improving seismic performance while maintaining the architectural character of the historic structure. The rehabilitation includes complete bridge deck reconstruction, strengthening of the existing floorbeams and seismic retrofit of the existing tone masonry substructure. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Historic bridges KW - Load limits KW - Masonry bridges KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Retrofitting KW - Stone KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670479 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802443 AU - Boothby, T E AU - Craig, R J AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - REPAIR OF MASONRY ARCH BRIDGE SPANDREL WALLS PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 333-341 AB - The spandrels of a filled masonry arch bridge are in a retaining wall condition, often supporting deep fills, and subject to increasing surcharge under modern traffic loads. One structure in Chester Country, Pennsylvania was tested under controlled truck loading, and spandrel wall movements and the growth of a longitudinal crack in the arch barrel were observed. In another case, a spandrel wall underwent a partial collapse as a results of increasing soil and hydrostatic pressures. The first structure has been posted and rehabilitation options are being evaluated, while the spandrel walls on the second structure were strengthened and rebuilt. A testing program has demonstrated the worthiness of the repair procedure. The following paper will outline some of the problems typically encountered due to transverse pressures on the spandrel and wingwalls of masonry arch bridges. Two instances where detailed observations of these problems were made will be described. The general causes of transverse problems in masonry arch bridges will be described, and possible solution schemes will be outlined. As most masonry arch bridges were built in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, they are an invaluable historic resource. In addition to the engineering requirements for rehabilitation schemes for these structures, rehabilitation schemes must be sensitive to the preservation of the historic features of the bridge, and must be able to allow the structure to endure for another century. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Arch bridges KW - Bridges KW - Hydrostatic pressure KW - Loads KW - Masonry bridges KW - Pennsylvania KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Repairing KW - Soils KW - Trucks KW - Walls KW - Wing loading UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670493 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802444 AU - Karshenas, M AU - Kaspar AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - APPLICATION OF ISOLATION BEARINGS TO BRIDGES IN LOW TO MODERATE SEISMIC AREAS PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 343-352 AB - This paper describes experiences on the use of various types of passive isolation bearings for seismic retrofit of existing bridges and construction of new bridges. The cost of these bearings is often offset by the savings in substructure retrofit or construction costs. Past experience has shown that a key element in reducing the unit cost of isolation bearings is a generic design allowing use of various isolation bearing types that either reduce seismic forces to a level below the as-built capacity of an existing bridge or lower design seismic forces or a new structure. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bearings KW - Bridges KW - Friction KW - Lateral supports KW - Longitudinal stiffeners KW - Plastic deformation KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670494 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802414 AU - BROWN, C J AU - Hague, S T AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - SEISMIC RETROFIT OF WESTBOUND I-70 OVER THE MISSOURI RIVER IN ST. CHARLES-ST. LOUIS COUNTIES, MISSOURI PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 3-12 AB - The St. Louis Missouri metropolitan area is in a Category B seismic zone as defined by the current AASHTO Specifications (1995). Westbound Interstate 70 over the Missouri River in St. Charles and St. Louis counties is one of the heaviest traveled roadways in Missouri. The through-truss and steel plate girder bridge at this location is an important transportation structure for the entire state of Missouri and was given a high priority by the Missouri Department of Transportation (MoDOT) for seismic retrofit evaluation. After initial screening and extensive review of all bridge components, retrofit strategies were developed to provide the predicted tolerance for earthquake induced response. The vulnerability of highway bridges to failure caused by earthquake loading has been repeatedly demonstrated by events as the 1964 Alaska earthquake, the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, the 1995 Northridge earthquake in the San Fernando Valley, and the recent devastating earthquake in Kobe, Japan in 1995. Following the San Fernando earthquake, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) developed design guidelines for retrofitting existing bridges that were designed prior to the current seismic design procedures. These seismic retrofit guidelines consist of three major steps: (1) preliminary screening to rank or prioritize a large number of bridges in order of decreasing importance based on several criteria including structural vulnerability, lifeline dependency and traffic volume; (2) detailed evaluation procedure to determine the components of a bridge that require retrofitting; and (3) selection and design to retrofit measures. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Highway bridges KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Structural design KW - Structural engineering UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670464 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802416 AU - Ahlskog, J J AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - BRIDGE REHABILITATION, STRENGTHENING AND SEISMIC RETROFIT WITH A NEW LIGHTWEIGHT ALUMINUM DECK SYSTEM PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 33-43 AB - An understrength historic suspension bridge and a narrow substandard major arterial bridge were rehabilitated to current standards in 1996 using a new lightweight aluminum deck system that is strong, fatigue resistant, has natural corrosion resistance without protective coating, requires minimal maintenance and has very low life-cycle costs. The new bridge deck system is under consideration for redecking several movable and an array of short, medium and long span bridges. It offers a very rapid bridge deck replacement alternative where traffic must be minimally delayed during redecking operations. The panels for this system are prefabricated, including the wearing surface, in sizes which are limited only by transportation constraints. For temporary or detour bridges, its minimal weight and ease of assembly offers superior advantages over other systems available today. At 22 pounds per square foot including the wearing surface, this light weight deck system offer significant advantages for retrofit of seismically vulnerable bridges. The Seismically induced forces from the superstructure are reduced 50 to 90 percent as compared to conventional deck systems. Comparisons with the recently completed Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) sponsored seismic bridge design examples confirms the advantages of aluminum decks in seismic areas. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue strength KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Suspension bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670466 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802439 AU - Aboutaha, R A AU - Leon, R AU - Zureick, A-H AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - REHABILITATION OF DAMAGED AASHTO TYPE II PRESTRESSED GIRDER USING CFRP PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 293-301 AB - Fiber reinforced polymers composites are finding many practical applications in the field of bridge rehabilitation. Presented in this paper are experimental results pertaining to the strengthening of an AASHTO type II prestressed concrete girder with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites. The girder was initially tested to ultimate as part of a study on transfer length and bond of strands. In this study, tests were conducted to examine the stiffness and strength of the girder before and after being strengthened by the use of CFRP. Test results suggest that CFRP be used to partially restore the stiffness and increase the strength of damaged prestressed concrete girders. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Carbon fibers KW - Composite materials KW - Fatigue strength KW - Girders KW - Polymers KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Resistance (Mechanics) KW - Stiffness KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670489 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802441 AU - Coates, A C AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - REPAIR OF THE CHELSEA STREET BRIDGE AFTER COLLISION WITH A TANKER PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 315-322 AB - The Chelsea Street Bascule Bridge in Boston was hit by a freighter severing the bottom chord of the truss. The loss of 9 inches of length in the severed chord caused the truss to rotate 3.5 ft. vertically and 2.3 ft. horizontally. A system of temporary supports and jacks was designed and installed to restore the bridge geometry and to replace the damaged members. The objective of the project was to repair the bridge in place so that the truss did not have to be dismantled and reassembled. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Boston (Massachusetts) KW - Bridge members KW - Bridge railings KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridges KW - Crashes KW - Repairing KW - Tension KW - Truss bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670491 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802446 AU - Derrick, D L AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - BENDAWAY WEIRS REDIRECT RIVER FLOW TO PROTECT HIGHWAY BRIDGE ABUTMENTS PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 365-374 AB - This paper will present the planning, theory, design, construction methods and costs, and first-year results obtained from two comprehensive bank stabilization, current realignment, and bridge protection projects utilizing Bendaway Weirs to stabilize eroding bends immediately upstream of highway bridges on both a large river and a small stream. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Abutments KW - Alignment KW - Banks (Waterways) KW - Bridges KW - Floods KW - Flow KW - Highway bridges KW - Kansas KW - Stabilized platforms KW - Water KW - Weirs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670496 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802448 AU - Tessiatore, R AU - Nusekabel, K AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - TIED ARCH REDECKING - ROCK ISLAND CENTENNIAL BRIDGE PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 387-397 AB - The Centennial Bridge was open to traffic in 1940 as a toll bridge under the jurisdiction of the City of Rock Island. The 3850 foot structure is comprised of two viaduct approaches and five tied arch spans, in lengths of 540 feet and 396 feet, over the Mississippi River. In the later 1980s, the condition of the flooring system and the open drainage required repairs to insure the continued service of the structure. A lightweight sidewalk and redesign of portions of the structure were used to increase the load ratings and service life. Three dimensional modeling of the arch spans provided the forces, stresses and deflections that were necessary to design and rehabilitate the structure with the construction staging constraints. Increasing the load rating of the structure and maintaining traffic were the two major issues for implementation of the proposed improvements. Since the arch rib and tie have high dead load to live load ratios, the use of lighter weight materials for the deck and sidewalk elements were considered. The maintenance of traffic and asymmetric removal and replacement of the deck required several combinations of loading sequences and careful review of the deflections. A three dimensional computer model was chosen to provide the analysis and design for the arch spans rehabilitation. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Arch bridges KW - Bridge decks KW - Illinois KW - Live loads KW - Loads KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Repairing KW - Tied concrete KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670498 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802418 AU - Lu, J J AU - Hughes, W R AU - Holloway, L J AU - Mallare, M P AU - Morrison, R L AU - Toan, V AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - SEISMIC RETROFIT OF THE CARQUINEZ APPROACH SPAN BRIDGE PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 69-80 AB - A seismic strengthening design for the Carquinez Approach Span Bridge is currently being performed for the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) to upgrade the existing structures located in the Bay area of northern California. The span length of the Carquinez Approach Span Bridges range from 120 feet to 180 feet. Pier height varies from 35 feet to 110 feet. Lack of positive connection of the steel pile heads, poor concrete confinement, inadequate bar splice length, vulnerability of rocker bearings, and potential failure of steel gusset connections are the major challenges. Retrofit techniques include footing strengthening, column casing, column post tensioning, bearing replacement and cross frame retrofit. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridges KW - Girders KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670468 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802420 AU - Sanchez, A V AU - Seible, F AU - Priestley, MJN AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - SOLUTIONS TO SEISMIC PERFORMANCE PROBLEMS OF FLARED BRIDGE COLUMNS PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 93-102 AB - A joint analytical and experimental research program is performed to verify the potential seismic performance issues of flared columns. Ten 40 percent scale model columns, including retrofit and improved new design solutions, are constructed and tests in the Charles Lee Powell Structural Research Laboratories at the University of California at San Diego (UCSD). A finite element fiber model is utilized to analyze these columns. Practical and effective solutions to design and retrofit flared columns are developed and proposed. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Columns KW - Design KW - Finite element method KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic prospecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670470 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802435 AU - Karbhari, V M AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - ON THE USE OF COMPOSITES FOR BRIDGE STRENGTHENING AND REHABILITATION--MANUFACTURING AND DURABILITY PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 251-260 AB - Fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites are increasingly being considered for use in bridge strengthening, rehabilitation and renewal. A number of demonstration projects have been completed in this areas across the United States. However, there is still a critical lack of understanding of aspects related to manufacturing, overall durability and costs associated with the use of such materials. although overall and life-cycle durability are often mentioned as the selling point of advanced materials, the efficacy of this claim depends on the appropriate selection of constituent materials as well as the morphology and type of interphase between the composite and the substrate. This paper discusses a number of these issues with special emphasis on materials and process selection metrics. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Composite materials KW - Durability KW - Fiber reinforced materials KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Polymers KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670485 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802437 AU - Plunkett, J D AU - Hoback, R L AU - Kunz, J B AU - Olson, M S AU - Muetzel, J L AU - Borgstadter, J D AU - Gill, S R AU - Walker, H S AU - Meggers, D A AU - Held, J AU - Carter, P A AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER HONEYCOMB (FRPH) COMPOSITE REPLACEMENT BRIDGE DECK FOR RUSSELL COUNTY SMOKEY HILL RIVER BRIDGE REHABILITATION PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 271-281 AB - On November 9, 1996, KSCI and Russell County installed the first all composite highway bridge open to the public in the United States, thus demonstrating the technical feasibility of composites for short span bridges. The next objective is to demonstrate the use of composites in rehabilitating older bridges by rebuilding and lightening bridge decks. The primary objective of redecking the Smokey Hill River truss bridge with a composite material deck system is to increase the safe live load carrying capacity by reducing the imposed dead load. However, prior to redecking a given structure, other bridge component deficiencies must be evaluated and their role in the overall project feasibility must be addressed by professional engineers. The objectives of this project are: (1) determine the current structural status of the Smokey Hill River Bridge; (2) design a fiber reinforced polymer honeycomb deck that can be used to replace the current concrete and wood deck; (3) estimate the nature and cost of the new deck and other necessary structural rehabilitation aspects required to restore the bridge to some increased new useful load limits; and (4) make a decision as to the overall feasibility and cost benefit value of the project. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Composite materials KW - Fiber reinforced materials KW - Highway bridges KW - Honeycomb structures KW - Live loads KW - Polymers KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670487 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802450 AU - Fu, C C AU - Jausurawong, N AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - BOULEVARD BRIDGE REHABILITATION UPGRADING THE LOAD CAPACITY OF AN AGED TRUSS BRIDGE PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 409-414 AB - With truss spans of 107.5 -7 @ 129 - 107.5, the 1118-long Boulevard Bridge is the link between communities on either side of the James River in the city of Richmond, Virginia. built in the early 1920s, this cantilever deck truss bridge showed its age and was in need of repair. The owner of the bridge, The Richmond Metropolitan Authority (RMA), after reviewing all the options, decided to rehabilitate the bridge to todays standards. Since there are not records for the steel material, the capacity of the bridge was carefully evaluated by interpreting the inspection results and material testing. By replacing the badly deteriorated elements and the missing rivets with high strength bolts, sandblasting and repainting the truss members, redecking with light weight concrete, and redesigning for new approach spans, the bridge was totally renovated and its life span extended. Critical analysis tools provided by the BEST Center and design decisions as well as construction alternation provided by HNTB made this rehabilitation project a success. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Analysis KW - Bracing KW - Bridge members KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Loads KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Rivets KW - Steel KW - Truss bridges KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670500 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802413 AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - PRACTICAL SOLUTIONS FOR BRIDGE STRENGTHENING AND REHABILITATION. BSAR II PY - 1997/03 SP - 418p AB - Iowa University, through a grant from the National Science Foundation, sponsored this Second Symposium on Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation. The symposium provided an opportunity for engineers to present the results of actual bridge strengthening and rehabilitation projects that have been shown to provide practical answers to some of todays deficient bridges. These results continue the presentations made at the first symposium held on April 5-6, 1993 in Des Moines, Iowa. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge engineering KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge substructures KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Bridges KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670463 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802424 AU - Clawson, W C AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - REHABILITATION OF KELLOGG RAILROAD VIADUCT FOR THE CBD FREEWAY PROJECT IN WICHITA, KANSAS PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 131-140 AB - The Kellogg railroad viaduct in Wichita, Kansas, two steel crossing several city streets and railroad tracks, required substantial modifications to the west end of the bridges to accommodate the construction of a new viaduct through the Citys Central Business District (CBD). These bridges were shortened and the profile grades raised to provide the required vertical clearance for the CBD viaduct. Both bridges were widened to provide for entrance and exit ramps. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Central business districts KW - Railroad bridges KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670474 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802431 AU - Peterman, R J AU - Ramirez, J A AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - INVESTIGATION OF A BRIDGE DECK REPLACEMENT SYSTEM FOR SHORT-SPAN BRIDGES PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 209-218 AB - An experimental investigation was conducted to evaluate the durability and strength of a proposed bridge deck replacement system utilizing full-span prestressed concrete form panels. Two-full-scale specimens were fabricated and subjected to 5 million cycles of service loading before being loaded to failure. In addition, one specimen was subjected to 48 weeks of exposure cycling to determine the potential for delamination and assess the resistance to reinforcement corrosion. This study showed that satisfactory long-term performance can be achieved when composite action between the prestressed panels and CIP topping is ensured by applying a raked finish to the top surface of the panels. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridge decks KW - Corrosion KW - Delamination KW - Durability KW - Load tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670481 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802438 AU - Pantelides, C P AU - Hallings, M W AU - Womack, K C AU - Reaveley, L D AU - Gergely, I AU - Moyle, R M AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - CARBON FIBER COMPOSITES FOR REHABILITATION OF BRIDGE BENTS PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 283-292 AB - The rehabilitation of a reinforced concrete pier of the Highland Drive bridge on Interstate 80 in Salt Lake City, Utah was undertaken using carbon fiber composite materials. This project is unique because it deals with gravity and seismic issues as well as corrosion related problems. The project examined column wrapping as well as wrapping portions of the cap beam and three cap beam-column joints. This paper describes the analysis and design procedures for the carbon fiber composite wraps used on the retrofitted pier of the I-80 Highland Drive bridge. In addition, full-scale laboratory tests of retrofitted cap beam-column joints similar to those of the rehabilitated pier are described. The objectives of this research were to: (1) Restore the capacity of the bridge pier for gravity loads and improve its seismic resistance. This included the design of the pier retrofit for the columns, cap beam, and cap beam-column joints, and the performance of full-scale laboratory tests to evaluate the retrofit measures. (2) Demonstrate the feasibility of repairing a bridge bent using carbon fiber composite materials. the field demonstration provided valuable information on the practical aspects of applying this technology. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Beams KW - Bents KW - Bridges KW - Carbon fibers KW - Columns KW - Corrosion KW - Gravity KW - Piers (Supports) KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Retrofitting KW - Salt Lake City (Utah) KW - Seismic prospecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670488 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802449 AU - Blatz, R B AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - THE SEISMIC RETROFIT OF 23 BRIDGES ALONG ROUTE 17 IN DELAWARE AND SULLIVAN COUNTIES, NEW YORK PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 397-407 AB - In 1990 a project was designated for an assignment for the rehabilitation of 23 bridges along Route 17 in Delaware and Sullivan Counties, New York by the New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT). The project included an in-depth condition inspection, load rating, development of Bridge Rehabilitation Project Reports (BRPRs) and preliminary and final rehabilitation design for the 23 bridges and associated approach pavements. As part of the project seismic analysis was performed utilizing three dimensional modeling of the structures in order to develop the seismic retrofit design. The details provided included modifying substructure seas widths; providing continuity at simple span girders, where possible; providing cable restraints at simple span girders which could not be spliced for continuity; splicing of existing pin and hanger connections; and bearing replacement. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquakes KW - Inspection KW - Loads KW - Pavements KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Substructures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670499 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802427 AU - Adbel-Karim, A M AU - Harris, N H AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - SEISMIC STRENGTHENING OF AN HISTORIC ARCH BRIDGE PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 167-176 AB - This paper describes the recently completed seismic evaluation and retrofit project of the historic Russian Gulch Bridge, which carries California's scenic coastal Highway 1 over Russian Gulch State Park. Analysis showed that the existing bridge lacked an adequate lateral load carrying system capable of resisting the maximum credible earthquake. The retrofit strategy concentrated on measures that create alternative paths for the seismic loads, thereby minimizing the load demands on the arch and on other vulnerable parts of the system not designed to resist seismic loads. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Arch bridges KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Historic bridges KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic prospecting KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670477 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802428 AU - Malik, A H AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF BRIDGES IN NEW YORK STATE PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 177-186 AB - The New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) has established policies covering minimum requirements for resisting the seismic forces for new and existing structures. Based on the importance, location and other pertinent features, additional requirements are considered on a project-to-project basis. This paper presents an overview of the seismic design criteria for seismic retrofitting of conventional existing highway structures as part of the rehabilitation program of New York State. The scope of rehabilitation work considers the seismic vulnerability of the existing elements and aims at improving the seismic resistance and overall performance by retrofitting. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Bridges KW - Design KW - New York (State) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic prospecting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670478 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802442 AU - Homaee, H V AU - Nathan, M A AU - Laning, J C AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - REPLACEMENT OF EYEBAR LINKAGES AND PINS IN THE ANCHOR SPAN OF THE SUMMIT BRIDGE PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 323-331 AB - The Summit Bridge is located in the state of Delaware over the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and carries four lanes of State Route 896. This bridge and three others provide linkage between the north and south portions of the state, which was separated by the canal when it was rebuilt in 1935 to its current width. The canal connects the Chesapeake Bay and the Delaware River. The Summit Bridge was constructed in 1959. The bridge is 2,058 feet long with waterway crossings consisting of three steel cantilever trusses with anchor span lengths of 302 feet and a main span of 600 feet. The main span includes a suspended section of 300 feet. The project objectives were to replace the eyebar linkage assemblies of the bearings, including pins, with minimal disruption to traffic, and rehabilitate other selected items throughout the structure. this paper will focus on the replacement of the eyebar linkage assemblies. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Anchors (Structural connectors) KW - Assemblies (Equipment) KW - Average daily traffic KW - Bridges KW - Cantilever bridges KW - Delaware KW - Inspection KW - Pins KW - Steel KW - Structural analysis KW - Truck traffic KW - Waterways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670492 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00802445 AU - Harichandran, R S AU - Hatfield, F J AU - Kifle, B AU - Iowa State University, Ames TI - SHEAR REINFORCEMENT OF WOOD BEAMS WITH POLYMER COMPOSITE MATERIALS PY - 1997/03 SP - p. 353-362 AB - A large market exists in states such as Michigan for short-span wood bridges in which beams are typically shear critical. This paper reports the results of a preliminary study investigating the use of glass fiber reinforced plastic to reinforce short wood beams for shear. E-glass fibers in pre-impregnated, woven and stitched forms were investigated with resorcinol (phenol formaldehyde), epoxy and vinyl ester as resins/adhesives. It is demonstrated that polymer composite shear reinforcement is effective in increasing the overall strength of shear critical beams and providing ductility. U1 - Practical Solutions for Bridge Strengthening and Rehabilitation BSAR IINational Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of TransportationKansas City, Missouri StartDate:19970324 EndDate:19970325 Sponsors:National Science Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, HNTB Corporation and Missouri Department of Transportation KW - Adhesives KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Beams KW - Composite materials KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Fiber reinforced plastics KW - Flexural strength KW - Michigan KW - Polymers KW - Resins KW - Shear reinforcement KW - Vinyl resins KW - Wood UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/670495 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00764624 AU - Raad, L AU - Saboundjian, S AU - Sebaaly, P AU - Epps, J AU - Camilli, B AU - Bush, D AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOW TEMPERATURE CRACKING OF MODIFIED AC MIXES IN ALASKA. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT; VOLUME II: APPENDIX A; AND VOLUME III: APPENDICES B-H PY - 1997/03 SP - v.p. AB - Low temperature cracking is a major distress mode in Alaskan pavements due to the extreme temperature conditions that range, in some instances, from about -50 deg C in winter to 40 deg C in summer. The use of asphalt modifiers in Alaskan pavements occurred over the past 15 years. These modifiers include SBR polymers, SBS polymers, ULTRAPAVE and CRM (both the dry process, PlusRide, and the wet process). Field observations and laboratory studies in Alaska and elsewhere, indicate that the use of these modifiers would improve the low temperature cracking resistance of pavements. The degree these modifiers provide for Alaskan pavements needs to be evaluated. The objectives of this research were: 1) To characterize asphalt and polymer modified asphalt mixes from a number of selected sites using Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) Superpave PG grading system, thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST), and Superpave IDT laboratory tests on field specimens; 2) To compare low temperature cracking performance using field surveys; 3) To verify the applicability of SHRP Superpave thermal cracking; and 4) To assess the preliminary economic benefits from using polymer modified asphalts. Results of this study indicate in general significant improvement in the low temperature cracking resistance when polymer modifiers are used. The corresponding reduction in crack sealing costs are estimated to be between 30% and 40%. Minimum air and pavement temperature correlations were developed using field data covering Alaska's climatic zones. Contour maps for Alaskan roads corresponding to 50% and 98% reliability minimum pavement temperature were developed. Design recommendations to minimize low temperature cracking and estimate crack progression with age were established. KW - Alaska KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Atmospheric temperature KW - Contour maps KW - Economic benefits KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low temperature KW - Pavement cracking KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Superpave KW - Surface temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00762960 AU - Gurjar, A H AU - Tang, T AU - Zollinger, D G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF JOINT SEALANTS OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1997/03 SP - 150 p. AB - Project 0-187 task 15 continued investigative efforts of project 1371. The project completed laboratory tests including relaxation tests, bond-strength tests, and fatigue tests for various sealant materials, and also established a field test site of a variety of joint sealants to monitor performance. The researchers constructed a material behavior model based on finite-deformation viscoelasticity as a function of temperature, deformation, and age effects. They studied the correlation between natural and artificial weathering and proposed a sealant performance model. Based on this model, this report provides a procedure for estimation of the service life of a sealant in concrete pavement joints. Material and pavement engineers can use this procedure for design and maintenance purposes. This report also proposes a specification and a test protocol for joint sealant materials, which incorporate performance prediction procedure. The proposed guidelines can be verified and refined through continuous observation of the field test sections. The researchers of the project expect that application of the research products from this project will lead to an improved sealant selection process and reduced maintenance cost for concrete pavements. KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Deformation KW - Estimating KW - Fatigue tests KW - Field tests KW - Joint sealers KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance KW - Relaxation tests KW - Service life KW - Specifications KW - Temperature KW - Test procedures KW - Viscoelasticity KW - Weathering UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21200/21285/PB99109654.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497040 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760315 AU - Farhey, D N AU - Naghavi, R AU - Levi, A AU - Thakur, A M AU - Buchanan, R C AU - Jayaraman, N AU - Aktan, A E AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE CONDITION ASSESSMENT OF A POSTED BRIDGE PY - 1997/03 SP - v.p. AB - The primary objective for the Tindall Bridge study was to demonstrate how it would be possible to design the restoration and preservation of a historic bridge by integrating advanced technologies with sound, heuristic-based structural engineering. The University of Cincinnati Infrastructure Institute (UCII) team of engineers used their experience in field instrumentation and diagnostic truck-load testing, structural system identification, structural steel design, and materials engineering to conduct an evaluation of the Tindall Bridge in Sandusky County, Ohio (BA-209-0.05, constructed 1915). Since the critical material and structural attributes of the bridge were proven to be excellent, a strategy was designed for its preservation. First, critical retrofit was designed at the main roller supports; this was urgently needed to mitigate possible failure modes. Second, preventive maintenance and minor restoration, directed mainly at the floor system and substructure, were designed to ascertain a safe operating service life of five to seven years. Finally, measures were designed to structurally reinforce the floor system, which features an open grate deck, in order to ensure a subsequent fifteen to twenty year service life. KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Historic bridges KW - Historic preservation KW - Measuring instruments KW - Ohio KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Restoration KW - Retrofitting UR - http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/request?id%3Doclcnum%3A40225524 UR - http://digitalarchive.oclc.org/request?id%3Doclcnum%3A40225524 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497795 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00759238 AU - Stamatiadis, C AU - Gartner, N H AU - Winn, J AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Massachusetts Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE MASSACHUSETTS MOTORIST ASSISTANCE PROGRAM; AN ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACTS OF THIS PROJECT ON CONGESTION AND AIR QUALITY PY - 1997/03 SP - 117 p. AB - The Massachusetts Highway Department is partaking in a freeway service patrol program that assists stranded motorists and aids in accident cleanups. The objective of the freeway service patrol program is to provide quick detection, prompt response and quick clearance of traffic incidents. The program currently patrols twenty-one routes of more than 488 mi (785 km) of freeway in the metropolitan Boston, Worcester and Springfield areas. In this project the effectiveness of the Massachusetts Motorist Program (MAP) is assessed. The average detection, response and clearance times were determined for different incident types. Delay, fuel consumption and air pollution caused by each incident type are estimated through simulation of traffic operations under the incident conditions. A similar analysis is performed when the incident is not responded to by the program, so the benefits of the program can be assessed. The results of this study indicate that the Massachusetts MAP provided an average benefit of $19 to motorists per dollar spent during 1995. Procedures for analyzing operational characteristics of the program, including route length and patrolling frequency, are given. It is also recommended that consideration should be given to the addition of seasonal routes to the MAP. KW - Air pollution KW - Benefits KW - Freeways KW - Fuel consumption KW - Incident management KW - Massachusetts KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Time KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00757618 AU - Comsis Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - DESIGN FOR EFFICIENT SUBURBAN ACTIVITY CENTERS. PHASE 1 REPORT PY - 1997/03 SP - 172 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to identify methods for designing activity centers that minimize traffic congestion, improve pedestrian, bicycle, and transit mode shares, and contribute to the health and sustainability of the region. This report describes the status of research on suburban activity centers (SAC) and suggests methods for designing new SACs or retrofitting existing SACs. It is easy to use and designed for a vast audience, including public agency staff, developers, transportation planners, and local community advocates. The study discusses the evolution and impact of SACs on a region, demonstrates a common set of problems, and provides an overview of SAC literature that identifies alternative land use and circulation patterns as strategies for designing new or existing SACs. Five design principles for designing new or existing activity centers are presented, along with implementation strategies and six successful case studies. KW - Activity centers KW - Communities KW - Community action programs KW - Land use planning KW - Livable communities KW - Public private partnerships KW - Quality of life KW - Regional planning KW - Suburbs KW - Sustainable development UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00757911 AU - Calthorpe Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - DESIGN FOR EFFICIENT SUBURBAN ACTIVITY CENTERS PY - 1997/03 SP - 172 p. AB - This report describes the status of research on Suburban Activity Centers and suggests methods for designing new SACs or retrofitting existing SACs. It is designed to be easy to use for a variety of audiences: public agency staff who may be planning for or reviewing plans of Activity Centers; developers building a portion of an Activity Center; transportation planners working to bring transit to an Activity Center; policy planners helping to refine incentive programs; or local community advocates hoping to improve the livability of their region. The overall purpose of the study is to identify methods for designing Activity Centers so that they minimize traffic congestion, improve pedestrian, bicycle, and transit mode shares and contribute to healthy regions. KW - Activity centers KW - City planning KW - Development KW - Land use planning KW - Pedestrians KW - Public transit KW - Suburbs KW - Transit development plan UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538448 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746722 AU - Townsend, F C AU - McVay, M C AU - Ruesta, P AU - Hoyt, L AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTION AND EVALUATION OF A LATERALLY LOADED PILE GROUP AT ROOSEVELT BRIDGE PY - 1997/03 SP - 401 p. AB - The objectives of this research were to evaluate computer software, particularly FLPIER, develop p-y multipliers for group action, and evaluate insitu test methods for deriving p-y curves. Accordingly, an isolated single pile and a large scale test group of 16 prestressed concrete piles were subjected to a static lateral loading using a fixed-headed production group for reaction. Ten piles of the test group, six piles for the reaction group, and the single pile were instrumented with strain gages and inclinometers. The piles were 30 in. (76 cm) square and approximately 54 ft (16.5 m) long. The foundation consists of sand overlying a partially cemented sand at Roosevelt Bridge replacement, Stuart, Florida. The single pile was subjected to 72 kips (320 kN), while the pile groups were loaded to about 1000 kips (4448 kN). Computer software evaluated consisted of COM624, FLPIER, PIGR3D, and GROUP. Standard Penetration (SPT), Cone Penetration (CPT), Dilatometer (DMT), and Pressuremeter (PMT) insitu tests were used to establish the soil profile and p-y curves. Subsequent to testing, the strain gages, and inclinometer data were reduced to "measured" p-y curves. The testing results show that the nonlinear characteristics of cracked prestressed concrete piles dominate analyses and data reduction. Consequently, only FLPIER with its nonlinear concrete capabilities could predict the "post-cracking" response. The p-y multipliers accurately account for group interaction and were determined as: 0.8, 0.7, 0.3, and 0.3 for the leading, middle leading, middle trailing, and trailing rows, respectively, with the overall group p-y multiplier being 0.55. P-y curves developed from SPT correlations and PMT results provided an accurate soil representation. KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Dilatometers KW - Field tests KW - Inclinometers KW - Loads KW - Nonlinear systems KW - P-Y curves KW - P-y multipliers KW - Pile foundations KW - Pile groups KW - Pile lateral loads KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pressure gages KW - Sand KW - Software KW - Soil penetration test KW - Strain gages KW - Stuart (Florida) KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473236 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746828 AU - BROWN, C M AU - MiTech Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE MELT2 TERMINAL USING AN 820C VEHICLE; FOIL TEST NUMBERS 96F025 AND 96F026 PY - 1997/03 SP - 72 p. AB - This report contains the results from two high-speed crash tests conducted at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) in McLean, Virginia. These tests were conducted as part of a larger test matrix to certify an updated version of the metric or circular modified eccentric loader terminal (metric-MELT) known as the MELT2 terminal to the safety performance criteria outlined in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report Number 350 (NCHRP report 350). The tests conducted were test designations 3-34 and 3-32 as described in NCHRP Report 350. The vehicle used as the 820C vehicle described in NCHRP Report 350 was the Ford Festiva two-door hatchback. The results show that the MELT2 meets all the safety performance criteria specified by NCHRP 350 for the test 3-34 and 3-32. Results from the tests are presented as test summaries of data, graphs of data from the transducers affixed to the vehicles, and photographs taken before, during, and after the tests. KW - Accelerometers KW - Crashes KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - NCHRP Report 350 KW - Performance evaluations KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Transducers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473323 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744857 AU - Seliga, T A AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE NEXRAD RADAR SYSTEM AS A TOOL IN HIGHWAY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PY - 1997/03 SP - 69 p. AB - The NEXt Generation Weather RADar (NEXRAD) program is a joint effort of the U.S. Department of Commerce, Department of Defense, and Department of Transportation for the purpose of defining, procuring, and installing a network of Doppler radars throughout the United States. The radar has been designated the WSR-88D by these agencies. The first phase of this project concentrated on gaining access to data from the Seattle WSR-88D radar. This succeeded through the cooperation and combined efforts of the University of Washington's Department of Atmospheric Sciences (DAS) and the cognizant federal agency, the local office of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service (NOAA/NWS). Consequently, NEXRAD Information Dissemination Service (NIDS) Level III data were received and archived continuously by the DAS and were available for study in this project via Internet connection, computer disk, or tape. In Phase II of this project, the use of the NEXRAD data for application to ground transportation systems was examined. The ability to derive traffic-based weather products from the NEXRAD radar measurements was established. Indices to characterize weather-related driving conditions were developed. Data on traffic flow for the I-5 Marysville to Tacoma corridor were obtained and combined with the radar-derived traffic indices. In addition to data access, the investigation examined the nature of the algorithms used by NOAA/NWS to produce the various NIDS products and developed an algorithm for point rainfall estimation that accounts for storm motion. Concepts of a storm detection, tracking, and forecasting algorithm were established as the means for future analysis and demonstrations. KW - Algorithms KW - Doppler radar KW - Estimating KW - Estimation theory KW - Highway traffic control KW - Radar KW - Rainfall KW - Weather radar UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/416.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740749 AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation TI - FIELD GUIDE FOR UNPAVED RURAL ROADS PY - 1997/03 SP - 24 p. AB - The purpose of this guide is to provide assistance to local governments responsible for safety of unpaved rural roads. A national focus group assisted in identifying key safety issues for unpaved rural roads. Those issues which ranked highest are included in this guide. This easy to use guide will provide a convenient reference to help answer questions in the field. Using the material contained within this guide should provide a safer road environment for unpaved roads. The contents are organized as follows: Traffic Control Devices; Railroad Crossings; Curves; Intersections; Intersection Sight Distance; Delineation; Clear Zones; Bridges; Guardrail; Tools; Road Surface Management; Geometric Guidelines; and References. KW - Bridges KW - Clear zones KW - Geometric design KW - Guardrails KW - Guidelines KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Highway curves KW - Highway delineation KW - Highway delineators KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Rural highways KW - Sight distance KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Tools KW - Traffic control devices KW - Unpaved roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573561 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740728 AU - Click, S AU - Rouphail, N M AU - Hughes, R AU - Graves, T AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USING ADVANCED VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEMS TO EXTEND SYSTEM CAPACITY ALONG NORTH CAROLINA FREEWAYS PY - 1997/03 SP - 118 p. AB - The timely ability to accurately predict the occurrence of extended periods of significantly reduced speeds on freeways (breakdowns) is critical to effective freeway management. This paper documents the development of an easily implemented algorithm for predicting periods of 5 minutes or longer with speeds below 30 mph (48 kph) using single-loop detector data. Volume, occupancy, and derived speed data were collected at 20-second intervals from an 11-mile (18-km) stretch of I-5 in Seattle, Washington, during both AM and PM peak periods from June-August, 1996, and used to develop several algorithms for prediction of freeway breakdown. Algorithm development addressed both correct detections and likelihood of false alarms. Different algorithms were developed for short term (1- to 5-minute horizon) and long term (6- to 10-minute horizon). The critical predictors of breakdown were determined to be speed, be it mean speed, minimum speed, or change in speed over time. Directional, PM peak algorithms produced prediction rates of almost 75% (3 of 4 breakdowns were correctly predicted) but false alarm rates of about 17% indicate the need to further address this issue. Overall, PM algorithms performed better than AM algorithms, algorithms based on 1-minute data performed better than those based on 5-minute data, and short-term algorithms performed better than long term algorithms. The study also explored the relationship between safety and congestion. Preliminary support was found for the hypothesis that sudden changes in traffic characteristics may increase the likelihood of crashes under congested conditions. Finally, the study evaluated an image-based detection alternative at selected sites along I-40 and I-77 in the Raleigh and Charlotte areas. KW - Algorithms KW - Breakdown KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - False alarms KW - False alarms (Security) KW - Forecasting KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Image processing KW - Long term KW - Mechanical failure KW - Monitoring KW - Safety KW - Short term KW - Speed KW - Technological innovations KW - Time duration KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573540 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740723 AU - Raad, L AU - Saboundjian, S AU - Sebaaly, P AU - Epps, J AU - Camilli, B AU - Bush, D AU - University of Alaska, Fairbanks AU - Alaska Department of Transportation and Public Facilities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOW TEMPERATURE CRACKING OF MODIFIED AC MIXES IN ALASKA, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1997/03 SP - 30 p. AB - Low temperature cracking is a major distress mode in Alaskan pavements due to the extreme temperature conditions that range, in some instances, from about -50 deg C in winter to 40 deg C in summer. The use of asphalt modifiers in Alaskan pavements occurred over the past 15 years. These modifiers include SBR polymers, SBS polymers, ULTRAPAVE and CRM (both the dry process, PlusRide, and the wet process). Field observations and laboratory studies in Alaska and elsewhere, indicate that the use of these modifiers would improve the low temperature cracking resistance of pavements. The degree these modifiers provide for Alaskan pavements needs to be evaluated. The objectives of this research were: 1) To characterize asphalt and polymer modified asphalt mixes from a number of selected sites using SHRP Superpave PG grading system, thermal stress restrained specimen test (TSRST), and Superpave IDT laboratory tests on field specimens; 2) To compare low temperature cracking performance using field surveys; 3) To verify the applicability of SHRP Superpave thermal cracking; and 4) To assess the preliminary economic benefits from using polymer modified asphalts. Results of this study indicate in general significant improvement in the low temperature cracking resistance when polymer modifiers are used. The corresponding reduction in crack sealing costs are estimated to be between 30% and 40%. Minimum air and pavement temperature correlations were developed using field data covering Alaska's climatic zones. Contour maps for Alaskan roads corresponding to 50% and 98% reliability minimum pavement temperature were developed. Design recommendations to minimize low temperature cracking and estimate crack progression with age were established. KW - Alaska KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Contour maps KW - Cracking KW - Economic benefits KW - Field performance KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low temperature KW - Mix design KW - Modifiers KW - Pavement cracking KW - Performance KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Polymers KW - Recommendations KW - Superpave KW - Thermal fracture KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738985 AU - Eades, J L AU - McClellan, G H AU - Ruth, B E AU - Fountain, K B AU - Bennett, D AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SOUNDNESS TESTS ON FLORIDA AGGREGATES PY - 1997/03 SP - 231 p. AB - The soundness or durability of aggregates has been conventionally determined by laboratory tests (e.g., Los Angeles Abrasion and Sulfate Soundness) that do not necessarily mimic the effects of physical and chemical degradation encountered under field conditions in Florida. For this reason, the research reported here was performed to identify and evaluate alternative test methods to measure aggregate quality in Florida materials. Part I of the research addressed the evaluation of aggregate soundness research and included an historical review of aggregate soundness research and an evaluation of alternative testing methods. Part II of the research examined the shear resistance and degradation characteristics of aggregates with the primary objective being to evaluate aggregate typically used in Florida for the purpose of developing a test method that relates to aggregate quality and potential for degradation during production of hot-mix asphalt and/or in its use for granular base course materials. KW - Aggregates KW - Degradation (Aggregate) KW - Durability KW - Florida KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Shear strength KW - Soundness test KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572972 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738992 AU - Harmelink, D AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPECIAL POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT CEMENT PY - 1997/03 SP - 74 p. AB - This study evaluated and compared the effectiveness of polymer-modified asphalt mixes in improving the performance of the roadway in relation to rutting and cracking as compared to standard mixes without modified binders. Results from this study indicate that cracking is reduced when polymer-modified asphalts are used. However, this study did not make clear when a polymer is needed or whether it was cost-effective. With the introduction of Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) performance graded asphalt binder, the Colorado Department of Transportation will be able to better evaluate the effects of both temperature and traffic and how they relate to the performance gradings. The addition of various polymers used in this study did not enhance the rut resistance potential of the mix. However, the addition of the polymer did reduce the amount of transverse and longitudinal cracking to some extent. KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Rutting KW - Transverse cracking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738806 AU - Simenstad, C A AU - Thom, R M AU - Olson, A M AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MITIGATION BETWEEN REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION NEEDS AND PRESERVATION OF EELGRASS BEDS - APPENDICES (VOLUME II) PY - 1997/03 SP - 133 p. AB - The objectives of this study are to understand effects of ferry terminals and ferry operations on eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) meadows in Puget Sound and to design appropriate measures to avoid, minimize, and compensate for associated impacts. This volume, Volume II, contains the appendices to the research report. Appendix A is a previously prepared report entitled "Light Requirements of Eelgrass: A Literature Survey" by A.M. Olson, E.G. Doyle, and S.D. Visconty. Appendix B contains geographically-based (GIS) eelgrass distribution data for three Washington State Department of Transportation ferry terminals. KW - Aquatic life KW - Disturbances KW - Docks KW - Ecological effects KW - Ecosystems KW - Eelgrass KW - Eelgrass distribution data KW - Environmental impacts KW - Ferries KW - Ferry service KW - Ferry terminals KW - Fishes KW - Grasses KW - Guides to the literature KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Information organization KW - Literature reviews KW - Mitigation KW - Plants KW - Puget Sound KW - Puget Sound Region KW - Restoration KW - Sunlight KW - Traffic mitigation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/421.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572832 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738805 AU - Simenstad, C A AU - Thom, R M AU - Olson, A M AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MITIGATION BETWEEN REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION NEEDS AND PRESERVATION OF EELGRASS BEDS (VOLUME I) PY - 1997/03 SP - 147 p. AB - The objectives of this study are to understand effects of ferry terminals and ferry operations on eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) meadows in Puget Sound and to design appropriate measures to avoid, minimize, and compensate for associated impacts. Dramatic increases in population and ferry traffic in western Washington have resulted in the need to expand existing terminals. Our studies have shown that eelgrass meadows near ferry terminals are affected by light reduction and other initial and long-term disturbances associated with terminal construction and maintenance, propeller wash, and bioturbation by macroinvertebrates (i.e., sea stars and Dungeness crab). Experimental work on light showed that below about 3M m to the -2 power d to the -1 power photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for one to two weeks resulted in death of the plants. Long-term growth and PAR monitoring, as well as short-term measurements in eelgrass meadows, corroborated this value. Technological measures to mitigate impacts showed that concrete blocks with clear plastic centers, reflective material placed under terminals, and artificial lighting could all enhance light under the terminals. Restoration of damaged meadows adjacent to the terminals is proposed as a viable alternative for mitigating impacts from terminal expansion. KW - Aquatic life KW - Disturbances KW - Docks KW - Ecological effects KW - Ecosystems KW - Eelgrass KW - Environmental impacts KW - Ferries KW - Ferry service KW - Ferry terminals KW - Fishes KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Mitigation KW - Plants KW - Puget Sound KW - Puget Sound Region KW - Restoration KW - Sunlight KW - Traffic mitigation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/421.1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5800/5832/interimr.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572831 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738024 AU - Madanat, S AU - Feroze, A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTION MODELS FOR INCIDENT CLEARANCE TIME FOR BORMAN EXPRESSWAY PY - 1997/03 SP - 58 p. AB - This research consisted of two parts; this report is Volume 1. This part of the research developed a set of incident clearance time prediction models for the Borman Expressway, a 16-mile (25.7-km) segment of I-80 in northwest Indiana. The prediction of incident clearance time from these models can facilitate in efficient incident management and support traveler information systems. The products of this research project will be incorporated in the Advanced Traffic Management System that is being implemented on the Borman Expressway. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Expressways KW - Forecasting KW - Incident clearance time KW - Incident management KW - Incidents KW - Mathematical models KW - Traffic incidents UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1644&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738025 AU - Madanat, S AU - Jain, N K AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODELING DRIVER'S ROUTE CHOICE BEHAVIOR UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ADVANCE TRAVELER INFORMATION SERVICE PY - 1997/03 SP - 95 p. AB - This research consisted of two parts; this report is Volume 2. This part of the research consisted of modeling driver's route choice behavior under the influence of Advanced Traveler Information Systems. These models can help in understanding the behavior and response of travelers under the influence of Advanced Traveler Information Systems. The products of this research project will be incorporated in the Advanced Traffic Management System that is being implemented on the Borman Expressway, a 16-mile (25.7-km) segment of I-80 in northwest Indiana. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Expressways KW - Route choice UR - http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1620&context=jtrp UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572460 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737982 AU - Folwell, M AU - Stephens, J E AU - Montana State University, Bozeman AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYSTEM FOR PROCESSING AND ANALYZING WIM AND AVC DATA PY - 1997/03 SP - 68 p. AB - A computer program that processes Weigh-In-Motion (WIM) and Automatic Vehicle Classifier (AVC) data into a format usable by the Montana Department of Transportation (MDT) was developed in this project. The program calculates average Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL) factors by vehicle configuration, average vehicle weights by configuration, and indicators of WIM system performance for WIM/AVC sites. This information is available both in a selected time window and annually. The program, written using the Microsoft Access database, also identifies and describes the overweight vehicles found in the data. KW - Automatic vehicle classification KW - Axle loads KW - Computer programs KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Information processing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Size KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weigh in motion UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/research/external/docs/research_proj/system.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45800/45858/system80.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572419 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737981 AU - Johnson, D R AU - Montana State University, Bozeman AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AN EXPERIMENTAL FIELD PROJECT UTILIZING ASPHALT MODIFIERS PY - 1997/03//Final Report SP - 213 p. AB - Utilization of a mix design that will resist rutting and cracking is crucial to the life expectancy of a pavement. Drainage problems associated with these distresses contribute to safety problems and accelerated pavement deterioration. In an effort to combat rutting and cracking in Montana, a series of experimental test sections utilizing polymer modifiers were installed in 1991 along the I-94 Prairie County Line West Project, in eastern Montana. These sections were to be monitored for a period of five years by Montana State University, Bozeman. This report focuses on results of the five year monitoring of the polymer modified test sections. A summarization of the interim reports is included. The findings of this study indicate that utilization of polymer modifiers has quantifiable benefits. These benefits extend beyond improvements in resistance to rutting and cracking, and into resistance to raveling, weathering, and bleeding. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Benefits KW - Bleeding (Pavements) KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Rutting KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Test sections KW - Weathering UR - http://www.mdt.mt.gov/other/research/external/docs/research_proj/final_report_asphalt.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/45000/45800/45840/final_report_asphalt62.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572418 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736869 AU - Bertocci, U AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY FOR THE EVALUATION OF CORROSION INHIBITORS IN HIGHWAY DEICERS PY - 1997/03 SP - 82 p. AB - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were carried out on steel bars embedded in concrete blocks that were immersed in aqueous solutions of commercial deicing salts, many of which had corrosion inhibitors added. The effectiveness of the inhibitors was assessed by monitoring the evolution of the EIS results for a period of 11 months. EIS was supplemented with open circuit potential and polarization measurements. From the results, a semiquantitative ranking of the commercial deicers tested as to their corrosivity could be derived. KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion resistance KW - Corrosion resistant materials KW - Corrosive materials KW - Corrosivity KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Deicing chemicals KW - Effectiveness KW - Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rebars KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Sodium chloride UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736861 AU - Tom, GKJ AU - Fong, H K AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A CASE STUDY OF TRUCK MERGING OPERATIONS AT SELECTED FREEWAY ON-RAMP LOCATIONS IN CALIFORNIA PY - 1997/03 SP - 59 p. AB - This report provides an evaluation of truck merging operations for selected freeway on-ramp locations where there are significant truck volumes. Data regarding vehicle merge locations, speeds, traffic volumes, and accidents are included in this report. There is an auxiliary lane approximately 2152 ft (655.9 m) long at one of the rural locations (Stanislaus County, Route 5, Ingram Creek Road Interchange, postmile 23.0, northbound on-ramp). The auxiliary lane was adequate for merging and was used by most vehicles. The fatal and injury accident rate for the merge area at this location was higher than the expected accident rate. This difference was not statistically significant. The fatal and injury accident rate for the merge area at the other rural location (San Bernardino County, Route 15, Lenwood Road Interchange, postmile 68.8, northbound on-ramp) was higher than the expected accident rate. This difference was statistically significant. It should be noted that an auxiliary lane is currently being proposed at this location. Vehicle merge data were not summarized for this location. At the two suburban locations (San Bernardino County, Route 10, postmile 13.2, Cherry Avenue Interchange, westbound and eastbound on-ramps) most of the merging by cars and by truck combinations occurred within intervals of only about 200 ft to 350 ft (61.0 m to 106.7 m). The fatal and injury accident rates for the merge areas at these locations were less than the expected accident rates. The annual average daily traffic and travel for the two rural locations were less than those for the suburban locations. Each of the four freeway on-ramp locations evaluated in this report has its unique set of characteristics in terms of traffic volumes and geometric design, which might influence truck merging operations. Therefore, the information contained in this report would be helpful for planning and designing freeway on-ramp merge areas with similar characteristics. KW - Annual average daily traffic KW - Auxiliary lanes KW - Case studies KW - Crash rates KW - Fatalities KW - Freeway ramps KW - Geometric design KW - Injury rates KW - Location KW - Merging traffic KW - Ramp location & spacing KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Rural areas KW - Spacing KW - Suburbs KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479059 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736043 AU - O'Leary, A A AU - Perfater, M A AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF HIGHWAY CONDEMNATION CASES UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF SENATE BILL 724: COMPARISONS OF JURY AND COMMISSION AWARDS PY - 1997/03 SP - 15 p. AB - The Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) may legally condemn land for road improvements if all purchase negotiations with the landowner fail. If all further negotiations fail, just compensation for the landowner is decided in court by a five-member panel, called a commission. Until 1991, litigants nominated the individuals selected for the panel. Awards unfavorable to the Commonwealth have often occurred when panels had a majority of landowner-nominated commissioners. In 1991, the Virginia General Assembly enacted legislation that required the use of ordinary jurors as panel members in selected areas of the state. Average (award/certificate of take) values were compared for samples of jury and commission cases held since 1988. The state's total payout (as a percentage of certificate values) for all commission cases was also compared to its total payout for all jury cases completed in a geographic area. There were no statistically significant differences in the average (award/certificate) values of jury and commission cases heard in VDOT's Northern Virginia District since 1988. The state's total payout for 64 commission cases heard there was 162% of the certificate values, compared to a total payout of 113% for 28 jury cases. Statistical tests revealed that the average (award/certificate) value for 60 commission cases heard in Chesterfield and Henrico counties was significantly higher than the average for 19 jury cases. The state's total payout for all 60 commission cases was 150% of the corresponding certificate values, while the total payout for all 19 jury cases was 118% of the certificate values. The authors conclude that the payout comparisons for jury and commission cases, in particular, suggest that the state's costs have been substantially lower when juries have been used. The number of jury cases completed to date is small, however. For that reason, the authors recommend a three-year extension of the legislation, so that the outcomes of the two different panel selection procedures might be more validly compared. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Awards KW - Commissions KW - Compensation KW - Courts KW - Eminent domain KW - Employee compensation KW - Juries KW - Laws KW - Legal documents KW - Property condemnation KW - Statute cases KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/38000/38500/38518/97-R14.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736029 AU - Kantowitz, B H AU - Lee, J D AU - Kantowitz, S C AU - Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN FACTORS GUIDELINES FOR ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS: DEFINITION AND PRIORITIZATION OF RESEARCH STUDIES PY - 1997/03 SP - 81 p. AB - The goal of the activities documented in this report was to produce a prioritized list of candidate studies and issues that would guide data acquisition in this project. This goal was accomplished in three steps. First, 91 issues were compiled from earlier research in this effort. Second, a set of 14 criteria, 9 substantive and 5 methodological, were defined. Eight experienced human factors experts completed all 2,184 cells in a rating matrix for a total of 17,472 rating entries in the data set. Third, a linear psychometric model was used to prioritize the 91 issues. The model was validated by sending the raters three short prioritized lists, one of which was (unknown to the raters) a stratified random sample of studies and issues. Raters were asked to delete unimportant and impractical research issues from these lists. They deleted significantly more items from the random list. The nine most vital studies/issues from the final prioritized list are: cognitive demands in transitioning across Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) functions, complex interactions among ATIS functions, how In-Vehicle Signing Information Systems (ISIS) and In-Vehicle Safety Advisory and Warning Systems (IVSAWS) information influences behavior, effects of low information reliability, displaying multiple messages, features requiring standardization, single versus multiple display channels, multimodal displays, and effects of display modality and format on Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) driver workload. The key human factors issues listed here must be addressed to assure in-vehicle information systems are safe and usable components of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Driver information systems KW - Guidelines KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Psychometric models KW - Ratings KW - Research KW - Route guidance KW - Strategic planning KW - Validation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/96177/index.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478621 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736023 AU - Adams, T M AU - Sianipar, P R AU - University of Wisconsin, Madison AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SENSITIVITY OF PONTIS BMS: EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN COST, TRANSITION PROBABILITY, AND DISCOUNT FACTOR ON RECOMMENDED MR&R ACTIONS AND POLICIES PY - 1997/03 SP - 55 p. AB - This report presents a sensitivity analysis of the recommendations obtained from the MR&R optimization model of the Pontis Bridge Management System (BMS) to changes in Wisconsin's estimates of MR&R costs, transition probabilities, and discount factor. The scope includes the MR&R actions for 25 bridge elements in Wisconsin. The analysis is based on scenarios of cost and transition probabilities representing a range of low- to high-cost projects and slow to fast element deteriorations. The potential cost savings per element from adopting special policies on extreme high- and low-cost projects were estimated. The analysis identified the MR&R actions that are sensitive to changes in cost or transition probability, the MR&R actions that are never recommended, and the cost and transition scenarios for which the optimal policy is to do-nothing until failure. The optimal policies recommended by Pontis and the current practice at District 1 were compared as were the predicted long-term steady-state conditions and the current element conditions in Districts 5 and 6. Recommendations for improving Wisconsin's MR&R cost database are presented. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Bridge members KW - Bridges KW - Cost control KW - Cost savings KW - Deterioration KW - Discount factor KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Maintenance practices KW - Optimization KW - Policy KW - Transition probabilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478615 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736020 AU - Weed, R M AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY QUALITY ASSURANCE: THE NEED FOR SCIENCE-AND-KNOWLEDGE-BASED DECISION MAKING PY - 1997/03 SP - 34 p. AB - Despite many advances in technology over the past two decades, and a recently renewed commitment to quality in the form of the National Quality Initiative (NQI), there remain many quality assurance procedures in use today that reflect neither the proper application of technology nor the commitment to excellence proclaimed by the NQI. It is argued that critical decision-making processes in the highway field -- processes that affect the acceptance or rejection of work performed by the construction industry, or the level of compensation for such work -- must be based on sound engineering and mathematical principles. Several examples are presented to illustrate that the best way to assure that good decisions will be made is to insist on the use of scientifically sound procedures. Recommendations are also made to improve the process by which voluntary consensus standards are produced. The consensus process is well suited to resolve many issues, but it may not be conducive to good science. Scientific procedures must stand or fall on their technical merits. Careful scrutiny by knowledgeable individuals must be invited and welcomed, and valid criticism acted upon. Only in this manner can the process be made productive and credible. KW - Decision making KW - National quality initiative KW - Quality assurance KW - Road construction KW - Scientific method UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478612 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735998 AU - Albright, D AU - New Mexico State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ELEMENTS OF SUCCESS: TRANSIMS. OUR NATIONAL LABORATORIES AND TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PY - 1997/03 SP - 20 p. AB - This paper describes the elements of success in a major research project undertaken by a federal laboratory, in partnership with state and local transportation agencies, and sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. The research project is TRansportation ANalysis and SIMulation System (TRANSIMS), the largest civilian transportation simulation research and development project in the history of the United States, or any other nation. This paper explores why the project succeeded, beginning with the concept and design in November 1991, through initial federal funding in March 1993, to the research program and products today. The elements of success may be helpful to other state and federal research initiatives. Understanding success is particularly important in the design and conduct of research that is high risk and high payoff. This is the type of research well suited to the federal laboratories. TRANSIMS is one example of how to effectively engage the research capabilities of our federal laboratories to meet an urgent transportation need. KW - Laboratories KW - Local government KW - Los Alamos National Laboratory KW - National laboratories KW - Partnerships KW - Research KW - State departments of transportation KW - Transportation KW - Transportation analysis and simulation system KW - Transportation research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735961 AU - Lindstrom, M AU - Nie, M AU - Lindstrom (M) and Nie (M) AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HOW DO YOU COLLECT AND USE PUBLIC INFORMATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PLANS AND PROGRAMS? PY - 1997/03 SP - 65 p. AB - The research and findings of this study stem from an attempt to answer the question of "how do you collect and use public information in the development of transportation plans and programs," posed by the Arizona Department of Transportation. This document attempts to answer this question using a variety of methodologies. The findings from a comprehensive literature review, telephone interviews, a mail survey, and two focus groups are presented. The final recommendations can be found in Chapter seven. In sum, the research conclusively supports the following: Enhancing citizen participation in the transportation planning process, although difficult, is a worthwhile endeavor. Public participation should be done in a variety of case-specific and innovative ways other than the traditional form of public meetings and hearings. By increasing and better utilizing public input into the planning process, an agency increases the chances of program and planning success. KW - Data collection KW - Focus groups KW - Guides to the literature KW - Interviewing KW - Literature reviews KW - Public opinion KW - Public participation KW - Recommendations KW - Surveys KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478554 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735962 AU - ROWELL, M AU - Buonincontri, F AU - Semmens, J AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE COST EFFECTIVENESS AND MAGNITUDE OF POTENTIAL IMPACT OF VARIOUS CONGESTION MANAGEMENT MEASURES PY - 1997/03 SP - 83 p. AB - Phoenix and Tucson are "non-attainment" areas under the Environmental Protection Agency's air quality guidelines. Vehicle traffic is the main man-made source of the region's air quality problems. Various methods for reducing the vehicular contribution to air pollution are constantly under consideration and debate. The potential impact on air quality of each measure varies. Each measure also has a different price associated with it. At the same time, there are limited resources available to fund these measures. The original contribution of this report is contained in the translation of congestion abatement impacts into air quality impacts. The air quality estimates are calculated using numbers specific to Phoenix and Tucson. The methodology permits comparison of the available congestion abatement options by the potential magnitude of emissions reductions and by cost-effectiveness of removing pollutants. The near term (within five years) results are summarized in tables for Phoenix and Tucson. The purpose of this report is to provide policy makers with a guide to options that are available to reduce congestion that may lead to a more cost-effective program for reducing vehicle generated air pollution. KW - Air pollution KW - Air quality KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Congestion management systems KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Environmental impacts KW - Options KW - Phoenix (Arizona) KW - Pollutants KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Traffic congestion KW - Tucson (Arizona) UR - http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/singleitem/collection/statepubs/id/1215/rec/1 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478555 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735919 AU - Wade, M J AU - Cuttell, G D AU - Vandenbossche, J M AU - Yu, H T AU - Smith, K D AU - Snyder, M B AU - University of Minnesota, Twin Cities AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS CONTAINING RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE PY - 1997/03 SP - 296 p. AB - This interim report documents the field performance of nine concrete pavement projects that incorporate recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in the construction of the pavement. Multiple sections were evaluated on many of the nine projects, due to perceived differences in performance levels or variations in pavement design (such as the use of virgin aggregate or the inclusion of dowel bars). All told, a total of 17 sections (of which 12 contain RCA) were subjected to an extensive field testing program, consisting of pavement condition surveys, drainage surveys, falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing, coring, and serviceability assessments. A minimum of eight cores were retrieved from each section for laboratory evaluation of compressive strength, split tensile strength, dynamic elastic modulus, static elastic modulus, and thermal coefficient of expansion, as well as for volumetric surface testing and petrographic analyses. Each of the 17 sections included in the investigation is described in detail. Performance observations and results from the FWD and laboratory testing are presented, with emphasis on evaluating the effect of RCA on pavement performance. An overall summary is provided that synthesizes the findings and conclusions of the field testing program. A laboratory-based research effort is currently being planned to provide additional insight on the behavior of concrete mixtures using RCA. Those laboratory-based results, taken in conjunction with the results of the field testing program, will be used to produce guidelines for the design of recycled concrete mixtures and to develop recommendations for the design of concrete pavements using RCA. KW - Aggregates KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete pavements KW - Condition surveys KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Drainage KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Field tests KW - Geological surveying KW - Laboratory tests KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Petrographic investigations KW - Petrography KW - Recycled aggregates KW - Recycled materials KW - Serviceability KW - Tensile strength KW - Thermal expansion KW - Volumetric analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478512 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735922 AU - Mak, K K AU - Menges, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NCHRP REPORT 350 COMPLIANCE TEST OF THE NEW JERSEY SAFETY SHAPED BARRIER PY - 1997/03 SP - 42 p. AB - The New Jersey safety shaped barrier is one of the most common barriers currently in use on the Nation's highways. The barrier has successfully met all evaluation criteria set forth in National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 230. However, with the adoption of NCHRP Report 350 by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) as the official guidelines for crash testing of roadside safety features, it became necessary to reevaluate the New Jersey safety shaped barrier to the new guidelines. Of particular importance is the replacement of one of the design test vehicles specified in NCHRP Report 230, the 2044-kg passenger car, by a 2000-kg pickup truck (2000P) under NCHRP Report 350 guidelines. The crash test reported herein was performed as an effort to evaluate the New Jersey safety shaped barrier according to NCHRP Report 350 guidelines. The crash test performed corresponded to NCHRP Report 350 test designation 3-11 involving a 2000P test vehicle impacting the barrier at a nominal speed and angle of 100 km/h and 25 degrees. The New Jersey safety shaped barrier met all evaluation criteria set forth in NCHRP Report 350 and the test was judged to be satisfactory. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Concrete safety shapes KW - Guidelines KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Median barriers KW - NCHRP Report 350 KW - Speed KW - Test vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478515 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746731 AU - Wayson, R L AU - Cooper, C D AU - Brenner, M L AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DETERMINATION OF HOT AND COLD START PERCENTAGES FOR THE STATE OF FLORIDA TO BE USED IN MOBILE SOURCE EMISSIONS PY - 1997/02/26 SP - 131 p. AB - Currently, highway air quality models are run using outdated, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) derived, default values to represent percentages of light duty vehicles driving in the hot or cold start mode. The accuracy of these percentages is crucial because of the great influence on emission factors produced by the MOBILE5a program. Data were collected by surveys that were distributed directly to drivers in Orlando, Tampa, Fort Lauderdale, and Jacksonville. These data, along with state traffic data, made estimates of the percentage of vehicular operation in the hot or cold transient mode possible for the State of Florida. These percentages are presented in tabular form, according to the purpose of the trip, the area type in which the trip occurs, the facility type, and time of day. KW - Accuracy KW - Air quality KW - Cold start KW - Cold starts (Driving) KW - Computer models KW - Data collection KW - Data files KW - Emission factors KW - Florida KW - Hot start KW - Hot starts (Driving) KW - Input data KW - Light vehicles KW - Pollutants KW - Surveys KW - Tables (Data) KW - Traffic data UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00750043 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Iowa Department of Transportation TI - FINDING OF NO SIGNIFICANT IMPACT FOR IMPROVEMENT OF U.S. 151, JONES AND DUBUQUE COUNTIES, IOWA, SEGMENT 4 - MONTICELLO TO CASCADE, CASCADE BYPASS SECTION, PROJECT NO. NHS-151-3(84)--19-57 PY - 1997/02/18 SP - v.p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has determined that the project for improvement of Segment 4 of U.S. 151 in Jones and Dubuque Counties, Iowa, will not have any significant impact on the human environment. This finding is based on the attached Environmental Assessment which has been independently evaluated by the FHWA and determined to adequately and accurately discuss the need, environmental issues, impacts of the proposed project and appropriate mitigation measures. It provides sufficient evidence and analysis for determining that an Environmental Impact Statement is not required. KW - Dubuque County (Iowa) KW - Environmental assessments KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Jones County (Iowa) KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/484941 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735997 AU - Okpala, D AU - ANDERSON, W AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CULVERT PIPE REHABILITATION USING SLIP-LINERS PY - 1997/02/10 SP - 9 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to ascertain the viability of using slipliners to rehabilitate deteriorated corrugated metal culvert pipes under high volume roads in the State. The sliplining operation was to be considered as an alternative to the costly procedure of excavating and replacing the existing pipe. In general this technology was found highly beneficial by the Districts who used the liners. Savings of up to 52% were achieved on one of the sites, when sliplining was compared with the conventional method of excavating and replacing the deteriorated culvert and pavement structure. These cost savings do not include those associated with traffic delays and interruption when excavating to replace the old culvert. Savings of more than 4% can be achieved, when the road is under reconstruction, and the pavement structure is excluded from the cost of excavating and replacing the deteriorated culvert. Greater savings are anticipated at greater depths. Inspection after three years in service revealed no significant deterioration in most liners. Monitoring of their long term performance is continuing. All the liners used, except Vylon by Lamson, were found to perform satisfactorily both during construction and in service. Vylon was found to be brittle and has questionable joint integrity. The use of Vylon in Wisconsin Department of Transportation projects in its present form is discouraged. KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Cost control KW - Cost savings KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Inspection KW - Long term KW - Monitoring KW - Performance KW - Pipe culverts KW - Rehabilitation KW - Slipliners KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478587 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01613033 AU - Armstrong, Scott D AU - Salas, Reuben M AU - Wood, Brad AU - Breen, John E AU - Kreger, Michael E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Behavior and Design of Large Structural Concrete Bridge Pier Overhangs PY - 1997/02//Interim Report SP - 278p AB - In designing large cantilever bent caps for use on recent projects under current AASHTO design specifications, designers were faced with considerable uncertainties. Questions arose when designers attempted to satisfy both serviceability and strength requirements for a series of cap designs that mixed both non-prestressed and prestressed concrete solutions. The problems were complicated because of uncertainty whether AASHTO corbel or deep beam provisions would apply. The resulting designs were highly congested, had poor constructibility and high costs. This report outlines development of a new design approach involving use of strut-and-tie models (STM), as well as a mix of prestressed and non-prestressed main flexural reinforcement. A series of sixteen bent cap overhangs were designed, built at a reduced scale, and loaded to failure. Deflections, crack patterns and widths, reinforcement strains, and overall behavior were observed. Economic and constructibility issues were examined. The use of T-headed anchorages was explored. A comprehensive design approach that considers both serviceability issues (deflections, cracking, crack widths, fatigue stress ranges, and side face crack control) and strength issues (ductility, adequacy of STM design and analysis of flexural capacity} was developed. Recommendations for design and detailing to improve behavior, reduce congestion and improve constructibility are provided. KW - Bents KW - Bridge piers KW - Cantilevers KW - Constructibility KW - Design KW - Strut and tie method UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/digitized/texasarchive/phase2/1364-1.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/60000/60200/60230/1364-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1425530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105018 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Toll Facilities in the United States: Bridges - Roads - Tunnels - Ferries. February 1997 PY - 1997/02 SP - 38p AB - The first section of this report presents a discussion of the history and current policy regarding toll roads in the United States. The second section contains selected information on toll facilities in the United States that has been provided to FHWA by the States and/or various toll authorities. The information is based on a survey of facilities in operation, financed, or under construction as of January 1, 1997. Tables T-1 and T-2 include, where known: The direction of toll collection; The type of electronic toll collection system, if available; Whether the facility is part of the National Highway System (NHS). Table T-1 contains information such as the name, financing or operating authority, location and termini, feature crossed, length, and road system for toll roads, bridges, tunnels, and ferries that connect highways. Parts 1 and 3 include the Interstate System route numbers for toll facilities located on the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways; Parts 2 and 4 include a functional system identification code for non-Interstate System toll bridges, roads, and tunnels; Part 5 includes vehicular toll ferries. Table T-2 contains a list of those projects under serious consideration as toll facilities, awaiting completion of financing arrangements, or proposed as new toll facilities that are being studied for financial and operational feasibility. KW - Automated toll collection KW - Ferries KW - History KW - Policy KW - Toll bridges KW - Toll facilities KW - Toll operating authorities KW - Toll roads KW - Toll tunnels KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5700/5740/toll2-97.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863925 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01104309 AU - Grenzeback, Lance R AU - Colman, Carol G AU - Kaliski, John G AU - Markert, Molly K AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - National ITS/CVO Program PY - 1997/02//Final Report 1996 SP - 82p AB - This report was developed as part of the study, Systems Planning for Automated Commercial Vehicle Licensing and Permitting Systems. The objective of this study was to define the requirements and develop a plan for a national program to apply Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to commercial vehicle operations (CVO). The objectives of the report are to define goals and guiding principles for the national ITS/CVO program: define the relationships among ITS/CVO projects: describe approaches for organizing, managing, and funding the ITS/CVO program; and build a consensus among public and private sector CVO stakeholders in support of the national ITS/CVO program. The report provides detailed descriptions of more than 50 current and planned ITS/CVO projects, organized into five broad areas: safety assurance, credentials administration, electronic screening, carrier operations, and technical infrastructure through the Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) initiative. The report also discusses the organization and management approach to the ITS/CVO program, including the mainstreaming initiative to foster ITS/CVO deployment at the national, regional, and state levels; and the FHWAs role in managing and coordinating the ITS/CVO program. The report presents a roadmap to the ITS/CVO program that suggests the timing of the major projects and initiatives.Finally, the report provides a general funding approach for the ITS/CVO program, including an assessment of program expenditures and funding sources, and the identification of strategies for the devolution of funding responsibilities from the Federal government to the state and the private sector. KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Communication systems KW - Highway safety KW - Information systems KW - Information technology KW - Infrastructure KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Technology assessment KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16500/16526/PB2000104157.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01029089 AU - Brooks, Eric W AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Serb Guardrail - South Ashland Interchange, California State Line Section Pacific Highway (Interstate 5), Jackson County, Oregon PY - 1997/02//Final Report SP - 27p AB - The Self Restoring Barrier (SERB) is a proprietary guardrail unit comprised of a single tubular thrie beam held outward from the supporting wooden posts by pivoting metal arms, its height above the ground secured by short cables attached to the top of the wooden posts. Two SERB guardrail systems were installed on the Pacific Highway (Interstate 5) in southern Oregon as part of an Experimental Features Project for the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT). The SERB guardrails were placed along the same alignment as the previous standard guardrail. The SERB guardrail is designed to redirect vehicles (including larger vehicles) when struck, yet requires little or no maintenance after being struck by smaller vehicles. During the three years of in-service performance, the SERB guardrails experienced some damage to the rail, and were not repaired. A problem with the lag screw that connects the support cable to the guardrail post was found: the lag screw had been slipping from the weight of the thrie beam, allowing the guardrails to sag. However, the guardrails were still functional in 90% of the length of installation. The local maintenance district opted to remove the SERB in July of 1993. Reasons cited for removal included high costs, manpower, and traffic control in a dangerous work zone. This final report covers the three evaluation and removals of the SERB guardrails. KW - Field studies KW - Guardrails KW - Maintenance KW - Performance KW - Redirection (Impacting vehicle) KW - Removal KW - Screws KW - Self-Restoring Barrier KW - Slippage UR - http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/TD/TP_RES/ResearchReports/SerbGuardrail.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/786340 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00977150 AU - Jackivicz, T P AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Massachusetts Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES FOR PRESAMPLING STREET SWEEPINGS FOR TOXICITY AND BENEFICIAL REUSE PY - 1997/02 SP - 91 p. AB - Street sweeping samples from 69 different statewide locations in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts were collected and analyzed for a variety of constituents during a 5 month period. Analytes included total Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 8 metals plus sodium; Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) RCRA 8 metals; polyaromatic hydrocarbons; total petroleum hydrocarbons (gasoline and diesel range); volatile organic chemicals; polychlorinated biphenyls; chlorides; and specific conductance. In addition, similar analysis was conducted on duplicate, split, and control samples. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis was performed on the analytes and the variables: traffic volume, road classification, location development, and coastal/non-coastal. Regression equations are presented in tabular form correlating the analytes and variables. KW - Chlorides KW - Coasts KW - Hydrocarbons KW - Land use KW - Metals KW - Multivariate analysis KW - Polychlorinated biphenyls KW - Recycling KW - Regression analysis KW - Samples KW - Sodium KW - Street cleaning KW - Sweepings KW - Toxicity KW - Traffic volume KW - Types of roads KW - Volatile organic compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/703224 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00974099 AU - Grenzeback, Lance R AU - Colman, C G AU - Kaliski, J G AU - Markert, M K AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR STATE ITS/CVO BUSINESS PLANS PY - 1997/02 SP - 65 p. AB - This technical memorandum was developed as part of the study, "Systems Planning for Automated Commercial Vehicle Licensing and Permitting Systems." The objective of this study was to define the requirements and develop a plan for a national program to apply Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to commercial vehicle operations (CVO). A primary recommendation of this project is that the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) should encourage each state to develop an ITS/CVO business plan. A state ITS/CVO business plan is a "roadmap" to a state's ITS/CVO program that defines broad goals and objectives, as well as specific projects, milestones, responsibilities, and funding levels. The business plan emphasizes the application of ITS technologies to improve state CVO processes and procedures. The objectives of ITS/CVO business plans are to: provide a framework for identifying problems in current CVO processes and opportunities for applying ITS to address these problems; achieve consensus on the ITS/CVO projects and policies among state agencies and the motor carrier industry; allow ITS/CVO projects to be developed and deployed in a coordinated manner; and serve as a concise program summary that may be distributed to state agencies, legislators, the general public, and other states. This technical memorandum provides a guide to developing a state ITS/CVO business plan. It also reviews the status and results of state ITS/CVO business planning to date. The report is intended for a state department of transportation, or any other agency that has the overall responsibility for developing the state's ITS/CVO program. It also will assist representatives from the FHWA Office of Motor Carriers who are assigned to support state agencies in developing the ITS/CVO business plans. KW - Businesses KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Guidelines KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Motor carrier industry KW - States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16500/16533/PB2000104165.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/697877 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00798962 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRESENTING HAZARD WARNING INFORMATION TO DRIVERS USING AN ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEM. SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1997/02 SP - 2 p. AB - This summary report presents some key results of a project to develop a precise and detailed set of preliminary human factors design guidelines for Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO) devices. A key subsystem of ATIS will be the In-Vehicle Safety Advisory and Warning System (IVSAWS), which will provide warnings of unsafe roadway conditions and situations affecting the driver. The following questions are addressed: What is hazard warning information? How should hazard warning information be presented to drivers? How is hazard warning information used by drivers? How will commercial drivers benefit? KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Auditory display mode KW - Commercial drivers KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Design KW - Guidelines KW - Hazards KW - Human factors KW - Information display systems KW - Visual display mode KW - Warning devices KW - Warning systems UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/humanfac/96183/96183.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/665934 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00758035 AU - Sabatini, P J AU - Elias, V AU - Schmertmann, G R AU - Bonaparte, R AU - GeoSyntec Consultants AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING CIRCULAR NO. 2: EARTH RETAINING SYSTEMS PY - 1997/02 SP - 165 p. AB - This document presents information on temporary and permanent earth retaining systems for use on highway projects. Earth retaining systems discussed in this document include: rigid gravity and semi-gravity walls; prefabricated modular gravity walls; mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls; reinforced soil slopes; non gravity cantilevered walls and anchored walls including sheet-pile walls, soldier pile and lagging walls, slurry (diaphragm) walls, tangent pile and secant pile walls, and soil mixed walls; and in-situ reinforced walls such as soil-nailed walls and micropile walls. The document provides comparative information on earth retaining system components, methods of construction, contracting practices, and construction monitoring and inspection practices. The document also provides general information on design/analysis procedures and identifies references where detailed design/analysis information can be obtained. The document is intended as a broadly-scoped primer and resource document for highway planning, design, and construction specialists. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Construction inspection KW - Construction management KW - Contracting KW - Design methods KW - Diaphragm walls KW - Earth walls KW - Gravity walls KW - Inspection KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Retaining walls KW - Sheet pile walls KW - Slurry trenches KW - Soil nailing KW - Stabilized materials KW - Walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00758023 AU - BROWN, C M AU - MiTech Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FORD FESTIVA COLLISIONS WITH NARROW OBJECTS PY - 1997/02 SP - 103 p. AB - This test report contains the test results from a series of four crash tests conducted at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) in McLean, Virginia. The tests were frontal crash tests involving Ford Festiva two-door sedans. Three Ford Festivas impacted the FOIL's instrumented rigid pole and one impacted a single-leg 6-kg/m u-channel sign post embedded in strong soil. The objective of these tests was to provide crush characteristic data in support of a computer simulation effort to model a Ford Festiva. The results are presented as data plots of acceleration vs. time, velocity vs. time, displacement vs. time, force vs. displacement, and force vs. time. The data plots were derived from vehicle accelerometer data and rigid pole load cell data. The data from the three rigid pole tests serve as a good baseline for modeling the front-end crush of a Ford Festiva. The one u-post sign support test provides good data to help model the interaction between a Ford Festiva and a small sign support mounted in strong soil. KW - Automobile tests KW - Crashes KW - Fracture tests KW - Frontal crashes KW - Impact tests KW - Posts KW - Rigid poles KW - Simulation KW - Testing KW - Vehicle tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538484 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00750008 AU - Bowman, J L AU - Ben-Akiva, Moshe AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - ACTIVITY-BASED TRAVEL FORECASTING PY - 1997/02 SP - p. 3-36 AB - An examination of the theory underlying activity based travel forecasting models, and the classification of the differences among modeling approaches provide a framework which is used to compare six important examples. Three examples are utility-based econometric systems of equations predicting probabilities of decision outcomes. One is trip-based, a second is tour-based, and the third represents an entire daily schedule. The first two are theoretically inferior but have been validated operationally. The daily schedule system integrates the sequence and timing of activities across tours but has been implemented only as a prototype. Hybrid simulations use sequential decision rules to predict decision process outcomes. Each example assumes the decisionmaker uses a specific method to simplify a complex decision. The first classifies the alternatives into a small choice set of distinct classes, the second uses a structured search for a satisfactory schedule adjustment, and the third employs a sequential schedule building process. They have challenging data requirements, unvalidated search process assumptions and only partially functional prototypes. U1 - Activity-Based Travel Forecasting ConferenceDepartment of TransportationFederal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationOffice of the Secretary of TransportationEnvironmental Protection AgencyNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19960602 EndDate:19960605 Sponsors:Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Office of the Secretary of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency KW - Activity models KW - Econometric models KW - Forecasting KW - Hybrid simulation KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/486711 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00750015 AU - LEE-GOSSELIN, MEH AU - Polak, J AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP ONE: ACTIVITY AND TIME USE DATA NEEDS, RESOURCES AND SURVEY METHODS PY - 1997/02 SP - p. 173-181 AB - This workshop examined the kinds of data needed for activity forecasting and the resources and procedures for obtaining those data. The content and structure of activity and time-use diaries were discussed. There have been at least six major regional activity diary surveys in the United States: Portland, Dallas, Honolulu, Boston, Washington, D.C., and Triangle Transit Authority (North Carolina). The progression of those surveys represents significant developments in activity diary survey techniques. Much can be learned in the near term by examining the data from those surveys and from the successes and failures of the travel behavior analyses and forecasts using those data. Needs identified include improving panel methods, event based data collection, stated response methods and including transportation service supply data. U1 - Activity-Based Travel Forecasting ConferenceDepartment of TransportationFederal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationOffice of the Secretary of TransportationEnvironmental Protection AgencyNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19960602 EndDate:19960605 Sponsors:Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Office of the Secretary of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency KW - Activity models KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Forecasting KW - Information organization KW - Natural resources KW - Survey methods KW - Surveys KW - Travel KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/486718 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00750007 AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - ACTIVITY-BASED TRAVEL FORECASTING CONFERENCE, NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA, JUNE 2-5, 1996. SUMMARY, RECOMMENDATIONS, AND COMPENDIUM OF PAPERS PY - 1997/02 SP - 205p AB - The principal goal of this conference was to promote use of activity-based approaches for travel forecasting. Corollary purposes were to identify activity-based forecasting techniques that can be used now and to recommend actions to advance the state-of-the-art. The conference was organized as one plenary session and three workshops. This report includes a paper based on the introductory seminar, the keynote address, five other plenary session presentations, and summaries of the three workshops. Each of these papers and summaries is entered separately in the TRIS data base. U1 - Activity-Based Travel Forecasting ConferenceDepartment of TransportationFederal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationOffice of the Secretary of TransportationEnvironmental Protection AgencyNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19960602 EndDate:19960605 Sponsors:Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Office of the Secretary of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency KW - Activity models KW - Conferences KW - Forecasting KW - Travel KW - Workshops UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11400/11469/006848.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/486710 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00750009 AU - Goulias, K G AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - ACTIVITY-BASED TRAVEL FORECASTING: WHAT ARE SOME ISSUES? PY - 1997/02 SP - p. 37-49 AB - Models for activity-based travel forecasting methods are increasingly developed by researchers mainly in Europe and the United States in support of policy actions that cannot be addressed by existing modeling methods and forecasting applications. Since the 1980s, when activity methods were considered as predominantly esoteric research approaches with very few applications, significant progress has been made in the three areas of data collection, modeling, and simulation that are the subject of this conference. In this paper a brief review of some issues that need to be addressed in the short and long terms are presented. Past unresolved forecasting issues and the policy context in the U.S., with an example from a program announced recently by the U.S. DOT, are first provided. The paper continues with the basic definitions underlying activity-based forecasting methods and models and a brief description of accumulated evidence-knowledge that is found in the literature today. Specific issues for which some exploratory research is needed are also outlined. These issues are further developed and artificially categorized into short-term (in need of immediate answers and provision of evidence) and long-term issues that are presented as a straw man strategic plan for a successful activity-based travel forecasting system that could become the standard practice in the U.S. Specific issues to be targeted by the workshops in the conference are provided last. U1 - Activity-Based Travel Forecasting ConferenceDepartment of TransportationFederal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationOffice of the Secretary of TransportationEnvironmental Protection AgencyNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19960602 EndDate:19960605 Sponsors:Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Office of the Secretary of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency KW - Activity models KW - Forecasting KW - Long term KW - Short term issues KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation policy KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/486712 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00750011 AU - PAS, E I AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - RECENT ADVANCES IN ACTIVITY-BASED TRAVEL DEMAND MODELING PY - 1997/02 SP - p. 79-102 AB - This paper presents an overview of recent and on-going advances in activity-based travel demand modeling, organized in terms of the methodologies employed (including computational process models, structural equation model systems, and hazard-based duration models) and the phenomena being modeled (including in-home and out-of-home activity participation, interpersonal dependencies, and daily activity-travel patterns). The paper sets the overview of the recent and on-going advances in activity-based travel modeling in the context of the long and rich history of activity-based travel analysis, which was first proposed about 20 years ago as an alternative to the trip-based modeling framework and the discrete choice, utility-maximizing models that were being incorporated into the trip-based travel demand modeling framework at that time. This paper finds that substantial progress has been made recently, and continues to be made, in advancing from activity-based travel analysis (with an emphasis on descriptive analysis and understanding), to activity-based travel forecasting models that can be used effectively for addressing contemporary policy and planning issues. The considerable recent effort and progress in activity-based travel modeling is attributed to technical, institutional and data availability factors. U1 - Activity-Based Travel Forecasting ConferenceDepartment of TransportationFederal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationOffice of the Secretary of TransportationEnvironmental Protection AgencyNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19960602 EndDate:19960605 Sponsors:Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Office of the Secretary of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency KW - Activity models KW - Forecasting KW - State of the art KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/486714 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00750013 AU - Kitamura, R AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - APPLICATIONS OF MODELS OF ACTIVITY BEHAVIOR FOR ACTIVITY BASED DEMAND FORECASTING PY - 1997/02 SP - p. 119-150 AB - Reviewed in this paper are samples of studies in which activity-based models have been applied to demand forecasting and policy analysis. The forecasting models utilized are classified into two groups: (1) structural equations model systems of measures of mobility and activity participation; and (2) microsimulation model systems of individuals' activity engagement and travel. The objectives of this review are to summarize the progress so far made in the application of activity-based models to demand forecasting, and to demonstrate the benefits this approach will offer when it is fully developed. Section 1 provides an introduction. In the next two sections, the limitations of the conventional trip-based models and the reasons why activity-based models should be used, are discussed. In Section 4, requirements for activity-based demand forecasting are discussed. Application examples of structural equations models and microsimulation models of activity and travel are presented in Sections 5 and 6, respectively. Section 7 offers conclusions. U1 - Activity-Based Travel Forecasting ConferenceDepartment of TransportationFederal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationOffice of the Secretary of TransportationEnvironmental Protection AgencyNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19960602 EndDate:19960605 Sponsors:Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Office of the Secretary of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency KW - Activity models KW - Benefits KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Microsimulation KW - Policy analysis KW - Simulation KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural equation modeling KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/486716 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00750017 AU - Sicko, B AU - Mahmassani, H AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP THREE: MICROSIMULATION IN ACTIVITY ANALYSIS PY - 1997/02 SP - p. 193-197 AB - The third workshop examined the potential for microsimulation in activity analysis and forecasting. This technique holds opportunity for forecasting person and household characteristics and possibly inputs to travel forecasting models as well. The discussion also addressed the special needs of microsimulation procedures. Those techniques are currently being developed for use in the new TRANSIMS models. Two microsimulation approaches that have been applied are the AMOS work in Washington, DC, and the Midas model for microsimulation of demographic change in the Netherlands. Also, an extension of AMOS, adding in-vehicle transactions is being applied in California but was not yet complete at the time of the conference. U1 - Activity-Based Travel Forecasting ConferenceDepartment of TransportationFederal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationOffice of the Secretary of TransportationEnvironmental Protection AgencyNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19960602 EndDate:19960605 Sponsors:Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Office of the Secretary of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency KW - Activity models KW - Forecasting KW - Microsimulation KW - Simulation KW - Travel KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/486720 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00750010 AU - KURANI, K S AU - LEE-GOSSELIN, MEH AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - SYNTHESIS OF PAST ACTIVITY ANALYSIS APPLICATIONS PY - 1997/02 SP - p. 51-77 AB - This review describes the emergence of the central ideas within the activity analysis paradigm and their application to travel forecasting. We posit that three interconnected processes of "ideas applications" form the basis of scientific development. The first is conceptualization and theory building. The second is empirical tests and applications: here, we make a distinction between those in which activity patterns are considered as segmentation variables in travel models, and those in which travel is incorporated into activity patterns. The third process is the self-conscious evaluation of the interplay between theory and application: we call this last the "reflexive nexus". We provide examples of studies which demonstrate these processes; most studies emphasize one over the others. This framework places the pathways toward implementing activity-based travel demand forecasting into more of a cyclical, and less of a linear, historical context. One example is given of how all three processes have contributed to a particular model of activity scheduling. We conclude that activity analysis continues to develop within waxing and waning periods of inductive theory construction and deductive theory testing. Extending activity analysis to the realm of travel forecasting should provide intellectually more satisfying forecasting tools and lead to improved theory. U1 - Activity-Based Travel Forecasting ConferenceDepartment of TransportationFederal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationOffice of the Secretary of TransportationEnvironmental Protection AgencyNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19960602 EndDate:19960605 Sponsors:Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Office of the Secretary of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency KW - Activity analysis KW - Applications KW - Forecasting KW - Travel UR - http://www.tmiponline.org/Clearinghouse/Items/Synthesis_of_Past_Activity_Analysis_Applications.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/486713 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00750012 AU - Lawton, T K AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - ACTIVITY AND TIME USE DATA FOR ACTIVITY-BASED FORECASTING PY - 1997/02 SP - p. 103-118 AB - This paper, written from a practitioner perspective, briefly discusses model structure direction and implied needs. The models are categorized into two basic groups, activity pattern utility maximizing and microsimulation approaches utilizing rule-based and satisficing heuristics. The four major possible sources of information for activity models, cross-sectional household (revealed preference), stated response, longitudinal panels and retrospective surveys, are discussed, with the level of detail being higher for methods with short term applicability. The surveys are also discussed in the context of the two basic model categories. The conclusion is that both cross sectional and stated response are needed in the short term, that the use of cross sectional data alone may limit model development to utility maximizing models, and that the combined use of revealed and stated response is necessary for the development of microsimulation models. Data collection methods are briefly discussed and consideration of direct contact interactive computer based surveys is suggested. U1 - Activity-Based Travel Forecasting ConferenceDepartment of TransportationFederal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationOffice of the Secretary of TransportationEnvironmental Protection AgencyNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19960602 EndDate:19960605 Sponsors:Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Office of the Secretary of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency KW - Activity models KW - Cross sectional studies KW - Data collection KW - Forecasting KW - Maximization KW - Microsimulation KW - Short term KW - Simulation KW - Stated response surveys KW - Surveys KW - Time duration KW - Travel KW - Utility KW - Utility theory UR - http://www.tmiponline.org/Clearinghouse/Items/Activity_and_Time_Use_Data_for_Activity-Based_Forecasting.aspx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/486715 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00750014 AU - Miller, E J AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - MICROSIMULATION AND ACTIVITY-BASED FORECASTING PY - 1997/02 SP - p. 151-172 AB - This paper provides an overview of the state of the art of microsimulation modeling applied to activity-based travel forecasting. The paper defines what is meant by microsimulation and discusses why microsimulation might be a preferred approach to activity-based forecasting in many applications. The issue of synthesizing and updating characteristics of the population being simulated is addressed in some detail. Examples of various types of microsimulation models which have been developed to date are provided, including microsimulation models of auto ownership, residential mobility, route choice and network performance, as well as activity-based travel forecasting models per se. The paper concludes with a discussion of research development issues associated with the continuing development of operational microsimulation models. These include: further evaluation of population synthesizing and updating methods; determination of appropriate levels of model disaggregation; establishing appropriate linkages between model components; examination of the statistical properties of microsimulation models; and demonstration of the computational feasibility of these very computer-intensive modeling systems. U1 - Activity-Based Travel Forecasting ConferenceDepartment of TransportationFederal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationOffice of the Secretary of TransportationEnvironmental Protection AgencyNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19960602 EndDate:19960605 Sponsors:Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Office of the Secretary of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency KW - Activity models KW - Automobile ownership KW - Development KW - Forecasting KW - Microsimulation KW - Mobility KW - Network performance KW - Networks KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Route choice KW - Simulation KW - State of the art KW - Travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/486717 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00750016 AU - Pendyala, R M AU - PAS, E I AU - Texas Transportation Institute TI - SUMMARY OF WORKSHOP TWO: MODELS OF ACTIVITY ENGAGEMENT AND TRAVEL BEHAVIOR PY - 1997/02 SP - p. 183-191 AB - The second workshop considered models of activity engagement and their relationship to travel behavior models. Three discrete choice models have been implemented: a Dutch national model, a Stockholm model and work by Cambridge Systematics, Inc., in Boise, Idaho. The latter has also been applied in a statewide model for New Hampshire. Some additional work in Portland is in progress. The discussions dealt with data requirements for those models and how to interface with currently conventional models. The strengths and weaknesses of various approaches were identified and remedial actions were recommended. U1 - Activity-Based Travel Forecasting ConferenceDepartment of TransportationFederal Transit AdministrationFederal Highway AdministrationOffice of the Secretary of TransportationEnvironmental Protection AgencyNew Orleans, Louisiana StartDate:19960602 EndDate:19960605 Sponsors:Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Office of the Secretary of Transportation, Environmental Protection Agency KW - Activity models KW - Choice models KW - Data collection KW - Data requirements KW - Discrete choice models KW - Forecasting KW - Information processing KW - Travel KW - Travel behavior KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/486719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00748798 AU - Ullman, G L AU - Pezoldt, V J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DELINEATION OF BRIDGES AND CULVERTS IN TEXAS PY - 1997/02 SP - 89 p. AB - This report documents the results of research performed to develop an improved understanding of delineation needs for bridges and culverts (especially those that are "narrow") and how those needs should best be accommodated through the delineation devices currently available for use in Texas. In this project, bridge and culvert delineation needs were approached from a motorist information need/positive guidance perspective. Considering only the driving maneuvers that must be accomplished in order for a motorist to safely negotiate a bridge or culvert, three different bridge/culvert conditions were identified. The type and location of information that motorists need to accommodate each type of maneuver were then examined, and delineation devices available to convey that information were critiqued. A controlled field study designed to investigate whether the amount and type of delineation provided at each of the three bridge/culvert conditions defined earlier affected driver performance found very few significant effects due to delineation. One exception to this finding was that the addition of a painted edgeline taper with transverse markings upstream of the shoulder drop bridge location resulted in subjects exiting from the shoulder 30 to 35 meters further upstream. Although current practices appear adequate at this time, it was recommended that minor adjustments be made to current Texas Department of Transportation roadway delineation standard sheets to facilitate the understanding and consistent application of these bridge delineation practices statewide. KW - Bridges KW - Culverts KW - Delineators (Traffic) KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Edge lines KW - Field studies KW - Highway delineators KW - Personnel performance KW - Reflective signs KW - Reflector markers KW - Road markings KW - Rumble strips KW - Texas KW - Warning signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/483822 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00747624 AU - Ward, B G AU - Hill, E T AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - Research and Special Programs Administration TI - BEYOND THE HORIZON: PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIUM III ON AFRICAN-AMERICAN MOBILITY ISSUES PY - 1997/02 SP - 73p AB - These proceedings provide a summary of activities undertaken by the Center for Urban Transportation Research to convene the third symposium on African-American mobility issues and serve as the final report. African-Americans comprise a significant portion of transit ridership; however, a comparable representation does not exist at the decisionmaking and planning levels. Although significant improvements have occurred in recent years, the need to examine the issues and concerns of protected classes continues to exist. CUTR developed the African-American Mobility Symposium to provide a forum to allow the exchange of ideas, information, and for discussion of transportation planning, programming, and policy issues as they relate to the African-American population. U1 - Symposium III on African-American Mobility IssuesCenter for Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida; Conference of Minority Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; and Florida Department of Transportation.Tampa, FL StartDate:19960414 EndDate:19960416 Sponsors:Center for Urban Transportation Research, University of South Florida; Conference of Minority Transportation Officials; Federal Highway Administration; and Florida Department of Transportation. KW - African Americans KW - Minorities KW - Mobility KW - Public transit UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20100/20170/PB98113772.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/477368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746723 AU - Tia, M AU - Ruth, B E AU - Roque, R AU - Lee, M-G AU - Lu, Debiao AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SHRP ASPHALT TEST PARAMETERS AND STRUCTURAL MIXTURES FOR MECHANISTIC ANALYSIS AND REHABILITATION DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PY - 1997/02 SP - 298 p. AB - A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the relationships between the results of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) binder tests and those of the conventional binder tests, and the applicability of these tests for prediction of asphalt mixture properties. The scope of the study covers six different base asphalts from five different refinery sources and three types of modifiers, namely a ground tire rubber (GTR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and styrene block copolymer. The results show that the G*sin delta and G* values as measured by the SHRP dynamic shear rheometer correlate well with the penetration and viscosity at similar temperatures. The creep stiffness as measured by the SHRP bending beam rheometer at low temperatures correlates well with the Fraass breaking point temperature. However, the failure strain as measured by the direct tension tester at low temperatures correlates poorly to the Fraass breaking point temperature. Mixture stiffness as determined by the SHRP indirect tensile creep test at -10 deg C was found to be linearly related to the creep stiffness of the binder at the same temperature. The tensile strength, failure strain and fracture energy of the mixtures as measured by the indirect tensile strength test at -10 deg C were found to be not related to the binder creep stiffness. The resilient modulus was found to be close to the stiffness of the mixture at 1 second as determined by the indirect tensile creep test. The test results indicate that asphalt modification with SBR or GTR could improve both the high temperature and low temperature characteristics of the asphalt binders. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt tests KW - Blocks KW - Copolymers KW - Creep KW - Crumb rubber KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Flexible pavements KW - High temperature KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low temperature KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pendulum tests KW - Properties of materials KW - Rehabilitation KW - Stiffness KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Styrene block copolymers KW - Styrene butadiene rubber KW - Styrenes KW - Tension tests KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473237 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746721 AU - Tia, M AU - Ruth, B E AU - Roque, R AU - Shih, C T AU - Upshaw, P AU - Chou, C R AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF ASPHALT ADDITIVES FOR IMPROVED CRACKING AND RUTTING RESISTANCE OF ASPHALT PAVING MIXTURES PY - 1997/02 SP - 318 p. AB - This study evaluated the effects of a few asphalt additives, that might be considered for use in Florida, on the cracking and rutting resistance of asphalt paving mixtures under Florida conditions. The applicability of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) binder tests for evaluation of conventional and modified asphalts under Florida conditions was also investigated. The additives evaluated include (1) gilsonite, (2) ground tire rubber (GTR), (3) styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), (4) ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and (5) styrene ethylene butylene styrene (SEBS). The results of the study indicate that the addition of the five types of modifiers could all improve the rutting resistance of the asphalt mixtures. The addition of SBR and GTR could improve the resistance to fatigue cracking as well as low-temperature cracking of the asphalt mixtures. All of the modified asphalts show a lower temperature susceptibility and a reduced aging potential as compared with the base asphalts. Among the five asphalt additives investigated, the most effective additives for improved rutting and cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures are GTR and SBR. The two modified binders with the best high- and low-temperature properties are AC-20 + 15% GTR and AC-30 + 3% SBR. Based on the limited test data available, the precision of the different SHRP binder tests was also estimated. KW - Acetates KW - Additives KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt tests KW - Cracking KW - Crumb rubber KW - Ethylene vinyl acetate KW - Ethylenes KW - Florida KW - Frost susceptibility KW - Gilsonite KW - High temperature KW - Low temperature KW - Pavement cracking KW - Precision KW - Rutting KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Styrene butadiene rubber KW - Styrene butadiene styrene KW - Styrenes KW - Temperature KW - Temperature susceptibility KW - Test procedures KW - Test results KW - Vinyl resins UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746674 AU - Yazdani, N AU - Florida State University, Tallahassee AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF PUMPING ON PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE PY - 1997/02 SP - 116 p. AB - This study investigates the changes that occur in concrete due to the effect of pumping. This is an important study since the pumping of fresh concrete is gaining popularity due to economics and ease of construction. The detrimental and beneficial effects of pumping, if any, should be known so that they may be accounted for in design. Samples were collected from eleven field sites before and after pumping. Collection and testing of concrete was performed in accordance with the ASTM specifications. By testing samples from before and after pumping, determinations were made about any changes to concrete properties caused by pumping. The tests used in this study were air content (ASTM C173), slump (ASTM C143), unit weight (ASTM C138), compressive strength (ASTM C39), rapid chloride permeability (ASTM C1202), water permeability (FDOT), and microscopic air void content (ASTM C457). The test results were statistically analyzed to determine whether the changes caused by pumping were statistically significant. The air content of the fresh concrete showed a general decrease of about one percent. The other tests, with the exception of slump, also showed that changes had occurred due to pumping. This is as expected because the tests are closely related to the concrete's air content. KW - Air content KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Before and after studies KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Concrete tests KW - Fresh concrete KW - Permeability KW - Physical properties KW - Pumps KW - Rapid chloride permeability KW - Slump test KW - Statistical analysis KW - Test results KW - Unit weight KW - Water permeability KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473187 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744871 AU - Bosscher, P J AU - Yeazel, D A AU - University of Wisconsin, Madison AU - Wisconsin Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USING HANDHELD DATA COLLECTORS IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION FOR ACCOUNTING AND MATERIALS MANAGEMENT PY - 1997/02 SP - 65 p. AB - The Wisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) mounted a multi-year study beginning in 1994 to determine the feasibility of deploying a new system for collecting pay quantity information on WisDOT construction projects. The first phase of this study was market research to select a software development environment and a pen-based computer hardware platform to deploy. PenRight! Pro 3.6 was selected for the software development environment. Two types of hardware were selected: full-sized tablet PCs and the Casio Zoomer, a handheld Personal Digital Assistant (PDA). The study was extended in December 1995 to gain additional user feedback and allow time for migration from the Zoomer to the Apple MessagePad. In all, three software applications were developed. The first provided integration with WisDOT's Item Record Account. The second was written in PenRight! Pro for the Zoomer. The third was written in the Newton Toolkit for the MessagePad. These applications were field deployed to seven construction projects in the Madison, Wisconsin area. During the second year, the staff for one project used both the Zoomer and the MessagePad to provide contrasted feedback. The testers felt that this system was an asset to their fieldwork. It provided a simpler way of entering many of their field measurements, and reduced the amount of time required to generate contractor payments and final out a project. Cost analyses indicated a timesaving sufficient to pay for the devices and development within one construction season. Based upon the findings of this study, the future use of handheld data collectors in highway construction for accounting and materials management is dependent upon: integration with WisDOT database software, the ability to customize the hardware for use by WisDOT for other applications such as bridge inspection, highway inventory and maintenance, and time sheets, suitability for use by field inspectors (relates to weight, screen visibility, and power requirements), and continued support of hardware platforms by manufacturer. Due to the rapid advances of the handheld computing industry, continued evaluation of applications of these devices is mandatory. KW - Accounting KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Field tests KW - Hardware KW - Materials management KW - Productivity KW - Road construction KW - Software KW - State departments of transportation KW - Time savings KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472304 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00742524 AU - Street, R AU - Wang, Z AU - Woolery, E AU - Harik, I E AU - Allen, D L AU - Sutterer, K G AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC SITE PERIODS FOR THE JACKSON PURCHASE REGION OF WESTERN KENTUCKY PY - 1997/02 SP - 123 p. AB - For this report, conventional seismic refraction and reflection techniques were used to determine the shear-wave velocities of the more poorly consolidated, near-surface sediments for a matrix of sites in the region. Conventional seismic P-wave reflections along with existing drill hole and seismic reflection data in the region were then used to determine the depth to the top of the bedrock at the sites investigated. These data were used in SHAKE91 to calculate the fundamental period of the ground motion at the sites. This period, identified in the study as the dynamic site period, is the period at which ground motions in the sedimentary column are most apt to be amplified as a result of a seismic shear wave propagating from the top of the bedrock to the surface. Based on the results in this report, it is recommended that bridges, overpasses, and other engineered structures built in the region be designed so that their natural periods do not coincide with the fundamental period of the sedimentary column, thereby avoiding damage during an earthquake as a result of in-place resonance. KW - Dynamic stability KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Reflection KW - Refraction KW - S waves KW - Sedimentary deposits KW - Sedimentary rocks KW - Seismic reflection KW - Seismic refraction KW - Seismicity KW - Vibration KW - Vibration effects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573967 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740740 AU - Zimmer, R A AU - Buffington, J L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC NOISE EFFECTS OF ELEVATED, DEPRESSED, AND AT-GRADE LEVEL FREEWAYS IN TEXAS PY - 1997/02 SP - 96 p. AB - To answer questions being raised by abutting residents and businesses about proposed elevated and/or depressed freeway improvements in the urban and suburban areas of Texas, a four-year study has been conducted to estimate the social, economic, and environmental effects of such freeway designs. Eight existing, two under-construction, and one approved-for-construction freeway sections have been studied on a before-, during-, and after-construction basis. The sections selected for study range from being in predominately residential suburban areas to predominantly commercial-industrial downtown areas. The specific effects of the three types estimated for each study section are as follows: (1) social impacts: population changes, neighborhood accessibility, neighborhood cohesion and community services; (2) economic impacts: relocation and mitigation costs, business sales, property uses and values, tax revenues, employment, and income and user costs; and (3) environmental impacts: aesthetics, drainage and erosion, noise and air pollution, vibration and hazardous spills. The literature review and a survey of highway agencies in other states were used to determine the appropriate procedures or models and mitigation measures to implement in estimating the social, economic, and environmental impacts of elevated and depressed freeways. The results of the study, presented in six separate reports according to types of effect, can be used by highway planning and design engineers to prepare environmental statements and documents of the expected social, economic, and environmental impacts of proposed elevated and depressed freeway projects. Also, the results can be disseminated at the public hearings for a proposed project. This report presents the findings of the traffic noise effects of elevated, depressed, and at-grade level freeways. In summary, it was found that the depressed freeway sections provide the greatest reduction of traffic noise in areas near and far from the roadway, especially if the walls of the depression are sloped or acoustically treated. The next best condition is an elevated freeway section using solid concrete guardrails. The traffic noise is shielded by the solid deck and rails. The reduction is measurable near the elevated section, but at greater lateral distances, away from the roadway, levels approach those of at-grade roads because all traffic is not shielded by the deck and rail. At-grade roads produce the highest noise levels, but the addition of solid guardrails, median rails, and the use of smooth texture pavements provide noticeable quieting. KW - At-grade highways KW - Business districts KW - Commercial districts KW - Depressed highways KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freeways KW - Guardrails KW - Highway bridges KW - Median barriers KW - Mitigation KW - Noise KW - Noise control KW - Noise reduction KW - Pavements KW - Residential areas KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Texas KW - Texture KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Traffic noise UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573552 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740735 AU - Harrison, R AU - Boske, L AU - Lee, C E AU - McCray, J AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION ISSUES AND THE U.S.-MEXICO FREE TRADE AGREEMENT PY - 1997/02 SP - 57 p. AB - Eight reports were produced during the four-year duration of Project 0-1319. These reports are summarized below into three areas comprising policy issues, weigh-in-motion studies, and trade transportation forecasting research. POLICY RESEARCH: The first study examined the transportation systems in Mexico and the U.S., together with plans for improvements or expansion and the opportunities and constraints faced by each transportation mode. A particular focus of the first report was the identification, collection, and categorization of Mexican intermodal data. The second report explored the demand for transportation services generated by regulatory changes and the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). These changes are challenging both shippers and carriers to seek out nontraditional transportation systems to create linkages to overcome obstacles originating from the structural and regulatory disparities between the two nations. The third and final policy study examined how these policies were creating new logistics practices and multimodal, binational transportation partnerships. WEIGH-IN-MOTION STUDIES: Data obtained from two weigh-in-motion sites, one installed near the north end of the U.S. import lot at the City of Laredo (1993) and another at the Zaragosa Bridge in El Paso (1994), provide a unique source of information on the current characteristics of truck traffic at the Texas-Mexico border. Patterns of observed daily truck counts, truck types, and axle loads have been determined from 1993 through summer 1996. Equivalent single axle load (ESAL) factors have also been developed for each truck type. These data should help assess the current and future impacts of border-crossing traffic on the highway infrastructure in Texas and on other trade routes throughout the U.S. Finally, experience gained in installing and operating these systems will be of use in the implementation of future border weigh-in-motion systems. TRADE TRANSPORTATION FORECASTING: Freight demand forecasting is central to agencies responsible for the highway infrastructure in both countries and to users developing trade transportation partnerships in an effort to improve efficiency. Specifically, the objective of the two reports was to use publicly available data to develop a predictive model for transportation mode and Mexican destination decisions for shipments traveling from various U.S. regions to Mexico. Aggregate logit models were calibrated for three commodities: machinery, electronics, and automobiles. The first study reviewed past efforts in freight demand forecasting, and a three-stage model was developed and tested using a sample of trade data provided by U.S. customs. In the second report, the publicly available data set contained aggregate shipments comprising origin, destination, commodity type, mode of transport across the border, and value. Destination attributes were also included. Based on the results of this research, origin and commodity-specific models can be used to predict mode and destination choice. KW - Axle loads KW - Binational KW - Data collection KW - Demand KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Forecasting KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Infrastructure KW - Intermodal transportation KW - International borders KW - International trade KW - Logistics KW - Logits KW - Mode choice KW - North American Free Trade Agreement KW - Origin and destination KW - Texas-Mexico Border region KW - Traffic characteristics KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Traffic patterns KW - Transportation policy KW - Travel patterns KW - Trucks KW - United States-Mexico Border KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573547 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740737 AU - Elmore, W E AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Solaimanian, M AU - McGennis, R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF THE SUPERPAVE PG GRADING SYSTEM FOR SELECTING ASPHALT BINDERS FOR SEAL COATS PY - 1997/02 SP - 70 p. AB - The primary purpose of this report is to summarize the analysis and evaluation of the use of PG-graded asphalt for seal coats. The adoption of the PG grades will obviate the need to continue the viscosity and/or penetration grades and will begin a specification system based on performance. Recommendations include the following: (1) The recommended selection criteria for the asphalt binder using the new PG Superpave grading system are based on high and low pavement design temperatures and on traffic levels. Information contained in this report should be used to determine the proper PG grade of asphalt to be utilized in the various areas of the state. It is recognized that additional field experience may require adjusting these recommendations. (2) Field personnel should evaluate the recommended PG grades in their region of the state to determine whether the grades are satisfactory. (3) Asphalt cements which must be heated to a temperature in excess of 190 deg C in order to spray should, instead, be emulsified. (4) Recommendations contained in Appendix B should be followed to maximize the probable success of the seal coat. (5) The contractor must submit a seal coat design for approval prior to beginning construction of the seal coat. These conditions should be addressed in follow-up evaluations of the use of the PG grading system. KW - Asphalt KW - Performance based specifications KW - Recommendations KW - Seal coats KW - Specifications KW - Superpave UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/pdf2/1367-2F.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740734 AU - King, D M AU - Lee, C E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS AT THE LAREDO AND EL PASO, TEXAS-MEXICO BORDER PY - 1997/02 SP - 102 p. AB - The data recorded by two weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems installed at Laredo and El Paso provide unique information about trucks crossing the Texas-Mexico border. These trucks make up a large percentage of the total number of heavy vehicles that enter Texas from Mexico. With growing concern for the transportation infrastructure in Texas and other states, the objective of this project was to document United States and Mexican border-crossing truck characteristics for current and future study. Data obtained from the WIM systems between the summer of 1994 and the summer of 1996 are presented in summary form in this report. Yearly and seasonal trends have been graphed and analyzed for truck traffic volume and composition, axle loads, and equivalent single axle loads (ESALs) for trucks entering the United States at Laredo and both entering and exiting the United States at El Paso. Queuing problems persisted for southbound traffic at El Paso; however, with the addition of on-site sensors and the creation of a computer analysis program which located individual vehicle records within clustered queued vehicle data, a significant sample of southbound truck data was obtained. This report shows characteristic truck traffic patterns throughout the duration of the project and gives representative data to be used for future analysis. KW - Axle loads KW - Data collection KW - El Paso (Texas) KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - International borders KW - Laredo (Texas) KW - Queuing KW - Texas-Mexico Border region KW - Traffic characteristics KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Traffic patterns KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel patterns KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle mix KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573546 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00739008 AU - Gharaibeh, N G AU - Darter, M I AU - LaTorre, F AU - Vespa, J W AU - Lippert, D L AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF ORIGINAL AND RESURFACED PAVEMENTS ON THE ILLINOIS FREEWAY SYSTEM PY - 1997/02 SP - 132 p. AB - In previous studies, the performance of bare and resurfaced jointed reinforced concrete pavement (JRCP) and continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) on the Illinois freeway system was assessed by survival analyses. In this study, the 1994 data have been used to update the survival analysis of JRCP and CRCP and to carry out an initial survival analysis on the full depth asphalt sections (HMAC) of the Illinois freeway system. First and second asphalt concrete (AC) overlays were analyzed separately. Data for the survival analysis were retrieved from the Illinois Pavement Feedback System (IPFS) database. The Illinois freeway system consists of over 2,000 centerline miles (3,218 km) of heavily trafficked multiple-lane pavements which were constructed largely between 1957 and 1994. As of 1994, about 32% of these pavements had been overlaid once with AC ranging in thickness from 1.5 to 7.0 in. (3.8 to 17.8 cm). About 26% of these have been overlaid for the second time with AC ranging in thickness from 1.5 to 7 in. (3.8 to 17.8 cm). KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Illinois KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Service life UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6400/6496/porp.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572994 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738713 AU - Lee, Y-K AU - Florida International University, Miami AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTEGRATED GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR REAL-TIME OPERATION OF ADVANCED TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PY - 1997/02 SP - 159 p. AB - This report is composed of two parts: the first part (Part II) deals with the general overview of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) related issues and the second part (Part III) deals with the development of the prototype. Part II includes the summary of a TRIS search result, the summary of the ITS North America Tour by Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), the summary of the comparison of data collection technologies and the summary of Transportation Management Centers in the selected cities. Part III describes the prototype development effort. The prototype is considered as the proof of the concept. An hypothetical synthetic transportation network (freeway, arterial and local) with 12 nodes and 14 links was used. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Arterial highways KW - Freeways KW - Geographic information systems KW - Local street KW - Networks KW - Prototypes KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Streets KW - Transportation KW - Transportation networks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738990 AU - Albert, S AU - McGowen, P AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM APPLICATIONS IN RURAL CALIFORNIA PY - 1997/02 SP - 65 p. AB - The purpose of this report was to provide the California Department of Transportation direction for the Program for Advancing Rural Transportation Technologies (PARTT), which is the rural component of the Advanced Transportation Systems Program. This report contains prioritized stakeholder input on problems and advanced technology solutions, based on a workshop conducted in Bishop, California. The report also examines potential Advanced Rural Transportation System applications in northern California. The study recommends short term and long term deployment strategies; research and development; funding opportunities; and next steps to build a successful Intelligent Transportation System that meets stakeholder needs. KW - California KW - Deployment KW - Development KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Long term KW - Problem identification KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Rural areas KW - Short term KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572977 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737987 AU - Herman, L A AU - Clum, C M AU - Finney, M A AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF TRAFFIC NOISE BARRIER EFFECTIVENESS FOR PROJECT HAM-71-11.44 PY - 1997/02 SP - 227 p. AB - The completion of the traffic noise barrier project HAM-71-11.44 in Ohio was met with strong reaction from those living in the project area. Many residents complained that noise levels had actually increased at their location as a result of the project, while others claimed that levels had decreased where they lived. The preliminary assessment project was initiated to determine the nature and extent of any problems that had occurred with the construction of the noise barriers. A two-pronged approach was used for the study. First, a survey of residents was conducted to characterize the residents' perception of changes in noise levels due to construction of the barriers. Second, a physical investigation of the project area was made, which included roadway and barrier geometries, traffic characteristics before and after barrier construction, and acoustical measurements to characterize the noise environment in the project area. From the survey, it was found that residents living in the range of 180 m from the highway were more likely to perceive an increase in noise levels or to view the barriers as ineffective compared to those living less than 180 m or greater than 540 m from the highway. Further, those residents protected by parallel barrier configurations were more likely to perceive increased levels than those protected by single barriers. As a result of the physical investigation, changes in the characteristics of the traffic noise source itself were eliminated as a cause for the perceived increase in noise levels since the construction of the noise barriers. From noise level measurements, it was found that most residents living in the first row of houses nearest the noise barriers have experienced a substantial noise reduction due to the construction of the noise barriers. However, noise barrier effectiveness has been compromised in several locations due to barrier overlap gaps located at the transition between roadway cut and fill sections. To address the issue of perceived noise level increases, a number of mechanisms were identified for further study, including multiple reflections between parallel noise barriers and changes in ground attenuation due to barrier construction. KW - Acoustic measurements KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Geometric design KW - Ground attenuation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Multiple reflections KW - Noise barriers KW - Overlap KW - Parallel noise barriers KW - Perception KW - Research KW - Residents KW - Sound level KW - Surveys KW - Traffic characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572424 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737980 AU - Ulberg, M A AU - Mounce, J M AU - Western Transportation Institute AU - Montana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF REVISED RETROREFLECTIVITY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE STATE OF MONTANA - PHASE II PY - 1997/02 SP - 82 p. AB - Traffic signing is a critical component of the roadway, as it is the communication medium by which motorists receive information relative to warnings, regulations, and guidance. Nighttime legibility is very important to the effectiveness of roadway signs. Although external sign illumination is effective, the use of retroreflective sheeting is the most common and cost effective means of making signs visible to the driver at night. This report focuses on the collection and analysis of a sample of traffic signs, delineated according to Montana Department of Transportation (MDT) District and sign type, on the State highway system. These samples were collected on the Montana highway system, focusing on non-Interstate, non-urban areas. These data allow cost estimates to be made for suggested sign replacements by sign category, as well as indicate appropriate and feasible replacement strategies and priorities within each MDT District and the State as a whole. Recommendations are made relative to sign management systems to easily and effectively target and document signs for future maintenance. This report details work activities associated with each of the study tasks, and concludes with findings and recommendations for Montana's course of action regarding the inventory of highway signs. KW - Cost estimating KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Estimates KW - Inventory KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Montana KW - Recommendations KW - Replacement costs KW - Retroreflectivity KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic sign maintenance KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572417 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00737855 AU - U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PLANNING PROGRESS: ADDRESSING ISTEA REQUIREMENTS IN METROPOLITAN PLANNING AREAS PY - 1997/02 SP - 90 p. AB - This report is part of the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) goal of completing in 1996 "an overall national assessment of the metropolitan planning process and its implementation under ISTEA". It concentrates on contemporary planning concepts and how ISTEA compares to the best available planning practices. The Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR) used three sources of information to make this assessment: an extensive review of contemporary planning literature, an evaluation of the 70 certification and enhanced planning reviews available from federal review teams by May 1996, and ACIR field work with 11 MPOs under 100,000 population that are well below the size of those receiving formal federal review. KW - City planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572331 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736854 AU - Sock, M D AU - Rhode Island Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DURABILITY OF PENETRANT-CLASS SEALER-COATED AIR-ENTRAINED CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO FREEZE/THAW PY - 1997/02 SP - 67 p. AB - Previous tests conducted at the Rhode Island Department of Transportation (RIDOT) comparing the effectiveness of various coating treatments for concrete had indicated a possible detrimental effect of penetrant sealers on concrete freeze/thaw durability. A test was specifically designed to study the effects of penetrant sealers on the freeze/thaw (F/T) durability of air-entrained concrete. Three sealer-coated specimen groups were tested in the study and gave performance comparable to that of the uncoated controls, with only a slight relative change in the resilient modulus as a result of exposure to freeze/thaw. The specimens that were coated when completely dried seemed to suffer a slightly greater loss of paste, which would reduce the effectiveness of the chloride intrusion protection. An attempt was also made to develop a procedure to test for depth of penetration of the sealers. With the equipment used, it was not possible to determine the presence of the sealer in the concrete samples in order to determine penetration depth; this may have been due to a limited presence of the sealer components. KW - Air entrained concrete KW - Chlorides KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Intrusion KW - Pendulum tests KW - Sealing compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479052 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736040 AU - Roosevelt, D S AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF URETHANE AND CARBIDE-TIPPED BLADES ON WHEEL-SUPPORTED SNOW PLOWS PY - 1997/02 SP - 77 p. AB - The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of urethane and carbide-tipped snow plow blades on wheel-supported plows. Their performance was compared to that of the Virginia Department of Transportation's (VDOT's) standard blade arrangement: carbide-tipped blades on plows without wheels. Performance was measured by the extent of damage to pavement markings, the quality of snow removal, and cost. The addition of wheel supports to plows with carbide-tipped blades prolonged the retroreflectivity and service life of pavement markings. A life-cycle cost analysis revealed that carbide-tipped blades without wheels were the least expensive alternative, followed closely by carbide-tipped blades with wheels, and then urethane blades with wheels. When compared with carbide-tipped blades without wheels, carbide-tipped or urethane blades with wheels were effective in removing loose, but not packed, snow. Timely chemical application to prevent snow-pavement bonding is crucial, particularly with wheel-supported plows. Urethane blades are susceptible to wear through friction and are impractical for use on second and third priority snow routes where variations in cross slope and soft shoulders bring the blade into contact with the pavement. The use of supports on plows equipped with carbide-tipped blades allows the operator the option to use the plow in a supported mode for first priority routes and an unsupported mode for second and third priority routes. Proper alignment of the wheels is critical to ensure proper operation, protection of the urethane blades from wear, and reduction of damage to pavement markings. Measuring the monetary value of increased and prolonged retroreflectivity of pavement markings and more effective snow removal is difficult. The authors recommend that VDOT not use urethane blades as a replacement for carbide-tipped blades under current operating conditions. However, if VDOT continues to make brighter and more durable pavement markings a high priority, then it should consider using carbide-tipped blades on plows with wheels. Other actions that balance protecting Virginia's pavement marking investment and ensuring effective snow removal, such as restricting the use of heavy equipment for snow removal and providing operator training, should also be considered. Finally, if supported plows are adopted for use, other options to support the plow should be investigated through product evaluations by VDOT personnel. KW - Alignment KW - Blades (Machinery) KW - Costs KW - Damages KW - Life cycle costing KW - Loss and damage KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plows (Agriculture) KW - Recommendations KW - Road markings KW - Snow removal KW - Snowplows KW - Urethane blades KW - Wheel alignment KW - Wheels UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36900/36998/97-R10.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478633 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735915 AU - Wright, A E AU - Ray, M H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHARACTERIZING ROADSIDE HARDWARE MATERIALS FOR LS-DYNA3D SIMULATIONS PY - 1997/02 SP - 120 p. AB - Finite element models have three parts: geometry, connections and material properties. Being the visible parts of a model, geometry and connections are generally carefully considered. Material properties are often not chosen with the same degree of care although they are every bit as important to obtaining good results. Accurate simulations of vehicles impacting roadside hardware require an understanding of both the material behavior and the mathematical material models in LS-DYNA3D. A method for comparing LS-DYNA3D simulations to typical ASTM materials tests is described. Material input properties for W-beam guardrail steel, guardrail posts, flanged-channel sign posts and Ford Festiva fenders are found for LS-DYNA3D based upon experimental quasi-static tests. Strain-rate sensitive material models in LS-DYNA3D are explored. KW - Crashworthiness KW - Fenders KW - Finite element method KW - Guardrails KW - Materials tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Posts KW - Quasi-static tests KW - Simulation KW - Static and dynamic tests KW - Steel KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain rate KW - Structural steel KW - W beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478508 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735911 AU - Harwood, D W AU - Bauer, K M AU - Mason, J M AU - Stimpson, W A AU - Midwest Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WORKSHOP ON DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERACTIVE HIGHWAY SAFETY DESIGN MODEL ACCIDENT ANALYSIS MODULE PY - 1997/02 SP - 134 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration is developing an Interactive Highway Safety Design Model (IHSDM) to assist highway geometric design engineers in considering the safety consequences of their design decisions. One element of the IHSDM will be an accident analysis module. A workshop was held in June 1995 to evaluate two approaches to developing the accident analysis module: the statistical approach and the diagnostic approach. The workshop recommended that the accident analysis module include statistical models that provide both point and interval estimates of safety measures. Statistical techniques for model development could include linear regression; generalized linear models; Classification and Regression Tree (CART) analysis; Bayesian approximation; multivariate analysis; jackknifing, bootstrapping, and subsampling techniques; and nonparametric methods. It was recommended that formal statistical models be combined with an expert systems approach to identify potential safety problems associated with geometric design features. The workshop also recommended that a diagnostic approach to the development of the accident analysis module be pursued. The diagnostic approach would employ a combination of accident reconstruction from hard-copy police accident reports and on-scene accident investigation. A key element of the diagnostic approach would be identifying the sequence of events leading to particular accidents and the causal or contributing role of specific geometric features in that sequence of events. This report presents the workshop recommendations for both the statistical and diagnostic approaches to accident analysis. KW - Crash analysis KW - Diagnostic tests KW - Diagnostics KW - Expert systems KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical models KW - Statistical analysis KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478504 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735907 AU - Schauer, D AU - Tokarz, F AU - Kay, G AU - Lee, A AU - Logan, R AU - Coffie, E AU - Ray, M AU - Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRELIMINARY VEHICLE IMPACT SIMULATION TECHNOLOGY ADVANCEMENT (PRE-VISTA) PY - 1997/02 SP - 144 p. AB - The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has completed a preliminary evaluation of current finite element technology capability applied to roadside hardware design and vehicle crashworthiness research using the nonlinear structural code, DYNA3D. Independently developed vehicle models were evaluated, modified, and then used in several vehicle crash simulations. Criteria were specified for improving the development of vehicle models. Simulation capabilities were increased, and future direction identified for the roadside safety community. KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Breakaway supports KW - Collision models KW - Crashes KW - Crashworthiness KW - Crushable foam KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical models KW - Safety glass KW - Side crashes KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Vehicle barrier collisions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478500 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740724 AU - Missouri Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE BINDER IGNITION SYSTEM METHOD PY - 1997/01/31 SP - 69 p. AB - Investigation was conducted on the binder ignition system ovens and the provisional test methods, on bituminous mixes using materials that are native to Missouri. The investigation included an analysis on the accuracy of the percents of asphalt cement, which were calculated from the binder ignition ovens and the provisional test methods. The investigation also included an analysis of the aggregate, with respect to gradation and degradation, which was remaining from the procedure after the asphalt cement was burned off. Findings are presented on how chert and the percent of absorption of an aggregate affect the amount of degradation of the aggregate in the binder ignition ovens and, the final aggregate gradation from the ignition method use for specification compliance. KW - Absorption KW - Accuracy KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt content KW - Bituminous mixtures KW - Cherts KW - Compliance KW - Degradation (Aggregate) KW - Ignition system ovens KW - Laboratory tests KW - Provisional test methods KW - Specifications UR - https://library.modot.mo.gov/RDT/reports/UnNumbrd/FO95-04_reduced.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573536 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735999 AU - Boothby, T E AU - Domalik, D E AU - Elgin, C S AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOAD RATING OF MASONRY ARCH BRIDGES AND CULVERTS PY - 1997/01/31 SP - 188 p. AB - The State of Ohio has 139 inventoried masonry arch bridges and many more culverts, in road and highway service. Many of these structures have been identified as historically significant, making their replacement difficult, and their load-rating and rehabilitation imperative. In this study a procedure for load rating masonry arch bridges is developed. The procedure follows the practice of the AASHTO Manual for the Maintenance Inspection of Bridges, Load Factor Method. The geometry of the structure is determined by field measurement, and appropriate material properties are determined by inspection or testing. A unit width of the structure is analyzed using commercially available place frame analysis software. The moments and axial forces in the arch ring under combinations of load and rating factors are compared to estimates of the capacity of the masonry to determine inventory and operating ratings. Field tests of seven structures under various configurations of truck loading have been used to validate the analytical model. The proposed analysis and rating procedure is applied to the structures in this study. KW - Analytical models KW - Arch bridges KW - Bearing capacity KW - Culverts KW - Field tests KW - Load factor KW - Loads KW - Masonry construction KW - Mathematical models KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736871 AU - Gress, D AU - University of New Hampshire, Durham AU - New Hampshire Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EARLY DISTRESS IN CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1997/01/09 SP - 61 p. AB - Concerns over roadways exhibiting distress at ages earlier than expected led the Federal Highway Administration to initiate a study to examine pavements in the Midwest. The goal was to reach an early consensus as to the mechanism of the distress, and recommend corrective actions to prevent future occurrences until additional needed research could be conducted. This report's recommendations must be taken within the context discussed in the text. Specific recommendations include advice on returning to the basic methods of concrete construction, and avoiding the use of known materials that contribute to early distress. Concrete components discussed include portland cement, fly ash, and aggregates. Also discussed are mixing and placing procedures that may detrimentally affect the strength and durability qualities of concrete through poor uniformity, workability, and air entrainment. KW - Admixtures KW - Air entrainment KW - Concrete KW - Concrete aggregates KW - Concrete mixing KW - Concrete pavements KW - Concrete placing KW - Concrete strength KW - Defects KW - Durability KW - Fly ash KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement KW - Recommendations KW - Standardization KW - Strength of materials KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/479070 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01613041 AU - Sarkar, Partha P AU - Mehta, Kishor C AU - Smith, Douglas A AU - Nash, Phillip T AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Sensitivity of Overpass Bridges to Wind and Traffic Loading PY - 1997/01//Final Report SP - 37p AB - The purpose of this study is to assess the sensitivity of four overpass bridges to wind and traffic loadings. The bridges are planned for construction on the U.S. 59 in Houston, Texas. Each bridge will be of the tied-arch type and will be constructed on-grade over cut areas with clear spans of 228 ft (69.5 m). To expedite construction, unique procedures are planned which use existing bridges as platforms for final fabrication of the tied arches. This procedure requires consideration of wind loadings on the arches during construction. This report provides an overview of the wind effects on bridges in the Houston area. The results of analytical and laboratory (wind tunnel) studies of the planned tied-arch bridges are published in a report (Research Study No. 7-1982-2, December 1994): the results are not repeated here. The overall conclusion of the analytical and laboratory studies was that the proposed arch bridges over U.S. 59 in Houston can resist anticipated wind and traffic loadings when completed. The research task of field measurements during and after construction, which was part of the proposed study, is postponed because of extended delay in initiation of construction. The wind climate in the Houston area and possible vulnerability of arches to lateral wind loads during construction suggest the desirability of field measurements of the response of these bridges during and after construction. The field measurements provide validation of analytical and laboratory procedures which, then, can be used in the future with confidence. KW - Arch bridges KW - Bridge construction KW - Buffeting KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Measurement KW - Overpasses KW - Tied arches KW - Traffic loads KW - Vortex shedding KW - Wind UR - https://www.depts.ttu.edu/techmrtweb/reports/complete_reports/1982-3f.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1425899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01398385 AU - Hall, K T AU - Darter, M I AU - Hoerner, T E AU - Khazanovich, L AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Office of Safety and Traffic Operations R&D TI - LTPP data analysis - phase 1: validation of guidelines for k-Value selection and concrete pavement performance prediction PY - 1997/01 IS - FHWA-RD-96-198 SP - 150p KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Database KW - Databases KW - Design guide KW - Design guide KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1166168 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01027352 AU - Brooks, Eric W AU - James, Charles P AU - Oregon Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Microsilica Modified Concrete for Bridge Deck Overlays PY - 1997/01//Final Report SP - 38p AB - This report summarizes the performance of microsilica concrete (MC) overlays on seven distressed portland cement concrete bridge decks at three sites in Oregon. This report emphasizes the overlays' condition after four years of use. After four or five years, there was cracking on all seven overlays and delamination on five overlays. On the two overlays without delaminations, the cracking had not increased during the second year of use. On the five overlays with delaminations, the number and length of the cracks and the number and size of the delaminations increased during the third and/or fourth year of use. Despite the cracking, all of the overlays had no excessive surface wear or rutting, spalling around the crack edges, potholes, or popouts. All of the overlays had good tire-to-pavement friction numbers. The only maintenance was the sealing of cracks on one overlay with methacrylate and sand at a cost of $4,000. The overlays met two of their three design objectives after three or four years' use. They were still adding strength to the deck and providing a smooth and durable wearing surface. However, as they were cracked, it is surmised that they are no longer sealing the underlying deck from the intrusion of chlorides. The Oregon Department of Transportation is continuing to specify MC as an overlay material. Experience with the material and revision of the MC specifications has reduced construction problems, and consequently, improved the quality of subsequent MC overlays. KW - Bridge decks KW - Condition surveys KW - Crack sealing KW - Cracking KW - Delamination KW - Friction numbers KW - Microsilica concrete KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Quality control KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/784282 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00974175 AU - Argonne National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ADVANCE PROJECT: FORMAL EVALUATION OF THE TARGETED DEPLOYMENT. VOLUME 1 PY - 1997/01 SP - 504 p. AB - This document reports on the formal evaluation of the targeted (limited but highly focused) deployment of the Advanced Driver and Vehicle Advisory Navigation Concept (ADVANCE), an in-vehicle advanced traveler information system designed to provide shortest time route guidance. This volume, Volume 1, presents the Evaluation Manager's Overview Report, containing the scope of the evaluation, the data collection protocols, a synopsis of the findings, and a discussion of the validity of the targeted deployment's results. Volume 1 also contains Appendixes A through H. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Data collection KW - Deployment KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Route guidance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/2000/2700/2763/m97007401.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/697946 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00974177 AU - Argonne National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ADVANCE PROJECT: FORMAL EVALUATION OF THE TARGETED DEPLOYMENT. VOLUME 3 PY - 1997/01 SP - 395 p. AB - This document reports on the formal evaluation of the targeted (limited but highly focused) deployment of the Advanced Driver and Vehicle Advisory Navigation Concept (ADVANCE), an in-vehicle advanced traveler information system designed to provide shortest time route guidance. This volume, Volume 3, contains Appendixes L and M of the overview report. The appendixes contain the evaluation test results. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Data collection KW - Deployment KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Route guidance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/2000/2700/2765/m97007403.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/697948 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00974176 AU - Argonne National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ADVANCE PROJECT: FORMAL EVALUATION OF THE TARGETED DEPLOYMENT. VOLUME 2 PY - 1997/01 SP - 454 p. AB - This document reports on the formal evaluation of the targeted (limited but highly focused) deployment of the Advanced Driver and Vehicle Advisory Navigation Concept (ADVANCE), an in-vehicle advanced traveler information system designed to provide shortest time route guidance. This volume, Volume 2, contains Appendixes I, J, and K of the overview report. The appendixes contain the evaluation test results. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Data collection KW - Deployment KW - Evaluation and assessment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Route guidance UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/2000/2700/2764/m97007402.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/697947 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00967069 AU - Lockheed Martin Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ITS COST ANALYSIS PY - 1997/01 SP - 262 p. AB - The goal of the cost analysis for Phase 2 of the National Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Architecture project is twofold. First, the evaluation is to produce a high-level estimate of the expenditures associated with implementing the physical elements and the functional capabilities of ITS Services as these services are likely to be deployed under the confines of the National ITS Architecture. The second goal of the cost evaluation is to provide a costing tool for ITS implementors. The range of unit prices and quantities provided throughout the evaluation may be used by public and private stakeholders in determining appropriate deployment plans and strategies. For the first goal, the analysis addresses expenditures for equipment deployment, as well as operations and maintenance for the subsystems identified in the physical architecture. The cost evaluation is based on the Phase 2, physical architecture configuration which includes the subsystem listed below. 1. Commercial Vehicle Administration Subsystem (CVAS), 2. Commercial Vehicle Check Subsystem (CVCS), 3. Commercial Vehicle Subsystem (CVS), 4. Emergency Management Subsystem (EM), 5. Emissions Management Subsystem (EMMS), 6. Emergency Vehicle Subsystem (EVS), 7. Fleet Management Subsystem (FMS), 8. Information Service Provider Subsystem (ISP), 9. Personal Information Access Subsystem (PIAS), 10. Parking Management Subsystem (PMS), 11. Planning Subsystem (PS), 12. Roadway Subsystem (RS), 13. Remote Traveler Support Subsystem (RTS), 14. Toll Administration Subsystem (TAS), 15. Toll Collection Subsystem (TCS), 16. Traffic Management Subsystem (TMS), 17. Transit Management Subsystem (TRMS), 18. Transit Vehicle Subsystem (TRVS), and 19. Personal Vehicle Subsystem (VS). The second goal of the cost evaluation provides the range of unit prices and quantities throughout the evaluation to be used by public and private stakeholders in determining appropriate deployment plans and strategies. The major emphasis for the phase two evaluation is to provide a costing methodology and ranges of unit prices for the various ITS services. The expenditures for the scenarios serve as an example in implementing the costing methodology. KW - Air quality KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Deployment KW - Emergency management KW - Emergency vehicles KW - Equipment KW - Exhaust gases KW - Expenditures KW - Fleet management KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Implementation KW - Information services KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Management KW - Parking KW - Public transit KW - System architecture KW - Toll collection KW - Transit vehicle operations KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17000/17019/PB2000106868.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/678440 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00927576 AU - Little, D N AU - Memmott, J AU - McFarland, F AU - Goff, Z AU - SMITH, R AU - Wootan, C V AU - Zollinger, D AU - Tang, T AU - Epps, J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF SHRP RESEARCH PY - 1997/01 SP - 200 p. AB - State highway departments conceived and funded the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) to develop new technologies for designing and maintaining longer-lasting, safer roadways. The strategic program identified six major areas of research: asphalt, long-term pavement performance, pavement maintenance, portland cement concrete and structures, snow and ice control and work zone safety. The study concluded that successful completion of the identified research would increase productivity of highway construction, reconstruction and rehabilitation and maintenance and would improve safety on the nation's highways. This report assesses the economic benefits of these six areas of research. The basis for the economic assessment is a computer model developed at the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI). KW - Asphalt KW - Computer models KW - Construction KW - Economic benefits KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Productivity KW - Reconstruction KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Research KW - Snow and ice control KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Structures KW - Work zone safety UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/winter/roadsvr/economic.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/718635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00806051 AU - Kuhlmann, Bill AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A PERMEABLE ASPHALT STABILIZED BASE BENEATH AN ASPHALT PAVEMENT PY - 1997/01 SP - n.p. AB - The rate of transverse crack formation over the permeable asphalt base has leveled off while the rate of increase has accelerated over the other sections. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Permeability KW - Stabilizers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/673762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00769471 AU - Bemanian, S AU - Nevada Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF REHABILITATION TECHNIQUES FOR FLEXIBLE AND RIGID PAVEMENTS IN NEVADA. PART I. COST-EFFECTIVE REHABILITATION OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENT IN NEVADA PY - 1997/01 SP - 268 p. AB - The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of several rehabilitation strategies for Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) pavement. Recommendations were made for future crack and seat, rubblization, and reconstruction projects based on a review of specifications from several other states, the data gathered during the Interstate 80 project, the experience gained during the construction phase of the project, and review of several overlay design procedures. The results of the study, based on 2 years of field performance, indicate crack and seat, rubblization, and reconstruction techniques are all viable options. The economic analysis indicates crack and seat has the lowest initial cost. However, based on projected future performance, both crack and seat and rubblization have approximately the same life-cycle cost over a 35 year analysis period. Pavement performance monitoring and should continue in order to evaluate long term performance and cost-effectiveness of each strategy. KW - Comminution KW - Concrete pavements KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Economic analysis KW - Field studies KW - Life cycle costing KW - Nevada KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Reconstruction KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Strategic planning UR - http://www.nevadadot.com/uploadedFiles/NDOT/About_NDOT/NDOT_Divisions/Planning/Research/RDT_97-001_Evaluation_Rehabilitation_Techniques_Flexible_Rigid_Pavement_Part1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/503379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760205 AU - Hannigan, P J AU - Goble, G G AU - Thendean, G AU - Likins, G E AU - Rausche, F AU - Goble Rausche Likins and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATIONS - VOLUME II PY - 1997/01 SP - 404 p. AB - This manual is intended to serve a dual purpose, first as a participant's manual for the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) National Highway Institute courses on driven pile foundations and secondly as FHWA's primary reference of recommended practice for driven pile foundations. The manual is directed to geotechnical, structural, and construction engineers involved in the design and construction of pile supported structures. The manual is intended to serve as a practical reference on driven pile foundations. Volume I of the manual addresses design aspects including subsurface exploration, laboratory testing, static analyses as well as specification and foundation report preparation. Volume II covers construction aspects including dynamic formulas, wave equation analyses, dynamic testing, static load testing, Statnamic testing, the Osterberg cell, as well as pile driving equipment, pile accessories, and pile installation inspection. Step by step procedures, workshop problems and solutions are provided to demonstrate use of the manual material. KW - Construction KW - Construction equipment KW - Design KW - Dynamic structural analysis KW - Exploration KW - Formulas KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Manuals KW - Pile foundations KW - Reports KW - Static loads KW - Static structural analysis KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760204 AU - Hannigan, P J AU - Goble, G G AU - Thendean, G AU - Likins, G E AU - Rausche, F AU - Goble Rausche Likins and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF DRIVEN PILE FOUNDATIONS - VOLUME I PY - 1997/01 SP - 822 p. AB - This manual is intended to serve a dual purpose, first as a participant's manual for the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) National Highway Institute courses on driven pile foundations and secondly as FHWA's primary reference of recommended practice for driven pile foundations. The manual is directed to geotechnical, structural, and construction engineers involved in the design and construction of pile supported structures. The manual is intended to serve as a practical reference on driven pile foundations. Volume I of the manual addresses design aspects including subsurface exploration, laboratory testing, static analyses as well as specification and foundation report preparation. Volume II covers construction aspects including dynamic formulas, wave equation analyses, dynamic testing, static load testing, Statnamic testing, the Osterberg cell, as well as pile driving equipment, pile accessories, and pile installation inspection. Step by step procedures, workshop problems and solutions are provided to demonstrate use of the manual material. KW - Construction KW - Construction equipment KW - Design KW - Dynamic structural analysis KW - Exploration KW - Formulas KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Manuals KW - Pile foundations KW - Reports KW - Static loads KW - Static structural analysis KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00758022 AU - Ghanoudi, M K AU - BROWN, C M AU - MiTech Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING OF SOUTH DAKOTA SIGN SUPPORT SYSTEM, FOIL TEST NUMBERS: 95F005 AND 95F006 PY - 1997/01 SP - 32 p. AB - This test report contains the results of two crash tests performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) in McLean, Virginia. The tests were performed on a small sign support system at 35 km/h, test 95F005, and at 100 km/h, test 95F006. The vehicle used for these tests was a 1986 Honda Civic. The purpose of these tests was to evaluate the low- and high-speed safety performance of the South Dakota red cedar post sign support. The sign support was made from a 102-mm by 152-mm western red cedar wood post. No holes were drilled in the posts, and the posts were buried 1.2 m in weak soil. The performance evaluation was based on the latest requirements for breakaway supports as specified in National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report No. 350. These criteria specify, in part, that the occupant change in velocity must be 5 m/s or less, that the significant test article stub height remaining after impact be no more than 102 mm, and no occupant compartment intrusion. The test results indicate that the western red cedar wood post sign support system meets all of the applicable safety criteria for low-speed and high-speed tests in weak soil as specified by the Federal Highway Administration. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Compliance KW - Crashes KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - NCHRP Report 350 KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts KW - Safety KW - Speed KW - Standards KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Wood KW - Wood posts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00758021 AU - BROWN, C M AU - MiTech Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FORD TAURUS BROADSIDE COLLISION WITH A NARROW FIXED OBJECT, FOIL TEST NUMBER: 95S014 PY - 1997/01 SP - 89 p. AB - This report contains the test procedures, test setup and test results from the second of two broadside crash tests performed at the Federal Outdoor Impact Laboratory (FOIL) located at the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) in McLean, Virginia. The results and test description from the first test are contained in the report "Ford Taurus Broadside Collision with a Narrow Fixed Object, FOIL Test Number: 95S008". The test was conducted by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). This was a repeat test of a previously conducted test between a 1990 Ford Taurus four door sedan and the FOIL instrumented rigid pole at a nominal test speed of 35 km/h. The objective of the test was to provide the NHTSA with data to support validation efforts of passenger vehicle Finite Element Models (FEM). In addition to the validation support, the test was conducted to provide insight into the relative strength of a mid-sized sedan when it strikes a narrow fixed object. In this test a modified anthropomorphic side impact dummy (SID) was used to measure occupant risk. The dummy consisted of a regular SID with a Hybrid III neck and head. Results from the test are presented as graphs of data from the transducers affixed to the test vehicle and the SID and photographs before and after the test. The data and high-speed test film provided support for the validation effort. KW - Anthropometric dummies KW - Automobiles KW - Crash injury research KW - Crashes KW - Dummies KW - Federal outdoor impact laboratory KW - Finite element method KW - Fixed objects KW - Graphs KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Photographs KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Side crashes KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Speed KW - Test results KW - Testing KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/538482 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00750227 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Environmental Protection Agency TI - TRANSFER PENALTIES IN URBAN MODE CHOICE MODELING PY - 1997/01 SP - 51 p. AB - This is a report on recent research done on the subject of transfer penalties in urban mode choice decision-making. The research was undertaken to determine whether such penalties, thought by many observers to exist, are quantifiable. If so, then the Federal Transit Administration has a firmer basis on which to gauge the merits of travel model sets and the forecasts of transit ridership that they produce. KW - Decision making KW - Mode choice KW - Penalties KW - Ridership KW - Transfer functions KW - Urban transportation UR - http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/010631896 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/484307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00748138 AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPENDIUM OF INTERMODAL FREIGHT PROJECTS PY - 1997/01 SP - 183 p. AB - This compendium of recent significant intermodal freight projects was compiled to highlight how States and Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) have used Federal-aid highway funds to improve intermodal freight movements since the passage of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). Basic summaries are provided for freight studies, proposals and projects throughout the country that are planned, underway, or complete. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) collected the data which serves as the primary source for this report. AASHTO surveyed members of its Standing Committee on Planning to help provide information about projects in all fifty States and Puerto Rico. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) also received information from other transportation planners, officials and operators, as well as the general public. Metropolitan and State Transportation Improvement Program (TIP/STIP) plans and ISTEA demonstration project summaries were reviewed for additional information. Each resulting project summary provides basic descriptive information about intermodal projects involving a public funding source. Several of these projects also include private funding sources. The information for each project includes: project name and location; type of project; project status; completion date; the supported modes (air, light/delivery truck, tractor-trailer, tandem, rail, water, deep water, pipeline, containerized or other); a physical description of the project; any recent developments such as the progress to date, any pending decisions, anticipated actions, etc.; what funding mechanisms were used (Federal, State, local and/or private); and whom to contact for additional information. This report identifies 159 projects in 42 states. KW - Data collection KW - Federal aid KW - Intermodal freight projects KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746709 AU - Wang, T-L AU - Huang, D AU - Florida International University, Miami AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE IMPACT IN BOX GIRDER BRIDGES: PHASE II, CURVED BOX GIRDER BRIDGES PY - 1997/01 SP - 119 p. AB - This is the final part of the two-phase project on vehicle impact in box girder bridges. The objective of this investigation is to develop a procedure for obtaining the dynamic response of thin-walled curved box girder bridges due to truck loading and to get their basic impact characteristics. In this study, the box girder bridge is divided into a number of thin-walled beam elements. Both warping torsion and distortion are considered in the study. The analytical vehicle is the AASHTO HS20-44 truck simulated as a nonlinear vehicle model with 11 independent degrees of freedom. Four different classes of road-surface roughness generated from power spectral density function for very good, good, average, and poor roads are used in the analysis. In comparison with the other approaches developed by former investigators, the proposed procedure not only facilitates a physical understanding of the general structural response, but also greatly reduces the computing time required and output obtained. The analytical results show that most impact factors of torsion and distortion are greatly larger than those of vertical bending response. The impact factors of normal stress at different points in a same cross section are quite different. The larger the normal stress, the smaller the impact factor will be. Though the static normal stresses at different positions in a same cross section may be extremely different for a curved box girder bridge, their dynamic normal stresses tend to be uniform. KW - Box girder bridges KW - Box girders KW - Calculation KW - Computations KW - Curved box girders KW - Curved bridges KW - Distortion KW - Distortion (Structures) KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Finite element method KW - Impact factor KW - Normal stress KW - Roughness KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural response KW - Thin walls KW - Torsion KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473223 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746827 AU - Laefer, D AU - Laefer (Debra) Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MICROPILES AND RELATED TECHNIQUES: STATE OF TECHNOLOGY PY - 1997/01 SP - 493 p. AB - New micropile systems and related techniques represent innovative and developing resources for the geotechnologist for use in specialized foundation and reinforcement scenarios. Such applications include upgrading existing foundations, enhancing underground excavations over tunnels, earth foundations of oil storage tanks, support of deteriorating historic structures, etc. In order to publicize and promote the use of some of these systems, the current study critically assesses and documents these resources. The study defines the development, usage, current limitations, and potential applications of micropiles and micropile related technology. KW - Foundations KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Grouting KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Structural supports KW - Technology KW - Underpinning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473322 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746626 AU - Fink, C AU - Jackson, I AU - Wright, S AU - Booras, P AU - Wise, A AU - Nassopoulos, G AU - Marten, J AU - Graf, R AU - Greenshield, L AU - Shields, L AU - Yankee Energy Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHANE CONVERSION FOR HIGHWAY FUEL USE (METHANOL PLANTSHIP PROJECT), VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1997/01 SP - 69 p. AB - In phase I methanol plantship (MPS) work sponsored by the Department of Transportation in fiscal years 1985 and 1986, the contractor identified uncontested methane sufficient to operate 130 MPSs for 20 years, each being of 3,000-short tons per day (2,722-t/d) capacity; demonstrated by analyses and by ship model tank tests that long-term efficient methanol plant operations can be conducted in at-sea environments; and showed that the economics of MPS operations are competitive with land-based plants. Part I of phase II (FHWA-RD-92-085) assessed the impact of new permitting and environmental legislation on the design and operation of the MPS. The impact of new laws and regulations are measurable. Design and construction costs will increase when design changes are made in order to meet new allowable pollutant release rates; operating costs will increase in order to implement a program that meets new planning, monitoring, and reporting requirements. MPS operability, however, was found to be unaffected by new statutes and changed regulations. New parametric analyses concluded greatest economy of scale at 3,000 short tons per day (2,722 t/d). Research of the MPS design efforts of other similar projects discovered no basis for discontinuance or change of development efforts or plans. The current effort, part II of phase II, confirmed that the MPS can address economically, without consequence to production rates, natural gases with impurity levels in excess of 25%; a useful methane supply, cost, and composition was confirmed at several sites of interest. MPS design changes to enhance operability and product quality were accomplished; the MPS specification and quotation assembly drawings were detailed to enable refined cost estimation of the MPS to -5% to +15% accuracy. Costs were determined for the preparation of an MPS "go to construction" bid package, for detailed design of the MPS, and for construction/installation of the MPS. KW - Alternate fuels KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Floating methanol plants KW - Floating structures KW - Methane KW - Methane conversion KW - Methanol KW - Methanol fuels KW - Plantship construction KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746625 AU - Fink, C AU - Jackson, I AU - Wright, S AU - Booras, P AU - Linaweaver, P AU - Leuba, T AU - FORD, C AU - Booth, F AU - Marten, J AU - Graf, R AU - Greenshield, L AU - Cashman, J AU - Yankee Energy Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHANE CONVERSION FOR HIGHWAY FUEL USE (METHANOL PLANTSHIP PROJECT), INTERIM REPORT PY - 1997/01 SP - 311 p. AB - In phase I methanol plantship (MPS) work sponsored by the Department of Transportation in fiscal years 1985 and 1986, the contractor identified uncontested methane sufficient to operate 130 MPSs, 3,000-short ton per day (STPD) (2,722-t/d) capacity each, for 20 years; demonstrated by analyses and by ship model tank tests that long-term efficient methanol plant operations can be conducted in at-sea environments; and showed that the economics of MPS operations are competitive with land-based plants. The current effort, part I of phase II, required the contractor to assess and report the impact of updated permitting, licensing, and environmental constraints on the design and operation of the MPS. As to MPS cost, the impact of new statutes and regulations is measurable. Design and construction costs must now reflect very detailed, prescribed means to meet stringent allowable pollutant release rates/quantities. New operating plans are required; monitoring and reporting requirements are increased. As to MPS operability, the impact of new statutes and regulations is nil; neither the methodology nor efficiency of production operations is impaired. The current effort also determined that projected MPS performance has been consistently verified by the design studies of others; that new process technologies are accommodated by the existing MPS vessel, both physically and as to motions/accelerations; and that revised/updated economic analysis of the MPS, as to plantship capacity and feedstock price, confirmed strong economies of scale. This validates MPS design at 3,000 STPD (2,722 t/d). KW - Alternate fuels KW - Cost estimating KW - Estimates KW - Floating methanol plants KW - Floating structures KW - Methane KW - Methane conversion KW - Methanol KW - Methanol fuels KW - Plantship construction KW - Production UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473138 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00746610 AU - Stubbs, N AU - Park, Su Han AU - Sikorsky, C AU - Texas A&M University, College Station AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A GENERAL METHODOLOGY TO NON-DESTRUCTIVELY EVALUATE BRIDGE STRUCTURAL SAFETY PY - 1997/01 SP - 290 p. AB - The objective of this report is to develop a practical methodology to continuously monitor the safety of complex structures. The methodology of interest here is a Level IV Nondestructive Damage Evaluation (NDE) method which can nondestructively assess the condition of the existing structure and simultaneously evaluate the safety of that same structure utilizing structural reliability concepts. The methodology proposed in this study deals with two broad activities: (1) periodic nondestructive damage detection; and (2) assessment of structural safety based on the results of damage detection. To meet the objective, an established methodology which yields information on the stiffness properties from changes in dynamic properties (i.e., mode shapes and frequencies) of the pre-damaged and post-damaged structures is reviewed. Next, an efficient technique, to directly assess the reliability of a complex structural system (such as a bridge) from the reliabilities of components of the structure, is developed. This technique is numerically validated via several examples using current techniques in structural reliability theory. The efficacy of the combination of these two activities (i.e., the nondestructive damage detection and the structural reliability evaluation) is demonstrated using the following data: (1) modal data obtained from numerical simulations of the dynamic responses of selected structures, and (2) modal data obtained from real structures. KW - Bridges KW - Components KW - Damage assessment KW - Dynamic loads KW - Dynamic response KW - Loss and damage KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Reliability KW - Safety KW - Stiffness KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/473124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00745828 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1996 TURNER-FAIRBANK HIGHWAY RESEARCH CENTER ACHIEVEMENT REPORT PY - 1997/01 SP - 32 p. AB - The 1996 report is the 20th in a series of annual reports highlighting achievements of the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC). TFHRC is operated by the Federal Highway Administration's Office of the Associate Administrator for Research and Development. This report covers the period of October 1, 1995 through September 30, 1996. It includes the following components: Statement of the Associate Administrator, Operations, Research Accomplishments, Technical Training, Reports and Periodicals, Abbreviations, and listing of TFHRC Research Laboratories. The Operations section provides an overview of how TFHRC fits into the overall FHWA R&T Program, TFHRC's role, its budget, and descriptions of its staff and organizational structure. The Research Accomplishments section of the report is the most prominent one, which outlines TFHRC research objectives, including improving mobility, enhancing safety, developing new technology, protecting the environment, and improving the quality of program delivery. This section of the report describes various research accomplishments that infuse these objectives. The last main section of this report covers technical training, which is the responsibility of the National Highway Institute (NHI). KW - Annual reports KW - National highway institute KW - Operations KW - Research KW - Technical training KW - Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00744880 AU - Zobel, R S AU - Jirsa, James O AU - Fowler, D W AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION AND REPAIR OF IMPACT-DAMAGED PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BRIDGE GIRDERS PY - 1997/01 SP - 209 p. AB - Impact damage of prestressed concrete bridge girders was studied through field inspections and laboratory tests of a damaged girder. Nondestructive techniques for evaluating the extent of damage and the quality of repairs were examined. Various materials and procedures for repairing damage to the concrete and the strands were considered. A prestressed concrete bridge girder, damaged by impact from an overheight vehicle, was removed from a bridge in Austin, Texas. The damaged girder was transported to the laboratory for evaluation and repair. Several nondestructive methods were studied to evaluate the effectiveness of each in assessing the extent of concrete damage resulting from overheight vehicle impact. The surface hardness of the damaged girder was measured using a rebound hammer. Impact echo and spectral analysis of surface waves techniques were used to assess the extent of damage. All three methods were also used to evaluate the effectiveness of the concrete repairs that were undertaken. Several classes of premanufactured patch materials were used to repair the damaged concrete girder. Materials consisted of cast-in-place concrete and hand-applied mortars. Cast-in-place materials were either magnesium-phosphate based or portland-cement based. The mortars were either latex-modified or fiber-reinforced, silica fume modified. Preload was applied to the girder, the damaged concrete was replaced and allowed to cure, and the preload was removed. Static loads were applied to investigate the flexural characteristics of the repaired girder. Internal prestressing strand splice techniques were used to repair intentionally damaged strands of the same prestressed girder. Four different types of splice hardware were installed and evaluated. Each splice was tested to failure separately in a test machine to evaluate the strength and critical components of each assembly. Finally, the results were used to suggest a procedure for rapid initial assessment of damage. The procedure should allow field personnel to distinguish between various types and locations of impact damage and to determine the course of action to be taken regarding the evaluation, repair, or replacement of an impact-damaged girder. KW - Cast in place concrete KW - Crashes KW - Damage assessment KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Girders KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Mortar KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Patching KW - Prestressed concrete bridges KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Spectral analysis of surface waves KW - Splicing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/472313 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740757 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SELECTED PAVEMENT MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE FOR LOCAL TRANSPORTATION AGENCIES PY - 1997/01 SP - 78 p. AB - This software catalog is based on the "Pavement Management for Local Agencies" course materials developed for the Federal Highway Administration by the Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University. Throughout the pavement management course, concepts and options are introduced and explained. The items discussed in this catalog are the important items that were developed in the course. In order to develop this catalog, a request was sent out to most of the known providers of both public and private domain pavement management system (PMS) software and data collection systems to provide copies of their software, documentation, and a list of users. Not all of the providers submitted their software for review, and other providers were not even aware of the request. Therefore, this catalog is not meant to be an exhaustive review of all pavement management software, but rather is intended to illustrate the types of packages available. The public domain software is provided by public agencies, typically at a nominal cost, to interested agencies and is usually implementable by the requesting agency with little or no additional assistance required. The private software is provided to interested agencies and may be implementable by the requesting agency with little or no additional assistance required or implemented by the software provided. The criteria for inclusion of a specific software package into this description of PMS software was that the software or manuals be submitted by the appropriate date, that a variety of agencies use the software, that the software uses valid pavement management principles, and that it provides examples of different levels of complexity. KW - Catalogs KW - Local agencies KW - Local government KW - Local government agencies KW - Pavement management systems KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573575 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00740764 AU - Alberson, D C AU - Zimmer, R A AU - Menges, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NCHRP REPORT 350 COMPLIANCE TEST 5-12 OF THE 1.07-M VERTICAL WALL BRIDGE RAILING PY - 1997/01 SP - 57 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) recently adopted new performance evaluation guidelines for roadside safety features set forth in NCHRP Report 350. Most of the existing roadside features were tested according to the previous guidelines contained in NCHRP Report 230 and there are concerns as to how the existing roadside safety features would perform under the new guidelines. Specifically, there is concern that existing bridge railing systems, including the 1.07-m vertical wall bridge railing, may not perform satisfactorily to contain and redirect the 36000V test vehicle, i.e., 36,000-kg tractor/van trailer, and the vehicle may roll over. In a previous study conducted by the Texas Transportation Institute, a 22,680-kg tractor/van trailer steered around the end of a 1.07-m vertical wall bridge railing and rolled onto its side. In orter to determine if a longer installation would prevent this from happening, the bridge railing was extended from 30 m to a total length of 40 m. There were also questions about the strength of the bridge railing and the strength of its connection to the deck. This report contains the results of a crash test performed on the 1.07-m vertical wall bridge railing with a 36000V test vehicle under NCHRP Report 350 test level 5 conditions, i.e., impacting the length of need at a nominal speed and angle of 80 km/h and 15 degrees. The purpose of the test was to determine if the bridge railing would perform satisfactorily in containing and redirecting the heavy vehicle without rolling the vehicle. The impact performance of the 1.07-m vertical wall bridge railing was considered satisfactory according to evaluation criteria set forth in NCHRP Report 350 for test designation 5-12. The 36000V vehicle did not roll after exiting the longer installation as the 22,680-kg tractor/van trailer did on the 30-m installation used during an earlier study. There was no sign of structural damage in the bridge railing or in the connection of the bridge railing and bridge deck. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Bridge railings KW - Containing equipment KW - Containment KW - Crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - NCHRP Report 350 KW - Performance evaluations KW - Redirection KW - Speed KW - Testing KW - Tractor trailer combinations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/573582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738718 AU - Bowlby, W AU - Wayson, R L AU - Chiguluri, S AU - MARTIN, M AU - Herman, L A AU - Vanderbilt University AU - Research and Special Programs Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERRUPTED FLOW REFERENCE ENERGY MEAN EMISSION LEVELS FOR THE FHWA TRAFFIC NOISE MODEL PY - 1997/01 SP - 99 p. AB - This report presents the measurement, data reduction and analysis of individual vehicle sound level and speed data for non-constant speed situations. These situations are referred to as interrupted flow conditions and include acceleration from stop signs, toll booths and on highway ramps. The measured noise levels were used to compute regression equations on how sound level increases with increasing vehicle speed for an acceleration condition. The resulting Reference Energy Mean Emission Level (REMEL) equations are presented for each of three vehicle types: automobiles, medium and heavy duty trucks. Section 2 discusses the sites that were used for data collection. Sections 3 and 4 describe the data collection and analysis procedures, respectively, while Section 5 presents the results. Section 6 is a summary and Section 7 lists the referenced reports. Appendix A presents tables of the collected data after editing. Appendix B contains the printouts of the results of the statistical and regression analyses from the statistical software package. KW - Automobiles KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Interrupted flow conditions KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measurement KW - Motor vehicles KW - Noise KW - Noise measurement KW - Noise sources KW - Regression analysis KW - Regression equations KW - Sound level KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic noise KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle acceleration KW - Vehicle noise UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/34000/34300/34383/DOT-VNTSC-FHWA-97-01.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738701 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HUMAN FACTORS HANDBOOK FOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT CENTER DESIGN PY - 1997/01 SP - 5 p. AB - This handbook was designed to fill the void of information on human factors issues related to traffic management centers. The information for the handbook was derived from two main sources: 1. existing human factors standards, methods, and recommendations from other applications that could be applied to the TMC design environment and 2. lessons learned during the design construction and initial operation of a group of pioneering TMCs. KW - Design KW - Design information KW - Handbooks KW - Human factors KW - Traffic control centers KW - Traffic control centers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738811 AU - Perkins, J AU - Murphy, R AU - Jones, L E AU - Pratt, R AU - Savage, M AU - Evergreen State College, Olympia AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FORGING THE LINKS: THE REPORT OF A POLICY STUDY ON CREATED WETLANDS FOR THE WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION PY - 1997/01 SP - 213 p. AB - This research project examined the activities at the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) to mitigate losses of wetlands on 33 sites governed by permits from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and other agencies, through 1995. Several concerns defined the reasons WSDOT commissioned this study, including the rapid growth in the number of sites, uneven and unpredictable biological performances of the sites, and highly diverse expectations from regulators. The major outcomes include (1) recommendations to establish a coherent Mitigation Program within WSDOT; (2) suggestions for setting objectives, criteria, and standards; (3) methodologies to track all aspects of costs; and (4) revisions in monitoring methods and the monitoring report. Specific research findings are organized within five key categories that provide challenges to the ability of the WSDOT to engage in successful mitigation: political, policy, fiscal, organizational, and biological. Recommendations include defining objectives for compensatory mitigation as specific wetland functions; establishing consistent methodology and coordination among pre-impact assessment, mitigation design, and monitoring; coordinating between mitigation design and construction; establishing methods for evaluation of mitigation costs and linking this knowledge to biological performance; using monitoring data to formulate standards of success for new mitigation projects; and developing the Monitoring Report into a document for evaluating and learning about mitigation. KW - Administration KW - Biological factors KW - Cost accounting KW - Economic policy KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fiscal policies KW - Living things KW - Losses KW - Mitigation KW - Monitoring KW - Policy KW - Political factors KW - Recommendations KW - Reports KW - Standards KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Washington (State) KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572837 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738803 AU - Larson, L AU - MANNERING, F L AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHOD FOR PRIORITIZING INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENTS PY - 1997/01 SP - 62 p. AB - The most common type of intersection improvement considered by many state departments of transportation is signalization. The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) uses a system called the Intersection Priority Array, which was originally developed by Ching. This system provides a tool for objectively considering numerous intersections. Although the system is useful, it only addresses the need for and relative priority of a signal. It does not address other actions that may improve the safety and efficiency of the intersection. The goal of this research project was to develop a system for analyzing the need for left- and/or right-turn lane improvements to an intersection and prioritizing the severity of that need. Development of the system was based on two questions it would have to answer about the intersection: (1) Is a left- or right-turn lane recommended for a particular intersection? This question is answered on the basis of traffic conditions and accident history. Threshold values for volume and accident history are determined from published engineering studies. (2) How severe is the need for a turn lane compared to other intersections being considered? To answer this question, the system assigns dollar values to delay conditions and accident history specific to the intersection. Dollar values are assigned to accidents over the worst 12-month period in a 3-year accident history. The system then calculates the reduction in delay that would result from installing the left- or right-turn lanes by using regression equations from published engineering studies or standards such as the Highway Capacity Manual. The scaled sum of the accident and delay costs is the severity score for the specific intersection improvement. The benefits of this system are that it is an objective method of ranking intersections against others and it is easy to use. It requires data that are easily obtainable from resources available at most traffic offices. KW - Accident costs KW - Channelization KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Improvements KW - Intersections KW - Left turn lanes KW - Ratings KW - Regression analysis KW - Right turn lanes KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic delays UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/413.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736497 AU - Farradyne Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL ITS ARCHITECTURE TRANSIT GUIDELINES. TECHNICAL EDITION PY - 1997/01 SP - 162 p. AB - This document provides guidelines for developing Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and using the National ITS Architecture for the transit community. These guidelines provide practical assistance based on real-life experiences with implementing ITS in a transit setting. It will also help those in the transit community to understand what the National ITS Architecture is, why it is important to learn about the National ITS Architecture, how to use it in one's job, and the benefits of using it. The document is written specifically for the transit community, and focuses on transit applications of the National ITS Architecture. KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Public transit KW - Strategic planning KW - System architecture KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478879 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736496 AU - Farradyne Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL ITS ARCHITECTURE TRANSIT GUIDELINES. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1997/01 SP - 15 p. AB - This booklet provides general information on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and the National ITS Architecture with respect to transit and highlights the benefits of each. It briefly discusses ISTEA, which led to the National ITS Program and the National ITS Architecture. It also provides an overview of ITS, examples of ITS applications for transit, benefits of transit ITS, and examples of where these benefits have accrued. Finally, there is a discussion of the National ITS Architecture, its benefits, and its importance. KW - Architecture KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - National transportation policies KW - Public transit KW - System architecture KW - System design KW - Transportation policy KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16300/16375/PB2000103611.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478878 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00736027 AU - Loyola College, Baltimore AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FHWA STUDY TOUR FOR BRIDGE MAINTENANCE COATINGS PY - 1997/01 SP - 58 p. AB - This report documents the findings of a study team, assembled under the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) International Technology Scanning Program and charged with pursuing technology transfer of steel bridge maintenance coating methods with the European highway community. The team met with its counterparts in government and industry in Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, between October 6 and October 22, 1995. This report is organized to present the findings of the panel in two ways. The first section of the report highlights the more interesting similarities and differences in bridge painting practices found in the four countries visited. This section is organized by country in the chronological order of the trip. The second section of the report documents the panel's findings with respect to several specific subject areas, including environmental and worker protection practices, painting practices and paint systems, metalizing, and contracting. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Coatings KW - Contracting KW - Environmental protection KW - Germany KW - Maintenance KW - Maintenance practices KW - Metal bridges KW - Metal coatings KW - Netherlands KW - Occupational safety KW - Paint KW - Paint system KW - Painting KW - Personnel safety KW - Steel bridges KW - Study tours KW - Switzerland KW - United Kingdom UR - http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/Pdfs/BridgeMaintenanceCoatings.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735970 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG TERM PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE PROGRAM: STATUS REPORT PY - 1997/01 VL - 1 IS - 2 SP - 13 p. AB - This status report on the long term pavement performance (LTPP) program includes the following: highlights from the LTPP program; LTPP program background; Data Base/Operations Group activities; the LTPP Information Management System (IMS); LTPP IMS customer service; LTPP performance monitoring program; LTPP traffic activities; report on a meeting of AASHTO and industry to discuss the Specific Pavement Studies (SPS) part of the LTPP program; Product/Analysis Group activities; SPS-3 and SPS-4 field trip report summary; the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) H-106 pothole study; and LTPP product implementation information. KW - Activity KW - Customer service KW - Data collection KW - Field studies KW - Information management KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Monitoring KW - New products KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Potholes (Pavements) KW - Product implementation KW - Reports KW - Shrp h-106 pothole study KW - Specific Pavement Studies (LTPP) KW - Status reports KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Studies KW - Traffic data UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478562 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735930 AU - St John, B AU - Lucas, M J AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - "INVERSET" BRIDGE DECK EVALUATION PY - 1997/01 SP - 152 p. AB - This research project evaluates the construction and performance of the "Inverset" prestressed, composite, concrete/steel bridge system. The concrete deck of each unit is precast upside-down with the concrete forms suspended from the steel beams of the structure. This precasting procedure allows the theoretically denser concrete, normally at the bottom of a concrete pour, to become the surface of the bridge deck. The controlled precast plant system allows for more consistent product with higher strength and better quality control during the manufacturing process. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation chose the "Inverset" system due to the need for a quick bridge replacement. The bridge carries a high traffic count and there were no reasonable detour alternatives for a long-term closure. The use of the "Inverset" system allowed the bridge superstructure to be replaced over two weekends. The system was then evaluated on its ability to perform as designed and provide a quick, cost-effective alternative to reconstruction of short-span bridge superstructures [less than 90 ft (27.4 m)]. "Inverset" has the potential to provide a suitable alternative to the current reconstruction of short span bridge superstructures. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Concrete KW - Concrete construction KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Performance evaluations KW - Precast concrete KW - Productivity KW - Quality control KW - Replacing KW - Time savings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478523 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735920 AU - Alavi, S AU - Merport, T AU - Wilson, T AU - GROEGER, J AU - Lopez, A AU - PCS/Law Engineering AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LTPP MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION PROGRAM: RESILIENT MODULUS OF UNBOUND MATERIALS (LTPP PROTOCOL P46). LABORATORY STARTUP AND QUALITY CONTROL PROCEDURE PY - 1997/01 SP - 76 p. AB - This document describes a procedure for resilient modulus quality control checks. The procedure evaluates the ability of laboratory personnel and the test system to complete LTPP P46 protocol for resilient modulus testing. The procedure is divided into three general phases: (1) Electronic System Performance Verification, (2) Calibration Check and Overall System Performance Verification, and (3) Proficiency Testing. The implementation of this procedure in the FHWA Contractor Laboratories has greatly reduced the within and between laboratory variability associated with the LTPP P46 test procedure. KW - Laboratory tests KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Ltpp p46 protocol KW - Materials characterization KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Quality control KW - Unbound materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478513 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735921 AU - Hall, K T AU - Darter, M I AU - Hoerner, T E AU - Khazanovich, L AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LTPP DATA ANALYSIS. PHASE I: VALIDATION OF GUIDELINES FOR K-VALUE SELECTION AND CONCRETE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE PREDICTION PY - 1997/01 SP - 158 p. AB - Several important issues concerning the effect of slab support on concrete pavement performance were studied in a National Cooperative Highway Research Program project, "Support Under Concrete Pavements" (NCHRP 1-30). The results were promising, however, the data that were available for analysis were limited. This study was conducted to further field-verify and develop the improved support guidelines proposed in NCHRP 1-30, using the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) database, in order to establish their practicality and appropriateness for use in concrete pavement design nationwide. This study was also conducted to further field-verify the proposed revised American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) performance model to the fullest extent possible using the design, materials, climate, traffic, and performance data available in the LTPP database for General Pavement Section 3 (GPS-3) (jointed plain concrete pavement), GPS-4 (jointed reinforced concrete pavement), and GPS-5 (continuously reinforced concrete pavement). Guidelines, revised on the basis of the results of this field verification study, are presented in the appendix in the form of a proposed addendum to the AASHTO Design Guide. The documentation of these field verification efforts using the LTPP database is provided in this report. KW - AASHTO Design Guide KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Concrete pavements KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Databases KW - Forecasting KW - Guidelines KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - NCHRP Project 1-30 KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance KW - Performance prediction KW - Validation UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/ltpp/reports/96198/96198.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478514 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735906 AU - Kogler, R A AU - Ault, J P AU - Farschon, C L AU - Ocean City Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE MATERIALS FOR THE CORROSION PROTECTION OF STEEL BRIDGES PY - 1997/01 SP - 124 p. AB - The recently promulgated environmental regulations concerning volatile organic compounds (VOC) and certain hazardous heavy metals have had a great impact on the bridge painting industry. As a response to these regulations, many of the major coating manufacturers now offer "environmentally acceptable" alternative coating systems to replace those traditionally used on bridge structures. The Federal Highway Administration sponsored a 7-year study to determine the relative corrosion control performance of these newly available coating systems. A battery of accelerated laboratory tests were performed on candidate coating materials with a maximum VOC content of 340 g/L (2.8 lb/gal). Accelerated tests included cyclic salt fog/natural marine exposure, cyclic brine immersion/natural marine exposure, and natural marine exposure testing. Natural exposure test panels were exposed and evaluated for a total of 6.5 years. The most promising coating systems were selected for long-term field evaluation based on accelerated test performance. The long-term exposure testing was conducted for 5 years in three marine locations. Panels were exposed on two bridges, one in New Jersey and one in southern Louisiana. The third long-term exposure location was in Sea Isle City, New Jersey. Thirteen coating systems were included for long-term exposure testing. These included 2 high-VOC controls and 11 test systems having a VOC level of 340 g/L (2.8 lb/gal) or less. Five of the test systems contained high-solids primers, two of the test systems contained waterborne primers, one system was based on a powder coating, and three systems were metallizing. The best performing systems were the three metallized coatings. These were initially less aesthetic than coating systems with high-gloss topcoats, but they displayed near-perfect corrosion performance after 5- to 6.5-year exposure periods. Of the traditional liquid applied coating systems, those incorporating inorganic zinc primers performed the best over near-white blasted and power-tool cleaned surfaces. High-solids epoxy coatings had a tendency to undercut at intentional scribes and rust worse than coatings with zinc-rich primers over less than ideal surface preparations. Current bridge painting methodologies and corrosiveness of various bridge substructures were investigated. Various bridge maintenance painting options were evaluated on a life-cycle cost basis using data developed in the program. The analysis points to the potential advantages of long-term durable coatings such as metallizing and alternative painting practices such as zone painting. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Aesthetics KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Durability KW - Environmental protection KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Exposure tests KW - Field tests KW - Heavy metals KW - Laboratory tests KW - Life cycle costing KW - Marine atmospheres KW - Metal bridges KW - Metal coatings KW - Metallized coatings KW - Organic compounds KW - Paint KW - Seas KW - Steel bridges KW - Tests KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - Volatility KW - Zinc rich paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478499 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735917 AU - HOPKINS, J AU - Larsen, R AU - E-Systems, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADVANCED VEHICLE CONTROL SYSTEMS IN COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS AND PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS PY - 1997/01 SP - 42 p. AB - In the course of developing automated vehicle-roadway systems, opportunities to deploy vehicle control systems at intermediate stages of development may emerge. Some of these systems may provide a significant efficiency or safety enhancement to existing operations with manually driven vehicles. Under certain circumstances, public transportation and freight movement systems provide an ideal application domain for vehicle control. The work presented here represents a feasibility study for the application of Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS) to transit bus and commercial vehicle operations. This paper explores past and present research relevant to automatic control for trucks and buses, and recommends specific operations that could be better performed by AVCS-assisted or controlled vehicles. A survey of feasible technologies for the guidance and control of such vehicles is also presented for various levels of automation. KW - Advanced public transportation systems KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highway systems KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Transit buses KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478510 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735912 AU - Daily, K AU - Hughes, W E AU - McGee, H W AU - Bellomo-McGee, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL PLANS FOR ACCIDENT STUDIES OF HIGHWAY DESIGN ELEMENTS: ENCROACHMENT ACCIDENT STUDY PY - 1997/01 SP - 118 p. AB - This report documents an investigation into the feasibility of using accident data to derive estimates of the rate at which errant vehicles unintentionally encroach into the roadside on level, tangent sections of two-lane rural roads. In addition, issues related to estimating the percentage of unreported accidents were also investigated. The report discusses results from the literature and an analysis of hit-utility-pole accident cases from the National Accident Sampling System (NASS). A pilot study involving 56 km (35 mi) of tangent, two-lane rural road sections in Idaho is also documented. For that pilot study, detailed roadside data were collected and accident and traffic data were obtained. Based on an analysis of that data, the resulting encroachment rate estimates were determined to be of the same order of magnitude as the encroachment rates that had been developed from previous research. It was concluded that the methodology is feasible, although it is limited by the current state of the knowledge with respect to data on the trajectories of vehicles involved in run-off-the-road and hit-fixed-object crashes. An experimental plan for future research that would produce improved estimates of roadside encroachment rates is also presented. Because the plan depends on the availability of detailed sign maintenance and roadside inventory data in electronic media, it is recommended that the plan not be implemented immediately. When and if it is implemented, the latest results from other research on trajectory data should be integrated into the plan. KW - Accident studies KW - Crash reports KW - Crashes KW - Encroachments KW - Fixed objects KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Highway design KW - Ran off road crashes KW - Research KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Rural highways KW - Single vehicle crashes KW - Studies KW - Trajectory KW - Two lane highways KW - Unreported accidents KW - Vehicle trajectories UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00735903 AU - Buth, C E AU - Menges, W L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CRASH TESTING AND EVALUATION OF RETROFIT BRIDGE RAILINGS AND TRANSITION PY - 1997/01 SP - 182 p. AB - An assortment of retrofit bridge railings and a retrofit transition were evaluated through full-scale crash testing. The assortment included: (1) a W-beam retrofit railing for a concrete baluster bridge railing (AASHTO performance level one); (2) a W-beam transition for the bridge railing above (NCHRP Report 350 test level two); (3) a double-tube pedestrian/bicycle railing mounted on the Illinois 2399-1 traffic railing (AASHTO performance level one); (4) a vandal protection fence on the New Jersey concrete safety shape bridge railing (AASHTO performance level two); and (5) a thrie beam retrofit railing, a Delaware design, mounted on a 203-mm-high safety curb (AASHTO performance level two and NCHRP Report 350 test level four). All of the designs demonstrated acceptable performance. KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - Double-tube railings KW - Impact tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Prototype tests KW - Retrofitting KW - Testing KW - Thrie beams KW - Transition zones KW - Vandal protection fence KW - W beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478496 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734654 AU - Parker, M R AU - Parker (Martin R) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF RAISING AND LOWERING SPEED LIMITS ON SELECTED ROADWAY SECTIONS PY - 1997/01 SP - 175 p. AB - The objective of this research was to examine the effects of raising and lowering posted speed limits on driver behavior for urban and rural nonlimited access highways. Sites selected for study were furnished by the participating States. The study was conducted during the period from October 1985 to September 1992, when the maximum speed limit was 55 mi/h (89 km/h) on nonlimited access highways. During this period, the States and localities lowered and raised posted speed limits on short roadway segments, typically less than 2 mi (3.2 km) in length. The general types of sites included in the study were short sections, i.e., 0.5-mi (0.8-km) segments in rural communities, 1-mi (1.6-km) sections in urban and rural communities, and 2- to 12-mi (3- to 19-km) rural sections where speed limits were raised. The study included the collection of driver behavior and crash data is 22 States. The data were collected at 100 sites on nonlimited access highways, consisting of 172 mi (277 km) where speed limits were either lowered or raised, and at 83 comparison sites, consisting of 132 mi (213 km) where no changes in the posted speed limits were made. Changes in the posted speed limits ranged from lowering the speed limit by 5, 10, 15, or 20 mi/h (8, 16, 24, or 32 km/h) to raising the speed limit by 5, 10, or 15 mi/h (8, 16, or 24 km/h). Only one change in the posted speed limit was made at each site during the study. There is statistically sufficient evidence in this dataset to reject the hypothesis that driver speeds do not change when posted speed limits are either raised or lowered. However, the differences in speeds, less than 1.5 mi/h (2.4 km/h), are not sufficiently large to be of practical significance, and are due primarily to large sample sizes. Although the changes in vehicle speeds were small, driver violations of the speed limits increased when posted speed limits were lowered. Conversely, violations decreased when speed limits were raised. This does not reflect a change in driver behavior, but a change in how compliance is measured, i.e., from the posted speed limit. There is not sufficient evidence in this dataset to reject the hypothesis that crash experience changed when posted speed limits were either lowered or raised. KW - Behavior KW - Compliance KW - Crash data KW - Decreases KW - Drivers KW - Increase KW - Rural highways KW - Speed limits KW - Traffic violations KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478018 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01397286 AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). Research and Technology Coordinating Committee TI - The future highway and transportation system and society: suggested research on impacts and interactions SN - 0309062187 PY - 1997 SP - 183p KW - Communication KW - Communication KW - Energy KW - Energy KW - Environment KW - Environment KW - Federal government KW - Forecast KW - Forecasting KW - Fuel KW - Fuels KW - Health KW - Health KW - Highway planning KW - Impact studies KW - Impact study KW - Liability KW - Medical aspects KW - National government KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Research needs KW - Responsibility KW - Road network KW - Road planning KW - State government KW - State government KW - Tax KW - Taxes KW - Taxicabs KW - Technology KW - Technology KW - Transport planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel behaviour KW - Travel demand KW - Travel demand KW - Types of roads by network KW - Usa KW - Vehicle design KW - Vehicle design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1165068 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01397067 AU - Payne, H J AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). ITS Research Division TI - Development and testing of operational incident detection algorithms: executive summary PY - 1997 SP - 19p KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced traffic management systems (ATMS) KW - Calibration KW - Calibration KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Freeway KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident detection KW - Incident detection KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Traffic management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1164846 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01397066 AU - Payne, H J AU - Thompson, S M AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). ITS Research Division TI - Development and testing of operational incident detection algorithms: technical report PY - 1997 SP - 334p KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Advanced traffic management systems (ATMS) KW - Calibration KW - Calibration KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Freeway KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident detection KW - Incident detection KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Traffic management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1164845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01340826 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Materials in Pavement Construction PY - 1997 SP - v.p. AB - The primary purpose of this guideline document is to assist those who have an interest in using or increasing their understanding of the types of waste and by-product materials that may be recovered and used in pavement construction applications. It is intended to provide the potential user or reviewer with sufficient information on each material included in this document so that he or she will have an understanding of the nature of the material, where other information may be obtained, and what issues need to be evaluated when considering its use. It is also intended to provide the reader with general guidance on engineering evaluation requirements, environmental issues, and economic considerations for determining the suitability of using recovered materials in pavement applications. Because of the ongoing development and publication of new information regarding the use of recovered materials in highway applications, this document has been designed in a looseleaf format to permit periodic revisions and updates. These guidelines cover the use of waste and by-product materials in six major highway construction applications: (1) Asphalt Concrete; (2) Portland Cement Concrete; (3) Granular Base; (4) Embankment or Fill; (5) Stabilized Base; and (6) Flowable Fill. In each of these primary application categories, there is at least one possible material use, and in some cases there are several potential uses. This document includes guidelines for 19 waste and by-product materials. Listed in alphabetical order, they include: (1) Baghouse Fines; (2) Blast Furnace Slag; (3) Coal Bottom Ash/Boiler Slag; (4) Coal Fly Ash; (5) Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Scrubber Material; (6) Foundry Sand; (7) Kiln Dusts; (8) Mineral Processing Wastes; (9) Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Incinerator Ash; (10) Nonferrous Slags; (11) Quarry By-Products; (12) Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement; (13) Reclaimed Concrete Material; (14) Roofing Shingle Scrap; (15) Scrap Tires; (16) Sewage Sludge Ash; (17) Steel Slag; (18) Sulfate Wastes; and (19) Waste Glass. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Economic factors KW - Embankments KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fills KW - Flowable fill KW - Fly ash KW - Foundry sand KW - Granular bases KW - Guidelines KW - Kiln dust KW - Pavements KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Properties of materials KW - Reclaimed asphalt pavements KW - Reclaimed crushed concrete KW - Reclaimed glass KW - Scrap tires KW - Shingles KW - Slag KW - Waste products UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/pavements/97148/index.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1102845 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01161142 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CBD loop arterial construction, Des Moines : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, F, Martin Luther King Jr. Parkway FDsup (1997), Fsup (1999), Draft section 4(f) statement B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Iowa UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/922126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01128916 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Implementation of the National Intelligent Transportation Systems Program, 1996 Report to Congress PY - 1997 SP - 188p AB - This report was prepared pursuant to Section 6054(c) of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). This is the third in a series of reports summarizing the progress of the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Program administered by the U.S. Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT). KW - Implementation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - ITS program applications KW - ITS program technologies UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_pr/3303.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/888860 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01128909 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Intermodal Freight Symposium Workbook PY - 1997 SP - 141p AB - On September 30, 1996, the Federal Highway Administration’s ITS Joint Program Office and the National Highway Institute hosted an lntermodal Freight Symposium. The symposium brought together public and private sector experts in fright movement and intelligent transportation systems to exchange information and explore emerging trends. The symposium covered a broad range of topics, including intermodal freight logistics, ITS freight applications, the federal role and key partnerships. Information presented at the Intermodal Freight Symposium has been collected in this Workbook. The Workbook is divided into three parts: Part 1: Intermodal Freight Movement-the Big Picture; Part 2: ITS Applications for lntermodal Freight; and Part 3: Intelligent Transportation Systems and Intermodal Freight. KW - Federal government KW - Freight traffic KW - Freight transportation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intermodal transportation KW - ITS program applications KW - Logistics KW - Partnerships UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/proceedn/5501.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/888861 ER - TY - CONF AN - 01120003 AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virginia Transportation Technology Transfer Center AU - Virginia Department of Emergency Services TI - Proceedings of the 1997 Post Hurricane Highway Recovery Workshop PY - 1997 SP - 253 p. ; U1 - Post Hurricane Highway Recovery WorkshopVirginia Beach StartDate:19970000 EndDate:00000 KW - Conferences KW - Hurricanes KW - Maintenance KW - Roads KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/880209 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105954 AU - Kenis, William AU - George, David AU - Hammouda, Jamel AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Pavement primary reponse to dynamic loading PY - 1997 SP - vi, 61 p. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Flexible pavements KW - Live loads KW - Pavements KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/865568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01073669 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Draft environmental impact statement Route 60, Van Buren to Poplar Bluff, Missouri PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft AppendixD(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/833061 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062332 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IL-315 Federal Aid Primary (FAP)/ (Illinois-336) Transportation Project, Construction from FAP 315, IL 336 (Southeast of Carthage) to US 136 (Just West of Macomb) : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Illinois UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062329 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Rutland Transportation Improvement Project : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix B, Draft Appendix E(2v), Special Reports and Appendices B1, Special Report 10 Engineering B2(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Vermont UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062311 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR 371, relocation project, new construction, Crow Wing County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Minnesota UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821808 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062301 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NY-17 Highway conversion from partial to full access control facility, Five-Mile Point to Occanum and NY-17 rehabilitation or reconstruction, Town of Kirkwood, Town of Windsor, Broome County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Dv.1,Dv.2(fol),Dv.3(fol);F, FappC(fol), Asbestos technical memorandum B1; Visual impact assessment report B2; Energy analysis report B3; Noise study report B4; Hazardous waste screening report B5; Air quality analysis report B6, Revis KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821798 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062300 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Intercounty Connector (ICC) transportation improvements, between I-270 corridor near Rockville/Gaithersburg, Montgomery County, and I-95 corridor near Laurel in Prince George's County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft(3v),Dv.4(fol) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821797 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062293 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 17 - George Washington Highway, improvements between VA-104 - Dominion Boulevard and the North Carolina State Line, City of Chesapeake : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821790 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062291 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US 71 relocation, US 70 in DeQueen to I-40 near Alma, Sevier County, Polk County, Scott County, Sebastian County, Crawford County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, Final, Final Appendix KW - Arkansas KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062284 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Outer Connector study, new corridor, from Stafford County to Spotsylvania County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft(2v)[2001] KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062280 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - U.S. Route 202 - section 700, Montgomery and Buck Counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Final(3v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062269 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US 93 - Hamilton to Lolo, Ravalli County / Missoula County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Montana UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821765 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062266 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Stutson St BIN-3317120 over Genesee River from the interchange of the Lake Ontario State Parkway and Latta Road to Lake Shore Boulevard, Monroe County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821762 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062254 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 21, Otto to De Soto, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062246 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Norman H. Bangerter Highway (formerly West Valley Highway) 12600 South St to I-15, Cities of Bluffdale, Riverton, and Draper, Salt Lake County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Utah UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821742 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062241 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - East Sonora Bypass, CA-108 from post mile M1.8 to post mile R6.9, Tuolumne County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, F KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821737 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062232 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - North Spokane Freeway Project, Spokane County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final(2v), Final supplement to the final, Draft supplement to the final(2000) KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821728 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062218 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - State highway 82, Entrance to Aspen, 4(f) evaluation : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Supplement to the draft[1996] F(2v), Fapp KW - Colorado KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821714 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062216 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Replacement at Sunset Beach of Bridge No. 198 of SR 1172 : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: D Preliminary alternatives report (1994) B1 Social impact report (1994) B2 Land use impact report (1994) B3 Technical memorandum 'Induced impact on land use ...' (1994) B4 Economic impact analysis (1994) B5,F,Fapp KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821712 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062208 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - I-287 / Cross Westchester Expressway, NYS Thruway Route 303 to Route 120, Westchester and Rockland counties : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Dv.1, Dv.2(fol),F; Operations plan B1; Two-way high occupancy vehicle (HOV) report B2; Socioeconomic impact assessment B3; Mesoscale anaylsis B4; Air quality technical memorandum B5; Water quality technical memorandum B6; Noise technical mem KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New York (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821704 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062206 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Birmingham Northern Beltline project, from I-59/20 west of the city of Birmingham to I-59 northeast of the city of Birmingham, Jefferson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix, F, Final Appendix KW - Alabama KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821702 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062203 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PIMA Freeway - Loop 101, I-17 to Scottsdale Road, Maricopa County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Arizona KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821699 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062200 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Wilmington Bypass transportation improvement program, I-40 to US 421, New Hanover County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821696 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062197 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Relocation/ reconstruction of the US 222 and construction of the Warren St extension, Berks County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft(2v), Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821693 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062196 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Greenville Southern Connector, from I-185 at I-85, south of Donaldson Center Industrial Air Park, Greenville County, Anderson County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821692 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062192 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Kittanning by-pass/ PA-6028, Allegheny Valley Expressway to traffic route 28/66, Armstrong County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Pennsylvania UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062175 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US 12 Whitewater Bypass, Buckingham Road to Cox Road, Jefferson County, Rock County, and Walworth County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821671 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062169 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NC-16 Upgrading and Relocation project, Lucia to North of NC-150, Gaston County, Lincoln County, and Catawba County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062163 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR 16 Oconomowoc Bypass (Rock River to WI-67), Oconomowoc, Jefferson County and Waukesha County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821659 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062150 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Route 5 Corridor, MHTD project no.J5PO694 : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Final(2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Missouri UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062149 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SR 58 to Mojave Freeway, construction, Kern County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062130 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Broad St Parkway, near exit 6 of the F.E. Everett Turnpike on the north to the West Hollis St / Kinsley St area near Pine St on the south, Hillsborough County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - New Hampshire UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062126 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - South Locust St (Old Highway 281) improvements, I-80 to Grand Island and north of US 34, Hall County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final(2v); Errata B1 KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Nebraska UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062080 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-13/NC-24, from All American freeway to I-95 at existing US-13 interchange, Cumberland County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821576 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062053 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Third St widening project, Fairbanks : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821548 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062037 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Benicia-Martinez bridge system project, Contra Costa County, Solano County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Final(3v) KW - California KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821532 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062035 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Woodrow Wilson bridge improvement study, I-95 to MD Route 210, Alexandria County and Fairfax County (VA), Prince George's County (MD), DC : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Supplement to the draft, Supplement to the draft2, Final(3v), FDsup[1999], Fsup[2000](2v) KW - Environmental impact statements KW - Maryland KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821530 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01062032 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - US-220 construction, Emery to south of Ellerbe County, Montgomery County and Richmond County : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Final KW - Environmental impact statements KW - North Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/821527 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01061203 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Juneau access improvements : environmental impact statement PY - 1997///Volumes held: Draft, Draft Appendix A-D, Dsup, DsupAppA-C, DsupAppD-E, DsupAppF-H, DsupAppI-K, DsupAppL, DsupAppM-N, DsupAppO, DsupAppP-S, DsupAppT-V KW - Alaska KW - Environmental impact statements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/820688 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00968596 AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - ATA Foundation. Private Fleet Management Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMERCIAL VEHICLE FLEET MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 3, ITS FLEET MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY RESOURCE GUIDE PY - 1997 SP - iii, 36 p. AB - This repot provides a summary of the technologies used for fleet management. Four broad categories of technology, along with their benefits and drawback, and current vendors and costs, are described. The four categories include: automatic vehicle location (AVL) systems, mobile communications systems, on-board computers (OBCs), and routing and dispatching software. KW - Automatic vehicle location KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Computers KW - Mobile communication systems KW - Routing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16500/16528/PB2000104160.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/679668 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00935457 AU - Zia, P AU - Ahmad, S AU - Leming, M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETES: A STATE-OF-ART REPORT (1989-1994) PY - 1997 SP - v.p. AB - This report is a sequel to a previous state-of-the-art published by the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) in 1991 and is based on review of selected literature on high performance concrete (HPC) with particular reference to highway applications. It covers primarily a six-year period from 1989 to 1994 for which the authors have recently compiled an updated annotated bibliography, which has been published by the Federal Highway Administration (Publication No. FHWA-RD-96-112). More recent information on the subject is obtained directly from a variety of publications including books, technical journals, conference proceedings, and research reports. Included in the review and discussion are the behavior of plastic concrete as well as the strength and deformation characteristics of hardened concrete. Both short-term and long-term effects are considered. In addition, the behavior of both discrete and continuous fiber-reinforced concrete is covered. Furthermore, recent applications of HPC for pavements and bridges, here and abroad, are summarized. Finally, recent activities of organized research and development programs on HPC in different countries are described. Based on the review of the available information, it is concluded that the growth of the amount of research and applications of HPC has been phenomenal in the past several years. HPC has become widely accepted practically on all continents. Much of the application of HPC remains in the areas of long-span bridges and high-rise buildings. Increasing emphasis is being placed on concrete durability than its strength. In many applications, HPC is used only because of its high durability quality rather than the need for its strength. Research progress on concrete durability, self-compactable concrete, and innovations in fiber-reinforced concrete are identified and additional areas of research needs are cited. KW - Bridges KW - Development KW - Durability KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Fresh concrete KW - Hardened concrete KW - High performance concrete KW - Pavements KW - Research KW - State of the art reports KW - Strength of materials UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/hpc/97030/index.cfm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/725763 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962467 AU - Enterprise Program (U.S.) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL TRANSPORTATION : SIMPLE SOLUTION #12 : PUBLIC AGENCY OUTREACH FOR TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT PY - 1997 AB - This application was identified as a promising rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solution under a project sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the ENTERPRISE program. This summary describes the solution as well as opportunities for expansion into the broader context of rural ITS. The roles of public sector transportation agencies are often misunderstood or misinterpreted at many levels by citizens. This solution builds upon an agency's outreach activities by promoting communications between the public sector and residents on various issues. This type of communication link provides easy access to residents, travelers, and businesses on the issues of public interest dealt with by various government agencies KW - Advanced rural transportation systems KW - Communication systems KW - Marketing UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/5513.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962468 AU - Enterprise Program (U.S.) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL TRANSPORTATION : SIMPLE SOLUTION #14 : PUBLIC SERVICE WEATHER RADIO PY - 1997 AB - This application was identified as a promising rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solution under a project sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the ENTERPRISE program. This summary describes the solution as well as opportunities for expansion into the broader context of rural ITS. Information on road and weather conditions is of interest to all travelers. In extreme conditions such as winter snow storms, the timely receipt of accurate information enables maintenance personnel to proactively treat road surfaces, to remove ice or snow, or even to close roads where conditions are most hazardous. Access to appropriate weather information has the potential to improve operations, prevent damage to property and save lives. Increasingly, agencies are looking to improve the sophistication of weather and road condition information collection and dissemination and to provide reports specific to local areas. This solution is an existing service, which could form the basis of added-value services provided by local agencies to broadcast weather information to travelers and other interested users in a cost-effective manner KW - Advanced rural transportation systems KW - Road weather information systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661788 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962453 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE MODEL DEPLOYMENT INITIATIVE : TECHNOLOGY BASED TRANSPORTATION SOLUTIONS PY - 1997 AB - In Autumn 1996, former Secretary of Transportation Federico Pena announced that Phoenix, San Antonio, Seattle and the New York City metropolitan areas were chosen to showcase deployments of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). The program, called the Model Deployment Initiative, marks a significant step in intelligent transportation infrastructure (ITI) across the United States. The Model Deployment Initiative calls for public and private sector partners to develop and integrate intelligent transportation systems technology to reduce travel times, improve emergency response and provide travel information to the public. The Model Deployment Initiative provides real-life examples of technologys potential in metropolitan areas across the country. Investments from public and private sector partners will integrate existing ITS elements in the four sites as part of a national showcase. The model deployment sites will illustrate how technology can improve transportation in metropolitan areas. A hard-nosed evaluation of the model deployment projects in Phoenix, San Antonio, Seattle and the New York City metropolitan area will document lessons learned KW - Deployment KW - Intelligent transportation systems programs KW - Model Deployment Initiative KW - Public private partnerships UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/3219.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962464 AU - Enterprise Program (U.S.) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL TRANSPORTATION : SIMPLE SOLUTION #9 : TRANSPORTATION OPERATIONS OPTIMIZATION PY - 1997 AB - This application was identified as a promising rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solution under a project sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the ENTERPRISE program. This summary describes the solution as well as opportunities for expansion into the broader context of rural ITS. The various operations and maintenance activities, involving the dispatching of resources, that are provided by local and state governments were largely designed many years ago using manual processes. With new technologies becoming available, and the ever evolving combination of resources and needs these operations may often be re-engineered with new optimization technologies and techniques KW - Advanced rural transportation systems KW - Transportation operations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/5510.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962473 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE ITS/CVO MAINSTREAMING PROGRAM PY - 1997 AB - The purpose of the Federal Highway Administration's "mainstreaming" program is to organize and manage the deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) for Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO). ITS/CVO services are streamlining the administration of motor carrier regulations, focusing safety enforcement activities on high-risk carriers, and reducing congestion costs for motor carriers. ITS/CVO services involve automating existing operations, networking information systems, and changing the way that states and carriers do business KW - Commercial vehicle operations KW - Deployment KW - Law enforcement KW - Safety KW - Trucking UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/pressrel/2853.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962461 AU - Enterprise Program (U.S.) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL TRANSPORTATION : SIMPLE SOLUTION #6 : TRAVELER INFORMATION ON THE INTERNET PY - 1997 AB - This application was identified as a promising rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solution under a project sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the ENTERPRISE program. This summary describes the solution as well as opportunities for expansion into the broader context of rural ITS. More and more agencies are providing some form of traveler or tourist information on Internet web sites. These agencies include states, cities, counties, Chambers of Commerce, and private organizations, for example, associations of innkeepers. Not only is this type of service relatively cheap to provide and maintain from the agency perspective, it is also available at very low cost to the end user, assuming they have access to a PC modem, and the necessary software. Information provided varies widely and can range from general information concerning a state or region through to detailed information about specific accommodations restaurants and parking facilities, for example KW - Advanced rural transportation systems KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Internet UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/5506.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661781 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962463 AU - Enterprise Program (U.S.) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL TRANSPORTATION : SIMPLE SOLUTION #8 : MOBILE WEATHER SENSORS PY - 1997 AB - This application was identified as a promising rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solution under a project sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the ENTERPRISE program. This summary describes the solution as well as opportunities for expansion into the broader context of rural ITS. Winter weather road maintenance constitutes a significant effort, especially in northern states. The objective of this solution is to increase the efficiency and cost- effectiveness of applying anti- and de-icing materials to the road surfaces by monitoring the weather and road conditions on-site with the maintenance vehicles KW - Advanced rural transportation systems KW - Detectors KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Road weather information systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/5509.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661783 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962457 AU - Enterprise Program (U.S.) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL TRANSPORTATION : SIMPLE SOLUTION #2 : COORDINATE ADDRESSING SYSTEM PY - 1997 AB - This application was identified as a promising rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solution under a project sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the ENTERPRISE program. This summary describes the solution as well as opportunities for expansion into the broader context of rural ITS. In some rural areas of the United States, streets are not named or identified, potentially creating delays for emergency or delivery services that must visit private residences. This simple solution is to assign every residence to a coordinate mapping system, enabling easy navigation to specific sites KW - Advanced rural transportation systems KW - Geographic information systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/5502.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661777 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962459 AU - Enterprise Program (U.S.) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL TRANSPORTATION : SIMPLE SOLUTION #4 : LOW COST VEHICLE DETECTION PY - 1997 AB - This application was identified as a promising rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solution under a project sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the ENTERPRISE program. This summary describes the solution as well as opportunities for expansion into the broader context of rural ITS. Vehicle detection to determine traffic volumes or lane occupancy is essential for timing traffic signals, planning roadway expansions and predicting traffic impacts even on low volume roads or rural areas. Traditional loop detectors require permanent installation and are expensive. This simple solution uses less expensive audio technology to detect the presence of vehicles KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Advanced rural transportation systems KW - Vehicle detectors UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/5504.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661779 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962458 AU - Enterprise Program (U.S.) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL TRANSPORTATION : SIMPLE SOLUTION #3 : COORDINATED RURAL TRANSIT SERVICES PY - 1997 AB - This application was identified as a promising rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solution under a project sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the ENTERPRISE program. This summary describes the solution as well as opportunities for expansion into the broader context of rural ITS. Numerous rural residents either do not drive or do not have access to vehicles and therefore rely on the mobility services offered by transit operations. This simple solution combines and coordinates the services of several local agencies to offer a more efficient and effective public transit service using the combined fleets of various operators KW - Advanced rural transportation systems KW - Public transit UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/5503.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661778 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962460 AU - Enterprise Program (U.S.) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL TRANSPORTATION : SIMPLE SOLUTION #5 : TRAVELER INFORMATION USING FAX MACHINES PY - 1997 AB - This application was identified as a promising rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solution under a project sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the ENTERPRISE program. This summary describes the solution as well as opportunities for expansion into the broader context of rural ITS. Increasingly detailed and up- to-the-minute information is becoming available concerning road and weather conditions. This simple solution provides a means of providing this information to a wide audience at a low cost. Presuming access to a regular fax machine, road and weather condition information, and other types of traveler information can be received from a central agency. Information can be faxed either on demand, according to a predefined schedule, or on a flexible basis to alert users of changing conditions. Information may be specific to the needs of the receiver or may be general in nature KW - Advanced rural transportation systems KW - Advanced traveler information systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/5505.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661780 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962452 AU - Wyrosdick, Katie AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1996 OLYMPIC EXPERIENCE : 1996 CENTENNIAL OLYMPIC GAMES PY - 1997 AB - This document presents a series of slides from the Federal Highway Administration concerning traffic operations during the period of the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia. Highway Emergency Response Operators (HEROs) assisted motorists with vehicle trouble. Public transportation in and around the Centennial Village is discussed, and statistics are presented KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Special events UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/briefing/6485.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661772 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962456 AU - Enterprise Program (U.S.) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL TRANSPORTATION : SIMPLE SOLUTION #1 : TRAVELER WARNINGS FOR SPOT HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS PY - 1997 AB - This application was identified as a promising rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solution under a project sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the ENTERPRISE program. This summary describes the solution as well as opportunities for expansion into the broader context of rural ITS. In summary, ice tends to form on bridges and overpasses before it does on other portions of the roadway. Given that the main roadway may not be icy, drivers often do not anticipate icy conditions on bridges, etc., and are therefore not prepared. This simple solution equips those sites most susceptible to icing with detectors connected locally to a device that warns drivers to slow down and use caution on the icy surface KW - Advanced rural transportation systems KW - Detectors KW - Road weather information systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/3205.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661776 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962465 AU - Enterprise Program (U.S.) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL TRANSPORTATION : SIMPLE SOLUTION #10 : WIRELESS PAGERS TO ACTIVATE WARNING BEACONS PY - 1997 AB - This application was identified as a promising rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solution under a project sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the ENTERPRISE program. This summary describes the solution as well as opportunities for expansion into the broader context of rural ITS. A variety of advisory road signs are accompanied by beacon lights that flash when messages are critical to travelers. The activation of the beacons to flash is either triggered according to the time of day or by manual adjustment. This simple solution enables beacons to be activated remotely using common pager services and low cost receivers on the road signs. This non-infrastructure intensive method could therefore be beneficial in rural regions KW - Advanced rural transportation systems KW - Highway beacons KW - Personal communication devices KW - Wireless communication systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/5511.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962466 AU - Enterprise Program (U.S.) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL TRANSPORTATION : SIMPLE SOLUTION #11 : EMERGENCY VEHICLE TRAFFIC SIGNAL PRE-EMPTION PY - 1997 AB - This application was identified as a promising rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solution under a project sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the ENTERPRISE program. This summary describes the solution as well as opportunities for expansion into the broader context of rural ITS. Traffic signals disrupt the progress of emergency vehicles by causing them to slow or stop. Since other vehicles in cross traffic often appear to have the right of way hazardous situations often occur at intersections. This simple solution pre-empts traffic signals to give equipped emergency vehicles the right of way. Although various types of pre-emption systems are in use in urban areas across the U.S., the solution described below is an example of a low-cost siren-activated system. As it requires minimal additional equipment, it is suitable for small communities KW - Advanced rural transportation systems KW - Emergency communication systems KW - Traffic signal preemption UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/5512.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00962462 AU - Enterprise Program (U.S.) AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY IN RURAL TRANSPORTATION : SIMPLE SOLUTION #7 : LANE DROP DRIVER AWARENESS PY - 1997 AB - This application was identified as a promising rural Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) solution under a project sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the ENTERPRISE program. This summary describes the solution as well as opportunities for expansion into the broader context of rural ITS. Lane drops occur as a result of restricting roadways caused by construction work or other planned or unplanned events. When vehicles fail to merge in a timely fashion delays or traffic accidents often occur. This simple solution uses advance warnings to calm the traffic and induce smoother transitions into limited lane areas KW - Advanced rural transportation systems KW - Traffic control KW - Work zone safety UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/5507.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/661782 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00933884 AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ILLINOIS TRAVEL STATISTICS - 1996 PY - 1997 SP - 20 p. AB - These are the statistics for travel in Illinois during 1996. Major categories of travel statistics in the paper include statewide vehicle miles of travel, state system and urbanized areas vehicle miles of travel, and statewide vehicle miles of travel by vehicle type. A district map is also included, as well as a table of counties and corresponding districts. Both urban and rural areas are covered. KW - Counties KW - Districts and authorities KW - Illinois KW - Maps KW - Rural areas KW - Statistics KW - Tables (Data) KW - Travel KW - Travel by vehicle type KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - http://dot.state.il.us/travelstats/1996its.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11200/11258/1996its.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/724943 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00929010 AU - Ketchum, Ronald L AU - Lemmon, John J AU - Hoffman, J Randy AU - United States. National Telecommunications and Information Administration AU - Institute for Telecommunication Sciences AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SITE SELECTION PLAN AND INSTALLATION GUIDELINES FOR A NATIONWIDE DIFFERENTIAL GPS SYSTEM PY - 1997 SP - vii, 93 p. AB - This document focuses on the concept, configuration,operation, and performance of a nationwide differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) service. It presents the general requirement for DGPS broadcast site selection, and the recommended locations of broadcast sites. The object is to complete nationwide coverage of the DGPS correction signal. The document also describes the equipment that is required for broadcast site operations as well as the basic operation of the equipment. KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Automatic vehicle monitoring KW - Automobile navigation systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Satellite navigation systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16500/16525/PB2000104156.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6200/6241/sspigndgps.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/718995 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00924251 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE UNIFORM ACT PY - 1997 SP - n.p. AB - This CD-ROM contains a video presentation (RT 19:42) on the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970. The presentation is an overview of the policies and procedures as set forth in this law which is commonly known as The Uniform Act. The discussion is presented in three parts: Acquisition; Residential Relocation; and Business Relocation. KW - Businesses KW - CD-ROM KW - Eminent domain KW - Policy KW - Procedures KW - Property acquisition KW - Property condemnation KW - Relocation assistance KW - Residents KW - Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Act UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/708168 ER - TY - SER AN - 00823204 JO - TechBrief PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LTPP DATA ANALYSIS, VALIDATION OF GUIDELINES FOR K-VALUE SELECTION AND CONCRETE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE PREDICTION PY - 1997 SP - 4 p. AB - Concrete pavement performance depends greatly on the support that it receives from the base course and underlying soil layers as well as other support-related factors such as slab curling and warping and slab-base friction. The National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 1-30, "Support Under Concrete Pavements" developed improved procedures for estimating support design inputs and designing concrete pavements. This Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) data analysis was conducted to further test and verify the improved pavement support guidelines and the improved American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) performance model proposed in NCHRP Project 1-30 using the design, materials, climate, traffic, and performance data available in the LTPP database. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Climate KW - Concrete pavements KW - Curling KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Forecasting KW - Friction KW - Guidelines KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Materials KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Slabs KW - Soils KW - Traffic KW - Validation UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6400/6490/97-035.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/716261 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00820170 AU - Cambridge Systematics, Incorporated AU - ATA Foundation. Private Fleet Management Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMMERCIAL VEHICLE FLEET MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS. TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM 2, SUMMARY OF CASE STUDY INTERVIEWS PY - 1997 SP - 46 p. AB - This technical memorandum presents the results of in-depth case study interviews which were conducted with motor carriers in order to determine the applicability of technology-based fleet management systems to various types of fleet operations. The process used for selecting the case study carriers is first described. This is followed by summaries of the case study findings. An examination then follows of how fleet operating characteristics and fleet management decision factors affect motor carriers' adoption of specific Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies. KW - Commercial vehicle operations UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16500/16529/PB2000104161.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/691810 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00815905 AU - Stanish, K D AU - Hooton, R D AU - Thomas, MDA AU - University of Toronto AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TESTING THE CHLORIDE PENETRATION RESISTANCE OF CONCRETE: A LITERATURE REVIEW PY - 1997 SP - 33 p. AB - The ability of chloride ions to penetrate concrete must be known for design as well as quality control purposes. This document reviews the current common methods for determining chloride penetrability of concrete. First, some theoretical background of what influences the penetration of chlorides into concrete is presented. The different mechanisms of chloride penetration are presented, followed by a further elaboration of the chloride diffusion theory. The influence of basic properties of concrete on its chloride penetrability is also discussed. Next, individual test procedures are presented. Discussed first are the existing long-term procedures, namely the salt ponding test (AASHTO T259) and the Nordtest bulk diffusion test (NTBuild 443). The existing short-term tests are then presented. For each test, the procedure, the theoretical basis, and any advantages and disadvantages are presented. Also included in this document as an appendix is a glossary of some of the common terms related to chloride ingress testing and measurement. KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Glossaries KW - Literature reviews KW - Penetration resistance KW - Test procedures KW - Theoretical studies UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/infrastructure/structures/chlconcrete.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/18000/18200/18215/PB2001107508.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/690568 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00814692 AU - Owen, Larry E AU - Stallard, Charlie M AU - Curtis, Deborah M AU - Kaman Science Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF REAL-TIME TRAFFIC-ADAPTIVE SIGNAL CONTROL PROTOTYPES PY - 1997 SP - 25 p. AB - This paper focuses on RT-TRACS, a real-traffic adaptive control system, and the evaluation and implementation of the prototype strategies in the laboratory and in the field. The paper first presents a brief overview of RT-TRACS, Next, the newly developed control strategies are briefly summarized along with the methods of analyzing their performance, preliminary results, and a discussion for future field deployment and testing. Prior to the prototype discussion, a brief review of current traffic control technology is presented. KW - Adaptive control KW - Real time control KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/681933 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00810336 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES : PARTICIPANT REFERENCE GUIDE PY - 1997 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) AB - Although it is designed as a participant guide, this document provides an overview of a variety of transportation management technologies which can be used as a resource guide. The following technologies are covered: Freeway management systems; Traffic signal control systems; Incident management; Electronic toll collection; Transit management systems; Regional multimodal traveler information centers; Systems integration; Funding KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Automated toll collection KW - Freeway management systems KW - Incident management UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/13480.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/682450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00790517 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OUR NATION'S HIGHWAYS: SELECTED FACTS AND FIGURES, 1997 PY - 1997 SP - 52 p. AB - The information in this publication provides a condensed overview of facts and figures about our Nation's highways. Unless otherwise stated, 1996 data have been used. The table of contents includes the following: Our Nation's Highways; Air Quality; The Vehicle Fleet; Licensed Drivers; The Highway System; National Highway System; Conditions Performance and Safety; Motor-Fuel Use; Travel; Financing Our Highways; Selected Statistics by State Publication Listing; and Glossary. KW - Air quality KW - Drivers KW - Financing KW - Fuel consumption KW - Glossaries KW - Highway safety KW - Highway travel KW - Highways KW - Motor vehicles KW - Statistics KW - United States UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/8000/8700/8774/onh.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/648259 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00787815 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bishop, J Richard AU - Panebianco, Nicholas AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - ADVANCED VEHICLE CONTROL SYSTEMS (AVCS) FOR PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT : "IT'S NOT JUST FOR SAFETY ANYMORE" PY - 1997 SP - p. 83-89 AB - In this paper, the authors emphasize the need for a greater emphasis on the productivity enhancements that can be gained through the use of Advanced Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS) technologies. Several application areas are used as examples of these benefits. The authors first review AVCS benefits, including safety and productivity. This is followed by examples of near term applications in specific transit systems, opportunities in commercial vehicle operations, and opportunities with road maintenance vehicles. The authors conclude with a discussion of the need for case studies and cooperative deployments. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/649658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00787393 AU - Bishop, J Richard AU - Panebianco, Nicholas AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCED VEHICLE CONTROL SYSTEMS (AVCS) FOR PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT : IT' S NOT JUST FOR SAFETY ANYMORE PY - 1997 SP - 24 p. AB - This paper looks at advanced vehicle control systems (AVCS) applications for productivity enhancement in commercial vehicle operations, public transit systems, and automated transportation systems. Several applications are offered as conceptual proof of these benefits. The paper discusses near term applications in specific transit systems, commercial vehicle operations, and road maintenance vehicles. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated vehicle control KW - Commercial vehicle operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/647084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00787671 AU - Loral Federal Systems AU - Rockwell International AU - Lockheed Martin Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ITS ARCHITECTURE PY - 1997 SP - 20 v. AB - This 20 volume set documents the National Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Architecture, covering the goals, objectives definition, evaluation, and deployment. The accompanying volumes are geared towards different audiences, including system designers architects, analysts, and standards developers. Those desiring a general overview are guided to the Vision and Implementation Strategy documents. KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Planning KW - Standards KW - System architecture KW - System design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/649130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00798938 AU - Heidtman, K AU - Skarpness, B AU - Tornow, C AU - Battelle Memorial Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED VEHICLE OCCUPANCY DATA COLLECTION METHODS PY - 1997 SP - 97 p. AB - This report evaluated current and emerging vehicle occupancy data collection methodologies. Five primary methods for collecting vehicle occupancy data were identified: the traditional roadside/windshield observation method, a recently developed carousel observational method, photographic surveillance, mail-out or telephone surveys, and accident database extraction method. The findings show that other methods besides the traditional windshield method may be advantageous for collecting vehicle occupancy information. The key factors in selecting a collection method are the conditions under which vehicle occupancy is to be estimated. For example, the accident method and mail-out surveys are well suited for developing regional vehicle occupancy estimates, while the windshield method and carousel method are well suited for corridor-specific estimates. Another key finding, which impacts the selection of a method and sampling period, is the fact that average vehicle occupancy (AVO) estimates vary significantly by time-of-day, day-of-week, and month-of-year. The implication of this finding is that agencies cannot continue to infer yearly AVO estimates from data collected during a limited time period such as the morning rush hour period. Recommendations for selecting and implementing a vehicle occupancy data collection method are also provided. KW - Data collection KW - Methodology KW - Recommendations KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21200/21209/PB99104382.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/4000/4400/4483/veh-occ.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/665911 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00798848 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RISK-TAKING BEHAVIOR AND TRAFFIC SAFETY, SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS, OCTOBER 19-22, 1997, CHATHAM, MASSACHUSETTS PY - 1997 SP - 281p AB - This book contains the papers and discussions presented at the symposium on risk-taking behavior and traffic safety. Over 80 traffic safety policymakers, researchers, and practitioners attended, presented their views, learned from others, and discussed the issues and potential solutions. The symposium's goal was to present and discuss the best current knowledge and views on driver (and pedestrian) risk-taking behavior. The symposium was organized into four sessions: (1) Describe the problem: what causes risk-taking and how does risk-taking affect traffic casualties; (2) Analyze several specific risky behaviors: failure to use seat belts, speeding, and dangerous pedestrian actions; (3) Present examples of successful methods for reducing risk-taking behavior; and (4) Offer suggestions for additional innovative methods. This book follows the same organization, with a chapter for the papers from each session. A final chapter presents post-symposium thoughts from the symposium co-chairs, Jim Fell, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and Thomas Terry, General Motors Corporation. U1 - Risk-Taking Behavior and Traffic SafetyU.S. Department of Transportation and General Motors Corporation.Chatham, Massachusetts StartDate:19971019 EndDate:19971022 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation and General Motors Corporation. KW - Behavior KW - Conferences KW - Countermeasures KW - Drivers KW - Innovation KW - Pedestrian movement KW - Pedestrians KW - Risk taking KW - Seat belts KW - Speeding KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/667752 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00899813 AU - VICTORINE, TRACY A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BASIC CONCEPTS, CURRENT PRACTICES, AND AVAILABLE RESOURCES FOR FORENSIC INVESTIGATION ON PAVEMENTS. PY - 1997 IS - PB99-123986 AB - No abstract provided. KW - Information processing KW - Pavements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/613038 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00788558 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Fancher, P AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - TESTS CHARACTERIZING PERFORMANCE OF AN ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM PY - 1997 SP - p. 155-164 AB - This paper describes methods for characterizing the headway control performance of adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems. The inputs to the test are the speed of the preceding vehicle. Results of the tests are based upon measurements of range, range rate, velocity transmission shift commands,, and velocity commands. Numerical performance measures are derived from these data and are used to characterize system performance quantitatively. KW - Adaptive control KW - Cruise control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650328 ER - TY - SER AN - 00788806 JO - Research report (University of California, Davis. Institute of Transportation Studies) ; UCD-ITS-RR-97-17 PB - University of California, Davis AU - Mokhtarian, Patricia L AU - Ho, Chaang-Iuan AU - Hung, Shun W AU - Lam, Toan B AU - Raney, Elizabeth A AU - Redmond, Lothlorien S AU - Stanek, David M AU - Varma, Krishna V AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESIDENTIAL AREA-BASED OFFICES PROJECT : FINAL REPORT ON THE EVALUATION OF IMPACTS PY - 1997 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) AB - This report presents an evaluation of the impacts of telecenters on work performance, job satisfaction, and travel behavior. The data is drawn from four survey instruments: an attitudinal survey, a travel diary, an attendance log, and an exit interview. The report provides an analysis and discussion of the travel impacts, telecommuter and manager attitudes, telecommuting retention, and telecommuting patterns associated with telecommuting center use. KW - Job satisfaction KW - Telecommuting KW - Telecommuting centers KW - Travel behavior UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/649103 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00788811 JO - Research report (University of California, Davis. Institute of Transportation Studies) ; UCD-ITS-RR-97-16 PB - University of California, Davis AU - Buckinger, Carol AU - Mar, Francisca AU - Mokhtarian, Patricia AU - Wright, John AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TELECOMMUTING CENTERS IN CALIFORNIA : 1991-1997 PY - 1997 SP - vii, 90, 32 p. AB - This report documents the development and operations of telecommuting centers, also known as telecenters, in California from 1991 through 1997. The introduction contains terms and definition, and general information on telecenters, including facilities and equipment marketing, charges and usages rates. Detailed summaries on the status of operating, planned and closed telecenters is then given. Appendices cover information such as charges, usage rates, equipment marketing tactics, occupancy rates, and contact information. KW - California KW - Telecommuting KW - Telecommuting centers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/650501 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00783665 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEDERAL LANDS HIGHWAY PROGRAM - ACTIVITIES, ACCOMPLISHMENTS, AND TREND ANALYSIS FOR 1996 PY - 1997 SP - 60 p. AB - Approximately 30% of the land in the United States is under jurisdiction of the Federal Government. The Federal Lands Highway Program (FLHP) was created by the 1982 Surface Transportation Assistance Act. The primary purpose of the FLHP is to provide funding for a coordinated program of public roads that serve the transportation needs of the Federal and Indian lands which are not a State or local government responsibility. An annual report has been prepared for the Federal Lands Highway Program since 1980. This 17th report provides a summary of the fiscal year 1996 program, activities, accomplishments, and trend analyses. KW - Annual reports KW - Federal aid KW - Federal government KW - Federal Lands Highway Program KW - Financing KW - Land KW - Native Americans KW - Roads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/636805 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00776043 AU - Serafin, Colleen AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Ford Motor Company AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Calgary, Canada TI - DRIVER PREFERENCES FOR ADJUSTABLE DISTANCE CONTROL LABELS FOR AN ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL (ACC) SYSTEM PY - 1997 SP - p. 934-938 AB - This paper reports on a study which evaluated driver preferences for labeling adjustable distance control for an adaptive cruise control (ACC) system. A computer prototype of an ACC was used by participants as they were asked to provide their preferences for two types of labels: shared controls for both speed and distance, and a separate control for distance only. U1 - Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Meeting. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society annual meeting 41st (1997), vol. 2 KW - Adaptive control KW - Human factors KW - Speed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495653 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776147 JO - ITS world. Vol. 2, no. 4 PB - Apogee Research Incorporated AU - Taylor, Steven T AU - Apogee Research Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Mitretek Systems AU - Integrated Strategies TI - EYES ON THE FUTURE (NOT ON THE ROAD) : NO-HANDS DRIVING, THE "KILLER APP" OF ITS, TAKES DIFFERENT SHAPES AND GETS VARIED REVIEWS AROUND THE GLOBE PY - 1997 SP - p. 24-26, 40 AB - This article compares the background and focus of advanced vehicle control system programs in the United States, Japan and Europe. The current focus of AVCS in Europe is on commercial vehicle operations; in Japan the focus is on safety-related technologies. The U.S. background is traced from the ISTEA act of 1991, through the formation of the National Automated Highway System Consortium and its funding by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), to the present day where FHWA policy is shifting from automated highways to smart cars. The article concludes with a discussion of safety issues and public acceptance of automated highways KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highway system program (U.s.) KW - Automated highways KW - Policy KW - Safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495717 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776151 JO - ITS world. Vol. 2, no. 4 PB - Apogee Research Incorporated AU - FELLER, GORDON AU - Apogee Research Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Mitretek Systems AU - Integrated Strategies TI - ITS WARMS UP IN THE BIG THAW : TRANSPORTATION IS CRUCIAL AS THE COUNTRIES OF THE FORMER COMMUNIST BLOC MOVE TOWARD FREE-MARKET ECONOMIES, AND OFFICIALS ARE LOOKING AT ITS TO GIVE THEIR SYSTEMS THE BOOST THEY NEED PY - 1997 SP - p. 39-40 AB - This article briefly identifies the opportunities for intelligent transportation systems (ITS) technologies to be put to use in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Republics. The author estimates that over the next four years, about $470 million will be spent on ITS-related purchases or investments in the area KW - Finance KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Policy KW - Transportation buildings KW - Transportation facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00775435 AU - Kranig, Jim AU - Minge, Erik AU - Jones, Carla AU - Guidestar (Program : Minnesota) AU - SRF Consulting Group, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD TEST OF MONITORING OF URBAN VEHICLE OPERATIONS USING NON- INSTRUSIVE TECHNOLOGIES : FINAL REPORT PY - 1997 SP - 288 p. in various pagings AB - This report documents the activities and results of a test of non- intrusive traffic detection technologies. Seventeen devices representing eight different technologies were evaluated in varying environmental and traffic conditions. The following technologies were tested: passive infrared, active infrared, magnetic, radar, doppler microwave, pulse ultrasonic, passive acoustic, and video. Testing was done at both freeway and intersection locations. Emphasis was placed on urban traffic conditions and locations that typify temporary counting locations. The evaluation also focused on the ease of system setup and use, general system reliability, and system flexibility. KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Infrared detectors KW - Microwave detectors KW - Radar KW - Vehicle detectors UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/6665.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491598 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776444 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Matsugatani, Kazuoki AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - AUTOMOBILE RADAR SIGNAL SOURCE USING INP BASED MMICS PY - 1997 SP - p. 37-42 AB - This paper describes a millimeter wave signal source for automotive radar developed with microwave/millimeter-wave integrated circuits (MMIC). It describes the principles of the frequency modulated continuous wave radar, the structure and performance of the high electron mobility transistors, the design of the MMIC and the performance of the signal source. Potential applications for millimeter wave radar include intelligent cruise control and collision avoidance systems. KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Millimeter wave devices KW - Millimeter waves UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510368 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776452 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tijerina, Louis AU - Garrott, W Riley AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - A RELIABILITY THEORY APPROACH TO ESTIMATE THE POTENTIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF A CRASH AVOIDANCE SYSTEM TO SUPPORT LANE CHANGE DECISIONS PY - 1997 SP - p. 97-110 AB - This paper presents the methodology and initial results of an effectiveness estimation effort applied to lane change crash avoidance systems (CAS). A reliability theory approach is used to develop estimates that support driver lane change decision. The paper also includes a discussion of warnings associated with such estimates and potential CAS effectiveness attenuation factors. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Lane changing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510375 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00776501 AU - Gollu, Aleks AU - Eskafi, F H AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Technische Universitat Dresden AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR LARGE SCALE SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PY - 1997 SP - p. 1134-1140 AB - This paper presents a framework for the modeling, design, simulation and prototyping of large scale systems. It focuses on the specification language SHIFT and the simulation tools used by the framework. It presents the development of an automated highway system as an example. U1 - Winter Simulation Conference (1997 : Atlanta, Ga.). Proceedings KW - Automated highways KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510418 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776789 JO - Research & technology transporter PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Gibson, David AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN IMPROVING SIGN PY - 1997 SP - p. 4 AB - This article describes a new electrical interface system that is making dynamic lane assignment variable message signs more efficient and reliable. The system features an open architecture network between a controller, its sensors, and its actuators. KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510636 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776447 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Wadlington, Ben AU - Schaefer, Eric G AU - Bohlen, Galen J AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - PROGRAMMABLE TURN SIGNALING PY - 1997 SP - p. 57-66 AB - This paper describes a new technology that adds programmability to a vehicle's directional-signal system. It features a pulsed-current- sensing algorithm that allows drivers to tap in various maneuver- compatible durations of hands-free, lever-off signaling. Applications for this technology can be seen in the categories of maneuvers such as merges, exits and lane changes. KW - Electronic equipment KW - Lane changing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510371 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776448 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bishop, J Richard AU - Lay, Rodney K AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - WHERE THE RUBBER CONSORTS WITH THE ROAD : OBSERVATIONS ON THE CONSORTIUM APPROACH TO AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEM TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PY - 1997 SP - p. 67-73 AB - This paper examines the U.S. Department of Transportation's (USDOT) strategy to apply automation technology advances to vehicles and the highway and to integrate the two into a vehicle-highway system. The strategy also involves the merger of industries within a framework utilizing participation of all stakeholder interests. This strategy has lead to the creation of the National AHS Consortium (NAHSC). The paper looks at the original USDOT rationale for a consortium approach. It examines both the value and the challenges of such a partnership in conducting long-range, high-risk research, and in particular research which involves multiple industries and institutions. KW - Automated highway system program (U.s.) KW - Automated highways KW - Policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00776712 AU - Malek, Shahram AU - Denney, Rick AU - Halkias, John A AU - Viggen Corporation AU - Halkias Traffic Analysis Consultants AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES PARTICIPANT NOTEBOOK PY - 1997 SP - 110 p. in various pagings AB - This document provides the visual aids for participants in a workshop focusing on advanced transportation management technologies. It contains the relevant information of the metropolitan intelligent transportation infrastructure elements as well as techniques strategies, and technologies of each component KW - Advanced traffic management systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20200/20215/PB98116783.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510172 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00776099 AU - Wentworth, James A AU - Knaus, Rodger AU - Aougab, Hamid AU - MiTech Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VERIFICATION, VALIDATION, AND EVALUATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS. VOLUME 1 : AN FHWA HANDBOOK PY - 1997 SP - 151 p. AB - This guide focuses on the verification, validation, and evaluation (VV&E) of expert systems. In doing this, it 1) discusses how to incorporate VV&E into the expert system lifecycle, 2) demonstrates how to partition knowledge bases with and without expert domain knowledge 3) presents knowledge models, 4) presents methods for validating the underlying experts' knowledge, and 5) presents management issues related to expert system development and testing. In addition mathematical proofs for partitioning, consistency, and completeness and visualization of concepts are presented. KW - Development KW - Expert systems KW - Testing UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/safety/aard/index.cfm#val UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491220 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776443 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Gonzalez, Jose AU - Galvez, Antonio AU - Arango, Emilio AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - ADS, SLEEP DETERRENT SYSTEMS PY - 1997 SP - p. 33-35 AB - This paper presents a sleep deterrent system, designed to automatically activate and warn a driver of an impending loss of consciousness. The paper describes the theory, components installation, operation and additional benefits of the system. KW - Driver monitoring UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510367 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776445 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Patchell, John W AU - Hackney, R Steven AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - NEW THERMAL INFRARED SENSOR TECHNIQUES FOR VEHICLE BLIND SPOT DETECTION PY - 1997 SP - p. 43-48 AB - This paper describes a vehicle blind spot detector that is based on recently developed , novel thermal infrared sensor technology. It gives a description of the operation of the new sensor and compares it with existing technologies. Application for the detector in collision avoidance systems is also discussed. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Infrared detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510369 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776451 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Gawron, Valerie J AU - Barickman, Frank AU - Garrott, W Riley AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - TEST PLANNING, ANALYSIS, AND EVALUATION SYSTEM (TEST PAES) : A DATA ARCHIVING TOOL FOR ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 91-95 AB - This paper describes the Test Planning Analysis and Evaluation System (Test PAES). The system enables engineering unit data, audio and video, as well as a vehicle animation, to be time synchronized displayed simultaneously, and operated with a single control. The Test PAES type of integrated display allows for the viewing of the different forms of data together and the performance of analyses to determine the effectiveness of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). KW - Databases KW - Intelligent transportation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510374 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776453 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Wilson, Terry B AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - FORWARD-LOOKING COLLISION WARNING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE GUIDELINES PY - 1997 SP - p. 119-143 AB - This paper presents preliminary guidelines for a forward looking collision warning system. It addresses aspects of performance including general system requirements, driver/vehicle interface methodology, collision dynamics, standardized testing and estimation of associated benefits. KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - In vehicle sensors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510376 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776788 JO - Research & technology transporter PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Ostensen, George AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEMO '97 : A GLIMPSE INTO THE FUTURE PY - 1997 SP - p. 3 AB - This article gives an overview of activities that took place at Demo '97. It briefly describes the technologies displayed and the range of scenarios. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Demo '97 (Intelligent Transportation Showcase) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510635 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00775475 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE HUMAN FACTORS HANDBOOK FOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT CENTER DESIGN : SUMMARY REPORT PY - 1997 SP - 2 p. AB - The purpose of this handbook is to provide information on human factors issues related to traffic management centers (TMCs). The information for the handbook was derived from two main sources: 1) existing human factors standards, methods, and recommendations from other applications that could be applied to the TMC design environment, and 2) lessons learned during the design construction and initial operation of a group of pioneering TMCs. KW - Human factors KW - Traffic control centers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/490890 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00776711 AU - Halkias, John A AU - Halkias Traffic Analysis Consultants AU - Oak Ridge National Laboratory AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES INDUSTRY PARTNER TECHNOLOGIES PY - 1997 SP - ii, 74 p. AB - This document describes the Industry Partner Technologies workshop designed to provide participants with information on advanced transportation technologies and deployment site information. The focus of the workshop was to provide participants with: 1) technology transfer on the state-of-the-practice transportation management techniques and technologies for mobility and safety improvement; an awareness of the role of these technologies; and, demonstrations of hardware and software in transportation management technologies. KW - Advanced traffic management systems UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20200/20216/PB98116791.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/508142 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776439 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Dance, Francis J AU - Thoone, Martin L G AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - VEHICLE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS : IS AMERICA READY PY - 1997 SP - p. 1-6 AB - This paper first examines automobile navigation systems in terms of their success in Europe. It then describes a version of the CARiN navigation system that is appropriate for American highways and driving conditions. It describes the navigation system configuration gives an overview of digital map databases, and discusses the telematics applications that are available in combining CARiN with cellular phone capabilities. KW - Automobile navigation systems KW - Carin (Route guidance system) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510363 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776441 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Hofmeister, A AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - THE DRIVER INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR THE REST OF US PY - 1997 SP - p. 19-25 AB - This paper proposes the integration of modules in automobile navigation systems so that costs can be reduce. It describes a localization unit, built up with only four chips, which integrates Global Positioning System (GPS) and sensor signal processing. It also gives an outlook on further system integration that is built around a dedicated 32 bit navigation processor. KW - Automobile navigation systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510365 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776456 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Geduld, Georg Otto AU - Rudolph, Wolfgang AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - MEASUREMENT OF THE REFLECTION PROPERTIES OF VEHICLES FOR ACC INFRARED SENSORS PY - 1997 SP - p. 165-167 AB - This paper looks at infrared detector use for adaptive cruise control and the problems of detection accuracy. It examines the influence of different factors on the reflection properties of vehicles and how this impacts detection. The parameters include: the color of vehicles, the geometry of the vehicle rear, the viewing angle and the contamination of vehicles. KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Infrared detectors KW - Speed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510378 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00776045 AU - Tijerina, Louis AU - Hetrick, Shannon AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Ford Motor Company AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Calgary, Canada TI - ANALYTICAL EVALUATION OF WARNING ONSET RULES FOR LANE CHANGE CRASH AVOIDANCE SYSTEMS PY - 1997 SP - p. 949-953 AB - This paper describes a study which assessed the potential effectiveness of two warning onset rules for lane change Crash Avoidance Systems (CAS). It first investigated a turn-signal onset rule which triggers a driver warning. The second warning onset rule is a minimum separation trigger rule involving minimum lateral sepration distance. U1 - Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Meeting. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society annual meeting 41st (1997), vol. 2 KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Human factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495655 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00776047 AU - Folds, D AU - Fain, W Bradley AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Ford Motor Company AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Calgary, Canada TI - ON WHETHER TO ALLOW COMPUTERS TO POST TRAFFIC ADVISORY MESSAGES WITHOUT OPERATOR APPROVAL PY - 1997 SP - p. 959-963 AB - This paper describes an experiment in a Traffic Management Center (TMC) simulator that compared support systems that directly post message on variable message signs (VMS) with those that simply suggest messages to the operator. Three human factors issues surround VMS management support systems were also addressed. U1 - Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Meeting. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society annual meeting 41st (1997), vol. 2 KW - Human factors KW - Reliability KW - Traffic control centers KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495657 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00775776 AU - L.S. Gallegos & Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INNOVATIVE CONTRACTING PRACTICES FOR ITS : TASK E FINAL REPORT PY - 1997 SP - 1 v. (various pagings) AB - This report presents the results of research on procurement-related legal and non-technical issues which may be viewed as constraints to the deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). It focuses on state and local practices when federal funds are involved. The following topics are covered: types of contracts, methods of award, types of procurements, pricing and cost sharing, cost accounting standards, auditing, intellectual property, organizational conflicts of interests, and liability. The report provides findings on each of these topics and discusses their effects on implementing ITS. KW - Deployment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Policy KW - Procurement UR - http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/publications/research/operations/its/pdfs/contpractices.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/11000/11500/11529/contpractices.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/17000/17000/17010/PB2000106856.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491611 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00776502 AU - Schulze, T AU - Fliess, T AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Technische Universitat Dresden AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - URBAN TRAFFIC SIMULATION WITH PSYCHO-PHYSICAL VEHICLE-FOLLOWING MODELS PY - 1997 SP - p. 1222-1229 AB - This paper describes the use of psycho-physical vehicle-following models for capturing the physical and human components of congested traffic simulations. The models determine the reactions of the vehicle driver depending on the vehicle's state. Two different classical methods of time advance used to calculate vehicle state changes are described. The paper examines the effect of these methods on simulation run times and simulation results. U1 - Winter Simulation Conference (1997 : Atlanta, Ga.). Proceedings KW - Automobile driving KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510419 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00776042 AU - Glaser, Robert A AU - Fisher, Donald L AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Ford Motor Company AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Calgary, Canada TI - DRIVING SIMULATORS : ARE THEY VALID TEST ENVIRONMENTS FOR ITS DEVELOPMENT? PY - 1997 SP - p. 926-928 AB - This paper looks at the use of driving simulators as an efficient and inexpensive method of testing collision warning systems. It describes a study of the simulator image factors which affect the detection of rear-end collisions and motion. U1 - Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Meeting. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society annual meeting 41st (1997), vol. 2 KW - Crash avoidance systems KW - Driving simulators KW - Human factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495652 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00776044 AU - Kleiss, James A AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Ford Motor Company AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Calgary, Canada TI - IDENTIFYING USERS' CONCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION OF MENU FUNCTIONS IN AN AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION PRODUCT PY - 1997 SP - p. 944-948 AB - This paper reports on a study which investigated users' conceptual organization of functions in an electronic menu in an automotive navigation product. Cluster analysis is used to redesign the menu to make it more consiste with users' conceptual organization of menu functions. U1 - Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Meeting. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society annual meeting 41st (1997), vol. 2 KW - Automobile navigation systems KW - Human factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495654 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776148 JO - ITS world. Vol. 2, no. 4 PB - Apogee Research Incorporated AU - Jakubiak, Susan AU - Needham, Kevin AU - Apogee Research Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Mitretek Systems AU - Integrated Strategies TI - SHARING THE WEALTH : PUBLIC AGENCIES ARE TRADING RIGHT-OF-WAY ACCESS FOR COMMUNICATIONS SERVICES THAT HELP MAKE ITS POSSIBLE PY - 1997 SP - p. 27-30 AB - This article focuses on shared resource projects as a form of Public private partnering that may help public agencies underwrite their telecommunications infrastructure for Intelligent Transportation Systems ( ITS). The partnership involves sharing roadway rights-of-way and telecommunications expertise and capacity to the advantage of both parties. The article identifies and discusses several issues that must be addressed in the course of setting up shared resource partnerships KW - Policy KW - Telecommunications KW - Transportation buildings KW - Transportation facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495718 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776150 JO - ITS world. Vol. 2, no. 4 PB - Apogee Research Incorporated AU - Johnson, Nancy AU - Steffy, Christina AU - Apogee Research Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Mitretek Systems AU - Integrated Strategies TI - BUCKMAN BRIDGE, JACKSONVILLE, FLORIDA PY - 1997 SP - p. 37-38 AB - The Buckman Bridge in Jacksonville, Florida, was expanded from four to eight lanes. At the same time, a simple but effective incident detection system was installed. This system consists of three dome- enclosed cameras equipped with a 16-160 mm zoom lens. Cameras can pan 360 degrees and tilt 180 degrees. Mounted 45 feet above the bridge the cameras can be lowered for maintenance KW - Cameras KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495720 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00776046 AU - Campbell, John L AU - Carney, Cher AU - Kantowitz, Barry H AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Ford Motor Company AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Calgary, Canada TI - DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR ADVANCED TRAVELER INFORMATION SYSTEMS (ATIS) : THE USER REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS PY - 1997 SP - p. 954-958 AB - This paper describes an effort to develop clear and relevant guidelines for the design of Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) and Commercial Vehicle Operations (CVO). It focuses on methods and results of a user requirements analysis which identifies the appropriate content, organization, and format of the ATIS/CVO guidelines. U1 - Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Meeting. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society annual meeting 41st (1997), vol. 2 KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Human factors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495656 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00776048 AU - K, Caird J AU - Chugh, J AU - University of Massachusetts, Amherst AU - Ford Motor Company AU - Delco Electronics Corporation AU - Battelle Human Factors Transportation Center AU - University of Georgia, Experiment AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Calgary, Canada TI - THE TIME COST OF HEAD-UP DISPLAYS FOR OLDER DRIVERS : CRITICAL EVENT ONSET, TASK LOCATION, AND DISPLAY TYPE PY - 1997 SP - p. 1008-1012 AB - This study looked at determining the time-costs for elderly drivers associated with responses to the appearance of a pedestrian (or a critical event) while engaged in a head-up display (HUD) task. It is found that braking to a critical event, while performing a display task, is affected by the temporal and spatial limitations of visual attention. HUD design and safety issues are briefly considered. U1 - Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. Meeting. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society annual meeting 41st (1997), vol. 2 KW - Aged KW - Three dimensional displays UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00777383 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS FOR COMMERCIAL VEHICLE OPERATIONS : SAFETY, SIMPLICITY, AND SAVINGS FOR GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY PY - 1997 SP - 6 p. AB - This brochure gives a brief overview of commercial vehicle operations (CVO) component of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Under the categories of safety, simplicity, and savings, it discusses how motor carriers, drivers, state governments, law enforcement, and the public can benefit from ITS/CVO. KW - Commercial vehicle operations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/508424 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776440 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Allen, R Wade AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DRIVER CAR FOLLOWING BEHAVIOR UNDER TEST TRACK AND OPEN ROAD DRIVING CONDITION PY - 1997 SP - p. 7-17 AB - This paper presents the results of an experiment which focused on driver behavior in car following tasks. The research was motivated by a desire to understand the dynamics of driver headway control as a guide for setting the automatic control characteristics of an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system. Experiments are described, and the results describe data analysis, dynamic coupling and control and headway distributions. KW - Car following KW - Speed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510364 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776457 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Geduld, Georg Otto AU - Mehr, Wilfried AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - INFRARED TECHNOLOGY FOR "ACC" AND FUTURE ADVANCED APPLICATIONS PY - 1997 SP - p. 169-173 AB - This paper examines the requirements of adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems and the role of infrared detector technology in meeting the requirements of ACC systems. The first part of the paper looks at these requirements, while the second half describes advanced driver assistance systems that are equipped with infrared and supplementary technologies. KW - Infrared detectors KW - Speed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510379 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776446 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Kaneko, Kazuma AU - Kai, Koichi AU - Akasu, Masahira AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - TRIAL OF TARGET VEHICLE DETECTION BY USING SCANNING LASER RADAR PY - 1997 SP - p. 49-56 AB - This paper describes the development of an experimental scanning laser radar that is can be used on curved roads and is able to measure the distance and direction of obstacles. The configuration of the experimental system is first described. This is followed by a description of the method of target vehicle detection by using reflectors located along roads. The paper concludes with a discussion of the performance of the system. KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Optical radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510370 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776450 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Haugen, Jim AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - PAC-ITS, TOWARDS AHS AND 150 MPH HIGHWAYS PY - 1997 SP - p. 75-82 AB - This paper presents the Packet Autopiloted Cruiseway - Intelligent Transportation System (PAC-ITS) concept. The system features a platoon or convoy of vehicles with individual active lateral guidance for each convoy vehicle. The concept focuses on: 1) improving the productivity of intercity travel, 2) facilitating increased highway speeds with regard to safety and the environment, and 3) minimizing automation complexities. The paper outlines the functional features of PAC-ITS. It describes the rationale behind the concept and presents a three-phase evolutionary development and deployment scenario leading to 150 mph operations. KW - Automated highways KW - Traffic platooning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510373 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00776503 AU - Clark, J AU - Daigle, G AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Technische Universitat Dresden AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IMPORTANCE OF SIMULATION TECHNIQUES IN ITS RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS PY - 1997 SP - p. 1236-1243 AB - This paper presents three case studies which illustrate the importance and positive impacts of traffic simulation techniques in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) research and analysis. U1 - Winter Simulation Conference (1997 : Atlanta, Ga.). Proceedings KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510420 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776146 JO - ITS world. Vol. 2, no. 4 PB - Apogee Research Incorporated AU - Steffy, Christina AU - Apogee Research Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Mitretek Systems AU - Integrated Strategies TI - ITS TO THE RESCUE : THE DALLAS FIRE DEPARTMENT IS USING AUTOMATIC VEHICLE LOCATION TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE ITS RESPONSE TIMES WHILE HANDLING MORE CALLS WITH THE SAME NUMBER OF VEHICLES PY - 1997 SP - p. 21-23 AB - This feature article about the Dallas Fire Department reveals how the implementation of automatic vehicle location, paid for entirely with monies from the general fund, made more efficient use of existing emergency vehicles and staff and provided superior service to citizens through improvement in response time KW - Automatic vehicle location KW - Safety KW - Scheduling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495716 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776442 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Tanaka, Shoichi AU - Akasu, Masahira AU - Bracken, William AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A SCAN LASER RADAR PY - 1997 SP - p. 27-32 AB - This paper examines the use of a scan laser radar sensor for measuring distance as part of a vehicle distance warning system or an intelligent cruise control system. The laser transits a narrow beam and scans both transmission direction and reception direction simultaneously at a high measurement time rate. The radar can measure the lateral position of objects with high accuracy and good reconstruction level. KW - In vehicle sensors KW - Optical radar UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510366 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776454 JO - Intelligent transportation systems - 1997 PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Koziol, Joseph S AU - Inman, Vaughan W AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute TI - SAFETY EVALUATION METHODOLOGY FOR THE INTELLIGENT CRUISE CONTROL FIELD OPERATIONAL TEST PY - 1997 SP - p. 145-154 AB - This paper presents an evaluation methodology for the Intelligent Cruise Control (ICC) Field Operational Test. The focus of the evaluation is to assess safety impacts of the ICC system, while also assessing other benefits including convenience, comfort, fuel reduction and emissions reduction. The paper describes safety objectives, hypotheses to be tested, measures of effectiveness measures of performance, data sources and analysis methods. KW - Safety KW - Speed control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510377 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776651 JO - Research & technology transporter PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bishop, Dick AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED HIGHWAY SYSTEMS GO LIVE AT DEMO '97 PY - 1997 SP - p. 1 AB - This article gives a brief overview of the Automated Highway Systems (AHS) exhibition scheduled for Demo '97. It makes note of the six on-lane demonstration scenarios that are planned: 1) free-agent multi-platform scenario; 2) platooning scenario; 3) maintenance scenario; 4) control transition scenario; 5) alternative technology scenario; and, 6) evolutionary scenario. Demo '97 is designed to showcase the potential and near-term benefits of AHS technologies through exhibits, automated vehicle and equipment displays, computer simulations, and demonstrations. KW - Advanced vehicle control systems KW - Automated highways KW - Demo '97 (Intelligent Transportation Showcase) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/510534 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00777718 AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Transit Administration TI - FRAMEWORK AND OVERVIEW FOR ESTABLISHING A PROFESSIONAL CAPACITY BUILDING PROGRAM FOR TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT AND TRAVELER INFORMATION SERVICES IN SUPPORT OF ITS DEPLOYMENT PY - 1997 SP - x, 132 p. AB - The purpose of the Five Year Strategic Plan for Professional Capacity Building for ITS Transportation Management and Traveler Information Services is to create a framework for building the necessary professional capacity to enable the widespread deployment of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). Focus of the program is on course development and devliery, academic participation, and public outreach. This document is describes how the Strategic Plan is being implemented in FY 1997 and 1998. It also presents the framework for building professional ITS capacity for FY 1998-2002. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Education and training UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16700/16777/PB2000104763.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/9544.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/508555 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00776149 JO - ITS world. Vol. 2, no. 4 PB - Apogee Research Incorporated AU - McGurrin, Michael F AU - Shank, Dwight E AU - Apogee Research Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Mitretek Systems AU - Integrated Strategies TI - ITS VERSUS NEW ROADS : A STUDY OF COST-EFFECTIVENESS PY - 1997 SP - p. 32-36 AB - This article is a summary of a recent study titled: "An estimate of transportation cost savings from using intelligent transportation system infrastructure" which was performed by Mitretek Systems for the Federal Highway Administration. In that study it was found that combined with modest highway building, ITS is the most cost-effective and least expensive solution to steadily rising travel demand KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Finance KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Transportation buildings KW - Transportation facilities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/495719 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00775663 AU - Rockwell International AU - Lockheed Martin Federal Systems AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STANDARDS REQUIREMENTS PACKAGE PY - 1997 SP - 12 v. AB - This set of documents has collected information from the other National Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Architecture program documents and restructured it into a manner intended to support the development of critical ITS standards. The key results in this document are: a reference model for the National ITS Architecture, a rating scheme for evaluating the standardization issues associated with individual data flows that make up the architecture interfaces and a set of priority groupings of interfaces into standards requirements packages. KW - Communication systems KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00776176 AU - Hatcher, S Gregory AU - Milner, James L AU - Nelson, Gary G AU - Mitretek Systems AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of Transportation TI - INCORPORATING ITS INTO TRANSPORTATION PLANNING : PHASE 1 FINAL REPORT PY - 1997 SP - 160 p. in various pagings AB - This report documents the first phase of an investigation on how to integrate Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) planning into general transportation planning at the state, regional, and local levels. It describes the processes by which different projects are evaluated for investment decisions. The study is based upon examination of transportation planning and programming in Houston Texas and Seattle, Washington. It provides characteristics of regional inter-project prioritization and preliminary recommendations for improving the Transportation Improvements Planning (TIP) process. KW - Deployment KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20400/20470/PB98129976.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/491693 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764757 AU - Gilmour, A W AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - INDUSTRY ISSUES FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON ASPHALT (BITUMEN) SUPPLY PY - 1997 SP - p. 49-51 AB - In most of the world, the bitumen industry is set to undergo some substantial changes because of increasing pressures coming from within the oil industry, from governments and from the road industry. There is little doubt that the oil and bitumen industries will be able to respond effectively to ensure that the needs of governments and the roads industry for a wide range of competititvely priced bitumens are met. Some of the research and development necessary to achieve this has already been successfully carried out but much remains to be done and continued efforts will be needed over the next five years to generate the most efficient solutions for the next century. It is important to remember that a large majority of the bitumen used in the world is produced in refineries where bitumen represents less than 10% of the total product output. This is unlikely to change substantially in the future as it normally represents the lowest cost method of producing quality bitumen feedstocks. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Bitumen KW - Production KW - Supply UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501728 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764764 AU - Perera, R W AU - Byrum, C AU - Kohn, S D AU - Richter, C A AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - ROUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS OF GPS FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN THE LTPP PROGRAM PY - 1997 SP - p. 127-143 AB - The Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program in the United States was designed as a 20 year study of pavement performance. One aspect of the LTPP program is the monitoring of over 800 General Pavement Study (GPS) test sections that were established on in-service pavements in all fifty states of the United States and in Canada. A major data collection effort at the GPS sections is the collection of profile data that is performed annually. This paper presents the results of a study conducted to investigate the changes in roughness on: (i) GPS-1 experiment sections, which studies asphalt concrete pavements on granular base, and (ii) GPS-6B experiment sections, which studies asphalt concrete overlays of flexible pavements. The changes in roughness at test sections was investigated by using the International Roughness Index (IRI) as the roughness parameter. The test sections were classified according to environmental zones and the IRI trends for the group of test sections included in each zone were studied. Correlation analysis was conducted for GPS-1 sections in the dry freeze and the wet freeze zone between IRI and the factors that have an influence on roughness development. This paper presents a model that was developed to predict IRI for GPS-1 sections in the dry freeze zone. For the GPS-6B sections, the reduction in IRI due to the overlay was examined. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Climatic regions KW - Flexible pavements KW - International Roughness Index KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Mathematical models KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Roughness KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501735 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764760 AU - Kennepohl, G J AU - Bethune, J AU - Maree, J H AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT PRESERVATION AND MAINTENANCE FOR REDUCED LIFE-CYCLE COST: AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE PY - 1997 SP - p. 67-80 AB - Rapid loss of useful pavement service life, loss of asset value and the need for funding to reconstruct has become a serious concern and challenge, which is addressed in this presentation. Described are the status of asphalt pavement preservation and maintenance strategies as well as a critical assessment of measures to reduce life-cycle costs through preventive maintenance and pavement preservation. The review of the evolution of maintenance strategies from routine-corrective measures to managed pavement distress prevention and preservation has shown that substantial user cost reductions can be achieved. The authors demonstrate, on hand, of case histories from Australia, North America and South Africa, the cost-effectiveness of advanced pavement maintenance strategies, new development and innovations as well as needs and trends for implementing pavement preservation. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Australia KW - Case studies KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Life cycle costing KW - North America KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Preservation KW - Preventive maintenance KW - South Africa KW - Strategic planning KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501731 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764761 AU - Goacolou, H AU - Gramsammer, J-C AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - OPTIMIZED PAVEMENT STRUCTURE PY - 1997 SP - p. 85-96 AB - Most road structures have traditionally been built with layers whose mechanical performance decrease with depth. In the case of treated materials, the structure bends and as a result the upper and lower parts are under the greatest stress. The durability of the structure depends mostly on the characteristics of the material used for the lower part, i.e., the lowest performance material. The original design of the structure is intended to optimise the use of materials by putting the highest performance materials in the areas which receive the greatest stress. This road structure is a three layer complex including: in the centre, an economical material with modest but sufficient mechanical performance; and a thin layer of several contimetres on either face made of high performance materials which protect the structure from fatigue. The article describes the theoretical functioning of this structure and its evaluation using the fatigue test track at the Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees (LCPC). U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Materials KW - Optimization KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Test tracks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501732 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764752 AU - Teng, T P AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - PAVING THE GAP: RESEARCH INTO PRACTICE PY - 1997 SP - p. 5-8 AB - The Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA's) Pavement Technology Program has the primary goal of developing, delivering, and deploying the improved technologies that will ultimately lead to better performing, more durable, and more cost-effective pavements. The program covers five areas: asphalt; portland cement; analysis, evaluation, and management; advanced research; and long-term pavement performance. The Asphalt Pavement Technology Program is dedicated to unifying and accelerating the evolution of asphalt pavement structural design, asphalt mix design, and performance-related specifications. To roll out these technologies in the next 5-6 years, FHWA is working closely with its State, industry, and academia partners. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Implementation KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Performance based specifications KW - Research KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501723 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764767 AU - Witczak, M W AU - Von Quintus, H L AU - Schwartz, C W AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - SUPERPAVE SUPPORT AND PERFORMANCE MODELS MANAGEMENT: EVALUATION OF THE SHRP PERFORMANCE MODELS SYSTEM PY - 1997 SP - p. 175-195 AB - A principal result of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) was a set of pavement performance models for predicting low temperature thermal cracking, fatigue cracking, and permanent deformation in asphalt pavements under environmental and traffic loadings. The Federal Highway Administration, as part of its Superpave implementation plan, awarded a contract to the University of Maryland and a team of subcontractors to provide a comprehensive and unbiased evaluation of the original SHRP pavement performance models. The principal conclusions from this evaluation are: (a) the SHRP Superpave system provides an excellent framework for future modifications and enhancements to the models; (b) the existing non-load related thermal fracture model predicts field behavior reasonably well, although some minor modifications and enhancements to the model are necessary; (c) the performance prediction models for load related fatigue fracture and permanent deformation perform poorly, and substantial corrections and enhancements to these models are imperative if they are to be sufficiently reliable for acceptance and use by industry; (d) although some of the problems in the load related distress models are the consequence of technical and other constraints during the original SHRP research effort, many are the direct result of problems in the asphalt material characterization models and associated test procedures; and (e) the necessary corrections, modifications, and enhancements to the models will mandate new field calibration and validation. Detailed evaluation findings supporting these conclusions are presented in the paper. Future plans for the enhancement and implementation of the Superpave performance models are also briefly described. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Acceptance KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Correction (Mathematics) KW - Evaluation KW - Mathematical models KW - Modifications KW - Pavement performance KW - Reliability KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Superpave UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501738 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764754 AU - Miller, E L AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - THE ASPHALT GLOBAL COMMUNITY PY - 1997 SP - p. 13-16 AB - The need exists today more than ever for a strong Asphalt Global Community. Environmental issues, crude supplies, politics and policies, emerging technology, and the impact of rapidly expanding world communications all drive the demand for an improved international exchange of knowledge in asphalt pavements. Each individual, each country, and each association must take the time to determine where and how they fit into this global community. Whether it be through an improved International Society of Asphalt Pavements or through some other newly-formed Asphalt Global Alliance, a blending of technology and an exchange of scientific information will continue to occur. The problem, if any, is the sporadic nature of the exchange. The Asphalt Institute supports an increased pace in establishing more formal communications bridges via a global networking system and an increased focus on research and marketing to expand the use and improvement of asphalt pavements. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Communications KW - Global networking system KW - Information exchange KW - International KW - Marketing KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501725 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764756 AU - Maree, J H AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - CHARGE TO THE CONFERENCE PY - 1997 SP - p. 43-45 AB - The theme of this conference, Paving the Gap between theory and practice, is an issue with which the International Society for Asphalt Pavements (ISAP) conferences have grappled for at least the past decade. While considerable progress has been made to close this gap on several fronts, it can safely be said that we have not been entirely successful in coordinating the ideas and work of those who seek constantly to improve asphalt technology and pavement engineering with the needs and operations of the implementers and users, and hence this theme remains relevant and deserving of closer scrutiny. The aim of this paper is to raise some questions related to the gap which may still exist between theory and practice in the hope that, in attempting to find answers to the questions raised, this conference will come closer to bridging the divide. While the conference theme focuses on resolving the disparities between theory and practice, any attempt to achieve such a desirable state of coordination and collaboration should be based on a consideration of two elements which should greatly influence, if not dictate, the direction which this industry should follow. These elements are global trends and customer needs. To fully appreciate the environment in which our industry operates, it is important that we examine some global trends, and indeed, even those trends which fall outside the narrow field of our operations. Furthermore, it is equally important that we be conversant with the needs of our customers, for it is only when we have given careful thought to some of the issues raised by these considerations, that we will be able to deliver relevant solutions - and delivery of relevant solutions is ultimately imperative in closing the gap between theory and practice. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Applications KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Conferences KW - Customer relations KW - Globalization KW - Research KW - Theoretical studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501727 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764758 AU - Gormsen, H AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE ON AGGREGATE ISSUES PY - 1997 SP - p. 53-55 AB - European perspective on aggregate issues is a difficult subject for one main reason: Europe is not one single country, but consists of many countries with individual traditions, experiences and aggregate specifications. And on top of that as all over, the geology differs from place to place. It must be said that aggregate specifications will be harmonized as part of the general harmonization program in Europe, which is going on to prevent barriers to trade among the member countries of the European Union. In general, as seen not only in a European perspective but also in a global perspective, there are two overall issues: the need for high performing infrastructure and protection of the environment. The future needs high performing asphalt mixtures with consistent high quality. The challenge of the future will be an efficient usage of available aggregate sources with a strong element of differentiation between different demands of performance of the final pavement. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Environmental protection KW - Europe KW - Performance KW - Perspective views KW - Specifications KW - Standardization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501729 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764763 AU - SWEERE, GTH AU - Jamsa, H AU - Dohmen, LJM AU - SPOOF, H AU - POTTER, J F AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - PARIS: A COLLABORATIVE EUROPEAN APPROACH TO PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS PY - 1997 SP - p. 109-126 AB - The PARIS project is a collaborative European research effort aimed at development of pavement deterioration models for use in pavement management systems. The models to be developed will be based on data on the observed long term performance of over 800 test sections in 15 European countries. These field data will be augmented by data from Accelerated Loading Tests in three of the participating countries. This paper gives an overview of the project. Details are presented on the test sections involved, on the normalisation of local distress data to a common European format, on the database used for storage of the data and on the analysis system to be applied. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Databases KW - Deterioration KW - Europe KW - Field data KW - Load tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501734 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764765 AU - Epps, J AU - Seeds, S B AU - Alavi, S H AU - Monismith, C L AU - Ashmore, S C AU - Mitchell, T M AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - WESTRACK FULL-SCALE TEST TRACK: INTERIM FINDINGS PY - 1997 SP - p. 147-164 AB - A federally-funded multi-million dollar hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavement research project is currently underway to further the development of performance related specifications (PRS) technology and to provide early field verification for the latest Superpave asphalt mixture design procedure. WesTrack refers to a full-scale road test experiment in which various asphalt mixes are being loaded in an accelerated fashion to determine the effect on field performance of "off-target" mix properties. The track is located near Reno, Nevada and the experiment is being carried out by a team made up of consulting firms, universities and road contractors. This paper provides background for the project including the nature of the experiment, the experimental factors, structural and mix design, track construction, vehicle loading, driverless vehicle technology, performance monitoring and laboratory testing. It also presents information on the interim performance of the test sections, summarizes the planned approach to developing the pavement performance prediction models and describes the anticipated performance related specification system. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Design methods KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Mix design KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance based specifications KW - Structural design KW - Superpave KW - Test sections KW - Test tracks KW - Test vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501736 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764751 AU - Haas, R AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR ASPHALT PAVEMENTS AND ITS MANDATE PY - 1997 SP - p. 3-4 AB - These comments were made to the Opening Plenary Session of the conference on August 10, 1997. Participants are welcomed to the conference. Attention is focused on the International Society for Asphalt Pavements (ISAP), which was formed in 1987 at the Ann Arbor Conference to ensure continuity of the conferences. The conferences themselves date back to 1962. The purpose and scope of the ISAP is to promote interaction and information exchange, in a global or international sense, on asphalt pavement design, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, and management. Other activities of the ISAP are discussed and thanks are given to the Seattle Conference organizers and all the people who put so much work into it. Concluding remarks concern the desire for support of the ISAP and the hope that it will become a continuing, long term reality. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - International Society for asphalt Pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501722 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764753 AU - ACOTT, M AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - FUTURE ISSUES FACING THE HOT MIX ASPHALT INDUSTRY PY - 1997 SP - p. 9-12 AB - This paper describes some of the critical issues facing the Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Industry. The author has had the benefit of input from the South African Bitumen Association (SABITA) - Piet Myburgh and Rob Vos, the Australian Asphalt Pavement Association (AAPA) - Ray Farrelly and John Bethune, the European Asphalt Pavement Association (EAPA) - Max von Divivere, plus involvement in many study tours that visit the National Asphalt Pavement Association (NAPA) or tours initiated by NAPA. While the author is presenting this international perspective, and may include some personal asides, the thrust of this paper is supported by these associations. The not-so-surprising conclusion is that there are many common issues and approaches. The bottom line is that we are now in an era of significant change for the HMA Industry. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt industry KW - Development KW - Future issues KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - International KW - Perspective views KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501724 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764759 AU - Potts, C F AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - CONTRACTING OPPORTUNITIES IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY PY - 1997 SP - p. 57-63 AB - The president of APAC, Inc., gives his vision of the future of the contracting industry. He sees changes taking place in the areas of privatization and warranties, materials, equipment, and compaction; contractors investing in laboratories and support facilities; and privatization of maintenance. He also discusses impacts on the contractor due to social issues and environmental issues. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Compaction KW - Construction industry KW - Contractors KW - Environmental impacts KW - Equipment KW - Future KW - Laboratories KW - Maintenance KW - Materials KW - Privatization KW - Social factors KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501730 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764762 AU - Ikeda, T AU - Kimura, M AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - RECENT DEVELOPMENT ON RECYCLING ASPHALT PAVEMENTS IN JAPAN PY - 1997 SP - p. 99-106 AB - The Government of Japan has intensively developed the technology to reduce and reuse construction by-products. As for asphalt pavement, the study and trials date back to the 1950s and technical guidelines for recycling asphalt pavement were published in the middle of the 1980s. This paper presents current policy on waste management of the Japanese Government and revision of the technical guidelines based on data obtained from test pavements. This paper also mentions data on new issues, re-recycling and recycling modified asphalt. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Experimental roads KW - Field data KW - Guidelines KW - Japan KW - Modified asphalt KW - Policy KW - Recycling KW - Revisions KW - Waste management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501733 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764755 AU - BROWN, S F AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - ACHIEVEMENTS AND CHALLENGES IN ASPHALT PAVEMENT ENGINEERING PY - 1997 SP - p. 19-41 AB - This series of international conferences has facilitated the development of mechanistic methods for the design and structural evaluation of asphalt pavements over the past 35 years. While the record is one of real achievement, stimulated by initiatives such as the U.S. Strategic Highway Research Program, there are still problems to solve and challenges to face including that of implementing the results of research. The major achievements are outlined and the latest developments discussed. These include more realistic theoretical modelling and the availability of higher quality data from modern testing facilities both in the laboratory and in the field. The need to incorporate the principles of soil mechanics more effectively in the design and evaluation of pavement foundations is identified. The continued extensive use of the CBR concept is questioned and the need for application of more relevant parameters is encouraged. Several other procedures which have long been used are critically reviewed and attention is drawn to innovative ideas including new concepts for modelling asphaltic materials. The theme of "Paving-the-Gap" between research and practice is considered and examples given of success. The importance of structural evaluation is emphasised and the need to develop faster, more convenient data gathering facilities is considered. The concept of "Smart Roads" incorporating appropriate low cost instrumentation could help in this context. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Automated highways KW - Data quality KW - Foundations KW - Innovation KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement design KW - Performance evaluations KW - Soil mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501726 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764766 AU - Huber, G A AU - SORENSON, J B AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - WARRANTED HOT MIX ASPHALT PAVEMENTS: A COOPERATIVE SOLUTION FOR AGENCIES AND INDUSTRY IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1997 SP - p. 167-172 AB - The use of warranties as applied to hot mix asphalt pavements is just beginning in the United States. Whereas manufacturers of most products offer warranties against defects that affect performance of the product, the application of warranties to paving materials in the United States is not yet commonplace. Introduction of warranties has been hampered for both technical reasons and administrational reasons. Technically, the link between manufactured material and performance on the road is not well understood. It was believed that costs would be lowest if the owner agency carried the risk of performance. Therefore, contractors have been content to use method specifications and leave the risk with the owner. Administrative rules have generally prevented warranties on federally funded projects. Administrative barriers have been removed and recently the attitude towards warranties in the USA has been changing. Visits to Europe have investigated methods used to warrant pavements and potential benefits to transportation agencies and the industry have been identified. Technically, the effect on pavement performance of asphalt mixture design, materials and workmanship as well as construction is better understood. This paper discusses recent experiences with the implementation of asphalt pavement warranties in the United States. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Administrative barriers KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Benefits KW - Contracting KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Implementation KW - Innovation KW - United States KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501737 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764741 AU - Maccarrone, S AU - KY, A V AU - GNANASEELAN, G P AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - PERMANENT DEFORMATION AND FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT MIXES PY - 1997 SP - p. 1545-54 AB - An investigation was undertaken to evaluate permanent deformation and fatigue characteristics of polymer modified asphaltic mixes. The investigation included a laboratory testing program and a field evaluation of performance using an accelerated loading facility (ALF). Binders evaluated included the polymer types commonly used in Australia for hot mix applications. Mix testing included wheel tracking at 60 deg C to examine permanent deformation and beam testing for fatigue characterisation. Results of ALF trafficking shows the permanent deformation of the polymer modified mixes is lower than conventional mixes both in magnitude and in rate of deformation. Laboratory wheel tracking is shown to correlate well with ALF results. Compaction has a large influence on both fatigue and elastic properties of asphalt mixes. Using the Shell fatigue relation as an indicator of field fatigue performance of bituminous mixes, relative fatigue multipliers for the various polymer modified binders were estimated. Finally binder parameters which best correlate with permanent deformation and fatigue properties are discussed. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Compaction KW - Deformation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Rutting KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501712 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764748 AU - May, R W AU - Anderson, R M AU - Perdomo, D AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - COMPARISON OF SUPERPAVE WITH CONVENTIONAL PAVEMENT DESIGN PY - 1997 SP - p. 1625-41 AB - This paper contains an evaluation of Superpave Mix Analysis performance modeling for three pavement projects. Test results of the Superpave Shear Tester (SST) and the Indirect Tensile Device (IDT) are presented, along with calculated material properties and performance projections for each section. Pavement performance is estimated in terms of fatigue cracking and permanent deformation. The asphalt concrete overlay constructed at each site was designed using the Superpave Mix Design procedure with materials selected based on the aggregate and binder criteria included in the Superpave system for the traffic and climate of the location. Material properties were compared to the results determined using the Asphalt Institute's DAMA analysis program and the AASHTO design equation. Although these determinations are based on varying assumptions, behavior and distress modeling, material characteristics, and design parameters, there was agreement in some cases. Specific inconsistencies are discussed. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Alternatives analysis KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt Institute KW - Deformation KW - Design methods KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Shear tests KW - Superpave KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501719 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764744 AU - Theyse, H L AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - MECHANISTIC-EMPIRICAL MODELLING OF THE PERMANENT DEFORMATION OF UNBOUND PAVEMENT LAYERS PY - 1997 SP - p. 1579-94 AB - This paper describes recent research the aim of which was to develop permanent deformation design transfer functions for unbound pavement layers from Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) test data. Two types of data generated during an HVS test are used to develop the permanent deformation models on which the design transfer functions are based. These are the in-depth deflection and permanent deformation data obtained from the Multi-Depth Deflectometer (MDD) measurements taken at regular intervals during an HVS test. Test data from a number of HVS tests, selected from the moderate and wet regions in South Africa, were used for the development of the permanent deformation models. A multi-dimensional, conceptual model for permanent deformation was developed and calibrated with HVS test data for pavement foundation and structural layers of different material qualities. These models provide permanent deformation design transfer functions at different expected performance reliabilities for unbound pavement layers in South Africa. The use of these design transfer functions is illustrated by a number of examples. The design approach allows each of the pavement structural layers and the pavement foundation to contribute to the total deformation or surface rut of the pavement structure. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Deflection KW - Deflectometers KW - Deformation KW - Foundations KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanistic design KW - Multi-depth deflectometers KW - Pavement layers KW - South Africa KW - Transfer functions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501715 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764745 AU - Thom, N H AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - PREDICTING RUTS CAUSED BY SOFT SUBGRADE PY - 1997 SP - p. 1595-602 AB - Rut prediction, whether stemming from deformation in asphalt or soil, has always been a particularly difficult area for the pavement engineer. This paper centres around a predictive technique for soils and granular materials and presents two examples where the technique has been used and appears to be a sufficiently accurate tool for achieving meaningful results. One example is of trafficking at a laboratory scale, the other relates to airfield pavement design. The derivation of the model itself is described and the means of obtaining model parameters discussed. Finally its role in pavement design is examined and recommendations made for its use. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Airport runways KW - Deformation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Pavement design KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501716 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764740 AU - Pidwerbesky, B D AU - Steven, B D AU - Arnold, G AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - SUBGRADE STRAIN CRITERION FOR LIMITING RUTTING IN ASPHALT PAVEMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 1529-44 AB - The subgrade strain criterion for asphalt pavements was investigated by instrumenting pavement layers and underlying subgrades. Vertical compressive strains under wheel loads were recorded under accelerated and normal rates of loading. Four test pavements in the Canterbury Accelerated Pavement Testing Indoor Facility (CAPTIF), Christchurch, New Zealand, and one in-service pavement were included in the research. The asphalt surfacings were 25 mm to 85 mm thick, the subsurface granular layers were 135 mm to 300 mm thick, and the subgrade CBR ranged from 4% to 28%. Vertical compressive strains measured in the unbound granular layers and subgrade of flexible pavements are substantially greater than predicted values. Vertical compressive strains in unbound granular layers under thin asphalt surface layers can be equal in magnitude to the subgrade strains. A new subgrade strain model is developed and presented in this paper, which substantially reduces the required thicknesses of overlays. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt pavements KW - California bearing ratio KW - Field tests KW - Mathematical models KW - New Zealand KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Rutting KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501711 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764747 AU - Verhaeghe, BMJA AU - Maree, J H AU - Rutland, G P AU - VOS, R M AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SOUTH AFRICAN PRODUCT PERFORMANCE GUARANTEE SYSTEM FOR THE ASPHALT INDUSTRY PY - 1997 SP - p. 1613-22 AB - The paper deals with the development and implementation of a Product Performance Guarantee System (PPGS) in the South African asphalt industry. The proposed system comprises the formal management of product performance guarantees, in which acceptance criteria are based on the performance of products rather than on their compliance with current prescribed specifications. The system supports aspects such as innovation in materials and design, conditions for acceptance based on performance indicators, as well as formal quality management systems and their development and implementation in the industry. The development and implementation of PPGS are currently proceeding incrementally. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Acceptance KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Development KW - Implementation KW - Performance KW - Performance indicators KW - Road construction KW - South Africa KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501718 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764749 AU - SEMMELINK, C J AU - Jooste, F J AU - DE BEER, M AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - USE OF THE K-MOULD IN DETERMINATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE ELASTIC AND SHEAR PROPERTIES OF ROAD MATERIALS FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 1643-58 AB - This paper describes a laboratory test system for the rapid determination of the elastic and shear properties of road building materials, including asphalt. The system includes a dynamic loading and data acquisition system, commonly referred to as the "K-mould". The computer-controlled loading and data acquisition systems are described briefly. Typical material parameters such as stress dependent elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio, cohesion and friction angle are determined from a single test specimen. Some typical results and their application are discussed in this paper. The paper also discusses methods that were used to validate the laboratory-derived results. This was done by evaluating deflection basins measured by Multi-Depth Deflectometer (MDD) and also by comparing with Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) results. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Cohesion KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic loads KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Friction angle KW - Laboratory tests KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Multi-depth deflectometers KW - Poisson ratio KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501720 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764750 AU - Buttlar, W G AU - Roque, R AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - EFFECT OF ASPHALT MIXTURE MASTER COMPLIANCE MODELING TECHNIQUE ON THERMAL CRACKING PERFORMANCE EVALUATION USING SUPERPAVE PY - 1997 SP - p. 1659-69 AB - One of the main components of the Superpave mixture design and analysis system, originally developed under the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP), is a mechanics-based thermal cracking performance prediction model (TCMODEL). Thermal stresses are predicted by TCMODEL based upon a viscoelastic characterization of the asphalt mixture at low temperatures. The sophisticated viscoelastic stress analysis performed carefully tracks the stress history of the mixture, and consequently, mixture properties must be known at very long loading times. The time-temperature superposition principle has been employed to allow the required properties to be obtained from creep tests of relatively short duration. However, the techniques originally used in Superpave to construct the creep compliance master curve have been found to be problematic (Buttlar and Roque, 1996a). New analysis techniques are presented which were found to produce accurate performance predictions with as little as 100 seconds of creep testing and without the need for supplementary binder data. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Compliance KW - Creep tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Pavement cracking KW - Superpave KW - Thermal stresses KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501721 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764742 AU - Corte, J-F AU - BROSSEAUD, Y AU - Kerzreho, J-P AU - Spernol, A AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - STUDY OF RUTTING OF WEARING COURSES ON THE L.C.P.C. TEST TRACK PY - 1997 SP - p. 1555-68 AB - In the last years three experiments have been carried out with LCPC accelerated loading facility to investigate the rutting resistance of different wearing courses. As far as asphalt concretes were concerned, attention was paid to the influence of the nature of the binder, keeping the other parameters constant. The reference mix was selected with a given proportion of rounded sand and a 50/70 pen grade pure bitumen. The performance of this material was compared to mixes with polymer modified binders, special bitumen and bitumen with additives. These materials were used in a 8 cm thick surface layer. A comparison was also made with a high modulus asphalt concrete as a bounding layer covered by a very thin bituminous concrete. Depending on the experiments the loading axles were single large wheels or common dual wheels. A heating system was tested to increase the temperature in the pavement upper layers. Data were obtained on the influence of the material type, loadings, and temperature on rutting. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt additives KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Heating systems KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Rutting KW - Surface temperature KW - Test tracks KW - Wearing course (Pavements) KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501713 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764743 AU - Zhang, W AU - Drescher, A AU - Newcomb, D E AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - DETERMINATION OF VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES FROM INDIRECT TENSION TEST PY - 1997 SP - p. 1569-77 AB - This paper presents two test procedures, the constant load and haversine load, for determining the viscoelastic properties of asphalt concrete using the indirect tension (diametral compression) test. Equations for calculating the creep compliance and complex compliance from test results are derived. Locations of change in length measurements are recommended. Details of data reduction algorithms and the pros and cons of the two procedures are discussed. A series of laboratory tests were conducted on two groups of specimens to illustrate the methodology and verify the analysis. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Algorithms KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Compliance KW - Creep KW - Equations KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load tests KW - Tension tests KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501714 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764746 AU - Thomson, A J AU - Nothnagel, B AU - Myburgh, P AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF LAMBS TECHNOLOGY: A PARTNERSHIP APPROACH PY - 1997 SP - p. 1605-12 AB - This paper describes a carefully managed process of introducing new research outputs into practice. Specification of LAMBS (Large Aggregate Mixes for BaseS) on five major road construction projects, provided a unique opportunity to structure the implementation process so that this new product could be successfully implemented, and so that the LAMBS technology could be refined as a result of the lessons learned. It demonstrates that significant advantages attach to a cooperative process which forestalls adversarial actions and promotes more cost-effective application of professional skills. The liaison process, which included a diverse group of participants, is outlined, and the achievements of the group are described. These include improvement of the LAMBS technology, development of new contract procedures, and enhancement of asphalt production and paving expertise in the field of large aggregate mixes. The partnership approach used provides a model for successful implementation of new technology. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Implementation KW - Large aggregate mixes for bases (Lambs) technology KW - Partnerships KW - Road construction KW - South Africa KW - Specifications KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501717 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764732 AU - Motta, L AU - Medina, J AU - Macedo, JAG AU - Albernaz, C V AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF DEFLECTOMETRY WITH BENKELMAN BEAM AND FWD SUPPORTED BY MECHANISTIC ANALYSIS AND REPEATED LOAD TESTING PY - 1997 SP - p. 1421-32 AB - Deflectometry of two road experiments in Brazil was made using both the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) and the Benkelman Beam (BB). Deflection basins measured by these two instruments were compared to computed basins obtained through the finite element method and using resilient moduli results of repeated load testing. Measurements were made in different layers of pavement structures under construction. Noureldin's simplified procedure for backanalysis was used together with Benkelman Beam measurements. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Backcalculation KW - Benkelman beam KW - Brazil KW - Deflection KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Finite element method KW - Flexible pavements KW - Load tests KW - Measurement KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Repeated loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501703 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764739 AU - Groenendijk, J AU - Miradi, A AU - Molenaar, A A A AU - Vogelzang, C H AU - Dohmen, LJM AU - Maagdenberg, A M AU - DE BEER, M AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE MODELLING USING LINTRACK PY - 1997 SP - p. 1505-26 AB - Accelerated load testing (ALT) facilities like the LINTRACK are believed to be an essential tool in the development of improved performance models for asphalt pavements. It should, however, be realized that even such facilities are only capable of modelling real life conditions in a simple way. For that reason ALT studies undertaken in the Netherlands have the primary goal to improve response and damage models, which in turn can be used for performance predictions. This paper first describes the main features of the ALT studies performed in the Netherlands on a thick (150 mm) and thin (70 mm) asphalt pavement on a sand subgrade. These show that the current Dutch design model is unable to fully describe the behaviour of these pavements. Therefore, three suggested improvements to this design model are described: 1) Mix-wise prediction of fatigue characteristics for practical conditions from simple tests; 2) Calculation of strains and stresses using a linear visco-elastic multi-layer approach; and 3) Modelling of the wheel load, using a rectangular, non-uniform three-dimensional distribution of contact stresses. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Mathematical models KW - Netherlands KW - Pavement performance KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stresses KW - Viscoelasticity KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501710 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764728 AU - Hoyinck, W AU - van Gurp, C AU - Jacobs, M AU - Hiemstra, J AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - THE RETAINED THICKNESS INDEX: A QUICK TOOL FOR NETWORK EVALUATION PY - 1997 SP - p. 1363-74 AB - This paper presents the approach of the Retained Thickness Index (RTI) for the assessment of the residual structural integrity of asphalt pavements on the network level. Lacroix Deflectograph deflections and distress identification served as major input variables. The procedure makes use of the whole deflection basin and is not restricted to application of the maximum deflection only. The approach provides additional data on cracking origin (top-down or bottom-up) and crack propagation, and can be used in combination with the commonly used analysis methods. The RTI is based on the flexural rigidity, inferred directly from the deflection bowl, and the occurrence of cracking observed in the wheelpaths. Both input parameters can be collected quite quickly. Verification of the model was performed in 1996 on some fifty test sections of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) - The Netherlands programme. This paper describes an attempt to fine tune the methodology. To this end some thirty test sections on the county network of Gelderland were made available, which is gratefully acknowledged by the authors. Analysis of Deflectograph testing, cracking surveys and asphalt coring on cracks contributed to establishing the accuracy of the predictive method. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Crack propagation KW - Deflection KW - Deflectographs KW - Netherlands KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Retained thickness index KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Structural analysis KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501699 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764735 AU - Mfinanga, D A AU - Ochiai, H AU - Yasufuku, N AU - Yokota, H AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - THE SEPARATE EFFECTS OF TRAFFIC LOADING AND ENVIRONMENT ON RUTTING AND CRACKING TRENDS OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 1453-65 AB - Road pavements deteriorate with traffic loading and environment but the separate effects of these factors are not yet well defined especially with age or environment. This paper aims at finding the separate effects of these two factors on asphalt pavement rutting and cracking. It is believed that this will lead to better modeling of pavement deterioration by clearly understanding and treating the two factors as separate entities. A methodology was devised to separate the two effects, in which pavement age is used to represent the cyclic effect of environmental forces, and analysis was carried out. Results show how each of these factors influence pavement rutting and cracking and provide a further understanding of the influence of some pavement parameters on pavement rutting. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Deterioration KW - Environmental impacts KW - Pavement cracking KW - Rutting KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501706 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764737 AU - Nakagawa, S AU - Ogasawara, A AU - Kasahara, A AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - FIVE-YEAR PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS AT BIBI NEW TEST ROAD PY - 1997 SP - p. 1479-87 AB - In order to transfer from the conventional and empirical asphalt pavement design method used in Japan to a mechanistic design method, a test road was constructed on National Highway 36 in Hokkaido, in August 1990. The test road, called the Bibi New Test Road, has eight different pavement structures. Since its construction, traffic monitoring and surface distress and deflection surveys have been regularly conducted. Performance data have been obtained regarding surface distress and deflection for up to 6.2 million equivalent 49 kN wheel loads. The performance curves in relation to the surface distress were approximated by the exponential function with correlation coefficients of 0.98 and greater. The Structural Suitability Index (SSI), based on fatigue damage to the asphalt mixture, was proposed as an index of structural adequacy. The SSI performance curves were approximated by the exponential function with correlation coefficients of 0.93 and greater. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Deflection KW - Experimental roads KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Pavement distress KW - Performance evaluations KW - Structural adequacy KW - Traffic data UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501708 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764729 AU - Kameyama, S AU - Himeno, K AU - Kasahara, A AU - MARUYAMA, T AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - BACKCALCULATION OF PAVEMENT LAYER MODULI USING GENETIC ALGORITHMS PY - 1997 SP - p. 1375-85 AB - A new method was developed to backcalculate pavement layer moduli from pavement surface deflection, measured by a falling weight deflectometer (FWD), using genetic algorithms. It was found that layer moduli can be accurately estimated by backcalculation using this method, with surface deflection calculated by the theory of elasticity for layer structures as the input condition. This method was also applied to data of asphalt and concrete pavements, measured by the FWD. The results showed that backcalculated moduli could sometimes be estimated even in the case where an appropriate solution could not be obtained by conventional backcalculation methods. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Backcalculation KW - Deflection KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Genetic algorithms KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement layers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501700 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764731 AU - Van Deusen, D AU - Schrader, C AU - Johnson, G AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - EVALUATION OF SPRING THAW LOAD RESTRICTION AND DEFLECTION INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUES PY - 1997 SP - p. 1403-19 AB - A study was undertaken to evaluate criteria used to predict when to place and remove springtime load restrictions. The objectives were to (1) evaluate current springtime load restriction procedures, (2) investigate pavement strength changes in relation to springtime freeze-thaw events, and (3) suggest a more rational method for determining when to remove the load restrictions. Minnesota Department of Transportation (Mn/DOT) load restriction placement and removal dates for a ten year period were tabulated and compared to predictions based on the existing model. Data collected from eight different flexible pavement test sections, including falling weight deflectometer, resistivity probe, and in situ strain gage data, were used to assess environmental effects on pavement strength. It was found that, while the existing procedure works well for predicting the onset of thaw, the predicted thaw durations were higher than field observations. Deflection tests indicated that the period of minimum strength coincides with the approximate time that thawing is complete. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Bearing capacity KW - Deflection tests KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Load limits KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Spring KW - Thaw KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501702 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764733 AU - Thom, N H AU - Elliott, R C AU - Cheung, L W AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - COMPARISONS BETWEEN LABORATORY AND IN SITU DETERMINED ASPHALT CONCRETE MODULI PY - 1997 SP - p. 1433-40 AB - One of the key parameters for analytical design or evaluation of a pavement is the stiffness modulus appropriate to each layer. This paper discusses both the laboratory determination of stiffness modulus, by means of the Indirect Tensile Stiffness Modulus (ITSM) test, and in situ determination, by means of the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). Their complimentary roles are highlighted by means of several examples. The role of ITSM testing in allowing proper temperature correction of FWD data is presented. A comparison of laboratory and in situ moduli is seen to provide information on crack severity, material variability and debonding. Finally, these stiffness modulus tests are set in the context of a full pavement evaluation and their role in providing vital evidence on overall pavement condition is shown. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Deflection tests KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Modulus KW - Stiffness KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501704 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764738 AU - Khosla, N P AU - Kim, N AU - Satish, S AU - Kim, Y R AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT DESIGNS FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 1489-504 AB - This paper describes the results of a comparative study of the performance of different pavement designs in North Carolina. Testing was carried out at an instrumented test facility constructed on the US 421 Bypass near Siler City, North Carolina. The experimental stretch was about 7.5 mi (12 km) long and was composed of 12 pavement section types, two of each type in two directions of traffic (having different expected traffic loads), for a total of 48 sections. Based on field measurements, such as stress, strain, and distress survey analysis, the performance of the various sections was analyzed. Subgrade stabilization was found to provide the maximum assistance to the pavement sections. Sections with asphalt concrete bases performed better than sections with aggregate base courses. Cement-treated base course sections performed the worst. Also, in this study, it was noticed that almost all of the rutting was limited to the asphalt concrete layers. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Experimental roads KW - Flexible pavements KW - North Carolina KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Rutting KW - Stabilization KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stresses KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501709 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764734 AU - Sun, L AU - Liu, X AU - Xu, Z AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - LONG TERM PERFORMANCE STUDY FOR ASPHALT PAVEMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 1443-52 AB - Based on the analysis of the pavement data collected in 5 Districts covering about 12,000 km of highway, a pavement performance equation with a general form has been developed, and with the equation, the effects of the pavement structural component, pavement bearing capacity, traffic and environmental condition on the pavement performance have been analyzed. The study results show that the pavement surface course thickness has a major effect on the pavement performance, followed by equivalent single axle load (ESAL), deflection and base course type, and that in the early stage of performance curve, the surface course thickness plays a dominant role, while in the later stage, the effects of deflection become more significant than in the early stage. The analysis shows that in the 5 Districts mentioned in this paper, the service life difference of pavements due to the climatic condition reaches up to 22%. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bearing capacity KW - China KW - Climate KW - Deflection KW - Environmental impacts KW - Equations KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Pavement performance KW - Service life KW - Structural design KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501705 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764736 AU - Rikovsky, V AU - GSCHWENDT, I AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE TEST FOR INNOVATIVE DESIGN METHOD PY - 1997 SP - p. 1467-77 AB - In 1987 was published the catalog of flexible and cement concrete pavements prepared on the basis of the analytical-empirical design method. This paper deals with an improved design procedure for asphalt pavements on the basis of new theoretical knowledge and experiences with modified and new road building materials and the results of asphalt pavement behavior on the circular test track (CTT) of the VUISCESTY Research Company, Bratislava. The CTT has been used for tests on six pavement structures under 11.5 kN axle load. The research program resulted in development of the classification of used materials and an innovative design method using fatigue strength as a criterion. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Axle loads KW - Circular test tracks KW - Design methods KW - Fatigue strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501707 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764730 AU - Loizos, A AU - Fatseas, J AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - PERFORMANCE-BASED ASPHALT MIX PROPERTIES IN RELATION TO PREVENTIVE PAVEMENT MAINTENANCE PY - 1997 SP - p. 1387-401 AB - In the present work the major findings concerning the data analysis of a Long Term Pavement Performance study, focusing on the evaluation of the asphalt mix performance in relation to preventive pavement maintenance, are presented and discussed. The performance study comprised laboratory tests for both the original and the in-service bituminous materials, as well as destructive and nondestructive tests on the in-service pavements. The stiffness of the existing asphalt concrete layers was estimated using laboratory mechanical tests, traditional component analysis, as well as backanalysis based on falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests. In addition, the fatigue strength of the existing asphalt mixes was estimated. After a longer time period the pavement remaining life predicted through the fatigue analysis was validated by performing FWD tests on the non-maintained pavements, as well as pavement condition distress assessments. The results of the analysis showed that the interpretation of the asphalt mix performance based on FWD tests can give useful information for possible rational pavement preventive maintenance requirements. The laboratory estimated asphalt mix properties are to some extent still necessary for supporting the relevant engineering judgments for the interpretation of the FWD-based backanalysis. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Backcalculation KW - Bituminous materials KW - Condition surveys KW - Destructive tests KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Fatigue strength KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Service life KW - Stiffness KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501701 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764716 AU - White, M H AU - Van Der Walt, J C AU - van der Merwe, C P AU - Pretorius, F J AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - THE REHABILITATION OF THE N1 FREEWAY BETWEEN CAPE TOWN AND PAARL PY - 1997 SP - p. 1143-59 AB - This paper describes the rehabilitation of three different pavement types existing within a 35 km section of a heavily trafficked dual carriageway freeway between Cape Town and Paarl, South Africa. This freeway was originally constructed between 1968 and 1973 and the first stage of the rehabilitation was carried out in 1985. A further detailed investigation of the structural and functional condition of these pavements using the South African mechanistic pavement design approach was carried out in 1993. Various rehabilitation measures were selected to best suit the three different pavement types and the second stage of the rehabilitation was carried out in 1995 within a limited budget. The freeway pavement should now be able to carry the projected twenty year design traffic loading of 65 x 10 to the 6th power equivalent 80 kN axle loads. A rut resistant, continuously graded asphalt surfacing was used and rolled in, precoated stone chips were added to provide a skid resistant surface. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Coated chippings KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Skid resistance KW - South Africa KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501687 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764723 AU - Partl, Manfred N AU - Fritz, H W AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - DO SUPERPAVE BINDER TESTS REFLECT LONG TERM PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE BETTER THAN TRADITIONAL TESTS? PY - 1997 SP - p. 1279-88 AB - Recovered binders from a Swiss long term pavement performance (LTPP) study have been investigated with dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and bending beam rheometer (BBR) to evaluate whether superpave binder tests reflect LTPP better than traditional tests. In addition, tests were performed to quantify changes that may occur due to long-term storage at room temperature. The results show that the new superpave binder tests are valuable tools to assess binders from old pavements but should be further analyzed, for example, by master curves and Black diagrams. It was found that on a large scale basis superpave binder tests lead to a ranking similar to traditional tests, especially for warm temperature characteristics. As, on the other hand, traditional tests are often the only link to original pavement data, these tests should still be performed in parallel for LTPP studies. Finally, it was found that long-term storage may reduce the penetration considerably. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Binders KW - Climate KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials storage KW - Pavement performance KW - Rheometers KW - Superpave UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501694 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764726 AU - Stroup-Gardiner, Mary AU - Newcomb, D AU - DeSombre, R AU - Olson, R AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - VOLUMETRIC CONSIDERATIONS IN TESTING, CONSTRUCTION, AND PERFORMANCE OF HMA PAVEMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 1329-47 AB - Volumetrics describe the relationship between the mass of matter and the volume it occupies. Density, a quotient of mass to volume, is the most commonly used parameter for HMA mix design, quality assurance, and quality acceptance. The proper use of density measurements depends strongly upon the ability to accurately and precisely measure both the desired volume and mass of the mixture. Three independent studies were conducted to investigate the variability of density measurements (i.e., various measurements of bulk specific gravities), control of volumetric proportions during construction, and the influence of in-place densities on pavement performance. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Air voids KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Construction KW - Density KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Measuring methods KW - Pavement performance KW - Quality assurance KW - Volumetric analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501697 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764727 AU - Prowell, B D AU - Schreck, R J AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - ASPHALT CONTENT BY THE IGNITION METHOD: VIRGINIA'S EXPERIENCE PY - 1997 SP - p. 1349-59 AB - In 1995, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) adopted the ignition method as an alternative to chlorinated solvent extraction for quality control and acceptance of hot-mix asphalt. The production of trichloroethane was outlawed in the United States as of December 31, 1995, by the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Implementation of the ignition method was accomplished through a training program jointly sponsored by VDOT and the industry. Approximately 75% of the industry began using the method in 1995. Field data from four standard VDOT mixes were evaluated. The mixes were produced at different plants and contained different types of aggregate from different sources. Test data from the ignition furnace, solvent extraction, and nuclear asphalt contents are provided. As a result of VDOT's favorable experience with the ignition method, this method is mandatory for all VDOT quality control and acceptance testing. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Acceptance tests KW - Asphalt content KW - Clean Air Act Amendments KW - Field data KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Ignition method KW - Nuclear gages KW - Quality control KW - Solvent extraction KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501698 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764717 AU - DE BONDT, A H AU - Scarpas, A AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - DESIGN OF (REINFORCED) ASPHALTIC OVERLAYS PY - 1997 SP - p. 1161-80 AB - In the field a designer faces a lot of problems when the effectiveness values of overlay alternatives have to be assessed; especially if the existing pavement is cracked or jointed. Since the effectiveness of alternatives such as applying modified bitumen, fibres, stress-relieving systems or reinforcing systems is site dependent, designers have to consider more than one alternative in their analysis and implement the optimum one. In the paper a design methodology is presented which focuses on the reflection of cracks from an old surface into and through an overlay. It is the result of a six-year project at Delft University of Technology encompassing field measurements, laboratory testing, theoretical development and numerical simulations. Within the methodology, the evaluation phase is built up in such a way that its results can be used directly for the design phase. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Design methods KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical models KW - Reflection cracking KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501688 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764719 AU - Chen, D-H AU - Murphy, M AU - Pilson, C AU - Hudson, R AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - TESTING AND ANALYSIS OF THE TXMLS TEST PADS AT VICTORIA, TEXAS PY - 1997 SP - p. 1205-23 AB - Hundreds of Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) tests were conducted to characterize the material properties of the Texas Mobile Load Simulator (TxMLS) test pad under accelerated trafficking. Cores were obtained to verify pavement thickness and to determine material properties in the laboratory. In addition, FWD tests were performed on an instrumented pavement section, and pressure cell and Multi-Depth Deflectometer (MDD) data were simultaneously collected. Structural analysis of the pavement was performed by examining results from numerous sets of layer moduli. FWD deflections were used to determine layer moduli through backcalculation. Theoretical stress and strain were then computed using multi-layered elasticity based programs. The theoretical stress and strain were then compared to the measured pressure and strain. Furthermore, pavement life was computed using distress models suggested by the Asphalt Institute and then compared with the actual termination life determined in the field. The findings are presented in the paper. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Backcalculation KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Deflection KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials characterization KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Multi-depth deflectometers KW - Service life KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stresses KW - Structural analysis KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501690 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764722 AU - Francken, L AU - VANELSTRAETE, A AU - VERHASSELT, A AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - LONG TERM AGEING OF PURE AND MODIFIED BITUMEN: INFLUENCE ON THE RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND RELATION WITH THE MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF ASPHALT MIXTURES PY - 1997 SP - p. 1259-78 AB - This paper presents a study of the behaviour of eight road binders (one reference bitumen and 7 modified bitumens) used in porous asphalt wearing courses of an experimental road built in 1985. The complex moduli as well as different other characteristics of the binders were determined on the original binders and mixtures. A relationship between the complex modulus of binders and that of the corresponding mixtures has been validated for the case of modified bitumens. The complex moduli as well as different other characteristics of the binders were determined after different exposure times in a laboratory simulated long term ageing test. For some of the binders, these results were compared with the results obtained on the binders extracted from cores on the mixes in service for 12 years. It was investigated whether the complex moduli of the aged mixes could be estimated on the basis of that of the aged binder, with the help of the relationship between the complex modulus of the binders and mixtures. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binders KW - Complex modulus KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Rheological properties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501693 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764724 AU - Freeman, R B AU - Newman, J K AU - Ahlrich, R C AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - EFFECT OF POLYMER MODIFIERS ON DENSE-GRADED, HEAVY-DUTY PAVEMENT MIXTURES PY - 1997 SP - p. 1289-307 AB - This study was initiated to investigate some potential benefits of polymer modification on dense-graded, heavy-duty pavement mixtures. The following polymers were used to modify asphalt binders and mixtures: an ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA), a low-density polyethylene (LDPE), a styrene butadiene styrene (SBS), an hydrogenated SBS, and a finely ground tire rubber. Each of the polymers was blended with one or more of the following asphalt cements: an AC-10 and three sources of AC-20. Both conventional and recently-developed test methods were performed on the binders and mixtures to study the effects of the polymer modifiers at both low temperatures and high temperatures. Standard Marshall mixture design procedures did not optimize the mixtures containing tire rubber and dense-graded crushed limestone. The effect of polymers on low-temperature properties was dependent on the modifier/polymer combination. Ground tire rubber was particularly effective at these low temperatures. The high-temperature performance of an AC-20 mixture, produced with crushed gravel, was improved by modification with an SBS. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Crumb rubber KW - Dense graded aggregates KW - Ethyl vinyl acetate KW - Heavy duty pavements KW - High temperature KW - Low temperature KW - Low-density polyethylene KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Properties of materials KW - Styrene butadiene styrene UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501695 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764718 AU - Steyn, WJvdM AU - DE BEER, M AU - Visser, A T AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - THIN ASPHALT AND DOUBLE SEAL REHABILITATED LIGHTLY CEMENTED PAVEMENTS: EVALUATION OF STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR AND LIFE CYCLE COSTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 1181-201 AB - A multi-year Accelerated Pavement Testing research programme was initiated to study the behaviour of rehabilitated Lightly Cemented Pavement (LCP) structures. The aim of this work was to quantify the structural behaviour of these rehabilitated pavements, and to optimise the life-cycle cost for the road agency. The main findings were that the rehabilitated LCPs tested in the study only failed in terms of permanent deformation due to pumping of fines in the wet condition [G1 crushed stone and thin (< 50 mm) asphalt rehabilitation options] and bleeding of the double seal (double seal rehabilitation option). The economic analysis of these rehabilitated LCPs, indicated that the double seal rehabilitation option is the most economical option for traffic classes with equivalent traffic demands less than or equal to 10 million equivalent standard axles, while the G1 crushed stone rehabilitation option was the most economical option for 10 to 30 million equivalent standard axles. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt KW - Bleeding (Pavements) KW - Crushed rock KW - Deformation KW - Double seal KW - Economic analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Lightly cemented pavements KW - Pavement performance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Seal coats KW - Surface course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501689 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764720 AU - Hugo, F AU - Scullion, T AU - Lee, N-KJ AU - Fults, K AU - Visser, T AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - A RATIONAL EVALUATION OF PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE USING THE TEXAS MOBILE LOAD SIMULATOR (TXMLS) PY - 1997 SP - p. 1225-43 AB - The paper gives an overview of findings from the first three Mobile Load Simulator (MLS) test pads. Distress occurred as both rutting and cracking. However, the extent of each distress type varied between the test pads. This was unexpected since they had similar structural compositions. Changes in pavement response and material characteristics were monitored during testing using nondestructive testing (NDT). Tools used for measuring performance included a profilometer and a procedure for capturing and monitoring cracks. A diagnostic evaluation showed that the differences were probably related to varying subgrade strength and poor performance of the lime treated limestone river gravel base and the asphalt surfacing due to water ingress and aging. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Mobile load simulator KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement performance KW - Profilometers KW - Rutting KW - Test pads KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501691 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764725 AU - Abd El Halim, A O AU - Rickards, I J AU - Haas, R AU - Nabi, RMA AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - EVALUATION OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION EFFECTS ON ASPHALT PAVEMENTS PERFORMANCE THROUGH A PORTABLE IN-SITU SHEAR TEST DEVICE PY - 1997 SP - p. 1311-27 AB - One of the main objectives of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) has been the development of more reliable testing methods for assessing the field performance of asphalt pavements. The methods and equipment developed by SHRP indirectly evaluate field performance and mechanical properties by the laboratory testing of samples. A concentrated research effort was directed to extending the SHRP methodology by developing a portable, in-situ shear strength test device. This device was designed and fabricated at Carleton University, and is known as the Carleton In-Situ Shear Strength Test device (CISSST). This paper presents a description of the development and details of the device, its use in the field and the results of a variety of field situations. The results show the profound effect of road geometry (in-situ shear strength of up to 60% higher on a straight line as compared to curved sections), the effect of taking cores to the laboratory for testing (in-situ shear strengths can range up to 300% higher), and the effect of traffic on the in-situ shear strength. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Canada KW - Field tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Portable equipment KW - Shear tests KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501696 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764721 AU - van de Ven, M AU - Smit, A de F AU - Lorio, R AU - McGennis, R AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - VALIDATION OF SOME SUPERPAVE DESIGN PARAMETERS BY WHEEL TESTING WITH THE SCALE MODEL MOBILE LOAD SIMULATOR PY - 1997 SP - p. 1245-56 AB - The validation of SUPERPAVE has become an important issue. The SUPERPAVE parameters selected for validation were aggregate grading and Fine Aggregate Angularity. The Model Mobile Load Simulator (MMLS) and a Simple Shear Tester (SST) were used for the validation. The results of these tests are compared with South African specification tests. It was concluded that it is difficult to design a fine aggregate mix which satisfies the SUPERPAVE level 1 requirements for low design traffic. Small variations in the nominal maximum aggregate size of a mix may change the restricted zone of that mix. The result of this for a particular mix tested was that it passed through the restricted zone but performed well nonetheless. Fine Aggregate Angularity had a significant effect on the rutting susceptibility of a mix tested. This effect, while apparent under MMLS loading, was less apparent in the results of dynamic creep and SST testing. The dynamic creep and SST tests were found to be performance indicators. These tests, however, should be supported by actual performance tests, such as the MMLS test. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Angularity KW - Creep tests KW - Fine aggregates KW - Mix design KW - Mobile load simulator KW - Rutting KW - Shear tests KW - Superpave KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501692 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764707 AU - Senn, K AU - Frith, D AU - Yapp, M T AU - Scofield, L AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE PREDICTION MODELS FOR DRY-NO-FREEZE AND DRY-FREEZE ZONES USING LTPP DATA PY - 1997 SP - p. 997-1011 AB - The Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program is currently in the eighth year of a twenty year project to monitor and collect pavement data on approximately 800 general pavement studies (GPS) sections across the United States and Canada. This paper focuses on GPS 1 sections (asphalt surfacing on a granular base) located in the Dry-Freeze and Dry-No Freeze zones of the Western United States. Approximately 50 sites were selected from these two zones. Using data collected from the LTPP sites, this paper presents the analyses used to develop pavement performance prediction models. Performance is measured in terms of individual distress types, such as roughness and fatigue cracking. A discussion of the problems inherent in such a process is also included. The authors conclude that although it was possible to recognize performance trends, developing meaningful prediction models is not feasible for GPS sections. It is recommended that future analysis along similar lines focus on specific pavement study (SPS) sections. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Canada KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Future research KW - Granular bases KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Mathematical models KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Roughness KW - Western States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501678 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764714 AU - Rowe, G M AU - BROWN, S F AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - FATIGUE LIFE PREDICTION USING VISCO-ELASTIC ANALYSIS PY - 1997 SP - p. 1109-22 AB - Several pavements were tested with a wheel tracking device to determine the fatigue performance. The use of the visco-elastic method (with a dissipated energy criteria) was compared to elastic analysis for those pavements tested. Strains measured in test tracks show that, in the longitudinal direction, compressive strains occur which are followed by a tensile peak and then compressive strains again, whereas, in the transverse direction, the strain is all tensile. If a visco-elastic model is employed, non-symmetrical stress/strain responses can be calculated. Further analysis illustrates that, using asphalt material properties associated with a visco-elastic model, the effect of multiple wheel passes on the strain response could be explained with reasonable accuracy. Analysis of pavements produced a similar ranking to the performance obtained in the test pavements and indicated that as temperature is increased, life decreases, consistent with fatigue calculations by other techniques. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Dissipation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Test tracks KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501685 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764710 AU - Yandell, W O AU - BEHZADI, G AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - PERFORMANCE PREDICTION OF ACCELERATED LOADING FACILITY (ALF) TRIALS USING ELASTIC, VISCO-ELASTIC AND ELASTO-PLASTIC ANALYSIS PY - 1997 SP - p. 1041-51 AB - Most current methods of flexible pavement design take only the stiffness of materials into account in terms of the resilient modulus, and the theory of linearized elasticity is utilized to determine the principal criteria of rutting and fatigue life. The need to incorporate elastic and visco-elastic or plastic models into practical flexible pavement design procedure is now well founded. The main purpose of this research is to demonstrate the importance of plastic parameters and their attendant residual stresses and strains on pavement life. The elastic and plastic behaviour of materials from three Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF) sections were characterized using a repeated load triaxial apparatus. The Mechano-Lattice (ML) elasto-plastic, Visco-elastic (VESYS) and linear elastic (adapted CIRCLY) analysis were used to predict the performance of three ALF trials. It was found that the predicted rutting by Mechano-Lattice in all cases was close to the field and was superior to VESYS and adapted CIRCLY methods. VESYS and Mechano-Lattice analysis have shown that in Somersby section no cracking should occur before 7.3 x 10 to the 5th power repetitions of 80 kN load. This is supported by ALF test results. The CIRCLY analysis has shown that cracks will happen before the above repetitions. By ML analysis it is observed that if residual stress accumulation were ignored, bottom lateral cracks would commence according to CIRCLY predictions, but residual compression stress causes the transient stresses to reduce as passes continue. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Elastic analysis KW - Elastoplasticity KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Repeated loads KW - Residual stress KW - Rutting KW - Transient stress KW - Triaxial shear tests KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501681 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764711 AU - Nokes, W A AU - Harvey, J T AU - du Plessis, L AU - Long, F AU - Stolarski, P J AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - CALTRANS ACCELERATED PAVEMENT TESTING (CAL/APT) PROGRAM - TEST RESULTS: 1993-1996 PY - 1997 SP - p. 1053-72 AB - Results to date (Fall 1996) from the Caltrans Accelerated Pavement Testing (CAL/APT) Program are discussed and include those for the Phase I program and initial results from the Phase II program. The Phase I program involved a study of the comparative performance under Heavy-Vehicle-Simulator (HVS) loading of Caltrans dense-graded asphalt concrete (DGAC) and asphalt-rubber, hot mix, gap-graded (ARHM-GG) as overlays on a fatigue-cracked asphalt pavement and an evaluation of pavement rutting from channelized traffic resulting from simulated Automated Vehicle Control Systems (AVCS). The initial part of the Phase II program includes an evaluation, under HVS loading, of the performance of two pavements, one containing an asphalt-treated permeable base (ATPB) and the other an aggregate base (AB), designed and constructed according to Caltrans procedures. The HVS testing of pavements for the Phase I program was performed in South Africa while the Phase II program is being conducted at the University of California at Berkeley (UCB) Richmond Field Station. Laboratory tests have been performed for both phases at UCB involving evaluations of the stiffness and permanent deformation characteristics of the various pavement components and fatigue characteristics of the asphalt mixes. These results have been used to analyze the performance of the HVS-loaded pavements. By combining the results of both the HVS and laboratory tests, interpretations of pavement performance are described and recommendations for pavement design and construction have been made to Caltrans. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Asphalt treated permeable base KW - Deformation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Laboratory tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Rutting KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501682 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764706 AU - Pronk, A C AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - COMPARISON OF 2 AND 4 POINT FATIGUE TESTS AND HEALING IN 4 POINT DYNAMIC BENDING TEST BASED ON THE DISSIPATED ENERGY CONCEPT PY - 1997 SP - p. 987-994 AB - At the 4th Eurobitume Symposium a fatigue life definition was introduced, which was based on the dissipated energy concept (Hopman et al, 1989). This new definition is based on a change in a material related aspect (dissipated energy per cycle) instead of a specimen property. It was shown that, using the dissipated energy law and this new fatigue life definition, the results were exchangeable for strain and stress controlled fatigue tests even at different frequencies. These experiments were only carried out in a 4 point dynamic bending test. In this paper the results are presented of a comparison of fatigue lives measured in 2 and 4 point dynamic bending tests. In spite of the new fatigue life definition, the results are not comparable for both tests. This may be due to the composition of the mix at issue and the small dimensions of the specimen in the 2 point bending test. Also the healing phenomenon is studied in the 4 point bending test. Rest periods between loadings ought to enlarge the fatigue life considerably. After a resting period the stiffness modulus is largely restored. If instead of resting periods (with zero loading), load blocks are used with a smaller load amplitude, it is shown that during these pseudo rest periods the stiffness modulus will increase. Depending on the duration of the pseudo rest period and the amplitudes of the loadings, this increase will be followed by a decrease in stiffness modulus. These findings confirm the opinion that healing already takes place during the fatigue process and should be taken into account in the interpretation of the fatigue measurements and the characterization of the fatigue properties. Based on the dissipated energy concept a model is proposed taking into account the healing phenomenon. This model should enable a more fundamental description of the asphalt fatigue properties including healing. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt KW - Bending tests KW - Dissipation KW - Fatigue life KW - Fatigue tests KW - Healing (Materials) KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501677 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764708 AU - Jamsa, H AU - SPOOF, H AU - Wagberg, L-G AU - Goransson, N-G AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - DEVELOPMENT OF DETERIORATION MODELS FOR COLD CLIMATE USING LONG-TERM PAVEMENT FIELD DATA PY - 1997 SP - p. 1013-26 AB - The paper describes the results of the Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) study carried out in Finland and Sweden on the GPS-1 experiment (asphalt concrete on granular base). The main results include new pavement deterioration models which are based on a failure time approach using censored data on 64 test sections. A large number of independent variables were examined to identify factors which explain most of the pavement deterioration on wheel paths (traffic related distress) and on a whole pavement surface (traffic and climate related distress). The most important factors explaining deterioration included tensile strain at the bottom of the asphalt layer, or the surface curvature index calculated from Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) measurements and the freezing index. In addition to deterioration models, a new neural network approach to calculate tensile strains on the basis of measured deflection bowl and asphalt layer thickness is introduced. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Climate KW - Deflection KW - Deterioration KW - Field data KW - Finland KW - Frigid regions KW - Granular bases KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Mathematical models KW - Neural networks KW - Pavement distress KW - Sweden KW - Tension KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501679 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764713 AU - Kim, Y R AU - LEE, H-J AU - Kim, Y AU - Little, D N AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - MECHANISTIC EVALUATION OF FATIGUE DAMAGE GROWTH AND HEALING OF ASPHALT CONCRETE: LABORATORY AND FIELD EXPERIMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 1089-107 AB - Fatigue damage growth and healing of asphalt concrete are studied in this paper using laboratory and field experiments. The field study was performed using the stress wave technique on asphalt pavement sections with varying degrees of damage. The elastic modulus of an asphalt concrete layer is calculated from the stress wave data using the dispersion analysis based on Short Kernel Method. The laboratory study employs two fundamentally different approaches to modeling the mixture fatigue behavior: continuum approach and micromechanical approach. The continuum approach applies the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle to eliminate the time-dependence from the hysteretic behavior of asphalt concrete under cyclic loading. Pseudo stiffness, stiffness after the application of the elastic-viscoelastic correspondence principle, decreases following a characteristic S-shape curve due to the fatigue damage growth when plotted against number of loading cycles. This curve is vertically shifted when rest periods are introduced, resulting in a longer fatigue life. The same trend is observed from the field study between the elastic modulus and the number of loading cycles. Work potential theory, a continuum damage theory based on thermodynamics of irreversible process, is then applied to the laboratory data to model the changes in pseudo stiffness due to fatigue damage growth and microdamage healing. The resulting model is found to be mode-of-loading independent and capable of predicting the changes in stress-strain behavior under compound loading histories with multi-level loading and varying durations of rest. A validation study is performed on the fatigue performance prediction model using the data obtained from uniaxial fatigue testing of AAD and AAM mixtures under constant stress/strain amplitude cyclic loading histories with and without rest periods. Finally, a micromechanical approach is presented which describes a fracture process as a balance between the energy imparted to the system and the energy taken up by the newly created crack surfaces. Different microdamage healing behavior of AAD and AAM mixtures described by the coefficients in the continuum damage model is explained by the difference in micromechanical properties between the two binders, such as total cohesive surface energy and different proportions of the Lifschitz-Van der Waals and the acid-base components in the surface energy. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Continuum damage model KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Micromechanics models KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Repeated loads KW - Stress waves KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501684 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764715 AU - Erkens, S M J G AU - Groenendijk, J AU - Moraal, J AU - Molenaar, A A A AU - JACOBS, MMJ AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - USING PARIS' LAW TO DETERMINE FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS - A DISCUSSION PY - 1997 SP - p. 1123-40 AB - This paper consists of three parts, which are related to a new fatigue characterisation method that was developed at the Road & Railroad Research Laboratory (RRRL) of the Delft University of Technology. The basic idea behind this method is the use of Paris' law to determine the fatigue properties of an asphalt mix. In the first part of the paper the background of this method is discussed. A theoretical justification of the use of Paris' law to describe fatigue cracking is presented, as well as experimental data to support that justification. In the second part of the paper this method is described. An overview of the types of tests as well as the data processing procedure are presented. For a more elaborate presentation of the complete method, the reader is referred to Jacobs (1995), Erkens et al. (1995) and Sabha et al. (1995). In the third section the modifications that resulted from additional research at the RRRL, intended to modify the procedure for application on another asphalt mix, are discussed. From this paper it can be concluded that crack growth covers a major part of the fatigue process. Thus, Paris' crack growth law provides an approximation of the overall fatigue life. Furthermore, it is shown that the parameters in the crack growth law can be determined using simple tests. The fatigue characteristics that were predicted using this approach, agreed well with actual fatigue data. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Crack growth law KW - Cracking KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fracture mechanics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501686 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764709 AU - Jooste, F J AU - Kekwick, S V AU - Sadzik, E S AU - Rohde, G T AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - COMPARISON OF ACCELERATED PAVEMENT TEST RESULTS WITH LONG TERM PAVEMENT BEHAVIOUR AND PERFORMANCE PY - 1997 SP - p. 1027-37 AB - A comparison was made of pavement behaviour and performance as measured during an accelerated pavement test conducted by the Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) in 1980, and actual behaviour and performance of the same pavement section measured in 1996. Behavioural aspects such as deflection, Dynamic Cone Penetrometer shear strength, moisture and density were found to correlate reasonably well with measurements made during the accelerated pavement test 16 years earlier. Rutting measured in 1996 compared well with rut depths measured during the accelerated pavement test at a similar number of equivalent standard axles. Rut development as measured during the accelerated pavement test also compared well with predictions made with the World Bank's Highway Design and Maintenance (HDM) program. Results obtained indicate that, for the pavement section studied, environmental effects did not significantly change the behaviour and performance of the pavement. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Comparative analysis KW - Deflection KW - Density KW - Environmental impacts KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway Design and Maintenance Program (World Bank) KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Moisture content KW - Pavement performance KW - Rut depth KW - Rutting KW - Shear strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501680 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764712 AU - Rust, F C AU - Kekwick, S V AU - KLEYN, E G AU - Sadzik, E S AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - THE IMPACT OF THE HEAVY VEHICLE SIMULATOR (HVS) TEST PROGRAMME ON ROAD PAVEMENT TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT PY - 1997 SP - p. 1073-85 AB - The political and socio-economic changes in South Africa over the past five years have had a significant influence on the South African Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) programme. From a fleet of three production machines operating solely in South Africa since 1978, only one now remains in the country, while the other two are used in the CalAPT programme in California. Nevertheless, the SA HVS programme has, in turn, had a marked impact on the development of pavement engineering technology in South Africa and has demonstrably effected significant savings to the country. In particular, the focus of the programme has been redirected to address the issues currently facing the South African road building industry. This paper gives an overview of the history and current status of the SA HVS programme and highlights the impact of the programme on both technological advances in pavement engineering and cost savings to the industry. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Flexible pavements KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - South Africa KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501683 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764705 AU - SAID, S F AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - VARIABILITY IN ROADBASE LAYER PROPERTIES CONDUCTING INDIRECT TENSILE TEST PY - 1997 SP - p. 977-986 AB - Knowledge of variabilities in the properties of asphalt pavement layers is valuable in the structural evaluation of pavements. Mix composition and construction procedure influence the mechanical properties of bituminous layers. Fatigue and stiffness characteristics are two of the most important parameters in input data to pavement evaluation models. In this study, more than 300 cores from 15 test sections were drilled from roadbase layers for determining mix composition, fatigue and stiffness properties. These cores have been tested at different temperatures when conducting the Indirect Tensile Test (ITT). The ITT, which is probably most suitable for examining specimens from pavement layers, has proved to be sufficiently accurate for routine use, such as determination of mix properties, and also in quality control. A good correlation has been found between laboratory based and field based fatigue curves for the roadbase mix. Statistical fatigue relationships based on the laboratory measurements are also presented and the effects of the variabilities in the mix properties are illustrated. It is hoped that knowledge of the characteristics of bituminous pavement layers with their variations and the use of ITT in routine measurements may contribute to further utilization of pavement evaluation models by road engineers. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Mix composition KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement layers KW - Stiffness KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501676 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764691 AU - Ullidtz, P AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - MODELLING OF GRANULAR MATERIALS USING THE DISCRETE ELEMENT METHOD PY - 1997 SP - p. 757-769 AB - With the Discrete Element method it is possible to model materials that consist of individual particles where a particle may roll or slide on other particles. This is interesting because most of the deformation of granular materials is due to rolling or sliding rather than compression of the grains. This is true even of the resilient (or reversible) deformations. It is also interesting because the Discrete Element method models resilient and plastic deformations as well as failure in a single process. The paper describes two types of calculations. One on a small sample of angular elements subjected to a pulsating (repeated) biaxial loading and another of a larger sample of circular elements subjected to a plate load. Both cases are two dimensional, i.e., plane strain. The repeated biaxial loading showed a large increase in plastic strain for the first load pulse at a given load level. Additional load pulses at the same load level gave decreasing plastic strain rate, in agreement with what is normally observed on granular materials. The resilient modulus was much lower than the stiffness of the elements and was decreasing with increasing deviator stress. At high deviator stresses the stiffness of the assembly of elements was less than one percent of the stiffness of the elements. This is also in good agreement with observations on granular materials. Plate loading showed a distribution of vertical stress that was close to the stress in an elastic continuum. Very little stress concentration was observed, but this might change if angular elements were used. The horizontal stresses on the other hand were quite different from the horizontal stresses in an elastic continuum. Modulus and Poisson's ratio calculated at different points of the particulate medium, from the stresses and strains, showed large variations. Dilation of the material was frequent. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Deformation KW - Deviatoric stress KW - Dilation KW - Discrete element method KW - Granular materials KW - Horizontal stress KW - Mathematical models KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Plastic strain KW - Plate loads KW - Poisson ratio KW - Repeated loads KW - Stiffness KW - Vertical stress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501662 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764698 AU - BALTZER, S AU - Irwin, L H AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - SPECIMEN PREPARATION AND REPEATED LOAD TRIAXIAL TESTING OF SUBGRADE SOILS PY - 1997 SP - p. 867-878 AB - This paper presents part of the research work being performed under the "International Subgrade Performance Study" sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The objective of the subgrade study is to define one or more predictive models that will relate rutting to soil type, stress/strain level, and soil moisture conditions. Full-scale instrumented flexible test pavements will be constructed in the Frost Effects Research Facility at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) and at the Danish Road Institute (DRI). Accelerated loading will be used to simulate traffic, and pavement performance will be measured. As part of the research work, repeated-load triaxial testing of both resilient and plastic properties of the subgrade soils will be performed. Characterization of resilient properties is being done at Cornell University. Special testing equipment and procedures for specimen preparation have been developed. The procedure produces specimens with a uniform density and moisture gradient. The test plan for repeated-load triaxial testing of resilient modulus and plans for model building from the results are described. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Mathematical models KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Repeated loads KW - Soils KW - Specimen preparation KW - Specimens KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Test procedures KW - Testing equipment KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501669 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764694 AU - Khogali, WEI AU - Anderson, K O AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - ASSESSING SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN COHESIVE SUBGRADE SOILS PY - 1997 SP - p. 803-822 AB - In 1990, an investigation was initiated to measure seasonal variations in subgrade stiffness of cohesive soils in Alberta. The main objective of this study was to identify and select suitable strength indices for measuring seasonal variations in pavement response. The study consisted of two phases: a field investigation phase and a laboratory testing program. The field phase involved instrumenting an in-service pavement section in Alberta with thermal conductivity sensors to measure temperature and soil suction. These data coupled with Falling Weight Deflectometer deflection tests performed within the instrumented section were used to accomplish the research goals. The laboratory program consisted of extensive repeated load testing on remolded samples of the subgrade material taken from the instrumented site. Results obtained from these tests were used to develop predictive resilient moduli relationships. Both field and laobratory phases produced novel and practical approaches for quantifying the influence of seasonal variations on subgrade strength. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Cohesive soils KW - Deflection tests KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Repeated loads KW - Seasonal variations KW - Stiffness KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501665 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764695 AU - Balay, J AU - Correia, A G AU - Jouve, P AU - Hornych, P AU - Paute, J-L AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF SOILS AND UNBOUND GRANULAR MATERIALS, MODELLING OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS - RECENT ADVANCES PY - 1997 SP - p. 823-842 AB - Different European Laboratories (Administration, Universities) were awarded a laboratory twining project between 1990 and 1993, under the "Science" programme, which closure has taken place with Euroflex '93 Symposium (Lisbon, 1993). This research aims to harmonise and develop rational procedures to take into account the mechanical characteristics of soils and unbound granular materials, to apply to the design of flexible pavement structures. A round-robin test programme for unbound granular materials carried out by different laboratories enables to establish reliable test procedures for characterisation of elastic and plastic behaviours of these materials. The procedure for elastic behaviour is summarised in this paper. Concerning the modelling of flexible pavement structures, the behaviour of unbound granular materials was described by a nonlinear elastic constitutive law (Boyce), with which a classic plasticity criterion was added (Drucker-Prager) in order to give a stress field in the material compatible with its strength. This model was implemented in FEM codes: CESAR LCPC-2D and 3D, and Noel 8-2D of the University of Nantes. The results of FEM-2D (single wheel) and FEM-3D (dual wheel) calculations realised for most representative flexible pavement structures are presented. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Elastoplasticity KW - Finite element method KW - Flexible pavements KW - Granular materials KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanical properties KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501666 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764704 AU - NISHIZAWA, T AU - SHIMENO, S AU - Sekiguchi, M AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - FATIGUE ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS WITH THICK ASPHALT MIXTURE LAYER PY - 1997 SP - p. 969-976 AB - In the prevailing structural design of asphalt pavements, fatigue cracking at the bottom of the asphalt mixture layer is considered to be a major failure mode of the pavement structure. In Japan, however, such failure has rarely been observed in the asphalt pavements with a thick asphalt mixture layer, including asphalt stabilized base course which has been in service for more than 20 years. Failure modes of the asphalt pavements are rutting and surface cracking. The asphalt stabilized base courses in such pavements have been alive without major repairing. Therefore, the concept of the structural design should be reconsidered in terms of the fatigue cracking. We conducted fatigue analysis for various asphalt pavements with thick asphalt mixture layer in Japan. Radial strains at the bottom of the asphalt mixture layer and vertical strains at the top of the subgrade were calculated. Then, fatigue damages were estimated by applying the calculated strains to fatigue curves presented in the manual. In the analysis, wheel load distributions were taken into account by employing Miner's law. The results of the fatigue analysis showed that the fatigue crack at the bottom would occur in the asphalt pavements with thick asphalt mixture layer in less than 10 years. The results do not agree with our field experiences mentioned above. We made an assumption that, at the strain level of less than 200 micro, the asphalt mixture would not experience fatigue because of the healing effect. Based on this assumption, we conducted the fatigue analysis again. The results of the analysis seemed to be quite reasonable and agree with our experiences in Japan. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Japan KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement layers KW - Rutting KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501675 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764700 AU - DE LA ROCHE, C AU - Riviere, N AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF ASPHALT MIXES: INFLUENCE OF LABORATORY TEST PROCEDURES ON FATIGUE PERFORMANCES PY - 1997 SP - p. 889-917 AB - Since 1990, the LCPC carried out three "semi-scale" experiments on its test track aimed at studying the fatigue behavior of asphalt mixes in the aspect of the influence of the nature of asphalt. The large amount of laboratory tests carried out on the six different tested materials show that, if the modulus is a value relatively independent of the measurement method, the fatigue behavior in the laboratory strongly depends on the test procedure (frequency, temperature, two or three points bending, controlled force or displacement, with or without rest period). The results obtained don't allow to choose one type of fatigue test as more relevant than another one in all cases. A systematic study carried out in laboratory in order to better define the data obtained from the fatigue tests highlights the energy dissipated in the form of heat during the continuous tests. It also points out that the differences in the results between the continuous and discontinuous tests are probably not attributable to an actual healing of the material during the rest periods. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Fatigue tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501671 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764702 AU - van de Ven, M AU - Smit, A de F AU - Krans, R L AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - POSSIBILITIES OF A SEMI-CIRCULAR BENDING TEST PY - 1997 SP - p. 939-950 AB - The possibilities of a Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) test on semi-cylindrical specimens is investigated as an alternative to the Indirect Tensile Test (ITT) to determine the flexural strength, stiffness and fatigue behaviour of asphalt concrete. Finite element analysis relations for the stresses and deformations under SCB have been derived. Based on these relations the tensile strength and fatigue behaviour of two asphalt mixes were determined with laboratory tests. These results have been compared with ITT results on the same mixes. It can be concluded that the SCB gives results comparable with ITT for the tensile strength. The determination of stiffness requires accurate measurement of the relatively small vertical deformations under loading. Fatigue tests can also be carried out. The SCB test can be used as a mix design test for performance related specifications and a reliable quality control test for mix production and road construction. A standard test set-up is proposed. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Deformation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Finite element method KW - Flexural strength KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Performance based specifications KW - Quality control KW - Semi-circular bending test KW - Stiffness KW - Stresses KW - Tensile strength KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501673 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764692 AU - BELT, J AU - RYYNANEN, T AU - EHROLA, E AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF UNBOUND BASE COURSE PY - 1997 SP - p. 771-781 AB - A laboratory-scale pavement testing facility with a moving vehicle load can be used to simulate reliably the stresses caused by traffic in the road structure and is therefore well suited to the testing of materials and structures. The measuring system developed here can be used to determine reliably both elastic and permanent deformations within the structure, which, in turn, can be used to determine relative strains. The mechanical properties of the unbound base course and their significance for the performance of the whole road structure depend on the thickness of the bound layer and the quality of the material. When the asphalt concrete (AC) layer is thin, it would be good to have grading with Fuller's "n" value equal to 0.4 or 0.5 in the unbound base course. When the bound layer consists of very soft asphalt, in turn, it would be good to aim at a grading curve with "n" = 0.5. A large maximum grain size in the base course minimizes both permanent and elastic strains. Compaction of the unbound layers also has a distinct effect on the mechanical properties of the layer. A high degree of compaction minimizes permanent strains. Effective compaction, however, results in grinding of the materials. The compaction of unbound rough materials and their grinding during compaction can be evaluated with the Intensive Compaction Tester gyratory compactor both quickly and inexpensively. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Compaction KW - Compactors KW - Deformation KW - Grain size (Geology) KW - Grinding KW - Gyratory compactors KW - Mechanical properties KW - Strain (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501663 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764693 AU - Bonaquist, R F AU - Witczak, M W AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - A COMPREHENSIVE CONSTITUTIVE MODEL FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT STRUCTURES PY - 1997 SP - p. 783-802 AB - This paper summarizes research leading to the development of a comprehensive constitutive modeling approach for granular bases, subbases, and subgrade soils. The model that was developed is based on the flow theory of plasticity. It rationally considers both the resilient and permanent deformation response, and accounts for the effects of repeated loading and saturation and drainage conditions. The model can be used to predict pavement performance, to select pavement layer thicknesses to resist permanent deformations, and to select material properties to assure adequate performance. This paper describes the conceptual model development. It also presents results from a laboratory evaluation of the constitutive model using three materials covering the range of materials typically classified as granular in pavement construction. Finally, the modeling concepts are applied to practical pavement design problems. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Deformation KW - Drainage KW - Flexible pavements KW - Granular materials KW - Mathematical models KW - Percent saturation KW - Repeated loads KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501664 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764696 AU - Larsen, HJE AU - Ullidtz, P AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - PAVEMENT SUBGRADE PERFORMANCE STUDY IN THE DANISH ROAD TESTING MACHINE PY - 1997 SP - p. 843-857 AB - Most existing pavement subgrade criteria are based on the AASHO Road Test, where only one material was tested and for only one climatic condition. To study the validity of this criteria and to refine the criteria a cooperative research program entitled the "International Pavement Subgrade Performance Study" was sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) with American, Finnish and Danish partners. This paper describes the first test series which was carried out in the Danish Road Testing Machine (RTM). The first step in this program is a full scale test on an instrumented pavement in the Danish Road Testing Machine. Pressure gauges and strain cells were installed in the upper part of the subgrade, for measuring stresses and strains in all three directions. During and after construction Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) testing was carried out to evaluate the elastic parameters of the materials. These parameters were then used with the theory of elasticity to calculate the stresses and strains at the position of the gauges and to compare these values to the stresses and strains recorded under the rolling wheel load. Plastic strains resulting from 50,000 applications of each of two load levels (20 kN and 40 kN) were recorded, as well as the permanent deformation of the pavement surface. A simple model describing the plastic strain has been developed. The test showed that currently used subgrade strain criteria are conservative if used with the measured strains in the subgrade. If used with strains calculated from FWD tests using linear elastic theory, however, the strain criteria seem to give a reasonably good prediction of the bearing capacity of the pavement. The differences between measured and theoretical values appear to be due to inhomogeneities in the pavement, to the nonlinear elastic subgrade modulus, and to a modulus gradient in the subgrade. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Bearing capacity KW - Deformation KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Load tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stresses KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501667 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764701 AU - JUDYCKI, J AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - COMPARISON OF FATIGUE CRITERIA FOR FLEXIBLE AND SEMI-RIGID PAVEMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 919-937 AB - The paper presents comparison of fatigue criteria which are used in mechanistic methods of pavement design. The following criteria were considered: (a) for fatigue cracking of asphalt layers and structural rutting (subgrade strain): LCPC and SETRA (France), Nottingham University (United Kingdom), Road Research Centre in Belgium, Shell and The Asphalt Institute (USA) and (b) for fatigue cracking of bases treated with hydraulic binders: CSIR (South Africa), Road Research Centre in Belgium, University of Illinois (USA). The aim of the comparison was to select suitable fatigue criteria for the revision of the 20-year-old Polish catalogue of typical pavements which was required due to significant increase in traffic volume and in axle loads. In the paper the fatigue formulas for all the considered criteria were given and fatigue curves were compared. Pavement structures with different base courses were designed for a range of traffic volumes with regard to various fatigue criteria and Polish design considerations. The designed structures were compared with pavement structures included in the old Polish catalogue of typical pavements which performance can be evaluated as acceptable. On this basis the following criteria were selected as suitable for Polish conditions: (a) for fatigue cracking of asphalt layers and structural rutting (subgrade strain) - The Asphalt Institute (USA), and (b) for fatigue cracking of cement treated bases - CSIR (South Africa), Road Research Centre in Belgium, University of Illinois (USA). New typical pavements structures were designed according to the selected fatigue criteria. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Poland KW - Rutting KW - Specifications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501672 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764703 AU - Wa, NKK AU - Theyse, H L AU - Verhaeghe, BMJA AU - KNOTTENBELT, E C AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - STIFFNESS AND FATIGUE CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME ASPHALT WEARING COURSES USED IN SOUTH AFRICA PY - 1997 SP - p. 951-968 AB - This paper deals with an extensive research program into the upgrading of the fatigue transfer functions of asphalt mixes in use in South Africa. Parts of the program have recently been completed and the aim of the paper is to summarise and discuss the results obtained to date. Two stages of the program are discussed in this paper: a comparison of stiffnesses of asphalt mixes obtained from different sources, and the evaluation of the fatigue life of laboratory asphalt mixes and development of laboratory fatigue regression models. In the first stage, stiffnesses of asphalt mixes were determined in the laboratory (using the Indirect Tensile Test) and from two theoretical stiffness prediction models (Shell method and Asphalt Institute method). Attempts were also made to backcalculate field stiffness using the Multi-Depth Deflectometer (MDD) results of four Heavy Vehicle Simulator(HVS) field tests. In the second stage, fatigue tests were undertaken in the third-point beam fatigue test apparatus in the constant strain mode at various strain levels. Regression models were developed for the following independent variables: strain, temperature, initial flexural stiffness, load frequency, aggregate grading and binder type. The findings indicate that the Shell BANDS-program and the Asphalt Institute's equation can be used for an approximate determination of asphalt stiffness, provided that the methods are used correctly. There is also some indication that there is a correlation between the resilient modulus obtained in the Indirect Tensile Test and the actual effective field stiffness, but this has to be verified by further studies. In the second part of the investigation it was found that the fatigue regression models obtained from this study gave a higher life than other models such as those of the Asphalt Institute, TRRL and NCHRP. The coefficients of determination obtained were, however, very good. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Backcalculation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Field tests KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Mathematical models KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Multi-depth deflectometers KW - Regression analysis KW - South Africa KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501674 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764697 AU - Puppala, A J AU - Mohammad, L N AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - A REGRESSION MODEL FOR BETTER CHARACTERIZATION OF RESILIENT PROPERTIES OF SUBGRADE SOILS PY - 1997 SP - p. 859-866 AB - Subgrade soil characterization in flexible pavement design is necessary for estimating the structural capacity of flexible pavements and then determining the pavement layer thicknesses. Several nonlinear and linear models have been used to characterize the subgrade soils. The current bulk and deviatoric stress models have limited applications since they are essentially developed for a particular soil type. Few other models are restricted by the multiple collinearity problems in the regression analysis. A regression model with confining and deviatoric stresses as attributes is adopted in this paper to analyze the repeated load triaxial test results. This model is simple, making it easy to analyze the repeated load triaxial test results, and does not have any structural type collinearity problems. This paper presents the regression model analysis results on different subgrade soils including mixed soil types. The repeated load triaxial tests conducted on granular, cohesive and mixed soil types at various moisture content levels are first analyzed to determine the model constants. The model constants are then correlated with the basic soil properties. The correlations are evaluated for their reliability in predicting the resilient properties of the same subgrade soils. This evaluation, which is fairly successful, showed that this approach can be used to predict the resilient properties of similar type soils. This approach will save significant project costs since core sampling and resilient modulus testing tasks can be averted. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Cohesive soils KW - Flexible pavements KW - Granular soils KW - Mathematical models KW - Mixed soil types KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Regression analysis KW - Repeated loads KW - Soils KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501668 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764699 AU - ODEON, H AU - Gramsammer, J-C AU - Caroff, G AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - ASPHALT MIX FATIGUE BEHAVIOR: EXPERIMENTAL STRUCTURES AND MODELING PY - 1997 SP - p. 881-897 AB - An extensive research program on asphalt mix fatigue was conducted jointly by the LCPC (French transportation research laboratories) and Scetauroute (French highway engineering agency) between 1990 and 1994. The program included tests on the LCPC circular fatigue test track and a theoretical analysis of the behavior of structures. This article looks into the parts of the program dealing with the fatigue tests and modeling. The aim of this program was to clarify the behavior in the laboratory and on pavements of asphalt mixes differing only in the type of asphalt. Additionally, it involved adding constituents to improve the design method in the case of high-modulus asphalts. On the fatigue test track, more than 7 X 10 to the 6th power load sequences were applied to twelve structures over the course of three experiments. The experimental pavements revealed similar behavior in asphalt concrete of the same thickness, and the good performance of high-modulus materials whenever proper thicknesses were used. The model made it possible to determine a correlation coefficient in connection with rigid materials for the French pavement design method and brought out the value of controlled-force tests. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Correlation analysis KW - Fatigue tests KW - Mathematical models KW - Test tracks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501670 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764688 AU - Mamlouk, M S AU - Khanal, P P AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - BIMODULAR ANALYSIS OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 707-723 AB - When wheel loads are applied on the pavement surface, both tension and compression are developed in the asphalt concrete layer. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete specimens under different dynamic loading and temperature conditions. Largely different tensile and compressive moduli were obtained, especially at high temperatures. A nonlinear finite element multi-layer program that can account for the bimodular nature of asphalt concrete (BIMODPAV) was developed. The program applies traffic loads in increments, checks the stress state at each element, and selects the appropriate modulus accordingly using the modulus values obtained from the lab tests. The BIMODPAV program was further used to analyze stresses, strains and displacements in typical pavement sections under different conditions. The results indicate that pavement response parameters calculated by the bimodular analysis are significantly different from those calculated by assuming a single modulus value. Using single-modulus analyses erroneously over-predicts fatigue and rutting pavement lives as compared to those obtained from the bimodular analysis. The effect of bimodularity is most significant for pavements with a thick asphalt layer and/or at high temperatures. The mechanistic analysis technique developed in this study allows pavement to be designed in a more scientifically-based manner. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Bimodular analysis KW - Compression tests KW - Computer programs KW - Dynamic loads KW - Finite element method KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Mechanistic design KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Service life KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stresses KW - Temperature KW - Tension tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501659 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764690 AU - Crispino, M AU - FESTA, B AU - Giannattasio, P AU - Nicolosi, V AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - EVALUATION OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ASPHALT CONCRETE LAYERS BY A NEW DYNAMIC TEST PY - 1997 SP - p. 741-754 AB - To study the dynamic interaction between flexible pavement layers a special equipment was designed and built and a testing methodology was also developed. Theoretical analysis and initial testing have demonstrated qualitative aspects of the phenomenon. On such basis it was suggested to represent the horizontal interaction between flexible pavement layers as a structural restraint following Kelvin's model. The representing parameter has been defined by the authors as: Interlayer Reaction Complex Modulus KI*. The statistical characteristics of the test developed were evaluated, together with the values of the norm (absolute value) and of the phase angle (between load and deformation) of the vector KI* at two different temperatures. Statistical analysis has shown that test reliability is adequate for research purposes but still low for normalization. The test and the parameter KI* appear to be suitable for the representation and evaluation of the interaction between asphalt concrete layers for flexible pavements. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Dynamic tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Interaction KW - Pavement layers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501661 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764684 AU - Anderton, G AU - Ahlrich, R AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - RESIN MODIFIED PAVEMENT: A COMPOSITE PAVING MATERIAL PY - 1997 SP - p. 647-661 AB - Resin modified pavement (RMP) is a composite pavement surfacing that uses a unique combination of asphalt concrete and portland cement concrete materials in the same layer. The RMP material is generally described as an open-graded asphalt concrete mixture containing 25- to 35-percent air voids which are filled with a resin modified portland cement grout. The RMP process was developed in France in the 1960s under the trade name "Salviacim" as a fuel and abrasion resistant surfacing material. RMP was introduced into the United States pavements industry by researchers at the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES) beginning in 1987. WES researchers were hoping to develop a cost effective and easily-constructed alternative to portland cement concrete. Numerous full-scale field applications have since followed. This paper gives a general description of the RMP process, including discussions of structural and material designs as well as construction techniques. Performance of significant field applications and the projected future of RMP are also discussed. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Air voids KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Composite pavements KW - Construction KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Portland cement concrete KW - Resin modified pavement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501655 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764686 AU - Scarpas, A AU - Al-Khoury, R AU - VAN GURP, CAPM AU - Erkens, S M J G AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF DAMAGE DEVELOPMENT IN ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 673-692 AB - An extensive experimental and analytical investigation is being currently carried out on the mechanisms leading to the initiation and propagation of fatigue damage in the top layers of asphalt concrete pavements when subjected to various types of loading. One of the major goals of the investigation is the development and finite element implementation of a triaxial, strain rate sensitive, history and temperature dependent constitutive model for asphalt concrete under arbitrary states of stress. Because of the hierarchical formulation of the model, the analyst can activate, at will, those features of the model which he considers relevant to his specific interests. Explicit procedures are suggested for the experimental determination of the parameters. As a minimum, only uniaxial test results are needed for determination of the basic parameters. An actual example of such a procedure is presented. In its current, prototype formulation, the model has been implemented in the finite element code CAPA-3D. Results of the utilization of CAPA-3D for the investigation of the dynamic non-linear response of asphalt concrete pavements are reviewed in the last part of this contribution. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Damage (Pavements) KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical models KW - Nonlinear response UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501657 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764682 AU - Terrel, R L AU - Joharifard, M AU - Epps, J A AU - Wiley, P C AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - PROGRESS IN HOT-IN-PLACE RECYCLING TECHNOLOGY PY - 1997 SP - p. 609-627 AB - The concept of recycling asphalt pavements has been attempted using a range of methods for more than eighty years. Starting with simple concepts of crushing old pavements for use in highway fill, the technology has progressed through numerous phases. The most recent began in the mid 1970s when both central plant and in-place methods were initiated. Hot central plant recycling and cold in-place recycling (CIR) have gained general acceptance by many agencies. Hot in-place recycling (HIR) has been used for nearly 50 years but public agencies have been slow to implement the technology. However, recently developed equipment and procedures have made HIR a very viable alternative for pavement rehabilitation. HIR methods began with various equipment that used flames which impinged directly on the pavement surface then progressed through several evolutions of heating methods including infrared. The current state-of-the-art is a hot-air system that overcomes the previous limitations of shallow depth of heating, burning of the surface, and creation of objectionable smoke. This paper includes a technical description of HIR equipment and methods and test results from early projects using the more modern, efficient equipment. The data and early performance evaluation show that the 100% recycled asphalt concrete was aged insignificantly and had laboratory test properties equivalent to virgin hot mix. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Equipment KW - Hot in-place recycling KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Recycling KW - State of the art studies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501653 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764689 AU - Uddin, Waheed AU - Pan, Z AU - Noppakunwijai, P AU - PLAXICO, C A AU - HACKETT, R M AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - FINITE-ELEMENT DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF DISTRESSED ASPHALT PAVEMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 725-739 AB - Three-dimensional finite-element pavement-subgrade models are developed in this study to simulate falling weight deflectometer (FWD) loading on highway pavements. Reasonably good agreement is found between FWD deflections measured on selected pavements and computed dynamic deflections for pavement models subjected to the FWD load pulse and contact simulation. Effects of loading force-time history and pavement cracking on the surface deflections response of an asphalt pavement are also presented. The creep modulus of asphalt mix is predicted using a micromechanical model which calculates the viscoelastic response from creep compliance test results of the binder and elastic properties of the aggregates. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Creep KW - Deflection KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Finite element method KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Simulation KW - Three dimensional models KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501660 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764675 AU - Dunn, L AU - Gavin, J AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - THE C-SHRP LAMONT TEST ROAD: FIVE YEARS OF PERFORMANCE MONITORING PY - 1997 SP - p. 487-506 AB - As part of the Canadian Strategic Highway Research Program's (C-SHRP's) study entitled "Performance Correlation for Quality Paving Asphalts" a full scale test road was constructed in 1991. The Lamont Test Road (LTR) was constructed in order to assess the low temperature transverse cracking performance of seven markedly different asphalt cements. Extensive field and laboratory testing and ongoing performance monitoring was undertaken. This paper documents: the asphalt cement selection and physical properties; the quality assurance results; the results of subsequent SHRP Superpave laboratory grading of the asphalt cements; the results of the LTR's performance after five winters of service; and the temperature monitoring during the first three winters and subsequent weather station data for the remaining two winters. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt cement KW - Canadian Strategic Highway Research Program (C-SHRP) KW - Experimental roads KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Low temperature KW - Materials selection KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement performance KW - Physical properties KW - Quality assurance KW - Temperature KW - Transverse cracking KW - Weather KW - Winter UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501646 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764678 AU - Louw, L AU - SEMMELINK, C J AU - Verhaeghe, BMJA AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A STONE MASTIC ASPHALT DESIGN METHOD FOR SOUTH AFRICAN CONDITIONS PY - 1997 SP - p. 535-554 AB - Thin asphalt layers (of less than 40 mm thickness) are often used for surfacings in South Africa. As these layers are placed on eiher stiff (cemented) or flexible structures it is important that they be rut resistant, durable and have good fatigue properties. Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) has been gaining worldwide acceptance as a stable, durable and fatigue-resistant surfacing mix. The objective of this project was to develop a SMA design method suited for southern African conditions. This paper discusses: the recipe mix design methods prescribed by the various road authorities; basic principles of volumetric design; a theoretical model to determine the volumetric properties of SMA mixes; and various compaction methods, including the gyratory compactor and the Marshall impact hammers. In the design of SMAs the applicability of grading envelopes is compared with volumetric properties. The laboratory results are compared with those obtained from the model. The K-mould apparatus, a dynamic triaxial loading and data acquisition system, was used to determine the rut resistance, i.e., dynamic creep and effective stiffness, of the material. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Compaction KW - Creep KW - Design methods KW - Durability KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Gyratory compactors KW - Hammers KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Rutting KW - South Africa KW - Stiffness KW - Stone matrix asphalt KW - Theoretical studies KW - Triaxial loading KW - Volumetric design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501649 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764683 AU - Collop, A C AU - Cebon, D AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - A THEORETICAL MODEL OF LONG-TERM FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE PY - 1997 SP - p. 631-646 AB - A new 'whole-life' pavement performance model (WLPPM) has been developed that is capable of making deterministic pavement damage predictions due to realistic traffic and environmental loading. The WLPPM is divided into three main areas: (i) dynamic vehicle simulation, (ii) pavement primary response (stresses, strains, etc.) model, and (iii) material damage (surface rutting and fatigue cracking) model. The WLPPM is used to investigate the relationships between 'hot spots' (due to peak dynamic tyre forces) and 'weak spots' (due to initial pavement stiffness variations) and long-term flexible pavement damage. The effects of spatially repeatable patterns of loading on long-term flexible pavement performance are also investigated. A method is described for simulating vehicle fleets with varying degrees of 'spatial repeatability' of dynamic tyre forces using a small number of dynamic tyre force histories. Results indicate that thinner pavements are most sensitive to the level of spatial repeatability exhibited by the vehicle fleet. Pavement damage predictions made without assuming an appropriate level of spatial repeatability can be in error by 20-150%, the higher values being for thinner pavements that fail by fatigue damage. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Flexible pavements KW - Long term KW - Mathematical models KW - Pavement damage KW - Pavement performance KW - Spatial repeatability KW - Stiffness KW - Thickness KW - Tire forces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501654 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764685 AU - Kenis, W AU - Wang, W AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - CALIBRATING MECHANISTIC FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT RUTTING MODELS FROM FULL SCALE ACCELERATED TESTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 663-672 AB - This paper summarizes research conducted at the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to validate and calibrate two different flexible pavement mechanistic permanent deformation models. The research uses internal calibration method and demonstrates applications of the method using rutting performance data generated from selected full scale accelerated pavement tests. Since 1970, the FHWA has sponsored research both nationally and internationally on a wide variety of topics dealing with flexible pavement performance modeling. Some of these efforts led to the development of the VESYS mechanistic flexible pavement analysis system. This system is capable of performing pavement primary response analysis and performance prediction. A recent version, VESYS 5, includes two flexible pavement rutting models, "system rutting" and "layer rutting" models, along with other pavement performance models to predict pavement performance for different pavement materials under daily traffic loading and under different climatic seasons. Also under the FHWA sponsored programs, several full-scale pavement testing programs have been developed to better understand and quantify pavement performance under controlled traffic loads. Among those full-scale testing programs, a permanent, outdoor Accelerated Loading Facility (ALF) was constructed at FHWA and has been in operation since 1986. The ALF tests are conducted under controlled conditions, therefore, it provides a valuable source of data for validating, calibrating and improving currently used flexible pavement performance models. In this study, selected sets of field performance data from FHWA's ALF testing program were used to validate and calibrate the two flexible pavement rutting models used in VESYS 5. A procedure for mechanistic model calibrations using of full-scale test data was established. It was further shown that the calibrated rutting model can be used to predict the rutting performance of other flexible pavements. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Accelerated loading facilities KW - Accelerated tests KW - Calibration KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanistic design KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance tests KW - Rutting KW - Traffic loads KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501656 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764687 AU - HOPMAN, P C AU - Nilsson, R N AU - Pronk, A C AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - THEORY, VALIDATION AND APPLICATION OF THE VISCO-ELASTIC MULTILAYER PROGRAM VEROAD PY - 1997 SP - p. 693-705 AB - VEROAD is a linear visco-elastic multilayer program. The acronym VEROAD stands for Visco-Elastic ROad Analysis Delft. The program takes fully into account both the visco-elasticity of the asphalt material and the movement of the wheel. Thus the actual time dependent displacements, stresses and strains and the permanent deformation are obtained, fully three-dimensionally. From these quantities others can be derived: the dissipated energy due to the passage of a wheel, the effect of lateral wandering on permanent deformation, the principal stresses, the rotation of the principal stresses, etc. The underlying theory is briefly described. The program has been validated by comparing the longitudinal and transverse strains measured in full scale tests with those calculated by using VEROAD. The agreement can be called excellent. The field of application is obvious. It ranges from analyzing full scale test results to pavement design, from mix design to analysis of the damaging effects of different wheel configurations. In the article also attention is paid to the experimental determination of the material parameters to be used in VEROAD. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Computer programs KW - Deformation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Stresses KW - Validation KW - Viscoelasticity KW - Wheel configurations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501658 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764674 AU - Huhtala, M AU - PIHLAJAMAKI, J AU - HALONEN, P AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - PAVEMENT RESPONSE DUE TO DYNAMIC AXLE LOADS PY - 1997 SP - p. 471-485 AB - This paper describes the results of primary response measurements carried out to study the effects of dynamic loadings of vehicles on pavements. The measurements were made at the Virttaa test site in Finland as part of the OECD/DIVINE project. Two instrumented pavements and two artificial bumps were used to excite body bounce and axle hop. Instrumented vehicles were from Canada, the United Kingdom and Finland. The strains at the bottom of the bituminous courses were in almost direct proportion to the dynamic wheel loads on thick bituminous pavement. They were similar if there were air or steel suspensions or if the dynamic load was caused by body bounce or axle hop. On thin bituminous pavement the size of the changing tire imprint plays an important role and dynamic wheel loads have only a slight effect on the strains. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Axle loads KW - Dynamic loads KW - Finland KW - Flexible pavements KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Suspension systems KW - Thickness KW - Wheel loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501645 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764679 AU - Button, J W AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - EFFECT OF SURFACE SEALS ON AGING OF UNDERLYING ASPHALT CONCRETE PY - 1997 SP - p. 557-570 AB - Asphalt surface seals are defined herein as slurry seals, micro-surfacings, and chip seals (seal coats). The objective of this study is to estimate, by laboratory testing, the relative aging abatement effects of surface seals on the upper 13 mm of an asphalt pavement. A surface seal can retard oxdative hardening of an underlying asphalt concrete layer by 0 to 2 years, depending on the situation. However, most of the oxidative aging in the upper stratum of an asphalt concrete pavement occurs during the first 4 years after construction. Therefore, in order for a surface seal to significantly delay oxidative hardening of the underlying pavement, it must be placed during the first two years (approximately) of the pavement's life. Ultraviolet (actinic) light penetrates asphalt cement only a few microns and, therfore, does not contribute materially to hardening of the uppermost 13 mm of an asphalt concrete pavement. For practical purposes, these three surface seals will protect the top 13 mm of an underlying pavement from oxidation as if they were impermeable to air and water. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Aging (Materials) KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Microsurfacing KW - Oxidation KW - Oxidative hardening KW - Prevention KW - Seal coats KW - Slurry seals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501650 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764681 AU - POTTER, J F AU - MERCER, J AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - FULL-SCALE PERFORMANCE TRIALS AND ACCELERATED TESTING OF HOT-MIX RECYCLING IN THE UK PY - 1997 SP - p. 593-607 AB - This paper reviews the research carried out on the hot-mix recycling of bituminous materials over more than a decade in the UK. Results from trials on public roads and full-scale accelerated load testing of recycled roadbase in the TRL Pavement Test Facility are summarised and discussed. Hot rolled asphalt wearing course has been recycled in-situ using the Remix method with up to 80% of the original surfacing material in the mix. In off-site mixing plants, recycled bituminous roadbase has been produced with up to 60% of reclaimed material in the mix. Their performance in the road has been assessed by measuring longitudinal profile, transient deflection, depth of rutting, surface texture and resistance to skidding. Performance-related laboratory tests have also been carried out. In general, the trials indicate that the performance of recycled materials is as good as that of equivalent conventional materials. The results of the research have been implemented in the UK specifications. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Accelerated tests KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Deflection KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement profile KW - Performance tests KW - Recycling KW - Rut depth KW - Skid resistance KW - Specifications KW - Texture KW - United Kingdom KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501652 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764676 AU - Brown, E R AU - Haddock, J E AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - CHARACTERIZATION OF STONE MATRIX ASPHALT MORTARS PY - 1997 SP - p. 509-524 AB - Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) has been used for over 20 years in parts of Europe and Scandinavia. Recently, it has gained more recognition in the United States. The mixture has been successful due in part to its durability. This durability is provided by a mortar that consists of asphalt binder, fine aggregate, mineral filler, and a stabilizing additive. This paper details research aimed at applying the Superpave binder test methods and specifications to SMA mortars. It was found that the use of the Dynamic Shear and Bending Beam Rheometers does seem to be viable with mortars. Data obtained with the Dynamic Shear and Bending Beam Rheometers suggests that specifications for SMA mortars can be established if the current Superpave binder specifications related to these two pieces of equipment are multiplied by a factor of 5. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt KW - Durability KW - Fine aggregates KW - Mineral fillers KW - Research KW - Rheometers KW - Specifications KW - Stabilizers KW - Stone matrix asphalt KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501647 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764677 AU - Scherocman, J A AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - THE CONSTRUCTION AND PERFORMANCE OF STONE MASTIC ASPHALT PAVEMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES PY - 1997 SP - p. 525-534 AB - Stone mastic asphalt (SMA) pavements were first built in the United States in 1991 using technology obtained from Europe. It was determined, however, that significant differences exist in the aggregate properties and mix design methods used. In addition, differences in the plant production methods and in the laydown and compaction procedures are present. This resulted in a number of problems in constructing the SMA pavements. These are discussed in this paper. To date, after up to six years of service under traffic, the performance of the SMA pavements has been excellent. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Asphalt plants KW - Compaction KW - Construction KW - Mix design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Paving KW - Production methods KW - Stone matrix asphalt KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501648 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764673 AU - Chan, FWK AU - ARMITAGE, R J AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - EVALUATION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN THE MIDDLE EAST PY - 1997 SP - p. 459-469 AB - The paper presents data from a number of sites in the Middle East where detailed pavement evaluations have been performed, generally utilising the falling weight deflectometer (FWD), dynamic cone penetrometer (DCP), coring/pitting and, sometimes, high-speed ground radar to determine pavement layer thickness and condition. These data have enabled both empirical and mechanistic design methodologies to be used and compared. Emphasis is made to one particular project in Qatar, where over 3000 FWD test points were analysed and relationships between deflection levels, stiffnesses, predicted lives and Modified Structural Number were developed. Data from the detailed assessment of a heavily trafficked pavement in the United Arab Emirates (U.A.E.) are also given to illustrate the importance of material characterisation when developing maintenance measures. The results from the FWD were used in conjunction with performance related laboratory test results, predominantly using the Nottingham Asphalt Tester (NAT). The NAT enables stiffness deformation resistance and fatigue cracking resistance properties of bituminous materials to be determined. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Case studies KW - Condition surveys KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Cracking KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Empirical design KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Laboratory tests KW - Materials KW - Mechanistic design KW - Middle East KW - Pavement layers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Qatar KW - Radar KW - Service life KW - Stiffness KW - Structural number (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - United Arab Emirates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501644 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764680 AU - Morian, D AU - Gibson, S AU - Epps, J AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - STUDY OF MAINTENANCE TREATMENTS FOR ASPHALT PAVEMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 571-590 AB - During the conduct of the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) on highway operations, flexible and rigid pavement preventive maintenance treatments were placed on pavements in the United States and Canada. The placement and performance monitoring of these Specific Pavement Studies (SPS-3 and SPS-4) have been conducted under the SHRP and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) Program. Field performance reviews of the preventive maintenance treatments have also been conducted by Expert Task Groups (ETG) organized by the Pavement Division of the FHWA. This report summarizes the results of the ETG performance surveys conducted after 5 years of service and the results of the preliminary analysis of LTPP database data for the SPS-3 experiment. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Chip seals KW - Field tests KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Preventive maintenance KW - Seal coats KW - Slurry seals KW - Strategic Highway Research Program UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501651 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764666 AU - Button, J W AU - Fernando, E G AU - Crockford, W W AU - Coree, B AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF LARGE STONE ASPHALT MIXTURES PY - 1997 SP - p. 335-346 AB - A mixture design procedure was developed for large stone mixtures with maximum aggregate sizes of 25 mm to 63 mm. The design procedure makes use of existing contractor stockpile gradations with the intent of maximizing the load carrying role of the stockpile containing the largest aggregate. Evaluative laboratory test procedures were developed and tested. A full scale test pavement demonstrated the effectiveness of the procedure. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Laboratory tests KW - Large stone asphalt mixtures KW - Mix design KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501637 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764659 AU - Chadbourn, B A AU - Newcomb, D E AU - Timm, D H AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - MEASURED AND THEORETICAL COMPARISONS OF TRAFFIC LOADS AND PAVEMENT RESPONSE DISTRIBUTIONS PY - 1997 SP - p. 229-238 AB - The correlations between traffic load distributions and tensile strains in flexible pavements are discussed in this paper, and these relationships are compared against theoretical strains computed from layered elastic theory. Six flexible pavement test sections at the Minnesota Road Research Project (Mn/ROAD) were selected for the analysis presented in this paper. Wheel-weight data from the weigh-in-motion station at the Mn/ROAD site were taken for a number of time periods during 1995. Weight data distributions were then matched to temperature-corrected transverse strains measured at the bottom of the asphalt concrete in the test sections. Finally, a layered elastic analysis was performed, the results of which were compared to actual measurements under traffic. It was found that the measured strains and the strains computed from the analytical model matched well when the loads were modeled as dual wheels with constant tire pressure and a varying load magnitude. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Calculation KW - Correlation analysis KW - Flexible pavements KW - Layered elastic theory KW - Load transfer KW - Mathematical models KW - Strain measurement KW - Tension KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501630 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764662 AU - KHALID, H A AU - ETA, K E AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - DESIGN AND FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF EMULSIFIED BITUMEN MACADAMS FOR HIGHWAY REINSTATEMENT PY - 1997 SP - p. 269-282 AB - A mix design method has been developed for Emulsified Bitumen Macadam materials (EBMs) used in trench reinstatement operations as wearing and base course layers in flexible pavement constructions. The method considers the effect of mixing, compaction, curing, strength development and moisture sensitivity. The influence of polymer-modified emulsions on the stiffness and permanent deformation characteristics of the EBMs has been investigated. EVA and SBS copolymers have been incorporated into a conventional 100 pen emulsion at various levels in the investigation, and the resulting EBM properties were compared to the specifications advocated by the Highway Authorities and Utilities Committee (HAUC) to arrive at suitable mixes that are capable of performing adequately in service. The conventional and selected modified EBMs were then used in a laboratory study to evaluate their fatigue behaviour, together with an equivalent hot-applied mix containing 200 penetration grade bitumen. Controlled stress three-point bending fatigue tests were conducted to arrive at strain/fatigue life relationships for the hot and cold-lay mixes. Linear elastic theory was then applied to evaluate the response of the materials to traffic loading in a typical flexible pavement model using BISAR-PC Program developed by Shell. The calculated strains were used to determine the life of the pavements with candidate mixes from the developed fatigue relationships. Structural equivalency factors for the cold-lay materials in conjunction with the hot-applied mixes were computed from the resulting fatigue lives. The fatigue analysis revealed that certain modified EBMs have the potential to perform equally to, or even better than, the equivalent hot-applied material. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Computer programs KW - Copolymers KW - Deformation KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Fatigue tests KW - Highway reinstatement KW - Laboratory tests KW - Linear elastic theory KW - Mix design KW - Service life KW - Stiffness KW - Traffic loads KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501633 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764672 AU - NESICHI, S AU - Choustere, I AU - Divinsly, Michael AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - INTRODUCING QUALITY SYSTEM TO ASPHALT MIXING PLANTS - THE ISRAELI EXPERIENCE PY - 1997 SP - p. 439-455 AB - Significant increase in the national asphalt hot mix production required development of the quality system in asphalt mixing plants. The paper describes the quality system in detail and presents original statistical elaboration with respect to the problem under study. A major component of the quality system is a Quality Mark (QM) characteristic which is a statistical estimation for the quality of the produced asphalt mixture. Analysis of the actual data evidences that optimal quality characteristic can be derived with provision for the individual quality estimations for the diagnostic parameters such as bulk density, bitumen content, filler content, etc. The prediction model for the QM characteristic is presented and its advantage and sensitivity are demonstrated. The results of the analysis allow to distinguish the quality level of the plant production processes on the basis of the QM characteristic as well as prepare its quantitative estimation. The approach shows essential efficiency, and can be recommended in practical applications of quality estimations for asphalt mixing plant production. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bulk density KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Israel KW - Mixing plants KW - Production KW - Quality control KW - Statistical analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501643 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764668 AU - Kandhal, P S AU - Mallick, R B AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - LONGITUDINAL JOINT CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR ASPHALT PAVEMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 363-379 AB - Thirty hot mix asphalt (HMA) test sections were constructed in Michigan (1992), Wisconsin (1992), Colorado (1994), and Pennsylvania (1995) to evaluate the effectiveness of twelve different longitudinal joint construction techniques. The performance of these test sections was evaluated in 1996 after one to four years in service. The joints with high densities generally show better performance than those with relatively low densities. The Michigan joint technique (12.5 mm vertical offset and 12:1 taper) appears to have the best potential of obtaining a satisfactory longitudinal joint. The cutting wheel and the edge restraining device techniques have good potential but are too much operator dependent to obtain consistent results. Among the three different joint rolling techniques used in all four projects, rolling the joint from hot side generally gave the best performance followed by rolling from hot side 152 mm away from the joint. Paver manufacturers should consider modifying the paver design to obtain a Michigan type, high density unconfined wedge in the lane paved first. Highway agencies should specify minimum compaction levels to be achieved at the longitudinal joint. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Compaction KW - Density KW - Design KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Joint construction KW - Longitudinal joints KW - Pavers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501639 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764670 AU - Noureldin, A S AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - QUANTIFYING THE IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS ON ASPHALT PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE LIFE PY - 1997 SP - p. 399-420 AB - Asphalt content, aggregate characteristics, pavement layers thicknesses and their degree of compaction, and initial pavement smoothness are key quality control aspects in asphalt pavement construction. These measurable items are routinely checked during the construction process. The overall pavement performance life may be significantly affected when the specified values of those items are not achieved in situ. Quantification of their impact on pavement performance is essential for quality roadway construction, and rational pay adjustment factors. This paper presents an approach to estimate the expected loss (or gain) in pavement performance life resulting from any in situ deviation in the above performance related characteristics from the specified values. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Adjustment factors KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Compaction KW - Construction KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Pay KW - Quality control KW - Service life KW - Smoothness KW - Specifications KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501641 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764660 AU - Blab, R AU - MOLZER, C AU - LITZKA, J AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - MODIFICATION OF THE AUSTRIAN GUIDELINE FOR STANDARDIZED ASPHALT PAVEMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 239-246 AB - The Austrian guideline regulating pavement design is currently being revised in the light of increasing heavy vehicle traffic and changes in the technical equipment of heavy freight vehicles. To calculate the expected traffic load for the design period, the modification will no longer employ the well known Fourth Power Law. Instead the damaging impact on the pavement structure (with fatigue as the criterion) is determined in a direct approach from the fatigue effects due to the passage of different axle loads and axle configurations. A comprehensive sensitive analysis examines the key components of fatigue caused by single and twin tyres and different axle configurations on asphalt pavements by taking into account their lateral distribution in the cross section of a road lane. Detailed data for lateral distributions of loads evaluated due to field measurements and comprehensive information on the distribution of axle loads and heavy vehicle types found in Austria's federal road network provide the basis for computation of mean equivalency factors for different vehicle types and characteristic collectives of heavy freight vehicles. These are used to determine the relevant design load for routine design purposes and will be incorporated in the modified Austrian design guideline for asphalt pavements. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Austria KW - Axle configurations KW - Axle loads KW - Design load KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Guidelines KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Lateral placement KW - Modifications KW - Pavement design KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501631 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764661 AU - Roque, R AU - Huang, S-C AU - Ruth, B E AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - MAXIMIZING SHEAR RESISTANCE OF ASPHALT MIXTURES BY PROPER SELECTION OF AGGREGATE GRADATION PY - 1997 SP - p. 249-268 AB - A better understanding of the influence of aggregate gradation on the shear resistance and volumetric properties of asphalt mixtures is needed to maximize the shear and rutting resistance in asphalt mixtures. Eighteen mixtures were prepared with different coarse aggregate (>2.0 mm) gradations ranging from Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA) to those corresponding to the maximum density line. The Gyratory Shear (G sub S) measurements indicated the gradation of the coarse aggregate fraction (>2.0 mm) was related to the shear resistance of the mixtures. Coarseness, shape, and position of the gradation curve relative to the maximum density line affected the shear resistance. Mixtures including both coarse and fine aggregate fractions verified the test results obtained from the coarse aggregate only mixtures. It was evident that coarse aggregate gradations controlled the shear resistance of the mixtures even though fine aggregate dilated the coarse aggregate structure. Crumb rubber modified (CRM) asphalt binders were gneerally found to have little effect on the air void content and shear resistance (G sub S) of coarse-graded (e.g., SMA) mixtures. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Air void content KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Crumb rubber KW - Shear strength KW - Stone matrix asphalt UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501632 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764664 AU - Harvey, J T AU - Deacon, J A AU - Taybali, A A AU - Leahy, R B AU - Monismith, C L AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - A RELIABILITY-BASED MIX DESIGN AND ANALYSIS SYSTEM FOR MITIGATING FATIGUE DISTRESS PY - 1997 SP - p. 301-323 AB - A reliability-based mix design and analysis system has been developed for mitigating fatigue distress in asphalt pavements. Design decisions consider not only fundamental mix properties but also the level of design traffic, the temperature environment at the site, the pavement structural section, laboratory testing and construction variabilities, and the acceptable level of risk. This paper describes the mix design and analysis system, discusses its calibration, illustrates its use, and assesses the consistency of current California design practice vis-a-vis the control of fatigue distress. It reveals possible inconsistencies in current California design practice, discusses effects of construction variability, highlights advantages of rich-bottom pavement structures, and illustrates the integration of mix and structural components into a reliability-based mix design process. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt KW - California KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Mitigation KW - Mix design KW - Pavement distress KW - Reliability (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501635 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764671 AU - Scherocman, J A AU - DECKER, D S AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - FIELD MANAGEMENT OF HOT MIX ASPHALT MIXTURES PY - 1997 SP - p. 421-438 AB - The purpose of this report is to discuss the factors that contribute to the differences that occur in the properties of a Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) mix designed in the laboratory and the properties of the "same" mix produced in an asphalt batch or drum mix facility. Emphasis is placed on the causes for the differences in the mix volumetric characteristics between the lab and the field with the understanding that laboratory mix design is only a starting point which must be verified through the HMA plant production. Major areas considered are: aggregate, asphalt binder, plant production process, hot mix storage, and hauling of the mix. This publication provides a ranking system to prioritize the importance of each factor in contributing to the differences which may exist. Therefore, this document is intended to serve as a reference to assist HMA producers in understanding variables affecting volumetric properties. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt plants KW - Binders KW - Construction management KW - Hauling KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratories KW - Mixing plants KW - Production methods KW - Storage facilities KW - Volumetric analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501642 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764667 AU - Hachiya, Y AU - Sato, K AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - EFFECT OF TACK COAT ON BINDING CHARACTERISTICS AT INTERFACE BETWEEN ASPHALT CONCRETE LAYERS PY - 1997 SP - p. 349-362 AB - The effect of a tack coat on the bond between asphalt concrete layers was investigated. First, the stresses at the interface caused by aircraft loads were calculated. Second, the effect of using a tack coat was evaluated by examining samples taken from in-service airport pavements. Third, laboratory tests were conducted to investigate how bonding characteristics were influenced by dirt adhering to the existing surfaces. Finally, measures to ensure sufficient bonding were developed. The following conclusions were obtained. The interval between the construction of the wearing and binder courses influences the bond strength: the strength decreases as the interval increases because dirt accumulates on the binder course. Adhesion between the courses can be improved by applying a tack coat. The curing time of the tack coat, however, also influences the strength, and the strength after one hour of curing is much less than that after 24 hours of curing. However, satisfactory strength can be obtained by using a newly developed tack coat. In addition, the structural integrity of the surface course can be ensured by introducing a thick lift construction procedure. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Airports KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Binder course KW - Bond strength (Materials) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement layers KW - Stresses KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Tack coats KW - Thick lift construction KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501638 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764669 AU - Dunn, K D AU - Gray, J A AU - Hicks, R G AU - Gower, J AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE-RELATED SPECIFICATIONS FOR POROUS PAVEMENTS IN OREGON PY - 1997 SP - p. 381-398 AB - The State of Oregon has employed the use of porous asphalt concrete surfaces (E- and F-mixes) since the 1970s. The use of porous mixes has increased substantially in the past five years. Previously, no work had been done to evaluate whether the quality control/quality assurance (QC/QA) procedures used for dense-graded mixes were appropriate for open-graded mixes. This study consisted of a literature review, expert survey, and field survey of selected projects to determine the relative importance of the constituents (e.g., asphalt content, gradation, voids, moisture content) on the long-term performance of the pavement. The overall objective achieved by this study was the development of a basis for an improved QC/QA specification for porous pavements in Oregon. Specific objectives include: 1) evaluation of experiences of others to control quality of open-graded mixes, 2) conducted a field survey of selected projects in Oregon to determine what factors most affect pavement performance, 3) recommended modifications to existing specifications which would include pay adjustments, and 4) developed a plan for implementing the resulting recommendations. This study found that the factors to be controlled during the production of porous pavements include asphalt content, gradation, and moisture content. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Air voids KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Asphalt content KW - Field studies KW - Moisture content KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Oregon KW - Pavement performance KW - Pay adjustments KW - Performance based specifications KW - Porous pavements KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501640 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764663 AU - Francken, L AU - Eustacchio, E AU - ISACSSON, U AU - Partl, Manfred N AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - RECENT ACTIVITIES OF RILEM TC 152-PBM "PERFORMANCE OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS" PY - 1997 SP - p. 283-299 AB - A general overview on recent activities of the Technical Committee "Performance of Bituminous Materials" TC 152-PBM of the International Union of Testing and Research Laboratories of Materials and Structures (RILEM) is given, including a state of the art study on testing and appraisal of polymer modified road bitumens. All activities are within the framework of performance related mixture design and part of a basic general testing methodology. Results of three large interlaboratory tests on binder rheology and both design and repeated mechanical loading of mixtures are presented, showing general agreements and suggesting advanced methods to be implemented in the near future. The tests provided new information in addition to already known principles in the field of bitumen and bituminous materials testing methods. This opens the way for further developments to obtain better performance related standards and more durable roads. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Bituminous materials KW - Design load KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Performance based specifications KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Repeated loads KW - Rheology KW - State of the art studies KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501634 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764665 AU - SERFASS, J-P AU - Bense, P AU - Pellevoisin, P AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - PROPERTIES AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS OF HIGH MODULUS ASPHALT CONCRETE PY - 1997 SP - p. 325-333 AB - The use of High Modulus Asphalt Concrete (HMAC) for base and subbase has steadily increased for the last fifteen years. Several technologies are suitable: selection of very hard bitumen, addition of asphaltite, addition of polyolefins. Rich or lean mixes can be designed. Richer mixes are easier to compact and less sensitive to water. The resistance to rutting and the stiffness moduli are similar, irrespective of the richness. The long term in-place behaviour can be rated as satisfactory. A new type of HMAC has been designed to obtain high fatigue resistance. It contains a high amount of binder, which is a composite of very hard bitumen and polyolefin. The first trial sections are being monitored. HMAC for binder and wearing courses began to be used recently. They are designed to reach not only high stiffness and excellent rutting resistance, but also sufficient surface macrotexture. The observation of the first sections laid shows no rutting under extremely heavy traffic and an overall satisfactory performance to date. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Binder content KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Macrotexture KW - Modulus KW - Rutting KW - Stiffness KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501636 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764654 AU - Pidwerbesky, B D AU - Steven, B D AU - de Pont, J AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - DYNAMIC LOADING EFFECTS ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE PY - 1997 SP - p. 117-128 AB - Research was conducted at the Canterbury Accelerated Pavement Testing Indoor Facility investigating the influence of dynamic axle loads on pavement response and deterioration. Measurements from an earlier pavement showed that the SLAVE units subject the pavement to realistic dynamic loading. Two tests have been undertaken, comparing the effect of steel multi-leaf, twin parabolic spring and air suspensions on pavement deterioration. The second test was part of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Dynamic Interaction between Vehicles and Infrastructure Experiment (OECD DIVINE project). The results to date show a good correlation between the dynamic wheel forces and pavement distress. The modes and level of pavement distress are dependent on the particular suspension characteristics. Analysis ranks the suspensions from worst to best as steel, parabolic and air. The results have provided the first measured evidence of a direct link between peak dynamic loads and pavement damage reported thus far. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Axle loads KW - Deterioration KW - Dynamic loads KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement damage KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement performance KW - Suspension systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501625 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764656 AU - Dai, S T AU - Van Deusen, D AU - Beer, M AU - Rettner, D AU - Cochran, G AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - INVESTIGATION OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT RESPONSE TO TRUCK SPEED AND FWD LOAD THROUGH INSTRUMENTED PAVEMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 141-160 AB - Falling weight deflectometer (FWD) and truck tests have been conducted on the Minnesota Road Research project (Mn/ROAD) in an effort to (1) study truck speed effects on flexible pavements, (2) compare pavement response under FWD and truck loads; and (3) investigate the effects of wheel path offset on the pavement response. Three flexible pavement sections were used for this study. The truck tests were performed at various speeds ranging from 10 to 103 km/h. The results showed that on a smooth pavement (IRI=0.97 m/km) strains in the bottom of the pavement continuously reduced with the truck speed. While on a relatively (relative to the smooth pavement) rough pavement (IRI=1.74 m/km), strains in the bottom of the pavement decreased as the speed of the truck increased to a speed about 65 km/h, but the strains increased when the speed was further increased from 65 km/h to 103 km/h. The effects of the pavement surface roughness were also investigated and the influence of truck suspension type was discussed. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Flexible pavements KW - International Roughness Index KW - Load tests KW - Roughness KW - Speed KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Suspension systems KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501627 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764650 AU - He, Zonglian AU - Kennepohl, G AU - Cai, Y AU - Haas, R AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - DEVELOPMENT OF PERFORMANCE MODELS FOR ONTARIO'S NEW MECHANISTIC-EMPIRICAL PAVEMENT DESIGN METHOD PY - 1997 SP - p. 61-77 AB - Ontario's OPAC design method, developed in the early 1970s, was mechanistic-empirically based. A key feature was the performance modeling approach which separated traffic and environment associated deterioration. A new, comprehensive "OPAC 2000" has been developed as the successor to the original OPAC. This new pavement design method is also mechanistic-empirically based, with separate load-associated and environment associated performance models. However, the updated models have been calibrated from an extensive, long-term performance data base (incorporating age vs PCI, layer thicknesses, ESALs, etc.). Moreover, they have been regionally adjusted using a clustering technique. As well, reliability analysis has been included based on the second moment approximation method to obtain variance estimates for the parameters. Validation checks indicate very reasonable results. While the framework of OPAC 2000 will be summarized in terms of the major modules and subsystems, including a comprehensive economic analysis module, the paper concentrates on the performance modeling effort and results. It is suggested that even though the calibration has been carried out with the Ontario data base, the approach is generic in that the model form is transferable and could be calibrated to other regions. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Calibration KW - Design methods KW - Environmental impacts KW - Mathematical models KW - Mechanistic design KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Traffic loads KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501621 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764652 AU - Corley-Lay, J B AU - Qian, Y AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - PROGRESS AND PITFALLS FOR A DOT-DEVELOPED MECHANISTIC DESIGN PROCEDURE PY - 1997 SP - p. 93-103 AB - Last year, North Carolina Department of Transportation reported on efforts to develop a mechanistic-empirical design procedure (Corley-Lay 1996). That initial effort was based on falling weight deflectometer (FWD) testing and pavement condition evaluations at 24 test sections taken over a three year period. Since the initial effort, additional work has been done to improve the procedure and to test whether the method selected to estimate the pavement response under loading is giving reasonable results. This paper describes the comparison of strain calculations from the earlier effort with several other methods. In addition, work has been done on implementation of Miner's hypothesis to consider seasonal variations. Finally, some comments on the types and amounts of data required to develop a calibrated mechanistic-empirical pavement design procedure are provided to assist other agencies as they plan to implement mechanistic design. This result is particularly important in light of the current efforts by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials to produce a mechanistic empirical design procedure for implementation in 2002. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Design methods KW - Mechanistic design KW - North Carolina KW - Pavement design KW - Seasonal variations KW - Strain (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501623 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764645 AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ASPHALT PAVEMENTS, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, AUGUST 10-14, 1997. PROCEEDINGS - VOLUMES I, II, AND III PY - 1997 SP - 2014p AB - Previous conferences were held at five-year intervals under the title "Structural Design of Asphalt Pavements" (1962, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, and 1992). These conferences brought together research and practice in asphalt engineering. The present conference has encouraged papers in construction and design as well as the research contributions for which these conferences are best known. The contents of these proceedings, which provide the full record of this conference, are divided into sessions to reflect the three topics of design, construction and performance. Volumes I and II contain the 105 conference papers. Volume III contains details of the presentations and discussions that took place at the conference. The papers were contributed by authors from 20 countries and five continents. The 611 attendees came from 47 countries and 40 states in the United States. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Conferences KW - Construction KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501617 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764657 AU - Prozzi, J A AU - DE BEER, M AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - MECHANISTIC DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT DAMAGE FACTORS FOR MULTIPLE LOAD AND AXLE CONFIGURATIONS PY - 1997 SP - p. 161-178 AB - The increase of the maximum axle load limit in South Africa sparked renewed interest into methods of quantifying traffic load associated damage on pavements. Extensive research with the Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS) over the past 20 years has led to improved fundamental understanding of pavement performance and has permitted the development of Equivalent Damage Factors (EDFs) for single-axle loads. A major limitation of this approach is that it does not directly facilitate the calculation of EDFs for multiple axle configurations, i.e., tandem or tridem axles. This paper describes a method for extending the existing HVS-based method to the determination of EDFs for multiple axle configurations. This, in principle, facilitates the development of guidelines on permissible axle loads and tyre inflation pressures for different axle configurations. The method assesses the effects of: wheel load, contact stress, single and dual wheels, and single, tandem and tridem axle configurations. The method, therefore, enables determination of EDFs for the accurate estimation of equivalent traffic loading for design purposes and performance analysis enhancing life predictions and management decisions. Initial determinations indicated the advantage to road friendliness of grouping axles together into tandem or tridem configurations. Additionally, the use of dual-wheel instead of single-wheel axles could result in the axle load being increased by up to 30% without any increase in pavement damage. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Axle configurations KW - Axle loads KW - Dual wheel axles KW - Equivalent damage factors KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Pavement damage KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement management systems KW - South Africa KW - Tandem axle loads KW - Tire pressure KW - Traffic loads KW - Tridem axle loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501628 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764651 AU - Bayomy, F M AU - Al-Kandari, F AU - Nassar, Walid M AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - COMPUTER AIDED OVERLAY DESIGN SYSTEM FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 79-92 AB - This study presents a mechanistic-based overlay design system and its implementation in a computer program named "FLEXOLAY" for the state of Idaho. The concept adopted is based on analyzing the pavement distresses in terms of rutting and fatigue and determining an overlay thickness using strain-based fatigue and rutting models. The developed design procedures consider the past and the expected future traffic to calculate the required overlay thickness. Evaluation of existing pavements is performed by nondestructive testing using Falling Weight Deflectometer. Effect of seasonal variation is considered by employing seasonal adjustment factors for pavement layers moduli to account for each season. Seasonal factors for different climate regions in Idaho have been established and used in the environmental data base of the computer program. The program allows for entering other seasonal factors for other locations. The user has the flexibility to enter different shift factors based on local experience. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programs KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Idaho KW - Mechanistic design KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Rutting KW - Seasonal variations KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501622 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764653 AU - Menyu, Y AU - Qisen, Z AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - RESEARCH ON THE DESIGN METHOD OF ASPHALT PAVEMENT PY - 1997 SP - p. 105-114 AB - China has moved its national economy into a continuous upwards and stable development stage since it implemented economic reform and "open door to foreigners policy" in the mid-1980s. This has brought a good opportunity for boosting its road construction and improving highway transportation. Over the last 10 years, a large number of high-graded highways or freeways have been built within the country. As a result, a significant change has been made from backward traffic conditions to better highway transport facilities. In order to meet the standards of high-graded highways required by the Ministry of Communications of China, we organized a research group, consisting of many scientists and engineers from universities, highway research institutes and highway design agencies, to study the design method of asphalt pavement at semi-rigid base conditions. Based on the study, the previous version of the "Code of Flexible Pavement Design of Highway," JTJ014-86, was revised and is now renamed the "Code of Asphalt Pavement Design of Highway," JTJ014-97. The new code will come into effect on the first of October, 1997. The key points and major contents of the new code are described explicitly in this paper. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - China KW - Design methods KW - Design standards KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement design KW - Research UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501624 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764646 AU - Nunn, M AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - LONG-LIFE FLEXIBLE ROADS PY - 1997 SP - p. 3-16 AB - A longer design life for flexible pavements, which carry the heaviest volumes of traffic, will yield a lower whole life cost. This will require strategies for design that decrease the need for maintenance and thereby cause less disruption to the road user. This paper reviews the current philosophy and criteria for design and considers information on the performance of roads that has been collected since the last revision of UK design standards, in 1984. This has demonstrated that the deterioration of thick, well-constructed, fully-flexible pavements is not structural, and that deterioration generally occurs at the surface in the form of cracking and rutting. The evidence suggests that fatigue and structural deformation originating deep within the pavement structure are not the prevalent modes of deterioration. It also shows that changes that occur to the structural properties of the bituminous materials over the life of the road are crucial to the understanding of its behaviour. These changes can help to explain why conventional mechanisms of deterioration do not occur. They imply that a road built above a minimum strength will remain structurally serviceable for a considerable period, provided that non-structural deterioration in the form of cracks and deformation are detected and remedied before they have a serious impact on the structural integrity of the road. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Deterioration KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement design KW - Rutting KW - Service life UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501618 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764648 AU - Eckmann, B AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - NEW TOOLS FOR RATIONAL PAVEMENT DESIGN PY - 1997 SP - p. 25-42 AB - The paper presents two developments aimed at the supporting of rational pavement design. In the field of probabilistic design, the possibilities of the ROSENBLUETH approximation have been evaluated. This technique consists in replacing a continuous data distribution by an equivalent discrete distribution (2 or 3 data points), which leads to considerable gains in calculation times. The validity of this approach is shown to be related to the shape of the "transfer function" which relates the considered input parameter to the calculated pavement response (e.g., a stress). The potential of the method is illustrated by an example. The NOAH software is a very powerful computation tool by which the user can investigate the sensitivity of pavement performance (as related to calculated stresses and strains) to variations of any of the involved input parameters (structural, environmental, loading). It incorporates the ROSENBLUETH method and many other specific facilities such as a built-in "Formula Generator". This confers NOAH an extreme flexibility so that it can easily be used by pavement engineers working according to different design methods. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Approximation (Mathematics) KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Noah (Software) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement performance KW - Probabilistic design KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501620 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764658 AU - DE BEER, M AU - Fisher, C AU - Jooste, F J AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - DETERMINATION OF PNEUMATIC TYRE/PAVEMENT INTERFACE CONTACT STRESSES UNDER MOVING LOADS AND SOME EFFECTS ON PAVEMENTS WITH THIN ASPHALT SURFACING LAYERS PY - 1997 SP - p. 179-227 AB - This paper describes the quantification of three-dimensional tyre/pavement contact stresses for vehicle tyres. The Vehicle-Road Surface Pressure Transducer Array (VRSPTA) system was developed to measure contact stresses under moving loads, i.e., Stress-In-Motion (SIM). Prediction equations for quantification of these stresses, based on tyre inflation pressure and loads for seven different tyre types, are given. Tyre inflation pressure predominantly controls the vertical contact stresses on the pavement at the tyre centre, whereas the tyre load controls those at the tyre edges. Analysis indicated that during instantaneous overloading/under-inflated conditions the maximum strain energy of distortion (SED) in the asphalt surfacing occurs close to the tyre edges, while under instantaneous uniform vertical stress conditions the SED is within the asphalt surfacing at the tyre centre. In addition to improved load/contact stress idealization for modelling, this finding may have important implications for the design of relatively thin asphalt surfacing layers for pavements. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Contact stresses KW - Pavement design KW - Rolling contact KW - Strain energy of distortion KW - Surface course (Pavements) KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501629 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764647 AU - PARRY, A R AU - Phillips, S AU - POTTER, J F AU - NUNN, M E AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - UK DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE COMPOSITE PAVEMENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 17-24 AB - The UK pavement design guide has recently been updated to include new options for the construction of flexible composite pavements for heavy traffic. They are summarised in this paper. These new designs, along with those they supersede, are based upon the principal that the flexural strength of the cement-bound roadbase should be greater than the combined traffic and thermal warping stresses experienced during service. The thickness of the asphalt layers is required to limit these stresses and to reduce the severity of reflective cracking. A study of the construction and maintenance history of in-service flexible composite pavements, which have carried up to about 100 million standard axles, has revealed that the current designs are capable of carrying at least this traffic load. Ongoing studies which should lead to further improvements in the design of these pavements are identified and the results to date summarised. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Composite pavements KW - Flexible pavements KW - Flexural strength KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Reflection cracking KW - Stresses KW - Thermal stresses KW - Thickness KW - Traffic loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501619 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00764655 AU - Himeno, K AU - Kamijima, T AU - Ikeda, T AU - ABE, T AU - University of Washington, Seattle TI - DISTRIBUTION OF TIRE CONTACT PRESSURE OF VEHICLES AND ITS INFLUENCE ON PAVEMENT DISTRESS PY - 1997 SP - p. 129-139 AB - This study places an emphasis on precise measurement of distribution of tire contact pressures. Komatsu Corporation has developed a new device using piezoelectric ceramic sensors, which measure weight distribution within a contact area of a tire in motion. From the measured data at all the pixels, distribution of contact pressure and its average value can be obtained. The measurement was performed in summer in Tsukuba, Japan, varying tire type, traveling speed, air pressure, and wheel load. Based on the measured data, effect of the difference between the modeled uniform and the actual distributed pressures on the pavement distress, especially fatigue cracking, is discussed, employing the multilayered elasticity theory and energy dissipation theory for prediction of the initiation of cracking. U1 - Eighth International Conference on Asphalt PavementsFederal Highway AdministrationSeattle, Washington StartDate:19970810 EndDate:19970814 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration KW - Contact pressure KW - Energy dissipation theory KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Japan KW - Measurement KW - Multilayered elasticity theory KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Piezoelectric transducers KW - Pressure distribution KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/501626 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00764619 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE-RELATED SPECIFICATIONS (PRS): A COOPERATIVE EFFORT TO IMPROVE PAVEMENT QUALITY PY - 1997 SP - 12 p. AB - Performance-Related Specifications (PRS) are the latest step in the continuing quest to improve the quality of the Nation's roadways. The research that has been performed to develop PRS provides a solid foundation of data to address the following two issues: (1) how you measure quality and (2) how you reward quality work. This booklet defines PRS, discusses PRS models, presents a gradual approach for adopting PRS, and describes the two PRS implementation levels. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Implementation KW - Pay adjustments KW - Performance based specifications KW - Quality assurance KW - Road construction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/497645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760509 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY TRAFFIC NOISE IN THE UNITED STATES: PROBLEM AND RESPONSE PY - 1997 SP - 26 p. AB - This report provides information about the problem of highway traffic noise and the United States' response to that problem. The report summarizes 1) the general nature of the problem, 2) the response of the Federal Highway Administration to the problem, and 3) highway noise barriers constructed or planned. Before discussing these items, a general discussion of the Federal-aid highway program is presented. An appendix contains 23 CFR Part 772 - Procedures for Abatement of Highway Traffic Noise and Construction Noise. KW - Federal aid highways KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Traffic noise KW - United States KW - United States Code. Title 23 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496256 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760512 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - American Concrete Pavement Association TI - CONCRETE PAVEMENT REHABILITATION: GUIDE FOR LOAD TRANSFER RESTORATION PY - 1997 SP - 23 p. AB - Load transfer restoration (LTR) is a rehabilitation technique for increasing the load transfer capability of existing jointed portland cement concrete pavement by placement of dowel bars or other mechanical devices across joints and/or cracks that exhibit poor load transfer. The following aspects of load transfer restoration are presented in this document: Selection of candidate projects for LTR; Design and material considerations; Construction steps; Performance; and Costs. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer restoration KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement joints KW - Performance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496259 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760134 AU - Mellon, D E AU - California Department of Transportation TI - CALTRANS' PROPOSED TESTING OF THE SEISMIC RESPONSE MODIFICATION DEVICES FOR THE TOLL BRIDGE RETROFIT PROGRAM PY - 1997 SP - p. 713-722 AB - The testing apparatus and supporting facilities of the Seismic Response Modification Device Test System at Powell Laboratories on the University of California, San Diego campus and the associated test program developed by Caltrans, will allow for the full scale testing of the large isolation bearings and viscous dampers proposed for the California Toll Bridge Retrofit Program. The test system will make it possible to characterize the service and seismic performance of the full scale seismic response modification devices at real loads, displacements, and velocities, upon fabrication and after years of service. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Base isolation KW - Bridge bearings KW - Dampers (Vibration) KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic response modification devices KW - Test facilities KW - Testing equipment KW - Toll bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498476 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760136 AU - Sultan, M AU - Sheng, L-H AU - Steckel, G L AU - California Department of Transportation TI - EVALUATING ADVANCED COMPOSITES FOR APPLICATIONS IN TRANSPORTATION STRUCTURES - A PROGRAM OVERVIEW PY - 1997 SP - p. 735-744 AB - In December 1995, the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) formally initiated its program for the evaluation of advanced composite materials for seismic retrofit and rehabilitation of structures. The Caltrans program is a model public-private partnership with funding from Caltrans, the Federal Highway Administration, and private industry. A significant portion of the program is administered by the Society for the Advancement of Materials and Process Engineering in order to facilitate the cooperative process with the industry. Under the Caltrans program, long-term durability tests, as well as structural tests, were performed or are being performed on a dozen composite material systems. In addition, significant analysis, design, quality assurance and specification development effort was expended. The Aerospace Corporation was selected as the independent material testing facility. The structural testing is principally conducted at the University of California at Irvine. This paper presents an overview of composites uses and related research efforts by Caltrans; details of the Caltrans composites program and status update; 3,000 hour durability test results; and transportation infrastructure requirements designed to overcome barriers to innovation using advanced composites. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Composite materials KW - Durability tests KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Innovation KW - Materials tests KW - Public private partnerships KW - Quality assurance KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Retrofitting KW - Specifications KW - Structural tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498478 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760133 AU - Yen, W P AU - Cooper, J D AU - TERAYAMA, T AU - Otsuka, H AU - California Department of Transportation TI - COMPARISON OF U.S. AND JAPANESE HIGHWAY BRIDGE COLUMN SEISMIC DESIGN AND SHAKE-TABLE TEST OF SCALED MODELS PY - 1997 SP - p. 697-711 AB - This paper describes a cooperative research study of highway bridge columns that was undertaken by the Federal Highway Administration's Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center and Japan's Public Works Research Institute. Under this cooperative research project, a review of seismic design philosophy and criteria for bridges of both countries was conducted and a comparative design study for a representative bridge column was performed using the current bridge design specifications. Three one-sixth scale models were constructed and tested on a shake-table. The preliminary results of the shake-table test of these three scaled models are discussed. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Columns KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Highway bridges KW - Japan KW - Scale models KW - Shaking table tests KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498475 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760137 AU - Chang, G-S AU - Liu, W D AU - Nobari, F S AU - Kartoum, A AU - Chen, X AU - California Department of Transportation TI - DESIGN ISSUES OF SEISMIC ISOLATION OF MAJOR BRIDGES PY - 1997 SP - p. 745-756 AB - Seismic isolation concept has been used in both building and bridge design. For major bridge retrofit work most of the isolation devices were placed at the connections between the superstructure and piers. This paper presents a linearized simple analytical model for the isolation bearing design and case studies on the retrofit of two major life line bridges: the Benicia-Martinez Bridge; and the I-40 Mississippi River Bridge. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Base isolation KW - Benicia-Martinez Bridge KW - Case studies KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Highway bridges KW - I-40 Mississippi River Bridge (Tennessee) KW - Mathematical models KW - Retrofitting KW - Structural connection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498479 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760135 AU - Capron, M R AU - California Department of Transportation TI - AN APPROACH TO COMPETITIVE PROCUREMENT OF SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEMS PY - 1997 SP - p. 723-734 AB - This paper presents an approach to competitive procurement of seismic isolation systems that has been developed and used by the Missouri Department of Transportation and Sverdrup Civil, Incorporated. This approach allows consideration of both bearing replacement and supplementing existing bearings with other devices; specification of seismic performance based on structure capacity; owner purchase of seismic hardware and installation of seismic retrofits under separate contracts; baseline seismic retrofits to address specific seismically deficient details; multi-phase proposal process including evaluation of qualifications, project specific technical proposal, and price proposal; evaluation of installation, inspection, and maintenance costs; selection based on lowest total cost; verification of seismic performance based on testing of full scale production devices at full velocity and displacement; manufacturer's on-site representative during construction; and final certification and warranty of the seismic hardware. The approach presented in this paper has been approved under Federal Highway Administration Special Experimental Project procedures for innovative contracting, and discussion is provided for application of the approach to seismic retrofit of a viaduct involving 131 bearings, and a double deck bridge involving nearly 1000 bearings in St. Louis, Missouri. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Base isolation KW - Bridge bearings KW - Case studies KW - Certification KW - Contracts KW - Double deck bridges KW - Earthquake resistant structures KW - Innovation KW - Procurement KW - Retrofitting KW - Saint Louis (Missouri) KW - Viaducts KW - Warranty UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498477 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760132 AU - Sritharan, Sri AU - Priestley, MJN AU - Seible, F AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SEISMIC PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE MULTI-COLUMN BENTS PY - 1997 SP - p. 683-695 AB - As part of an ongoing investigation on seismic design of concrete bridges, two large-scale concrete multi-column bents were designed to state-of-the-art seismic design requirements and subjected to simulated earthquake loading at the University of California, San Diego. In detailing critical regions of the test units, in particular the cap beam/column connections, it was ensured that construction difficulties arising from reinforcement congestion would be eliminated. The design of the joints in the first test unit was simplified by using prestressing in the bent cap, which also facilitated introduction of precast construction for concrete multi-column bents. In the second test unit, joint reinforcement was minimized by utilizing efficient joint force transfer models. The competence of the joint reinforcement details, and hence the overall seismic performance of the bents, were examined by developing the maximum feasible shear demand in the joints. Design details and seismic performance of the multi-column test units are presented in this paper. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Beams KW - Bents KW - Columns KW - Concrete bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load tests KW - Performance tests KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Structural connection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498474 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760114 AU - Simek, J AU - Hipley, P AU - California Department of Transportation TI - DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR SEISMIC RETROFIT OF LONG SPAN BRIDGES PY - 1997 SP - p. 425-434 AB - The main reason for establishing design criteria in the early stages of earthquake upgrading of major structures is to provide all parties involved in the project development with a uniform policy and/or criteria. This is essential if the project is divided into several design and construction contracts where many companies participate. Lack of consistent design criteria might cause each design subconsultant to create its retrofit design in conformance with its office standards, rather than on uniform criteria for the whole project. Design criteria development should cover the whole spectrum of items needed for development of Project, Specifications and Estimate (PS&E) and for this reason it is a very complex task that cannot be described in depth in a short article. This paper discusses only a few issues deemed to be of critical importance. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Design standards KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Long span bridges KW - Retrofitting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498456 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760131 AU - DesRoches, R AU - Fenves, G L AU - California Department of Transportation TI - DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR INTERMEDIATE HINGE RESTRAINERS FOR MULTIPLE FRAME BRIDGES PY - 1997 SP - p. 667-681 AB - The dynamic response of multiple-frame bridges and viaducts subjected to earthquake ground motion is affected by opening and pounding of adjacent frames at intermediate hinges. The opening and closing of hinges and engagement of hinge restrainers produces discontinuities that change the load path and alter the response compared with a continuous structure. During an earthquake adjacent bridge frames vibrate out-of-phase due to their different dynamic characteristics. The out-of-phase motion leads to two problems. First, when the displacement between the frames exceeds the range of support provided by the hinge seat, the supported span can unseat. Collapses of bridges in recent earthquakes have occurred because of this phenomenon. Second, when the distance between the frames decreases (eventually reaching zero) the frames impact each other. The impact force can result in local damage and crushing of concrete. More importantly, the impact can increase the displacement demands in frames beyond what is commonly assumed in design. Pounding of frames can also affect subsequent hinge opening. The current design procedures for restrainers and hinge seats (AASHTO and Caltrans) do not adequately represent the actual behavior nor do the resulting designs necessarily provide the desired performance during an earthquake. The restrainer design procedure used by Caltrans implies that hinge openings will be limited to the yield displacement of the restrainer. Recent studies have shown that for many cases the restrainers will not meet this performance objective. Recognizing that recent restrainer and hinge performance may not be adequate, the paper presents a rational design procedure for restrainers for multiple-frame bridges that are appropriate for bridge retrofit and new construction. The results of a parameter study and case studies using nonlinear time history analyses show that the proposed restrainer design procedure is more effective than current procedures for determining the number of restrainers required to limit hinge displacement. The proposed procedure considers only the effects due to longitudinal bridge response. However, extensions to consider effects of transverse response and plan curvature are possible. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Displacements (Structural) KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Hinges KW - Multiple frame bridges KW - Out-of-phase vibrations KW - Restrainers KW - Retrofitting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498473 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760117 AU - Imbsen, R A AU - Davis, G V AU - Chang, G-S AU - Pecchia, D AU - Liu, W D AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SEISMIC RETROFIT OF I-40 MISSISSIPPI RIVER BRIDGES PY - 1997 SP - p. 457-469 AB - This paper describes the seismic retrofit effort for the I-40 bridges across the Mississippi River outside Memphis, Tennessee. This structure includes tied-arch spans, steel box-girder spans, and many other plate girder spans, and concrete girder spans. This crossing is determined as a lifeline bridge based on both regional and national transportation considerations. Issues to be discussed are primarily related to the five continuous steel box girder spans [2 @ 330 ft (101 m); 3 @ 400 ft (122 m)] and the tandem tied-arch spans [2 @ 900 ft (274 m)]. Based on an understanding of the seismic lateral load path, several structural tuning strategies were considered to achieve the ductile seismic resistance of the overall structural system. These options include: Superstructure Framing Inelastic Response; Isolation Bearings; Substructure Pier Response; and Foundation Rocking. Then, each strategy was evaluated for the retrofit cost and expected post-earthquake performance. Selected strategy was further evaluated to establish the cost and to verify the required seismic performance. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Box girders KW - Costs KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Highway bridges KW - I-40 Mississippi River Bridge (Tennessee) KW - Performance KW - Retrofitting KW - Steel KW - Tied arches UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498459 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760128 AU - Bruneau, M AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SEISMIC DESIGN, EVALUATION AND RETROFIT OF BRIDGES IN CANADA PY - 1997 SP - p. 619-633 AB - This paper provides a brief overview of the seismic provisions for the design, evaluation and retrofit of bridges in the soon to be published new Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code. Emphasis in this paper is placed on clauses that depart from the U.S. practice and on steel bridges, as the new Canadian code has introduced, for the first time, a comprehensive set of ductile detailing provisions for their design. The status of seismic evaluation and retrofit of bridges in Canada is reported. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridges KW - Canada KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Highway bridges KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic vulnerability KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498470 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760120 AU - Gergely, I AU - Pantelides, C P AU - Reaveley, L D AU - Nuismer, R J AU - California Department of Transportation TI - STRENGTHENING OF CAP BEAM JOINTS OF CONCRETE BRIDGE PIERS WITH CARBON FIBER COMPOSITE WRAPS PY - 1997 SP - p. 499-508 AB - A bridge bent at Highland Drive and Interstate 80 in Salt Lake City was retrofitted with carbon fiber composites in early September 1996. The rehabilitation of the bridge included column wrapping as well as wrapping of the pier cap beam-column joints with carbon fiber composites. The analysis and design performed for the study included flexural as well as shear calculations for the joints of the pier. In addition, confinement and shear calculations were performed for the columns. The paper also describes the correlation between the theoretically predicted behavior and testing results for the as-built and retrofitted condition. The theoretical predictions for the joints were used to predict the performance of the bridge bent with the carbon fiber composites. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bents KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Carbon fibers KW - Columns KW - Composite wraps KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Flexural strength KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Retrofitting KW - Salt Lake City (Utah) KW - Shear strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498462 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760122 AU - Hinman, J AU - Toan, V AU - Thoman, S AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SEISMIC RETROFIT OF 1958 CARQUINEZ BRIDGE PY - 1997 SP - p. 525-539 AB - The 3,350-ft (1011-m) long steel through truss bridge carrying the eastbound lanes of Interstate 80 across the western end of the Carquinez Strait, about 25 mi (40 km) north of San Francisco, opened to traffic in 1958. It was the first major highway bridge in the U.S. to use high-strength (T1) steel, the first to use welded built-up members, and the first to use high-strength bolted connections. These "firsts", combined with the size of the bridge and the traffic demands, presented a formidable challenge to the retrofit design team. A vulnerability assessment completed in February 1994 concluded that the bridge would require retrofit to meet present seismic resistance standards. This study served as a starting point for developing the strategy and design of the retrofit. This paper outlines the objectives of the retrofit, and the methods and criteria by which retrofit performance was evaluated. Key retrofit measures are described. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Carquinez Bridge KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic vulnerability KW - Steel KW - Truss bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498464 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760124 AU - Reno, M AU - Simmons, R AU - Duan, L AU - Akkari, M AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SEISMIC ASSESSMENT AND RETROFIT OF THE SAN FRANCISCO-OAKLAND BAY BRIDGE WEST CROSSING FOUNDATIONS PY - 1997 SP - p. 556-568 AB - This paper describes the analysis and design of the seismic retrofit of the foundations of the West Crossing of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge (SFOBB). Excluding the end anchorages, there are six major foundations supporting the West Crossing. Four of these foundations are hollow section caisson foundations, and the other two are cast-in-place solid concrete piers. Seismic analysis of the SFOBB suspension bridges has shown that the four caisson foundations are not vulnerable to extensive damage during the Safety Evaluation Earthquake and can be expected to remain serviceable following such an event. However, the two cast-in-place concrete piers will require retrofitting due to their lack of adequate reinforcement. Also, the concrete pedestals supporting the steel towers at the tops of the caissons are deficient in both moment and shear and require retrofitting. A description of the bridge foundations and a discussion of the analysis tools and techniques used to assess their seismic behavior is presented, as well as proposed retrofit measures. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge foundations KW - Bridge piers KW - Caissons KW - Concrete pedestals KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Retrofitting KW - San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge KW - Seismic vulnerability KW - Suspension bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498466 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760116 AU - Jones, M H AU - Holloway, L J AU - Toan, V AU - Hinman, J AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SEISMIC RETROFIT OF THE 1927 CARQUINEZ BRIDGE BY A DISPLACEMENT CAPACITY APPROACH PY - 1997 SP - p. 445-456 AB - A vulnerability assessment completed in February, 1994 as part of the California Department of Transportation's statewide seismic retrofit program concluded the Carquinez Bridges would require retrofit to meet current seismic resistance standards. These important structures carry Interstate 80 traffic over the Carquinez Strait and serve as the major transportation link between San Francisco and Sacramento. The full retrofit project involves retrofitting the two main spans crossing the Carquinez Strait as well as six approach structures located south of the main spans which constitute the Crockett Interchange. Original construction of these structures was completed in two phases. The first phase, completed in 1927, consists of the main spans currently carrying westbound traffic together with a viaduct approach located at the south end of these spans. All other structures were completed during 1958. This paper describes seismic retrofit of the 1927 main spans. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Carquinez Bridge KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Long span bridges KW - Retrofitting KW - Seismic vulnerability KW - Truss bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498458 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760118 AU - Tamura, K AU - Honda, R AU - Chiba, A AU - Yamamoto, K AU - California Department of Transportation TI - GROUND MOTION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KOBE EARTHQUAKE AND SEISMIC DESIGN FORCE FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGES PY - 1997 SP - p. 471-485 AB - Ground motions generated by the 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu Earthquake (hereinafter referred to as "Kobe Earthquake") caused serious damage to various structures including the highway bridges. Through the investigation of the damage, it was realized that highway bridges should be designed with the seismic design force that is as large as that of the ground motions of the Kobe Earthquake. It was also recognized that the seismic design of highway bridges should be conducted considering their real performance during earthquakes, that is inelastic behavior. Based on such recognition, "Specifications for Highway Bridges, Part V: Seismic Design" (hereinafter referred to as "Design Specifications") was revised in December 1996. In the first part of this paper, among the various modified points of the revised Design Specifications, modification of the seismic design force and basic idea of design method are briefly introduced, in which the change of the role of the input ground motions for dynamic analysis is also mentioned. Secondly, ground motion characteristics of the Kobe Earthquake and several past earthquakes are compared to study differences in their ground motion characteristics, including their effect on the inelastic behavior of structures. In the following part, acceleration response spectra of the input motions for seismic design, which the revised Design Specifications indicates, are briefly described. Examples of the input motion for dynamic analysis of highway bridges are also shown and their characteristics, including their effect on inelastic structures, are briefly discussed. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Bridge damages KW - Design standards KW - Dynamic structural analysis KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Highway bridges KW - Inelastic behavior KW - Japan KW - Kobe Earthquake, January 17, 1995 KW - Seismicity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498460 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760119 AU - Shinozuka, M AU - KIM, J-M AU - Purasinghe, R AU - California Department of Transportation TI - USE OF VISCO-ELASTIC DAMPERS AT EXPANSION JOINTS TO SUPPRESS SEISMIC VIBRATION OF BRIDGES PY - 1997 SP - p. 487-498 AB - Retrofit use of visco-elastic dampers at expansion joints of bridges with hinges is studied for the purpose of demonstrating that they can prevent the girders from falling off the seat and/or from colliding with each other in the event of a severe earthquake. The Kelvin and Maxwell models, consisting of an elastic spring and a linear viscous dash pot combined in parallel and in series, respectively, are considered for analysis. The two-dimensional finite element analysis with bilinear hysteretic model for bridge piers was performed on example bridges with one or two hinges and the results showed that the damper is effective in suppressing the relative displacement possibly at the expense of some increase in ductility demand for the piers. It also showed that the spring component of the Kelvin and Maxwell models had little effect on the performance of the damper. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Damping (Engineering) KW - Displacements (Structural) KW - Ductility KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Expansion joints KW - Finite element method KW - Hysterisis (Mechanics) KW - Retrofitting KW - Vibration KW - Viscoelasticity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498461 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760126 AU - Seim, C AU - California Department of Transportation TI - GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE SEISMIC RETROFIT - A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE PY - 1997 SP - p. 599-603 AB - The Golden Gate Bridge is one of the most famous, historical and enduring structural achievements in the world, perhaps because it is the very symbolism of all bridges. The start of its construction culminated a decade of bridge designs that extended the world record for span length five times in the United States. The Golden Gate Bridge opened on May 28, 1937 and held the title of the world's longest bridge for 27 years when it lost by only 60 ft (18 m) to the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge in New York. Although most people think of the Golden Gate Bridge as a single structure, the 2790 m overall length of the bridge actually consists of seven different structural types. The bridge's major components are the North and South steel truss approach viaducts, the Fort Point steel arch, the steel cable's concrete anchorages and concrete anchorage housings, the main span steel suspension bridge and, finally, the art deco concrete pylons which are purely architectural motifs. All of the foundations for these structures except the northern viaduct are supported directly on rock. Further discussion in this paper covers: the symbolism of bridges; bridge life; performance criteria; architectural heritage; architectural criteria; engineering design criteria; and seismic retrofit methods. The seismic retrofit methods developed for the seven structural types comprising the Golden Gate crossing indicate that all seven can be structurally upgraded to meet the performance criteria, the design criteria and the architectural requirements for the Golden Gate Bridge. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Golden Gate Bridge (San Francisco, California) KW - Historic bridges KW - Retrofitting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498468 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760115 AU - Prucz, Z AU - Conway, W B AU - Schade, J E AU - Ouyang, Y AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SEISMIC RETROFIT CONCEPTS AND DETAILS FOR LONG-SPAN STEEL BRIDGES PY - 1997 SP - p. 435-444 AB - The seismic retrofit process of long-span steel bridges is reviewed with special emphasis on the relationship between the concept and the detailing development steps. Well defined performance and retrofit criteria along with retrofit concepts and details compatible with the existing bridge configuration and details can have a significant impact on the overall cost and effectiveness of the retrofit. It is recommended that the development of the retrofit concepts be done concurrently with the development of the retrofit details. The existing bridge configuration and details will often determine the most adequate and effective retrofit concept. Well thought-out concepts and details can reduce the retrofit sensitivity to the uncertain seismic demands. The seismic retrofit of the steel towers and the deck hinges of the San Mateo-Hayward Bridge is reviewed and used as an example of the proposed approach. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Design standards KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Long span bridges KW - Retrofitting KW - San Mateo-Hayward Bridge UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498457 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760129 AU - Park, R AU - California Department of Transportation TI - DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF BRIDGES IN NEW ZEALAND PY - 1997 SP - p. 635-649 AB - The paper summarizes the current seismic design philosophy for concrete highway bridges in New Zealand. The background to the developments of the seismic design provisions are outlined. In the ductile design approach seismic design actions at the ultimate limit state are obtained from the response spectrum appropriate to the site conditions and the structure displacement ductility factor appropriate to the bridge substructure. Capacity design is used to ensure that the most desirable energy dissipating mechanism forms in the substructure in the event of a severe earthquake. Members and joints are detailed to ensure that the required ductility is available and that the bridge structure behaves as intended. Design using seismic isolation and mechanical energy dissipating devices is also commonplace as an alternative to the ductile design approach. Seismic isolation is usually achieved by mounting the bridge deck on rubber bearings. The mechanical energy dissipating devices are in the form of lead plugs in the rubber bearings, or steel attachments or lead extrusion devices, which in bridge structures are generally placed between the bridge deck and the top of the piers and deform inelastically during severe earthquakes. Recent developments in New Zealand involving the assessment and retrofit of older bridge structures are also discussed and likely activities and needs of the next decade are suggested. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Base isolation KW - Dissipation KW - Ductility KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Highway bridges KW - New Zealand KW - Retrofitting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498471 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760130 AU - Kowalsky, M J AU - Priestley, MJN AU - California Department of Transportation TI - EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF DIRECT DISPLACEMENT-BASED DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF APPROACH FOR MULTIPLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM SYSTEMS PY - 1997 SP - p. 651-665 AB - Recent research at the University of California, San Diego has resulted in an alternative seismic design methodology known as Direct Displacement-Based Design. In the direct displacement-based design procedure, a structure is designed for a specified level of damage which is directly obtained from target strain limits. Since strain is the quintessential indicator of damage, the direct displacement-based design procedure allows for specification of damage for any number of design limit states such as serviceability, damage control, or survival. In each case, the objective of direct displacement-based design is to provide the engineer with the necessary tools to design a structure with a reasonable level of confidence that the performance of the system will be satisfactory under the design level event. Since the direct displacement-based design approach can be applied to various limit states, it is very appealing to a performance-based engineering philosophy. Previous research has developed the approach for single degree of freedom systems, as well as extending the approach to include the formulation of strain limit states and multiple column bent design. In this paper, the recent work focused on experimental verification of the design philosophy as well as design of multiple degree of freedom systems is discussed. It is felt beneficial to augment the analytical verification previously done with experimental verification. Experimental verification also allows investigation of the strain limits associated with various performance limit states. Implementation of the approach for multiple degree of freedom systems is also important from the viewpoint of the design of more complex systems. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge damages KW - Bridges KW - Degrees of freedom KW - Design methods KW - Direct displacement-based design KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Level of damage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498472 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760125 AU - Dameron, R A AU - Sobash, V P AU - Ashley, W M AU - California Department of Transportation TI - SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF THE SAN DIEGO-CORONADO BAY BRIDGE: COMPARISON OF DYNAMIC ANALYSIS METHODS PY - 1997 SP - p. 569-583 AB - This paper summarizes the analytical procedures used in the seismic vulnerability assessment and retrofit design phases of the existing San Diego-Coronado Bay Bridge and describes how analysis was used in the design. The paper contains a comparison of the two main dynamic analysis approaches used in seismic design: nonlinear time history analysis (NTHA) and linear response spectrum analysis (RSA). The analysis work described was commissioned by the California Department of Transportation and was conducted by ANATECH Corporation. A joint venture of McDaniel Engineering and J. Muller International was the prime contractor for the retrofit design. Both the vulnerability and design phases of the work combined the use of linear and nonlinear methods with basic engineering principles to evaluate the dynamic behavior of the overall bridge system and its individual components. Using the Coronado Bridge as a case study, this paper discusses the pros and cons of using NTHA versus RSA and the decision making process for choosing which nonlinearities must be characterized in a seismic evaluation. The paper also examines the modeling strategy of seismically important components, such as the isolation bearings and the approach used for deformation-based design. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridges KW - Deformation KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Linear analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Nonlinear systems KW - Retrofitting KW - San Diego-Coronado Bridge KW - Seismic vulnerability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498467 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760127 AU - Calvi, G M AU - California Department of Transportation TI - EUROPEAN ADVANCES IN SEISMIC DESIGN AND ASSESSMENT OF BRIDGES PY - 1997 SP - p. 605-617 AB - A critical review of the most recent trends in bridge design, assessment and retrofitting in Europe is presented. Recent code provisions and some proposals that have emerged from research are discussed in relation to design concepts and philosophy, methods of analysis, and assessment and strengthening of existing bridges, including artificial isolation. Particular emphasis is placed on conceptual design of isolation systems and on procedures for risk assessment of highway networks. Some research projects, presently under development, are briefly addressed. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Base isolation KW - Bridges KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Europe KW - Research KW - Research projects KW - Retrofitting KW - Risk assessment KW - Seismic vulnerability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498469 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00760121 AU - Liu, W D AU - Nobari, F S AU - Schamber, R A AU - Imbsen, R A AU - California Department of Transportation TI - PERFORMANCE BASED SEISMIC RETROFIT DESIGN OF BENICIA-MARTINEZ BRIDGE PY - 1997 SP - p. 509-523 AB - This paper presents an overview of the performance based seismic retrofit design as implemented in the Benicia-Martinez Bridge. The performance based design emphasizes the characterization of the actual inelastic behavior during the seismic event. These nonlinear components include: seismic isolation bearings; nonlinear behavior of substructure caisson foundations [6 ft (2 m) diameter CISS piles) - flexural yielding and uplifting; and inelastic behavior of approach structure columns. A systematic procedure was developed to evaluate the structure's seismic responses using a combination of global model and various local models of substructure piers. In the global model, the emphasis is placed on the overall characterization of the seismic response of the superstructure system and supporting piers. The foundation below the footing level was approximated using the substructuring method. This allows a number of analyses to be conducted for a variety of retrofit schemes and earthquake events. Once a fundamental understanding of the structural responses was established, a more detailed model was devised to quantify the expected inelastic behaviors, e.g., relative displacement across the isolation bearings, flexural yielding in the steel caisson, amount of uplift (elongation) in the tie-down anchors, etc. These predicted inelastic deformations must be expressed in terms of acceptable material performance not only for safety reasons but also for functional considerations. U1 - Second National Seismic Conference on Bridges and HighwaysCalifornia Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration.Sacramento, California StartDate:19970708 EndDate:19970711 Sponsors:California Department of Transportation; and Federal Highway Administration. KW - Benicia-Martinez Bridge KW - Bridge bearings KW - Bridge piers KW - Columns KW - Deformation KW - Displacements (Structural) KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Inelastic behavior KW - Mathematical models KW - Performance based specifications KW - Pile foundations KW - Retrofitting KW - Truss bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/498463 ER -