TY - CONF AN - 00636676 AU - Rilett, L R AU - Van Aerde, M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. MODELING ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEMS USING THE INTEGRATION MODEL SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 258-264 AB - The in-vehicle Route Guidance Systems could be a cost effective means of alleviating the impact of traffic congestion in urban areas. The enhancements and extensions are described of the integration traffic simulation model's features for representing the routing behavior of vehicles having varying levels of access to RGS, different system architectures, and different routing objectives. Various tools for modeling the routing behavior and response of non-guided background vehicles are demonstrated. The behavior and performance of a number of different vehicle types are demonstrated on a test network of 2000 links for Warren, Michigan. A sensitivity analysis is made of the travel time benefits of the TravTek route guidance logic, with respect to market penetration level. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Performance KW - Route guidance KW - Traffic congestion KW - Travel time KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382373 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636680 AU - Goble, B AU - Michalak, SHaselkorn AU - Spyridakis, J AU - Blumenthal, C AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. BELLEVUE SMART TRAVELER: REDUCING SOV COMMUTING SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 286-292 AB - A prototype traveler information center (TIC) is being developed by the Bellevue Smart Traveler (BST) research team in Washington to determine whether state-of-the-art information technology can be used to encourage single-occupant vehicle commuters to try alternative transportation modes. The BST kiosk will emphasize the advantages of alternative commuting modes easier to access. The technology used to deliver each information component will be interactive. This paper presents preliminary results from a user survey at the test site with particularyly attention to users' information delivery preferences and opinions regarding ridesharing. The paper also presents three technologies and describes how they may be integrated to make transportation information more accessible and useful. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Automobile travel KW - Commuters KW - Passenger information systems KW - Public transit KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382377 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636662 AU - Shepherd, S P AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. METERING STRATEGIES APPLIED TO SIGNALIZED NETWORKS SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 177-183 AB - The development and adaption are described of ramp metering strategies for use in signalized networks. The strategies were developed using the micro-simulation model NEMIS. The paper describes the adaptation of the strategies for signalized arterials, producing real time control strategies which can deal with the problems of over-saturation and blocking-back. The strategies will be tested as part of the DRIVE II project PRIMAVERA, which is evaluating integrated strategies involving queue management, public transport priority and traffic calming measures in Leeds, England and Turin, Italy. The addition of strategies to the existing traffic control systems SCOOT and SPOT are discussed, as well as the application of the strategies to over-saturated grid networks. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Arterial highways KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Public transit KW - Queuing KW - Ramp metering KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382359 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636669 AU - Ygnace, J-L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. COOPERATION AND COMPETITIVENESS IN IVHS SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 224-229 AB - This paper reviews the competitive aspects in the implementation of intelligent vehicle highway system (IVHS) technologies worldwide. The possible conflicts imposed sumltaneously by the needs of cooperation at the international level to develop and test new IVHS concepts, and the competitive aspects of industrial development are discussed. The paper emphasizes the role of the university, as well as international scientific conferences and international scientific journals and publications, in IVHS research and development and dissemination of technological advances. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Competition KW - Conferences KW - Cooperation KW - Development KW - Documents KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - International KW - International compacts KW - Publications KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Universities and colleges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382366 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636665 AU - Chang, SKJ AU - Chang, H AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS ON APPLICATION OF AVI TECHNOLOGIES TO TOLL SERVICES SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 196-202 AB - This study developed an evaluation framework for cost benefit analysis of the application of Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) technologies to highway toll services. AVI technologies may increase the capacity of a toll station but not necessarily the throughput of the station. The framework developed is composed of 3 models: the lane choice model, the performance model, and the cost model. The evaluation framework can be used to analyze alternatives of applying AVI technologies to toll services and to determine the appropriate number of lanes with AVI equipment, and the equilibrium travel demand using AVI lanes. The benefit of applying AVI can then be obtained and used as a basis in the cost benefit analysis. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Toll collection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382362 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636667 AU - Wabakayashi, H AU - Iida, Y AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. IMPROVEMENT OF TERMINAL RELIABILITY AND TRAVEL TIME RELIABILITY UNDER TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 211-217 AB - This paper proposes terminal reliability and travel time reliability of road networks as new indicators for road network management and construction. The paper discusses the significance of road network reliability and the benefits of increasing reliability, as well as the methods for estimating reliabilty. The propagation mechanism of origin-destination flow variation to link flow variation is defined, and reliability analyses before and after the introduction of traffic management are demonstrated for an actual road network. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Before and after studies KW - Highway traffic control KW - Origin and destination KW - Reliability KW - Traffic flow KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382364 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636663 AU - STEPHANEDES, Y J AU - Liu, X AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. NEURAL NETWORKS IN FREEWAY CONTROL SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 184-190 AB - An heuristic simulated annealing algorithm to optimize the ramp metering rates in a freeway in a 3-hour peak period off-line is described. In the study, after optimization, a backpropagation neural network is trained to learn the optimized relationship between the ramp metering rates and the traffic variables. The trained neural network is applied to perform freeway ramp control. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Neural networks KW - Optimization KW - Peak hour traffic KW - Ramp metering KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382360 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636668 AU - Batra, A K AU - Samdahl, D R AU - Jacobson, L N AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. IVHS-ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND STAFFING SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 218-223 AB - A collaborative project has been initiated by the Washington Sate Department of Transportation to develop a statewide strategic plan for the intelligent vehicle highway system (IVHS) program in Washington. Named 'Venture,' it is expected to be completed later in 1993. This paper describes guidelines related to organizational requirements for the successful implementation of an expanidng IVHS Program. The guidelines were developed from research and reviews of the current organizational structures of recognized IVHS leaders: Arizona; California; Colarado; Michigan; Minnesota; and Washington. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Administration KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382365 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636670 AU - Chow, J S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: ENCOURAGING THE USE OF ADVANCED TECHNOLGOIES IN YOUR ORGANIZATION SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 421-428 AB - It is noted that the encouragement of the evaluation, use and development of advanced technologies throughout an organization presents a challenge, and that the successful implementation far outweighs the costs. This paper suggests 5 key components of technology that can be used within an organization to better solve technical engineering problems, as well as describes how one international engineering company uses technology transfer in general, and IVHS (intelligent vehicle highway systems) and HOV (high occupancy vehicle) advanced technologies in particular. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Organizations KW - Technology transfer UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382367 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636664 AU - Sweeney, L E AU - Loughmiller, G AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. COMPARATIVE ACCURACIES OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR VEHICLE LOCATION AND NAVIGATION SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 191-195 AB - Vehicle location and tracking technologies are currently under consideration for such IVHS (intelligent vehicle highway systems) applications as Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL), Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD), and vehicle navigation and routing. The technologies being considered include dead reckoning, map matching, global positioning satellites (GPS), radio-transponders, direction finding, Loran, cellular phone tracking, electronic benchmarks, etc., or combinations of these. This paper describes the most promising vehicle location and digital map technologies, their relative and absolute accuracies, and their suitability for various IVHS applications. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Accuracy KW - Automatic vehicle location KW - Dead reckoning KW - Digital mapping KW - Dispatching KW - Global Positioning System KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Loran KW - Navigation KW - Navigational satellites KW - Tracking KW - Tracking systems KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382361 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636666 AU - Bielik, A AU - Johansson, R B AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. IMAGE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS FOR TRAFFIC ANALYSIS SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 208-210 AB - This paper reviews systems for extraction of road traffic information from visual images. The information ranges from macro-scale, cumulative traffic parameters, such as flow and occupancy, through micro-scale descriptions of the behavior of individual vehicles, such as maneuver description. The paper gives specification criteria for traffic image measurement systems, reviews existing systems, and analyzes measurement and accuracy. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Accuracy KW - Analysis KW - Measurement KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic flow KW - Vehicle occupancy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382363 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636671 AU - Onada, A AU - Kuma, S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. DIGITAL MAPPING FOR ROAD NAVIGATION IN JAPAN SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 413-420 AB - This review of digital mapping for road navigation in Japan notes that more than 300,000 vehicles are equipped with car navigation systems, and that the development of the systems has been greatly aided by the completion of a standardized digital road map. The background to the development of the road mapping system is described. The paper briefly reviews economic development in Japan and the development of its urban areas leading to a shift in the transportation mode of its people. Future trends in digital road maps are noted. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Digital mapping KW - Japan KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382368 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636646 AU - Blosseville, J-M AU - Morin, J-M AU - Lochegnies, P AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. VIDEO IMAGE PROCESSING APPLICATION: AUTOMATIC INCIDENT DETECTION ON FREEWAYS SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 77-83 AB - The results are presented of tests carried out regarding the Automatic Incident Detection System elaborated in the INVAID project (DRIVE program). This system uses video images as inputs, provided by cameras installed along the motorway. Based on image processing techniques it is able to detect incidents that occur within the field of view of the cameras linked to the system. Experimental results showed that the system performances meet operational needs. Results obtained in the study are presented and discussed. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Automation KW - Cameras KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Image processing KW - Incident detection KW - Video technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382343 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636653 AU - Wilson, C D AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME 1. RURAL APPLICATIONS OF IVHS IN MINNESOTA SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 120-126 AB - An increased application of advanced technolgies, particularly intelligent vehicle highway system (IVHS) technologies, in the rural highway environment is noted. In the Minnesota Guidestar IVHS program, emphasis is placed on an investigation of rural applications of advanced technology in the state. This emphasis has culminated in the development of a major program to operationally test and evaluate advanced technologies in a rural environment. This paper outlines the proposed program. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Minnesota KW - Rural highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382350 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636660 AU - Durand-Raucher, Y AU - Yim, Y AU - Ygnace, J-L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. TRAFFIC INFORMATION AND DRIVER BEHAVIOR IN PARIS REGION SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 166-169 AB - The French National Department of Transportation has developed a program called SIRIUS (System d'Information Routiere Intelligble aux Usayer), the largest urban testbed project for the use of variable message signs in Europe. Real-time information is provided to drivers via 200 remotely controlled variable message signs from the centralized Traffic Management Center (TMC). Traffic data gathered from 5,000 buried loop detectors are directly sent to the TMC. SIRIUS also feeds ramp metering protocols. Based on surveys of motorists, a series of hypotheses were developed to design variable message signs. This paper describes the hypotheses used in the design of variable message signs concerning motorist diversion behavior, and how drivers respond to roadside information services. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Behavior KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Paris (France) KW - Traffic diversion KW - Variable message signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382357 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636656 AU - KELLER, H AU - TSCHOCHNER, G AU - Ziegler, B AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. INTEGRATING ADVANCED TELEMATICS INTO URBAN AND REGIONAL TRANSPORT POLICIES - MUNICH GREATER AREA CASE STUDY SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 138-144 AB - The European research and development programmes DRIVE and PROMETHEUS are the focus of a series of field trials on transport telematics in metropolitan areas. This paper reports on the process of integration of advanced telematics into urban and regional transport policies in this study of the Greater Munich area. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Development KW - Europe KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Munich (Germany) KW - Regional transportation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Telematics KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382353 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636657 AU - Hautamaki, J L AU - Morse, M H AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. SEATTLE AREA TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT SYSTEM UPGRADE SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 145-151 AB - In 1993, a major upgrade was made to Washington State Department of Transportation's Traffic Management System for the greater Seattle area. This upgrade involved relocating the Operations Center, replacing the central control computer and operator console, designing and developing new central computer and console software, adding a new fiber optic based communications system, and adding new features to the Model 170 ramp meter/data collector field software. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Communication systems KW - Communications system KW - Computers KW - Highway traffic control KW - Modernization KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382354 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636647 AU - PALMQUIST, U AU - Peterson, A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. DRIVER ASSISTANCE AND LOCAL TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT, DALTM SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 84-90 AB - This paper focuses on important features in the Swedish and European Road Transport and Informatic (RTI) program - the intelligent communication between the road infrastructure and the vehicles. The overall objectives are to increase safety, reduce the impact on the environment and enhance the level of service for traffic. The basic elements in the road infrastructure are advanced traffic control including facility for Public Transport, and in the vehicle, an intelligent cruise control (ICC). The communication linking them uses the new SRC 5.8 GHz transponder technique. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Level of service KW - Priority treatment KW - Public transit KW - Sweden KW - Traffic safety KW - Transponders UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382344 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636649 AU - Chen, C-H AU - Chang, G-L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. A DYNAMIC REAL-TIME INCIDENT DETECTION SYSTEM FOR URBAN ARTERIALS - SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 98-104 AB - The paper presents a system which is capable of detecting incidents in real-time and adjusting itself to traffic dynamics through the embedded learning mechanism. The system consists of 3 components: a dynamic flow prediction model, an incident identification model, and the incident monitoring process. The proposed traffic flow prediction model employs the event-based simulation concept to capture the traffic dynamics, but its parameters are time-varying through a learning mechanism. The predicted traffic conditions in comparison with the real-time detected traffic constitutes the core of incident detection. The incident identification model serves to provide the severity information of a detected accident and to assist in determining the occurrence of accidents. The proposed monitoring process will integrate all individual models as an effective system. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Arterial highways KW - Forecasting KW - Incident detection KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Monitoring KW - Predicting KW - Real time control KW - Real time operations KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic flow KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382346 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636654 AU - Richards, S H AU - Wegman, F J AU - Reddy, P AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUMEI. IVHS TRANSIT APPLICATIONS - RURAL/SMALL URBAN AREAS SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 127-133 AB - In an effort to identify potential IVHS (intelligent vehicle highway systems) applications, direct input was sought from public transportation managers. A 'focus' approach was used to encourage objectivity and depth of coverage, and officials representing different public transportation services, including fixed-route bus, paratransit, ridesharing, and rural public transportation, participated in the focus groups. Group participants were asked to judge, in terms of their operations, the effeciveness of each APTS technology relative to its ability to achieve certain specific goals: increasing demand; reducing operating costs; and increasing the comfort and convenience of users. The study findings are presented and discussed. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicle hiwhway systems KW - Needs assessment KW - Operating costs KW - Public transit KW - Rural areas KW - Urban areas KW - Urban transportation KW - User needs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382351 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636661 AU - Pardo, O R AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. ADVANCED HIGHWAY CONTROL ON THE CENTRAL ARTERY SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 170-176 AB - The Boston Central Artery/Tunnel Project will incorporate seven miles of 4- to 8-lane tunnels, and support the goals of the intelligent vehicle highway system. With 37 lane-miles, it will be one of the most extensive and complex systems of underground highway. This paper describes the aspects of the system architecture that permit incorporation of new technology and explores issues that may develop when new intelligent vehicle highway system requirements are introduced. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Boston (Massachusetts) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Tunnels UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382358 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636648 AU - Deeter, D L AU - Ritchie, S G AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. A PROTOTYPE REAL-TIME EXPERT SYSTEM FOR SURFACE STREET TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 91-97 AB - The development is described of a prototype real-time knowledge based expert system (KBES) to demonstrate the feasibility of assisting the operators of surface street traffic Management Centers in responding to traffic operational problems. The system, ARTIST (Arterial Real-time Traffic Incident reSponse Tool) replicates three stages of human response to operational problems: problem verification and classification, problem response, and monitoring of effects of responses. The development of the verification, response and monitoring knowledge bases for the system are described, as well as their testing using G2 real-time KBES development software on a Sun SPARCstation. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Expert systems KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Monitoring KW - Software KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382345 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636650 AU - Overgaard, D A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. AUTOMATIC VEHICLE LOCATION AT SEATTLE METRO SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 105-111 AB - Signpost-based AVL (automatic vehicle location) system of the Seattle Metro is discussed. The system has been well received by operators and by service communications coordinators. Steps have been taken to ensure the integration of AVL with other systems at Metro. AVL data will be archived to a relational database on the agency network for 'nextday' access by transit analysts. Future areas of interest include the integration of on-board electronics and participation with Washington State DOT and other transportation agencies in a regional IVHS (intelligent vehicle highway system) data network. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Automatic vehicle location KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - On board KW - Onboard navigational aids KW - Public transit KW - Seattle (Washington) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382347 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636651 AU - Chassiakos, A P AU - STEPHANEDES, Y J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. DETECTION OF INCIDENTS AND TRAFFIC DISTURBANCES IN FREEWAYS SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 407-412 AB - This study attempts to develop methods for detecting incidents and compression waves through simulation. The detection methods are based on a macroscopic traffic flow model that focuses on analyzing abrupt traffic changes. Early tests of the model are limited to qualitiative analysis in a pipeline freeway section. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Incident detection KW - Traffic flow UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382348 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636655 AU - Barbaresso, J C AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. OVERVIEW OF THE FAST-TRAC IVHS PROGRAM SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 134-137 AB - A new IVHS (intelligent vehicle highway system) initiative in Oakland County, Michigan, called FAST-TRAC, is described, which originated as a strategy for solving mobility and highway safety problems in the rapidly growing county north of Detroit. FAST-TRAC uses proven technologies and integrates them into a state of the art IVH system. The principal technologies include the following: the Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System for area wide traffic signal control; the Autoscope video image processing system for traffic detection; and the Siemens Ali-Scout system for dynamic route guidance. Preliminary findings indicate that significant reductions in both travel time and traffic accidents could be expected. FAST-TRAC shows how multiple jurisdictions can work together and with the private sector to improve traffic safety and mobility in Metropolitan Detroit. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Michigan KW - Private enterprise KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382352 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636658 AU - Churchill, B W AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. MOTORIST AID SYSTEMS - INTELLIGENT ROADSIDE CONTROLLERS SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 152-158 AB - The paper discusses the extension of current call box technology to support the intelligent vehicle highway system infrastructure. Advanced technology call boxes employing a variety of communications networks and embedded microprocessors, have improved their fucntionality and extensibility to motorist aid systems. These call boxes have demonstrated a potential for use in several intelligent vehicle and highway systems applications ranging from traffic census to roadside-to-vehicle communications links. A subset of these applications are currently undergoing an FHWA (Federal Highway Administration) -sponsored field operational test in San Diego County, California. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Call boxes KW - Call boxes (Driver aid devices) KW - Communication systems KW - Communications system KW - Field tests KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Roadside UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382355 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636659 AU - Dailey, Donald J AU - Haselkorn, M P AU - Lin, P J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. TRAFFIC INFORMATION MANAGEMENT IN A GEOGRAPHICALLY DISTRIBUTED COMMUTING ENVIRONMENT SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 159-165 AB - A comprehensive architecture for a geographically distributed traffic information/management system is described in this paper, which also demonstrates the viability of such an architecture using geographic information system (GIS), global positioning system (GPS), and inductance loop data in a geopraphically distributed computing environment. The paper describes the implementation of this type of architecture at the University of Washington. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Geographic information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Highway traffic control KW - Loop detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382356 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636645 AU - Michalopoulos, P G AU - Jacobson, R D AU - ANDERSON, C A AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. FIELD IMPLEMENTATION AND TESTING OF A MACHINE VISION BASED INCIDENT DETECTION SYSTEM SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 69-76 AB - Test results of a video detection device installed in the field for over 2 years is described, as well as the development and field deployment of an incident detection system called IDEAS which is based on traffic information extracted by the video detection. Although, for the time being, the incident detection system must rely on single camera input, preliminary test results suggest an 80% detection rate and 3% false detection rate. Incidents were detected within almost 2 miles from the detection zone even when the incidents occurred beyond the field of view of the camera as well as in adjacent freeways. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Incident detection KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Video technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382342 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636636 AU - Kay, J L AU - Samdahl, D R AU - Jacobson, L N AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. IVHS STRATEGIC PLANNING FOR WASHINGTON STATE SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 8-14 AB - The IVHS (intelligent vehicle highway system) strategic plan for Washington State includes a future vision from which specific strategies will be developed for the next 20 yars. This paper shows how the strategies are being developed to address specifc short, medium, and long range transportation needs within the state. For example, Washington State has adopted policies promoting the implementation of multimodal transportation programs, including HOV (high occupancy vehicles) systems and employer commute trip reduction plans. The Plan will be structured to assist these programs in a logical sequence over several years. The evaluation process used to assess the effectiveness of the strategies are described. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Commuting KW - Employers KW - Evaluation KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Washington (State) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382333 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636638 AU - Mahalingam, I S AU - Craig, P J AU - Powell, M J AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. MIGRATION TO TRAFFIC ADAPTIVE CONTROL - A CASE STUDY SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 22-28 AB - Many urban traffic signal control systems in operation around the world lack the ability to react in real time in fluctuating traffic demands. Modern advances in technology have made available 'traffic adaptive' capability, but at a cost measured in terms of capital investment and increased complexity. Based on experiences from an actual project in Hong Kong, this paper examines the key issues in upgrading traffic signal control systems, including the assessment of the need for adaptive control, deciding whether to upgrade or to replace the existing system, and designing and specifying the new system to minimize implementation risks and changeover times, as well as to ensure future competitive supply of equipment, in particular, signal controllers. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Adaptive control KW - Hong Kong (China) KW - Modernization KW - Signalization KW - Traffic controllers KW - Traffic signal control KW - Traffic signal controllers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382335 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636643 AU - Kuhne, R D AU - Immes, S AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. FREEWAY CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR USING SECTION-RELATED TRAFFIC VARIABLE DETECTION SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 56-62 AB - This paper describes traffic control systems for freeways which use section-related traffic variable measurement techniques. To do this, the feature sequence of a vehicle series of one measurement site is correlated with the feature sequence of the adjacent measurement site. The evaluation unit for feature extraction is implemented on a VME-bus master CPU. Field experience reported from a traffic control system on the freeway B14 between Fellbach and Stuttgart show a more reliable and quicker automatic incident detection in comparison with local measurement techniques. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - Germany KW - Highway traffic KW - Measurement KW - Traffic control KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382340 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636639 AU - Cremer, M AU - HENNINGER, T AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. ESTIMATION OF QUEUE LENGTHS IN URBAN ROAD NETWORKS SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 29-35 AB - This paper presents a new scheme for the surveillance of traffic on a link of an urban road network. It is shown that measurements of traffic counts and speed values from a single detector may produce reliable estimates if the detector is placed at an appropriate distance from the traffic signal. Traffic estimation is then performed using the Extended Kalman Filter which uses a dynamic model for link flows. The high performance of this scheme is shown by simulation results. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Networks KW - Queuing KW - Road networks KW - Roads KW - Speed measurement KW - Traffic counts KW - Urban areas KW - Urban highways KW - Vehicle detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382336 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636642 AU - TAYLOR, C AU - Jandrell, L AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. AVL'S FUTURE HOLDS LITTLE VALUE WITHOUT INTEGRATED DATA COMMUNICATIONS FOR TOTAL MOBILE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 50-55 AB - It is noted that the future of automatic vehicle location (AVL) lies in broadening its definition for greater market acceptance and applicability. This paper examines AVL's traditional role and intelligent mobile data networks (IMDN). The allocation and use of specrtum in the most efficient manner is discussed. IMDN architectures and price performance are discussed, as well as their future. Comments are made on regulatory issues. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Automatic vehicle location KW - Communications KW - Conservation KW - Prices KW - Regulations KW - Resource management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382339 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636635 AU - Wright, J L AU - Ofstead, E E AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. MINNESOTA GUIDESTAR - PROGRESS TOWARDS A STATEWIDE INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 1-7 AB - Minnesota Guidestar is developing a statewide intelligent transportation system, and is testing and evaluating a number of different technologies. This effort has identified the importance of a comprehensive management framework. An organizational structure has been developed which ensures that each participant in the program has access to the management decisions. Public and private sector partners alike are encouraged to be proactive in all such decisions. In order to integrate new partners into the program, a series of partnership policies has been prepared. These polices are documented in the manual: Minnesota Guidestar Guidelines Manual. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Decision making KW - Evaluation KW - Governments KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Minnesota KW - Policy KW - Private enterprise KW - Technologies KW - Technology KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382332 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636640 AU - Tafko, A AU - Rouphail, N M AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCES PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. TRAVEL TIME DATA FUSION IN ADVANCE SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 36-42 AB - The paper describes the ADVANCE project in the Chicago metropolitan area. Fusion of equipped vehicle (probes) travel time reports, detector outputs, historical and other data is a crucial task in ADVANCE data processing. The ADVANCE implementation schedule involves a 3-stage development of the on-line data fusion algorithm: first, a basic algorithm which would be able to deal with sparse probe reports; second, a simple but efficient algorithm able to utilize on-line probe travel time reporting and finally, an advanced method for dealing with oversaturated conditions. This paper discusses methodological aspects of data fusion design for signalized arterials, present the concept of the basic data fusion algorithm based on regression and Bayesian methods, and consider some issues in developing the advanced algorithm. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Algorithms KW - Arterial highways KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic control KW - Travel time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382337 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636641 AU - Davis, G A AU - Kang, J-G AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PRODEEDINGS. VOLUME 1. FILTERING AND PREDICTION ON FREEWAYS USING MARKOV MODELS SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 43-49 AB - This paper presents a Markov compartment model of freeway traffic flow, and uses it to derive a Kalman Filter which tracks a freeway section's density, broken down by destination. The filter is then tested using actual and simulated freeway data. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382338 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636637 AU - Hall, F L AU - Shi, Yibing AU - Aultman-Hall, L AU - Masters, P H AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - PACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. BEFORE-AFTER EVALUATION OF FTMS EFFECTIVENESS SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 15-21 AB - In this study, the possibilites for conducting before-after evaluation of a new freeway traffic management system (FTMS) using only data from the inductive loop detectors are discussed. Regression models have been constructed for the amount of congested travel as a function of total travel, weather conditions, and number of incidents. These models are then compared for 2 months of data before and 2 months of data after FTMS implementation. The analysis is necessarily limited because of the size of the data set, which is 41 days in each of the before and after periods. The models show that the FTMS had a positive effect. The best estimate is that the FTMS has been associated with reductions of between 6% and 10%, on average, in the amount of congested travel on the system, all else being equal. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Before and after studies KW - Evaluation KW - Freeway traffic KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic KW - Highway traffic control KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Traffic congestion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382334 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00636644 AU - Parkany, A E AU - Bernstein, D AU - American Society of Civil Engineers TI - BACIFIC RIM TRANSTECH CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS. VOLUME I. USING VRC DATA FOR INCIDENT DETECTION SN - 0872629163 PY - 1993 SP - p. 63-68 AB - This paper discusses the use of vehicle to roadside communciations (VRC), the enabling technology for electonic toll collection, for highway incident detection. It is described how point-to point data (such as travel times) provided by VRC can be used as the basis for more successful incident detection than before. In particular, it is described how VRC data can be used to develop incident indicators and develop several new pattern-based algorithms that use VRC. Preliminary results are given along with suggestions for further research. U1 - Pacific Rim TransTech Conference. Advanced Technologies. ASCE Third International Conference on Applications of Advanced Technologies in Transportation Engineering.ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway AdministrationWashington State Convention Center, Seattle, Washi StartDate:19930725 EndDate:19930728 Sponsors:ASCE Urban Transportation Division; ASCE Highway Division; Washington State Department of Transportation; U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Algorithms KW - Incident detection KW - Research KW - Vehicle detectors KW - Vehicle to infrastructure communications UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382341 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634527 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Liburdi, Lillian AU - Transportation Research Board TI - KEYNOTE ADDRESS: THE PROMISE OF ISTEA SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 55-61 AB - This keynote address discusses what the promises of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) are for highway interests, for state and local governments, for transportation planners, for environmentalists, for metropolitan planning organizations, for truckers and other highway users, for airport and seaport operators, for transit operators, and for all Americans. The positives and negatives of ISTEA are examined, and, in conclusion, it is pointed out that "ISTEA is like a sketch for a large mural that will be painted by many different artists. If properly coordinated, with the right sense of purpose, the individual efforts will blend together to make a richly diverse and beautiful work of art. However, there is a serious risk that the individual efforts will amount to an incoherent, clashing painting that diminishes its overall impact." Conference participants are encouraged to make it work by developing a vision for the future. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378454 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634531 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Maring, Gary AU - Rodgers, John AU - Diaz, Steven A AU - Harllee, Nan AU - Transportation Research Board TI - U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION MODAL ADMINISTRATION PANEL SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 78-89 AB - In this conference resource paper, the following U.S. Department of Transportation modal agencies offer a perspective on intermodalism: the Federal Highway Administration (G. Maring); Federal Aviation Administration (J. Rodgers); Federal Transit Administration (S.A. Diaz); and the Maritime Administration (N. Harllee). The Federal Railroad Administration perspective is presented by G.E. Carmichael in a paper on pages 73-77 of this Special Report. G. Maring discusses the following five aspects of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA): (a) the first major program restructuring since the 1956 Interstate Highway Act, (b) the new funding flexibility, (c) the changes in planning and decision making, (d) the significantly higher authorization levels and the new opportunities for public-private funding, and (e) the intermodal thrust of the act. He also discusses technical assistance activities of FHWA. J. Rodgers discusses the following four aspects of ISTEA: airport development, intermodal links and airport access, environmental compatibility and airport capacity, and joint development, use, and financing of new technology. S.A. Diaz comments on the challenge, under ISTEA, of developing a true partnership to move goods and people, to contribute to the national goals of cleaner air, fuel conservation, and energy independence, to improve U.S. competitiveness in world markets, and to relieve congestion and other inefficiencies in domestic transportation. He also points out the range of intermodal projects being funded by FTA. N. Harllee discusses the impact of ISTEA on the port industry. She points out that, while ISTEA presents a great opportunity for ports and for the entire freight industry, it is not automatic--all have to work for it. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Planning KW - U.S. Federal Aviation Administration KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration KW - U.S. Maritime Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378458 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634534 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Fuller, John W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - THE ROAD TO INTERMODALISM SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 113-129 AB - Since its heyday in the 1960s to the early 1970s, transportation planning in the United States has endured a long period of uncertainty, marked by professional questioning and political inattention. In this last decade of the century, however, new directives for planning and planners can be found in the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). Although it appears that transportation planners have major new tasks ahead along an uncertain new path, it should be remembered that not all that is being demanded of planners in the 1990s would seem particularly unusual to planners of past decades. To see what change might be required, it is useful to view the major eras and events in transportation planning during the last 30 years. This conference resource paper looks at the following eras in transportation planning: The 1962 Highway Act; Planning for Transit and the Environment in the Early 1970s; Early State Transportation Plans; Planning Shock: Energy and Financial Shortfalls; Shift of Responsibility to the States and Cities: The 1980s; and Characteristics of Today's U.S. Transportation System. The paper then discusses transportation planning in the 1990s and looks at the Wisconsin DOT approach to planning under ISTEA. Concluding remarks deal with future transportation planning directions. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Conferences KW - History KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Planning KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Wisconsin UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378461 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634535 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Dahms, Lawrence D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REGIONAL CONTEXT OF INTERMODAL DECISIONS SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 130-137 AB - A metropolitan transportation planning process created by the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1965, and amended several times since by transportation and environmental laws, has created a regional framework for making transportation decisions in the context of other community values. In examining this regional context within which intermodal decisions are to be made, this conference resource paper addresses the following question: What can be learned from the metropolitan planning experience to help advance intermodal planning and systems analysis? The discussion begins with a comparison of the characteristics of metropolitan transportation systems with those of intermodal systems. It is seen that both systems provide transportation services, but they have little in common. There are, however, areas of overlap between intermodal and metropolitan transportation systems. The remainder of the paper examines these areas and their implications for fulfilling the mandates of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Characteristics KW - City planning KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Planning KW - Regional transportation KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378462 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634523 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ISTEA AND INTERMODAL PLANNING: CONCEPT, PRACTICE, VISION SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - 179 p. AB - The Transportation Research Board, at the request of the U.S. Department of Transportation, acting through the modal administrations, developed and conducted a conference on the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and intermodal planning issues. The conference objectives were to: (1) Review the evolution of the planning and funding of the U.S. transportation system; (2) Identify the new planning mechanisms developed in ISTEA that mandate transportation improvement programs and intermodal transportation management systems; (3) Identify issues that need to be addressed in order to achieve more economically and environmentally efficient transportation systems through the optimum combined use of various modes; and (4) Assess how these issues need to be integrated into the planning process. The conference was structured around several commissioned papers and presentations in order to frame the diverse agenda inherent in intermodal planning. This Special Report contains the conference proceedings. The contents are organized as follows: Chairman's Summary, C.M. Walton; Conference Findings, M.D. Meyer; Workshop Reports (Intermodal Partnerships; Multimodal Planning; Cross-Modal Comparisons; Intermodal Management Systems; and Vision and Potential for Intermodalism); Resource Papers (see individual entries in TRIS data base); Perspectives on the Conference; Steering Committee Biographical Information; and Participants. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Conferences KW - Economic efficiency KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Finance KW - Intermodal management systems KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - Multimodal planning KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Partnerships KW - Planning KW - Transportation KW - Transportation Improvement Program KW - Transportation management KW - Transportation operations KW - Transportation planning KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378450 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634525 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Meyer, Michael D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ISTEA AND INTERMODAL PLANNING: CONCEPT, PRACTICE, VISION. CONFERENCE FINDINGS SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 4-15 AB - On December 2-4, 1992, 150 individuals interested in intermodal transportation attended the National Conference on ISTEA and Intermodal Planning Issues in Irvine, California, to discuss the concept of intermodalism, identify examples of good practice, and provide recommendations for research and technical guidance. At this conference, workshops were organized to enable participants to engage in group discussions on key intermodal issues. The workshops focused on intermodal partnerships, multimodal planning, cross-modal comparisons, intermodal management systems, and vision and potential for intermodalism. Questions were prepared for each group to guide discussion. Following the workshops, conference participants met in plenary sessions to hear the conclusions of the workshops and discuss their importance for intermodal planning. Resource papers prepared for the conference by professionals in the field were also presented in plenary sessions, and speakers with expertise in intermodal transportation addressed the conference. Because the steering committee expected that bridging the gaps between the many players involved in intermodal planning would be a key issue discussed at the conference, a panel discussion was organized to present reactions to the conference from the perspectives of a state department of transportation, a metropolitan planning organization, and the private sector. These important remarks are found at the end of the proceedings. Several themes and concepts arose repeatedly during conference discussions; they merit special attention and are summarized here in the Conference Findings under the following headings: "Intermodal" Defined; Partnerships; Transition; Intermodal Planning as a Process; Freight Movement in Planning; Emphasis on Performance; Intermodal Management Systems; Barriers to Effective Intermodal Planning; Research and Guidance; and Conclusion. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Conferences KW - Freight transportation KW - Intermodal management systems KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Multimodal planning KW - Multimodal transportation KW - Partnerships KW - Performance KW - Planning KW - Research KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378452 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634529 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Hendrix, Allan AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTERMODAL EXPERIENCE OF THE CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 67-72 AB - This conference resource paper discusses intermodalism and the prospects for successes in intermodalism in the future from the perspective of the California Department of Transportation (CalTrans). Three key dimensions to intermodalism are examined. These are the modal dimension, the market segment or trip purpose, and connectivity, which is the dimension that traditionally has been called intermodal. Intermodal planning is a process of expanding and synthesizing these three dimensions into a system that accommodates freight and passengers and, at least in the view of CalTrans officials, also deals with some nontraditional transportation options, such as information technology. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - California KW - Conferences KW - Freight transportation KW - Information technology KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - Passenger transportation KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378456 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634536 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Helton, Jack D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - INTERMODAL PARTNERSHIPS UNDER ISTEA SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 138-148 AB - Given the increasing complexity of the intermodal transportation system and the diversity of the partners involved, there is a critical need to build effective working relationships between the providers and the users (customers) of transportation systems. A successful partnership will find ways to improve the efficiency of existing systems and provide input from a broader base for future planning. Internal partnerships (relationships between transportation-related organizations) and external partnerships (relationships between the organizations and the customer) are addressed in this conference resource paper. The following are identified: common reasons for a partnership; partnership characteristics; shared commitments; intermodal partners; and possible impediments and resolutions. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Characteristics KW - Conferences KW - Consumers KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Partnerships KW - Planning KW - Providers KW - Users UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378463 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634532 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Coogan, Matthew A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - AIRPORT ACCESS: CASE STUDY IN INTERMODALISM SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 90-98 AB - This conference resource paper discusses airport access as a case study, a microcosm of intermodal planning issues. The structure of the discussion is first concept, then practice, and finally vision. The paper concludes with the story of Grace Hughes. Grace and her family are entrepreneurs who own the Marin Airporter bus service. They built, with private funds, a bus terminal to serve people going to San Francisco International airport. Representatives of two airlines approached them with a proposal to sell their tickets at the bus terminal. The response was, "No, you are not welcome in my terminal unless you check people in, take their baggage, and give them a boarding pass right there." The airlines' response was, "We do not do that stuff. Our job starts at the airport. You are in the bus business, not us." The airline representatives were afraid that the baggage would get lost in the hold of the bus. Grace thought about it for a little while, and she came up with a brilliant, "high-tech" scheme. She won. They started to check baggage at Grace's facility. Her solution for this intermodal problem was as simple as a dog leash--one per set of baggage going to each airline. When the bus arrived at the airport, the bus driver unloaded the appropriate bundle of baggage. In several years of operation, they have never lost a single bag. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Airport access KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378459 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634533 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Migliorino, Gianni AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ITALY'S INTERMODAL ALTERNATIVE: THE SEA ROAD SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 99-112 AB - This conference resource paper provides an international example of an innovative intermodal solution of a transport problem. The Viamare project is a case study in Italy's experiment to relieve acute highway truck congestion with a cost-efficient, short sea alternative. Ten years of planning and extensive cost-benefit analyses preceded the recent inauguration of the Viamare project. Through discussion of this project, an approach to cross-modal analysis, a focus area of the conference, is examined. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Analysis KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Italy KW - Modal analysis KW - Mode choice KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378460 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634528 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Starling, James Dane AU - Transportation Research Board TI - U.S. TRANSPORTATION COMMAND AND INTERMODAL PLANNING SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 62-66 AB - The role of manager for defense transportation is filled by the U.S. Transportation Command (TRANSCOM). The command was created to be the Department of Defense's (DOD's) single manager for common user transportation and was organized to support commanders on the front lines. TRANSCOM is responsible for ensuring that the defense transportation system is prepared to meet the demands of the emerging national defense strategy. Creating TRANSCOM was the first and most crucial step in striving to achieve true intermodalism within DOD. This resource paper focuses on the implications of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) for intermodal initiatives at TRANSCOM. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - National defense KW - Planning KW - U.S. Department of Defense KW - United States Transportation Command UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378455 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634530 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Carmichael, Gilbert E AU - Transportation Research Board TI - FEDERAL RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION PERSPECTIVE ON ISTEA SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 73-77 AB - This conference resource paper discusses the specific rail-related elements of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). These elements are concentrated on three themes: (a) commuter rail lines, (b) passenger corridor improvements, and (c) intermodal connections. Concluding comments concern the building of an "ethical transportation system", which is defined as a transportation system that is safe, nonpolluting, energy efficient, and competitive. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Competition KW - Conferences KW - Connectivity KW - Energy efficiency KW - Ethics KW - Improvements KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Planning KW - Pollution control KW - Pollution prevention KW - Railroad commuter service KW - Railroad transportation KW - Safety KW - U.S. Federal Railroad Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378457 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634537 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Helton, Jack D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - DEVELOPING PARTNERSHIPS SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 149-151 AB - The conference presentation by J.D. Helton on intermodal partnerships (pages 138-148 of this Special Report) prompted a number of conference participants to ask how the guidelines he presented should be followed and how the private partnerships he discussed were developed. These questions are answered in this paper, which was not presented at the conference. The examples provided are from the experience of Sea-Land Service, Inc., Arlington, Virginia, which has been successful in cultivating intermodal partnerships for several years. These partnerships have made a marked contribution to corporate market position, productivity, efficiency, and earnings. Developing these partnerships has involved the following: culture (predisposition), vision, strategy, and commitment. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Consumers KW - Development KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Partnerships KW - Planning KW - Providers KW - Sea Land Service, inc. KW - Sea-land service, incorporated KW - Users UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378464 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634524 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Walton, C Michael AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ISTEA AND INTERMODAL PLANNING: CONCEPT, PRACTICE, VISION. CHAIRMAN'S SUMMARY SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 1-3 AB - In these summary remarks the conference Chairman gives a brief conference overview. He points out that this was the first Transportation Research Board conference to be cosponsored by all five modal administrations of the U.S. Department of Transportation. He also states that the diversity of the conference participants and their harmonious efforts to shape an intermodal planning agenda demonstrated that pooled expertise must be the new, if not yet affirmed, approach to addressing the vision for transportation. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378451 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00634526 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Martinez, Robert AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PERSPECTIVE FROM THE OFFICE OF INTERMODALISM SN - 0309054524 PY - 1993 IS - 240 SP - pp 47-54 AB - This conference resource paper discusses the role of the U.S. Department of Transportation's Office of Intermodalism and the potential significant changes in policy under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) in the areas of planning and technology. Also discussed are the definition of the term "intermodalism" which was developed by the Office of Intermodalism, and the keystone of the highway transportation network--the National Highway System (NHS). Concluding comments concern U.S. productivity and transportation as a barometer of the future direction of U.S. economic policy. U1 - ISTEA and Intermodal Planning: Concept, Practice, VisionU.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration.Irvine, California StartDate:19921202 EndDate:19921204 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation; Federal Aviation Administration; Federal Highway Administration; Federal Railroad Administration; Federal Transit Administration; and Maritime Administration. KW - Conferences KW - Definitions KW - Economic policy KW - Intermodal planning KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Intermodalism KW - National Highway System KW - Office of intermodalism, usdot KW - Planning KW - Productivity KW - Technology KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378453 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633426 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATUS REPORT: EFFECTIVE HIGHWAY ACCIDENT COUNTERMEASURES PY - 1993 SP - 49 p. AB - As a result of the June 1990 Symposium on Effective Highway Accident Countermeasures--sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in cooperation with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)--short-term safety countermeasures were identified for emphasis and funding support. This Status Report describes the progress made to date at the State, local, and Federal levels in carrying out these 11 countermeasures. This document has been compiled from reports submitted to the Office of Highway Safety. The aim of the report is to (1) indicate the range and scope of activities pursued in implementing the countermeasures, (2) highlight particularly noteworthy projects, and (3) provide information on documentation, resources, and contacts for readers interested in obtaining more detailed descriptions. Because many activities relate to more than one countermeasure, the information in this report has been organized into the following five action categories within which the 11 countermeasures fall: (A) Pedestrian Safety Improvements; (B) Driver Behavior and Performance; (C) Roadway and Roadside Safety; (D) Commercial Motor Vehicle Safety; and (E) Corridor Safety Improvement Projects. An appendix contains several listings for obtaining further information on the actions cited in the text. KW - Behavior KW - Corridors KW - Countermeasures KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Federal government KW - Highway safety KW - Implementation KW - Local government KW - Motor carriers KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Personnel performance KW - Prevention KW - Roadside improvement KW - Safety KW - Safety improvement projects KW - State government KW - Traffic crashes KW - Trucking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374361 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633283 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCE WARNING (FLASHING) ARROW PANELS: POSITIVE GUIDANCE. BROCHURE PY - 1993 SP - 8 p. AB - This brochure has been prepared to accompany the videotape presentation "Advance Warning (Flashing) Arrow Panels: Positive Guidance." It summarizes the following: description and purpose of advance warning arrow panels; design standards; power supplies; applications and placement; costs and maintenance; and recommendations. KW - Advance warning arrow panels KW - Applications KW - Brochures KW - Costs KW - Design standards KW - Electric power supply KW - Location KW - Maintenance KW - Placement KW - Recommendations KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374278 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633282 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BARRIER DELINEATION IN WORK ZONES: THE WELL DEFINED PATH. BROCHURE PY - 1993 SP - 8 p. AB - This brochure has been prepared to accompany the videotape presentation "Barrier Delineation in Work Zones: The Well-Defined Path." It highlights the following topics: purpose of barriers; the problem of visibility...and the solution; delineation standards; two main situations; delineation devices and techniques; end treatments and delineation; other delineation techniques and guidelines; maintenance considerations; and selection of devices. KW - Anti glare screens KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Brochures KW - Delineation KW - End treatments KW - Equipment KW - Guardrails KW - Highway delineators KW - Maintenance KW - Selecting KW - Standards KW - Videotapes KW - Visibility KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628929 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPORT ON THE 1992 U.S. TOUR OF EUROPEAN CONCRETE HIGHWAYS PY - 1993 SP - 161 p. AB - The U.S. Tour of European Concrete Highways (US TECH) travelled in France, Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, and Belgium, and heard presentations from Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, and Italy. Traveling mostly by motor coach over thousands of kilometers of high-level motorways for 14 days, the Study Tour heard many presentations from government and toll road officials and engineers, contractors, university faculty, and industry representatives, and examined many pavements and construction sites. In addition, helpful literature and technical reports were provided, and many discussions were held with experts from all of these countries, which were very helpful to the Team's understanding of European practice. The Study Tour members believe Europe represents a "window" through which some important issues concerning the future transportation infrastructure in the United States can be observed. The most significant findings of this trip as determined by the 21-person Study Tour are briefly summarized in the Executive Summary of this report. The report itself offers a comparison between Europe and the USA in Section 1, provides a synthesis of the technical aspects of the Study Tour findings in Section 2, and gives additional information for each country in Section 3. Section 4 explains acronyms, definitions, and technical terms used in the report. Section 5, the Appendix, contains the following: "Petrographic Report on German Autobahn Concrete Pavement" and "Synoptic Table on Standards and Practices for Concrete Roads in Europe". KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Austria KW - Belgium KW - Concrete pavements KW - Europe KW - Field studies KW - France KW - Germany KW - Netherlands KW - Study tours KW - Technology KW - United States UR - http://international.fhwa.dot.gov/Pdfs/eurotour92/eurotour92-1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369242 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00627179 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Larson, Thomas D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - WANTED: PLIABLE PARADIGMS FOR TRANSPORTATION INVESTMENT SN - 0309054052 PY - 1993 IS - 237 SP - pp 134-146 AB - This is a time of new directions and opportunities in surface transportation in the United States. Explored in this paper is how full advantage can be taken of those new directions and opportunities. If transportation professionals develop new perspectives and learn about the specific needs of customers, products can be appropriately tailored to foster an effective and efficient transportation infrastructure. Applying the new directions embodied in the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) demands a sea change in the way we think about transportation investments and the role they will play in society. That change in thinking and how it affects organizations charged with implementing this law are explored. Special note is taken of the planning process so crucial to its success. In the language of the day, provisions of ISTEA will prompt pliable paradigms to guide future investment decisions and assessment of their worth. U1 - Conference on Moving Urban AmericaU.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationCharlotte,North Carolina,United States StartDate:19920500 EndDate:19920500 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration KW - Decision making KW - Infrastructure KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Investments KW - Mobility KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371616 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00627175 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Royer, Charles AU - Transportation Research Board TI - ISSUES FACING URBAN AMERICA SN - 0309054052 PY - 1993 IS - 237 SP - pp 81-90 AB - This conference resource paper has two objectives: (1) To develop a better understanding of the context within which decisions are made in metropolitan America and how to make transportation planning relevant within that context; and (2) To recognize and include the opportunity for expression of the diverse interests concerned with and affected by metropolitan and regional transportation planning decisions. Four primary forces are identified that will drive much of what can and will be done in the public sector during the next 10 years or so: (1) The continuing structural cost growth of subnational government and the growing economic impotency of the United States; (2) The increasing economic and racial isolation, not just in central cities, but in small cities and towns; (3) The deepening discontent with the performance of government and politicians at all levels--the antigovernment, antipolitics current; and (4) The growing mismatch between the geography of domestic needs and the geography of government, the primary means of meeting those needs democratically. U1 - Conference on Moving Urban AmericaU.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationCharlotte,North Carolina,United States StartDate:19920500 EndDate:19920500 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Cost growth KW - Decision making KW - Economics KW - Geography KW - Isolation (Economic) KW - Isolation (Racial) KW - Mobility KW - Politics KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371612 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00627177 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Kunde, James E AU - Bertsch, Dale F AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PARTNERSHIP AND PARTNERSHIP DEVELOPMENT: ISTEA AND CAAA -- BREAKTHROUGH OR MIRE? SN - 0309054052 PY - 1993 IS - 237 SP - pp 114-127 AB - This paper discusses the challenge of implementing the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA). Implementation of these Acts offers both risk and opportunity in an America in which citizens have become frighteningly distanced from government. The notion of partnerships to accomplish this is discussed and the following basic guidelines are presented and examined: (1) Symptom-relieving programs will not work. An investment strategy focused on problem identification, explicit goals, and joint investment with clear, immediate success will. (2) Most problems do not correspond to government boundaries. The test solutions come from places where a community of interest forms across governmental boundaries and delivers solutions to governmental bodies for action. Communities of interest generally occur in real places that have names, as opposed to areas known as the "five counties of______," for example. The authors of ISTEA want to resurrect metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs). The degree to which MPOs represent real places and develop real identities is probably the degree to which they will succeed. (3) The actual decision-making process must be visible and understandable to the public. The nation will not support another federal intervention failure. Experiments like the Kettering Foundation's Negotiated Investment Strategy (NIS) show how the federal system can work effectively. NIS employed (a) a neutral facilitator; (b) a condensed, efficient time frame; (c) a process adapted from the most successful negotiations experience (single-text negotiation); (d) face-to-face negotiations; and (e) signed public agreements (clear evidence of achievement). U1 - Conference on Moving Urban AmericaU.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationCharlotte,North Carolina,United States StartDate:19920500 EndDate:19920500 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration KW - Clean Air Act Amendments KW - Clean air act amendments 1990 KW - Decision making KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Investments KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Mobility KW - Negotiated investment strategy KW - Public private partnerships KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371614 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00627174 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Transportation Research Board TI - MOVING URBAN AMERICA SN - 0309054052 PY - 1993 IS - 237 SP - 176 p. AB - The conference objective was to advise the United States Department of Transportation, the community at large, and state and local elected officials on the appropriate planning and decision-making process needed to select and develop projects that will improve urban mobility, with emphasis on efficiency, concern for the environment, and shared responsibilities among agencies and affected groups, all within the context of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA). This Special Report contains the conference proceedings, including the following: Preface, J. Kinstlinger; Introductory Remarks, T.J. Harrelson; Conference Summary, D. Brand; Conference Findings; Workshop Reports; Resource Papers (6); Steering Committee Biographical Information; and Conference Participants. The Resource Papers are entered individually in the TRIS data base. U1 - Conference on Moving Urban AmericaU.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationCharlotte,North Carolina,United States StartDate:19920500 EndDate:19920500 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration KW - Clean Air Act Amendments KW - Clean air act amendments 1990 KW - Conferences KW - Decision making KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Mobility KW - Public private partnerships KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371611 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00627176 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Meyer, Michael D AU - Transportation Research Board TI - PLANNING: THE CHALLENGE OF BEING THE GLUE (WITH DISCUSSION) SN - 0309054052 PY - 1993 IS - 237 SP - pp 91-113 AB - This paper is organized into five sections. In each section an aspect of the challenge that faces the transportation planning profession is addressed. Discussed in the first section is the changing environment of transportation planning and how emphasis is once again on a planning-based decision-making process. The second section covers how planning must meet the challenge. In the third section, the following equation is discussed: (LRP + TSM + TDM) + (TSM + TDM) * (%TCM) = TIP where LRP = long-range plan, TSM = transportation system management, TDM = transportation demand management, TCM = transportation control measures, and TIP = transportation improvement program. The equation is intended to convey the numerous items that planners and decision makers are now required to develop. It highlights the interrelationships among the many different planning activities that now must occur and the critical significance of TIPs, into which many of the planning documents must feed. The trend toward performance-based planning is discussed in the fourth section. The fifth section is focused on the institutional arrangements and capabilities necessary for successful planning to occur. U1 - Conference on Moving Urban AmericaU.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationCharlotte,North Carolina,United States StartDate:19920500 EndDate:19920500 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration KW - Air quality management KW - Decision making KW - Institutional issues KW - Long range planning KW - Mobility KW - Transportation Improvement Program KW - Transportation improvement program/tip KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation system management KW - Travel demand management KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371613 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00627178 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Steckler, Steven A AU - Transportation Research Board TI - REDEFINING THE URBAN PARTNERSHIP: PUBLIC-PRIVATE TOLL FINANCING PROVISIONS OF ISTEA SN - 0309054052 PY - 1993 IS - 237 SP - pp 128-133 AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and automatic vehicle identification technology will share responsibility for the growth of toll facilities during the next decade. Discussed in this paper are some of the toll-related provisions of ISTEA that could greatly influence the way state and local governments build and finance those facilities and how they repair and expand roads, bridges, and tunnels. U1 - Conference on Moving Urban AmericaU.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationCharlotte,North Carolina,United States StartDate:19920500 EndDate:19920500 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration KW - Bridges KW - Decision making KW - Financing KW - Highways KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Mobility KW - Public private partnerships KW - Tolls KW - Transportation planning KW - Tunnels KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371615 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00627180 JO - Transportation Research Board Special Report PB - Transportation Research Board AU - Clymer, Brian W AU - Transportation Research Board TI - NEW DIMENSIONS IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNING SN - 0309054052 PY - 1993 IS - 237 SP - pp 147-151 AB - This paper discusses some areas that are important to the implementation of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). In the past, transportation planning and decision making were considered a kind of zero-sum game among metropolitan planning organizations (MPOs), transit operators, and the states. If more authority was given to one player, then authority had to be taken away from another. ISTEA, however, has changed that - everybody has more authority now. The Federal Transit Administration (FTA) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) are working cooperatively at virtually every level on every aspect of ISTEA implementation. An intermodal office that will report to the Secretary of Transportation is being created. An FTA-FHWA joint task force will be established to facilitate the administration of some projects that will be funded with a combination of FHWA and FTA funds. U1 - Conference on Moving Urban AmericaU.S. Department of TransportationFederal Highway AdministrationFederal Transit AdministrationCharlotte,North Carolina,United States StartDate:19920500 EndDate:19920500 Sponsors:U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Transit Administration KW - Cooperation KW - Decision making KW - Implementation KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Mobility KW - Transportation planning KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - U.S. Federal Transit Administration KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371617 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633240 AU - Mitchell, G F AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSMENT OF EROSION/SEDIMENT CONTROL IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12/23 SP - 219 p. AB - An assessment and comparison of erosion and sediment control practices, as applied to highway construction, were made through the following methods: surveys of personnel from state departments of transportation and project engineers in the State of Ohio; comparison of state departments of transportation standard specifications and other materials; and, field investigation at three sites in Ohio. Both of the surveys yielded similar responses on several items. Some of these were as follows: the higher perception of the importance of erosion and sediment control by the individual compared to that of the state; the top ranking of hydroseeding with mulching for temporary and permanent erosion control and filter fabric fence with bales for temporary sediment control; and, major problems encountered in weather conditions, lack of contractor cooperation, and lack of personnel/time. Analysis of the results of the surveys and rating the state documents on erosion and sediment control, in conjunction with the field assessment, provided some recurring themes and recommendations: emphasizing the importance of presenting and discussing erosion and sediment control plans with the contractor at the preconstruction conference; requiring that a prewinterizing meeting be held with the contractor to discuss plans for maintenance of control items during the winter season; providing more specific guidelines for maintenance procedures that are needed on control items, such as sediment basins, ditch checks, filter fabric fence; emphasizing the importance of implementing erosion control measures in a timely fashion; and, developing and implementing a training program for project engineers and/or others involved in providing erosion/sediment control during highway construction. This volume contains the final report and appendices A and B. KW - Data collection KW - Erosion control KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Recommendations KW - Road construction KW - Sediment control KW - Sediments KW - Specifications KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374239 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633375 AU - Abdulshafi, O AU - Talbert, L AU - Kedzierski, B AU - CTL Engineering, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LARGE AGGREGATE ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXES FOR USE IN LIEU OF ODOT ITEM 301. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12/23 SP - 137 p. AB - Large aggregate base course mixtures are not a new idea, however, their application has been limited since there are no universally acceptable specifications or design method for these mixes. This laboratory research study focused on the following: (1) Establishment of gradation bands for mixtures with a maximum size of 2 1/2 in.; (2) Development of mixture design procedures; (3) Establishment of testing criteria needed for the design of these mixes; and (4) Development of application guidelines for the use of these mixes. Based upon the results of this study, a recommendation was made to use the developed procedure and guideline specifications in field trial sections. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregate size KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mix design KW - Specifications KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374321 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628942 AU - Pant, P D AU - Park, Y AU - Neti, S V AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES FOR INSTALLATION OF INTERSECTION CONTROL BEACONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12/16 SP - 130 p. AB - The characteristics of traffic flow at rural, low-volume intersections controlled by stop signs and by intersection control beacons in conjunction with stop signs were examined. The measures of effectiveness included vehicular speeds, stop sign violations, service delay, gap acceptance, and accidents. In addition, the effects of sight distance and traffic volume were considered. The study found that intersection control beacons generally reduced vehicular speeds in the major directions, particularly at intersections with inadequate sight distance. The intersection control beacons had, in general, little or no impact on accepted or rejected gaps. A large proportion of drivers (40 to 90%) violated stop sign laws by not completely stopping at the intersections. The intersection control beacons were not necessarily effective in reducing stop sign violations or accidents. Guidelines for installation of intersection control beacons have been recommended. KW - Beacons KW - Crashes KW - Effectiveness KW - Flashing beacons KW - Gap acceptance KW - Intersections KW - Low volume roads KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rural highways KW - Sight distance KW - Speed KW - Stop signs KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic violations KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629104 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EDGE CITY AND ISTEA--EXAMINING THE TRANSPORTATION IMPLICATIONS OF SUBURBAN DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS. SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS: SEMINAR ON EDGE CITY AND ISTEA--SO WHAT?, WASHINGTON, D.C., AUGUST 13, 1992 PY - 1992/12 SP - 39 p. AB - This report summarizes a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) seminar on the issues associated with the growth and development of "edge cities" -- the major mixed-use activity centers in the suburbs of many metropolitan areas. With nearly two-thirds of new jobs and housing going into suburban areas, edge city mobility may be the characteristic transportation problem of the future. The seminar focused specifically on the challenges posed by edge city development patterns, and the opportunities presented by the increased flexibility afforded by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) to meet those challenges. The keynote speaker at the seminar was Joel Garreau, author of "Edge City: Life on the New Frontier" (TRIS 622377). In his book and in his keynote address, Garreau depicted the social and economic forces that have shaped recent urban development patterns. He looked especially at forces that have led to the concentration of commercial and office development outside of central cities. Mark Hughes of the John F. Kennedy School at Harvard University focused on the impact of metropolitan development patterns on the economic opportunities for the inner city poor and potential strategic solutions. Chris Leinberger of Robert Charles Lesser & Company described the varieties and evolution of edge cities and their economic consequences, as well as strategies to manage metropolitan growth. A series of panelists provided a range of alternative perspectives on these trends and their transportation implications. KW - Activity centers KW - Central business districts KW - Development KW - Economic development KW - Impact studies KW - Inner cities KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Mobility KW - Patterns KW - Socioeconomic factors KW - Strategic planning KW - Suburbs KW - Transportation planning KW - Transportation policy KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban development KW - Urban transportation KW - Workshops UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628814 AU - Barnes, K E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSIDERATIONS IN THE APPLICATION OF FREEWAY COMPUTER SIMULATION MODELS TO PROJECT EVALUATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 42 p. AB - Improvements or new construction of freeways can benefit from tools to evaluate various design alternatives. The use of a computer model to evaluate project alternatives is the most cost effective method, but often times the least understood. This research study focuses on characteristics of and the process of choosing a freeway simulation model. The input, output and possible applications of several freeway simulation models are listed and a case study highlighting the output from each model is presented for comparison. Finally, a ranking of the freeway models is presented for particular applications. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Case studies KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Design KW - Freeways KW - Input KW - Macroscopic models KW - Microscopic models KW - Output KW - Project analysis KW - Project management KW - Simulation KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760559 AU - Van Bramer, T F AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF TWO RUBBER-MODIFIED ASPHALT-CONCRETE OVERLAYS: A THREE-YEAR PROGRESS REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 33 p. AB - In 1987 the New York State Legislature asked the New York State Department of Transportation to undertake a pilot project demonstrating the use of waste tire rubber in construction or improvement of state highways. This resulted in constructing two test roads in the summer of 1989 using various percentages of rubber as an aggregate incorporated in asphalt cement concrete pavement, by what is commonly called the "dry process". Each site consists of five 2000-ft (609.6-m) test sections, containing 1-, 2-, or 3-percent rubber by total weight of the mix, a proprietary rubber additive of coarser gradation at 3 percent by total weight, and a conventional mix used as a control. This report covers an extension of that study addressing the issues of performance and service life of rubber-modified asphalt concrete (RUMAC) pavements. Performance is recorded semi-annually and types and locations of distress are documented. Falling-weight deflectometer tests and laboratory analyses are also conducted. Laboratory and field testing and performance are reported to date. Early results indicate that RUMAC pavements are not performing as well as conventional mixes. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Crumb rubber KW - Dry process KW - Field tests KW - Laboratory tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement distress KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rubber KW - Scrap tires KW - Service life KW - Test sections UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21134/PB99100315.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496299 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00751072 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PAPERS PRESENTED AT THE CONGESTION PRICING SYMPOSIUM, JUNE 10-12, 1992 PY - 1992/12 SP - v.p. AB - This publication contains the following eleven papers: Congestion Pricing: Previous Experience and Future Application, B. Arrillaga and K. Bhatt; Road Pricing: International Experience, M.G. Richards; Introducing Congestion Pricing on a New Toll Road, R.W. Poole, Jr.; Using the Revenues from Congestion Pricing, K.A. Small; Regionwide Toll Pricing: Impacts on Urban Mobility, Environment, and Transportation Financing, A.R. Kane and P. DeCorla-Souza; A Comparative Analysis of Regulatory and Market-Based Transportation Demand Management Strategies, G. Giuliano and M. Wachs; Commuting, Congestion, and Pollution: The Employer-Paid Parking Connection, D.C. Shoup and R.W. Willson; Transportation Alternatives in a Congestion-Pricing Environment, R. Cevero; Implementing Congestion Pricing: Distributional Implications, K. Bhatt; A Revue of Current Roadway-Pricing Technologies and Technological Issues, S.B. Rooney; and Electronic Toll Collection, J.V. Halloran, III. U1 - Congestion Pricing SymposiumFederal Highway Administration and Federal Transit Administration.Arlington, Virginia StartDate:19920610 EndDate:19920612 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration and Federal Transit Administration. KW - Automated toll collection KW - Conferences KW - Congestion pricing KW - Employers KW - Environmental impacts KW - Finance KW - Implementation KW - Mobility KW - Mode choice KW - Parking KW - Public transit KW - Revenues KW - Road pricing KW - Subsidies KW - Technology KW - Toll roads KW - Transit services KW - Transportation KW - Travel demand management UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/485077 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00638791 AU - Metcalf, D G AU - Zaniewski, John P AU - Duffy, D M AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF ARIZONA ARRESTOR BED PERFORMANCE. SPECIAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 98 p. AB - The Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) designs arrestor beds using an equation that predicts stopping distance based on entry velocity, assumed rolling resistance (R), and the slope of the bed. There are several arrestor bed features not accounted for in the design equation that are specified based on experience: 1) bed depth, 2) length of transition from initial depth to final depth, and 3) aggregate specification. The arrestor bed design equation has been cited as overly conservative in research done by the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute (PTI). Additionally, ADOT is interested in the effect of different types of equipment that can be used to level and scarify the bed after an entry. To evaluate Arizona arrestor bed performance, ADOT performed 102 full scale truck entries distributed among four of Arizona's seven arrestor beds. Testing approximated a 2x2x3 factorial experiment. The length of each run was measured and recorded. The velocity during most of the runs was recorded every 1/20th of a second by a radar gun connected to a data recorder. The stopping distance and a backcalculated R value were used as response variables for Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The time vs. velocity plots were used to determine the character of the deceleration of each run. The analysis indicates that stopping distance increases approximately 70% when entry velocity is increased from 45 mph to 65 mph. Runs in the tracks left by a previous entry increased stopping distance by approximately 14%. An equipment type that is capable of scarifying the bed will decrease the stopping distance approximately 17% over equipment types that only level the bed. At the highest design entry speed, in beds of comparable aggregate and slope, an average R value of 0.41 was achieved in a bed that had an average depth of 39.2 in. over the average stopping distance, and an average R value of 0.34 was achieved in a bed that had an average depth of 12.8 in. over the average stopping distance. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Arizona KW - Arrester beds KW - Depth KW - Design KW - Effectiveness KW - Escape lanes KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Prototype tests KW - Rolling resistance KW - Scarifying KW - Stopping distances KW - Velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380438 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634552 AU - Avent, R R AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR HEAT STRAIGHTENING REPAIRS: AN ENGINEERING GUIDE PY - 1992/12 SP - 45 p. AB - This report summarizes over four years of research on heat-straightening repairs and provides a prototype engineering guide for the application of heat-straightening to bridge structures. It is based on the research results detailed in a companion report entitled, "Development of Engineering Design Procedures for Heat-Straightening Repair of Damaged Structural Steel in Bridges." This guide is not complete. In particular, repair of localized damage is not addressed. However, methods are provided for implementing procedures for repairing specific cases of global damage. The guide is written in specification format and can be used or incorporated into technical specifications for heat straightening. In addition to a general section, other sections include: damage assessment, material assessment, design of repair sequence, and field supervision of repair. The report concludes with a summary of the research project upon which the guide is based. Major conclusions of the research as well as recommendations for future research are presented. KW - Damages KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Girders KW - Guides KW - Guides to information KW - Heat KW - Heat straightening KW - Loss and damage KW - Metal bridges KW - Repairing KW - Research KW - Specifications KW - Steel bridges KW - Straightening KW - Structural steel KW - Trusses UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_252.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634551 AU - Avent, R R AU - Robinson, P F AU - Madan, A AU - Shenoy, S AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR HEAT-STRAIGHTENING REPAIR OF DAMAGED STRUCTURAL STEEL IN BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 420 p. AB - Reported here is a comprehensive experimental and analytical investigation of heat-straightening repair of damaged steel. The study summarizes over four years of research and development. A companion report, "Design Procedures for Heat-Straightening Repairs: An Engineering Guide," provides a summary of implementable procedures resulting from this research. This research program began with the exhaustive study of simple plate elements in which the various factors affecting heat straightening were quantified. Testing and analytical development progressed from plates to small rolled shapes and, finally, to full size bridge elements. As a result, extensive experimental results are presented for plates, angles, channels and wide flange rolled shapes. Attention is also focused on composite and non-composite bridge girders and truss members. The experimental results are used as the basis for developing analytical procedures for predicting behavior. Many of these procedures are in the form of simple formulas suitable for hand computation. A computer program is also developed for application in design. The most significant results and conclusions of the project are: (1) that heat-straightening can be effectively used for repair of damaged steel and the resulting behavior can be analytically predicted; (2) mechanical properties of the steel are unimpaired when proper quality control is used during heating; (3) a damage classification system is developed; (4) jacking forces can be used as part of the repair if the magnitude and location is controlled, however, cracking may result if not controlled; (5) repairs can be made on steel with damage up to 100 times the yield strain; and (6) if a repaired member is redamaged, heat-straightening repair can be repeated but should be limited to one repetition of repairs. KW - Damage classification systems KW - Damages KW - Girders KW - Heat KW - Heat straightening KW - Jacking KW - Jacks (Mechanical equipment) KW - Loss and damage KW - Metal bridges KW - Quality control KW - Repairing KW - Steel bridges KW - Straightening KW - Structural steel KW - Trusses UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2013/fr_251.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634388 AU - Jou, R-C AU - Mahmassani, H S AU - Joseph, T AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DAILY VARIABILITY OF COMMUTER DECISIONS: DALLAS SURVEY RESULTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 74 p. AB - The consideration of user responses is important in planning reconstruction activities and in developing control strategies. Extensive surveys of actual commuter behavior in the North Central Expressway corridor in Dallas, Texas, were conducted to characterize the day-to-day dynamics of commuter decisions and to calibrate the user decision models incorporated in a methodology to analyze the dynamics of traffic commuting systems. Three aspects of commuter behavior are investigated in depth: trip chaining, trip timing, and path selection. The resulting data provide unique information that is of value to a wide array of travel demand measures and traffic operations, including intelligent vehicle highway systems (IVHS). KW - Behavior KW - Commuters KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Drivers KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Mathematical models KW - Planning KW - Reconstruction KW - Route choice KW - Surveys KW - Travel demand KW - Trip chaining KW - Trip timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633455 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - Michaels, R M AU - Resende, PTV AU - Shim, E AU - Weeks, B AU - Illinois Transportation Research Consortium AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY OPERATION PROBLEMS OF SENIOR DRIVERS IN ILLINOIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 139 p. AB - An increase in the percentage of senior (older) drivers using the American roads is expected. The driving needs of the senior drivers should be considered for safe and efficient design and operation of highways. This study was conducted to analyze the needs and concerns of the senior drivers in Illinois. It included a literature review, a statewide survey of senior drivers, and meetings with senior citizens focus groups. The study was designed to obtain insights into: (1) The specific changes in difficulty senior motorists have experienced in driving, (2) the elements of highway design and traffic operations whose importance to their driving has increased, and (3) the type and frequency of driving they are doing. A total of 664 senior drivers responded to a mail survey. Data were analyzed at three levels: First, the response of all drivers to a given question was examined. Second, the differences among the responses from male and female drivers were checked. Third, the data were divided into four age groups: a) 66-68; b) 69-72; c) 73-76; and d) over 77 years of age. Trend and statistical analyses were conducted to determine whether the responses from one age group were significantly different from the others. Furthermore, focus group meetings, in rural and urban areas, were conducted to obtain more detailed information than the survey. This report discusses the results from the survey and the focus group meetings. KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Driver age KW - Drivers KW - Driving KW - Driving habits KW - Focus groups KW - Gender KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Illinois KW - Literature reviews KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Needs assessment KW - Problem identification KW - Rural areas KW - Statistical analysis KW - Surveys KW - Traffic KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633268 AU - Ryals, K K AU - Breen, J E AU - KREGER, M E AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FRETTING FATIGUE IN EXTERNAL POST-TENSIONED TENDONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 102 p. AB - External post-tensioning tendons are frequently used in the construction of multiple span box girder bridges. They occur particularly frequently in long bridges erected using span-by-span construction as in elevated urban freeways and over water viaducts. In addition, they have been successfully used in a number of bridge strengthening projects. Since external tendons are physically connected to the concrete superstructure at only a few discrete locations, they act more as unbonded tendons than bonded tendons. The potential for fatigue distress in unbonded tendons is generally lower because of the long averaging length of free tendon. However, the external tendons usually have substantial angle changes concentrated over fairly short lengths at the deviators where the tendons are connected to the concrete sections. All of the basic requirements for fretting are present and accentuated at these deviators. There has been a concern that such potential for fretting might endanger the fatigue resistance of the tendon and cause premature failure. The objectives of this study were to build and cyclically load tendons with concentrated angle changes representative of external tendons and typical deviator details. The specimens were to be examined for evidence of fretting fatigue. Recommendations for changes in design or construction techniques were to be made to reduce the potential for harmful fretting fatigue. No evidence of fretting fatigue worse than that found with internal post-tensioned tendons was found. A wide range of prestressed concrete fatigue applications was examined and a comprehensive design procedure for fatigue applications was suggested. KW - Box girder bridges KW - Design methods KW - Deviators KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fretting KW - Highway bridges KW - Posttensioning KW - Recommendations KW - Repeated loads KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Tendons KW - Viaducts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374265 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647414 AU - Hall, K T AU - Darter, M I AU - ARMAGHANI, J M AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE MONITORING OF JOINT LOAD TRANSFER RESTORATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 108 p. AB - Faulting and deflections at joints on the experimental load transfer restoration project on I-10 near Tallahassee, Florida, were monitored between 1986 and 1991. This report presents the results of the analyses of the performance data collected and summarizes the performance of the load transfer restoration experiment. KW - Concrete pavements KW - Deflection KW - Faulting KW - Joints KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Load transfer KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement joints KW - Performance KW - Restoration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387210 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628819 AU - Baus, R L AU - Ray, R P AU - University of South Carolina, Columbia AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF SUBGRADE RESILIENT MODULUS IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN - PHASE I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 69 p. AB - This report summarizes a study conducted to review current procedures for determining subgrade resilient modulus. The fundamental objective of the study was to compile the essential background information necessary to recommend to the South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation the most practical method(s) for determining subgrade resilient modulus values required for implementation of the flexible pavement design procedures given in the 1986 AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures. The study included a literature review of methodologies for determining resilient modulus and a survey of state highway agencies to determine current practice and level of resilient modulus utilization in flexible pavement design. KW - Data collection KW - Flexible pavements KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Pavement design KW - State departments of transportation KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369165 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628786 AU - Aschenbrener, T AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF COLORADO COMPONENT HOT MIX ASPHALT MATERIALS WITH SOME EUROPEAN SPECIFICATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 65 p. AB - The purpose of this report is to identify differences in Colorado's aggregates and asphalt cements as measured and compared to some of the European tests and specifications. Performance-related tests for asphalt cements developed by SHRP will be the ultimate method to identify performance and should be well received in Europe. Based upon the standard empirical tests on asphalt cements from four refineries commonly used in Colorado, the asphalt cements are comparable to those used in France. The 17 most frequently used aggregate sources in Colorado were tested for this study. The angularity of fine aggregates is measured with the NAA test procedure. The quality of the P200 is measured with respect to angularity, durability, and stiffening. Angularity of P200 is measured with the stiffening power, durability with the methylene blue and sand equivalent tests, and stiffening with the power of absorption, stiffening power (ring and ball softening point) and Rigden voids index test. The results from these tests are interrelated. Gradations commonly used by the French and Germans are compared to the Colorado Department of Transportation master range. KW - Aggregates KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Angularity KW - Asphalt cement KW - Durability KW - Europe KW - France KW - Germany KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Specifications KW - Stiffening KW - Test results KW - United States UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369132 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00627170 AU - Duemmel, P S AU - Baber, T T AU - Barton, F W AU - McKeel, W T AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASURED RESPONSE OF THE I-295 CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE: PART 1--FIELD STUDY OF LIVE LOAD RESPONSES. FINAL REPORT--PART A PY - 1992/12 SP - 56 p. AB - This report describes the results of a field study of the live load responses of a segmentally constructed prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridge. The main span of the test structure consists of twin box girders connected by delta frames. Known vehicular loadings were placed statically at various points along the bridge. Strains measured during this loading were compared with those obtained from finite element models of the bridge. Strain trends predicted by the finite element model were in good agreement with the measured strain trends. Quantitative agreement was fair, at least in part because of the high stiffness of the bridge and the limitations on the magnitude of load that could be applied. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Box girders KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Load tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Segmental construction KW - Strain measurement UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36869/93-R12.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368618 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00627171 AU - Duemmel, P S AU - Baber, T T AU - Barton, F W AU - McKeel, W T AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASURED RESPONSE OF THE I-295 CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE: PART 2--FIELD STUDY OF THERMAL RESPONSES. FINAL REPORT--PART B PY - 1992/12 SP - 90 p. AB - This report describes the results of a field study of the thermal responses of a cable-stayed bridge. Data were gathered from the I-295 James River Bridge, a precast segmental concrete bridge with a cable-stayed main span consisting of twin box girders connected by delta frames. The thermal gradient and associated thermal strains in the box girders and pylons were measured using an extensive array of thermocouples and strain-gaged reinforcing bars installed at selected locations in the main-span box girder and south pylon. The temperature and strain response data were compared with that predicted from detailed finite element models of the structure using both frame and plate elements. Comparison revealed a complex three-dimensional strain pattern dependent on the wind direction and the angle of solar incidence. Simplified beam element models were unable to predict many of the observed local variations in thermal strain, which are influenced by wind direction, solar heating direction, proximity to the web, and the existence of parapets monolithic with the deck. Three-dimensional finite element models appear to be more capable of predicting the kind of three-dimensional strains observed, but quantitative agreement with the observed thermal strains was limited at best. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Box girders KW - Cable stayed bridges KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Forecasting KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Segmental construction KW - Solar energy KW - Solar power generation KW - Strain measurement KW - Thermal response KW - Thermal stresses KW - Three dimensional KW - Wind KW - Wind direction UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36869/93-R13.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368619 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626968 AU - Noel, J S AU - Keating, P B AU - Mattox, M J AU - White, E P AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERLOAD PERMIT PROCEDURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 48 p. AB - An analytical study of H15 bridges in Texas has resulted in an improved procedure for issuing overweight truck permits. Single and multiple axle limits, specifically to protect pavements rather than bridges, are assumed. The weight restrictions limit any (and all) axle groups as a function of the gage and tire contact widths. The restrictions were derived to assure that the maximum stress in any bridge member never exceeds the operating level. Only one vheicle is allowed on the bridge at a time but it is assumed to be traveling at a speed such that the full impact allowance is generated. KW - Bridge stresses KW - Bridges KW - Laws KW - Lightweight bridges KW - Load limits KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Permits KW - Restrictions KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - Stresses KW - Texas KW - Trucks KW - Types of bridges by design KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368491 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642355 AU - Cook, R A AU - Fagundo, F E AU - Rozen, A D AU - Mayer, H AU - Richardson, D E AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A POST-TENSIONED FLAT-SLAB BRIDGE SYSTEM FOR FATIGUE AND ULTIMATE LOAD. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 121 p. AB - A new type of short-span bridge system for traversing wetlands and shallow waters (i.e., a trestle-type bridge) has been developed and implemented over the Albemarle Sound south of Edenton, North Carolina. The new system incorporates precast flat-slab sections that are post-tensioned for continuity. The new system has the potential to replace traditional trestle-type bridges constructed using simple-span prestressed beams with a cast-in-place deck. A continuous two-span, half-scale model of this precast, post-tensioned, flat-slab bridge system was built and tested under various load conditions. The bridge was evaluated analytically and experimentally for the transfer load case (dead load plus prestress), the maximum negative moment service load case, the maximum positive moment service load case, fatigue load, cracking load, and ultimate load. Results for the transfer load case, the maximum negative moment service load case, and the maximum positive moment service load case have been presented in a previous report. This report provides the results of the fatigue load test, the cracking load test, and the ultimate load test. The model bridge performed as predicted for all load cases. Comparisons between analytical and physical models showed good correlation for all types of tests. At service load levels the bridge exhibited an elastic response with no evidence of cracking. The results of the fatigue load tests showed no degradation of stiffness. The ultimate load and deflections of the new bridge system were readily predicted by standard behavioral models for prestressed concrete. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridges KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue loading KW - Forecasting KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Load tests KW - Loads KW - Model tests KW - Posttensioning KW - Precast concrete KW - Scale models KW - Shallow water KW - Slabs KW - Test results KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381442 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642344 AU - Aktan, A E AU - Miller, R AU - Shahrooz, B AU - Zwick, M AU - Heckenmueller, M AU - Ho, I AU - Hrinko, W AU - Toksoy, T AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE AND DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF A REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB BRIDGE AND ASSOCIATED ANALYTICAL STUDIES. DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF A DECOMMISSIONED RC HIGHWAY BRIDGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - v.p. AB - Recently, many bridges have failed to perform under service loads, scour, floods or earthquakes. Meanwhile, evidence suggests that a large number of bridges may be deemed structurally deficient without justification by present inspection and rating procedures. Many RC (Reinforced Concrete) slab bridges, which are still useable, are now being replaced before full utilization of their inherent capacity because of a lack of understanding and knowledge of the effects of deterioration and aging on these bridges. To establish procedures that allow for the full utilization of RC slab bridge capacity, a 38-year old sample was loaded to failure. The bridge, which was decommissioned due to its age and deteriorated state, endured the equivalent loading of 22 rating trucks before failure. The research was designed to study and determine the abilities of different NDE (Nondestructive Evaluation) techniques to detect damage and to examine processes for improving the condition evaluation and rating of concrete slab bridges. Accurate condition evaluation and rating of bridges is key for improving the present rating and decommissioning practice. Through this research a better understanding of the complex behavior of slab bridges at all their limit states has been achieved. Improvements in NDE and NLFEA (Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis) have been accomplished. KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Condition surveys KW - Damage assessment KW - Decommissioning KW - Destructive testing KW - Finite element method KW - Highway capacity KW - Inspection KW - Loss and damage KW - Mechanical tests KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Ratings KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Service life KW - Slab bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/382156 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626723 AU - Bruce, R N AU - Russell, H C AU - Roller, J J AU - Martin, B T AU - Tulane University AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY EVALUATION OF UTILIZING HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE IN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HIGHWAY BRIDGE STRUCTURES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 250 p. AB - The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the feasibility of using high-strength concrete in the design and construction of highway bridge structures. A literature search was conducted; a survey of five regional fabrication plants was performed; mix designs were studied in the laboratory and in the field; and three series of tests consisting of a total of nine full-scale specimens were conducted. The first series included three pile specimens tested in flexure. Each of the pile specimens had a 24-in. (610-mm) square cross section with a 12-in. (305-mm) diameter void running its full length. All the pile specimens were 24 ft (7.31 m) long. The pile specimen concrete, at the time of testing, had an average compressive strength of 8,067 psi (55 MPa). The second series consisted of three full-size bulb-tee specimens. Flexural tests of two bulb-tee specimens are reported. The third specimen is being used for determination of long term static-load behavior. Results will be given in a separate report. The specimens were standard 54-in. (1,372-mm) bulb-tee sections with a 6 in. (152 mm) thick web. One of the test specimens had a slab 9 1/2 in. (241 mm) thick and 10 ft (3,048 mm) wide cast on top of it. The slab had an average concrete compressive strength of 4,037 psi (48 MPa). The second specimen was tested without a slab. The concrete of each bulb-tee specimen had an average 28-day compressive strength of 9,800 psi (68 PMa). Each girder specimen contained the same number and configuration of longitudinal prestressing strands and the same amount of web reinforcement. Three shear tests are also reported. These shear tests were performed using the ends of the two flexural test specimens. Since the shear specimens were taken from the flexural specimens, they had the same cross-sectional configuration and concrete strength as the flexural specimens. The third series consisted of the fabrication and driving of a single 130-ft (38.6-m) pile specimen. The pile specimen had the same cross-sectional configuration as the pile specimens tested in the laboratory. The concrete of the pile specimen had an average 28-day compressive strength of 10,453 psi (72 MPa). A fourth series of tests is scheduled to be completed in the fall of 1993. This series of tests will consist of fatigue testing two full-size bulb-tee specimens. The results of the fatigue tests and the long-term behavior of specimen BT3 will be the subject of a separate report to be completed in January of 1994. KW - Bulb-tee specimens KW - Compressive strength KW - Deflection KW - Flexural strength KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Girders KW - Guides to the literature KW - High strength concrete KW - Highway bridges KW - Literature reviews KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Modulus of rupture KW - Pile tests KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Quality control KW - Shear strength KW - Structural tests KW - Tensile strength UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_264.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368393 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675259 AU - Green, P AU - University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration TI - AMERICAN HUMAN FACTORS RESEARCH ON IN-VEHICLE NAVIGATION SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 77 p. AB - This report emphasizes route guidance. European and Japanese research, which is extensive and significant, will be covered elsewhere. Critical research includes the Cross and McGrath work on maps, FHWA-funded research on ERGS, studies by Wierwille and his colleagues of the ETAK Navigator, studies by Gatling and Davis on in-vehicle auditory systems (Back Seat Driver), and comparisons of auditory and visual systems by Streeter and Walker. The following are the main findings: (1) Route guidance maps should be oriented heading up. It may be beneficial to show both the current heading and the four cardinal directions. (2) For ordinary route guidance (well-spaced cross and T intersections, light to medium traffic), instructions should be simple. ("Turn left at the next intersection," not "The next three streets are...When you get to..."). More complex situations (heavy traffic, rapid turns in succession) have not been examined. (3) Visual and auditory route guidance systems are about equal in usability. Simultaneously providing guidance in both formats may not enhance usability. (4) Of the measures proposed to evaluate visually based navigation systems, eye fixations and navigation errors seem to be the most sensitive to design differences. (5) Missing in the literature are theories that explain why differences occur, studies of untrained users, and studies of elderly drivers. KW - Auditory systems KW - Communication KW - Driver vehicle interfaces KW - Ergonomics KW - Human factors KW - Information display systems KW - Maps KW - Navigation KW - Research KW - Route guidance KW - Vision KW - Visual communication UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412277 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00674293 AU - Hearn, G AU - University of Colorado, Boulder AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGH-CAPACITY FLEXPOST ROCKFALL FENCES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 206 p. AB - Designs of high-capacity rockfall fences are developed through numerical simulations of rockfall impacts and through a prototype test. Based on the existing design of the Colorado Department of Transportation flexpost fence, three designs at 80,000 ft-lb (108,480 J) rockfall capacity are developed. The three designs provide for fences of 10, 16 and 24 ft (3.05, 4.88 and 7.32 m) height, and all use steel gabion mesh for fence fabric. A fourth design using steel cable net for fabric on a 10-ft (3.05-m) tall fence was constructed as a full-scale prototype and tested with freely falling boulders. The cable net design has a rockfall capacity of 125,000 ft-lb (169,500 J). A description of flexpost fences, maximum forces in components of fences, sizes of components for the four designs of fences, computer models for numerical simulations, and results of simulations are presented. A summary of prototype tests is presented. A list of suppliers of cable and wire mesh products is provided. KW - Capacity KW - Design KW - Flexpost fences KW - Gabions KW - Height KW - Prototype tests KW - Rockfalls KW - Simulation KW - Steel cable net KW - Steel gabion mesh KW - Steel wire fabrics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00672531 AU - Brodtman, K AU - Strizki, M AU - New Jersey Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OWNERSHIP COSTS OF TRAFFIC SIGNAL LAMPS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 208 p. AB - Ownership costs are determined for standard, krypton watt-saver and krypton thermistor traffic signal lamps by evaluating installations at intersections in New Jersey and monitoring the burnouts. Lamps from six manufacturers for both eight and twelve-inch signal faces were included in a three year test. The lamps were further characterized by four voltage ranges, six wattage ranges, two age groups, and three filament support groups. Individual lamp traceability was maintained through lamp numbers, intersection installation sheets, and burnout sheets. The accumulated percent burnouts for the lamps are given by "Days Installed", or "Total Average On-Hours Installed", or "Total Average Cycles". With the exception of the two figures in the body of the report, all data and figures are in the twelve appendices. Ownership costs - the costs to purchase one thousand lamps and to replace the burnouts per one thousand lamps - were determined for six thousand and eight thousand total average on-hours installed. KW - Burnouts KW - Costs KW - Ownership KW - Replacement costs KW - Signal face KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411589 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00669017 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONALLY COORDINATED PROGRAM OF HIGHWAY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND TECHNOLOGY: ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT, FISCAL YEAR 1992 PY - 1992/12 SP - 143 p. AB - This progress report gives an overview of research being conducted under the Nationally Coordinated Program of Highway Research, Development, and Technology (RD&T) from October 1, 1991 through September 30, 1992. The NCP is organized into categories, programs, and projects; the NCP categories covered in this 1992 report are: A. Highway Safety, B. Traffic Operations/Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems, C. Pavements, D. Structures, E. Materials and Operations, F. Policy, G. Motor Carrier Transportation, (no H, I), J. Planning, K. Environment, and L. Right of Way. New to the NCP this year is the Office of Advanced Research, which will plan, administer, and conduct research and innovative adaption for emerging and advanced technologies that have potential for long-range applications in the highway program. This report highlights the high priority areas to show the research emphasis areas of the NCP. Each NCP program has a program manager within the FHWA Headquarters (Washington, DC and the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center in McLean, Virginia). The program manager coordinates the Federal staff and contract activities with the State Planning and Research (SP&R) program, the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP), and the Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) administered by the National Research Council. This group conducts research on all categories, RD&T transfer activities funded by the States, as well as other Government and special programs. This is the fifth NCP Annual Progress report since 1987. KW - Environmental impact analysis KW - Highway operations KW - Highway planning KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Materials KW - Motor carriers KW - Pavements KW - Policy KW - Research KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Strategic planning KW - Structures KW - Technological innovations KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00669067 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - Resende, P AU - Shim, E AU - Michaels, R M AU - Weeks, B AU - University of Illinois, Chicago AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGHWAY OPERATIONS PROBLEMS OF ELDERLY DRIVERS IN ILLINOIS PY - 1992/12 SP - 140 p. AB - An increase in the percentage of senior (older) drivers using the American Roads is expected. The driving needs of the senior drivers should be considered for safe and efficient design and operation of highways. The study was conducted to analyze the needs and concerns of the senior drivers in Illinois. It included a literature review, a statewide survey of senior drivers and meetings with senior citizens focus groups. The study was designed to obtain insights into: 1) The specific changes in difficulty senior motorists have experience in driving; 2) the elements of highway design and traffic operations whose importance to their driving has increased, and 3) the type and frequency of driving they are doing. A total of 664 senior drivers responded to a mail survey. KW - Age KW - Aged drivers KW - Driver age KW - Driver performance KW - Drivers KW - Highway design KW - Highway operations KW - Illinois KW - Personnel performance KW - Traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410679 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667755 AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPS-5 AND SPS-6 SHRP DATA COLLECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 21 p. AB - This project required the completion of Construction Data Forms for the Strategic Highway Research Program's (SHRP's) Specific Pavement Studies (SPS) Experiment Number 5, The Rehabilitation of Asphalt Concrete Pavements, and Experiment Number 6, The Rehabilitation of Jointed Portland Cement Concrete Pavements. In Arizona, the SPS-5 experiment construction was done in the eastbound travel lane of Interstate Highway 8, between mileposts 159 and 161 in southwestern Arizona. Eleven test sections were constructed for the experiment, with eight as set forth in SHRP guidelines. In addition, two additional sections were constructed, and one designated as the control section, for a grand total of eleven sections. There are eleven SHRP Construction Data Forms. Each Form covers a general topic related to the rehabilitation construction. The SPS-6 experiment construction was in the eastbound travel lane of Interstate Highway 40, between mileposts 202 and 205 in northern Arizona. Eighteen test sections were constructed for the experiment, with eight as set forth in SHRP guidelines. In addition, nine additional sections were constructed, and one designated as the SHRP control section, for a grand total of eighteen sections. There are twenty-seven of the SHRP Construction Data Forms and they are numbered one through three and seven through thirty. Each form covers a general topic related to the rehabilitation construction. KW - Arizona KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data collection KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Forms (Documents) KW - Rehabilitation KW - Strategic Highway Research Program UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410196 ER - TY - SER AN - 00667256 JO - PATH Research Report PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Miller, M A AU - Dato, V AU - Chira-Chavala, T AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Feasibility Study of Advanced Technology HOV Systems Volume 2B: Emissions Impact of Roadway-Powered Electric Buses, Light-Duty Vehicles, and Automobiles PY - 1992/12 SP - 115 p. AB - Changes in pollutant emissions as a result of adopting roadway powered electric buses, light duty vehicles (LDVs), and automobiles in California are analyzed. The analysis involves comparing emissions of hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), oxides of sulfur (SOx), and particulate matter (PM), in grams per vehicle-mile of travel, between roadway powered vehicles (RPEVs) and existing internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). Findings indicate that significant reductions in emissions of HC and CO can be expected from the adoption of RPEVs, while fluctuations between emission increases and reductions are likely for NOx, SOx, and PM depending on energy consumption by vehicle type, the split between roadway/battery power usage, power flow efficiencies from the power plant to the roadway, and the mix of fuel sources and processing technologies assumed for electricity generation. KW - Air quality management KW - Electric buses KW - Electric vehicles KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Internal combustion engines KW - Light vehicles KW - Pollution control KW - Roadway powered electric vehicles KW - Technological innovations UR - http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/8tv373pm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406255 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667261 AU - Burke, D AU - Lomax, T AU - Shrank, D AU - Duarte, R AU - Hodgson, M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION ASPECTS OF THE MAQUILADORA INDUSTRY LOCATED ON THE TEXAS/MEXICO BORDER PY - 1992/12 SP - 214 p. AB - The report is part of a study to develop information which can be used by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to assess impacts of growth in truck traffic in the Texas-Mexico border area roadway network. Dramatic increases in the maquiladora and other international trade between Texas and Mexico have generated substantial concern over the adequacy of the infrastructure systems that serve the ports of entry. These industries rely heavily on truck traffic to carry goods within the border area and between the border area and the other regions of the U.S. and Mexico. KW - Economic growth KW - Growth rate KW - Highway capacity KW - International trade KW - Mexico KW - Statistics KW - Texas KW - Traffic density KW - Traffic loads KW - Truck effect on highway capacity KW - Trucking KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406260 ER - TY - SER AN - 00667257 JO - PATH Research Report PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Chira-Chavala, T AU - Lin, W H AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Feasibility Study of Advanced Technology HOV Systems Volume 3: Benefit Implications of Alternative Policies for Including HOV lanes in Route Guidance Networks PY - 1992/12 SP - 85 p. AB - This study aims to investigate whether it would be beneficial to include HOV lanes in route guidance networks when high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes exist on the corridors. This is an important policy issue for a number of reasons. First, HOV lanes are integral parts of many urban corridors in the U.S., and there is no compelling reason at this time to exclude them from route guidance networks. Second, HOVs share same roadways with single occupancy vehicles (SOVs) outside HOV lanes, thus congestion outside HOV lanes also affects HOVs. Therefore, HOVs can conceivably benefit from having route guidance information to guide their journey. Third, evidence suggests that HOV lanes are a good public policy, thus it appears desirable to continue to provide travel-time advantages to HOVs over SOVs even when advanced route guidance technologies become available. KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Policy analysis KW - Route guidance KW - Technological innovations KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2th4t2wk UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406256 ER - TY - SER AN - 00667254 JO - PATH Research Report PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Chira-Chavala, Ted AU - Yoo, S M AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Feasibility Study of Advanced Technology HOV Systems Volume 1: Phased Impliementation of Longitudinal Control Systems PY - 1992/12 SP - 113 p. AB - In the face of rising urban travel demand, there is strong public perception that urban mobility in California has seriously deteriorated and that solutions for urban traffic congestion problems are urgently needed. Simply constructing more and more miles of roadways is no longer an acceptable option. Many researchers believe that advanced vehicle longitudinal control systems provide an opportunity to bring about very significant increases in the highway capacity. Longitudinal control systems range from driver-assisted intelligent cruise control systems (ICCSs) to fully automated systems with close-formation platooning. The objectives of this study are to identify strategies for early deployment of longitudinal control technologies on the highway, and to evaluate potential impacts of these strategies on traffic operation, highway capacity, and traffic accidents. KW - Automation KW - Autonomous intelligent cruise control KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Highway capacity KW - Longitudinal control KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2wh2v2vc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406253 ER - TY - SER AN - 00667255 JO - PATH Research Report PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Chira-Chavala, T AU - Lechner, E H AU - Empey, D M AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Feasibility Study of Advanced Technology HOV Systems Volume 2A: Feasibility of Implementing Roadway-Powered Electric Vehicle Technology in El-Monte Busway: A Case Study PY - 1992/12 SP - 158 p. AB - Electric vehicles (EVs) are essentially 'emission free', in that they themselves do not emit pollutants when running on the road or stopping for traffic, although power plants supplying electric power to them do. One way to increase the range of EVs between overnight-battery recharging is through the use of roadway powered electric vehicles (RPEVs). These are hybrid electric-electric vehicles using an 'inductive' coupling power transfer principle, whereby energy in the battery is supplemented by energy transferred to the vehicle through an inductive coupling system (ICS). REPVs can operate both on and off the electrified roadway. The objective of this study is to assess the feasibility of early development of the RPEV technology in existing high-occupancy-vehicle (HOV) facilities in California. KW - Electric vehicles KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Hybrid automobiles KW - Hybrid vehicles KW - Inductive coupling KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Railroad electrification KW - Roadway powered electric vehicles KW - Technological innovations UR - http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/0290v2wb UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406254 ER - TY - SER AN - 00667258 JO - PATH Research Report PB - University of California, Berkeley AU - Chira-Chavala, T AU - Zhang, W B AU - Walker, J AU - Javandel, F AU - Demsetz, L AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - Feasibility Study of Advanced Technology HOV Systems Volume 4: Implementation of Lateral Control Systems in Transitways PY - 1992/12 SP - 100 p. AB - Lateral guidance/control technologies are emerging advanced technologies that can be deployed independently to enhance traffic operation and safety. They can also be deployed in conjunction with longitudinal control systems to increase capacity of the transportation network. These capacity increases can occur because the use of lateral control may lead to reductions in the lane width requirement, which in turn allows additional lanes to be created within existing right-of-ways. This study investigates some issues concerning the implementation and impacts of lateral guidance/control systems, initially in exclusive-access high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes. The rationale for focusing on these HOV lanes now is that implementation in such systems is likely to be less complex than that on multiple-lane freeways, and the implementation in HOV facilities appears to have its own merit from a policy standpoint. KW - Automatic steering control KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway operations KW - Implementation KW - Longitudinal control KW - Systems analysis KW - Technological innovations KW - Traffic KW - Traffic safety UR - http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/0979f6dx UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666205 AU - Oglesby, J W AU - Mahmoodzadegan, B AU - GRIFFIN, P M AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF METHODS AND MATERIALS USED TO ATTACH STRAIN GAGES TO POLYMER GRIDS FOR HIGH STRAIN CONDITIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 66 p. AB - This report concerns the attachment of strain gages to polymer soil reinforcement grids (geogrids) for high elongation measurements, i.e. 5% and higher. Existing methods of attaching strain gages to geogrids are not suited for measurement of these high strains. Therefore, a research study was initiated to develop practical and repeatable procedures for attaching strain gages to geogrids to monitor large strains. The study involved examination of the factors which can affect the gage-geogrid bond during laboratory unconfined extension tests. Samples of different types of geogrids instrumented with strain gages are pulled at a constant rate and the deformations are measured. Detailed attachment procedures are developed and specific recommendations for strain gage and coating selection are given for two common types of geogrid. KW - Adhesion KW - Bond (Adhesion) KW - Geogrids KW - Geotextiles KW - Laboratory tests KW - Large strains KW - Monitoring KW - Strain gages UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_265.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662769 AU - Plummer, R W AU - Jaraiedi, M AU - Aber, M S AU - West Virginia University, Morgantown AU - West Virginia Department of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF CRITERIA FOR INCENTIVES/DISINCENTIVES IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 251 p. AB - Contract incentives have traditionally been used as a means of aligning the goals of the contracting agency with those of the contractor. One area in which contract incentives are being used increasingly is that of highway construction. Contract incentives and disincentives in highway construction contracts are a means of encouraging the contractor to expedite project completion. The use of contract provisions that use incentives and disincentives have helped State Highway Agencies to reduce construction time by up to fifty percent. The use of I/D provisions increases costs to the contracting agency and should, therefore, be used sparingly. This research examined the current use of I/D contracts in several states and with contractors. Based upon the research, a general set of guidelines was developed for the use of I/D provisions in highway construction contracts. The guidelines aid in the determination of which projects should contain the I/D provisions and also how to structure the I/D provisions to achieve maximum success. To demonstrate the use of the guidelines a sample West Virginia project is used. The West Virginia case demonstrates how the guidelines aid in the development of an I/D provision. In addition to the use of I/D provisions, alternatives to their use were examined. The use of non-monetary incentives to influence contractor performance is not often possible when the contracting agency is a governmental agency. Regulations which award contracts strictly on the basis of the low bid cause many non-monetary incentive plans to become impractical. Two non-monetary incentive measures that are beneficial for governmental agencies are A + B bidding and lane rental. In both of these procedures a monetary value is associated with the time the contractor requires to complete the project. This monetary amount is then included in the determination of the lowest bidder. By incorporating the time element of a project into the low bid, the contracting agency can emphasize shorter completion times. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Case studies KW - Construction KW - Construction time KW - Contracts KW - Disincentives KW - Guidelines KW - Incentives KW - Road construction KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404773 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642334 AU - Dunn, P A AU - Sandford, T C AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVE USE OF SLAB BACKSLOPE PROTECTION SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 92 p. AB - A study was conducted to examine the Maine Department of Transportation's practice of using precast concrete slabs as backslope protection and retaining walls. Several existing installations were field reviewed and compared to determine similarities with successes and failures. These parameters were quantified and correlated. Through standard retaining wall design criteria, a design curve for a safety factor of 1.25 was developed correlating height, slab batter, and backslope angle. Design recommendations were made including drainage, geometrics, and installation. KW - Backslope angle KW - Backslope protection KW - Building KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design curves KW - Drainage KW - Facilities KW - Geometric design KW - Height KW - Installation KW - Precast concrete KW - Recommendations KW - Retaining walls KW - Safety factors KW - Slab batter KW - Slabs KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381423 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642300 AU - Estakhri, C K AU - Button, J W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROUTINE MAINTENANCE USES FOR MILLED RECLAIMED ASPHALT PAVEMENT (RAP). INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 170 p. AB - The overall ofjective of this study was to determine the most economical and effective routine maintenance uses for asphalt pavement millings. Specific objectives include (1) determine existing effective uses of milled reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), (2) determine effectiveness of new, untried ideas and improvements on existing uses through field experimentation, and (3) provide the Department with a mode of implementation. Most of the uses addressed in this study refer to routine maintenance applications; although other uses were reviewed. Districts were interviewed in Texas and other states to identify current methods for using RAP. The literature was also reviewed to identify new and innovative approaches. RAP was collected in three locations throughout the state to characterize its laboratory properties. Cold mix designs were performed using different emulsified admixtures. The effects of these emulsions were then evaluated on the properties of the blended RAP mixtures. Fourteen field projects were evaluated in this study. The objective of the field study was to identify and evaluate existing Departmental uses of RAP, investigate and assess the value of new uses for RAP, and to collect video footage of these activities for the production of videos to support their implementation by the Department. Samples of the field-produced RAP maintenance mixes were obtained and tested in the laboratory. Laboratory properties of the treated RAP mixtures were characterized as well as corresponding control maintenance mixtures. These properties will later be correlated to pavement performance. The Department has an ongoing study to monitor the performance of the maintenance field projects for a period of two years. KW - Admixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Cold mix paving mixtures KW - Emulsified asphalt KW - Field tests KW - Guides to the literature KW - Laboratory tests KW - Literature reviews KW - Maintenance KW - Milling KW - Pavement performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Recycled asphalt pavements KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycling KW - Utilization KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642298 AU - Irvine, Y D AU - Fambro, D B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES FOR RETIMING DIAMOND INTERCHANGES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 116 p. AB - This document provides guidelines and procedures for the retiming of diamond interchanges, including procedures for data collection, and the types and amount of data to be collected; the analytical procedures and software packages that are available for signal retiming projects; and examples of step-by-step applications for each type of signal timing project. Section One, Introduction, provides background information and discusses how to determine if a diamond interchange should be retimed. Section Two, Diamond Interchanges, discusses the characteristics of a diamond interchange, including the types of phasing, controllers, measures of effectiveness, and signal timing methods. Section Three, Data Requirements, discusses the procedures and requirements for data collection at a diamond interchange. Section Four, Evaluation, provides information needed for the simulation of existing interchange operations, including the use of currently available software programs. Section Five, Optimization, provides the guidelines to optimize timings at a typical diamond interchange. Section Six, Implementation, explains the interpretation of optimized signal plans and implementation in the field. Section Seven, Documentation, explains how the benefits of signal retiming can be calculated, and provides examples of possible benefits. KW - Benefits KW - Data collection KW - Diamond interchanges KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Evaluation KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Optimization KW - Procedures KW - Retiming KW - Software KW - Traffic signal controllers KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00639904 AU - Fambro, D B AU - Sunkari, S R AU - Hubbard, S M AU - Irvine, Y D AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES FOR RETIMING ISOLATED INTERSECTIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 114 p. AB - This document provides guidelines and procedures for the retiming of isolated intersections including procedures for data collection, and the types and amount of data to be collected; the analytical procedures and software packages that are available for signal retiming projects; and examples of step-by-step applications for each type of signal retiming project. Section One, Introduction, provides background information and discusses how to determine if a signal should be retimed. Section Two, Isolated Intersections, discusses the characteristics of an isolated intersection, including the types of phasing, controllers, measures of effectiveness, and signal timing methods. Section Three, Data Requirements, discusses the procedures and requirements for data collection at an isolated intersection. Section Four, Evaluation, provides information needed for the simulation of existing intersection operations, including the use of currently available software programs. Section Five, Optimization, provides the guidelines to optimize timings at a typical isolated intersection. Section Six, Implementation, explains the interpretation of optimized signal plans and implementation in the field. Section Seven, Documentation, explains how the benefits of signal retiming can be calculated, and provides examples of possible benefits. KW - Benefits KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Documentation KW - Documents KW - Guidelines KW - Implementation KW - Information organization KW - Isolated intersections KW - Optimization KW - Simulation KW - Software KW - Traffic signal retiming KW - Traffic signal timing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380840 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00636321 AU - Pate, J R AU - Stover, V G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR THE DESIGN OF URBAN ARTERIAL INTERCHANGES IN DENSELY DEVELOPED AREAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 77 p. AB - This research report documents guidelines for the design of urban arterial interchanges in densely developed areas. It addresses the geometric issues, operational issues, benefits, and costs of three interchange configurations. The configurations investigated are the Tight Urban Diamond Interchange (TUDI), the Single Point Urban Interchange (SPUI), and the Left-Hand Exit Single Signal (LHESS). Despite the geometric differences between the TUDI and SPUI, they both require virtually the same amount of right-of-way. This contradicts the popular belief that the SPUI configuration minimizes right-of-way requirements. The LHESS configuration can be constructed within a narrower right-of-way due to the reduced control area. The SPUI's operational characteristics were found to be dependent on the relative proportion of simultaneous left turning volumes. By contrast, the TUDI was found to be efficient under a variety of demand volumes. The LHESS operated similar to an at-grade intersection. In general, the TUDI was found to be the best design alternative under urban conditions. It offers the greatest flexibility in operation and future expansion at a lower cost than the SPUI. The LHESS design is not recommended due to its violation of driver expectancy. A case study of two intersections in the state of Texas was performed to illustrate the application of the material presented in this report. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Arterial highways KW - Case studies KW - Guidelines KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Recommendations KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Single point urban interchanges KW - Streets KW - Tight urban diamond interchange KW - Urban areas KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/379826 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633476 AU - Dare, C E AU - University of Missouri, Rolla AU - Missouri Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES FOR GUARD RAIL INSTALLATION ON EMBANKMENTS AND AT BRIDGE ENDS: LOW VOLUME ROADS IN MISSOURI. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 71 p. AB - This study evaluated the need for guard rail installation along embankments and at bridge ends on two-lane highways in Missouri. The primary objective was to identify guidelines expressed as threshold ADT values above which guard rail should be installed. Roads having an ADT of 10,000 or fewer vehicles per day and design speeds of 40, 50, and 60 mph were considered. Detailed investigations of all pertinent traffic, roadway, and cost factors were performed using the AASHTO Roadside Design Guide and the computer program known as ROADSIDE. The results concerning guard rail along embankments indicated that guard rail was not economically justified on either 2:1 or 3:1 cross slopes if the road had a design speed of 40 mph. With a design speed of 50 or 60 mph, guard rail was found to be justified on most 2:1 cross slopes for certain combinations of ADT and embankment height. The results concerning guard rail installation at bridge ends indicated there were threshold ADT's above which guard rail should be installed at each design speed. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Bridges KW - Design speed KW - Embankments KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrail warrants KW - Low volume roads KW - Two lane highways KW - Warrants (Traffic control devices) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633470 AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Crovetti, M R AU - Smith, K L AU - Rmeili, E AU - Wilson, T AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL AND BASE STABILIZATION AND ASSOCIATED DRAINAGE CONSIDERATIONS. VOLUME II: MIXTURE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 203 p. AB - This report consists of two volumes: Volume I, Pavement Design and Construction Considerations; and Volume II, Mixture Design Considerations. These Two volumes represent the revisions to the original manuals prepared in 1979 by Terrel, Epps, Barenberg, Mitchell, and Thompson. These manuals include new information and procedures incorporated into the pavement field since that time. A significant portion of the information prepared for the original manuals has been retained. The primary purpose of these manuals is to provide background information for those engineers responsible for using soil stabilization as an integral part of a pavement structure. Information is included to assist the engineer in evaluating the drainage problems of a pavement. Sufficient information is included to allow the pavement design engineer to determine layer thicknesses of stabilized layers for a pavement using the 1989 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Guide procedures. Material properties are presented with the use of this design procedure, which the materials engineer will find useful in selecting the type and amount of a stabilizer to use with specific soil types. Construction details are presented with elements of quality control and specifications. The manuals are presented to allow an engineer to recommend where, when, and how soil stabilization should be used, and to assist the engineer in evaluating problems which may occur on current stabilization projects. This volume, Volume II, presents the specific details of laboratory testing for the different stabilizer additives. Typical properties are given and the test procedures to select optimum amounts are presented. These chapters provide the engineer with detailed information required from the laboratory to ensure the necessary material properties are obtained in the paving project. Volume I presents the details of drainage and pavement design and construction considerations for stabilization of pavement materials. KW - Additives KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Drainage KW - Laboratory tests KW - Manuals KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Properties of materials KW - Quality control KW - Selecting KW - Soil stabilization KW - Specifications KW - Stabilizers KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633469 AU - Carpenter, S H AU - Crovetti, M R AU - Smith, K L AU - Rmeili, E AU - Wilson, T AU - ERES Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL AND BASE STABILIZATION AND ASSOCIATED DRAINAGE CONSIDERATIONS. VOLUME I: PAVEMENT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 149 p. AB - This report consists of two volumes: Volume I, Pavement Design and Construction Considerations; and Volume II, Mixture Design Considerations. These two volumes represent the revisions to the original manuals prepared in 1979 by Terrel, Epps, Barenberg, Mitchell, and Thompson. These manuals include new information and procedures incorporated into the pavement field since that time. A significant portion of the information prepared for the original manuals has been retained. The primary purpose of these manuals is to provide background information for those engineers responsible for using soil stabilization as an integral part of a pavement structure. Information is included to assist the engineer in evaluating the drainage problems of a pavement. Sufficient information is included to allow the pavement design engineer to determine layer thicknesses of stabilized layers for a pavement using the 1989 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials guide procedures. Material properties are presented with the use of this design procedure, which the materials engineer will find useful in selecting the type and amount of a stabilizer to use with specific soil types. Construction details are presented with elements of quality control and specifications. The manuals are presented to allow an engineer to recommend where, when, and how soil stabilization should be used, and to assist the engineer in evaluating problems which may occur on current stabilization projects. This volume, Volume I, presents the specific details of drainage considerations and the use of open graded permeable bases, construction consideration for each stabilizer type, and pavement design considerations. These chapters will provide the engineer with the necessary information to evaluate the pavement for drainage, and thickness adequacy, and to evaluate the construction process. Volume II presents the mixture design and laboratory testing procedures. KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Drainage KW - Manuals KW - Open graded aggregates KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement layers KW - Permeability KW - Quality control KW - Selecting KW - Soil stabilization KW - Specifications KW - Stabilizers KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633388 AU - Ellis, R D AU - Kumar, A AU - Ahmed, Q A AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIFE CYCLE RECONSTRUCTIBILITY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 135 p. AB - There has been an increase in rehabilitation, maintenance and reconstruction work on the nation's highways. Various construction problems are encountered during work, which were not adequately considered during design. Such problems can be avoided by incorporating an effective constructibility review system during initial design phase. One such system for the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has been attempted and developed in this research study. The constructibility review system developed for FDOT consists of two parts - 1) constructibility review and 2) post-construction review. It has been suggested that constructibility review should be performed at 30, 60, 90 and 100% completion of the design. Both the reviews address various elements of construction and problems and several checklists have been envisaged for them. Common construction problems encountered on some FDOT projects are also provided with suggested improvements and lessons learned. An outline for a database program is developed and provided to maintain the important information as obtained from constructibility reviews of the projects. Communication between design and construction has been found as a key to project success. KW - Checklists KW - Constructibility reviews KW - Construction KW - Construction problems KW - Post-construction reviews KW - Reconstructibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374334 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629108 AU - Gattis, J L AU - Varghese, J P AU - Toothaker, L E AU - Narla, SRK AU - University of Oklahoma, Norman AU - Oklahoma Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUARDRAIL END ACCIDENT ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 130 p. AB - This study documented attributes associated with guardrail end accidents on Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) roadways. The database which the researchers studied included accidents at a variety of guardrail end types, but most ends were either exposed or turned-down. The severity of exposed and of turned-down guardrail end accidents in relation to lateral location of the guardrail, to vehicle rolling and vaulting, and to vehicle weight was investigated. Each accident report was read carefully to obtain relevant information for analyses. The results showed that on divided roads, vehicles struck median guardrail ends as often as right-side ends. On undivided roadways, right-side ends were struck 60% of the time. Fatalities or incapacitating injuries occurred in 1/6 of the end accidents. The vehicle vaulted or rolled in about 1/4 of the guardrail end accidents. The research indicated that turned-down guardrail end accidents had more vehicle rolling and/or vaulting than did exposed end accidents. Driver inattention was a factor in 1/3 of all guardrail end accidents. The majority of guardrail end accidents on the state system occurred on a small portion of the system, namely the higher volume roadways. The researchers suggested that accident reporting methods be enhanced, and that rumble strips be tested as a means to reduce guardrail end strike accidents. If newer, more expensive end treatments were installed, locating the new guardrail ends on a small portion of the system could address a majority of the end accident sites. KW - Alertness KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash reports KW - Crash severity KW - End treatments KW - Fatalities KW - Guardrail location KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Guardrails KW - Highway safety KW - Injury severity KW - Recommendations KW - Rumble strips KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629103 AU - Hahin, C AU - South, J M AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCURATE AND RAPID DETERMINATION OF FATIGUE DAMAGE IN BRIDGE SUPERSTRUCTURES. SPECIAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 96 p. AB - Fifteen representative steel bridges throughout the State of Illinois were instrumented with foil strain gages to determine their frequencies of loading and the magnitudes of stresses induced by traffic over a 3 to 8-hour period, depending on traffic volume. Reinforced prestressed or post-tensioned concrete bridges were not included in this study. Fatigue prone details, such as cover plated wide flanges, were instrumented. For each stress range increment gathered by the data acquisition system, the cumulative damage sustained over an extended number of years was compared with the number of available fatigue cycles for that stress range using published S-N data for various details and the Palmgren Miner linear damage rule. A new equation for factor of safety for structural details subject to fatigue is described, taking dead load, live load, and bridge detail fatigue strengths into account. A new histogram-linear damage method of assessing future fatigue damage in bridges which takes traffic growth and increased truck weights into account is also described. Other non-welded designs to main load carrying members were examined for susceptibility to fatigue effects, including riveted beams, weathering steels, reinforced concrete in air (without severe cracking), and post-tensioned beams through a review and discussion of the literature. The actual effect of an increase in gross vehicle weight on the measured maximum stress range response of a particular bridge was measured. The histogram-linear damage method favorably compared with the root mean cube-linear damage method and to the fatigue damage procedures given in NCHRP 299. KW - Bridge superstructures KW - Cumulative damage KW - Failure KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Loss and damage KW - Metal bridges KW - Steel bridges KW - Stresses KW - Traffic loads KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5700/5733/ardf.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628794 AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL TRAFFIC DATA ACQUISITION CONFERENCE, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA, OCTOBER 25-29, 1992, PROCEEDINGS PY - 1992/12 SP - 683 p. AB - The National Traffic Data Acquisition Conference was attended by representatives from all 50 states and many foreign countries. Presentations and demonstrations indicated that the collection of traffic data will be an area of increasing importance due to recent and pending Federal Legislation. This publication contains the papers presented at the Conference. They are grouped according to session and preceded by session summaries. The sessions are as follows: Opening General Session; Planning and Research - Part I; Planning and Research - Part II; Intelligent Vehicle/Highway System (IVHS) and Commercial Vehicle (CVO) Technologies; SHRP-FHWA Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) Program; Vehicle Weight Enforcement; Data Collection, Processing and Analysis; The Implementation of the HELP Project; Design and Maintenance Program; and Closing General Session. KW - Automatic vehicle classification KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Commercial vehicles KW - Conferences KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Equipment KW - Heavy Vehicle Electronic License Plate Program KW - Information processing KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Law enforcement KW - Long-Term Pavement Performance Program KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavement performance KW - Planning KW - Research KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Technology KW - Traffic counting KW - Traffic data KW - Vehicle weight KW - Weigh in motion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628796 AU - Pivo, G AU - Vernez-Moudon, A AU - Hess, P AU - Perkins, K AU - Frank, L AU - Loewenherz, F AU - Rutherford, S AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STRATEGIC PLAN FOR RESEARCHING URBAN FORM IMPACTS ON TRAVEL BEHAVIOR. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 35 p. AB - The search for alternatives to driving alone leads transportation specialists to ask questions about how urban form influences travel behavior and how urban forms that promote other modes of travel, fewer trips, and shorter trips can be implemented. Coordinated research projects are needed to answer these questions. Both physical and process elements of urban form are relevant to this investigation. Although researchers have attained general knowledge in this subject area, the relationships are not well enough understood to develop effective public policies that implement urban forms to reduce dependence on driving alone. Research needs to be conducted in these general areas: (1) physical relationships between urban forms and travel behavior, (2) public policies that can implement new urban forms, and (3) market factors that promote and inhibit the development of new urban forms. Within each of these areas, specific projects, which are identified in this report, should be conducted. Public and private sources at the regional, state, and national level should fund these projects. KW - City planning KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Impact studies KW - Land use KW - Market factors KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Public policy KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel behavior KW - Urban areas KW - Urban form KW - Urban transportation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/261.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369142 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628798 AU - Jacobson, E L AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE TRAF FAMILY OF MODELS; TESTING OF THE CORFLO AND FRESIM MODELS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 20 p. AB - This final report describes the key findings of a Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) project. The research was undertaken during the 1988-1989 time period using mainframe computer versions of the programs. Using Corridor Flow (CORFLO), the investigators modeled the traffic impacts on local and regional roadways that would be caused by the reconstruction of I-405 through the City of Renton, Washington, which is in the Seattle metropolitan area. Using Freeway Simulation (FRESIM), the investigators also modeled I-405 on the northeast side of Renton, where the high occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane, when completed, will transition from the inside to the outside of the freeway (across general purpose traffic). Traffic volume data, traffic signal parameters, and roadway geometric data were obtained and used as needed in each of the computer traffic modeling programs. The CORFLO model could not be adequately calibrated to represent existing traffic flow. The researchers could not determine whether the difficulties in calibrating the model were related to weaknesses in the model itself or to weaknesses in the input data. Use of the CORFLO mainframe computer programs for construction traffic simulation by WSDOT is not recommended at this time. The program requires extensive, detailed data, which is usually unavailable and too costly to acquire given the resources normally available for this type of project. Modifying the CORFLO program to run on personal computers is suggested, and was released by McTrans in September 1992. While the FRESIM model appeared to be able to handle the proposed HOV lane crossover, this could not be verified because the FRESIM output was so complex that it was unreadable. A graphic display of the FRESIM output as a supplement to the existing tabular output is recommended. KW - Computer programs KW - Freeways KW - Geometric design KW - Graphic displays KW - Graphics KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Highway design KW - Impact studies KW - Personal computers KW - Seattle (Washington) KW - Traffic signals KW - Traffic simulation KW - Traffic volume KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/282.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369144 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628801 AU - Sorensen, H C AU - Manzo-Robledo, F AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TURNER TRUCK IMPACT ON WASHINGTON STATE BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 48 p. AB - Values of various impacts associated with the concrete bridges in the State of Washington as related to the operation of trucks with configurations as proposed by Francis C. Turner have been determined. These cost estimates are presented in matrix form and are based on permutations involving four basic Turner prototype trucks, a range of values for the bridge design life and a range of values for bridge live load overload. The various cost estimates were compiled for a population of 2024 concrete bridges and were based on the assumption that each bridge in the population had a controlling maximum length simple span which was used in a failure criterion. The largest value of the cost estimate for the replacement of all deficient bridges in the population is 2.643 billion dollars, which resulted from the calculations involving the most severe Turner prototype truck loading (11AD), a 75 year design life, and a 0% live load overload. Several courses of action are postulated, and recommendations for further studies are given. KW - Bridges KW - Concrete bridges KW - Cost estimating KW - Deficiencies KW - Deficient bridges KW - Equipment replacement KW - Estimates KW - Impact studies KW - Replacements KW - Structural deterioration and defects KW - Trucks KW - Turner proposal KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/287.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369147 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626961 AU - Shatnawi, S R AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREMATURE AC PAVEMENT DISTRESS. DISTRICT 2 INVESTIGATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 109 p. AB - In District 02, cases of premature pavement distress have recently occurred. The distress has mainly manifested in the form of cracking. Field observations and laboratory tests indicated that the primary cause of distress is moisture induced damage (stripping). Sections that showed more severe stripping were those that received a chip seal treatment, had an AC overlay over an existing chip seal, or were constructed with pavement reinforcing fabrics. Various laboratory tests were conducted including the Moisture Induced Damage Test (AASHTO T283), mix densities (CT 308-C), surface abrasion (CT 360), and moisture vapor susceptibility (CT 307). It was concluded that using lime in the form of a slurry and lowering the level of air voids could minimize stripping. Also, among the tests evaluated, AASHTO T283 appears to have the best potential to evaluate moisture susceptible mixes. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Calcium oxide KW - Chip seals KW - Defects KW - Fabrics KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loss and damage KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture damage KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368484 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00627363 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Shrieves, G M AU - Williams, W L AU - Zaccagnino, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER. AMERICAN STYLE PY - 1992/12 VL - 56 IS - 3 SP - p. 112-120 AB - The task of moving the results of research and development from the laboratory, and innovative technologies from their sources, into practice, has been assigned to the Federal Highway Administration. FHWA's technology transfer mission to ensure the timely identification and assessment of innovative research results is discussed. Primary responsbility for the mission rests in 3 offices: Office of Technology Applications; National Highway Institute; and the Office of International Programs. The Technology Applications Program of the Office of Technology Applications which is focused on 4 project categories, is described. Research Fellowhips awarded by FHWA are noted, as well as the Strategic Highway Research Program and its product implementation. FHWA's continuing partnerships in the highway community, and its relationships with highway associations and organizations are also noted. KW - Development KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Technology transfer KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371787 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00627361 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Black, K AU - Kopac, P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE APPLICATION OF GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR IN HIGHWAY ENGINEERING PY - 1992/12 VL - 56 IS - 3 SP - p. 96-103 AB - Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) affords great potential as an expedient and cost-effective evluation tool. Highway departments have found that radar can provide useful information that was not available. This article describes the theory, equipment, and applications involved in highway agencies' current use of GPR technology. GPR has been successfully used to identify many problems associated with highway structures. The theory underlying GPR operation is described, as well as the primary components of GPR systems. GPR applications including its use in delamination detection, voids beneath pavements, determining pavement thickness, as well as other applications are discussed. KW - Delamination KW - Evaluation KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Radar KW - Radar applications KW - Technology KW - Thickness KW - Void ratios KW - Voids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371785 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00627360 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Santiago, A J AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ATMS TECHNOLOGY - WHAT WE KNOW AND WHAT WE DON'T KNOW PY - 1992/12 VL - 56 IS - 3 SP - p. 89-95 AB - The Federal Highway Administration is pursuing the concept of Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems (IVHS) in a multiyear, multibillion dollar research and demonstration program that aims at improving vehicle-highway system operation and management techniques. The program will develop and implement state-of-the-art vehicle-highway management techniques and control systems that will effectively reduce congestion by optimizing the use of existing infrastructures. This article examines the basis of this objective in an examination of IVHS components, and Advanced Traffic Management Systems (ATMS). The requirements for the implementation of ATMS are examined. Communication and surveillance needs for ATMS are also considered. KW - Advanced traffic management systems KW - Highway operations KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Traffic KW - Traffic congestion KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371784 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00627362 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - McElroy, R AU - Huheey, R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE HIGHWAY ECONOMIC REQUIREMENTS SYSTEM: AN INTRODUCTION TO HERS PY - 1992/12 VL - 56 IS - 3 SP - p. 104-111 AB - This article introduces the logic, design and capabilities of the Highway Economic Requirements System (HERS), a newly developed model which uses incremental life-cycle benefit/cost analysis to define the 'near-optimal' cost-effective set of appropriate improvement options given user defined policy scenarios. HERS is distinguished from traditional highway investment analysis by two important features: the analytical technique; and the software user interface. Each of these areas is discussed in detail. The relationship to the Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) is also discussed. Comments are made on deficiency identification with HERS. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Highway economics KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Investments KW - Life cycle costing KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/371786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626715 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXAMINING CONGESTION PRICING IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES. SUMMARY OF PROCEEDINGS: CONGESTION PRICING SYMPOSIUM PY - 1992/12 SP - 68 p. AB - This report summarizes the results of a symposium on congestion pricing implementation issues sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration and the Federal Transit Administration. The symposium, held in Arlington, Virginia, on June 10-12, 1992, was designed to move the discussion of congestion pricing from the academic tone of scholarly discourse to a more practical exchange of ideas about the problems and prospects for real-world demonstrations of congestion pricing concepts. More than 160 transportation professionals representing local, State, and Federal government agencies, highway user groups, transit interests, universities, and private industry participated in the symposium. There were five plenary sessions in which 14 papers were presented and discussed, and three breakout sessions in which participants were divided into five groups and charged with specific tasks related to the implementation and evaluation of congestion pricing projects. Papers presented during the plenary sessions covered the following topics: the past, present, and future of congestion pricing; issues related to pricing and the use of revenues; the role of market-based transportation demand management strategies; distributional impacts of congestion pricing and the need to stimulate transportation alternatives; and technological issues related to congestion pricing. Many symposium participants indicated that congestion pricing can help improve the efficiency of urban transportation systems. The widely held view was that too little attention has been given to dealing with political and other institutional issues. One clear message coming out the symposium is that public and political support must be generated if congestion pricing projects are to have any chance of success. Support can best be garnered if congestion pricing is included as part of a comprehensive plan for mobility improvement. The use of congestion pricing revenues to deal with distributional impacts and to finance transportation improvements should be a key part of the comprehensive plan. In addition, it is important--both for purposes of project development and for generating public support--that the objectives of specific congestion pricing applications be clearly defined. Congestion pricing cannot be imposed from the top. Support must be developed at the local level, and the public must accept congestion pricing as a way to reduce the costs associated with urban congestion. KW - Conferences KW - Congestion pricing KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Evaluation KW - Implementation KW - Improvements KW - Mobility KW - Political factors KW - Public relations KW - Public support KW - Reduction KW - Reduction (Chemistry) KW - Revenues KW - Road pricing KW - Technology KW - Traffic congestion KW - Travel demand management KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368385 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626707 AU - Schauman, S AU - Heerwagen, J AU - Moudon, A V AU - Witherspoon, B AU - James, S AU - Mundee, J AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VISUAL PERCEPTION OF THE ROADWAY AND ROADSIDE ELEMENTS BY THE OBSERVER IN MOTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/12 SP - 28 p. AB - This study surveyed the fields of environmental design, highway research, and environmental psychology and found no body of research, much less any measurements, on the relationships between the driver and the landscape (natural and human-made) beyond the paved area of the road. The finding is remarkable, given the fact that landscapes are often in the focal vision and always in peripheral vision of drivers. The complete lack of information is also remarkable because of the growing national public support for scenic by-ways and the increasing community demands for landscape design along roadsides. Importantly, this study finding is disconcerting, given the possibility that the driver's perception of roadside landscapes likely relates to safety. The study recommends a research strategy: 1) identify landscape variables, 2) determine the correlation between the landscape and safety, and 3) develop a knowledge base. Pilot studies should be conducted in areas (1) and (2), and the resulting knowledge base (3) should be tested in design applications. If the design applications merit continued study, then research should be conducted to produce a full knowledge base so that future landscape design can be better informed and therefore more cost effective. KW - Driver perception KW - Drivers KW - Environmental design KW - Highway safety KW - Landscape design KW - Perception KW - Research KW - Research management KW - Scenic highways UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/283.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368377 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634382 AU - Schaefer, V R AU - Koch, J C AU - South Dakota State University, Brookings AU - South Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VOID DEVELOPMENT UNDER BRIDGE APPROACHES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11/30 SP - 257 p. AB - The development of voids under approach slabs to bridges can lead to distress of the approach system resulting in decreased life expectancy, increased maintenance costs for repair and stabilization, and rider discomfort due to "bumps" resulting from grade differences in the approach system. The mechanisms involved in the development of the void generally are attributed to settlement problems of the foundation and embankment soils. A special backfill is often used under approach slabs to reduce such settlement problems. In recent years the South Dakota Department of Transportation (SDDOT) has observed increasing subsidence problems associated with the special backfill. The objectives of the research were to estimate the number of bridges affected by bridge end backfill settlement, to determine the cause and significance of bridge end settlement, to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the current bridge end backfill design, and to develop recommendations for the maintenance of existing bridge end backfill systems and for design improvements for future systems. The work included an extensive survey of some 140 bridges across South Dakota to determine and document the extent of the problem; a review of previous work related to bridge approach settlement; a survey of state transportation departments concerning approach system and bridge abutment problems and design methodology; and development of a field scale model of an integral abutment bridge/approach system to isolate and determine the mechanisms controlling backfill subsidence. KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Bridge approaches KW - Data collection KW - Design KW - Embankments KW - Foundation soils KW - Maintenance KW - Recommendations KW - Scale models KW - Settlement (Structures) KW - State departments of transportation KW - Subsidence (Geology) KW - Surveys KW - Void ratios KW - Voids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374717 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00637664 AU - Gion, L C AU - GOUGH, J AU - Sinha, K C AU - Woods, R E AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USER'S MANUAL FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INDIANA BRIDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11/24/Final Report SP - 235p AB - This report provides a user's manual for the implementation of the project evaluation and program development part of the Indiana Bridge Management System (IBMS). The tools and techniques found in these programs were primarily developed from previous research by the Joint Highway Research Project at Purdue University. The IBMS runs on an IBM-compatible computer under OS/2. KW - Bridge management systems KW - Computer program documentation KW - Decision making KW - Economic analysis KW - Hardware KW - Manuals KW - Optimization KW - Ratings KW - Software KW - Strategic planning UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313479 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380025 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628947 AU - National Highway Institute TI - HAZARDOUS WASTE: IMPACTS ON HIGHWAY PROJECT DEVELOPMENT, CONSTRUCTION, AND MAINTENANCE. STUDENT COURSE MANUAL. REVISED EDITION PY - 1992/11/20 SP - v.p. AB - This is the student manual to accompany National Highway Institute Course No. 14229 on the impacts of hazardous waste on highway project development, construction, and maintenance. It is organized in the following Sections: (I) Introduction to Course; (II) Hazardous Waste - An Introduction; (III) Laws and Regulations; (IV) Liability and Highway Project Development; (V) Highway Project Development and Hazardous Waste - Planning/Location/Environment Phases; (VI) Site Characterization and Sampling Requirements; (VII) Highway Design, Right-of-Way, and Remediation; (VIII) Highway Construction, Maintenance and Hazardous Waste Materials; and (IX) Closing Session of Course. KW - Hazardous wastes KW - Highway design KW - Highway location KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highways KW - Laws KW - Liability KW - Location KW - Manuals KW - Programming (Planning) KW - Project management KW - Projects KW - Regulations KW - Remediation KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Road construction KW - Sampling UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628788 AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MITIGATION FOR ACID ALUMINUM LEACHATE FROM A HIGHWAY FILL IN GARRETT COUNTY, MARYLAND. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11/19 SP - 64 p. AB - The effectiveness of a man-made sphagnum bog in reducing acidity and removing aluminum from an acidic leachate is evaluated. Although some effectiveness is demonstrated, the bog does not retain its ability to function as a result of physical changes due to uncontrolled sediment deposition in it. KW - Acids KW - Aluminum KW - Bogs KW - Construction by environment KW - Effectiveness KW - Fill (Embankment) KW - Fills KW - Garrett County (Maryland) KW - Leachate KW - Man-made sphagnum bog KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mitigation KW - Sedimentary deposits KW - Sedimentary rocks KW - Traffic mitigation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369134 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625561 AU - Roblee, C J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYNTHESIS OF CALTRANS' FOUNDATION SEISMIC RESEARCH PROGRAM PY - 1992/11/02 SP - 38 p. AB - An overview of the Caltrans-sponsored research program focused on the seismic performance of substructures is presented. A current listing of 29 separate research projects administered by two separate Divisions (Division of New Technology, Materials and Research and Division of Structures) is tabulated. Selected projects related to ground-motion prediction and foundation performance are discussed individually. KW - California KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Forecasting KW - Foundations KW - Foundations (Structures) KW - Performance KW - Research KW - Seismicity KW - State departments of transportation KW - Substructures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368034 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01404293 AU - Hendrick, J K AU - Marlow, M J AU - Bradmeyer, B AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations R&D TI - The simulation of vehicle dynamic effects on road pavements PY - 1992/11 IS - FHWA/RD-90-108 SP - 295p AB - The effect of traffic loads on pavement performance is a fundamental concern of highway engineering. The mechanisms by which moving loads interact with pavements take on an added significance today, with the growing concern to preserve our nation's infrastructure. This research develops a methodology to investigate the accelerating process by which variations in pavement condition and vehicle loads reinforce each other through time and that leads to significant pavement deterioration. Heavy truck dynamic modelling fundamentals were developed and utilized to simulate a broad variety of truck configurations and suspension types. In addition pavement models for both flexible and rigid pavements were described and utilized in connection with the truck dynamic models to parametrically study the interaction between vehicle suspensions, highway roughness and pavement primary and ultimate response. These parametric studies show that consideration of dynamic loading is necessary and that there is considerable variation of dynamic loads produced by alternative tandem axle configurations. KW - Axle load KW - Axle loads KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Concrete pavement KW - Concrete pavements KW - Heavy vehicle KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Load KW - Load damage relationship KW - Loads KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavement performance KW - Rolling contact KW - Suspension system components KW - Tires KW - Tyre KW - Vehicle pavement interaction KW - Vehicle suspension UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1172088 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01403721 JO - Research and technology transporter PB - Federal Highway Administration TI - New measurement tool used to study sign entrance angles PY - 1992/11 SP - 1-2 KW - Entrance KW - Entrances KW - Laser KW - Lasers KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1171505 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01402735 AU - Buser, R P AU - Buser, C A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - The breakaway timber utility pole: a survivable alternative (summary report) PY - 1992/11 IS - FHWA/SA-93-003 SP - 49p AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has sponsored research to develop an economical breakaway timber utility pole that will satisfy design criteria of the industry. The FHWA has also provided funds for trial installations in Kentucky and Massachusetts. The Office of Technology Applications, under Test and Evaluation Project TE024-Breakaway Timber Utility Poles, funded this report. It provides information about the history, design, site locations, installation, and evaluation of the Massachusetts' installations. The Massachusetts Electric Corporation and the New England Telephone Company installed 19 breakaway timber utility poles at various locations near Boston. An identification of the location of numerous pole-related fatalities and injuries was combined with field examinations of those locations to verify their suitability. Criteria for the installation of a breakaway utility pole included clear recovery area, few if any pedestrians, and the absence of utility impediments. The Massachusetts' breakaway utility poles were evaluated for more than 2 years. All poles were exposed to wind, ice, and snow. No pole failures from these natural forces have occurred. Breakaway utility poles in Massachusetts were struck 5 times by errant vehicles with no serious injuries or interruption of utility service. In all these accidents, the poles essentially performed as intended, were salvageable, and were found by utility personnel to be quicker and easier to repair than standard poles. KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Frangible joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pole KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards KW - Timber KW - Timber UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1170519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01401417 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Stutts, J C AU - Hunter, W W AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Design Concepts Research Division TI - Safety effectiveness of highway design features, vol VI: pedestrians and bicyclists PY - 1992/11 IS - FHWA/RD-91-049 SP - 34p KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Accident type KW - Crash analysis KW - Crash types KW - Cyclist KW - Cyclists KW - Footbridge KW - Footbridges KW - Footpath KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Local area traffic management KW - Pedestrian KW - Pedestrian subway KW - Pedestrian tunnels KW - Pedestrians KW - Road design KW - Road safety KW - Traffic calming KW - Traffic island KW - Traffic islands KW - Traffic safety KW - Walkways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1169201 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01401416 AU - Kuciemba, S R AU - Cirillo, J A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Design Concepts Research Division TI - Safety effectiveness of highway design features, vol V: intersections PY - 1992/11 IS - FHWA/RD-91-048 SP - 8p KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Accident rate KW - Crash rates KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric design KW - Gradient KW - Highway design KW - Highway grades KW - Highway safety KW - Intersection KW - Intersections KW - Overtaking KW - Passing KW - Road design KW - Road safety KW - Traffic lane KW - Traffic lanes KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility distance KW - Visibility distance KW - Wrong way driving KW - Wrong way driving UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1169200 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01401415 AU - Twomey, J M AU - Heckman, M L AU - Hayward, J C AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Design Concepts Research Division TI - Safety effectiveness of highway design features, vol IV: interchanges PY - 1992/11 IS - FHWA/RD-91-047 SP - 11p KW - Access road KW - Access roads KW - Accident rate KW - Alignment KW - Alignment KW - Crash rates KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Interchange KW - Interchanges KW - Road design KW - Road safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1169199 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01401414 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Council, F M AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Design Concepts Research Division TI - Safety effectiveness of highway design features, vol III: cross sections PY - 1992/11 IS - FHWA/RD-91-046 SP - 23p KW - Accident rate KW - Crash rates KW - Cross section KW - Cross sections KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Median KW - Medians KW - Road design KW - Road safety KW - Road shoulders KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards KW - Rural highways KW - Rural road KW - Shoulder KW - Two lane highways KW - Two lane road UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1169198 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01401413 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Twomey, J M AU - Heckman, M L AU - Hayward, J C AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Design Concepts Research Division TI - Safety effectiveness of highway design features, vol II: alignment PY - 1992/11 IS - FHWA/RD-91-045 SP - 14p KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Accident rate KW - Alignment KW - Alignment KW - Crash rates KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Road design KW - Road safety KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards KW - Traffic safety KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicle safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1169197 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01401412 AU - Cirillo, J A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Design Concepts Research Division TI - Safety effectiveness of highway design features, vol I: access control PY - 1992/11 IS - FHWA/RD-91-044 SP - 9p KW - Accessibility KW - Accessibility KW - Accident rate KW - Crash rates KW - Driveway KW - Driveways KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Median KW - Medians KW - Road design KW - Road safety KW - Roadside KW - Roadside UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1169196 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00970583 JO - HSIS Summary Report PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL BUS CRASHES PY - 1992/11 SP - 2 p. AB - Motor vehicle crashes involving buses represent a serious safety problem in the United States that has not been properly recognized or addressed. In 1989, for example, 57,000 buses were involved in accidents, resulting in 15,000 bus occupant injuries and 50 bus occupant fatalities. In addition, these accidents resulted in 205 occupant fatalities in other vehicles and 111 non-occupant fatalities. This investigation was undertaken to determine the capability of the Highway Safety Information System (HSIS) data base to provide detailed information on the causes and characteristics of transit bus crashes. This summary report briefly summarizes the analysis methods and research results. KW - Bus crashes KW - Crash causes KW - Crash characteristics KW - Databases KW - Fatalities KW - Highway Safety Information System KW - Injuries KW - Transit buses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/698862 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633303 AU - Button, J W AU - Jagadam, V AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CEMENT COATING MARGINAL AGGREGATES FOR USE IN ASPHALT PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 99 p. AB - Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility and effects of applying a coating of portland cement paste to marginal aggregates and curing prior to use in hot mixed asphalt concrete. Aggregates ranging in size from fine sand to one-inch rock were separately coated with cement, cured, and then blended to produce the desired mixture design. Laboratory specimens were prepared and tested. Tests included Hveem and Marshall stability, resilient modulus as a function of temperature, indirect tension, moisture susceptibility, creep, and permanent deformation. Laboratory test results showed that asphalt mixtures made using coated aggregate exhibited higher Hveem stability and lower creep compliance than similar uncoated mixtures. This is indicative that the cement coating process will decrease the rutting potential of asphalt mixtures made with marginal aggregates. No other mixture properties were consistently improved. Abrasion during mixing and compaction of the laboratory specimens removed a significant portion of the cement coating. Full-scale cement coating tests were successfully performed in the field. Test pavements using similar uncoated and coated aggregates were constructed. It was determined that approximately 95% of the cement coating was removed from the aggregates during routine handling of the aggregates and plant mixing operations. KW - Aggregates KW - Cement KW - Cement coating KW - Creep KW - Deformation KW - Field tests KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Hveem test KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marshall test KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture susceptibility KW - Rutting KW - Tension tests KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374291 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633302 AU - Memmott, J L AU - Hanks, J W AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF UPGRADE TO STANDARDS REQUIREMENTS FOR FM HIGHWAYS IN TEXAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 110 p. AB - This report covers an evaluation of the upgrade to standards requirements for Farm-to-Market (FM) highways in Texas. The objectives of the study were to determine the additional costs of upgrade to standards requirements as part of the TxDOT Rehabilitation Program, develop alternative strategies and policies to reduce those adverse impacts, and evaluate the cost-effectiveness of proposed strategies for upgrading substandard highways. The first section of the report covers the literature review, survey of districts, and design exceptions. The second section covers the estimated costs, both to TxDOT and to motorists, of not upgrading a representative 2-lane FM highway. The third section covers the use of the HEEM-III program to make estimates of the cost-effectiveness of upgrading these substandard highways. The last section covers possible policy alternatives and implications. The results from the cost-effectiveness analysis clearly show that it is not cost-effective to require full resurfacing, restoration, or rehabilitation (RRR) design standards for all low-volume rural roads. As the ADT goes up, higher standards become more cost-effective. Given the results in the report, a minimal rehabilitation strategy is most cost-effective between 500 and 1500 ADT, a partial upgrade strategy between 1500 and 2000 ADT, and a full upgrade strategy for ADT 2000 and above. While cost-effectiveness should not be the only criteria for setting design standards, the results would seem to justify some modification of the RRR design standards to take into account the potential benefits as compared to the additional costs. The report also outlines several possible short-run and long-run alternatives to reduce the current problems associated with rehabilitating substandard FM highways. The most promising alternative is to give TxDOT authority to participate with matching funds for ROW acquisition along FM highways. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Average daily traffic KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Farm to market roads KW - Low volume roads KW - Modernization KW - Policy KW - Rehabilitation KW - Rural highways KW - Standards KW - Strategic planning KW - Texas KW - Upgrade to standards UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374290 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633299 AU - Raza, S S AU - Stover, V G AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF EXPECTED DELAY REDUCTION BY REPLACING A CONGESTED AT-GRADE INTERSECTION WITH AN INTERCHANGE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 220 p. AB - This research has documented calibration of an off-line computer traffic simulation model, TRANSYT-7F, in terms of its suitability to model traffic flow through signalized streets, especially for saturated conditions. The later half of this research is devoted to evaluating the potential effectiveness of grade separation at congested intersections of two arterial streets. The calibration of the model indicated that the model generally overestimates delays as compared to observed delays. The differences between observed and simulated were less for unsaturated conditions and more pronounced for saturated conditions. It appeared that the model does not have the capability to realistically estimate delays for saturated conditions. Evaluation of grade separation of congested at-grade intersections showed that the reduction in delay was directly related to the flow rate at the intersection. The higher the flow rate, the greater the reduction in delay. The cut-off flow rate entering the critical intersection, at which grade separation would be an effective option, was found to be 5000 vph. The analysis indicated that beyond entering flow rate of 5000 vph, the delays at the at-grade intersection increase exponentially. In order to truly benefit from grade separation, intersections with an entering flow rate of more than 5000 vph would result in enough delay savings to justify the high cost of installation. KW - Arterial highways KW - Calibration KW - Effectiveness KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Grade separations KW - Interchanges KW - Intersections KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Replacing KW - Streets KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374287 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633269 AU - Ullman, G L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATURAL DIVERSION AT TEMPORARY WORK ZONE LANE CLOSURES ON URBAN FREEWAYS IN TEXAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 51 p. AB - This report documents the results of eleven field studies at temporary work zone lane closures on urban freeways in Texas. Traffic volume and travel time data were collected at each site on days when the lane closures were implemented at each site, and compared to data collected during the same time periods on similar days without a closure present. Study results indicated a large amount of natural diversion occurred at those sites where normal freeway traffic demands far exceeded the available capacity through the work zone. Entrance ramp volumes were lower a considerable distance upstream of the beginning of the queue, and were even lower at ramps located within the actual freeway queuing. Exit ramps upstream of the queue displayed very small changes in volumes. In contrast, the first exit ramp motorists encountered after reaching the freeway queue consistently experienced significant increases in volumes. As a result of the significant diversion occurring at each site, freeway queuing and delays tended to reach a threshold soon after the lane closure was enacted. The queue and delay then remained at approximately that threshold level throughout the duration of the closure. Also discussed in this report is the application of the findings from these studies to the QUEWZ computer model for estimating queuing and road user costs at freeway lane closures. KW - Construction sites KW - Field studies KW - Freeways KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Off ramps KW - On ramps KW - Queuing KW - Texas KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374266 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633267 AU - ANDERSEN, S J AU - Harrison, R AU - Euritt, M A AU - Mahmassani, H S AU - Walton, C M AU - HELAAKOSKI, R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF HIGHWAY BYPASSES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 46 p. AB - The effect of highway bypass construction on small cities is analyzed. While important, previous research work on this topic is not conclusive. This previous work, along with case study analyses, provided the foundation for establishing a basic framework for examining the impacts of bypasses. Econometric models for various business sectors demonstrate that other non-bypass variables are important determinants of business activity in small cities and towns. The results do suggest that bypasses have a marginally negative effect on retail sales volumes. KW - Businesses KW - Bypass highways KW - Bypasses KW - Case studies KW - Econometric models KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Retail trade KW - Small cities KW - Small towns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374264 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628793 AU - Carello, R A AU - Parks, D M AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CATHODIC PROTECTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK AND SOFFIT USING METALLIZED ZINC. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 88 p. AB - This report describes the application and testing of two separately installed metallized zinc cathodic protection (CP) systems: one applied to the deck and the other to the soffit of a reinforced concrete bridge that had been contaminated from deicing salt use on the top surface. Both installations are impressed current systems. The deck system was installed by state forces and the soffit system was installed by contract. Documentation includes the CP designs, application parameters, and 3.6 years of field monitoring to determine the effectiveness of each system. The systems have been operating since November 1985. Impressed current delivered through a metallized zinc, deck applied distribution anode has shown to be an effective bridge deck CP system. Impressed current delivered through a metallized zinc, soffit applied distribution anode did not provide complete protection for the reinforcing steel due to the high electrical resistance of the soffit concrete. Several successive years of below average precipitation during the study period, and the application of a slurry seal and a chip seal coat to the bridge deck CP system, affected the operation and ability to monitor both the deck and soffit CP system. KW - Anodes KW - Bridge decks KW - Cathodic protection KW - Effectiveness KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Metallized zinc KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Zinc alloys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369139 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760561 AU - Bendana, L J AU - McAuliffe, D AU - Yang, W-S AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - JOINT DESIGN METHODS DEVELOPED FOR THE NYS PAVEMENT DESIGN MANUAL PY - 1992/11 SP - 17 p. AB - This report summarizes pavement joint design details developed for the New York State Pavement Design Manual. It describes the principles on which the design methods were based and the processes by which they were developed. Included are descriptions of design procedures for slab length, dowel bars, and tiebars. For slab length, the ratio of slab length to radius of relative stiffness is the basis for design. Dowel design uses a mechanistic-empirical model. Tiebar design is based on the strength of the reinforcing steel and drag forces on the slab. Tables and figures produced for these design procedures are included. KW - Design methods KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Length KW - New York (State) KW - Pavement joints KW - Rigid pavements KW - Slabs KW - Tie bars UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21136/PB99100331.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496301 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625459 AU - Hendrick, J K AU - Marlow, M J AU - Brademeyer, B AU - Massachusetts Institute of Technology AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE SIMULATION OF VEHICLE DYNAMIC EFFECTS ON ROAD PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 295 p. AB - The effect of traffic loads on pavement performance is a fundamental concern of highway engineering. The mechanisms by which moving loads interact with pavements take on an added significance today, with the growing concern to preserve our Nation's infrastructure. This research develops a methodology to investigate the accelerating process by which variations in pavement condition and vehicle loads reinforce each other through time and that leads to significant pavement deterioration. Heavy truck dynamic modelling fundamentals were developed and utilized to simulate a broad variety of truck configurations and suspension types. In addition pavement models for both flexible and rigid pavements were described and utilized in connection with the truck dynamic models to parametrically study the interaction between vehicle suspensions, highway roughness and pavement primary and ultimate response. These parametric studies show that consideration of dynamic loading is necessary and that there is considerable variation of dynamic loads produced by alternative tandem axle configurations. KW - Axles KW - Dynamic loads KW - Flexible pavements KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Motor vehicles KW - Pavement performance KW - Rigid pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Simulation KW - Size KW - Suspension systems KW - Tandem axle loads KW - Tandem axles KW - Traffic loads KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle configurations KW - Vehicle dynamics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367944 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00637845 AU - Hancher, D E AU - McFarland, W F AU - Alabay, R T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION CONTRACT TIME DETERMINATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 211 p. AB - The primary objective of this research study was to develop a rational procedure for the Texas Department of Transportation to determine the time required to complete a construction contract for different types of highway construction projects. The final product of this research project is the TxDOT Contract Time Determination System (CTDS). The system was developed to complement the existing TxDOT Pre-Construction Management System which categorizes all projects into fourteen different classes. The CTDS is a conceptual estimating system for predicting contract time for highway construction projects and is not to be used for the detailed planning of actual construction activities for a project. It is a bar chart scheduling system based on standard work items for each project class with the flexibility to add other work items as desired. It includes both a manual method and a computerized method. The CTDS user supplies actual work quantities for a project and by applying standard production rates, or preferred rates of the user, a contract duration is established. The computer version of the system was based on existing software already used for the TxDOT Pre-Construction Management System, and must be used with Lotus 123 (Version 2.0), Flash-Up Version (3.05), and SuperProject (Version 2.0). The system can be used for the majority of TxDOT projects; however, for very large or complex projects, it will be necessary to develop the estimated project duration using a detailed planning approach. KW - Computer aided scheduling KW - Computers KW - Construction scheduling KW - Contract time KW - Contracts KW - Productivity KW - Scheduling KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380123 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634425 AU - Joseph, T AU - Mahmassani, H S AU - Jou, R-C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DYNAMIC FRAMEWORK FOR THE ANALYSIS OF USER RESPONSES TO TRAFFIC SYSTEM DISRUPTIONS AND CONTROL ACTIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 97 p. AB - Major planned disruptions, such as those caused by highway reconstruciton, impose major costs on system users. The consideration of user responses is important in planning reconstruction activities and developing control strategies. A methodology is developed to capture the day-to-day responses of commuters to control actions, including supply-side measures (such as ramp control) and demand-side measures (such as information dissemination strategies). The methodology integrates a user-decisions component with a traffic simulation model for freeway corridor systems. Extensive surveys of actual commuter behavior in the North Central Expressway Corridor in Dallas were conducted to characterize the day-to-day dynamics of commuter decisions and to calibrate the user-decision models. The resulting data provide unique information that is of value to a wide array of travel demand measures and traffic operations measures, including IVHS. KW - Commuters KW - Consumer behavior KW - Dallas (Texas) KW - Data collection KW - Decision making KW - Freeways KW - Highway operations KW - Highways KW - Reconstruction KW - Surveys KW - Traffic KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic simulation KW - User reactions UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374759 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634389 AU - Holley, E R AU - WOODWARD, C AU - Brigneti, A AU - Ott, C AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RECESSED CURB INLETS AND BRIDGE DRAINS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 88 p. AB - One of the many concerns about roadway safety is how to remove precipitation runoff from the roadway surface quickly and efficiently. On uncurbed roadways, water simply drains into adjacent ditches. On curbed roadways, water is removed by allowing it to flow down a gutter until it reaches an inlet structure, at which point it is diverted through a subsurface drainage system. The problem is that not all inlet structures are uniformly effective. This study analyzed the effectiveness of both grate and curb inlets; the efficiency of several types of bridge deck drains was also investigated. Overall, the study had three objectives: (1) to determine the hydraulic characteristics of recessed curb inlets for different flow conditions and curb inlet geometries; (2) to determine the hydraulic characteristics of three types of bridge deck drains with different flow conditions and geometries; and, finally, (3) to provide predictive equations for performance and capacity--so as to obtain new design guidelines for the construction of both recessed curb inlets and bridge drains. Concerning recessed curb inlets, three geometries of inlets and three inlet lengths were tested. For the experiments, the flow rate into the recessed curb inlet, the flow rate passing the inlet section (the carryover), and water depths on the roadway surface were measured. Based on an approach that categorizes curb inlets as either 100% efficient or less than 100% efficient, a new design equation (the "captured" flow divided by the gutter flow) was developed in which a facility's efficiency is expressed as a function of the effective length of the inlet divided by the effective length required to capture all of the flow. For all three bridge deck drains tested, regression analysis was used to determine the flow into the inlet as a function of the upstream uniform flow depth, the longitudinal roadway slope, and the cross slope. In this way, empirical equations for predicting the capacity for the flow conditions most likely to be encountered on bridges were obtained. KW - Bridge drains KW - Capacity KW - Economic efficiency KW - Effectiveness KW - Efficiency KW - Equations KW - Flow KW - Flow conditions KW - Flow rate KW - Forecasting KW - Geometry KW - Grate inlets KW - Grates KW - Hydraulics KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Recessed curb inlets KW - Regression analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626967 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES ON THE USE AND OPERATION OF CHANGEABLE MESSAGE SIGNS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 112 p. AB - This report is intended to be a primer on the characteristics that affect the design, use and operations of changeable message signs (CMSs), and to provide guidance on the selection of the appropriate type of CMS display. Guidelines on the selection and design of CMS messages are presented in a companion report, Report No. FHWA/TX-92/1232-10 entitled "Guidelines on the Selection and Design of Messages for Changeable Message Signs". This report is an update and consolidation of the following reports: (1) C.L. Dudek and R.D. Huchingson, "Manual on Real-Time Motorist Information Displays", FHWA-IP-86-16, August 1986; (2) C.L. Dudek, "Guidelines on the Use of Changeable Message Signs", FHWA-TS-90-043, May 1991; and (3) C.L. Dudek, "Portable Changeable Message Signs at Work Zones", FHWA/TX-85/07+292-4, July 1984. KW - Design KW - Guidelines KW - Legibility KW - Location KW - Selecting KW - Utilization KW - Variable message signs KW - Visibility KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368490 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00716873 AU - Scientex Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENTS REPORTED BY MOTOR CARRIERS OF PROPERTY 1990 PY - 1992/11 SP - 62 p. AB - This document presents aggregate statistics derived from the 1990 Motor Carriers of Property Accident Database. The database was compiled from reports of applicable accidents filed by commercial carriers of property subject to the Department of Transportation Act (49 U.S.C. 1651-60). The database is maintained by the Office of Motor Carriers (OMC), Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation. Accidents are reported using Federal Form MCS 50-T, Motor Carrier Accident Report (Property-Carrying). This document contains five chapters: (1) 1990 Overview; (2) The Driver; (3) The Vehicle; (4) The Accident Setting; and (5) The Accident. Within each chapter, data are organized under specific topics. A glossary of terms, a copy of Form MCS 50-T, and a depiction of common vehicle configurations are presented in the Appendix. KW - Crash data KW - Crash types KW - Crashes KW - Fatalities KW - Injuries KW - Loss and damage KW - Motor carriers KW - Property KW - Property damage KW - Statistics KW - Truck drivers KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/453681 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626717 AU - Harmelink, D S AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIBER PAVE, POLYPROPYLENE FIBER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 44 p. AB - This report documents the performance of Fiber Pave. Fiber Pave 3010, which is manufactured by Hercules Incorporated, consists of short-length polypropylene fibers designed for use as a reinforcement in bituminous concrete and asphalt pavements. It is marketed for its ability to increase the cohesive strength of the asphalt binder, improve its workability, and extend the service life of the pavement by making it more resistant to shoving, rutting, and thermally induced reflective cracking. It is very difficult to draw any definitive conclusions in terms of overall pavement performance of the Fiber Pave. The test section which contains the fibers and the control section performed equally well. Both the cracking and rutting at the end of the evaluation for both the test and control sections were minimal. However, with the thickness of the widened section (4-1/2 in.) it is possible that the three year evaluation was not long enough to fully evaluate the pavement's ability to resist rutting. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Binders KW - Bituminous concrete pavements KW - Cohesion KW - Fibers KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polypropylene KW - Reflection cracking KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Service life KW - Test sections KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368387 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625725 AU - Timmerman, D H AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF MECHANICALLY STABILIZED EMBANKMENTS AS SUPPORT FOR BRIDGE STRUCTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 80 p. AB - An evaluation is made of the performance of mechanically stabilized embankments (MSEs) as support for bridge structures in the state of Ohio. The study is in response to concerns of the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) relative to the ability of contractors to construct such embankments to specifications, the suitability of the specifications being used, and the long term stability of the embankments under Ohio's environment and usage conditions. Data collected during this study include questionnaire responses from project engineers involved with MSE construction, inspection of existing MSE sites, and laboratory testing of soil samples obtained from selected MSE sites. Conclusions relative to the performance of existing MSEs supporting bridge structures, and recommendations relative to design and construction modifications to improve performance are presented. KW - Bridge foundations KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Corrosion KW - Design KW - Embankment stability KW - Embankments KW - Engineers KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Mechanically stabilized embankments KW - Modifications KW - Ohio KW - Performance evaluations KW - Questionnaires KW - Recommendations KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Site inspections KW - Soils KW - Specifications KW - Stability (Mechanics) KW - Stabilized materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625700 AU - Arnold, E D AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF CONGESTION-REDUCING MEASURES USED IN VIRGINIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 25 p. AB - Congestion on our nation's highways, especially in urban areas, is a serious problem that is growing steadily worse. In Virginia, it is estimated that 28% of the daily vehicle miles of travel (VMT) occurring during peak hour traffic is congested (volume/service flow ratio > 0.75). Further, it is estimated that the cost of urban area congestion in Virginia will amount to more than $4 billion in the year 2000. Transportation professionals in Virginia need to be cognizant of and familiar with congestion-reducing measures so as to implement them at every opportunity. Accordingly, this research was conducted to (1) develop a categorical list of congestion-reducing measures, and (2) document the implementation of and experiences with these measures in Virginia. The latter included a subjective evaluation of each measure's effectiveness, cost, and barriers to implementation. The scope was limited to a literature review and a survey of transportation officials in Virginia. Based on the literature, 53 congestion-reducing measures were categorized by whether they manage the existing supply of transportation facilities, add to that supply, manage the existing transportation demand, or control demand growth. Experiences with these measures were documented from the survey of transportation professionals in Virginia. Conclusions were reached regarding the effectiveness, cost, and ease of implementation of individual measures as well as categories of measures. KW - Congestion management systems KW - Congestion reduction KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Effectiveness KW - Guides to the literature KW - Implementation KW - Literature reviews KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Surveys KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation system management KW - Travel demand management KW - Virginia UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36863/93-R7.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368088 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667756 AU - Austin Research Engineers Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPS-6: REHABILITATION OF JOINTED PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS: CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - v.p. AB - Nineteen test sections were constructed by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) as part of Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) Specific Pavement Studies (SPS)-6 experiment. The SPS-6 program addresses the rehabilitation of jointed portland cement concrete pavement. The objective of the SPS-6 experiment is to develop improved performance prediction models to be used for determining the additional pavement life that can be expected from the application of a variety of JCP pavement rehabilitation methods, ranging from minimal to maximum investment. Construction of the 19 SPS-6 test sections was successfully incorporated in ADOT project IR-40-4(123) on I-40 at Flagstaff. Eight of the 19 test sections meet the basic SHRP requirements for the experiment. The additional 11 sections were designed by ADOT to evaluate features that are not included in the SHRP experiment design. The 8 SHRP sections include 3 different types of surface preparation of the existing JCP: 1) crack and seat, 2) minimum restoration, and 3) maximum restoration. They also include two different asphalt overlay thicknesses - 4 in. and 8 in. (10 cm and 20 cm), two sections with no overlay, and one control section which is to receive only routine ADOT maintenance. The 11 ADOT sections include an additional surface preparation procedure - rubblizing the existing JCP - as well as an unbonded JCP overlay, asphalt overlay with fabric, various thickness combinations of asphalt rubber and conventional asphalt overlays, and asphalt rubber asphalt concrete friction course. The 19 test sections were constructed in an approximate 2.6 mile (4.2 km) segment of the 10 mile (16 km) long I-40 rehabilitation project. Average test section length is 500 ft (152.4 m). Design and construction data from these sections, along with future performance data, will be an important contribution to achieving the goals of the SPS-6 program. KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Construction KW - Construction management KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fabrics KW - Friction course KW - Friction materials KW - Mix design KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Quality control KW - Rehabilitation KW - Service life KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Surface preparation KW - Test sections KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647320 AU - Ross, H E AU - Bligh, R P AU - Parnell, C B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE RAILING END TREATMENTS AT INTERSECTING STREETS AND DRIVES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 358 p. AB - This study addressed the problem of bridge ends on primary roads that are near intersecting roads. At these sites, standard guardrail treatments for the bridge end cannot be used because of insufficient run-out length and, therefore, alternate treatments are needed. The study approach consisted of (a) a survey of typical sites to identify the nature of the problem, (b) design of preliminary short radius guardrail treatments, (c) a benefit/cost analysis of available systems, plus proposed new short radius guardrail treatments that could potentially be used at these sites, (d) development and crash testing of a short radius guardrail treatment, and (e) identification of recommended solutions to the problem for various types of roadways. From the survey, key design parameters were identified. In the preliminary design phase, three short radius guardrail treatments were detailed, consisting of two 60 mph designs and a 45 mph design. One of the 60 mph designs used the standard W-beam and the other used the thrie beam. The 45 mph design used nested W-beams. The B/C analysis was applied to evaluate various safety treatment options in terms of site conditions and roadway type. From this analysis, recommended use guidelines for the various options were developed. A 60 mph short radius W-beam treatment was selected for further evaluation and development through full-scale crash testing. A nested W-beam system successfully passed all but one of the four tests selected as design impact conditions. In the failed test, a 4,500 lb vehicle impacting the center of the curved portion of rail at approximately 60 mph and 25 deg, rode under the guardrail. A new research project has been approved to test a 60 mph thrie-beam system which, it is believed, will satisfy all design impact conditions. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Bridge ends near intersecting roads KW - Bridge railings KW - Crashes KW - End treatments KW - Guardrails KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Length KW - Radius KW - Recommendations KW - Short radius guardrail treatments KW - Speed KW - Structural design KW - Testing KW - Thrie beams KW - W beams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387140 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643573 AU - Newtson, C M AU - Turner, J P AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MIX DESIGN AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF LARGE-AGGREGATE BITUMINOUS CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 127 p. AB - A study is described on the engineering properties of large-aggregate bituminous concrete. Resilient modulus and creep rebound tests were conducted to determine the effects of aggregate top size on the stiffness and resistance to permanent deformation of bituminous concrete mixtures at the optimum asphalt content. Three aggregates, including two pit run alluvial deposits and one crushed limestone, were investigated at three top sizes [3/4, 1, and 1-1/4 in. (1.9, 2.5, and 3.1 cm)]. Stiffness and resistance to permanent deformation were found to decrease in specimens made with the alluvial aggregates and to increase in specimens made with crushed limestone aggregate. This behavior is attributed to the percentage of fractured faces occurring in the particles near the top of the aggregate gradation and its effect on particle angularity and surface texture. KW - Aggregate size KW - Aggregates KW - Alluvium KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt content KW - Creep tests KW - Crushed limestone KW - Deformation KW - Mix design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Properties of materials KW - Stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386068 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00639903 AU - Chan, P AU - Rao, A AU - Lytton, R L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYSTEM HARDWARE FOR ACQUISITION AND AUTOMATIC PROCESSING OF PAVEMENT DISTRESS VIDEOLOG. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 65 p. AB - Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) employs the Pavement Management Information System (PMIS) to effectively manage and maintain its highway system. Pavement surface distress is a very important indicator of the condition of the roadway system. To gather this information in urban areas, TxDOT has purchased a multi-purpose road survey vehicle called the Automatic Road Analyzer (ARAN). The data reduction involves a technician who reviews video tapes of the pavement surface recorded by the ARAN. The review technique is a tedious and fatiguing process. Current advancements in dedicated imaging processing hardware enables the development of a computer processing system to reduce the pavement distress data automatically. This report describes two important areas of automatic evaluation of the pavement surface distress video. High resolution, sharp, and shadow free images of the pavement surface enable the computer processing to be more efficient and accurate. To attain this goal, a scheme using artificial light inside an enclosed trailer was investigated. Five types of lights and four types of video cameras were experimented upon in a darkroom and open-bottom trailer to determine the most appropriate combination. The stages of the trailer design up to the final prototype are also described. This report also describes the hardware components of the video image processor system. The selection, justification and configuration of a workstation host image processing system over a PC host system are discussed. Finally, the functionality of individual hardware components and the integration of all components into a comprehensive video image processing system are included in this report. KW - Accuracy KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Automatic road analyzer KW - Defects KW - Hardware KW - Image processing KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Prototypes KW - Videotapes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380839 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00639887 AU - Marino, N AU - Dusel, J AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF COMBINED LOADING AND EDGE DISTANCE ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MECHANICAL EXPANSION ANCHORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 168 p. AB - This report contains results of tests done to determine the effects which simultaneous combined shear and tension loads have on the ultimate strength capacity of various mechanical expansion anchors. The effects which small edge distances and low strength, early age concrete have on the ultimate strength of mechanical expansion anchors are also evaluated. Combined load interaction curves were developed from the test data and compared to interaction curves presented by manufacturers of mechanical expansion anchors (Molly and ITW Ramset/Red Head), the Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI), and a curve commonly used by Caltrans designers. It was found that ultimate shear and tension load capacities increased as edge distance was increased until the ultimate load reached a maximum. For the 1/2-in. and 3/4-in. anchor sizes and types evaluated, this plateau occurred at an edge distance between 7 and 9 in. As expected, when shear and tension loads were applied simultaneously, ultimate shear and tension load capacities measured were smaller than values obtained from independent shear and tension tests. An interaction curve formula presented in the second edition of the PCI manual appears to fit the lower boundary of experimental data well and is less conservative than a common design procedure presently used by Caltrans. It can be used to competently design for shear and tension loads acting simultaneously. The current Caltrans design procedure results in more conservative numbers than the Molly interaction curve, PCI curve, or the actual research test data. Mechanical expansion anchor tests in low strength concrete resulted in ultimate loads which were reduced by a maximum of 50%. KW - Combined loading KW - Edge distance KW - Interaction curves KW - Laboratory tests KW - Loads KW - Mechanical expansion anchors KW - Shear loads KW - Tension KW - Tension loads KW - Ultimate strength UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380829 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00639864 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE: A PLAN OF ACTION PY - 1992/11 SP - 14 p. AB - In 1990, the Office of Program Review (OPR), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), selected Operation and Maintenance of Traffic Control Systems as a review subject. After solicitation from FHWA Regional Offices, seven States were selected for review. A total of 24 traffic control systems were reviewed. A majority of the systems were found to be operating less than optimally. The OPR report identified several major issues relating to system operation and made a set of recommendations to the Federal Highway Administrator. The intent of the OPR review was to assess how well the systems were being operated. It was recognized that any solution for the shortcomings found during the review must have local and State input to be successful. Therefore, in 1991, a panel of prominent experts from local and State departments of transportation was assembled to address operation and maintenance issues from State and local perspectives. After several meetings, the expert panel also presented a report containing a set of recommendations to FHWA. The panel made 34 recommendations with 9 identified as "Priority". This Action Plan addresses the "priority" recommendations of the expert panel. It identifies actions underway and proposed as of October 1, 1992. The plan will be updated periodically, as necessary, and progress reports will be provided. KW - Implementation KW - Local agencies KW - Local government agencies KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Recommendations KW - State departments of transportation KW - Strategic planning KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380806 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00637794 AU - SMITH, S AU - Worrall, R AU - Roden, D AU - JHK & Associates AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF FREEWAY SIMULATION MODELS TO URBAN CORRIDORS. VOLUME VIII: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1992/11 SP - 20 p. AB - This report is one of eight documents prepared under a U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) contract entitled "Analysis of Complex Congested Corridor Locations". The purpose of the project was to evaluate the effectiveness and ease of use of three freeway simulation models and the freeway analysis procedures described in the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) by applying them to a series of real world situations. The three simulation models tested were: FREFLO - a macroscopic model developed and supported by the FHWA as part of the TRAF modeling system; FREQ - a second macroscopic model developed and supported by the Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California at Berkeley; and FRESIM - a microscopic model developed and supported by the FHWA, representing an extension of an earlier FHWA model known as INTRAS. Each of these models, together with the computerized version of the 1985 HCM procedures, known as the Highway Capacity Software (HCS), was applied to each of five case studies. Each case study location was experiencing severe operating problems. The models were used to evaluate these problems, and to test a range of possible remedial actions. This report is an executive summary of the project. The other volumes in the series are: FHWA-RD-92-103 Volume I: Final Report; FHWA-RD-92-104 Volume II: Technical Report; FHWA-RD-92-105 Volume III: Alternative Analysis Report, I-94 Eastbound between U.S.H. 45 (Zoo Interchange) and I-43 (CBD Terminus) in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; FHWA-RD-92-106 Volume IV: Incident Management Alternative Analysis Report for the George Washington Bridge and Cross Bronx Expressway Eastbound, New York/New Jersey; FHWA-RD-92-107 Volume V: Alternative Analysis Report, I-494 Eastbound between Prairie Center Drive and T.H. 5 in Minneapolis, Minnesota; FHWA-RD-92-108 Volume VI: Alternative Analysis Report, I-70 and I-71 Northbound Immediately to the South and East of Downtown Columbus, Ohio; and FHWA-RD-92-109 Volume VII: Alternative Analysis Report, I-5 Southbound, between S.R. 900 and S.R. 18 in Seattle, Washington. KW - Case studies KW - Freeways KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic simulation KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380093 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00636322 AU - Walters, C H AU - Poe, C M AU - Skowronek, Douglas A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING FEASIBILITY OF BOTTLENECK REMOVAL. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 43 p. AB - Congestion on urban freeways impacts safety, motorist delay, air quality, and energy consumption. In areas where travel demand far exceeds capacity, some level of congestion will be inevitable. However, where imbalances in the freeway system exist, bottlenecks restrict the use of available capacity. Valuable capacity can be recaptured, congestion reduced, and impacts diminished if these bottlenecks can be removed. This research report defines bottlenecks, discusses methodologies for identifying and determining the cause(s) of a bottleneck, suggests appropriate ways to alter geometrics to diminish the impacts of a bottleneck, and provides a methodology to estimate the benefits to be expected from implementing a bottleneck improvement. Examples of implemented projects where before and after data have been collected are also discussed. KW - Before and after studies KW - Benefits KW - Bottlenecks KW - Crash causes KW - Freeways KW - Geometric design KW - Highway capacity KW - Improvements KW - Traffic congestion KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/379827 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00636316 AU - Lechter, V AU - Saridis, Y AU - Lu, J AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN OF LEACHING BASINS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 42 p. AB - Recharge basins, which are shallow and require large surface areas, have long been used on Long Island for conversion of storm water runoff to ground water. As an alternative, leaching basins are of increasing interest -- these are underground covered pits only 5 ft to 10 ft wide and 10 to 20 ft deep. Although more of them may be needed in a given watershed, problems of safety and litter associated with recharge basins are avoided, and they do not require extensive land surface, particularly importnat in highly developed regions. This study was initiated to develop a design procedure to determine the radius of influence of leaching basins. Various groundwater flow models are discussed, and from the resulting tables radii for 10- and 25-year storms have been determined for the four types of leaching basin currently in use on Long Island. Problems in basin maintenance are also considered. KW - Design KW - Drainage KW - Flow KW - Groundwater KW - Leaching basins KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical models KW - Models KW - Radius of influence KW - Runoff UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/379821 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00636317 AU - Bendana, L J AU - Yang, W-S AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REHABILITATION PROCEDURES FOR FAULTED RIGID PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 33 p. AB - Load-transfer devices (LTDs) used in New York from 1960 to 1972 produced significant joint faulting in pavements carrying high traffic volumes. This report describes results of an 8-year study conducted on Interstate 84, constructed in the late 1960s as a four-lane, 9-in.-thick reinforced concrete highway with 60-ft 10-in. joint spacing. As a result of heavy commercial traffic and LTD failure, faulting became a serious problem by the 1970s. After extensive study without using LTD retrofitting, the rate of fault return was still significant. The investigation was extended to establish criteria for when various procedures for fault removal and load-transfer restoration might be effective. From 1982 to 1985, 289 joints were retrofitted with I-beam bars or a double-V device developed by the University of Illinois, to study the rate of fault return, the magnitude of differential joint movement, and distress indices. It is concluded that joint retrofitting is appropriate when slabs are in good condition and distress is mostly limited to LTD deficiencies at the joints. Total traffic loads strongly affect pavement/joint failure, and retrofitting is justified to retard fault recurrence. (Careful subsealing should be used to combat possible voids under the joints before undertaking retrofitting.) The optimum combination of retrofit quantity and spacing for a given pavement joint requires further experimentation, but life-cycle-cost analysis indicates that the Illinois LTDs are cost-effective in restoring load transfer. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Differential settlement KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Failure KW - Faulting KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Joint spacing KW - Joints KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Life cycle costing KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer device KW - Rehabilitation KW - Reinforced concrete pavements KW - Restoration KW - Rigid pavements KW - Spacing KW - Traffic loads KW - Transverse joints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/379822 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634554 AU - Isser, S AU - Ballouz, N AU - McFarland, W F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FINANCING ALTERNATIVES FOR TEXAS TRANSPORTATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 189 p. AB - This report surveys different types of financing alternatives for highway and aviation expenditures. Included among the taxes and fees reviewed are motor fuel taxes, license and registration fees, weight distance taxes, congestion taxes, assessments and impact fees, parking fees, and private donations. Criteria for evaluating different taxes were surveyed, and several standard criteria were used to evaluate financing alternatives. Criteria are divided into two groups: (1) basic criteria, including equity, efficiency, and revenue potential, and (2) practical criteria, which includes acceptability, administrative feasibility, and applicability. Motor fuels are found to score very high on all criteria. Even though most equity analyses find that motor fuel taxes are regressive with respect to income, evaluation with respect to total expenditures shows that expenditures on gasoline, and thus on gasoline taxes, tend to be quite proportional to total expenditures at all levels of income. Registration fees in Texas are found to be relatively high for passenger cars and relatively low for trucks. Congestion fees and weight-distance taxes are rated quite high on both equity and efficiency criteria, but are not currently rated as high on the practical criteria. Additional study of these taxes is warranted. Other types of financing alternatives that are discussed include toll roads, tire excise taxes, general sales taxes, property taxes and fees, severance taxes, income taxes, lottery revenues, special benefit fees, private financing, and debt financing. Appendix A includes information on aviation revenue sources in Texas and Appendix B addresses the use of alternate fuels in Texas. KW - Acceptability KW - Acceptance KW - Alternate fuels KW - Assessments KW - Aviation KW - Aviation revenue sources KW - Congestion pricing KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Evaluation KW - Excise tax KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fees KW - Financing KW - Fuels KW - Highways KW - Impact fees KW - Motor vehicle licensing KW - Motor vehicles KW - Parking fees KW - Pay parking KW - Private donations KW - Property taxes KW - Registration fees KW - Sales tax KW - Taxation KW - Texas KW - Toll roads KW - Weight distance taxes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374828 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635113 AU - COLLINS, R J AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSIMILATION OF WASTES AND BY-PRODUCTS INTO THE HIGHWAY SYSTEM: STATUS REPORT AND REGULATORY INFLUENCES PY - 1992/11 SP - 17p AB - The Transportation Research Board (TRB) has conducted an 18-month study to determine the extent and types of waste materials and by-products that have been used in highway construction. Among the most frequently used are reclaimed asphalt and concrete pavements, coal fly ash and bottom ash, scrap tires, blast furnace and steel slags, and mining wastes. Every State department of transportation, as well as the District of Columbia, has experienced some usage of a waste material or by-product in their construction program. In some cases, the evaluation or actual use of a particular waste material or by-product is initiated or stimulated by the passage of legislation or regulations at either the Federal or State level. The purpose of this paper is to provide a status report regarding legislative efforts to encourage recycling of solid wastes, particularly directives aimed at the recovery and reuse of specific waste materials by the highway construction industry. U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Bottom ash KW - Fly ash KW - Pavements KW - Recycled pavements KW - Recycling KW - Road construction KW - Scrap KW - Slag KW - Solid waste disposal KW - Transportation Research Board KW - Waste products KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378826 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635116 AU - Smith, L L AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLORIDA RESOURCE RECOVERY AND MANAGEMENT ACT PY - 1992/11 SP - 1p AB - The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) began investigating the feasibility of utilizing certain waste materials for highway applications as mandated by the Florida Legislature (S.B. 1192) in August 1988. These wastes included flyash for soil stabilization, used motor oil, glass for asphalt (glassphalt), plastics, and ground tire rubber in asphalt. When deemed feasible, it was imperative to develop acceptable test protocols such that specifications could be developed to permit state purchases. U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Conservation KW - Engine oils KW - Florida KW - Fly ash KW - Paving materials KW - Paving mixtures KW - Resource conservation KW - Tires KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378829 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635112 AU - Stegemann, J A AU - Cote, P L AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PROPOSED PROTOCOL FOR EVALUATION OF SOLIDIFIED WASTES PY - 1992/11 SP - 11p AB - The suggested test methods examine partitioning of contaminants as a result of their chemical speciation and their potential for slow release of contaminants. The methods are based on the mobility of the contaminants in the solidified waste matrix and the durability of the matrix. Most of the suggested tests are standards from the fields of hazardous and radioactive wastes, some of which have been evaluated in a cooperative study with vendors of solidification processes initiated by Environment Canada. Based on the performance of a solidified product in the tests, it is considered for four utilization and disposal scenarios: unrestricted utilization, controlled utilization, segregated landfill and sanitary landfill. The protocol represents a first attempt to develop a management tool for solidified wastes that accounts for their physical and leaching characteristics in the context of different disposal scenarios. U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Canada KW - Contaminants KW - Hazardous wastes KW - Landfills KW - Leaching KW - Radioactive wastes KW - Solid waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378825 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635117 AU - Hilditch, T W AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LANDFILL SOIL STABILIZATION - IMPLICATIONS OF LEACHATE, COMBUSTIBLE GASES, AND PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS TO REVEGETATION PY - 1992/11 SP - 10p AB - The erosion of a landfill soil cover can create opportunities for the migration of contaminants. The erosion allows moisture penetration into the entombed refuse, resulting in an increase in the production of combustible gases and leachate. A 3-year research program conducted in Ontario, Canada, resulted in a determination of the degree to which landfill erosion was a problem and the production of a series of recommendations to stabilize soisl on landfills. A "how to" manual was produced to assist landfill owners and operators in managing soil covers. Through a field trial program and literature review, it was determined that key factors affecting the stabilization of landfill soils via revegetation were: degree of slope, soil characteristics, plant material selection and planting techniques. More specific field trial results are presented along with information regarding the tolerance of various plant species to combustible gases and leachate. U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Contaminants KW - Erosion control KW - Gases KW - Landfills KW - Ontario (Province) KW - Revegetation KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378830 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635119 AU - Erickson, P M AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TREATABILITY OF METALS IN SOILS BY SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION PY - 1992/11 SP - 13p AB - Solidification and stabilization (S/S) techniques have been used for years to immobilize metals in contaminated soils. Soil treatability tests involve treating representative samples, curing the treated waste forms, and subjecting both raw and treated materials to one of several leaching tests to measure contaminant mobility. In a project sponsored by the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Battelle Memorial Institute collected treatability test data in a data base listing contaminant concentration and matrix, binder type and ratio, and effects of S/S treatment on 18 metals. In this analysis, data for soils contaminated with RCRA-toxic elements and copper and zinc were examined to assess their treatability by S/S. Overall, cadmium and zinc were most susceptible to immobilization; arsenic and chromium were most problematic. U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Contaminants KW - Copper KW - Metals KW - Poisons KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil properties KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil treatment KW - Soils KW - Solidification KW - Zinc UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378832 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635118 AU - Bricka, R M AU - Francingues, N R AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A PROTOCOL FOR EVALUATING PROPRIETARY SOLIDIFICATION/STABILIZATION TECHNOLOGY USING LABORATORY LEACH DATA PY - 1992/11 SP - 8p AB - A protocol is described for comparing contaminant masses released during leaching of solidified/stabilized soils, sediments, and sludges. The protocol involves referenced leaching of untreated wastes and normalization of the leach data for solidified/stabilized waste to account for dilution of waste constituents by the solidification/stabilization (S/S) process additives. The protocol is applicable to a variety of laboratory leach tests including the Toxicity Characteristic Leach Procedure (TCLP), and other leach tests. The results of case studies are presented to show how reference leaching of untreated wastes and normalization of leach data for solidified/stabilized wastes can be used to document anticipated benefits of S/S processing. In several cases, S/S actually increases the mobility of specific contaminants. U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Leaching KW - Sediments KW - Sludge (Deposit) KW - Soil stabilization KW - Solidification KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378831 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635114 AU - Epps, J A AU - Epps, A L AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RECYCLED RUBBER IN HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE PY - 1992/11 SP - 4p AB - A number of Federal agencies including the Federal Highway Administration, Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency have conducted research which considers the use of scrap rubber and recycled tire rubber in pavements. Several state departments of transportation including Arizona, California, Oregon, Texas, Florida, New York, and Connecticut have conducted extensive laboratory and/or field research projects. The countries of Australia, Canada, and South Africa have also researched asphalt cement-rubber binders. The major uses of scrap rubber and tire rubber in pavements have been as a binder and/or partial aggregate replacement for: (1) chip seals and interlayers, (2) dense-graded hot mix asphalt, (3) open-graded hot mix asphalt, and (4) joint and crack sealers, and other uses including membranes, slope protection, fills, fuel and as a raw material source for other products. U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Asphalt cement KW - Binders KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Recycled materials KW - Road construction KW - Sealing compounds KW - Slope protection KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378827 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635115 AU - Scharman, B M AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EPA FEDERAL PROCUREMENT GUIDELINES AND THE IMPACT OF RCRA REAUTHORIZATION PY - 1992/11 SP - 4p AB - The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for issuing Federal procurement guidelines to assist Federal procuring agencies in complying with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) requirements. RCRA requirements and EPA procurement guidelines apply to Federal, state, and local agencies and their contractors when more than $10,000 per year of Federal funds are used by an agency to purchase a guideline item. This paper outlines and discusses the federal procurement guidelines and lays out specifics of congressional legislation on the subject. U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Federal government agencies KW - Government procurement KW - Governments KW - Procurement KW - Recovery KW - Recycled materials KW - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378828 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635104 AU - Fleming, R L AU - Sills, G L AU - Stewart, E S AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LIME STABILIZATION OF LEVEE SLOPES PY - 1992/11 SP - 8p AB - The U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg, has developed a procedure for using lime in repairing slough slides that occur in the riverside slope of the Main Line Mississippi River Levees. Since 1964, approximately 450 main line levee slides have been repaired. After studying the cause and occurrence of these slides between 1968 and 1982 a procedure was developed for using lime to repair the slides. The history and results of those slide studies, the description of the repair procedures, and the performance of repaired slides to date are discussed in this paper. U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Calcium oxide KW - Landslides KW - Levees KW - Liming of soils KW - Mississippi River KW - Slides (Earth) KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378817 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635111 AU - Stegemann, J A AU - Cote, P L AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers TI - A PROPOSED PROTOCOL FOR EVALUATION OF SOLIDIFIED WASTES PY - 1992/11 SP - 11p AB - Solidification technologies are potentially useful for improving the chemical and physical properties of hazardous wastes to the extent that they are suitable for less expensive disposal or even utilization. The suggested test methods examine partitioning of contaminants as a result of their chemical speciation and their potential for slow release of contaminants. Based on the performance of a solidified product in the tests, it is considered for four utilization and disposal scenarios: unrestricted utilization, controlled utilization, segregated landfill sanitary landfill. The protocol represents a first attempt to develop a management tool for solidified wastes that accounts for their physical and leaching characteristics in the context of different disposal scenarios. U1 - Proceedings, Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Chemical properties KW - Contaminants KW - Hazardous wastes KW - Landfills KW - Sanitary landfills KW - Sewage treatment KW - Solid wastes KW - Waste treatment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378824 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635110 AU - McKee, T M AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTAL AND GEOTECHNICAL TESTING IN SUPPORT OF WASTE STABILIZATION PY - 1992/11 SP - 4p AB - The various types of environmental and geotechnical testing required to manage stabilized waste materials are discussed. Testing is dependent upon the type and source of the waste materials, the stabilization processes and the disposal or final end uses. U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Environmental tests KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Sewage treatment KW - Stabilized materials KW - Waste treatment KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378823 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635106 AU - Bianchi, R H AU - Bruce, D A AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF POST-TENSIONED TENDONS AT STEWART MOUNTAIN DAM, ARIZONA: A CASE STUDY INVOLVING PRECISION DRILLING PY - 1992/11 SP - 16p AB - Stewart Mountain Dam near Phoenix, Arizona, was modified to resist potential seismic loadings by using post-tensioned tendons. This is thought to be the first use of post-tensioned tendons to rehabilitate a thin-arch concrete dam. At the time of construction, during 1928-1930, the importance of good cleanup on the horizontal construction joints between lifts was not realized. These joints were left untreated, resulting in a series of unbonded horizontal planes across the arch section of the dam on 5-ft vertical intervals. The left thrust block required stabilization due to foundation problems, and post-tensioning was also chosen. This paper discusses the background, design, and construction considerations, and the problems encountered, lessons learned, and techniques used in completing the holes. The paper also details the precision drilling, primarily with the down-the-hole hammer, surveying, water testing criteria and techniques, and grouting techniques used for the installation of the 62 tendons within the arch portion. U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Arizona KW - Concrete dams KW - Dam design KW - Dams KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Mountains KW - Posttensioning KW - Structural design KW - Tendons UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378819 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635108 AU - West, T R AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RETROFITTING PERIMETER LEACHATE COLLECTION SYSTEMS FOR EXISTING SANITARY LANDFILLS: A CHALLENGING PROBLEM PY - 1992/11 SP - 6p AB - This paper examines the history of landfill maintenance methods and looks at current solutions to retrofitting perimeter leachate collection systems. The two major landfill types are: (1) conventional solid waste landfills and (2) hazardous waste landfills. Municipal solid waste is placed in the conventional solid waste landfill. Materials consist of garbage, trash, and other household products. Due to the high cost of construction today, hazardous waste landfills receive only those materials classified as hazardous. This typically involves industrial wastes from chemical and manufacturing processes that include materials that are corrosive, toxic, ignitable or reactive. An interesting question can be raised. Will leachate from modern day, conventional waste landfills also show significant accumulations of toxic constituents? U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Hazardous wastes KW - Industrial wastes KW - Landfills KW - Leachate KW - Poisons KW - Retrofitting KW - Sanitary landfills KW - Solid waste disposal UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378821 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635109 AU - Cartledge, F K AU - Tittlebaum, M E AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BASIC RESEARCH ON S/S MECHANISMS: IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE PY - 1992/11 SP - 14p AB - This paper presents several examples in which basic research into solidification/stabilization (S/S) mechanisms has led to conclusions with significant consequences for the practice of S/S. A preformed hydroxide sludge solidified with portland cement has been shown to be primarily a physical mixture of sludge and hydrated binder. Such cases can be expected to show leachability determined by the solubility properties of the sludge and the water transport properties of the matrix. The latter can, in principle, be controlled by the cement formulation, which alters density and porosity. Salt effects which become apparent after cure times of sometimes months, mean that monitoring of the S/S products, especially leach testing, needs to be carried out over longer periods of time. Interaction of nonpolar organics with organoclay additives follows a partitioning mechanism. As a consequence, basic properties of organic materials, such as octanol-water partition coefficients, can be used to give a good quantitative estimate of the concentration of the organic in TCLP leachates when S/S is carried out with cement and organoclays. U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Cement additives KW - Leachate KW - Organic soils KW - Sludge (Deposit) KW - Soil stabilization KW - Solidification KW - Stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378822 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635105 AU - Kunzer, E AU - Benavidez, A AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION CONTROL OF RCC AND SOIL-CEMENT USING THE HEAT OF NEUTRALIZATION TEST, NUCLEAR MOISTURE DENSITY GAUGE, VIBRATING COMPACTION HAMMER, AND VEBE PY - 1992/11 SP - 15p AB - Soil-cement and roller-compacted concrete (RCC) require a combination of soil and concrete construction control methods. These methods need to be simple and quick because of field conditions, rapid placing rates, and need for fast feedback to the inspectors and the contractor. The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) uses a modified heat of neutralization test to monitor cement content, vibrating table (Vebe) tests to check consistency and wet density of RCC, and a combination of sand cone density tests and nuclear moisture-density gauge measurements to monitor compaction. A vibrating compaction hammer is bieng evaluated to determine maximum dry unit weight and to prepare compressive strength test cylinders. Data are presented on the advantages and disadvantages of the various methods and their applicability to soil-cement and RCC. U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Compaction tests KW - Nuclear tests KW - Properties of materials KW - Roller compacted concrete KW - Soil cement KW - Soil compaction test KW - Vibrating equipment KW - Vibratory equipment KW - Wet density UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378818 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635107 AU - Allen, G D AU - Pitt, W W AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCOUNTING FOR BOUNDARY LAYER EFFECTS IN THE MODELLING OF LEACHING FROM MONOLITHIC WASTE FORMS PY - 1992/11 SP - 9p AB - Standard leach tests for the determination of the rate of release of a contaminant from a monolithic waste form show disappointingly high release rates. Partly, this is due to what is commonly called wash-off. The purpose of this paper is to apply physical considerations to develop a mathematical model for the leaching process that accommodates both the short-term rapid wash-off phenomena together with the long-term slower leach rates. The idea is to introduce a boundary layer which has initial concentrations of the contaminant and diffusivity higher than that in the interior. With appropriately chosen parameters, excellent agreement to existing leach data is achieved. U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Boundary layer KW - Contaminants KW - Leaching KW - Mathematical models KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378820 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635101 AU - Saele, L AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers TI - CASE HISTORY. STREAMBANK PROTECTION - BIOENGINEERING EVALUATION. SOUTHWEST WASHINGTON PY - 1992/11 SP - 7p AB - Working with the Washington Department of Fisheries and the Washington Department of Ecology, the Soil Conservation Service has participated in the installation and monitoring of bank protection measures to stabiliza actively eroding streambanks and improve fish and wildlife habitat along the Newaukum River in southwest Washington. The bank treatments selected for these trial sites rely primarily on combinations of woody vegetation and rock for stability. The instream rock placement was completed during normal low flow in the fall of 1989 followed by vegetative bank treatments in early spring of 1990. Winter storms during 1990 and 1991 resulted in overbank flow at all three sites. The continuous rock toe protection may be necessary to assure stability during the establishment period. U1 - Proceedings, Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Bank protection KW - Erosion KW - Erosion protection KW - Fishes KW - Habitat (Ecology) KW - Soil stabilization KW - Streams KW - Vegetation KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378814 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635103 AU - Snethen, D R AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SOIL STABILIZATION USED AS REMEDIAL MEASURES FOR WATER RETENTION AND CONVEYANCE SYSTEMS PY - 1992/11 SP - 11p AB - This paper deals with the use of soil stabilization, specifically chemical modification/stabilization, to treat or repair damaged water retention or conveyance structures. For the purpose of these discussions, water retention or conveyance systems are limited to dam and levee embankments (i.e., constructed earth fills) and canal or channel slopes (i.e., excavated slopes). The discussions consider: the problems associated with embankments and slopes used in water retention or conveyance systems, remedial soil chemical stabilization (as well as some new construction) measures that can be used to address these problems, and some case studies where these remedial measures have been used. In addition, the concept of drainage and its influence on the strength and stability of embankment or slope materials is not addressed herein. U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Channels (Waterways) KW - Chemical treatments KW - Chemicals KW - Dams KW - Drainage KW - Levees KW - Slope stability KW - Slopes KW - Soil stabilization KW - Water retention KW - Water transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378816 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635102 AU - Theisen, M S AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EXPANDING ROLE OF GEOSYNTHETICS IN EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL PY - 1992/11 SP - 15p AB - The use of geosynthetic erosion and sediment materials continues to expand at a rapid pace. From their early beginnings in the late 1950s, geosynthetic materials today are the backbone of the erosion and sediment control industry. Geosynthetic components are an integral part of erosion and sediment materials ranging from temporary products such as hydraulic mulch geofibers, plastic erosion control meshes and nettings, erosion control blankets, and silt fences to high-performance turf reinforcement mats, geocellular confinement systems, erosion control geotextiles, fabric formed revetments and concrete block systems. This paper provides a brief overview of these materials and concepts, and how they may be designed and incorporated into cost effective applications. U1 - Proceedings. Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Erosion control KW - Geosynthetics KW - Hydraulic barriers KW - Revetments KW - Sediments KW - Soil stabilization KW - Wire mesh UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378815 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635100 AU - Bosscher, P J AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers TI - BASIC MECHANISMS OF EROSION PY - 1992/11 SP - 14p AB - The major agents producing erosion or degradation of soil ar water, wind, ice, and gravity with the two most common agents being water and wind. This paper focuses on describing water and wind erosion. These agents act on areas affected by manmade activity to create sediments that pollute streams and fill reservoirs. Valuable plant nutrients are also lost with erosion. The amount of soil erosion currently occurring in the U.S. is significantly higher than occurred during the 1930s even though government subsidies, educational efforts, and erosion practices have been instigated. U1 - Proceedings, Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Erosion KW - Scour KW - Sediments KW - Soils KW - Stream pollution KW - Streams KW - Water pollution KW - Wind erosion UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378813 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635098 AU - Schelb, W L AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers TI - USING GEOGRIDS FOR OVERFLOW PROTECTION DURING CONSTRUCTION PY - 1992/11 SP - 9p AB - Geogrid is used to protect and reinforce the downstream surface of an earth and rock embankment dam during construction. The dam is being constructed in four phases in a narrow mountain valley. Three of the four phases could experience overtopping by storm runoff from the 77-square-mile drainage area. U1 - Proceedings, Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Construction KW - Construction problems KW - Dam design KW - Dams KW - Embankment stabilization KW - Embankments KW - Geogrids KW - Geotextiles KW - Overflows KW - Runoff KW - Soil stabilization KW - Structural design KW - Valleys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378811 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635099 AU - Christopher, B R AU - Holtz, R D AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers TI - CURRENT RESEARCH ON GEOSYNTHETICS PY - 1992/11 SP - 9p AB - The use of geosynthetics in geotechnical engineering practice continues to develop and increase. Because of their performance advantages, improved economy, consistent properties, and ease of placement, geosynthetics have been successfully used to modify or even replace conventional geotechnical materials. Application areas include filters for drainage and erosion control systems, drainage media for drains, temporary armor and grass reinforcement for erosion control applications, stabilization and reinforcement of soft subgrade for road and railway construction, reinforcement of soils for construction of steep slopes and vertical retaining walls, and membrances for water retention and waste containment systems. This paper presents a review of much of the current research on geosynthetics for the above uses. U1 - Proceedings, Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Drainage structures KW - Drainage systems KW - Erosion control KW - Geosynthetics KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Retaining walls KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378812 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635095 AU - Bruce, D A AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers TI - CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES IN GROUND TREATMENT AND IN SITU REINFORCEMENT PY - 1992/11 SP - 25p AB - Ground treatment by grouting has been conducted in the U.S. since the nineteenth century, although most of the techniques used for soils have been imported much more recently. The principles of in situ ground reinforcement featuring the use of small diameter soil nails or pinpiles have only been exploited for the last 25 years or so, but already provide a potent tool for the foundation engineer. This paper summarizes the state of practice in both ground treatment and reinforcement at a time when significant developments are occurring in each category, aided by the evolution of innovative contracting and procurement processes. U1 - Proceedings, Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Foundation soils KW - Foundations KW - Grouting KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378808 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635094 AU - Stevens, M G AU - Von Thun, J L AU - Farrar, J A AU - Allen, M G AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers TI - IN SITU TESTING PERFORMED AT JACKSON LAKE DAM AND MORMON ISLAND AUXILIARY DAM PY - 1992/11 SP - 30p AB - In situ testing methods used to evaluate remedial treatment methds implemented to preclude liquefaction at Jackson Lake Dam and Mormon Island Auxiliary Dam are discussed. Multiple in situ measurement methods were evaluated for potential implementation at Jackson Lake Dam. The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) was selected as the most dependable and effective measurement tool for quantifying remedial treatment by densification. Dynamic compaction was selected to remediate apparently coarse-grained dredged alluvium foundation materials at Mormon Island Auxiliary Dam. The Becker Hammer Penetration Test (BPT) was selected as the primary tool for empirically estimating liquefaction potential before, during, and after remediation construction. Further testing after completion of construction raised the question of quantifying friction effects on the Becker Hammer drive steel during testing. Results of preliminary SPT to BPT correlation testing, compaction effectiveness determinations and measurements performed in an attempt to quantify frictional characteristics of the BPT are summarized for discussion. U1 - Proceedings, Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Alluvium KW - Compaction KW - Dam foundations KW - Densification KW - Dynamic compaction KW - Foundation soils KW - Friction KW - Frictional properties KW - Soil penetration test KW - Soil tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378807 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635096 AU - Steward, J E AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers TI - HISTORY OF REINFORCED WALLS IN THE USDA FOREST SERVICE PY - 1992/11 SP - 25p AB - The USDA Forest Service manages activities on 123 national forests and 19 national grasslands covering 191 million acres. Accessing and managing these lands requires an extensive transportation system. Retaining walls and reinforced soil concepts have been used extensively to build and maintain a functional transportation system. The rugged terrain, remote areas, and secondary nature of the roads require innovative and adaptable designs. This paper presents the development of soil reinforcement uses by the Forest Service. Topics include basic principles and guidelines developed during the 1970s, creative engineering and innovation in the 1980s, and a look to future developments for the 1990s. U1 - Proceedings, Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Forests KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Retaining walls KW - Soil stabilization KW - Walls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378809 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635097 AU - Grube, W E AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers TI - PRINCIPLES, APPLICATIONS, AND TESTING OF GEOSYNTHETIC CLAY LINERS PY - 1992/11 SP - 10p AB - The history of manufactured Geosynthetic Clay Liners (GCL) is presented. The basis for use of bentonite clay, a pure sodium montmorillonite, in terms of this clay's chemical and physical properties is explained. Applications of GCLs as landfill liners, cover system barriers, pond liners, and tank farm secondary containments are discussed. Performance requirements include very low permeability, seam integrity, and uniform manufactured quality. Quality control areas of importance include raw materials, GCL production processes, product testing, and user acceptance testing. Research has intensified in recent years over the few hydraulic studies conducted 3 to 4 years ago. Engineering design parameters, liner/leachate compatibility, seam verification, and regulatory acceptance factors are areas of current agency and research attention. U1 - Proceedings, Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Bentonite KW - Geosynthetics KW - Hydraulic barriers KW - Landfills KW - Leachate KW - Liners KW - Ponding KW - Ponds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378810 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635093 AU - Power, M S AU - Egan, J A AU - Traubenik, M L AU - Faris, J R AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers TI - LIQUEFACTION AT NAVAL STATION TREASURE ISLAND AND DESIGN OF MITIGATING MEASURES PY - 1992/11 SP - 26p AB - During the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, liquefaction occurred in hydraulically placed sandfill comprising Treasure Island, a manmade island in San Francisco Bay. The island settled and spread laterally several inches during the earthquake. The recorded level of ground shaking on the island, occurrence of liquefaction, and magnitude of liquefaction-induced compaction settlements were reasonably consistent with post-earthquake analyses using state-of-the-practice methods. Residual strengths for the liquefied sand were inferred from back analyses of observed lateral spreading displacements. There is potential for ground failure effects on Treasure Island to be much more severe during future earthquakes than experienced during the relatively distant Loma Prieta earthquake. Vibroreplacement was determined to be a cost-effective method for mitigating liquefaction-induced lateral spreading at Treasure Island. Deep soil mixing was examined as a method to improve the performance of soft clays beneath the causeway to Treasure Island. U1 - Proceedings, Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Earthquakes KW - Islands KW - Lateral movement KW - Liquefaction KW - Liquefaction (Soil) KW - Loma Prieta Earthquake, October 17, 1989 KW - Sand KW - Sand stabilization KW - Soil stabilization KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378806 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635089 AU - Rollings, R S AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers TI - IMPROVEMENT OF MARGINAL MATERIALS BY STABILIZATION PY - 1992/11 SP - 1p AB - This presentation describes ongoing research at the Waterways Experiment Station investigating the use of stabilization techniques to upgrade marginal materials to allow their use in pavements. Among the topics of interest in this investigation are: (1) Stabilization of wet soils to allow construction, (2) Improvement of weak aggregate to allow their use with conventional asphalt and portland cement binders, and (3) Overcoming adverse effects of excess plasticity, poor grading, excess fines, water sensitivity, and low strength of paving materials. U1 - Proceedings, Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Binders KW - Materials characterization KW - Plasticity KW - Properties of materials KW - Soil aggregates KW - Soil cement KW - Soil stabilization UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378802 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635091 AU - Crawley, A B AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers TI - LIME-FLY ASH-AGGREGATE BASE AND SUBBASE COURSES PY - 1992/11 SP - 7p AB - This paper describes the use of lime-fly ash-aggregate (LFA) and subbase courses for highway pavements. This type pavement course is considered as an alternate to cement-treated bases (CTB) to provide strength characteristics similar to CTB without the cracking and resulting poor durability of flexible pavements constructed over CTB. U1 - Proceedings, Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Asphalt concrete pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Fly ash KW - Lime fly ash KW - Pavement cracking KW - Subbase materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378804 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635092 AU - Welsh, J P AU - Fellow, P E AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers TI - IN SITU GROUND MODIFICATION PY - 1992/11 SP - 12p AB - This paper updates the State of the Practice for the following six techniques of in situ ground modification. Vibroflotation, Stone Columns, Dynamic Deep Compaction, Compaction Grouting, Chemical Grouting, and Jet Grouting. Included is a description of each of the techniques with their histories, current and new uses, environmental uses if applicable, limitations, relative cost, references, research needs, and significant case histories. U1 - Proceedings, Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Airport surface traffic control KW - Chemical grouts KW - Columns KW - Compaction KW - Ground conditions KW - Ground handling KW - Stone KW - Stone columns KW - Vibroflotation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378805 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00635090 AU - Little, D N AU - Petry, T M AU - Army Corps of Engineers AU - Environmental Protection Agency AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of the Interior AU - Army Corps of Engineers TI - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SULFATE-INDUCED HEAVE IN TREATED EXPANSIVE CLAYS PY - 1992/11 SP - 18p AB - While many applications of calcium-based stabilizers have not resulted in sulfate-induced heave or buckling, those which have caused substantial repair or replacement project costs. This paper presents the latest results of research into the solubility of sulfates, the determination of sulfate levels in soils, the types of reactions that occur in treated materials, and successful treatment options for those with low sulfate levels. It explains why a 10:1 water to soil extraction is best, why levels of sulfates above 0.2 percent are potentially dangerous, and that double applications of lime can be used to treat some sulfate bearing clays. U1 - Proceedings, Second Interagency Symposium on Stabilization of Soils and Other MaterialsSoil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering CommandMetaire, Louisiana StartDate:19921102 EndDate:19921105 Sponsors:Soil Conservation Service and Naval Facilities Engineering Command KW - Calcium oxide KW - Clay soils KW - Expansive clays KW - Heave KW - Heaving KW - Stabilizers KW - Sulfates UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/378803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634437 AU - American Society of Civil Engineers AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOCAL LOW VOLUME ROADS AND STREETS PY - 1992/11 SP - 170 p. AB - This reference provides local agencies with basic information concerning local low volume roads and streets (LLVRS). In 1989 the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Highway Division recognized the need for an easy-to-use reference for people working with local governments. An ASCE specialty conference was held March 2-4, 1992, in Arlington, Texas, to refine and finalize this publication. The contents are organized in five chapters: (I) Planning; (II) Construction and Maintenance; (III) Traffic and Safety Design; (IV) Surface Management; and (V) Geometric Design Considerations. KW - Construction KW - Geometric design KW - Highway safety KW - Local government KW - Low volume roads KW - Maintenance KW - Pavement management systems KW - Planning KW - Roadside KW - Traffic control devices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374771 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633417 AU - Euritt, M A AU - Harrison, R AU - GRANT, S AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF SAFETY REST AREA COMMERCIALIZATION IN TEXAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 70 p. AB - Rest area facilities are an integral part of the Texas state highway system. In recent years, the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) has become concerned about the physical condition and appearance of some of its rest area sites, and mounting costs of construction, rehabilitation, and maintenance. The feasibility of rest area commercialization is explored. A 2-tiered analysis is presented--Tier 1: examining policy development issues and Tier 2: examining policy implementation issues. Based on a review of privatization literature, there is strong conceptual support for commercialization. Moreover, all state barriers have been removed, permitting commercial activities on state-owned right-of-way (ROW). The federal government, however, still restricts commercial use of interstate ROW, although this is expected to change in the next few years. Existing ROW should accommodate most plans for commercial services and provide a new revenue base, though small, to the State Highway Fund. Provision of rest area services could change from a TxDOT cost source to a revenue source, if commercialization were pursued. Public rest area user surveys reveal a desire for commercial services at rest areas. TxDOT should pursue commercialization of rest areas, initially, through a pilot program. There are several sites on U.S. highways that appear feasible. KW - Commercialization KW - Consumers KW - Data collection KW - Development KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Implementation KW - New products KW - Privatization KW - Revenues KW - Right of way (Land) KW - Roadside rest areas KW - Surveys KW - Texas KW - Users UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374352 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633380 AU - Euritt, M A AU - Almquist, A AU - Walton, C M AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION CORPORATIONS AND ROAD UTILITY DISTRICTS: THE TEXAS EXPERIENCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 42 p. AB - Transportation Corporations (TTCs) and Road Utility Districts (RUDs) were authorized in 1984 along with several other legislative enactments to provide new resources to the Texas Department of Transportation for building and improving highway infrastructure. TTCs, in particular, are a vehicle aimed at encouraging greater private sector funding of highway improvements. To date, eight TTCs have been commissioned. Three have been somewhat successful, three have either been dissolved or are inactive, and two are relatively new. The principal factor affecting the success of TTCs has been the state of the real estate market in Texas. In the late 1980's, land owners and developers have not been in a good position to contribute land or resources necessary for the successful operation of TTCs. Two RUDs, one in Denton County and one in Harris County, have been authorized. The RUD operates very much like a municipal utility district. RUD approval is more stringent, since they have the power to assess property taxes and fees to support road improvements. Because of previous experiences with county road districts and other utility districts, there is little to report that is new regarding RUDs. KW - Corporations KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Infrastructure KW - Private enterprise KW - Texas KW - Texas road utility districts UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629070 AU - Benson, J D AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO CAPACITY RESTRAINT ASSIGNMENT MODELS USED IN TEXAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 87 p. AB - As part of the investigation to improve the assignment models, a comparative analysis of the Texas Capacity Restraint Procedrue and the Joint Model Capacity Restraint Procedure was untertaken. The basic goal of these analyses was to attempt to objectively compare the two procedures, evaluate how the results of the two procedures differ, and identify (if possible) the primary sources of any differences that may be observed in their ability to replicate observed improvements to one or both procedures. The comparative analyses found that both models reasonably replicated observed counts and neither model emerged as clearly superior. Several enhancements were recommended for the Texas Model. These included implementation of an equilibrium option and implementation of an option for multiple user-specific impedance adjustment relationships. KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Capacity restraint KW - Model enhancements KW - Simulation KW - Traffic assignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629071 AU - Benson, J D AU - Dresser, G B AU - Bell, C E AU - Heath, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF AN EQUILIBRIUM CAPACITY RESTRAINT MODEL IN THE TEXAS LARGE NETWORK ASSIGNMENT PACKAGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 153 p. AB - One of the major objectives of Study 2-10-89-1153 has been to improve the accuracy of the assignment models implemented in the Texas Travel Demand Package. Three areas for improvements of the Texas capacity restraint model were identified: improved techniques for estimating iteration weights using an equilibrium approach; user-supplied impedance adjustment functions which can vary by functional class; and an option for computing link impedances which provide for variable weighting of time and distance. While never implemented in the Texas Large Network Assignment Package (Texas Package), the equilibrium assignment procedure has become a widely used procedure in operational studies over the past 10 years. The principal difference between the equilibrium model and the capacity restraint procedure implemented in the Texas Package in 1979 is in the iteration weights. In the current Texas capacity restraint procedure, the analyst specifies the weights to be used in combining the iterations. In equilibrium assignments, these iteration weights are computed to minimize the impedance for each trip. An equilibrium capacity restraint assignment procedure, therefore, was implemented in the Texas Package. The procedure was implemented as an option in both the ASSIGN SELF-BALANCING and PEAK CAPACITY RESTRAINT routines. The documentation manuals for these routines were also revised. KW - Capacity restraint KW - Equilibrium models KW - Improvements KW - Iteration weights KW - Traffic assignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369368 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628883 AU - Clowers, K A AU - Frantzen, J A AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESPONSE OF PILES IN LOESS TO LATERAL LOADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 83 p. AB - The results of a series of field lateral load tests on eight piles embedded in pliestocene loess are presented. The purpose of the study was to determine the appropriate p-y curve to use when analyzing laterally loaded piles using the p-y curve method. A literature review was conducted to determine the state of the art of p-y curve analysis. This review yielded no information on the response of piles in loess when analyzed by the p-y curve method. The results of the study indicated that the behavior of piles in dry loess subjected to static lateral loads could be modeled using sand p-y curves and piles subjected to cyclic loading could be modeled with some manipulation of input data. The load tests also showed that cast-in-place piles have a somewhat greater lateral load capacity than driven piles. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Cast in place structures KW - Driven piles KW - Field tests KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Loads KW - Loess KW - P-Y curves KW - Pile behavior KW - Pile lateral loads KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Repeated loads KW - State of the art studies KW - Static loading KW - Static loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626770 AU - McGhee, K H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF A K. J. LAW MODEL 8300 ULTRASONIC ROUGHNESS TESTING DEVICE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 23 p. AB - A study of the K.J. Law Model 8300 Roughness Surveyor was begun in 1985 to determine the feasibility of replacing Mays Meter roughness testing equipment with an easier to use and more repeatable alternative. The original schedule called for completion of the study in late 1986. However, the study was badly delayed because of equipment failures, long delays by the manufacturer when the equipment was returned for trouble shooting, and altered priorities placed on the research staff. Because of these altered priorities, the study was tabled for several years so that final testing was not completed until mid-1991. It was found that, with certain limitations, the Surveyor (SN 1372) is capable of correlation with other roughness testing equipment and of providing test results meeting the requirements of HPMS Class II equipment. Among the major limitations are the following: (1) on coarse-textured surfaces, the device is highly sensitive to variations in testing speed, and (2) the device is highly sensitive to changes in ambient temperature. The author concludes that these limitations are too severe for the device to be used in any except very uncritical roughness testing. KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Ride quality KW - Roughness KW - Speed KW - Temperature KW - Testing equipment KW - Ultrasonic tests UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36864/93-R3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368416 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626748 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Council, F M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS OF HIGHWAY DESIGN FEATURES. VOLUME III: CROSS SECTIONS PY - 1992/11 SP - 27 p. AB - This is the third volume in a series of six publications providing research results on the safety effectiveness of highway design features. This volume discusses relationships between cross-sectional elements and accident experience, along with the accident reductions expected due to related roadway safety improvements. All of the information on crash relationships for lanes, shoulders, and bridges (and corresponding effectiveness information for countermeasures) are for two-lane, rural roads only. Most of the discussion on roadside effects relates to rural two-lane roads, although multilane roads and urban areas are included in some of the discussion (e.g., relating to utility pole accidents and countermeasures). The discussion of median design includes only multilane Interstate and parkway roads in rural areas. KW - Crashes KW - Cross sections KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Effectiveness KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Interstate highways KW - Literature reviews KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Medians KW - Parkways KW - Roadside KW - Rural highways KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626746 AU - Cirillo, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS OF HIGHWAY DESIGN FEATURES. VOLUME I: ACCESS CONTROL PY - 1992/11 SP - 11 p. AB - This is the first volume in a series of six publications providing research results on the safety effectiveness of highway design features. This volume discusses the relationship between access control and accidents. The information relates both to freeways and nonfreeways. Both urban and rural areas are discussed, but city streets are not included. The results of studies which identify measures which can be used to control access on nonfreeways are also presented. KW - Access control KW - Access control (Transportation) KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Effectiveness KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Literature reviews KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rural areas KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368399 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626747 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Twomey, J M AU - Heckman, M L AU - Hayward, J C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS OF HIGHWAY DESIGN FEATURES. VOLUME II: ALIGNMENT PY - 1992/11 SP - 16 p. AB - This is the second volume in a series of six publications providing research results on the safety effectiveness of highway design features. Safety research has focused on the combination of vertical and horizontal alignment features. This volume discusses each of these highway alignment elements separately and in combination. KW - Alignment KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Effectiveness KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Horizontal alignment KW - Literature reviews KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Vertical alignment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368400 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626750 AU - Kuciemba, S R AU - Cirillo, J A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS OF HIGHWAY DESIGN FEATURES. VOLUME V: INTERSECTIONS PY - 1992/11 SP - 10 p. AB - This is the fifth volume in a series of six publications providing research results on the safety effectiveness of highway design features. This volume discusses geometric layout of intersections, presenting accident data and research results which will aid highway planners and designers in their decision-making process to provide safe intersection designs. KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Effectiveness KW - Geometric design KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Intersections KW - Layout KW - Literature reviews KW - Measures of effectiveness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626749 AU - Twomey, J M AU - Heckman, M L AU - Hayward, J C AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS OF HIGHWAY DESIGN FEATURES. VOLUME IV: INTERCHANGES PY - 1992/11 SP - 13 p. AB - This is the fourth volume in a series of six publications providing research results on the safety effectiveness of highway design features. This volume describes geometric layout, including alignment, ramp types, and interchange areas, as well as the effects of spacing between interchanges as they relate to accidents. This volume offers planners, designers and decision makers accident data and research results that will aid in the implementation of safe highway design. This information can be used in the design of new interchanges and the increasingly important redesign of older interchanges that do not meet current needs. KW - Alignment KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Effectiveness KW - Geometric design KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Interchanges KW - Layout KW - Literature reviews KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Ramps KW - Redesign KW - Spacing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626751 AU - Zegeer, C V AU - Stutts, J C AU - Hunter, W W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SAFETY EFFECTIVENESS OF HIGHWAY DESIGN FEATURES. VOLUME VI: PEDESTRIANS AND BICYCLISTS PY - 1992/11 SP - 38 p. AB - This is the sixth volume in a series of six publications providing research results on the safety effectiveness of highway design features. This volume has two sections. The first section provides a brief overview of what we currently know about pedestrian accident characteristics and types. Also included is a discussion of potential geometric improvements which may enhance pedestrian safety. Unfortunately, little information exists about the specific relationships between pedestrian accidents and geometric conditions. Therefore, some information in this section is based on subjective opinions and judgements of researchers and practitioners, although some objective accident relationships are also described. The second section reviews the results of research efforts undertaken by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) focusing on the safety of bicyclists. It also looks at activity related to bicycle facility design and evaluation. The review incorporates a variety of studies, including accident data analyses, facility design guidelines and safety standards, route designation criteria, and evaluations of facilities based on observational studies and, where available, accident data analyses. KW - Bicycle crashes KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Bikeways KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Design features KW - Effectiveness KW - Geometric design KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highway design KW - Highway safety KW - Literature reviews KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pedestrian safety KW - Pedestrian-vehicle crashes KW - Safety KW - Safety standards KW - Standards KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368404 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626697 AU - Dudek, C L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - GUIDELINES ON THE SELECTION AND DESIGN OF MESSAGES FOR CHANGEABLE MESSAGE SIGNS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/11 SP - 71 p. AB - This report presents guidelines on the design of changeable message sign (CMS) messages for use in freeway corridors for incident management and route diversion. It is a companion to Report No. FHWA/TX-92/1234-9, which is a primer on the characteristics that affect the design, use and operation of CMSs, and which provides guidelines on the selection of the appropriate type of CMS displays. Both reports are updates and consolidations of the following reports: (1) C.L. Dudek and R.D. Huchingson. Manual on Real-Time Motorist Information Displays. Report FHWA-IP-86-16. August 1986. (2) C.L. Dudek. Guidelines on the Use of Changeable Message Signs. Report FHWA-TS-90-043. May 1991. (3) C.L. Dudek. Portable Changeable Message Signs at Work Zones. Report FHWA/TX-85/07+292-4. July 1984. KW - Design KW - Freeways KW - Guidelines KW - Incidents KW - Management KW - Messages KW - Messages (Communications) KW - Selecting KW - Traffic diversion KW - Traffic incidents KW - Variable message signs UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/8583.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368367 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103212 AU - Little, Cheryl AU - Liu, Tai-Kuo AU - Rosenberg, Norman AU - Skinner, David AU - Vance, Lawrence AU - Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems. Volume 1: Inventory of Models for Predicting the Emission and Energy Benefits of IVHS Alternatives PY - 1992/10/30/Final Report SP - 94p AB - This report has been prepared by the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (VNTSC) to provide the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) with an early look at the inventory of forecasting models VNTSC is examining under task one of its program to develop a state-of-the-art analytical framework for estimating the fuel and emissions benefits of Intelligent Vehicle/Highway Systems (IVHS) initiatives.The material in this report will be included in the final report of task one to be completed in September 1992.The work reported here includes both an inventory of models and a substantive discussion of the major models. A comparative analysis of the models will appear in the final task one report. Forecasting and estimation of fuel and emission benefits is usuallly accomplished using models of three types.The fuel and emission estimates are generated from a model or models designed for this purpose, referred to here as emission models. Emission models require as key inputs; Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT), fleet composition, average vehicular speed and ambient temperature.Estimates or forecasts of VMT and average speed are generated by the second and/or third types of models. The second type of models are traffic engineering models which simulate or otherwise estimate speeds and vehicular flow rates.The third type of models are transportation planning models (planning models for short) which are used to make longer-term forecasts of VMT and average speed. An inventory and description of all three types of the models is presented in this report. KW - Air quality management KW - Exhaust gases KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intelligent vehicles KW - Pollutants KW - State of the art KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Travel patterns UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/16000/16700/16700/PB2000104530.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626725 AU - ELSHARIEF, A M AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LABORATORY EVALUATION OF PREFABRICATED HIGHWAY EDGE DRAINS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10/05 SP - 304 p. AB - This study evaluated prefabricated highway edge drains to improve the existing practice and to set guidelines for their proper selection. Two primary evaluations received attention: the first was the effect of installation and in-service loading on the hydraulic and strength capacities of a prefabricated highway edge drain; and the second was the performance of the geotextile filter. A limited field evaluation of prefabricated highway drains indicated structural failure of the core and an inefficient geotextile. Based on the field study, laboratory testing and theoretical modeling, guidelines were given for the strength and hydraulic requirements of the drain. A retention criterion was given for the geotextile filter. The criterion was based on reliability theory and accounted for the overall pore size distribution, porosity and thickness of the geotextile. Field geotextile samples were evaluated for their long term performance using image analysis. The evaluation indicated only partial clogging of geotextiles in service for 4 to 7 years. KW - Building KW - Capacity KW - Edge drains KW - Facilities KW - Field investigations KW - Field studies KW - Geotextiles KW - Hydraulic properties KW - In-service loading KW - Installation KW - Laboratory tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Pore size distribution KW - Porosity KW - Prefabricated structures KW - Strength of materials KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368395 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01403798 AU - Pendleton, O J AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations R&D TI - A systemwide methodology for evaluating highway safety studies PY - 1992/10 IS - FHWA/RD-92-049 SP - 113p AB - This study developed a new, better procedure for assessing widespread geographic effects resulting from the use of safety treatments. Most currently used statistical methods for countermeasure evaluation assess the spot or local changes that result from the new treatment. The effects of the treatment on the entire system or near-by contiguous links are seldom evaluated. The new approach is ideal for applications where large quantities of data reside in a PC computer format. Incorporated in the methodology are known procedures for determining if regression-to-the-mean (RTM) problems exist and how those problems can be minimized when they are present. A previous research study developed a computer program - Bayesian Estimation of Accidents in Transportation Studies (BEATS) - that identifies and corrects regression-to-the-mean bias in highway safety studies. Step-by-step guidelines were developed on how to plan and use the new procedure to evaluate highway safety studies. The guidelines describe what are adequate sample sizes, how to identify RTM problems, and how computerized data analysis procedures can be used. KW - Accident analysis KW - Accident countermeasure KW - Before and after studies KW - Before and after study KW - Computer program KW - Computer programs KW - Crash analysis KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Mathematical models KW - Methodology KW - Methodology KW - Modelling KW - Statistical analysis KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1171582 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01103133 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Highway Safety Performance, 1990. Fatal and Injury Accident Rates on Public Roads in the United States PY - 1992/10 SP - 104p AB - This report presents data which can be used in the evaluation of the highway safety performance of the States. The data were submitted by the States through the Highway Performance Monitoring System operated by the Federal Highway Administration. The traffic accident statistics for 1990 show a decrease of about 1,000 fatalities from 1989. The overall fatality rate per 100 million vehicle miles of travel was 2.07, which is lower than the record low of 21.6 set in 1989. KW - Crash data KW - Crash injuries KW - Crash records KW - Fatalities KW - Highway safety KW - Statistical analysis KW - Tables (Data) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/20000/20900/20915/PB98157985.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860315 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633379 AU - Goulias, D G AU - Dossey, T AU - Hudson, W R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - END-RESULT SMOOTHNESS SPECIFICATIONS FOR RIGID AND FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS IN TEXAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 92 p. AB - This report focuses on the development of a methodology for determining an end-result smoothness specification for use on newly constructed flexible and rigid pavements. Details of the experimental study and data analysis undertaken to define acceptance levels using several criteria are presented, along with necessary guidelines that can be used for the training of personnel involved in the implementation of the smoothness specifications. Finally, the report correlates profile index with other roughness indices. KW - Flexible pavements KW - Pavement smoothness KW - Pavements KW - Profilographs KW - Rigid pavements KW - Roughness KW - Smoothness KW - Specifications KW - Training UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374325 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633271 AU - Barnes, K E AU - Hanks, J W AU - Mounce, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSIDERATIONS IN THE APPLICATION OF COLLECTOR-DISTRIBUTOR DESIGNS FOR IMPROVING MAINLANE FREEWAY OPERATIONS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 22 p. AB - Collector-distributor roadways can be effective as a "buffer" facility with limited access interfacing between mainlanes and frontage road development. However, both transverse and longitudinal space requirements are critical for acceptable implementation. This report summarizes several key aspects of collector-distributor freeway system design considerations and features; and then presents a case study that demonstrates an evaluation methodology. KW - Case studies KW - Collector distributor roads KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Freeway capacity KW - Freeway entrances and exits KW - Freeways KW - Frontage roads KW - Highway capacity KW - Interchanges KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Streets KW - Transportation corridors KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth KW - Weaving sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374268 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628813 AU - RINGERT, J AU - Urbanik, Thomas AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF FREEWAY CAPACITY IN TEXAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 175 p. AB - The current value of freeway capacity and the speed flow relationship have been questioned as a result of observations of flow rates much higher than 2,000 passenger cars per hour per lane (pcphpl) and the recent revision of the multi-lane highway chapter in the Highway Capacity Manual. An analysis of freeway capacity in Texas found greater variability in free-flow flow rates and determined that queue discharge is the best estimate of maximum sustainable flow. Average queue discharge flow rates averaged 2,225 pcphpl but were measured as high as 2,400 pcphpl for individual lanes. Based on the analysis, a speed-flow model was developed and the maximum sustainable flow rate was determined to be 2,200 pcphpl, which is the value recommended for freeway capacity in Texas. KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Flow KW - Flow rate KW - Flow speed relationships KW - Freeway capacity KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway Capacity Manual KW - Queue discharge KW - Queuing KW - Speed flow relationship KW - Texas KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways KW - Variables UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369159 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760560 AU - Lu, J AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF FREEWAY TRAFFIC SPEED BY POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY METHODS PY - 1992/10 SP - 31 p. AB - This report presents results of a study using a Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis (MESA) approach to evaluate driver behavior as related to driving speed, taking into consideration heavy and light traffic conditions, rainy and dry weather conditions, impacts of traffic entering from ramps, and operating characteristics of various drivers. Three test sites were chosen in the Albany area. Test vehicle speed between two fixed points was recorded and transferred to spectral density functions. Impacts of traffic conditions, weather conditions, vehicles entering from ramps, and driver behavior can be identified from these spectral density characteristics. Basic concepts of MESA and results of the field experiments are discussed and presented in the appendix. KW - Behavior KW - Drivers KW - Field studies KW - Freeways KW - Merging traffic KW - Ramps (Interchanges) KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume KW - Weather conditions UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21135/PB99100323.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496300 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625390 AU - Aschenbrener, T AU - MacKean, C AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE VOIDS IN THE MINERAL AGGREGATE IN HOT MIX ASPHALT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 68 p. AB - The Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) will be specifying a minimum Voids in the Mineral Aggregate (VMA) for the 1993 construction season. The purpose of this report was to provide guidance and informaiton for obtaining VMA. 101 of the mix designs performed by the CDOT during 1992 were analyzed to determine the most appropriate method for drawing the maximum density line. The Texas reference gradation line and the line drawn from the origin to the actual percent passing on the nominal maximum aggregate size provided the best correlation with measured VMA. Staying away from the maximum density line at the No. 30 sieve and the fourth largest sieve to retain material is advised. In addition, 24 laboratory mix designs were prepared to examine the effect of varying four variables considered important in obtaining VMA: gradation, quantity of P200, size of P200, and fine aggregate angularity. The gradation provided the largest changes in VMA. The quantity of P200 and angularity also caused significant changes to VMA. The quantity of P200 made more substantial changes to the VMA of fine gradations than coarse gradations. The angularity of the fine aggregates affected the VMA of the coarse gradations more than the fine gradations. The size of the P200 had little effect on the VMA; however, although the sizes of P200 of the two materials used in the experiment were significantly different, the sizes were both fine. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregate size KW - Aggregates KW - Angularity KW - Fine aggregates KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Maximum density (Laboratory tests) KW - Mineral aggregates KW - Mix design KW - Void ratios KW - Voids UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367910 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625226 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE AVOIDANCE OF WEIGH STATIONS IN VIRGINIA BY OVERWEIGHT TRUCKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 41 p. AB - The primary objective of this research was to examine the avoidance of weigh stations in Virginia by overweight trucks. Secondary objectives were (1) to determine the magnitude of overweight truck activity on selected routes and (2) to compare traffic loading data collected using static scales with enforcement with data collected using weigh-in-motion without enforcement. Two weigh stations on I-81 were studied for weigh station avoidance. It was found that 11 and 14% (respectively) of the trucks on routes used to bypass the Stephens City and Troutville stations were overweight. At the Stephens City station, 50% of the runbys (which are trucks that travel past the weigh station without being weighed because the entrance lane to the station is filled with a queue of trucks) were overweight on Sunday night. Based on the number and percentage of overweight runbys, there is a need to increase the truck weighing capacity of this weigh station. From 12 to 27% of the trucks on two primary routes and one interstate route were overweight. Traffic loadings collected with WIM without enforcement are 30 to 60% higher than loadings collected using static scales and enforcement. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Law enforcement KW - Load limits KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Static scales KW - Static tests KW - Traffic loads KW - Trucks KW - Virginia KW - Weigh in motion scales KW - Weigh station avoidance KW - Weighing devices UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36860/93-R2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367804 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00636378 AU - Yura, J AU - Phillips, B AU - Raju, S AU - Webb, S AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRACING OF STEEL BEAMS IN BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 96 p. AB - The report summarizes the research conducted to evaluate the lateral bracing effect of bridge decks. Design requirements for bracing steel beams to control lateral-torsional buckling are developed. Braces are classified as torsional braces (diaphragms, cross frames) or lateral braces (top chord laterals, bridge decks). Analytical studies were conducted which investigated the effect of brace type, size, location, and number of braces on the lateral buckling of beams subject to different loading conditions. Results of tests conducted on twin beams compared favorably with the analytical solution. Both the tests and the theoretical solution showed the cross section distortion had a significant effect on torsional braces. The tests with no bracing or full bracing compared favorably with the new AASHTO lateral buckling formulas. From the tests and the theory, simple formulas for brace force and brace stiffness are presented which are suitable for design and specifications. For lateral bracing, the brace force is 0.8% of the beam force, which includes some provision for beam out-of-straightness. For torsional bracing, the design formulas can be used to determine web stiffener requirements to control cross section distortion. Five design examples illustrate the use of the bracing formulas. KW - Bracing KW - Bridge decks KW - Buckling KW - Design KW - Formulas KW - Specifications KW - Steel beams KW - Web stiffeners UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/379876 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633480 AU - ANDERSEN, S J AU - Mahmassani, H S AU - Walton, C M AU - Euritt, M A AU - Harrison, R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC AND SPATIAL IMPACTS AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF SMALL HIGHWAY-BYPASSED CITIES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 116 p. AB - This study analyzed the effects of highway bypass construction on small cities. As this report makes clear, a bypass changes activity patterns within a city, with traffic shifting away from the bypassed route. Increased traffic activity is found on the shortest connector from the bypass to the city center, resulting in increased development along this route. The classification of bypassed cities, one of the key objectives of this study, was developed through cluster analysis. The results of the study suggest that a bypass does not significantly alter the essential characteristics of a city; however, the bypass does have a slightly negative effect on retail sales volumes of the bypassed city. KW - Businesses KW - Bypass highways KW - Bypasses KW - Classification KW - Cluster analysis KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Retail trade KW - Small cities UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374415 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633270 AU - Ullman, G L AU - Dudek, C L AU - Balke, K N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF FREEWAY CORRIDOR ATTRIBUTES UPON MOTORIST DIVERSION RESPONSES TO REAL-TIME TRAVEL TIME INFORMATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 61 p. AB - This report describes the results of laboratory experiments performed to assess whether certain freeway corridor attributes specified in a real-time motorist information display affect motorists' expected responses to travel time information. Specifically, the study was designed to determine whether (1) the recommended alternative route, (2) the location where motorists were told to divert from the freeway, or (3) the location of the reported onset of congestion relative to where motorists were told to divert influenced motorist diversion threshold values to time saved travel time information. The procedures and results of the studies are described, and recommendations are presented for application of the results to the design and operation of freeway corridor motorist information displays. KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Behavior KW - Driver information systems KW - Drivers KW - Freeways KW - Laboratory studies KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Traffic diversion KW - Transportation corridors KW - Travel time KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374267 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626719 AU - Aschenbrener, T AU - Stuart, K AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPARISON OF RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE FRENCH TESTER WITH PAVEMENTS OF KNOWN PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 73 p. AB - The French rutting tester has been used successfully in France to eliminate the occurrence of rutting. The Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) and the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) were selected to demonstrate this equipment. Thirty-three sites across Colorado with good and poor performance and a variety of temperature and traffic conditions were selected. Test results indicated that the French rutting tester, using the French specifications, was overly severe for many of the temperature and environmental conditions encountered in Colorado. However, by adjusting the testing temperature to match the highest temperature at a site location, the French rutting tester did an excellent job of predicting pavement performance. The results from the French rutting tester also had good correlation with actual rutting depths when temperature and traffic levels were considered. KW - Correlation analysis KW - Correlations KW - Forecasting KW - France KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement performance KW - Rut depth KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Rutting KW - Technology KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368389 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625727 AU - Tom, GKJ AU - Fong, H K AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE SPACING FOR THE DESIGN OF METERED ON-RAMPS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 18 p. AB - Video data was obtained at seven on-ramp locations during peak periods while ramp meters were operating. There was not much difference in the average vehicle spacing for ramp rates ranging from 240 to 720 vehicles per hour for the lanes where data were obtained. The average vehicle spacing near the ramp meters for these ramp rates was approximately 28.9 ft per vehicle. It is possible that the average vehicle spacing may be different near the end of the queue. The average vehicle spacing near the ramp meter for the seven locations was approximately 28.9 ft per vehicle. At one location the average vehicle spacing was unusually high (35.0 ft per vehicle). This may be related to the vertical alignment of the on-ramp which is on a long, substantial downgrade. It is recommended that a vehicle spacing of 29 ft per vehicle be used for designing storage on metered on-ramps. Additional spacing should be provided for metered on-ramps on long, substantial downgrades. Additional spacing should also be provided for locations where there are significant percentages of trucks, buses, or recreational vehicles. KW - Alignment KW - On ramps KW - Peak periods KW - Ramp metering KW - Traffic volume KW - Vehicle spacing KW - Vertical alignment KW - Video data UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00676562 AU - Wang, T-L AU - Huang, D AU - Florida International University, Miami AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTER MODELING ANALYSIS IN BRIDGE EVALUATION. PHASE II: DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF CONTINUOUS BEAM BRIDGES AND SLANT-LEGGED RIGID FRAME BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 231 p. AB - This is a report of the second year's work on computer modeling analysis in highway bridge evaluation. The objective of this investigation is to study the dynamic and impact characteristics of continuous beam bridges and slant-legged rigid frame bridges due to vehicles passing over rough bridge decks. According to the Type 3, Type 3S2, and Type 3-3 trucks, three nonlinear vehicle models with nine, sixteen, and eighteen degrees of freedom are developed. Six continuous multigirder bridges with different span lengths are designed based on the Standard Plans of Highway Bridge Structures of U.S. Bureau of Public Roads. The continuous multigirder bridges are modeled as grillage beam systems. The effects of transverse stiffness, road surface roughness, vehicle speed, span length, spacing of girders, and damping ratio are analyzed. The slant-legged rigid frame bridge is modeled as a space bar system. The free and force vibration characteristics including parametric study are analyzed. KW - Bridge spans KW - Computer models KW - Continuous beam bridges KW - Damping (Physics) KW - Dynamic analysis KW - Dynamic tests KW - Frames KW - Girders KW - Length KW - Motor vehicles KW - Rigid structures KW - Roughness KW - Slant-legged rigid frame bridges KW - Spacing KW - Speed KW - Stiffness KW - Traffic speed KW - Transverse stiffness KW - Trucks KW - Types of bridges by design KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/421326 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670456 AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - Graves, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION OF HIGHWAY BASE AND SUBBASE LAYERS CONTAINING RESIDUE FROM AN ATMOSPHERIC FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION PROCESS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 98 p. AB - This report summarizes findings of laboratory and construction evaluations of using residue from an atmospheric fluidized bed combustion (AFBC) process as a component in an experimental road base and subbase application. The base mixture contains pulverized fuel ash, AFBC residue, and limestone aggregates used as bulk filler. The subbase mixture contains AFBC residue and pond ash (ponded fly ash and bottom ash). Mixtures containing various proportions of each component were evaluated in the laboratory relative to maximum dry density, optimum moisture content, and compressive strength development. Two 750-foot test sections of a 22-foot wide roadway, containing the experimental mixtures, were constructed in May and June 1988. Prior to construction, in-place California Bearing Ratio tests, moisture content determinations and Road Rater deflection tests were performed on the prepared subgrade. During construction of the experimental base and subbase layers, relative compaction and moisture contents of the materials were monitored by nuclear devices. Specimens were compacted for subsequent evaluations. Initial post-construction evaluations included compressive strength development, elastic modulus, Road Rater deflection analyses, and monitoring expansion of the experimental mixtures both in the field and in the laboratory. KW - Atmospheric fluidized bed combustion residue KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Bottom ash KW - California bearing ratio KW - Cbr testing KW - Compaction KW - Compressive strength KW - Deflection tests KW - Dry density KW - Expansion KW - Expansion (Construction phenomena) KW - Fluidized bed combustion KW - Fly ash KW - Laboratory tests KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Moisture content KW - Nuclear tests KW - Subbase KW - Subbase (Pavements) KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Test sections KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411200 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643595 AU - Replogle, M AU - Parcells, H AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL BICYCLING AND WALKING STUDY. CASE STUDY NO. 9: LINKING BICYCLE/PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES WITH TRANSIT PY - 1992/10 SP - 106 p. AB - This report deals with how people get to and from public transportation by bicycling or walking, a subject which has not been extensively studied in North America. Pedestrian and bicycle access to transit has been taken for granted in many communities, and frequently neglected in planning, design, and operations. However, without good pedestrian and bicycle access to transit, the only way passengers can be attracted out of their cars is to provide parking at transit stations and stops. New flexibility in funding under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and the requirements of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments offers new opportunities and strong encouragement for transportation agencies to work together in improving pedestrian and bicycle access to transit. Action in this area offers the potential of highly cost-effective reductions in air pollution emissions, increased transit ridership, alleviation of chronic capacity shortages at many park-and-ride lots, and reduced traffic congestion near transit stations. A number of transit agencies and local and State Governments have initiated efforts to improve nonmotorized transit access, but many major problems and opportunities have not yet been addressed. This report highlights some of these efforts and opportunities. KW - Access KW - Bicycle travel KW - Case studies KW - Clean Air Act Amendments KW - Clean air act amendments 1990 KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Public transit KW - Walking UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6300/6341/CASE9.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386090 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00639150 AU - Replogle, M AU - Parcells, H AU - National Association of Railroad Passengers AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LINKING BICYCLE/PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES WITH TRANSIT PY - 1992/10 SP - 105 p. AB - This report deals with how people get to and from public transportation by bicycling or walking, a subject which has not been extensively studied in North America. Pedestrian and bicycle access to transit has been taken for granted in many communities, and frequently neglected in planning, design, and operations. New flexibility in funding under the Intermodal Surface Transportation Act (ISTEA) of 1991 and the requirements of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments offers new opportunitiess and strong encouragement for transportation agencies to work together in improving pedestrian and bicycle access to transit. Action in this area offers the potential of highly cost-effective reductions in air pollution emissions, increased transit ridership, alleviation of chronic capacity shortages at many park-and-ride lots, and reduced traffic congestion near transit stations. A number of transit agencies and local and state governments have initiated efforts to improve non-motorized transit access, but many major problems and opportunities have not yet been addressed. This report highlights some of these efforts and opportunities. KW - Bicycle commuting KW - Design KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Pedestrian traffic KW - Public transit KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380559 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625091 AU - Pendleton, O J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SYSTEMWIDE METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING HIGHWAY SAFETY STUDIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 113 p. AB - This study developed a new, better procedure for assessing widespread geographic effects resulting from the use of safety treatments. Most currently used statistical methods for countermeasure evaluation assess the spot or local changes that result from the new treatment. The effects of the treatment on the entire system or near-by contiguous links are seldom evaluated. The new approach is ideal for applications where large quantities of data reside in a PC computer format. Incorporated in the methodology are known procedures for determining if regression-to-the-mean (RTM) problems exist and how those problems can be minimized when they are present. A previous research study developed a computer program - Bayesian Estimation of Accidents in Transportation Studies (BEATS) - that identifies and corrects RTM bias in highway safety studies. Step-by-step guidelines were developed on how to plan and use the new procedure to evaluate highway safety studies. The guidelines describe what are adequate sample sizes, how to identify RTM problems, and how computerized data analysis procedures can be used. KW - Areas KW - Assessments KW - Countermeasures KW - Data analysis KW - Geographic areas KW - Guidelines KW - Highway safety KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Problem identification KW - Regression analysis KW - Safety KW - Sample size KW - Statistical sampling KW - System safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367756 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633479 AU - HELAAKOSKI, R AU - Mahmassani, H S AU - Walton, C M AU - Euritt, M A AU - Harrison, R AU - ANDERSEN, S J AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF HIGHWAY BYPASSES ON BUSINESS ACTIVITIES IN SMALL CITIES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 84 p. AB - This report presents an analysis of the effects of highway bypasses on the business activities of a sample of small Texas cities. An initial explanatory analysis (using a before-and-after method, matched pairs, and projected development) did not reveal a significant relationship between highway bypass construction and a change in business volumes. It can be concluded that business volumes in the more rapidly growing cities with imperfect infrastructure and relatively high local traffic benefit from highway bypass construction. On the other hand, initial econometric modeling demonstrated that a highway bypass can have a statistically significant negative effect on business volumes in the small Texas cities that were studied. The results of the econometric modeling show that the way in which a business community responds to a highway bypass is complex. The major factor determining business volumes is the city's population. KW - Businesses KW - Bypass highways KW - Bypasses KW - Econometric models KW - Economic conditions KW - Economic impacts KW - Population KW - Small cities KW - Texas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633300 AU - Wohlschlaeger, S D AU - Balke, K N AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INCIDENT RESPONSE AND CLEARANCE IN THE STATE OF TEXAS: CASE STUDIES OF FOUR MOTORIST ASSISTANCE PATROLS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 60 p. AB - This report contains case study analyses of four motorist assistance patrol programs in the State of Texas. In addition, it contains discussions of the four incident response and clearance strategies most often pursued by various agencies within the state: (1) freeway corridor surveillance and control, (2) traffic and incident management teams, (3) fast removal policies, and (4) motorist assistance patrols. Of the four strategies discussed in this report, motorist assistance patrols appear to offer the greatest opportunity for agencies to directly affect the duration of the response and clearance stages of an incident. Many factors go into determining the physical structure and coverage area of a motorist assistance patrol, a great deal of them political. This report provides useful insight into the various political and organizational attributes that need to be considered when developing a motorist assistance program. Regardless of their organizational structure or geographic coverage, motorist assistance patrols provide an effective way to reduce incident response and clearance time and at the same time are a useful tool for improving an agency's public image. KW - Case studies KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident clearance KW - Incident management KW - Incident response KW - Motorist aid systems KW - Motorist assistance patrols KW - Political factors KW - Progressive traffic signal control KW - Texas KW - Traffic patrol KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374288 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629110 AU - Snyder, R R AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERNATIONAL BARRIER CORPORATION'S IBC MARK-7 HIGHWAY BARRIER SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 66 p. AB - This research project was constructed by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) in Engineering District 8-0, York County on S.R. 0083 between the Pennsylvania-Maryland State Line and Exit #4. The objective of this research project was to evaluate the in-service performance of International Barrier Corporation's IBC Mark-7 Highway Barrier System and compare the results to the performance associated with the Department's standard concrete median barrier. In addition, the initial installation costs of the IBC Mark-7 Highway Barrier system and any relative maintenance repair costs were investigated for comparison with the installation and the maintenance costs for the Department's standard concrete median barrier. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Concrete barriers KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Median barriers KW - Metal barriers KW - Metals KW - Performance evaluations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628881 AU - Tatum, V K AU - Barfield, G S AU - Gratton, E H AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF PROGRAM TO CALCULATE TRAFFIC SIGNAL LAYOUTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 73 p. AB - Recently it has become apparent that there are problems with the way traffic signal installations are currently being analyzed. The most severe problem is that of excessive strain pole deflections at signal installations that are configured as a hanging box with large offsets to the poles. It has been determined that the problems are mainly caused by the way the box shaped installations are being analyzed. The current method of analysis utilizes simple cable statics based on several design assumptions. This method tends to underestimate the elevations of the strain pole attachments and tends to underestimate the tension in the cables. Since the poles may be shorter than what is actually required, it becomes necessary to apply more tension in the cables in order to achieve the required lane clearance beneath the signal heads. These factors can result in overstressed cables causing excessive pole deflections and possible failure of the system. Also, the inaccuracy of this method of analysis makes it necessary to design oversized foundations as a precaution. The Georgia Department of Transportation has developed a computer program that calculates the tension in all cables, the attachment elevations at the poles, and the amount of sag in each line of a box shaped signal installation. The program calculates the tension and sag in each cable of the configuration using simple cable statics based on the geometry of the hanging box that has been input. The purpose of this research project was to verify the program by erecting several hanging box configurations and applying various dead loads to check the tension and sag in each line for comparison against the program output. Results show that the program calculates tension and attachment elevations to within 5% of the actual field measured results. KW - Accuracy KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Altitude KW - Analysis KW - Cable sag KW - Cables KW - Car clearances (Railroads) KW - Clearances KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Elevation KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Installation KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Statics KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Tension KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00627303 AU - GAGARINE, N AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCES IN WEIGH-IN-MOTION USING PATTERN RECOGNITION AND PREDICTION OF FATIGUE LIFE OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES: VOLUME II. DATA REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 475 p. AB - The two main objectives of the present study were to: (1) demonstrate the advantages of using the Weigh-in-Motion and Response (WIM+R) system to evaluate the fatigue life of existing bridges and (2) introduce pattern recognition methods in the analysis of WIM+R data. Four steel girder bridges were instrumented to obtain strain data at fatigue critical details, and at sections of maximum strain to compute the gross vehicle weight (GVW) of each truck. Two were simple spans, and two continuous spans. A comparative study of three of the four alternatives suggested by AASHTO showed that the fatigue life computed with direct measurements of the stress ranges were greater than those computed with the simplified approaches. The effect of secondary cucles was negligible for the four bridges. The damage equivalent secondary cycle factor for fatigue was defined. The applicability of three pattern recognition methods for WIM+R was investigated. The dynamic time warping, hidden Markov model, and feed forward neural network methods can classify trucks with the measured strain patterns alone. This new approach in the analysis of the data would remove the need to lay tapeswitches on the pavement, facilitating the field operations during a bridge test. An improved WIM+R system could be used to survey the truck traffic while monitoring fatigue critical details. This volume is the second in a series of two. The other volume is: Volume I, FHWA-RD-92-046, Final Report. KW - Bridge engineering KW - Bridges KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Data analysis KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Forecasting KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Gross vehicle wieght KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pattern recognition systems KW - Simple span KW - Steel girders KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural response KW - Structural tests KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weigh-in-motion and response UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368637 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00627035 AU - Tabatabai, Habib AU - Dickson, T J AU - Construction Technology Laboratories, Incorporated AU - North Dakota Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPREHENSIVE STRENGTH AND DURABILITY EVALUATION OF 34-YEAR OLD POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE BRIDGE GIRDER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 98 p. AB - The major objective of the research effort reported here was to evaluate the condition of a 34-year old post-tensioned bridge girder through laboratory testing. This evaluation included structural strength and serviceability, state of corrosion of prestressing elements (wires, ducts, and anchorates), material properties, and correlation of the condition of concrete and grout at various locations with the observed corrosion. In addition, the overall condition of the bridge from the corrosion standpoint was to be evaluated through a field condition survey of the bridge including non-destructive tests. The field surveys were sponsored by a separate FHWA project. KW - Condition surveys KW - Corrosion KW - Durability KW - Girders KW - Laboratory tests KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posttensioning KW - Prestressing elements KW - Properties of materials KW - Serviceability KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368549 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626960 AU - Meade, B W AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST EFFECTIVE MAINTENANCE CONTRACTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 67 p. AB - Increased emphasis on highway maintenance and the need to accomplish the maintenance programs as efficiently as possible, prompted this study. The objectives of the study addressed herein are the identification of maintenance activities performed by contract, determination of equivalent levels of service between contract performed and in-house performed activities, cost comparison of those activities, and recommendations to implement the findings. Findings are that activities routinely performed by contract are cost efficient. A formal make-versus-buy decision making process should be developed. The process should be made available to District personnel and the make-versus-buy decision made at that level. Decision making processes have been developed by other agencies and one is reviewed herein. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Contract administration KW - Contract maintenance KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Decision making KW - Highway maintenance KW - In-house KW - Recommendations UR - http://www.ktc.uky.edu/files/2012/09/1992-Cost-Effective-Maintenance-Contracting-KTC-92-3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368483 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626720 AU - Aschenbrener, T AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF THE RUTTING PERFORMANCE OF PAVEMENTS IN COLORADO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 63 p. AB - A study of the rutting performance from plastic flow on 33 hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements was performed. Air voids in the wheel path of 3.0% clearly distinguished pavements with good and bad rutting performances: air voids less than 3% rutted and air voids greater than 3% did not rut from plastic flow. Samples were recompacted in the Texas gyratory using the high and low efforts. Samples recompacted with air voids greater than 2.0% with the high effort or 3.0% with the low effort indicated good performance with respect to rutting. The air voids after the low effort of compaction correlated best with the air voids in the wheel path for high volume roadways. Component properties (aggrgegates, asphalt cements, gradation, etc.) did not reveal why the good pavements performed well and the bad pavements did poorly. Performance was directly tied to the void properties. Field verification should be performed throughout the project to provide indications of the future rutting performance of the pavements. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Compaction KW - Field tests KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Pavement performance KW - Ruts (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368390 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625756 AU - Hallenbeck, M E AU - Boyle, T AU - Ring, J AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - TransNow, Transportation Northwest AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USE OF AUTOMATIC VEHICLE IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING TRAFFIC PERFORMANCE AND PERFORMING INCIDENT DETECTION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 75 p. AB - Traffic performance information is an integral part of traffic control and motorist information systems. Good traffic performance information is also needed to optimize system control functions, detect congestion and incidents, and inform travelers to help them plan their trips. Yet, good traffic performance information is rarely available for these functions. One of several new technologies being investigated to improve the collection of traffic performance information is automatic vehicle identification (AVI). The primary objectives of this project were to determine the possible benefits of using AVI systems for monitoring the performance of traffic and detecting incidents. A secondary objective was to determine whether the truck fleet tagged as part of the Heavy Vehicle Electronic License Plate (HELP) project, or even the entire truck population, would provide an unbiased measure of traffic performance. The findings presented in this report show that AVI based systems can produce superior traffic performance data for use in both real-time control systems and more general transportation planning and engineering analyses. Furthermore, the mathematical algorithms needed to operate the AVI system are straightforward and easily programmed. Continuing improvements in transponder, computing, and communications technologies provide the opportunity to reliably collect the information necessary to operate the planned intelligent vehicle-highway systems of the future. Given the current state of the technology and expected improvements, the impediments to using AVI technology in this manner are not technical, but fiscal and political. KW - Algorithms KW - Automatic vehicle identification KW - Heavy Vehicle Electronic License Plate Program KW - Highway traffic control KW - Incident detection KW - Monitoring KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic control KW - Transportation planning UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/273.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368124 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625698 AU - Nyerges, T L AU - Orrell, J D AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION PLANNING IN A GROWTH MANAGEMENT CONTEXT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 58 p. AB - Growth management in Washington State provides a new context for regional transportation planning. A major part of this planning involves investigation of the latest information processing techniques and interjurisdictional coordination specifically with regard to transportation and land use linkages. Geographic information system (GIS) applications for transportation can assist transportation planners with data analysis concerned with these linkages. This project has identified information needs in the context of a regional transportation planning process, particularly the needs of Regional Transportation Planning Organizations (RTPOs). Urban and rural contexts are considered. Information processing tasks are elucidated and the software functions that address these tasks are presented. Data sources are identified for urban and rural traffic forecast modeling. Institutional and technical barriers inhibiting access to data for the regional transportation planning process are discussed. KW - Access control (Communications) KW - Data access KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Data needs KW - Data protection KW - Data sources KW - Geographic information systems KW - Governments KW - Growth management KW - Information organization KW - Information processing KW - Land use KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Metropolitan planning organizations KW - Regional planning KW - Regional transportation KW - Rural areas KW - Software KW - Traffic forecasting KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban growth KW - Washington (State) KW - Zoning UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/285.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368086 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625697 AU - McLean, D I AU - Bernards, L L AU - Washington State University, Pullman AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF RECTANGULAR BRIDGE COLUMN FOR SHEAR. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/10 SP - 45 p. AB - This study investigated retrofitting measures applied to 2/5-scale shear-deficient columns representative of rectangular bridge columns in the Puget Sound area of Washington state. The retrofit methods studied included external hoops applied over the height of the column and full-height rectangular steel jacketing. Test specimens consisted of a single column connected at the base to a rectangular footing. The specimens were subjected to increasing levels of cycled inelastic displacements under constant axial load. The performance of the specimens was evaluated in terms of load capacity and ductility. Tests on the as-built column resulted in a brittle shear failure at the calculated yield displacement, i.e., at a displacement ductility factor of 1. Both retrofit methods improved the behavior of the deficient column. With the external hoop retrofit, performance of the retrofitted columns was only moderately improved over that of the as-built column. Brittle fracture of the retrofit hoops limited the load-carrying capability and ductility enhancement, and displacement ductility factors of 2 and 4 were achieved. With the rectangular steel jacket retrofit, performance was significantly improved over that of the as-built column. The jacket retrofit resulted in a ductile column response with good load-carrying capability through a displacement ductility factor of 8. When this retrofit was applied over the full height of the column, the steel jacket increased the column shear strength enough that flexural failure resulted. Although buckling of the steel jacket and longitudinal reinforcement occurred near the maximum moment section, sufficient confinement to the hinging region was provided by the buckled steel jacket to maintain load-carrying capability. KW - Bridge columns KW - Bridge members KW - Brittle failures KW - Brittleness KW - Columns KW - Ductility KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Failure KW - Hoops KW - Jacketing (Strengthening) KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load carrying capacity KW - Load limits KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Retrofitting KW - Shear failures KW - Shear strength KW - Steel UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/255.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368085 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626726 AU - Burke, T T AU - Cohen, M D AU - Scholer, C F AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SYNTHESIS STUDY ON THE USE OF CONCRETE RECYCLED FROM PAVEMENTS AND BUILDING RUBBLE IN THE INDIANA HIGHWAY SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09/30 SP - 132 p. AB - The demolition of buildings and highway pavements in the State of Indiana generates a considerable amount of waste materials. The disposal of these materials causes strain on the existing landfills which are rapidly approaching their full capacity. This study is a synthesis of the information on the use of concrete recycled from pavements and building rubble for use in the Indiana highway system. Test results have shown that recycled pavement concrete made chiefly from broken-up and crushed old concrete aggregate is as good as concrete made from virgin aggregate, and sometimes better. The aggregates made from recycled concrete can be used in other applications besides structural pavement. These include shoulder pavement, road surfacing, fill soil stabilizer, pavement base, subbase material, and econocrete as well as several other applications which are still being tested. The use of recycled fine aggregates should be carefully monitored and should not be used for the development of medium to high-strength concrete. Fines should also not be used in the subbase, embankment under abutments, and locations surrounding filters. Economic considerations are the primary reasons for recycling the old portland cement concrete as aggregate in new portland cement concrete pavements, although environmental benefits often are derived as well and may become more important in the future. After analyzing other states' findings and conclusions, it is recommended that the Indiana Department of Transportation continue recycling portland cement concrete from pavements and proceed with the implementation of a program for recycling concrete from building rubble. KW - Applications KW - Building KW - Building rubble KW - Concrete KW - Economics KW - Environmental impacts KW - Fines (Materials) KW - Liability KW - Pavements KW - Recycled concretes KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycled pavements KW - Recycling KW - Risk assessment KW - Rubble UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368396 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666172 AU - Yang, S-T AU - Zhu, H AU - Li, Yixuan AU - Ohio State University, Columbus AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF CALCIUM MAGNESIUM ACETATE (CMA) PRODUCTION FOR ROAD DEICING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09/30 SP - 78 p. AB - About 28 billion lbs of liquid whey produced from the cheese manufacturing in the United States are being wasted every year. The objective of this project was to determine the feasibility and economics of using the wasted whey as a feedstock to produce calcium magnesium acetate (CMA) for highway deicing. CMA is a biodegradable, low-corrosion deicer that can be used to replace salt for roadway deicing, thus minimizing salt damages to highways and environments. An anaerobic fermentation process using immobilized cells of Streptococcus lactis and C. formicoaceticum was investigated for acetate production from whey lactose. The overall acetate yield from lactose in this co-cultured fermentation was about 95% (wt/wt), and the final acetate concentration obtained was about 4.0% (wt/v). The corresponding reactor productivity was 0.9 g acetate/hr-L reactor volume. The acetic acid produced by fermentation can be readily recovered by solvent extraction with an aliphatic amine, and then back-extracted and reacted with dolomitic lime to form a concentrated (25%) CMA solution. This CMA solution can be dried and granulized to the final CMA product. CMA produced from this process would cost from $180/ton to $283/ton, depending on the process scale. The selling price for CMA thus can be reduced to $300/ton or lower from the current market price of $650/ton to allow economical use of CMA deicer in environmentally sensitive areas and new bridges. KW - Agricultural wastes KW - Calcium magnesium acetate KW - Cost control KW - Cost reduction KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Economics KW - Production KW - Waste whey feedstock UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405743 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643612 AU - Sherwood, J M AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FLOOD VOLUME FREQUENCY FROM SMALL DRAINAGE BASINS IN OHIO. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09/30 SP - 62 p. AB - Methods are presented to estimate flood volumes and simulate flood hydrographs of rural streams in Ohio whose drainage areas are less than 6.5 sq mi. The methods were developed to assist planners in the design of hydraulic structures for which the temporary storage of water is an important element of the design criteria or where hydrograph routing is required. Examples of how to use the methods also are presented. Multiple-regression equations were developed to estimate maximum flood volumes of d-hour duration and T-year recurrence interval. The data base for the analyses includes rainfall-runoff data from 62 small basins distributed throughout Ohio. Maximum annual flood-volume data for each site for all combinations of six durations (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 hours) and six recurrence intervals (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years) were analyzed. The explanatory variables in the resulting volume-duration-frequency equations are drainage area, average annual precipitation, main-channel slope, and forested area. Standard errors of prediction for the equations range from +/-28% to +/-44%. A method is described to simulate flood hydrographs by applying a peak discharge and an estimated basin lagtime to a dimensionless hydrograph. Peak discharge may be estimated from equations in which drainage area, main-channel slope, and storage area are the significant explanatory variables and average standard errors of prediction range from 33% to 41%. An equation was developed to estimate basin lagtime in which main-channel slope, forested area, and storage area are the significant explanatory variables and the average standard error of prediction is +/-37%. A dimensionless hydrograph originally developed for use in Georgia was verified for use in Ohio. Step-by-step examples show how to (1) simulate flood hydrographs and compute their volumes, and (2) estimate volume-duration-frequency relations of small ungaged rural streams in Ohio. The volumes estimated by the two methods are compared. Both methods yield similar results for volume estimates of short duration, which are applicable to convective-type storm runoff. The volume-duration-frequency equations can be used to compute volume estimates of long and short duration because the equations are based on maximum-annual-volume data of long and short duration. The dimensionless-hydrograph method is based on flood hydrographs of average duration and cannot be used to compute volume estimates of long duration. Volume estimates of long duration may be considerably greater than volume estimates of short duration and are applicable to runoff from frontal-type storms. KW - Drainage basins KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Estimation theory KW - Flood frequency KW - Flood hydrographs KW - Flood peaks KW - Flood volumes KW - Floods KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Ohio KW - Peak discharge KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - Rural areas KW - Simulation KW - Streams UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386107 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625205 AU - Kruse, T AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE USE OF ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES IN INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09/09 SP - 322 p. AB - The report presents the findings of a study that investigated the potential uses of new technologies in the Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT). A survey of state transport agencies was conducted and the major groups of technologies identified are: CADD, GIS, Advanced Survey Techniques, Knowledge-Based Expert Systems, Planning and Programming Models, Automated Quality Assurance, Robotics and IVHS. Interviews, group discussions and a workshop with the INDOT executive staff were conducted to determine the priority areas for advanced technology applications. Suggestions were then made for the development of a new technology program within INDOT. KW - Automation KW - Computer aided design KW - Computer programming KW - Drafting KW - Expert systems KW - Geographic information systems KW - Global Positioning System KW - Indiana KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Planning KW - Programming KW - Quality assurance KW - Robotics KW - Software KW - State departments of transportation KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367791 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01402736 AU - Buser, R P AU - Buser, C A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration TI - The breakaway timber utility pole: a survivable alternative (a history and evaluation of the slipbase pole project) PY - 1992/09 IS - FHWA/SA-92-046 SP - 358p KW - Evaluation KW - Evaluation KW - Frangible joint KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Pole KW - Poles (Supports) KW - Roadside hazard KW - Roadside hazards KW - Timber KW - Timber UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1170520 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100261 AU - King, William M AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Interstate Rehabilitation with HaTelit Polyester Grid: I-10 Sulphur - Westlake, Calcasieu Parish PY - 1992/09//Construction Report SP - 19p AB - This report documents the construction and initial evaluation of the HaTelit 20/9 Polyester Geogrid material placed at mid-depth of the hot mix asphalt concrete (HMAC) overlay of the broken and seated portland cement concrete pavement on Interstate 10, west of Lake Charles, Louisiana. The roadway has an average daily traffic (ADT) of 43,400 vpd with 20% of these being heavy trucks. This experimental feature is expected to reduce and limit the severity and extent of pavement distress. The material was placed between the two lifts of binder course, with an asphalt concrete tack coat placed on the first lift prior to rolling the material in place. The material was also physically secured by nailing it to the previous lift. The remaining binder along with the wearing course was placed over the material. The serviceability of the pavement increased after construction to an average of 4.2 psi. Cost figures are provided and can be compared to the control sections. The performance of this experimental feature will be monitored over the next three years and will be compared to the two control sections. KW - Average daily traffic KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Concrete pavements KW - Costs KW - Crack and seat treatment KW - Geogrids KW - Interstate highways KW - Louisiana KW - Pavement distress KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Serviceability UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_262.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860254 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633475 AU - Voyiadjis, G Z AU - Channakeshava, C AU - Abu-Lebdeh, T M AU - Barzegar, F AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF BRITTLE REPAIR MATERIALS. FINAL REPORT - VOLUME I AND VOLUME II PY - 1992/09 SP - 714 p. AB - Most codes of practice prescribe procedures for selecting patch configuration and materials based on tests devised for evaluating new pavement materials. This study is aimed at examining the special consideration to be given to such evaluation procedures and to suggest improved procedures for brittle repair materials, based on additional tests and computer analysis. The first part of the present investigation covers the experimental study, in which three different repair materials, namely plain concrete, steel fiber concrete, and rapid patch material (Duracel cement), are investigated. Tests are conducted on two different patch configurations (transition and rectangular) and three different patch depths (2, 4 and 6 in.). The experimental procedure to evaluate a brittle repair material consists of four tests, namely, uniaxial strength test, biaxial strength test, bond strength tests, and shear test of a repaired pavement joint. As a result of the experimental study, it is concluded that the proposed biaxial testing set-up has been shown to provide a better understanding by which the strength and behavior of brittle repair materials can be fully investigated. It is observed that the strength of the repair material under combined tension and compression is lower than under uniaxial compression, and the strength decreases as the applied tensile stress is increased. In the second part of this study, a mechanistic patched pavement analysis program is developed to assist in the evaluation of patching procedures and materials. Such a program can be used to develop curves which aid in the selection process. It can also be used for a case by case analysis for specific problems. This program can analyze both intact and patched concrete pavements considering different loading and support conditions, material properties, patch configurations, and depths. In this study, for the first time a complete distress simulation capability has been built into a three dimensional analysis program and it is expected that analysis using this program would enable better understanding of pavement behavior, which can lead to proper guidelines for evaluation of different materials and repair procedures in rehabilitating rigid-jointed pavements. This report is presented in two volumes. Volume II contains the Appendices. A separate Summary Report is issued as report number FHWA/LA-92/253. KW - Biaxial stress KW - Biaxial testing KW - Brittle repair materials KW - Brittleness KW - Concrete KW - Configurations KW - Defects KW - Depth KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Patching KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials KW - Rapid set concrete KW - Repairing KW - Setting (Concrete) KW - Shape KW - Simulation KW - Steel fibers KW - Strength of materials KW - Testing UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_254%20VII.pdf UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_254.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629075 AU - Hanks, J W AU - Barnes, K E AU - Mounce, J M AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE EXPRESS LANE EFFECTIVENESS IN FREEWAY TO FREEWAY INTERCHANGES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 41 p. AB - This research report focused on presenting three case studies and illustrating the process by which express lane design for freeway interchanges may be evaluated. The three case studies used for evaluation purposes were: 1) isolated interchanges, 2) an isolated dual-route interchange, and 3) a system of connected interchanges. The primary purpose of this research was to provide a method to determine benefits that could be derived from implementing express lanes. The measure of effectiveness for this research was vehicle delay. KW - Benefits KW - Case studies KW - Collector distributor roads KW - Express lanes KW - Freeways KW - Highway design KW - Interchanges KW - Interchanges and intersections KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Streets KW - Traffic delays KW - Urban areas UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628812 AU - Shafer, M A AU - Tyer, K D AU - Krammes, R A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVEL IMPACTS OF THE US-59 SOUTHWEST FREEWAY RECONSTRUCTION PROJECT IN HOUSTON. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 43 p. AB - This report documents the results and findings of a five-year study to monitor the travel impacts of the US-59 Southwest Freeway reconstruction project in Houston, Texas. The monitoring effort included screen line traffic volume counts and travel time runs on the freeway, frontage roads, and alternative routes. The results indicate drops in traffic volumes on the freeway primarily during the first phase of reconstruction and on the westbound frontage road throughout all three phases of reconstruction. Only minor volume variations were observed on other routes in the corridor. Travel times and average speeds in the corridor did not change significantly during reconstruction. The impacts of the Southwest Freeway project were generally consistent with the impacts observed previously at other major urban freeway reconstruction projects in Texas. KW - Average travel speed KW - Corridors KW - Freeways KW - Frontage roads KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Impact studies KW - Reconstruction KW - Traffic volume KW - Travel time KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369158 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00795355 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A GUIDE TO FEDERAL-AID PROGRAMS, PROJECTS, AND OTHER USES OF HIGHWAY FUNDS PY - 1992/09 SP - 377 p. AB - The purpose of this guide is to provide basic information about: New programs, projects, and uses of highway funds authorized by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA); Continuing programs, projects, and uses of highway funds authorized by previous legislation and continued by ISTEA; Discontinued programs, projects, and uses of highway funds authorized by previous legislation and continuing only until remaining available funds are obligated, transferred, or lapsed; and Inactive programs, projects, and uses of highway funds that have existed in recent time, some of which, although no longer active, were the basis for current programs, projects, or uses of highway funds, and hence, are of possible historic interest. This guide should be of interest to Federal Highway Administration, State highway agency, local government, and private sector personnel interested in a basic understanding of Federal-aid programs, projects, or uses of highway funds. In addition to basic information, sources of additional information are provided. KW - Federal aid KW - Federal aid highways KW - Guides to information KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Surface Transportation Program UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/jpodocs/repts_te/10483.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/654160 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00734698 AU - Walton, M AU - Kadolph, S AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT NO. 621, PAVEMENT INSTRUMENTATION PY - 1992/09 SP - 66 p. AB - This document contains a discussion of the reasons why Experimental Project No. 621 (Pavement Instrumentation) did not succeed. A detailed discussion of the steps taken by the Iowa Department of Transportation to make the experiment work are contained in this document, along with recommendations for future projects. KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Installation KW - Instrumentation KW - Operational failures KW - Pavement performance KW - Selection UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/16479 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/478042 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625330 AU - Euge, K M AU - Schell, B A AU - Lam, I P AU - Geological Consultants AU - Earth Mechanics Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF SEISMIC ACCELERATION CONTOUR MAPS FOR ARIZONA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 389 p. AB - This report documents the research, field investigations and analyses used to compile a fault map and seismic acceleration coefficient contour maps for Arizona. The seismicity of adjacent regions which may potentially impact Arizona are factored into the analysis. Potential earthquake sources were evaluated using ground and airborne geological reconnaissance, photogeological interpretations and subsurface explorations of selected representative fault features. One hundred eighty-six faults or fault zones are identified. These data combined with other geological, seismological and geophysical data define twenty-one seismic source zones influencing Arizona. Earthquake recurrence relations for each seismic source are derived. Energy release relationships based on slip rates and seismic moment are evaluated. Comparisons with recurrence relations defined by other researchers such as Algermissen, el al (1990) are made. The SEISRISK III computer program is used to conduct a probabilistic analysis to define acceleration coefficients with 90% probability of non-exceedance in 50 years in accordance with AASHTO seismic design guidelines. Additional maps for 90% probability of non-exceedance in 250 years and for peak ground velocity were also prepared. Ground acceleration coefficient (90% non-exceedance in 50 years) levels determined from the research program are higher than those in the existing AASHTO Seismic Guide specification in the northwestern and north-central parts of the state due to the significant number of potentially active faults identified in those regions. Coefficients are also higher in the southwest corner of Arizona due largely to California and Mexico source zones with high recurrence rates. Ground accelerations in the southeastern part of the state are significantly lower than previous estimates. Acceleration levels are essentially comparable to AASHTO guidelines in the remaining parts of the state. Maps of new seismic acceleration coefficient contours and compiled faults in Arizona have been prepared to a scale of 1:1,000,000. Electronic digital data files are compiled in a format that can be used to support site-specific and regional studies for seismic design. The map of horizontal acceleration with 90% probability of non-exceedance in 50 years is recommended to the Arizona Department of Transportation for use in AASHTO-based design of highway bridges. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Arizona KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Coefficients KW - Computer programs KW - Contour maps KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Fault zones KW - Faults KW - Guidelines KW - Highway bridges KW - Probabilistic analysis KW - Probability KW - Seismic regions KW - Seismicity KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367853 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625252 AU - Amirkhanian, S N AU - Burati, J L AU - Clemson University AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF RE-USE OF MOISTURE-DAMAGED ASPHALT MIXTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 234 p. AB - The state of South Carolina currently utilizes 15% reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in its recycled mixtures. It is not known whether the material properties of stripped asphalt pavement would facilitate higher RAP percentages and reduce further stripping. In this research project, procedures were established for determining whether an asphaltic concrete mixture has been moisture-damaged and, if so, to what extent. In addition, the feasibility of increasing the amount of RAP in moisture-damaged recycled mixtures used for a binder course, and the effects of various aggregate and asphalt cement sources used in mixtures containing recycled moisture-damaged materials were evaluated. The results of this research project indicate that recycled mixes containing 15%-20% RAP do not exhibit more moisture susceptibility than similar virgin mixes containing no RAP. This was found to be true even when the RAP was from a pavement which had been shown to have already suffered moisture damage. In general, the results indicate that recycling of moisture damaged pavements does not create increased risk of moisture damage in the recycled pavement. This finding is based on the use of a relatively small percentage of RAP in only binder mixes. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Loss and damage KW - Moisture content KW - Moisture damage KW - Moisture susceptibility testing KW - Recycling KW - Stripping (Pavements) KW - Testing KW - Water UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625074 AU - Ozyildirim, C AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF CALCIUM NITRITE ON THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USED IN BRIDGE DECKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 20 p. AB - Chloride-induced corrosion of the reinforcing steel in bridge decks can impair its structural integrity and cause spalling, which reduces the ride quality of the deck. One system to prevent corrosion involves the use of corrosion inhibitors in freshly mixed concrete. This study evaluates the properties of field concretes containing the inhibitor, DCI (calcium nitrite) and assesses their field performance over a 3-year period. Comparative tests were made on a two-span bridge, one span of which had epoxy-coated bars with regular concrete and the other uncoated bars with concretes containing DCI. The results indicate that the properties of the hardened concretes containing DCI were satisfactory and similar to those of the regular concretes. A conclusion on the effectiveness of DCI was not reached because of the limited time available; consequently, a follow-up evaluation is recommended. At present, the continued use of epoxy-coated reinforcing steel is recommended. KW - Bridge decks KW - Calcium nitrite KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion resistant materials KW - Effectiveness KW - Field performance KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance KW - Permeability KW - Prevention KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Research UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36849/93-R4.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367739 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629073 AU - Krammes, R A AU - Lopez, G O AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - UPDATED SHORT-TERM FREEWAY WORK ZONE LANE CLOSURE CAPACITY VALUES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 33 p. AB - Recommendations on estimating the capacity of short-term freeway work zone lane closures are presented. The recommendations are based upon 45 hours of capacity counts at 33 different work zones between 1987 and 1991. These new data indicate average capacities for short-term freeway work zone lane closures from 3 to 1 lanes and from 2 to 1 lanes that are significantly higher than older values reported in the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual. A base capacity value of 1,600 pcphpl is recommended for all short-term freeway work zone lane closure configurations. Adjustments are recommended for the effects of the intensity of work activity, percentage of heavy vehicles in the traffic stream, and presence of entrance ramps near the beginning of the lane closure. It is recommended that the new base capacity value and adjustments be used in lieu of the current procedures in the 1985 Highway Capacity Manual. KW - Estimating KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Lane closing KW - Lane closure KW - Recommendations KW - Short term KW - Time duration KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369370 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00627085 AU - TIELKING, J T AU - Abraham, M A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MEASUREMENT OF TIRE FOOTPRINT PRESSURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 43 p. AB - A triaxial load pin array for measuring tire footprint pressures was recently purchased by the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI). This report describes TTI's initial experience and results obtained with the array during a 3 month summer period in 1992. Footprint pressure distributions were measured for two highway-type radial truck tires (a conventional single and a wide base single) and a smooth tread truck tire. The data obtained compare well with footprint pressures measured at the University of Texas, Cooper Tire Company, and Goodyear Tire Company. Data showing the effects of tire inflation pressure and tire load on footprint pressure are included in the report. KW - Contact pressure KW - Data analysis KW - Inflation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measuring instruments KW - Pressure KW - Pressure distribution KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Trucks KW - Wheel base KW - Wide base tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368588 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626709 AU - Kogler, R AU - Mott, W AU - Ocean City Research Corporation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE MATERIALS FOR THE CORROSION PROTECTION OF STEEL BRIDGES: TASK C, LABORATORY EVALUATION. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 113 p. AB - The recently promulgated environmental regulations concerning volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and certain hazardous heavy metals have had a large impact on the bridge painting industry. As a response to these regulations, many of the major coating manufacturers have begun to offer "environmentally acceptable" alternative coating systems to replace those traditionally used on bridge structures. In the interest of determining the relative corrosion control performance of these newly available coating systems, the Federal Highway Administration contracted for a seven-year study. As a precursor to long-term, natural exposure testing of various environmentally acceptable coating systems, a battery of accelerated laboratory screening tests were performed. These tests included 13 high solids or waterborne, conventionally applied coatings; 14 powder coating or metallized coatings; and 7 high VOC control coatings. These systems were tested in a cyclic salt fog/natural marine exposure, a cyclic brine immersion/natural marine exposure, and a natural marine exposure. Adhesion and water penetration tests were also performed on each system. The results of these various tests were used to develop a matrix of test coatings to be used in the follow-on, long-term natural exposure testing. In the accelerated laboratory screening tests, several of the low VOC coating systems performed as well, or better than the high VOC controls. In general, the low VOC zinc-based systems (both inorganic and organic zinc) and the epoxy mastic type systems performed the best in the accelerated tests. These types of systems were included in the long-term exposure test matrix. KW - Accelerated tests KW - Adhesion KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Coatings KW - Corrosion protection KW - Environmental protection KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Heavy metals KW - Laboratory tests KW - Marine atmospheres KW - Metal bridges KW - Organic compounds KW - Paint KW - Performance evaluations KW - Seas KW - Steel bridges KW - Volatile organic compounds KW - Volatility KW - Water penetration KW - Zinc rich paint UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368379 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00667246 AU - Bartlett, R AU - Kutter, B L AU - University of California, Davis AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATERAL LOAD CAPACITY OF POSTS AND FOOTINGS FOR METAL BEAM GUARDRAILS LOCATED CLOSE TO SLOPES PY - 1992/09 SP - 156 p. AB - The effects of the proximity of a slope on the performance of guardrail posts was investigated in centrifuge model tests. Two test series were carried out. The first involved static lateral loading of 23 individual 1/8 scale Douglass Fir Posts installed in different soil types including dry sand and a silty clay compacted at two different water contents. In the second test series four vehicle impact tests were conducted. A 1/8 scale vehicle (bogie) was launched at approximately 60 mph to impact a complete system of posts tied together with a guardrail. Two tests involved posts in compacted clay and the other two were with post in dry sand. For each soil type, two different distances from the posts to the slope were tested. High speed film recordings were analyzed to determine the effectiveness of the guardrail systems. KW - Bearing capacity KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - Posts KW - Slopes KW - Soil tests KW - Wood structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/406248 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00664338 AU - Roop, S S AU - Wang, D U AU - McAllister, K A AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CLOSURE OF THE GIWW AND ITS IMPACTS ON THE TEXAS HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM: INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 84 p. AB - This report documents the activities and accomplishments of the first year of a two-year research effort designed to predict the impact of an interruption in service of the GIWW (Gulf Intracoastal Waterway) on the Texas highway system. The research is to consider the kinds of disruptive events possible, their probability, the location and duration of the events, and resulting impacts on safety, the environment, and the Texas roadway system. KW - Closures KW - Environmental impacts KW - Freight transportation KW - Gulf Intracoastal Waterway KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway maintenance KW - Highway safety KW - Highway transportation KW - Impact studies KW - Lane closure KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Modal shift KW - Texas KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic patterns KW - Travel patterns UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405219 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625333 AU - Fager, G A AU - Steward, D AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COLD INPLACE RECYCLING OF FAS 647, THOMAS COUNTY, KANSAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 23 p. AB - A study was undertaken between 1985 and 1992 to construct a cold inplace recycled bituminous pavement using three different asphalt additives. The three additives were ARA-1, RA-100 with kerosene, and a product known as Gas/oil. Using these products three different test sections were completed in 1985 and monitored for rutting and cracking for approximately 6 years. The project starts approximately two miles south of Gem, Kansas (secondary road in Thomas County) and extends back north for six miles. In 1988 a maintenance overlay was applied to all of the project to correct the rutting that had developed in the cold recycle sections. The project was monitored further for another three years but no major problems developed in the sections. Wheelpath rutting has not returned and the ride is still satisfactory. Cost data were accumulated but the life of each section could not be established. The report concluded that wheelpath rutting was experienced in all of the three cold recycle sections within three years after construction. The deepest wheelpath rutting occurred in the ARA-1 section, but it also had the least cracking. The section with the Gas/oil was the least expensive, and the RA-100 (with 25% kerosene) section exhibited the most cracking. Some of the results from this study have been implemented into normal construction processes in Kansas. Cold recycling is now done using an inplace paving train. KW - Additives KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Cracking KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Recycling KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367856 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625334 AU - Fager, G A AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASPHALT HARDENING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 31 p. AB - A study was undertaken between 1974 and 1992 to study the rates of hardening in three separate bituminous overlay projects. The report described a project in Finney County that used a penetration graded AC-5 and AC-7 asphalt cement. Cores were drilled at periodic times and the extracted asphalts were compared with each other for five and ten years. The second project in Decatur County also used an AC-7. No cores were taken and only visual observations were conducted after approximately fifteen years. The last project was in Thomas County and was conducted in conjunction with another research project. Asphalt properties of an overlay were compared at five different locations. An asphalt-rubber membrane had been placed over two locations, a slurry seal over a third location, and two locations had been directly exposed to the atmosphere. The report concluded that asphalt in the top lift will harden faster than the bottom lift, a penetration graded AC-7 remains softer than an AC-5 over several years, and that both AC-5 and AC-7 age very fast the first year after construction. An AC-7 could reduce cracking but aggravate the amount of rutting. The report also concludes that a seal (conventional slurry and/or asphalt-rubber) appears to help slow the hardening of the asphalt cement in the underlying bituminous layers. KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt hardening KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Cracking KW - Inspection KW - Membranes KW - Membranes (Biology) KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Slurry seals KW - Vision UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367857 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625075 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL BARRIER CORPORATION'S MARK VII MEDIAN BARRIER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 22 p. AB - The International Barrier Corporation's (IBC's) Mark VII median barrier consists of a steel frame (10 ft long, 42 in. high, and 44 in. wide at its widest point) filled with sand and covered with a top plate. The barrier has the ability to absorb some of the impact energy of a collision, which should reduce the severity of the impact. An experimental section of the IBC median barrier (1.63 miles) was installed on Route 29 in Amherst County, Virginia, just north of the city of Lynchburg. The objective of this research was to evaluate the IBC median barrier from three perspectives: (1) lateral placement of vehicles traveling in the lane closest to the barrier, (2) reported accidents and impacts with the barrier, and (3) costs. To the extent possible, the performance of the IBC median barrier was compared with that of a nearby control section of concrete median barrier. Results of the study showed that vehicles tend to travel a little farther from the IBC median barrier than from the concrete median barrier. Because only a limited number of reported accidents and impacts occurred, no conclusions were drawn concerning the safety performance of the IBC median barrier. No maintenance was performed on the barrier during the 2 1/2-year study period. The installation cost of the IBC median barrier was more than twice that of the concrete median barrier. It was recommended that the Virginia Department of Transportation continue monitoring the IBC median barrier section to make further assessments of the barrier. KW - Costs KW - Crash severity KW - Crashes KW - Energy absorption KW - Field tests KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Lateral placement KW - Maintenance KW - Median barriers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Research UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36850/93-R1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367740 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625085 AU - GAGARINE, N AU - Albrecht, P AU - University of Maryland, College Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCES IN WEIGH-IN-MOTION USING PATTERN RECOGNITION AND PREDICTION OF FATIGUE LIFE OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES: VOLUME I. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 98 p. AB - The two main objectives of the present study were to: (1) demonstrate the advantages of using the Weigh-in-Motion and Response (WIM+R) system to evaluate the fatigue life of existing bridges and (2) introduce pattern recognition methods in the analysis of WIM+R data. Four steel girder bridges were instrumented to obtain strain data at fatigue critical details, and at sections of maximum strain to compute the gross vehicle weight (GVW) of each truck. Two were simple spans, and two continuous spans. A comparative study of three of the four alternatives suggested by AASHTO showed that the fatigue life computed with direct measurements of the stress ranges were greater than those computed with the simplified approaches. The effect of secondary cycles was negligible for the four bridges. The damage equivalent secondary cycle factor for fatigue was defined. The applicability of three pattern recognition methods for WIM+R was investigated. The dynamic time warping, hidden Markov model, and feed forward neural network methods can classify trucks with the measured strain patterns alone. This new approach in the analysis of the data would remove the need to lay tapeswitches on the pavement, facilitating the field operations during a bridge test. An improved WIM+R system could be used to survey the truck traffic while monitoring fatigue critical details. This volume is the first in a series of two. The other volume is: Volume II, FHWA-RD-92-045, Data Report. KW - Bridge engineering KW - Bridges KW - Continuous girder bridges KW - Data analysis KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Forecasting KW - Girder bridges KW - Girders KW - Gross vehicle weight KW - Highway bridges KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pattern recognition systems KW - Simple span KW - Steel girders KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural response KW - Structural tests KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weigh-in-motion and response UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367750 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00636401 AU - Runco, G AU - Purvis, R AU - Maurer, K AU - Rylott, R AU - Smith (Wilbur) Associates AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COST EFFECTIVE BRIDGE DECK REHABILITATION/REPLACEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 119 p. AB - This project addresses the methodology and parameters utilized to make informed decisions on bridge deck rehabilitation or replacement. Included are reviews of the current PennDOT policy and practice. Additionally, data from outside sources, neighboring states, vendors, etc., were compiled for inclusion. District Bridge Engineers provided local input. The end product is a revised policy which focuses on cost effective aspects and allows for selection of alternatives based on level of service. The report covers the primary parameters and background for policy development. The proposed policy is included as Appendix A. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Decision making KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment replacement KW - Level of service KW - Pennsylvania KW - Policy making KW - Rehabilitation KW - Replacements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/379899 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00636310 AU - Bartlett, R AU - Kutter, B L AU - University of California, Davis AU - California Division of Highways AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATERAL LOAD CAPACITY OF POSTS AND FOOTINGS FOR METAL BEAM GUARDRAILS LOCATED CLOSE TO SLOPES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 155 p. AB - The effect of the proximity of a slope on the performance of guardrail posts was investigated in centrifuge model tests. Two test series were carried out. The first involved static lateral loading of 23 individual 1/8 scale Douglass Fir Posts installed in different soil types including dry sand and a silty clay compacted at two different water contents. It was found that, as expected, posts that are located closer to the slope have a lower static load capacity. In all static tests, the posts themselves remained intact and the soil failed. The experimental load capacities were compared to predictions based on previously published methods and reasonable agreement was observed. The static capacities of the posts in sand were lower than that for posts in well compacted silty clay. In the second test series four vehicle impact tests were conducted. A 1/8 scale vehicle (bogie) was launched at approximately 60 mph to impact a complete system of posts tied together with a guardrail. Two tests involved posts in compacted clay and the other two were with post in dry sand. For each soil type, two different distances from the posts to the slope were tested. High speed film recordings were analyzed to determine the effectiveness of the guardrail systems. In the impact tests, the posts in compacted silty clay were broken while those in sand were pushed through the sand. In the impact tests, the posts in sand redirected the vehicle more effectively than the system with posts in compacted silty clay. It is concluded that it is not always best to have stronger soil around the posts. To absorb energy, the posts should not snap in two, instead, the soil around the posts should be allowed to shear and displace to absorb energy in internal friction of the soil and by momentum transfer. KW - Car trucks (Railroads) KW - Effectiveness KW - Embankments KW - Energy absorbing materials KW - Energy absorbing systems KW - Guardrails KW - Impact KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Lateral loads KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Performance evaluations KW - Posts KW - Sand KW - Silty clays KW - Slopes KW - Soil water KW - Soil water content KW - Speed KW - Static loading KW - Static loads UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/379815 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633467 AU - Chiapetta, R L AU - Chiapetta, Welch & Associates, Limited AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN UPGRADING PLAN FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY SIMULATION MODELS. VOLUME II: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PY - 1992/09 SP - 6 p. AB - A study was performed to develop a long-range upgrading plan for FHWA's crash simulation activity. The four major work items consisted of the following: (a) A review was made of available general purpose finite element programs which were considered to be possibly able to simulate vehicle/barrier crash events. One of the programs was recommended to be the subject of a preliminary study designed to examine the feasibility of using this class of program to simulate the crash problems of interest to the FHWA. (b) A review was conducted of various existing FHWA computer programs for the analysis of vehicle impact and vehicle handling problems. (c) An outline was developed for the structure of a Roadside Safety Analysis System (RSAS) which would essentially be a repository of vehicle crash and handling programs and associated data. Also, a user interface was designed for this system to provide a common interaction vehicle with which to allow convenient access to the simulation program and to control the generation, manipulation and review of associated input/output files and data base information. (d) A long-range plan for the further development and maintenance of crash simulation software for the FHWA and the development and support of an RSAS was outlined. KW - Collision models KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Development KW - Driving KW - Finite element method KW - Handling characteristics KW - Highway safety KW - Long range planning KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical models KW - Roadside Safety Analysis Program KW - Simulation KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633466 AU - Chiapetta, R L AU - Chiapetta, Welch & Associates, Limited AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF AN UPGRADING PLAN FOR HIGHWAY SAFETY SIMULATION MODELS. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 123 p. AB - A study was performed to develop a long-range upgrading plan for FHWA's crash simulation activity. The four major work items consisted of the following: (a) A review was made of available general purpose finite element programs which were considered to be possibly able to simulate vehicle/barrier crash events. One of the programs was recommended to be the subject of a preliminary study designed to examine the feasibility of using this class of program to simulate the crash problems of interest to the FHWA. (b) A review was conducted of various existing FHWA computer programs for the analysis of vehicle impact and vehicle handling problems. (c) An outline was developed for the structure of a Roadside Safety Analysis System (RSAS) which would essentially be a repository of vehicle crash and handling programs and associated data. Also, a user interface was designed for this system to provide a common interaction vehicle with which to allow convenient access to the simulation program and to control the generation, manipulation and review of associated input/output files and data base information. (d) A long-range plan for the further development and maintenance of crash simulation software for the FHWA and the development and support of an RSAS was outlined. KW - Collision models KW - Computer programs KW - Crashes KW - Development KW - Driving KW - Finite element method KW - Handling characteristics KW - Highway safety KW - Long range planning KW - Maintenance KW - Mathematical models KW - Roadside Safety Analysis Program KW - Simulation KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374401 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628782 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPEED REDUCTION METHODS AND STUDIES IN WORK ZONES: A SUMMARY OF FINDINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 39 p. AB - The objectives of this project were to determine the effectiveness of speed control methods and study traffic behavior in construction zones. This report provides a brief introduction and a summary of findings from the following reports which were prepared as part of this study: (1) Evaluation and Summary of Studies in Speed Control Methods in Work Zones; (2) Evaluation of a Radar-Activated Horn System for Speed Control in Highway Maintenance Operations; (3) Survey of Driver's Opinion about Work Zone Traffic Control on a Rural Highway; (4) Speed Reduction Effects of Drone Radar in Rural Interstate Work Zones; (5) Speed Reduction Effects of Changeable Message Signs in a Construction Zone; (6) Effects of Police Presence on Speed in a Highway Work Zone: Circulating Marked Police Car Experiment; (7) Evaluation of Work Zone Speed Limit Signs with Strobe Lights; and (8) Speed Reduction Profiles of Vehicles in a Highway Construction Zone. Data only for those vehicles in free flow traffic are used for speed reduction evaluation. A vehicle was considered to be in free flow traffic when its time headway was greater than 5 seconds. KW - Data collection KW - Drivers KW - Drone aircraft KW - Drone radar KW - Effectiveness KW - Horns KW - Interstate highways KW - Light KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police patrol KW - Police presence KW - Radar KW - Rural highways KW - Speed control KW - Speed reduction KW - Speed signs KW - Strobe lights KW - Strobes KW - Surveys KW - Traffic speed KW - Variable message signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-076.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626716 AU - Ardani, A AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF UNBONDED CONCRETE OVERLAY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 60 p. AB - This report describes the testing, construction, and 7 years of performance evaluations of an unbonded concrete overlay with and without tied shoulders. Unbonded concrete overlay was used successfully on a thirteen mile stretch of I-25 north of Denver in Colorado. Visual investigation and distress survey was performed and results are summarized. In general, the unbonded overlay has performed quite well, with little distress to date. It appears that tied shoulders are doing what is expected, increasing the load carrying capacity of the driving lane by transferring the load to the shoulder. The results of this study demonstrated that unbonded overlays, if properly constructed, can be a viable method for resurfacing badly deteriorated rigid pavements. The use of unbonded overlays, where suitable, is recommended, along with close attention being paid to design and construction details. KW - Concrete overlays KW - Construction KW - Defects KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Resurfacing KW - Rigid pavements KW - Road shoulders KW - Surveying KW - Tied shoulders KW - Unbonded concrete overlays KW - Visual surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368386 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626718 AU - Aschenbrener, T AU - Stuart, K AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESCRIPTION OF THE DEMONSTRATION OF EUROPEAN TESTING EQUIPMENT FOR HOT MIX ASPHALT PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 23 p. AB - The Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT) and the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center (TFHRC) will be demonstrating some European testing equipment for hot mix asphalt. The equipment includes the French mixer, French gyratory compactor, French plate compactor, French rutting tester, Hamburg wheel tracking device and the Georgia loaded wheel tester. The advantages, disadvantages, costs and manufacturers are discussed. The joint research project between CDOT and TFHRC to evaluate the equipment and asphalt mixes is included. KW - Compactors KW - Costs KW - Europe KW - Gyratory compactors KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Industries KW - Mixers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Plate compactor KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Technology KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368388 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626714 AU - Fager, G A AU - Maag, R G AU - Kansas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COLD BITUMINOUS PAVEMENT RECYCLING, US-56, PAWNEE COUNTY, KANSAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/09 SP - 35 p. AB - A study was undertaken between 1977 and 1991 to construct and monitor some cold recycle sections. Five different test sections and one control section were completed in 1977 and monitored for cracking for approximately 14 years. The control section consisted of widening the roadway to 24 ft with hot mix, then placing a normal 4 in. hot mix overlay. The five test sections consisted of cold recycling approximately 6 1/2 in. of old pavement using various additives (MC-800, Portland Cement, and AC-7), followed by a 3 in. hot mix overlay. In 1991 the project was again overlayed which terminated the monitoring period. The cracking in each section had progressed to 100% of its original condition, thereby allowing determination of the life of each section. A cost analysis was completed but was based only on the amount of cracking in each section. The report concluded that the 6 1/2 in. cold recycle with a 3 in. hot mix overlay was cost effective in reducing the amount of cracking when compared to a 4 in. hot mix overlay. Wheelpath rutting was not a major problem during this study. Some of the results from this study have been implemented into normal construction process. Cold recycling is now done using an inplace paving train. The thicker overlays (3 in.) have not been implemented but further research is taking place with a cement related material known as "fly ash". KW - Cold in-place recycling KW - Cold weather KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Recycling KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Service life KW - Test sections KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368384 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00624693 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - DeCorla-Souza, P AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE IMPACTS OF ALTERNATIVE URBAN DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS ON HIGHWAY SYSTEM PERFORMANCE PY - 1992/09 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - p. 72-78 AB - The Federal HiIhgway Administration attempted to answer the question of what is the potential contribution of development patterns to the moderation of highway travel demand and traffic congestion levels in urban areas. The FHWA performed studies of the impacts of alternative development patterns in four U.S. cities: Baltimore, Dallas, Washington, D.C., and Seattle. The results of these studies are described in this article and some general inferences from the analyses are presented. The study showed that urban areas should add macro level land development decisions to the toolbox for congestion management. Regional land use planning can make a significant difference. Success in implementing regional strategies in urban areas will depend on such areas facilitating policy decisions by enhancement of intergovernmental processes. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Decision making KW - Highway traffic control KW - Intergovernmental relations KW - Regional transportation KW - Traffic congestion KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Urban development KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/370522 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00624692 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Lane, S N AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSFER LENGTHS IN RECTANGULAR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE CONCENTRIC SPECIMENS PY - 1992/09 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - p. 67-71 AB - The first results are discussed of the Federal Highway Administration's development length (the distance, measured from the end of a pretensioned member, required for the steel strand and the concrete to bond and support the ultimate load of the member) study series. This article gives a general description of the first phase of the study involving rectangular prestressed concrete specimens, and gives the results for the rectangular concentric specimens. Results for both uncoated and epoxy-coated prestressing strands are presented. The experimentally determined transfer length values at a concrete age of 365 days are tabulated. Observations made on the transfer length values are listed and discussed. KW - Concrete KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Prestressing KW - Prestressing strands KW - Pretensioning KW - Structural members KW - Time duration KW - Transfer lengths KW - Transfers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/370521 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00624691 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Mohamedshah, Y M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INVESTIGATION OF PASSING ACCIDENTS USING THE HSIS DATA BASE PY - 1992/09 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - p. 61-66 AB - An assesssment was made of the magnitude of the passing accident problem in two states from 1985 to 1989 on 2-lane rural roads and 2-lane rural and urban roads, the study results were compared with those from a previous study (of one State). The study was conducted using the Federal Highway Administration's Highway Safety Information System data base. The study methodology is described, and the results are tabulated. It was found that the total number of passing accidents with respect to all accidents is in the range of 2 % to 3 % for the 3 States studied. This indicates that passing accidents do not appear to be a significant problem. The severity of passing accidents is slightly higher than the severity of nonpassing accidents for the States studied. Although there are some differences in injury severity among the States, the total percentages of injury accidents are similar. These and other findings are discussed. KW - Crash severity KW - Databases KW - Injuries KW - Passing KW - Research KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic crashes KW - Two lane highways KW - Urban highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/370520 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00624690 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Alexander, H B AU - Pisano, Paul A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN INVESTIGATION OF PASSING ACCIDENTS ON TWO-LANE, TWO-WAY ROADS PY - 1992/09 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - p. 49-60 AB - A study is reported that analyzed the issues surrounding passing on two lane rural roads. The research attempted to determine if there is a safety problem in passing zones on 2-lane, 2-way highways; to determine the magnitude of the problem and associated risk; and identify causal and/or contributory factors to the problem. The background to the problem is described, as well as the scope of the research and the research methodology. The study results are tabulated and discussed. The results relate specifically to the magnitude of passing accidents, the comparative analysis of passing and nonpassing accidents, and comparative analysis of passing accidents in passing zones and no-passing zones. Recommendations based on the findings are presented. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Comparative analysis KW - Crash analysis KW - Hazards KW - No passing zones KW - Passing KW - Passing zones KW - Research KW - Risk assessment KW - Rural highways KW - Traffic crashes KW - Two lane highways KW - Two way traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/370519 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628941 AU - Wolfe, R K AU - Randolph, B W AU - University of Toledo AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEMPERATURE ADJUSTMENT OF DYNAMIC DEFLECTION MEASUREMENTS ON ASPHALT CONCRETE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08/01 SP - 109 p. AB - The application of elastic theory to the design of overlays on existing pavement requires that a modulus of elasticity be assigned to the existing structural system. Estimates of elastic modulus are obtained from dynamic deflection readings in the field; but asphalt is a highly temperature-sensitive visco-elastic material and deflections not corrected to a standard temperature can produce misleading results. It is therefore the objective of the present study to develop a procedure for which some temperature gradient exists because of the combined influences of solar radiation, wind, air temperature, cloud cover and other variables specific to time and location which cause temperature variations within the pavement layer. Two models are presented for the achievement of that objective. The first of the two models has been designed to utilize site-specific conditions for calculating a temperature profile at a given time within an asphaltic layer. The second model relates an equivalent elastic modulus to the calculated temperature profile. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Deflection KW - Dynamic deflection determination KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavements KW - Temperature UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01580486 AU - Anderson, Chris AU - Iowa Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Fabric Repair Prior to Resurfacing - Roadglas - US 30 PY - 1992/08//Final Report SP - 12p AB - In Iowa it is normal procedure to either use partial or full-depth patching to repair deteriorated areas of pavement (such as transverse joints) prior to resurfacing. The Owens/Corning Corporation introduced a repair system to replace the patching process. Their Roadglas repair system was used in this research project on US 30 in Story County. It was installed in 1985 and has been observed annually since that time. .There were some construction problems with slippage as the roller crossed the abundant Roadglas binder. It appears the Roadglas system has helped to control reflective cracking in the research areas. Since the time when this project was completed it has been reported that Owens/Corning has discontinued production of the Roadglas system. KW - Fabrics KW - Reflection cracking KW - Resurfacing KW - Story County (Iowa) KW - Transverse joints UR - http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/17082 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1374039 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01403450 AU - Kumari, D AU - Chollar, B H AU - Zenewitz, J A AU - Boone, J G AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations R&D TI - Chemical modification of asphalts PY - 1992/08 IS - FHWA-RD-91-123 SP - 155p AB - Prominent among the damages occurring to asphalt cement concrete pavements are cracking and rutting. The occurrence of such damage is dependent upon many factors including the properties of the asphalt, which are, in turn, dependent upon its molecular structure. Experiments to test this hypothesis have been performed; these experiments include the modification of asphalt cements by reacting them separately with maleic anhydride, chromium trioxide and furfural in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Six different asphalts were used in these exploratory reactions. The original and chemically modified asphalts were subjected to laboratory tests to obtain such comparative parameters as penetration-viscosity number, penetration index, limiting stiffness temperature, aging index, complex viscosity, storage modulus, loss modulus, complex modulus and tan delta. These data show that the chemically modified asphalts have potential for use in the highway pavements to help avoid cracking and rutting in such pavements. The adhesion to aggregate by the modified Wyoming pedestal test was performed. The chemical modification of asphalts improves the adhesive bond between asphalt and aggregate in an asphalt mixture implying an increased resistance to stripping. The presence of polar and polymerizing groups in the modified asphalts plays a major role in controlling the adhesion to aggregate. The infrared spectra (IR) and high pressure-gel permeation chromatography (HP- GPC) support this hypothesis. KW - Binders KW - Bitumen KW - Bitumen KW - Chemical reaction KW - Chemical reactions KW - Laboratory test KW - Laboratory tests KW - Material testing KW - Materials tests KW - Pavement distress KW - Stripping of binder KW - Temperature KW - Temperature KW - Viscosity KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1171234 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01375850 AU - Abdul-Malak, Mohamed-Asem Usman AU - Meyer, Alvin H AU - Fowler, David W AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Implication of Aggregates in the Construction and Performance of Seal Coat Pavement Overlays PY - 1992/08//Research Report SP - 484p AB - The ultimate aim of this research was to formulate statistical models that can be used for predicting the frictional performance of seal coat pavement overlays. The methodology involved establishing fifty-nine seal coat test sections in many parts of the State of Texas, including all four environmental regions, and monitoring their performances over time. Many factors, believed to have an influence on performance level and identified in the literature and Texas districts surveys, were considered in this study. These included aggregate properties, construction variables, traffic, and environment and weather variables. Frictional performance was measured by a skid trailer and expressed as a friction number (FN). Eight sets of FN measurements, spanned over about five years, have been obtained which were used in the analysis. In addition, three rounds of British pendulum and sand patch testing were performed on most of the test sections. The data were used for correlation purposes with the FN and the interpretation of the trends in frictional performance. Weather data relevant to the period prior to field testing were also collected. Construction data were gathered which basically dealt with construction application rates and types of aggregates and asphalt. Aggregate samples obtained from construction sites were tested in the laboratory for their basic properties, polish susceptibility, resistance to weathering action, and resistance to abrasion and impact actions. Twenty of the samples were also examined for their mineralogical and petrographical properties. In this examination, the mineralogical constituents were estimated, and the textural characteristics were evaluated. Correlations among the laboratory tests and among the field tests were studied. The performance data was graphed to detect the sources of variations and were grouped according to the different considered variables. The grouping gave insights into which variables controlled the observed differences in frictional performance. The grouping was followed by extensive statistical modeling which pinpointed the significant variables. KW - Aggregates KW - Friction KW - Friction number KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Pavement performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Seal coating KW - Seal coats KW - Statistical analysis UR - http://library.ctr.utexas.edu/pdf2/490-2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1143341 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629074 AU - Ringrose, M R AU - Turnbull, K F AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINANCIAL BENEFITS ASSOCIATED WITH THE JOINT DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF TRANSIT FACILITIES IN TEXAS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 124 p. AB - This report documents a study of the financial and other benefits associated with the joint development or use of public transit facilities in Texas. The study explores the concept of transit-related joint development and identifies the various joint development strategies employed by transit agencies throughout the country. It also provides an assessment of the financial and other benefits of selected existing joint development projects on both a national and state basis. This information was used to develop a series of general planning guidelines for identifying appropriate joint development applications in Texas. The principal tasks conducted in the study included a comprehensive review of the relevant literature, the identification and investigation of national joint development case studies, a survey of Texas transit agencies to assess their joint development experiences, and the development of the general planning guidelines. KW - Case studies KW - Data collection KW - Economic benefits KW - Financial benefits KW - Guidelines KW - Guides to the literature KW - Joint development KW - Joint use KW - Literature reviews KW - Planning KW - Public transit KW - Rail transit facilities KW - Strategic planning KW - Surveys KW - Texas KW - Transit operating agencies UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625638 AU - Ozyildirim, C AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF CALCIUM NITRITE ON THE PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USED IN PRESTRESSED PILES AND BEAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 17 p. AB - This study evaluates the concretes in steam-cured prestressed piles and beams containing calcium nitrite as protection against chloride-induced corrosion of the steel strands and assesses their field performance over a 3-year period. Concretes containing slag were also included in the study to evaluate their permeability to chloride ions. It was found that concretes containing calcium nitrite (DCI) have satisfactory strengths and are expected to provide adequate resistance to cycles of freezing and thawing. The steam-cured slag concretes were found to have lower permeability than the similar portland cement concretes. Since the addition of DCI does not have an appreciable adverse affect on the properties of steam-cured concretes and has the potential to provide long-term protection against corrosion, its use is recommended in prestressed concrete subjected to severe exposure. The limited time available for laboratory and field testing did not allow conclusions on the effectiveness of the corrosion inhibitor. Continuing evaluations are recommended. KW - Beams KW - Calcium nitrite KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Concrete strength KW - Corrosion resistant materials KW - Field performance KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Permeability KW - Physical properties KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressed concrete piles KW - Prestressing KW - Slag KW - Strength of materials UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36851/93-R5.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368047 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625024 AU - Osegueda, R A AU - Gourabathina, S AU - Noel, J S AU - University of Texas, El Paso AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TOWARDS THE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN OVERLOAD PERMIT FORMULA USING NETWORK MODELS AND BRINSAP. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 60 p. AB - The development of the conceptual methodology for identifying bridges along a path of travel on a highway system for evaluating an overload permit formula is presented. Simple network models of highway systems with defined nodes (intersections) and links (road segments) and highway and bridge identification attributes are used to determine routes of travel given general directions. Once the links to be crossed over are identified, bridge information is retrieved from BRINSAP through control section or bridge attributes on the links of the model. KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Formulas KW - Network analysis (Planning) KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Permits KW - Simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367689 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633246 AU - Freeman, R B AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPTIMIZATION OF THE PHYSICAL AND COMPOSITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLY ASH CEMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SULFATE RESISTANT CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 530 p. AB - The utilization of fly ash in concrete is advantageous for several reasons, including: (1) reduced need for the disposal of fly ash; (2) reduced cost of concrete; and (3) improved physical and mechanical properties of concrete. Improvements in the properties of concrete include improved workability, decreased temperature rise, increased long-term strength, and decreased long-term permeability. Unfortunately, fly ash has variable effects on the sulfate resistance of concrete. Uncertainties concerning these effects have often limited its use. This report describes a study in which researchers investigated the relationship between the composition of fly ash and the effects of fly ash on the sulfate resistance of concrete. Both the chemical and mineralogical compositions of fly ash were considered. This study also included an investigation of the production of sulfate resistant concrete containing non-sulfate resistant fly ash. The purpose of this portion of the study was to facilitate the utilization of fly ash from Texas. Methods for improving the performance of non-sulfate resistant fly ash concrete included both physical and chemical techniques. Physical techniques included increasing mixture design cement concrete and intergrinding fly ash with cement clinker and gypsum, as in the production of blended cements. These physical techniques were anticipated to decrease concrete permeability and thereby improve resistance to the ingress of harmful sulfate solution. Chemical techniques included adjustments in the gypsum content of blended fly ash cement and the utilization of sodium sulfate as a chemical additive in concrete. These chemical techniques were designed to optimize the sulfate and alkali contents of cement in order to account for the chemistry of fly ash. Fly ash was obtained from 24 power plants within the U.S. and Canada. The mineralogy of fly ash was found to be significant in terms of the effects of fly ash on the sulfate resistance of concrete. KW - Chemical composition KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Fly ash KW - Gypsum KW - Materials selection KW - Mineralogy KW - Permeability KW - Physical properties KW - Sodium sulfate KW - Strength of materials KW - Sulfate resistance KW - Sulfates KW - Workability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374244 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629069 AU - Wade, M G AU - Christiansen, D L AU - Morris, D E AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN EVALUATION OF THE HOUSTON HIGH-OCCUPANCY VEHICLE LANE SYSTEM. INTERIM REPORT (AUGUST 1992) PY - 1992/08 SP - 240 p. AB - This report evaluates the operation of the Houston freeway high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane system through calendar year 1991. As of the end of 1991, HOV lanes were in operation on four Houston freeways: Katy Freeway (I-10); North Freeway (I-45); Northwest Freeway (US 290); and Gulf Freeway (I-45). Since 1988, an annual report has been prepared through this research project that summarizes the status and effectiveness of the HOV improvements. This research report provides an analysis of data related to: 1) operation of the HOV lanes; 2) operation of the freeway mainlanes; 3) combined HOV lane and freeway data; and 4) data relating to transit usage and operations. Both a "before" and "after" trend line analysis and a comparison to control freeways are used as a means of assessing the impacts of the HOV facilities. As of the end of 1991, 46.5 miles of barrier-separated HOV facilities were in operation. Over 60,000 daily person trips are served on the HOV lanes; this represents an 11% "decrease" in usage compared to 1990. Fifty-nine percent of total person trips on the HOV lanes are being served by carpools and vanpools, with the remaining 41% being served by buses. KW - Before and after studies KW - Buspools KW - Busways KW - Carpools KW - Data analysis KW - Freeway operations KW - Guideways KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - Houston (Texas) KW - Impacts KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Utilization KW - Vanpools UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626766 AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TEXAS HIGHWAY OPERATIONS MANUAL. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 338 p. AB - This document was developed for the Texas Department of Transportation to serve as a Department manual addressing highway operations. The information in the manual covers a wide range of operational issues related to the planning, design, construction, maintenance, and management of highways. Part I of the manual serves as an introduction to the manual and the concept of highway operations. Part II addresses operational considerations for project development, preliminary design, final design, and scheduled activities. Part III addresses systems management, data collection, operational analysis, incident management, control strategies, and information systems. Part IV contains the appendices, abbreviations and definitions, annotated bibliography, and index. Updates to the manual will be issued in the future. The Texas Transportation Institute should be contacted to determine the status of the updates. KW - Analysis KW - Data collection KW - Freeways KW - Highway capacity KW - Highway operations KW - Highway systems KW - Highway traffic control KW - Highways KW - Incidents KW - Manuals KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic incidents UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368412 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626696 AU - Davison, R R AU - Bullin, J A AU - Glover, C J AU - Jemison, H B AU - LAU, C K AU - Lunsford, K M AU - Bartnicki, P L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND USE OF SUPERIOR ASPHALT BINDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 201 p. AB - This study is a continuation of Study 1155 whose major objective was to use supercritical fractionation of asphalt to study the effect of asphalt composition changes on properties and to use this knowledge to reblend fractions to make superior asphalts. In this study both supercritical cyclohexane and supercritical pentane have been used to fractionate three reduced crudes and the corresponding AC-20 asphalts into a range of fractions. Because it is not possible to evaluate an asphalt without its long-term road aging characteristics, and because no satisfactory road aging simulation existed, a major effort in this study became the development of a satisfactory aging procedure. It is shown that no aging test run at a single elevated temperature can predict performance at road temperature. Methods are given for predicting low temperature aging from values measured at several higher temperatures. It is shown that the aging characteristics of asphalt can be broken into two parts: the rate of oxidation as measured by carbonyl formation and the susceptibility of the viscosity to increase due to this carbonyl formation. Data indicate that the latter may be primarily a function of compatibility. The relation between viscosity change and carbonyl growth is highly correlated for each asphalt. KW - Aging KW - Bituminous binders KW - Blending KW - Carbonyl formation KW - Fractions KW - Materials selection KW - Oxidation KW - Properties of materials KW - Supercritical fractionation KW - Supersonic flow KW - Viscosity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368366 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00675289 AU - West, R C AU - Page, G C AU - Murphy, K H AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF INDIRECT TENSILE TEST FOR DETERMINING THE STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT MIX. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 94 p. AB - Engineering characterization of Louisiana's asphaltic concrete mixtures using the indirect tensile test was the focus of a recent comprehensive research program sponsored by the Louisiana Transportation Research Center (LTRC). Large variations in test results were observed between similar specimens. These variations were attributed to variable aggregate orientation, compaction procedure and the test device. A new indirect tension device, developed by Michigan State University and further modified by LTRC, was fabricated locally and used in order to reduce the test variability. The objective was to evaluate the repeatability and performance of the new modified indirect tension device. Two test factorials were designed to assess the devices' performance and repeatability. The first was statistically designed to examine the variation of several test parameters for a specific asphaltic concrete mixture between the modified and the current LTRC test devices. The second was designed to investigate the variation in results between the modified and current test devices due to materials properties. Mechanical tests conducted were the indirect tensile strength test, the diametral resilient modulus test, and the indirect tensile creep test. Phase I of this research presents the effect of the test devices, deformation measurement system, and operator error on the mechanical properties of a specific asphalt concrete mixture. Phase II shows the influence of mixture type, asphalt cement source, and compaction effort on the same mechanical properties. The results indicated the following: use of two LVDTs to measure vertical deformations has reduced variation in test results; both test devices provided repeatable results; mechanical properties were not significantly different due to operator error; mechanical properties measured with the modified test device were significantly different than those measured with the existing test device; the modified test device can better capture the temperature effect on the resilient modulus than the existing test device; and resilient modulus and Poisson's ratio were significantly different between mixture types. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Creep tests KW - Indirect tensile test KW - Mechanical properties KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Performance KW - Poisson distributions KW - Poisson ratio KW - Repeatability KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural properties KW - Temperature KW - Tension tests KW - Testing equipment KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/412307 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670455 AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF A BITUMINOUS SURFACE MIXTURE CONTAINING BOTTOM ASH AGGREGATE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 25 p. AB - A one-mile experimental bituminous surface overlay was placed in October 1987 on State Route 3 in Lawrence County, Kentucky. The experimental section utilized bottom ash aggregate from the Kentucky Power Company's Big Sandy Power Plant, near Louisa, Kentucky. Bottom ashes are generally angular and have very porous surfaces. Approximately 539 tons of the experimental bituminous surface material, containing 40 percent bottom ash (dry weight), were placed. Reported herein are results of laboratory tests and performance evaluations of the experimental surface mixture. Performance of the experimental bottom ash surface has been excellent. Skid resistance tests indicate the surface is highly skid resistant. Bottom ash represents a large potential source of high-friction, nonpolishing aggregate that may be successfully substituted for a portion of the coarse aggregate in a bituminous surface mixture. KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Bottom ash KW - Experimental roads KW - Laboratory tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Skid resistance KW - Surface treating UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411199 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00668991 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL BICYCLING AND WALKING STUDY: CASE STUDY NO. 24 - CURRENT PLANNING GUIDELINES AND DESIGN STANDARDS BEING USED BY STATE AND LOCAL AGENCIES FOR BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES PY - 1992/08 SP - 108 p. AB - The objective of this case study, as defined by the Federal Highway Administration, was to "investigate planning guidelines and design standards for bicycle/pedestrian facilities currently used by States and localities, and determine which of these could serve as models for use by other communities". This report describes the process and products of the consultant's investigations, provides the reader with a summary of best guidelines and standards that are currently being used to develop successful bicycle and pedestrian facilities and programs, and defines reference documents that should be obtained in order to maintain the leading edge of facility design. The report is organized as follows: Section 1, Case Study Methodology, describes the consultant's investigations. Section 2, Summary of Selected Planning Guidelines and Design Standards, provides a description of those documents and programs that exemplify the state of the practice. Section 3, Similarities and Differences Among Guidelines and Standards, provides discussions on how individual State and local manuals differ from each other and how they deviate from AASHTO, UVC and MUTCD on specific planning and design issues. Section 4, Planning and Design Enforcement, is a description of those mechanisms that are used by the Federal Government, States, and localities to ensure that guidelines and standards are appropriately followed and implemented in facility development and management. Section 5, Best Practices, is a listing of the best of the best current bicycle and pedestrian guidelines, standards, and programs. The Appendices contain a listing of agency contact persons and a bibliography of documents that were reviewed for this case study. KW - Bicycle facilities KW - Case studies KW - Design standards KW - Documents KW - Enforcement KW - Guidelines KW - Manuals KW - Pedestrian areas KW - Planning KW - Programs KW - Research KW - Studies KW - Study methods UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6300/6341/CASE24FG.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/410622 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00647427 JO - Publication of: Rockwell International Science Center PB - Rockwell International Science Center AU - Rockwell International Science Center AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - University of California, Berkeley TI - Potential Payoffs from IVHS: A Framework for Analysis PY - 1992/08 SP - 135 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to provide a logical framework for the identification and evaluation of alternative Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) functions, to help sort out the most important from the less important, and to specifically relate the various IVHS functions with the public sector goals they might serve. The report is presented in five chapters: (1) Introduction; (2) Results and Observations; (3) The Logical Relationships Among Goals and Actions; (4) Benefit Analysis of IVHS Actions; and (5) Summary of Analyses. There are three appendices: (A) Payoff Analysis - Bibliography; (B) Benefits Data Summary; and (C) DEMOS model (bounded in a separate volume). KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefits KW - Computer models KW - Decision making KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning UR - http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/7gf7j8n2 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390396 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00647428 JO - Publication of: Rockwell International Science Center PB - Rockwell International Science Center AU - Rockwell International Science Center AU - University of California, Berkeley AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POTENTIAL PAYOFFS FROM IVHS: A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYSIS -- APPENDIX C. PATH RESEARCH REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 310 p. AB - The purpose of this study is to provide a logical framework for the identification and evaluation of alternative Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems (IVHS) functions, to help sort out the most important from the less important, and to specifically relate the various IVHS functions with the public sector goals they might serve. This is the second volume of the report. It contains Appendix C, which documents the details of the IVHS benefit analysis DEMOS models and provides the PATH user information about what is contained in and how to use the models. The Decision Modeling System (DEMOS) is a computer tool used to (1) display the goals-to-actions relationship structure and provide for future expansion of data and analyses and (2) perform selected sensitivity analyses and estimate the potential improvements of key IVHS actions (high payoff items). KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Benefits KW - Computer models KW - Decision making KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Ratings KW - Strategic planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/390397 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643562 AU - Kuo, S S AU - LEO, M J AU - MAPLES, W R AU - University of Central Florida, Orlando AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATION OF BRIDGE INSPECTION PROCESS. PHASE III FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 528 p. AB - To ensure public safety, bridge inspections need to be as efficient and accurate as possible. This study presents methods and equipment for automating visual bridge inspection procedures. Automation promises to increase the speed and cost efficiency of preparing bridge inspection reports. Various inspection agencies were visited to assimilate state-of-the-art inspection techniques. Informative tables comparing routine bridge inspection operations of agencies are given, along with summaries of advanced techniques currently in use. New inspection technologies drawn from current literature are also outlined. The applications of computers, video cameras, voice-activated radios, lightweight tool belts, and other advanced equipment are discussed. A new inspection procedure, utilizing state-of-the-art equipment, is proposed for the Florida Department of Transportation. The procedure includes the use of portable computers and camcorders to collect field data. Two man inspection teams are planned. The inspectors will stay in contact with each other through voice-activated, two way raidos. Field inspection software will prompt the inspectors for data on bridge features and defects, making sure a complete inspection is performed. This data will then be automatically transferred into various report formats by computer software. Recommendations are given for testing the new procedure in actual field conditions to determine feasibility, time requirements, and costs. Finally, future research for further improving bridge inspection is suggested. This volume is the Phase III Final Report. It is organized in the following chapters: (I) Introduction; (II) Office Reporting Software; (III) Field Data Collection; and (IV) Conclusions and Future Recommendations. There are eight appendices: (A) Office Report Generation User's Guide; (B) Source Code for Office Report Generation System; (C) Sample Forms; (D) Field Data Acquisition System User's Guide; (E) Fixed and Culvert File Variables; (F) Fixed and Culvert Global and Local Variables; (G) Fixed and Culvert Form Source Code; and (H) Field Test. KW - Automation KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Information processing KW - Inspection KW - Laptop computers KW - Lightweight materials KW - Lightweight tool belts KW - Microcomputers KW - Productivity KW - Radio equipment KW - Research KW - Software KW - Technological innovations KW - Time savings KW - Video cameras KW - Videotape recorders KW - Vision KW - Voice-activated radios UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386056 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00639883 AU - Roque, R AU - Dominguez, G AU - Anderson, D A AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF SKID RESISTANCE FOR HIGH-TYPE BITUMINOUS SURFACES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 196 p. AB - Investigations of 13 field test sections indicated that the key to preventing early loss in skid resistance is to ensure that field air-void contents do not fall below 3.4% for ID-2 mixtures and 3.0% for ID-3 mixtures. The existing mixture design and acceptance procedures employed by PennDOT, as well as existing field control and acceptance procedures, were determined to be primary contributors to the design and acceptance of mixtures that are likely to have low air-void contents and associated problems with early loss in skid resistance. A new procedure was developed and recommended to determine optimum asphalt content and to screen mixture designs that are particularly sensitive to changes in asphalt content. The modified Texas gyratory compactor, using the new SHRP protocol, was found to do a better job than Marshall compaction in the production of laboratory mixtures that are more representative of the field. However, additional studies were recommended to identify and validate the best laboratory compaction method. It was also determined that stricter acceptance criteria should be established on the air-void content of laboratory-compacted, plant-produced mixtures. Additional field controls were recommended to ensure that accurate estimates of maximum specific gravity are obtained during production to allow for better control of air voids. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Accuracy KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Asphalt content KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Bituminous materials KW - Bituminous surfacing KW - Compaction KW - Compactors KW - Gyratory compactors KW - Laboratory compaction KW - Measurement KW - Mix design KW - Plant mix KW - Quality assurance KW - Quality control KW - Skid resistance KW - Specific gravity KW - Specific gravity tests KW - Surface treating KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380825 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625380 AU - Pivo, G AU - Moudon, A V AU - Loewenherz, F E AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SUMMARY OF GUIDELINES FOR COORDINATED URBAN DESIGN, TRANSPORTATION AND LAND USE PLANNING, WITH AN EMPHASIS ON ENCOURAGING ALTERNATIVES TO DRIVING ALONE. FINAL REFERENCE REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 22 p. AB - This report summarizes urban development guidelines that various jurisdictions, professional consultants, and experts have prepared to address the interactive relationship among transportation planning, land use planning, and urban design. The guidelines have been compiled from the literature surveyed for this project. The aim of these guidelines is to aid in the design of cities and transportation systems that will reduce the necessity of driving alone. The report is organized as follows: Introduction; Location of Land Uses; Site Planning and Design Standards; Transit Station Design; Parking Design and Management; Site Planning and Design of Park-and-Ride Facility; Bicycle and Pedestrian Planning; Standards and Procedures for Development Review; and Implementation Mechanisms. KW - Bicycles KW - Cities KW - Design KW - Design standards KW - Development KW - Guidelines KW - Guides to the literature KW - Implementation KW - Land use KW - Land use planning KW - Literature reviews KW - Park and ride KW - Parking KW - Pedestrians KW - Rail transit stations KW - Real estate development KW - Reviews KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban areas KW - Urban development KW - Urban transportation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/261.3.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625383 AU - Parikh, J AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD EVALUATION OF MARYLAND MIX #8 OVERLAY ON BRIDGE DECKS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 51 p. AB - The research work performed by the Maryland State Highway Administration in cooperation with the FHWA showed that Maryland Mix #6, currently used for new bridge deck construction, is as good as LSDC and LMC. Maryland Mix #6 was modified so that it can be used for overlay purposes. This mix was designated as Maryland Mix #8. To date Mix #8 overlay has been placed on three bridge decks all of which have been in service for less than two years. The two years of performance indicated no delamination (good bond) and good resistance to the chloride penetration. However, since all three decks have shown different behavior to date, with respect to the corrosion activity, no conclusion can be made for corrosion of embedded rebars. Plastic shrinkage cracks are visible on the Route 118 bridge but are not detrimental at this stage. Rideability of all three decks is good. KW - Admixtures KW - Bonded concrete overlays KW - Bridge decks KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Concrete overlays KW - Corrosion KW - Cracking KW - Delamination KW - Pendulum tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rebars KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Ride quality KW - Rideability KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage cracks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367903 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625331 AU - Meier, W R AU - Elnicky, E J AU - Western Technologies, Incorporated AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CONSTRUCTION REPORT FOR ARIZONA'S SHRP SPS-4 EXPERIMENT. VOLUME 1 PY - 1992/08 SP - 46 p. AB - Nine joint sealants and five joint configurations were used on a newly constructed jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) along SR-360 (Superstition Freeway) in Mesa, Arizona. Twenty-four experimental transverse joint sections containing 25 to 38 joints in each section were used to evaluate sealed and unsealed joints. Critical joint dimensions were obtained during construction on the transverse joints. Deflections at joints and at midslab between joints were measured by use of a Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). The primary saw cut depth was generally less than the specified amount of one-third of the slab thickness. The majority of the measured saw cut widths were within the specified tolerances. Joint sealant depths were near the maximum for backer rods and for the tops of joints sealant depths. This resulted in shape factors often less than 1.0. Load Transfer Efficiency (LTE) calculated from FWD data generally indicated full load transfer across joints. Uncracked joints generally demonstrated higher LTE than cracked joints. The report consists of Volumes 1 and 2. This report, Volume 1, contains the construction report, and Volume 2 contains the Appendices. KW - Arizona KW - Concrete pavements KW - Configurations KW - Construction KW - Deflection KW - Depth KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Joint sealers KW - Load transfer KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement joints KW - Pavements KW - Saw cutting KW - Sawing KW - Shape KW - Shape factor KW - Strategic Highway Research Program KW - Test sections KW - Transverse joints KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367854 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625227 AU - Chalupnik, J D AU - Anderson, D S AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECT OF ROADWAY WEAR ON TIRE NOISE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 38 p. AB - This is the final report of a study of the way in which tire/road noise changes as the pavement ages and wears. Measurements of the levels of noise generated at the tire/road-surface interface were made on sections of a variety of asphaltic and concrete compositions ranging in age from newly laid to 29 years. Data from these measurements are presented in graphical form showing levels and trends of levels with time. While the measurements made in this study do not portray the noise levels at the roadside, they do rank order the source noise levels of the various surfaces devoid of the noise absorption characteristics of the surface. An interpretation of the data is provided to assist highway planners, designers, or environmental engineers. As an add-on to the main study, a comparison of the noise from studded tires and non-studded tires of the same tread design was made for a variety of roadway surface types. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Concrete pavements KW - Data analysis KW - Graphical analysis KW - Graphics KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measurement KW - Noise KW - Noise measurement KW - Pavements KW - Rolling contact KW - Sound level KW - Studded tires KW - Traffic noise KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Wear UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/276.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625203 AU - Sen, R AU - Issa, M AU - Mariscal, D AU - University of South Florida, Tampa AU - University of Illinois, Chicago AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FEASIBILITY OF FIBERGLASS PRETENSIONED PILES IN A MARINE ENVIRONMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 318 p. AB - The primary aim of the study was to investigate the feasibility of using fiberglass pretensioned piles to replace steel in a marine environment. As a consequence experimental investigations were carried out to determine the short term, long term and impact response of specimens pretensioned using S-2 glass/epoxy composites. For comparability, identical steel specimens were also tested. The short term tests investigated transfer length, losses, static response of under-reinforced beams and the elastic and ultimate behavior of axially and eccentrically loaded columns. The long term tests examined fatigue and creep in concrete and in identically stressed fiberglass prestressed columns. In addition, a major investigation was carried out to determine the durability of pre-cracked and uncracked fiberglass pretensioned beams exposed to wet/dry cycles in 15% salt solution. The impact study investigated stresses in full sized fiberglass pretensioned piles under the application of a 3 kip drop hammer to drive it through medium to dense sands. The study indicated that the response of identical fiberglass and steel pretentioned specimens is, in general, comparable and may be predicted with reasonable accuracy using non-linear finite element analyses incorporating appropriate material properties. However, the long term durability study indicated that the fiberglass strands suffered degradation under wet/dry cycles. Pre-cracked specimens deteriorated between 3-9 months of exposure and the uncracked specimens between 12-18 months. Scanning electron micrographs showed degradation of the glass fibers in the alkaline concrete environment. Recommendations for overcoming this problem are addressed in the report. KW - Beams KW - Beams (Structural) KW - Columns KW - Creep KW - Degradation KW - Durability KW - Electron micrographs KW - Environment KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fiberglass KW - Glass fibers KW - Impact tests KW - Long term KW - Marine environment KW - Oceans KW - Piles (Supports) KW - Pretensioning KW - Short term KW - Stresses KW - Time duration KW - Wet dry cycles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367789 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625056 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ASSESSING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE AND PRODUCTIVITY. SUMMARY OF CURRENT RESEARCH: PART OF A HIGHWAYS AND ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY AGENDA PY - 1992/08 SP - 33 p. AB - This report summarizes Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) research on the interrelationships between highway infrastructure investment and economic productivity. It explores (1) the definition of productivity and its importance; (2) the extent of our knowledge concerning the relationships between productivity and public capital and highways; (3) the strengths and weaknesses of current research efforts that have received popular acclaim; and (4) recommendations for future research. The paper also reviews recent efforts to employ national and State macroeconomic data to answer the question, "Do additional expenditures on public capital (or on certain subcategories such as highways) increase productivity?" It concentrates on studies that have attempted to estimate the relative productivity contribution of public and private investment, or to examine relative productivity contributions among different categories of public investment. The paper is organized as follows: Section I provides an introduction and defines what productivity is and what may cause a slowdown in productivity. Section II contains a brief review of the literature and the debate over the relationship between public capital and productivity. It is divided into five subsections: aggregate production function studies, regional- or state-level production function analysis, cost and profit functions, cost-benefit analysis, and other alternative approaches. Section III presents conclusions and recommendations concerning this issue. KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Economic growth KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Governments KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highways KW - Infrastructure KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Investments KW - Literature reviews KW - Macroeconomics KW - Private enterprise KW - Productivity KW - Recommendations KW - Regional economics KW - Regional planning KW - Research KW - State planning KW - States KW - Transportation policy UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367721 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625058 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRANSPORTATION AND AIR QUALITY PY - 1992/08 SP - 36 p. AB - This report summarizes a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) seminar on key issues in air quality and transportation planning held last year (1991)--supplemented by an individual perspective on findings which have emerged during the year since the seminar. The report is organized as follows: Part A--Air Quality and Transportation Planning: An Assessment of Recent Developments, by G. Harvey and E. Deakin; and Part B--Summary of Presentations. Part A covers the following: Introduction; Methods for Reducing Mobile Source Emissions; Vehicle Technology; Land Use; Pricing; Summary; Integration of Transportation and Air Quality; Conclusions; Research Needs; and Resources. Part B covers these topics: Introduction to the Transportation and Air Quality Problem; Effectiveness of Transportation Control Measures in Reducing VMT, Trips, and Emissions; Air Quality Strategies Not Controlled by Highway Decision Makers; Issues of Highway Capacity and VMT, Trips, and Emissions; Air Quality, the Transportation Planning Process, New Control Measures, and Improvements to Forecasting Models; and Summary and Interpretations. KW - Air quality KW - Air quality management KW - Conferences KW - Exhaust emission control KW - Exhaust gases KW - Forecasting KW - Highway capacity KW - Land use KW - Pricing KW - Research KW - Strategic planning KW - Technology KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand management KW - Vehicles UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367723 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625003 AU - Roper, T H AU - Henley, E H AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DAREX CORROSION INHIBITOR: NIAWIAKUM RIVER BRIDGE 101/42 AND PALIX RIVER BRIDGE 101/40 REPLACEMENT. POST CONSTRUCTION REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 21 p. AB - The Niawiakum River Bridge 101/42 and the Palix River Bridge 101/40 are located on Sign Route 101, within the tidal zone of Willapa Bay. These bridges are subject to continuous salting from the Pacific Ocean water and mist. The bridges will be used as a test site to determine the effectiveness of the concrete admixture Darex Corrision Inhibitor (DCI) in preventing the corrosion of reinforcing steel in concrete. DCI is a patented product containing calcium nitrite; manufactured and supplied by W.R. Grace & Co., Inc., DCI, used in sufficient quantities as a concrete admixture, purportedly strengthens the passivating film around the reinforcing steel, thereby preventing corrosion. The effectiveness of DCI in preventing corrosion will be determined by comparison with control sections located in members of each bridge. The control members were constructed without the DCI admixture. All reinforcement in the control and experimental members is uncoated, and has the same minimum cover requirements as in the DCI-treated members. The purpose of this experimental project is to assess the long-term effectiveness of DCI as a corrosion inhibitor. KW - Admixtures KW - Calcium nitrite KW - Corrosion protection KW - Corrosion resistant materials KW - Effectiveness KW - Long term KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Time duration UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/279.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367669 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624992 AU - Mahoney, J P AU - Jackson, N C AU - Pierce, L M AU - Anderson, K W AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN OVERVIEW OF RECENT WSDOT PAVEMENT DESIGN RESEARCH AND IMPLEMENTATION EFFORTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 13 p. AB - This report overviews the current status of Washington State Department of Transportation pavement design procedures, analyses, and "manuals" that have culminated with the study entitled "ACP Overlay Design Implementation." KW - Implementation KW - Pavement design KW - Research KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/170.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624941 AU - Kumari, D AU - Chollar, B H AU - Zenewitz, J A AU - Boone, J G AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF ASPHALTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 155 p. AB - Prominent among the damages occurring to asphalt cement concrete pavements are cracking and rutting. The occurrence of such damage is dependent upon many factors including the properties of the asphalt, which are, in turn, dependent upon its molecular structure. Experiments to test this hypothesis have been performed; these experiments include the modification of asphalt cements by reacting them separately with maleic anhydride, chromium trioxide and furfural in the presence of hydrochloric acid. Six different apshalts were used in these exploratory reactions. The original and chemically modified asphalts were subjected to laboratory tests to obtain such comparative parameters as penetration-viscosity number, penetration index, limiting stiffness temperature, aging index, complex viscosity, storage modulus, loss modulus, complex modulus, and tan delta. These data show that the chemically modified asphalts have potential for use in the highway pavements to help avoid cracking and rutting in such pavements. The adhesion to aggregate by the modified Wyoming pedestal test was performed. The chemical modification of asphalts improves the adhesive bond between asphalt and aggregate in an asphalt mixture implying an increased resistance to stripping. The presence of polar and polymerizing groups in the modified asphalts play a major role in controlling the adhesion to aggregate. The infrared spectra (IR) and high pressure-gel permeation chromatography (HP-GPC) support this hypothesis. KW - Adhesion KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt KW - Chemical reactions KW - Chromium KW - Chromium trioxide KW - Furfural KW - Gel permeation chromatography KW - High pressure gel permeation chromatography KW - Hydrochloric acid KW - Infrared radiation KW - Infrared spectra KW - Laboratory tests KW - Maleic anhydride KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pressure KW - Rutting KW - Stripping (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367610 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634450 AU - Recker, W W AU - McNally, M G AU - Neenan, B AU - Leonard, J D AU - University of California, Irvine AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Department of Transportation TI - INTERJURISDICTIONAL COORDINATION OF KATELLA AVENUE TRAFFIC SIGNALS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 155 p. AB - In recent years, transportation planning has been experiencing an escalating emphasis towards increasing capacity and improving traffic management on urban streets and arterials to combat the effects of congestion. One measure which has proven to be particularly effective is the coordination of traffic signals. However, coordination efforts have traditionally been contained within city boundaries, with little or no communication between adjacent jurisdictions. This study details efforts to obtain regional coordination through the cooperative effort of five cities, the county, the state, and a regional funding agency. A traffic signal coordination project incorporating a forty-intersection expanse of a major arterial (Katella Avenue in the City of Anaheim, California) is documented from concept to implementation. Of particular interest are the financial, administrative, and political implications of coordination, and traffic control hardware and software considerations, and coordinated timing plan designs and their impact on traffic flow. KW - Administration KW - Anaheim (California) KW - Arterial highways KW - Cities KW - Cooperation KW - Counties KW - Financial responsibility KW - Hardware KW - Political factors KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Regional funding agencies KW - Regional transportation KW - Software KW - States KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic flow KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Transportation planning UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/6000/6900/6989/920.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633478 AU - Doody, M E AU - Morgan, R L AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF LOAD-TRANSFER DEVICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 29 p. AB - This report presents field performance observations and laboratory test results for load-transfer devices (LTDs) used in transverse joints in New York: I-beams and round dowels. The recorded field measurements resulted from three types of nondestructive tests: pinning (horizontal movement), DVJM (differential vertical joint movement under load), and faulting (NYSDOT and Georgia faultmeters). Lab pull-out tests were also performed on the two LTD types. Field observations and laboratory test results were generally favorable. None of the test pavements had developed significant faulting. Horizontal and vertical measurements were comparable to values previously reported on pavements of similar age. A literature search investigating possible use of another nondestructive testing device, the falling weight deflectometer (FWD), for joint investigations is summarized. KW - Dislocation (Geology) KW - Dowels KW - Dowels (Fasteners) KW - Falling weight deflectometers KW - Faulting KW - Field measurements KW - Field performance KW - Field tests KW - Horizontal displacement KW - I beams KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load transfer KW - Load transfer device KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Performance KW - Pull out test KW - Test results KW - Transverse joints KW - Vertical displacement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633242 AU - Bishara, A G AU - Bishara (Alfred G), Structural Consulting Engineer AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CROSS FRAMES ANALYSIS & DESIGN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 357 p. AB - Based on results from a parametric study conducted on 54 bridges, using three-dimensional finite element analysis, a procedure was developed for evaluating internal forces in standard x-type intermediate cross frames' members of simply supported medium span multi-girder steel bridges supported on bolster and rocker steel bearings. This procedure uses the differences between vertical displacements of adjacent girders. The latter was obtained using equivalent uniform loads derived from previously developed expressions for reaction components. Finite element results and the developed algorithm show that: (1) The maximum forces in intermediate cross frames' members do not seem to be dependent on the span length. However, they increase with increase of skew angle, increase in cross frames' members' size and increase in cross frames' spacing. (2) Skew effect may be neglected for skew angles not exceeding 20 deg. For a 60 deg skew bridge, the maximum forces in cross frames' members may reach 4 to 5 times these in an otherwise right bridge. (3) In right bridges, only tensile forces are generated in chord members and compressive forces in diagonal members. Their maximum values occur at or close to midspan. (4) In skew bridges, most members may develop compressive or tensile forces depending on the loading condition and maximum compressive forces occur near the obtuse corners and maximum tensile forces occur near midspan. Results from field measurements on five bridges (2 simply-supported, 1 three-span curved continuous, 1 three-span dog-legged continuous, and 1 two-span tangent continuous) substantiate the results obtained from finite element analysis of these bridges. Since field welding in the tension zone of girders is a known cause of cracking, bolting of cross frames' members might be more appropriate. KW - Algorithms KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Compressive forces KW - Cross frames KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Finite element method KW - Metal bridges KW - Skew bridges KW - Steel bridges KW - Tensile forces KW - Tensile properties UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374240 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628962 AU - Chen, H J AU - Frederick, D A AU - Vyce, J M AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INTERLAYERS BENEATH OVERLAYS ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 39 p. AB - The study's objective has been to evaluate the effectiveness of stress-relieving interlayers in reducing reflective cracking in overlays of flexible pavements. Six different types of full-width interlayers were installed on three construction projects, beneath New York's two standard overlay thicknesses -- 1 and 2 1/2 in. Three types of 1-ft wide interlayer strips covered individual transverse cracks on two additional construction projects. All were placed in 1980 and 1981. Strip applications failed within 1 year and are considered inappropriate for further use. Performance of full-width sections was monitored until 1987. Data were analyzed by t-test and the conclusion is that overlays with interlayers have lower average crack-return percentages than those without them. Cores were taken to determine if interlayers remained intact and kept water from entering cracks in the original pavement. Half the cores from cracked areas indicated that interlayers did not remain intact. Results of a simplified life-cycle-cost analysis indicated that interlayer treatments were not cost-effective compared to normal overlays. However, 1-in. overlays with interlayers were shown to be more economical than 2 1/2-in. overlays without them. Interlayer products should continue to be considered experimental features. KW - Core analysis KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data analysis KW - Effectiveness KW - Flexible pavements KW - Interfaces KW - Life cycle analysis KW - Life cycle costing KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Monitoring KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Reduction (Decrease) KW - Reflection cracking KW - Stress relieving KW - Stress relieving interlayers KW - T test KW - Thickness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369271 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628820 AU - Beilfuss, C W AU - Beilfuss (CW) and Associates, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE ROUTE/BRIDGE ANALYSIS SYSTEM FOR SUPERLOAD PERMITTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 46 p. AB - This project has as its objective installation of a bridge analysis tool in the Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT) and the development of a database of information allowing the rapid analysis of bridges along a requested route for vehicles which exceed the legal size and weight limits established in Ohio. These vehicles, called "superloads" do not fit into standard permit approval classifications. The detailed structural analysis required to approve the permit for each superload has resulted in an increased workload for the bridge rating unit, delays in permit issuance, and pressure to use approximations. This could potentially result in decreased safety of the bridges, liability exposure and diversion of experienced personnel from other critical responsibilities. The overall objective of the research was to evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated computer software and hardware product entitled SUPERLOAD. This was accomplished by using the product in a prototype model of a portion of the highway network with existing ODOT procedures and systems. Other objectives included: (1) to determine if a timely and comprehensive structural analysis of bridges on a route could be performed; (2) to determine if the existing procedures between the Bridge and Permit Units could be replaced with real time analysis; and (3) to determine the additional requirements for a production system. It was found that the analysis of all bridges along the longest permit route could be performed in approximately four minutes. The structural analysis results were identical to the results obtained from the AASHTO BARS System, which ODOT uses to rate its bridges. The results of the research confirm that the system provides an efficient and highly informative user-oriented operating environment. Additional features were identified that are required by ODOT before it can be put into production use. The use of the SUPERLOAD product with the prototype network shows great promise in allowing the Bridge Unit to safely delegate authority to the Permit Unit for approval of "superload" vehicle permits. The research also showed that SUPERLOAD can effectively be used in the selection of alternate paths when the required routes are not available. KW - Bridges KW - Effectiveness KW - Hardware KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Permits KW - Prototypes KW - Real time control KW - Real time data processing KW - Route choice KW - Software KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369166 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626724 AU - Gendron, D E AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VAT & CAT ATTENUATING TERMINALS' EXPERIMENTAL FIELD DEPLOYMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 36 p. AB - The Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) has deployed over five hundred CATs (crash cushion/attenuating terminals), VATs (vehicle attenuating terminals) and Sentres. Numerous serious installation errors have led INDOT to require manufacturer training and certification for State and private personnel who are responsible for the correct installation, maintenance, and repair of proprietary safety terminals. VATs and CATs have generally allowed vehicles to pass through safely whether or not they performed exactly as intended. Repeated performance problems have already prompted several minor design modifications to the CAT, and are behind the redesign suggestions presented in this report. VAT terminals took some hard end-on hits without translating the second stage's 12-gauge slotted W-beams, perhaps because initial contact between the first webs and the shear bolts is often too great to overcome. The problem may have been recognized early-on, for the CAT's 12-gauge slot pattern was modified to allow almost 3 in. of sliding before shearing commences. The problem was not addressed in the third stage's 10-gauge rails. Post #4 remains stronger than Post #2 was. Even partial shearing of the third stage rails has been rare. This report illustrates a staggered slot pattern that may advance partial or complete shearing in both stages. Other suggestions may reduce the incidence of buckling in the span between Posts #4 and #7, reduce binding in overlapped W-beams, and improve the spacer channel's work in off-center hits. Frozen post stubs have sometimes required thawing for removal during repairs to median terminals, which often stand in soggy ground. This has not been a problem for CATs standing at well-drained shoulder locations. KW - Building KW - Design KW - Facilities KW - Guardrail terminals KW - Installation KW - Modifications KW - Rail (Railroads) KW - Slotted rails UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368394 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625696 AU - Kilian, A P AU - Ferry, C D AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG-TERM PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF WOOD FIBRE FILLS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/08 SP - 90 p. AB - This paper presents the results of a research project to determine the long-term performance of wood fibre embankments, that were constructed by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) beginning in 1972. At the time of their construction, concern existed that wood fibre fills would only provide a 15 to 20 year service life. Performance of existing wood fibre fills was evaluated based on the quality of the wood fibre material, quality of the effluent, and condition of the pavement. A visual classification system rating the wood fibre from fresh to completely decomposed was developed and used in order to establish criteria from which all wood fibre material could be rated. Visual examination in conjunction with laboratory tests were used as determining aspects for the effluent quality. The WSDOT Pavement Management System was used to evaluate relative pavement performance. Site descriptions are presented giving specific characteristics and properties of the fills inventoried. An analysis of this information was done to determine the effectiveness of the fills. Over half the wood fibre samples were found to be nearly fresh or fresh and none were found to be completely decomposed. In all but one case, the pavement quality over the wood fibre fills surpassed the comparative highway segment rating indicating the wood fill's performance exceeded that of the surrounding area. Generally, the surface water in the vicinity of the wood fibre was found to be clean and pure indicating no adverse impact of effluent. Given the above findings, embankments constructed of wood fibre were found to perform well over almost a 20 year period. Service life in excess of 50 years can be expected of wood fibre fills. KW - Effectiveness KW - Effluents KW - Embankments KW - Evaluation KW - Fibers KW - Fills KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Long term KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement management systems KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Properties of materials KW - Quality KW - Quality control KW - Service life KW - Time duration KW - Vision KW - Wood KW - Wood fiber UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/239.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368084 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634380 AU - Brewer, W E AU - Ohio Northern University, Ada AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SMALL SPAN BRIDGES AND CULVERTS USING CONTROLLED LOW STRENGTH MATERIALS (CLSM). FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07/30 SP - 197 p. AB - This report deals with research related to the use of a Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) as a backfill (Controlled Density Fill, CDF) around two flexible culverts as demonstration projects. The projects consisted of a pipe arch and a long span arch. The research objectives were to study: reduction of minimum cover required on metal pipe; reduction of foundation requirements on metal pipe arches; development of design information for the use of CLSM; economics of CLSM materials for backfilling culverts; and development of design procedures for flexible pipes using CLSM-CDF. General research activities are described in four separate parts: (1) Laboratory Material Investigation - laboratory material investigations on possible filler aggregates were conducted throughout the 3 1/2 year research period; (2) Pipe Arch Culvert - the construction of the pipe arch dealt with shallow cover over the pipe arch, economics, and load transfer of CLSM-CDF; (3) Long Span Arch Culvert - the construction of a long span arch provided additional information gained through the construction of a pipe arch, and this construction also provided new insight into the placement of CLSM-CDF mixtures; and (4) Load Transfer Investigation and Flexible Culvert Design Considerations - existing culvert design methods were reviewed and CLSM-CDF findings incorporated into culvert design considerations. KW - Arches KW - Backfilling KW - Backfills KW - Cover depth KW - Culverts KW - Demonstration projects KW - Design KW - Design methods KW - Economics KW - Flexibility KW - Flexible pipe KW - Flowable fill KW - Foundation requirements KW - Foundations KW - Laboratory tests KW - Load transfer KW - Location KW - Long span arch culverts KW - Materials evaluation KW - Materials selection KW - Pipe KW - Pipe arch culverts KW - Placement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374715 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01463203 TI - Fundamental Properties of Asphalts and Modified Asphalts AB - The objective of this contract is to conduct the congressionally- mandated studies (ISTEA of 1991, Section 6016) of the fundamental chemical and physical properties of petroleum asphalts and modified asphalts used in highway construction. Emphasis is to be placed on the prediction of pavement performance from the fundamentally and rapidly measureable properties of these asphalts. KW - Asphalt KW - Chemical properties KW - Highway design KW - Pavement performance KW - Physical properties KW - Research projects UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1231428 ER - TY - ABST AN - 01547215 TI - NCHRP-IDEA AB - The Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) program explores the feasibility of unproven technical concepts, novel applications of proven concepts, or advances that have not yet been tried or tested for application in transportation practice. The IDEA program focuses on high-payoff concepts, products, systems, tools, or techniques that accelerate the development and deployment of advanced technologies, methods, or processes for highway and intermodal transportation systems. An IDEA investigation will, in general, have one or more of the following characteristics: (1) A credible yet unproven technical concept that may require a high-risk investigation to prove its feasibility but that offers the potential for significant payoff to practice. (2) A proven concept or novel application or advance in technologies, methods, or non-transportation applications such as processes developed for defense or industrial uses that have not yet been tried, tested, or used in highway transportation systems. (3) Testing of new, advanced, or emerging products that may significantly improve competitiveness in surface and intermodal freight and passenger transportation. (4) Concepts or products that promote international cooperation in advancing highway technologies and systems. KW - Best practices KW - Cooperation KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Freight transportation KW - Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) (Program) KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Passenger transportation KW - Safety KW - Technological innovations UR - http://apps.trb.org/cmsfeed/TRBNetProjectDisplay.asp?ProjectID=571 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334196 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457362 AU - Kaya, Abidin AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Potential Use of Tire Rubber and Ebonite in Asphalt: Synthesis Study PY - 1992/07//Final Report SP - 78p AB - This report evaluates the effectiveness of rubber-asphalt and ebonite-asphalt mixes based on a review of published literature, and unpublished reports. It discusses in detail various aspects of these mixes, including: different applications, physical properties, experiences of state highway agencies, and claimed advantages and problems associated with their use. Although rubber-asphalt mixes have superior physical properties, they have performed either only slightly better or equal to conventional asphalt mixes in the field. The salient problems associated with rubber asphalt mixes which restrict their use are: stickiness, high cost, and air pollution. The cost of rubber-asphalt mixes is much higher than conventional asphalts, and there is little evidence that rubber-asphalt mixes will have an increased service life sufficient to justify the high costs. Ebonite-asphaltic mixes have possible applications assuming that the ebonite can be economically cleaned of lead contamination. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Tires UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314201 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218871 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01403449 AU - Hudson, S W AU - Anderson, V L AU - Irick, P E AU - Carmichael, R F AU - McCullough, B F AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations R&D TI - Impact of truck characteristics on pavements: truck load equivalency factors PY - 1992/07 IS - FHWA/RD-91-064 SP - 220p AB - Truck load equivalency factors relate vehicle axle loads to pavement damage and life. They provide a method to convert the effects of mixed traffic to a standard loading condition. Equivalent loadings for most pavement design and evaluation procedures are currently predicted using the AASHTO method of equivalency factors. This study was undertaken to evaluate various types of primary pavement response derived load equivalency factors. These use pavement response measurements such as strain and deflection to estimate the equivalent damaging effect of any axle loading condition. These types of factors are also expressed in terms of a relative number of equivalent standard axle loads. A number of primary response equivalency factor methods were evaluated and several selected for further study. Deflection and strain pavement response measurements were evaluated over an experimental factorial of axle type, axle load, tire pressure, speed, pavement thickness, and pavement temperature. Primary response load equivalencies were calculated using the selected methods and a number of statistical comparisons were made. Results of the study indicate that the concept of primary response truck load equivalency factors is viable and can be extremely useful for estimating load equivalence for pavement design and research purposes. Results also indicate which of the vehicle and pavement factors studied most significantly effect the estimate of load equivalency. Recommendations are also made for use of primary response load equivalencies and for further research into the subject. KW - Axle load KW - Axle loads KW - Axle loads KW - Data collection KW - Data collection KW - Deflection KW - Deflection KW - Deformation KW - Deformation KW - Equivalent standard axle (ESA) KW - Load damage relationship KW - Mathematical models KW - Measuring equipment KW - Measuring instruments KW - Modelling KW - Rolling contact KW - Truck KW - Trucks KW - Vehicle pavement interaction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1171233 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01401549 AU - Scholen, D E AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Direct Federal Programs TI - Non-standard stabilizers PY - 1992/07 IS - FHWA/FLP-92-011 SP - 113p AB - A variety of non-traditional soil and aggregate stabilizers are presently available on the market. Attractions of these materials include ready availability, concentrated forms for minimum shipping cost, and low cost in-place mixing operations not requiring special and extensive equipment spreads. However, the short and long term benefits of these materials are not known or quantified, the various soils and environments under which the various materials would provide the best service is not known, the nature of the materials and the mechanism of their contribution is not clearly understood, and specifications for design and construction are not available. Users have needed a systematic, independent assessment of these "non-standard" stabilization materials. In response, this study has provided over 160 miles of test and demo sections on more than 60 projects across the US. Stabilizer types included three pozzolans, four bioenzymes, two sulfonated oils, an ammonium chloride, a mineral pitch and two clay fillers. All of these stabilizers have performed well when applied to the appropriate soils or aggregates. KW - Aggregate KW - Aggregates KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - By product KW - Chemical KW - Chemicals KW - Clay KW - Clay KW - Filler KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Material testing KW - Materials KW - Materials KW - Materials tests KW - Mineral KW - Minerals KW - Pitch KW - Pitch (Materials) KW - Pozzolan KW - Pozzolan KW - Roadbase stabilization KW - Soil stabilization KW - Soil stabilization KW - Stabilization KW - Waste products UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1169333 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100253 AU - Avent, R Richard AU - Gopu, Vijaya K A AU - Pentas, Herodotos A AU - Rebello, Keith J AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Design Considerations for Bridge Deck Joint Sealing Systems PY - 1992/07//Final Summary Report SP - 63p AB - This is a report summary which summarizes a three year research effort related to the study of bridge deck expansion joint movements. Bridge deck expansion joint systems often develop serious problems requiring extensive and expensive maintenance. This has become a nuisance to users and to bridge engineers, and many states have been involved in investigations aiming to alleviate this problem. Results reported by various states regarding the behavior of specific joint sealing systems have been contradictory, indicating that the problems may not be inherent with the particular system. Rather, the problems may stem from a failure to properly assess the actual joint movements, inadequate design criteria, improper installation procedures or other factors such as differences in environmental conditions. In recognition of these problems, a comprehensive experimental and analytical investigation of bridge deck expansion joint movements was undertaken to develop rational design methodologies for joints in modern bridges. The longitudinal across-the-expansion-joint movements of a newly constructed bridge in central Louisiana were experimentally evaluated. Since thermally induced movements comprise the bulk of the longitudinal deformations, the temperature characteristics of the bridge sections were also investigated. The movement of the supporting bents and their effects on joint movements were also studied. The bridge was instrumented to assess both short-term and long-term longitudinal movements. The recorded data were analyzed and utilized to determine whether the joints have been adequately designed to accommodate the movements. The effect of support restraints was also investigated. A rigorous and efficient analytical model to predict the long-term deformation behavior of bridges with multiple, precast, pretensioned, prestressed concrete girders supporting cast-in-place concrete deck slabs, was developed. A parametric study was conducted to quantify the influence of key geometric and material properties of the bridge on the long-term expansion joint movements. KW - Bridge decks KW - Creep KW - Expansion joints KW - Geometric design KW - Louisiana KW - Mathematical models KW - Motion KW - Properties of materials KW - Shrinkage KW - Temperature UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_245.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860197 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628783 AU - Moses, F AU - Case Western Reserve University AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRUCK WEIGHT EFFECTS ON BRIDGE COSTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 163 p. AB - States are facing strong pressure to allow heavier truck weights. Such increases in weight place a heavy burden on the bridge system which already suffers many structural deficiencies. Ohio is considering increases in weight through a permit system which would allow the collection of funds to maintain the safety and service life of the existing bridge system. This study has examined the statistics of both the Ohio State and non-State owned bridges under a very large variety of possible changes in truck weight regulations. Bridge cost models have been derived to cover new bridge construction, rehabilitation of capacities of existing bridges and reduced service life due to fatigue. For each portion of the bridge cost, the entire population of Ohio's bridges have been surveyed. Current legal ratings have been analyzed and expected changes due to weight law scenarios have been computed using simple span and continuous span bridge behavior analyses for bending moments. For each weight scenario, the overall required AASHTO HS design level required was assessed along with added construction cost. Further, the number of bridges that will need to be strengthened along with these costs was determined. Finally, a fatigue cost was estimated to be assessed for each crossing of a bridge by either a truck using a new weight regulation or falling into the superload class. Total bridge costs are computed for several hundreds of permit weight types and combined for both State and non-State bridges. The report also discusses the effects of heavier trucks on bridge design practices, permit fees, truck weight enforcement needs and implementation. KW - Axle loads KW - Bending moments KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridge construction KW - Bridges KW - Construction KW - Cost models KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Fatigue (Mechanics) KW - Fatigue life KW - Highway capacity KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Ohio KW - Permits KW - Rehabilitation KW - Service life KW - Strength of materials KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Truck effects (Bridges) KW - Truck laws & regulations KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369129 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00760558 AU - Disbro, J E AU - Bryden, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF A PRELIMINARY TORT LIABILITY DATABASE SYSTEM PY - 1992/07 SP - 47 p. AB - Increasing awards against the New York State Department of Transportation cover a wide range of contributing elements to settlements for alleged damages. Recognizing the need to know more about these claims, an investigation was undertaken, with the results reported here. The objectives were: 1) to establish a system to categorize claims, 2) to classify the elements involved in them, 3) to identify legal concepts cited in resulting decisions, and 4) to identify particular high-risk areas. Although circumstances dictated early termination of the study, the first two goals were accomplished. A database was developed to assign claims to specific categories, which classifies the Department's functions, highway features, and operational elements involved. A user-friendly data management system was organized for tort liability categories and is appended. KW - Classification KW - Coding systems KW - Data management systems KW - Databases KW - Loss and damage claims KW - New York (State) KW - State departments of transportation KW - Tort liability UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21133/PB99100307.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/496298 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00738944 AU - Hopwood, T AU - Oberst, C M AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SURVEY OF CURRENT BRIDGE PAINTING PRACTICES AND RELATED LITERATURE SEARCH PY - 1992/07 SP - 63 p. AB - A survey on current bridge painting practices was conducted. Questionnaires were sent to all 50 state highway agencies concerning their present bridge painting practices, changes in those practices that they anticipate due to environmental regulations, and new or experimental painting practices they are investigating. Forty-three responses were received. Those are collated and presented in the appendices along with comments of the responders. A literature search was conducted on publications related to painting of steel structures (since 1987). Forty-nine documents were identified as being relevant to the topic. Those documents are listed in bibliographic form in the appendices. KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridges KW - Data collection KW - Environmental protection KW - Guides to the literature KW - Innovation KW - Literature reviews KW - Maintenance KW - Painting KW - State departments of transportation KW - Surveys UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/572940 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625453 AU - Yazdani, N AU - Florida State University, Tallahassee AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON PRECAST BRIDGE GIRDERS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 132 p. AB - Precast concrete I-girders are commonly used by the Florida DOT to support short to moderately spanned highway bridges. These girders are subjected to daily and seasonal temperature variation during storage at precast yards. Thermal gradient over the depth of such girders can cause unwanted effects such as cracking, twisting or camber. This study was undertaken to investigate the temperature gradients and strains caused by differential temperature on precast girders. Types II, IV, V and VI AASHTO girders were instrumented with thermocouples and vibrating wire strain gages at a precast yard in two phases. Dataloggers were used to collect and store data over two week periods in summer and winter. Temperature and strain data were normalized with respect to the initial data. Data distributions over the depth and length of precast girders were developed. These distributions were compared with theoretical distributions from a computer program. It was found that the heat of hydration released soon after concrete casting in precast girders was significant during the first 24 hours. The temperature increase due to this effect can be as much as 48 deg F. Subsequently, the temperatures stabilize and undergo daily maximums (3 pm to 4 pm) and minimums (6 am to 7 am). The daily temperature range may near 30 deg F, while the daily peak may be near 100 deg F. It was found that the surface area of precast girders plays an important role in determining the radiational heat lost from these girders. In general, more heat is retained in the flanges of precast girders than the webs. Also, it was noted that the temperature remains essentially constant over girder length. Hypothetical thermal expansion coefficients developed for type VI girders varied over a wide range. This proves that a constant thermal coefficient should not be used to predict thermal strains in precast girders. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Coefficients KW - Computer programs KW - Data logging KW - Flanges KW - Heat loss KW - Heat of hydration KW - Highway bridges KW - Precast concrete KW - Storage facilities KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strain gages KW - Strains KW - Surface area KW - Surfaces KW - Temperature gradients KW - Theoretical data KW - Thermal expansion KW - Thermocouples KW - Vibrating wire KW - Vibrating wire transducers KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367938 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625332 AU - METCALF, D AU - Lattin, D J AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHANNEL LINING WITH FIBER REINFORCED SHOTCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 70 p. AB - The Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) has used four brands of discrete synthetic fibers in a drainage outfall channel lining as part of construction project ACI-10-3(270). The use of the fibers was intended to test the constructibility and performance of four commercially available fibers. If the fibers had proven effective, a generic specification for synthetic fiber reinforced shotcrete would have been developed. The drainage outfall channel is 500 ft long and has a 140 ft hydraulic perimeter. Each fiber was placed in a 50 ft long section of the 5 in. thick lining. The construction process was documented with videotape and still photography. Slump measurements were taken before and after addition of fibers. Compressive strength (ASTM C-42), flexural toughness (ASTM C-1018), and percent permeable voids (ASTM C-642) testing were conducted on samples cut from 2 ft x 3 ft panels. Four panels were fabricated during the construction of each of the test sections. Shortly after construction, visible plastic and drying shrinkage cracks were painted. Each test section was subsequently photographed and the lineal feet of cracks were determined. Beam and core samples were extracted from the channel lining after two years of service and compared with panel samples taken at the time of construction and stored for two years. Analysis of variance carried out at the 5% significance level indicates that the addition of fibers had no effect on compressive strength, flexural toughness, or percent permeable voids. The beam samples used in the flexural toughness testing did not indicate any flexural toughness beyond first crack. Crack surveys conducted shortly after construction and again after two years of service indicate that the lining is performing satisfactorily. This project was conducted to test the constructibility and performance of synthetic fibers used at manufacturers recommended dosages (1.6 lbs/cu yd for three of the fibers and 1.0 lb/cu yd for the other fiber). The test results indicate that at the levels of reinforcement used for this project the fibers provide no measurable advantage over plain shotcrete. Therefore no specification was developed as part of this project. KW - Analysis of variance KW - Channel linings KW - Compression tests KW - Compressive strength tests KW - Constructability KW - Construction KW - Cracking KW - Ditches KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Fiber reinforcement KW - Flexural strength KW - Performance KW - Photographs KW - Shotcrete KW - Shrinkage KW - Shrinkage cracks KW - Slump test KW - Synthetic fibers KW - Test results KW - Test sections KW - Void ratios KW - Voids UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26994/EP8902.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367855 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625207 AU - Woods, D L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF LOOP DETECTOR INSTALLATION PROCEDURES AND PREPARATION OF A TEXAS TRAFFIC SIGNAL DETECTOR MANUAL. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 136 p. AB - The documentary report summarizes the findings of this two year study. Test results, summaries of survey data, laboratory test and evaluation procedures are included. Special emphasis is given to loop shape, sealants and installation procedures. Several innovative loop applications are discussed. KW - Applications KW - Building KW - Facilities KW - Innovation KW - Installation KW - Loop detectors KW - Manuals KW - Sawing KW - Sealing compounds KW - Shape UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367793 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626702 AU - Tom, GKJ AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENTS ON SPIRAL TRANSITION CURVES IN CALIFORNIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 53 p. AB - This report provides the results of a comparative analysis of accident rates between spiral transition curves and standard curves on two-lane highways in California. The "fatal and injury" (F+I) accident rates for the two samples were summarized for various accident categories and curve radii (R): all radii, R < 550 ft, 550 ft < R < 1150 ft, and R > 1150 ft. The F+I accident rates for spiral curves were higher for curves with radii above 550 ft and were not significantly different on curves with radii of 550 ft or less. Therefore, it is recommended, at this time, that spiral curves NOT be adopted. Drivers might have more difficulty in perceiving curvature for spiral curves with radii of about 550 ft or above when compared to standard curves. There appears to be a "bias" towards right-hand curve accidents (travelling on the inside of a curve) for small radius spiral curves (R <= 550 ft). Accident rates were significantly higher on spiral curves for downgrades and upgrades over 4%, but were about the same on more level grades. Accident rates were significantly higher on spiral curves for the following categories of accidents: Primary Collision Factor: Influence of alcohol, speeding and other violations; Type of Collision: Hit object and overturn; and Movement Preceding Collision: Ran-off-road, cross-into-opposing-lane, and other. KW - Crash causes KW - Crash rates KW - Crash types KW - Curvature KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Highway curves KW - Spirals KW - Transition curves KW - Two lane highways KW - Upgrade KW - Upgrades (Roads) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00670454 AU - Hunsucker, D Q AU - Graves, R C AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPERIMENTAL ROAD BASE CONSTRUCTION UTILIZING ATMOSPHERIC FLUIDIZED BED COMBUSTION RESIDUE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 18 p. AB - This report summarizes findings of laboratory and field trial evaluations of two experimental test sections constructed adjacent to one another. One experimental section contained a mixture of pulverized fuel ash, residue from an atmospheric fluidized bed combustion process, and limestone aggregate. The second section contained a similar mixture but included a small amount of Type III cement. Both experimental sections were constructed to a total nominal thickness of nine inches. The typical design section included six inches of the experimental mixtures, used as base materials, beneath three inches asphaltic concrete. A previous report documented construction of the test sections and preliminary performance evaluations of the experimental base mixtures (UKTRP 87-15). Analyses of additional periodic deflection testing are detailed within this report. The experimental sections were monitored over a three year period. It was concluded, based upon performance observations and evaluation activities, that both experimental mixtures are suitable for use as a road base material. Both test sections performed well with no cracking, rutting or unexpected deterioration observed. Results of the deflection testing activities indicated that the pavement structure containing cement had somewhat higher stiffness values and generally maintained those values over time. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Base course (Pavements) KW - Cement treated bases KW - Cement treated soils KW - Deflection tests KW - Field tests KW - Fluidized bed combustion KW - Fluidized bed combustion residue KW - Fly ash KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Performance evaluations KW - Stiffness KW - Test sections KW - Thickness KW - Thickness design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/411198 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00647433 AU - Federal Highway Administration AU - Bicycle Federation of America TI - NATIONAL BICYCLING AND WALKING STUDY. CASE STUDY NO. 21: INTEGRATING BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN CONSIDERATIONS INTO STATE AND LOCAL TRANSPORTATION PLANNING, DESIGN, AND OPERATIONS PY - 1992/07 SP - 69 p. AB - The process of integrating bicycle and pedestrian considerations into State and local transportation planning, design, and operations has become known as "institutionalization". This case study examines this process. The major portion of the report deals with the various elements of integration that a State or local government agency can go through to make bicycling and walking a routine part of its operations. An important element dealt with is the way in which bicycling can become a normal, everyday activity in the eyes of the general public. The report is presented in the following sections: (1) Executive Summary; (2) Introduction; (3) Institutionalization; (4) Elements of Integration; (5) Legitimizing Bicycling and Walking; and (6) Conclusions and Recommendations. KW - Bicycle travel KW - Case studies KW - Institutionalization KW - Local government KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Recommendations KW - State government KW - Transportation planning KW - Urban transportation KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/387229 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625082 AU - Moore, M E AU - Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODEL BRIDGE STUDY. VOLUME III: DESIGN, FABRICATION AND INSTRUMENTATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 294 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) jointly conducted a research study at FHWA's structures laboratory entitled "Structural Modeling for Autostress by Loading Through a Precast Deck." The bridge under investigation was a two-span continuous three steel girder 0.4 scale model approximately 113 ft (34.44 m) long. The deck, consisting of transversely pretensioned panels, post-tensioned longitudinally, was composite with the steel girders. This report summarizes the design, fabrication, and instrumentation of the model bridge. Details of the model bridge are provided. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Fabrication KW - Girders KW - Instrumentation KW - Model tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Scale models KW - Steel girders KW - Structural design KW - Structural models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367747 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625083 AU - Moore, M E AU - Elnahal, K AU - Hong, W S AU - Albrecht, P AU - Grubb, M A AU - Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODEL BRIDGE STUDY. VOLUME IV: SERVICE LOAD, OVERLOAD, AND MAXIMUM LOAD TESTING. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 410 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) jointly conducted a research study at FHWA's structures laboratory entitled "Structural Modeling for Autostress by Loading Through a Precast Deck." The bridge under investigation was a two-span continuous three steel girder 0.4 scale model approximately 113 ft (34.44 m) long. The deck, consisting of transversely pretensioned panels, post-tensioned longitudinally, was composite with the steel girders. This report summarizes the results of service load, overload, and maximum load testing of the model bridge. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Girders KW - Load tests KW - Model tests KW - Overloads KW - Oversize loads KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Scale models KW - Service loading KW - Steel girders KW - Structural models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367748 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625081 AU - Moore, M E AU - Grubb, M A AU - Cayes, L R AU - Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODEL BRIDGE STUDY. VOLUME II: COMPONENT TEST REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 73 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) jointly conducted a research study at FHWA's structures laboratory entitled "Structural Modeling for Autostress by Loading Through a Precast Deck." The bridge under investigation was a two-span continuous three steel girder 0.4 scale model approximately 113 ft (34.44 m) long. The deck, consisting of transversely pretentioned panels, post-tensioned longitudinally, was composite with the steel girders. This report summarizes the results of a small-scale component test conducted to verify the moment rotation characteristics of the girder section proposed for use in the model bridge. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Girders KW - Model tests KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Rotation KW - Scale models KW - Steel girders KW - Structural models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367746 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625084 AU - Moore, M E AU - Wang, J AU - Albrecht, P AU - Gilstrap, C AU - Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODEL BRIDGE STUDY. VOLUME V: EVALUATION OF PRECAST DECK PANELS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 265 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) jointly conducted a research study at FHWA's structures laboratory entitled "Structural Modeling for Autostress by Loading Through a Precast Deck." The bridge under investigation was a two-span continuous three steel girder 0.4 scale model approximately 113 ft (34.44 m) long. The deck, consisting of transversely pretensioned panels, post-tensioned longitudinally, was composite with the steel girders. This report summarizes the results of tests on the precast prestressed modular bridge deck panels. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Girders KW - Model tests KW - Precast concrete KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Scale models KW - Steel girders KW - Structural models KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367749 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625225 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WORK ZONE TRAFFIC CONTROL INFORMATION CATALOG PY - 1992/07 SP - 36 p. AB - This booklet is intended to be a single information resource for currently available Technology Transfer (T2) products on the subjects of traffic control and safety in highway construction and maintenance zones. This booklet is of particular value to state and local highway engineers who are responsible for planning, managing, implementing and inspecting traffic control devices in work and maintenance zones, as well as to individuals who are in need of, or provide, continuing training on all aspects of work-zone traffic management. For each product listed, the address and telephone number of contact agencies are provided along with a brief description and the terms for acquisition. Some of the products can be obtained without charge, some can be obtained at processing cost, some can be borrowed, and others can be purchased at nominal fees. KW - Catalogs KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Natural resources KW - Products KW - Technology transfer KW - Traffic control device maintenance KW - Traffic control devices KW - Traffic safety KW - Training KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367803 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625197 AU - HUDSON, S W AU - Anderson, V L AU - Irick, P E AU - Carmichael, R F AU - McCullough, B F AU - ARE Engineering Consultants, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPACT OF TRUCK CHARACTERISTICS ON PAVEMENTS: TRUCK LOAD EQUIVALENCY FACTORS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 220 p. AB - Truck load equivalency factors relate vehicle axle loads to pavement damage and life. They provide a method to convert the effects of mixed traffic to a standard loading condition. Equivalent loadings for most pavement design and evaluation procedures are currently predicted using the AASHTO method of equivalency factors. This study was undertaken to evaluate various types of primary pavement response derived load equivalency factors. These use pavement response measurements such as strain and deflection to estimate the equivalent damaging effect of any axle loading condition. These types of factors are also expressed in terms of a relative number of equivalent standard axle loads. A number of primary response equivalency factor methods were evaluated and several selected for further study. Deflection and strain pavement response measurements were evaluated over an experimental factorial of axle type, axle load, tire pressure, speed, pavement thickness, and pavement temperature. Primary response load equivalencies were calculated using the selected methods and a number of statistical comparisons were made. Results of the study indicate that the concept of primary response truck load equivalency factors is viable and can be extremely useful for estimating load equivalence for pavement design and research purposes. Results also indicate which of the vehicle and pavement factors studied most significantly affect the estimate of load equivalency. Recommendations are also made for use of primary response load equivalencies and for further research into the subject. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Axle loads KW - Deflection KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Load equivalency factors KW - Load factor KW - Methodology KW - Pavement deflection KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement life KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Statistical analysis KW - Strain measurement KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367784 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625080 AU - Moore, M E AU - Grubb, M A AU - Cayes, L R AU - Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MODEL BRIDGE STUDY. VOLUME I: SUMMARY REPORT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 152 p. AB - The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) jointly conducted a research study at FHWA's structures laboratory entitled "Structural Modeling for Autostress by Loading Through a Precast Deck." The bridge under investigation was a two-span continuous three steel girder 0.4 scale model approximately 113 ft (34.44 m) long. The deck, consisting of transversely pretensioned panels, post-tensioned longitudinally, was composite with the steel girders. This report summarizes the research program. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Girders KW - Model tests KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Research programs KW - Research projects KW - Scale models KW - Steel girders KW - Structural models UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367745 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625059 AU - Pisarski, A E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NEW PERSPECTIVES IN COMMUTING PY - 1992/07 SP - 38 p. AB - This report is based on early data from the 1990 Decennial Census and the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Study (NPTS). It provides a first glimpse of the census material. It is not intended to be definitive. Rather, it seeks to call attention to some of the dramatic changes that have occurred in commuting across the Nation and to identify some of the themes that will be developed further as more detailed information becomes available. The report is organized as follows: Introduction; National Trends (demography, commuting in contrast, commuting patterns, and place of residence--place of work relationships); State Patterns (households with no vehicles, households with three or more vehicles, and travel time trends); and Selected Metropolitan Patterns (modal trends, travel time trends, and selected area observations). The selected area observations are for the areas surrounding and including the following cities: Portland; Seattle; Sacramento; Los Angeles; San Francisco; Houston; Washington, D.C.; and Dallas. KW - 1990 Census KW - Automobile ownership KW - Census KW - Commuting KW - Demographics KW - Households KW - Metropolitan areas KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey KW - Relationships KW - Residential location KW - Travel patterns KW - Travel time KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Workplaces UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367724 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625066 AU - Johnson, G AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A USER EXPERIENCE WITH HYDRAIN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 4 p. AB - This report briefly summarizes the beta testing, by a state transportation agency, of HYDRAIN. HYDRAIN is a personal computer-based hydraulic design software package developed by GKY Consultants under FHWA Pool Fund Study HPR-2(126). Several versions of HYDRAIN were tested. Questions and problems were discussed with GKY Consultants, the FHWA contractor, and then documented in our quarterly reports to improve the software. Some computer bugs were encountered and corrected through interaction with GKY Consultants, while other minor bugs still remain in the current Version 3. No accuracy problems were ever encountered after input errors were resolved. Version 4 may correct most of these remaining bugs. HYDRAIN is an effective design tool and is recommended for use by hydraulic design engineers. Combined with ready access to a personal computer for each hydraulic designer, the program greatly improves speed, convenience, and accuracy. The computer hydraulic design software HYDRAIN should be continually maintained and upgraded as improvements are needed. An input editor similar to EDIT2 is needed to allow HYDRAIN to become more user friendly. HYDRAIN could become an AASHTO shareware product to keep the software current. KW - Accuracy KW - Bridges KW - Culverts KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Personal computers KW - Software KW - Storm sewers KW - Structural design KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367731 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625060 AU - Bohman, L R AU - U.S. Geological Survey AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS FOR STREAMS IN SOUTH CAROLINA: VOLUME 2. ESTIMATION OF PEAK-DISCHARGE FREQUENCY, RUNOFF VOLUMES, AND FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS FOR URBAN WATERSHEDS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 87 p. AB - Knowledge of the magnitude and frequency of floods is needed for the design of highway drainage structures, for establishing flood insurance rates, and for many other uses by urban planners and engineers. Urban flood hydrographs also are needed for the design of many highway drainage structures and embankments and floodwater storage structures. This report describes methods that can be used to estimate peak-discharge-frequency relations, flood hydrographs, and flood volumes for ungaged urban streams in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain provinces of South Carolina. Data from streamgaging stations on 34 urban watersheds in South Carolina, Georgia, and North Carolina, ranging in size from 0.18 to 41.0 square miles, were used in the analyses. A rainfall-runoff model was calibrated for 23 urban drainage basins in South Carolina. The model, long-term rainfall data, and observed and synthetic evaporation data were used to synthesize a series of annual peak discharges for each site. The logarithms of the annual peaks were fitted to a Pearson Type III distribution to determine the frequency of peak discharge. Multiple regression equations were developed for estimating peak discharges having recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 years using data from 34 gaging stations in South Carolina, North Carolina, and Georgia. The explanatory variables affecting peak discharge were drainage area, total impervious area, and rural discharge of equivalent recurrence interval. Average standard errors of prediction for the relations range from plus or minus 25.6% to plus or minus 34.3%. A method is presented for estimating flood hydrographs by applying a specific peak discharge and adjusted basin lag time to one of two dimensionless hydrographs that were developed by using data from 30 stations in South Carolina and Georgia. The standard errors of estimate for the simulated hydrograph widths at 50% and 75%, respectively, of observed peak discharge were plus or minus 27.0% and plus or minus 29.8% for basins in the Piedmont and upper Coastal Plain and plus or minus 19.8% and plus or minus 24.5% for basins in the lower Coastal Plain. An equation for estimating average basin lag time for use in applying the dimensionless hydrograph technique also was developed. Significant explanatory variables for estimating lag time were total impervious area; the 2-year, 2-hour rainfall amount; and a variable combining main channel length and slope. The standard error of prediction for the lag time relation was plus or minus 23.8%. Two regression equations that provide average runoff volume, in inches, for a flood hydrograph with a specific peak discharge also are provided. The explanatory variables used in the volume equations were peak discharge, average basin lag time, and drainage area. The standard error of prediction for the volume equations was plus or minus 18.7%. The regression equations for estimating runoff volume are used to adjust average basin lag time before application of the dimensionless hydrograph method. KW - Equations KW - Estimating KW - Flood hydrographs KW - Frequency (Electromagnetism) KW - Lag time KW - Multiple regression KW - Multiple regression analysis KW - Peak discharge KW - Rainfall KW - Runoff KW - South Carolina KW - Streams KW - Urban areas KW - Watersheds KW - Weather forecasting UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367725 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625009 AU - Hanks, J W AU - Lomax, T J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1989 ROADWAY CONGESTION ESTIMATES AND TRENDS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 79 p. AB - This research report is the fourth year continuation of a six year research effort focused on quantifying urban mobility. This study contains the facility information for 50 urban areas throughout the country. The data base used for this research contains vehicle-miles of travel, urban area information, facility mileage, and facility lane-mile data from 1982 to 1989. Various federal, state, and local agencies provided the information used to update and verify the primary data base. The primary data base and source of information is the Federal Highway Administration's Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS). Vehicle-miles of travel and lane-mile data were combined to develop Roadway Congestion Index (RCI) values for 50 urban areas including the seven largest in Texas. These RCI values provide an indicator of the relative mobility level within an urban area. An analysis of the impacts and cost of congestion was also performed using travel delay, increased fuel consumption, and additional facility lane-miles as measures of urban mobility. Congestion costs were estimated on an areawide, per registered vehicle, and per capita basis. KW - Costs KW - Databases KW - Economic impacts KW - Estimates KW - Fuel consumption KW - Highway performance monitoring system KW - Impacts KW - Lane miles KW - Mobility KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Urban areas KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367674 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624995 AU - Ulberg, C AU - Etchart, G AU - Whitaker, B AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LOCAL OPTION COMMERCIAL PARKING TAX ANALYSIS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 184 p. AB - Increasing traffic is a major problem in the Puget Sound region of Washington State. In March 1990, the Washington State Legislature passed Senate Bill 6358, enabling local jurisdictions to impose a commercial parking tax. This paper analyzes Senate Bill 6358. During the course of the evaluation, several alternative tax structures were developed and redesigned to work within the Bill's legal requirements. The alternatives were evaluated on the basis of public opinion, revenue generation, and administrative efficiency. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Local government KW - Parking KW - Puget Sound KW - Puget Sound Region KW - Taxation KW - Traffic congestion UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/251.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367661 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624997 AU - Paselk, T AU - Mannering, F AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AUTOMATED VEHICLE DELAY ESTIMATION AND MOTORIST INFORMATION AT THE U.S./CANADIAN BORDER. A SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 43 p. AB - Congestion related delays at the U.S./Canadian border crossing between Washington State and British Columbia have underscored the need for some sort of intervention. One obvious congestion mitigation measure is to estimate delay and relay this information to motorists so they may select among alternative, less-congested border crossing sites or delay their trip. This study defines an automated motorist information system that provides border delay estimate to motorists. The report begins by providing a detailed description of the study area, characteristics of international travel, border crossing congestion mitigation alternatives, and a physical assessment of the four border crossings being considered; the two crossings at Blaine, Washington, and the crossings at Lynden, Washington, and Sumas, Washington. On the basis of a study of travel on northbound I-5 at Blaine, and the resultant statistical analysis, a model capable of predicting delay based primarily on queue length was developed. This model can be used as an integral part of a motorist information system that will include: 1) detectors to estimate queue length; 2) software to predict delay using the statistical model; and 3) methods of disseminating delay information to the public, including highway advisory radio (HAR) and variable message signs (VMS). The report concludes by discussing the implementation of this system and estimating costs. KW - British Columbia KW - Canada KW - Cost estimating KW - Driver information systems KW - Estimates KW - Forecasting KW - Highway advisory KW - Implementation KW - International borders KW - Length KW - Mathematical models KW - Mitigation KW - Queuing KW - Radio KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic delays KW - Traffic mitigation KW - United States KW - Variable message signs KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/258.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367663 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624998 AU - Balogh, M AU - MANNERING, F L AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE MATTER DISPERSION NEAR URBAN ROADWAYS. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 94 p. AB - Particulate matter and its dispersion near urban roadways has become an issue of increasing concern due to the possible health risks associated with the human inhalation of small particulates. Despite the potential health risk, little is known about the concentration of particulates near urban roadways or the particulates emission rates of various vehicles. This research focuses on particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers (microns), and typically denoted PM sub 2.5, due to the high potential health risks of such small particles. Data were collected along roadways on the University of Washington. The results of the data collection and subsequent statistical analysis revealed, as expected, that urban buses were far and away the major source of particulate emissions and that buses with low exhaust pipes are more of a threat to pedestrian traffic. More interestingly, our findings suggest that procedure AP-42 for calculating particulate matter near urban roadways is grossly inaccurate, producing values that are one to two orders of magnitude higher than actually observed PM sub 2.5 values. KW - Buses KW - Data collection KW - Exhaust gases KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Hazards KW - Health KW - Particulates KW - Pedestrians KW - Risk assessment KW - Statistical analysis KW - Urban highways UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/262.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367664 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624999 AU - Balogh, M AU - MANNERING, F L AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF PARTICULATE MATTER DISPERSION NEAR URBAN ROADWAYS: A SUMMARY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 20 p. AB - Particulate matter and its dispersion near urban roadways has become an issue of increasing concern because of the possible health risks to humans associated with the inhalation of small particulates. Despite the potential health risk, little is known about the concentration of particulates near urban roadways or the particulates emission rates of various vehicles. This research focused on particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers (microns), typically denoted PM sub 2.5, because of the high potential health risks of such small particles. Data were collected along roadways on the University of Washington campus. The results of the data collection and subsequent statistical analysis revealed, as expected, that urban buses are far and away the major source of particulate emissions and that buses with low exhaust pipes are more of a threat to pedestrian traffic. More interestingly, our findings suggest that procedure AP-42 for calculating particulate matter near urban roadways is grossly inaccurate, producing values that are one to two orders of magnitude higher than actually observed PM sub 2.5 values. KW - Buses KW - Data collection KW - Exhaust gases KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Hazards KW - Health KW - Particulates KW - Pedestrians KW - Risk assessment KW - Statistical analysis KW - Urban highways UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/262.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367665 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624976 AU - Wyant, D C AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FIELD PERFORMANCE OF A POROUS ASPHALTIC PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 53 p. AB - The Virginia Department of Transportation constructed a 2.52-acre parking lot of porous asphaltic pavement in Warrenton, Virginia. Runoff from the lot was collected and monitored for quantity, detention time, and quality. Prior to the lot opening for public use, three storms were successfully monitored. After the lot was opened to the public, four storms were monitored to ascertain whether traffic affected the lot's performance. It was determined that the lot was not performing as desired in the detention of runoff because of the slope across the parking lot, thus this portion of the research effort was terminated. The structural strength of the pavement has been monitored and has performed well for four years. Two recommendations that address design considerations were made as a result of this study: (1) The permeability of the underlying soil layers should be determined and considered as the main criterion in the design; and (2) The subgrade and riding surface of a porous asphaltic pavement should not have any slope. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Catch basins KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Detention basins KW - Field performance KW - Parking lots KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Permeability KW - Porous materials KW - Porous pavements KW - Recommendations KW - Runoff KW - Slopes KW - Soil permeability KW - Soils KW - Storms KW - Subgrade (Pavements) UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36845/92-R10.pdf UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/37000/37300/37318/06-r35.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624935 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - HIGH PRIORITY RESEARCH AREAS FOR THE OFFICE OF THE ASSOCIATE ADMINISTRATOR FOR POLICY. SEARCHING FOR SOLUTIONS: ANNUAL POLICY CONTRACT RESEARCH PROGRAM PY - 1992/07 SP - 33 p. AB - This report summarizes the Federal Highway Administration's policy contract research program for fiscal years 1992 and 1993 and preliminary concepts for fiscal year 1994. It is intended that this report will serve as a point of discussion for transportation professionals in government and industry in seeking consensus on a research and technology agenda for the future. The report is organized by the following high priority areas: Improving policy analysis of emerging energy, environmental, and highway financing issues; Improving tools for highway cost allocation, truck size and weight, and freight demand analysis; Strategic system performance analysis; Interrelationships between highway investment and economic productivity; and Improving transportation data acquisition and management. KW - Cost allocation KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Data management KW - Demand KW - Economic development KW - Energy KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Financing KW - Freight transportation KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Highways KW - Information processing KW - Investments KW - Policy KW - Policy analysis KW - Productivity KW - Research KW - Size KW - Strategic planning KW - Systems analysis KW - Trucks KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367604 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633247 AU - Ernzen, J J AU - Carrasquillo, R L AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESISTANCE OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE TO COLD WEATHER ENVIRONMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 326 p. AB - This report describes an experimental laboratory evaluation program which was conducted on several high strength concrete mix designs in order to ascertain the effects of various air entrainment levels in the short and long-term performance of high strength concrete. The project included comparisons in slump, strengths, freeze-thaw cycling performance, chloride ion penetration, permeability, deicer scaling, and microscopical air void analyses. KW - Air entrainment KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Chlorides KW - Cold weather KW - Concrete KW - Concrete strength KW - Deicers KW - Deicers (Equipment) KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - High strength concrete KW - Long term KW - Mix design KW - Performance KW - Permeability KW - Scaling KW - Short term KW - Slump test KW - Strength of materials KW - Time duration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374245 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628940 AU - Liang, R Y AU - University of Akron AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETERMINATION OF WAVE EQUATION SOIL PARAMETERS USING IN-SITU TESTING TECHNIQUES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 325 p. AB - The main objective of this research project was the development of practical in-situ soil testing techniques for deriving site-specific Smith model parameters. A total of four different in-situ soil testing methods have been investigated: dynamic cone penetrometer test (DCPT), dynamic small-rod probing test with and without the attendant high strain test data, and the inverse search technique in connection with the modified Standard Penetration Testing. Each approach was evaluated on the basis of the following criteria: ease of operation, rigorousness of the developed theory for data reduction, and comparisons with field data. DCPT was recommended as the best in-situ soil testing method for deducing the Smith model parameters. A projectile penetration based data reduction procedure was formulated and coded into a user-friendly, microcomputer program DCPT to facilitate field application. The research also resulted in the development of a modified dynamic method and a microcomputer program DEEP for pile driving control. The method offers a reliable estimate of the shaft resistance of the driven pile. This method can be used as an economical alternative to the wave equation approach in a project where only a small number of driven piles are involved. The transfer function suitable for the dynamic soil-pile interaction system has been successfully derived and validated. The inverse-search technique in conjunction with the derived transfer function offers an alternative means for determining the Smith model parameters. A numerical simulation algorithm based on measured high-strain signals has been developed. It eliminates the iterative and trial-and-error procedure of current CAPWAPC signal-match approach. It also offers a promising tool for the development of an improved soil-pile interaction model. KW - Algorithms KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Cone penetrometers KW - Dynamic penetration test KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Field tests KW - Microcomputers KW - Pile driving KW - Resistance (Mechanics) KW - Shaft resistance KW - Shafts (Machinery) KW - Simulation KW - Soil structure interaction KW - Soil tests KW - Transfer functions KW - Wave equations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369252 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00627017 AU - Pisarski, A E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAVEL BEHAVIOR ISSUES IN THE 90'S: 1990 NATIONWIDE PERSONAL TRANSPORTATION SURVEY PY - 1992/07 SP - 89 p. AB - This report addresses travel behavior issues in the 90's based on data from the 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS) and the 1985 and 1989 American Housing Surveys (AHS). A selective review of changes in the amount, purpose, and mode of personal travel, as related to various demographic and geographic factors, is provided. The report is organized in the following eight chapters: (1) Changes in Person Miles of Travel; (2) Changes in Vehicle Miles of Travel; (3) What Has Happened with Transit?; (4) Trends in Vehicle Alternatives to Work; (5) Describing Women's Travel Behavior; (6) Vehicle Occupancy Trends and Patterns; (7) Changes in Trip Length; and (8) Work Trip Travel Times. KW - American Housing Survey KW - Areas KW - Data analysis KW - Demographics KW - Females KW - Geographic areas KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Modal selection KW - Mode choice KW - Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey KW - Passenger miles KW - Public transit KW - Travel behavior KW - Travel time KW - Trend (Statistics) KW - Trip length KW - Trip purpose KW - Vehicle miles of travel KW - Vehicle occupancy KW - Work trips UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368535 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626710 AU - Elgaaly, M AU - Sandford, T AU - Seshadri, A AU - University of Maine, Orono AU - Maine Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SEISMIC DESIGN OF MAINE BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 351 p. AB - The report includes literature review in the areas of seismology, past performance of bridges under seismic events, current bridge design philosophy, seismic isolation, and different types of seismic analyses. Earthquake hazards in New England in general and Maine in particular are addressed. The design criteria as specified in AASHTO Guide Specifications for Seismic Design of Highway Bridges is summarized and a brief description of the computer program SEUSAB is given. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Computer programs KW - Design KW - Design criteria KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Earthquakes KW - Guides to the literature KW - Hazards KW - Highway bridges KW - Literature reviews KW - Maine KW - New England KW - Performance KW - Seismology KW - Specifications KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368380 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626708 AU - Rouphail, N M AU - Illinois Transportation Research Consortium AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION OF CAPACITY ANALYSIS PROCEDURES FOR LEFT TURN LANES IN ILLINOIS. PHASE I FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/07 SP - 135 p. AB - Phase I of this research study has two principal objectives: (1) Provide local calibration values for saturation flow rates for exclusive, dual left-turn lanes (EDLTL) in large urban areas in Illinois; and (2) Develop delay-based guidelines for converting exclusive single to dual left-turn lanes (ESLTL to EDLTL) in urban areas in Illinois. Field data were gathered at nine sites in the Chicago Metropolitan area. These indicated that the average saturation flow rate for dual left-turn lane was 1831 vph/lane. Considering that a previous study found the ideal saturation flow rate for similar locations to be 2,000 vph/lane, the resulting left turn factor is 0.92. This is the same value recommended in the 1985 HCM. The study also found a lane differential effect on saturation flow rate with the median lane having a saturation flow rate of over 1900 vph. Delay models have been established for the critical left turn and opposing through movements for both ESLTL and EDLTL configurations. With single left turn lanes, protected-permissive phasing is assumed; with dual lanes, protected-only phasing is applied. In both cases, the intersection control was optimized (cycle length + splits) using the SIDRA computer package. Delay models are expressed in terms of total intersection critical value and subject street critical volume. A graphical form of the guidelines is also given. KW - Calibration KW - Chicago (Illinois) KW - Dual left turn lanes KW - Field data KW - Field studies KW - Highway capacity KW - Left turn lanes KW - Optimization KW - Saturation flow KW - Signalized intersections KW - Traffic flow KW - Urban areas KW - Validation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368378 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629150 AU - Ludlow, S J AU - Chen, W-F AU - Bourdeau, P L AU - Lovell, C W AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PHASE II - EMBANKMENT WIDENING AND GRADE RAISING ON SOFT FOUNDATION SOILS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06/30 SP - 356 p. AB - The finite element technique using a cap elastic-plastic work-hardening soil behavior model was applied to the analysis of embankments constructed on soft foundation soils. A procedure was provided to estimate the cap model parameters from conventional field and laboratory test results. A sensitivity analysis of the cap model parameters comparing the observed and calculated responses was also provided. Results indicate that the undrained shear strength and over-consolidation ratios were observed to have the most-significant influence on the predicted model behavior. The technique was then applied to the analysis of two examples. The examples were based on actual highway projects in Indiana where information on these projects was provided by Indiana Department of Transportation personnel. Results of the analysis were used to determine the influence of several factors on reinforced and unreinforced embankment behavior. The results indicated that the crust strength and foundation compressibility had the most-significant influence on embankment fill and foundation soil behavior and the potential benefit possible with reinforcement. Reinforcement type/modulus also influenced the behavior of the embankment fill and foundation soil but to a lesser extent when compared to crust strength. The use of reinforcement for widening and grade raising of existing embankments appeared to be beneficial in reducing lateral movement. KW - Cap plasticity model KW - Compressibility KW - Crust strength KW - Embankments KW - Finite element method KW - Foundation soils KW - Fracture tests KW - Geotextiles KW - Grade raising KW - Overconsolidation KW - Pavement widening KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Soft soils KW - Soil behavior KW - Soil mechanics KW - Undrained shear strength KW - Widening UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369435 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626701 AU - MacCarley, C A AU - Dotson, S AU - California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF CLOSED-CIRCUIT TELEVISION TECHNOLOGY FOR APPLICATION IN HIGHWAY OPERATIONS. FINAL REPORT, REVISION 2 PY - 1992/06/30 SP - 647 p. AB - Cal Poly tested Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras to evaluate their potential for application to freeway operation. Since camera specifications were not determined using industry wide standardized tests, Cal Poly developed a test suite to enable repeatable and comparative testing for all cameras under daytime and night lighting conditions. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Cameras KW - Closed circuit television KW - Daylight KW - Field tests KW - Freeway operations KW - Highway operations KW - Highway traffic control KW - Laboratory tests KW - Night KW - Performance evaluations KW - Traffic surveillance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368371 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00636422 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROUNDTABLE DISCUSSION ON FEDERAL-AID TOLL FINANCING OF ISTEA PY - 1992/06/24 SP - 16 p. AB - There is a broad recognition of a shortfall in highway funding--especially in growing areas of the U.S. In response, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991 introduced new flexibility into highway finance with provisions which widen the applicability of tolls on the Federal Aid Highway System and offer options for States to develop new forms of public/private partnerships to finance and develop or reconstruct highways, bridges and tunnels. The 29 States with existing toll entities exhibit a wide range of variation in institutional settings and financial arrangements. States vary with regard to the types and number of toll entities and their relationships--legal, administrative and financial--with State highway agencies. While conventional fuel and vehicle tax-based finance will remain dominant, toll-based supplementary approaches and tapping private investment capital are made more attractive by provisions of ISTEA. In addition to the toll and private loan features, soft match credit provides an additional incentive to States for consideration of toll options. The discussion at the roundtable covered a broad range of topics focussing on the range of institutional relationships that are evolving around the U.S. and the potential that ISTEA offers to support mutual objectives. KW - Federal aid highways KW - Financing KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Public private partnerships KW - Tolls UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/379917 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624963 AU - Foster, M L AU - Humphrey, S R AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTIVENESS OF WILDLIFE CROSSINGS IN REDUCING ANIMAL/AUTO COLLISIONS ON INTERSTATE 75, BIG CYPRESS SWAMP, FLORIDA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06/24 SP - 128 p. AB - The Florida panther recovery plan identified a need to reduce highway mortality of panthers. To this end, a system of wildlife crossings, consisting of 24 underpasses along 40 miles of fenced highway, were installed along the newly constructed I-75 in southwest Florida. Engineering solutions to wildlife-vehicle conflicts have proven feasible under many circumstances, but most experience pertained to ungulates and small to medium-sized animals; effectiveness of crossing structures for large carnivores was not known. This study was designed to determine whether the wildlife crossings installed along I-75 effectively allow for panther movement across the road while reducing the number of panthers hit by cars. The wildlife crossings should compensate for the obstruction of the fenced highway by providing panthers a safe and acceptable means of travel across the highway corridor. Management recommendations for preventing highway-related mortality of panthers along I-75 include halting human trespass, inspecting the fence frequently, promptly repairing fence damage, and developing a contingency plan for rescuing any panther caught within the fence. It these recommendations are followed, panther road-kills along I-75 should be prevented. KW - Effectiveness KW - Endangered species KW - Fatalities KW - Fences KW - Florida KW - Inspection KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Management KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Mortality rates KW - Panthers KW - Recommendations KW - Repairing KW - Search and rescue operations KW - Underpasses KW - Vehicle occupant rescue KW - Wildlife UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367631 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457343 AU - Chen, Wei-Yao AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Maps of Wells County, Indiana PY - 1992/06/11/Final Report SP - 98p AB - The engineering soils map of Wells County, Indiana that accompanies this report was prepared by airphoto interpretation techniques using accepted principles of observation and inference. The 7-inch x 9-inch aerial photographs used in this study were taken in the summer of 1940 for the United States Department of Agriculture. Standard symbols were developed and they were employed to delineate landform-parent material associations and soil textures. Extensive use was made of the Agricultural Soil Description Report of Wells County. It was particularly useful as a cross-reference to check soil boundaries, and to locate gravel pits and ponds that were not present on the 1940 aerial photographs. The text of this report supplements the Engineering Soil Map. It includes general descriptions of the study area, and the different landform-parent material regions. Engineering considerations associated with each region are also briefly addressed. The map and report are part of a continuing effort to complete a comprehensive soil survey for the state of Indiana. Included on the map is a set of subsurface soil profiles that illustrate the approximate variation of the soils in each landform-parent material area. The profiles were constructed from information obtained from agricultural literature and from boring data collected from roadway and bridge site investigations. Boring locations are shown on the map. Appendix A contains a summary of boring data and classification test results for these locations. Also, useful correlations for estimating soil properties are collected in Appendix C. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series KW - Wells County (Indiana) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314616 UR - http://ia600403.us.archive.org/9/items/engineeringsoils9217chen/engineeringsoils9217chen.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218874 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457336 AU - Chen, Wei-Yao AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Maps of Johnson County, Indiana PY - 1992/06/07 SP - 125p AB - The engineering soils map of Johnson County, Indiana that accompanies this report was prepared by airphoto interpretation techniques using accepted principles of observation and inference. The 7-inch x 9-inch aerial photographs used in this study were taken in the summer of 1971 for the United States Department of Agriculture. Standard symbols were developed and they were employed to delineate landform-parent material associations and soil textures. Extensive use was made of the Agricultural Soil Survey of Johnson County published in 1979. It was particularly useful as a cross-reference to check soil boundaries, and to locate gravel pits and ponds that were not present on the 1971 aerial photographs. The text of this report supplements the Engineering Soil Map. It includes general descriptions of the study area, and the different landform-parent material regions. Engineering considerations associated with each region are also briefly addressed. The map and report are part of a continuing effort to complete a comprehensive soil survey for the state of Indiana. Included on the map is a set of subsurface soil profiles that illustrate the approximate variation of the soils in each landform-parent material area. The profiles were constructed from information obtained from agricultural literature and from boring data collected from roadway and bridge site investigations. Boring locations are shown on the map. Appendix A contains a summary of boring data and classification test results for these locations. The physical, chemical, and engineering index properties of these soils are included in Appendices B and C. Lastly, useful correlations for estimating soil properties are collected in Appendix E. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Johnson County (Indiana) KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314615 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623613 AU - Roper, B A AU - Fricker, J D AU - Sinha, K C AU - Montgomery, R E AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE EFFECTS OF THE ALL-RED CLEARANCE INTERVAL ON INTERSECTION ACCIDENT RATES IN INDIANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06/03 SP - 63 p. AB - The research reported is an evaluation of all-red clearance intervals as the second phase of a project involving traffic signal operation. The first phase of the project dealt with leading versus lagging left turn signal phasing. The study analyzed both the short-term and long-term effects of all-red interval on accident rates in Indiana using accident records for the years 1981 to 1987. The results contradict those of previous studies. Statistical tests indicated that all-red clearance intervals did not cause a reduction in accident rates at the intersections studied in Indiana. KW - All red period KW - Clearance interval (Traffic signal cycle) KW - Crash rates KW - Impacts KW - Indiana KW - Signalized intersections KW - Statistical analysis KW - Traffic signal phases KW - Traffic signal timing KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363459 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629099 AU - Scheck, D E AU - Ohio Automation, Incorporated AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPLEMENTATION OF COORDINATED SIGNAL MONITORING AND PLAYBACK SYSTEMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06/01 SP - 107 p. AB - The emphasis of this project was the implementation of the coordinated signal monitoring and playback system which was developed in an earlier project. The purpose of that system is to evaluate the performance of a system of coordinated signals. The user collects data on vehicle actuations and signal states for a series of coordinated signals and the system synchronizes the observations in time and displays the equivalent of a time-space diagram based on actual rather than theoretical traffic flow. The scope of the work included modifying the coordinated signal monitoring system design to use the 60 cycle frequency of the AC power line as the time base, and simplifying the process for synchronizing the system clocks. The existing units were modified and five additional units were built. Another objective was to develop a portable battery operated vehicle detection unit that would communicate with the data acquisition unit over an RF link. No radio transceiver that met the range and power requirements for such a system could be found. In order to simplify the user interface, the playback software was converted to the Windows environment and modified to give the user more control over the display format. A comprehensive users manual was developed to cover the installing of the equipment, transferring data to a personal computer and displaying the results. Formal classroom as well as field training was done to encourage the widespread use of the system by traffic engineers and signal electricians. KW - Coordinated signal monitoring KW - Coordinated signals KW - Data collection KW - Diagrams KW - Implementation KW - Performance evaluations KW - Software KW - Time-space diagrams KW - Traffic signal control systems KW - Traffic signals UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01547826 AU - Elliott, Robert P AU - Ford, Miller C AU - Wong, Sing Kuok AU - University of Arkansas, Fayetteville AU - Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Study of Rutting Resistance of Asphalt Mixes PY - 1992/06//Final Report SP - 69p AB - The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of limiting the amount of natural sand on the relative rut resistance of Arkansas asphalt concrete mixes. Two mixes were tested with natural sand and with the natural sand replaced with a crushed stone sand. The mix gradations were also varied. In addition to the project job mix formula, each combination of aggregates was used in mixes with a standard fine gradation and a standard coarse gradation. All combinations were tested both in simple (static) creep and in a repeated load, dynamic permanent deformation test. The use of crushed stone sand in place of natural sand was shown to improve rut resistance and the dynamic test was found to be the better method for evaluating rutting potential. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Creep tests KW - Crushed rock KW - Dynamic tests KW - Rutting KW - Sand UR - http://www.arkansastrc.com/TRC%20REPORTS/TRC%208903.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1334832 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01407016 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Walker, Jordan TI - In-vehicle navigational devices: effects on the safety of driver performance PY - 1992/06 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - 9-22 KW - Average speed KW - Average travel speed KW - Driver performance KW - Driver performance KW - Lateral placement KW - Lateral position KW - Navigation KW - Navigation KW - Reaction time KW - Reaction time UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1174812 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01100262 AU - Bullard, D Lance AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Crash Testing of Louisiana's Multi-Directional, Single Steel Post, Small Sign Support PY - 1992/06//Final Report SP - 31p AB - The Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development (LDOTD) contracted with the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) to evaluate the impact characteristics of Louisiana's multi-directional slip base, 5-inch diameter steel post, small sign support when impacted by an 1,800 lb vehicle at 20 and 60 mi/h. However, only the low-speed crash test was conducted. The crash test was conducted and evaluated in accordance with criteria provided in the 1985 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Guide: "Standards Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals" and the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 230. The 60 mi/h crash test was not conducted due to the severity of damage sustained to the test vehicle and the results of the data collected in the low-speed test. The low-speed test failed to meet the test criteria by: (1) the sign installation violated the occupant compartment integrity and (2) excessive occupant impact velocity in the longitudinal direction. This sign installation in "strong soil" is unacceptable according to the evaluation criteria recommended in NCHRP Report 230 and the 1985 AASHTO Standards. KW - Breakaway supports KW - Impact tests KW - Louisiana KW - NCHRP Report 230 KW - Posts KW - Sign supports KW - Specifications UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_258.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/860253 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633259 AU - Kunt, M M AU - McCullough, B F AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IMPROVED DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE PAVEMENTS BASED ON MECHANISTIC MODELING TECHNIQUES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 94 p. AB - This report describes an improved set of concrete pavement design and construction procedures. In developing these improvements, we used a systems approach to incorporate material characterization subsystems and mechanistic techniques into the JRCP-5 computer program. The data obtained from such an approach were then used to develop, analyze, evaluate, and implement the best procedure for designing concrete pavement reinforcement and for determining pavement sawing time and depth. Whereas the original models used to characterize concrete properties could not distinguish the effect of coarse aggregate types (CAT), the improved model now has this capability. Because several aggregate sources are used in Texas, incorporation of the effect of CAT substantially improved the prediction models. Additionally, we updated the transverse reinforcement formula according to the findings of CTR Project 459. We also developed a probabilistic sawing depth and time prediction model, with all improvements and updates subsequently input into the JRCP-5 computer program. In concluding this report, we make recommendations for improving the prediction accuracy of the models. KW - Accuracy KW - Coarse aggregates KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete pavements KW - Design KW - Mathematical prediction KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement joints KW - Probabilistic analysis KW - Probability KW - Recommendations KW - Sawing KW - Sawing depth KW - Sawing time KW - Time KW - Transverse reinforcement UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374257 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625529 AU - Arockiasamy, M AU - Reddy, D V AU - Florida Atlantic University, Dania Beach AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THERMAL RESPONSE OF FLORIDA BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 281 p. AB - The report presents the analytical studies, field measurements of temperatures in segmental box bridges, comparison of the predicted values with the observed data and suggestions to the existing thermal stress allowances in the code. Computer softwares FETAB and MARC were used to model and analyze the thermal response of several bridge cross sections. Two single cell box girder bridges, located at the I-595 and US-441 interchange, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, were instrumented with thermocouples and vibrating wire strain gages. The predicted temperature variations were found to compare fairly well with those measured both during summer and winter seasons. The need for considering thermal stresses in the design of bridges has been illustrated by comparing the thermal effects with those due to dead and live loads and the prestressing force. Analytical expressions are given for the thermal gradients based on the field measurements and the analytical predictions. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analytical models KW - Box girder bridges KW - Field measurements KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Interchanges KW - Mathematical models KW - Simulation KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Temperature KW - Thermal response KW - Thermal stresses UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368013 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624987 AU - Reed, C M AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SINGLE PASS THIN LIFT BITUMINOUS OVERLAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 21 p. AB - In the mid-1980s, the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) found itself challenged to maintain an aging highway network at an acceptable level of service on a limited financial base. This made programming rehabilitations for the rural highways difficult under the existing rehabilitation policies. In an effort to minimize the required maintenance effort on these highways as well as maximize the available rehabilitation dollars, IDOT initiated a new single pass, thin lift overlay rehabilitation strategy in 1986. The new rehabilitation strategy was titled Surface Maintenance at the Right Time (SMART). As part of this study, a three-phased performance evaluation was conducted. The first phase of the evaluation focused on the Condition Rating Survey (CRS) values. When the SMART program was established in 1986, it was hoped that the CRS value of a selected project, at least five years after rehabilitation, would be no lower than it was prior to rehabilitation. The methods of analyzing the CRS values included in this study indicated that this standard is being surpassed by a vast majority of the projects. The second phase of the evaluation investigated the riding quality indexes of the SMART projects. Like the CRS values, the analysis of the riding quality indexes indicated the SMART projects are exceeding expectations. The final phase of the evaluation focused on the construction costs of the SMART projects. The construction costs were subject to yearly fluctuations; however, the fluctuations were not excessive. Five years of close monitoring has shown the SMART program to be a viable rehabilitation alternative. This study concludes that the SMART program should be continued under the current guidelines. KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Computer programming KW - Condition surveys KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Illinois KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Programming KW - Rehabilitation KW - Riding qualities KW - Rural highways KW - Thin lift overlays UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/5000/5700/5780/psep.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367653 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623605 AU - Pant, P D AU - Huang, X H AU - Krishnamurthy, S A AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF STEADY BURN LIGHTS FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN HIGHWAY WORK ZONES, PHASE II. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 76 p. AB - This study has examined the effectiveness of Type C steady burn lights on drums with Type G high intensity reflective sheeting in typical Ohio work zones on divided and undivided highways including curved, lighted, unlighted and tapered sections, ramps and median crossovers. The work zones had advance warning signs and flashing arrow panel in the beginning of taper as required by ODOT specifications. The study examined the behavior of driver subjects who drove an instrumented car in several work zones during daytime, nighttime with steady burn lights on drums, and nighttime when the lights were absent, but not necessarily in that order. The measures of effectiveness included speed, lateral placement, acceleration noise, weaving, traffic conflict, lane change behavior, and driver preference. The results showed that steady burn lights on drums with high intensity reflective sheeting have little or no effect on driver behavior in highway work zones. It is recommended that the use of steady burn lights on drums with high intensity reflective sheeting be discontinued in the future. KW - Acceleration (Mechanics) KW - Barrel barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Behavior KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Days KW - Drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Lane changing KW - Lateral placement KW - Lighting equipment KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night KW - Noise KW - Recommendations KW - Reflective sheetings KW - Reflectorized materials KW - Sheathing KW - Speed KW - Steady burn lights KW - Traffic conflicts KW - Weaving traffic KW - Work zone traffic control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363449 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623565 AU - McClellan, G H AU - Eades, J L AU - Fountain, K AU - University of Florida, Gainesville AU - Florida Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PETROGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FLORIDA LIMESTONE AGGREGATES USED IN CONCRETE - PHASE II. INTERIM FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 101 p. AB - Physical and mineralogical properties of limestone aggregates from six Florida sources and granite aggregates from a Georgia source were investigated to develop basic data to aid in evaluation of concrete properties. Geologic and economic information on the Florida concrete aggregate industry also was compiled. Physical properties reported include size gradation, specific gravity, unit weight, absorption, Los Angeles abrasion, and strength values. Mineralogical compositions and textural properties were investigated using x-ray diffraction and petrographic microscope methods. Particle shapes were determined using computerized imaging techniques. Interfacial bonding of the aggregates in concretes was also characterized petrographically. Physical data show these aggregates meet general requirements for use in concrete. Mineralogical analyses show limited variability in compositions and textures, and few deleterious constituents. Particle shape analyses using computerized techniques show desirable geometrc properties for use in concrete. Interpretations of the shape analysis data are limited because of a lack of comparative information. Microscopic studies of concretes show good mechanical bonding with cement paste is provided by the rough surface textures. Limestone aggregates also provide chemical bonding at the interface with good attachment of cement hydration products to the aggregate surfaces. Extensive separations occur at paste-granite aggregate interfaces with poor chemical bond. Concrete aggregates from Florida possess physical and mineralogical properties which make them quality materials for concrete production. KW - Analysis KW - Chemical bond KW - Concrete KW - Concrete properties KW - Diffraction KW - Florida KW - Interfacial bonding KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Microscopic examination KW - Microscopy KW - Mineralogy KW - Particle shapes KW - Particles KW - Petrography KW - Physical properties KW - Shape KW - Texture KW - X rays KW - X-ray diffraction UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363410 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623588 AU - Cottrell, B H AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - USING THE "TRAFFIC MONITORING GUIDE" TO DEVELOP A TRUCK WEIGHT SAMPLING PROCEDURE FOR USE IN VIRGINIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 50 p. AB - The "Traffic Monitoring Guide" (TMG) provides a method for the development of a statistically based procedure to monitor traffic characteristics such as traffic loadings. Truck weight data in particular are a major element of the pavement management process because there is a strong relationship between pavement deterioration and truck weights. Because truck weight data collected by weigh-in-motion (WIM) systems are more representative of actual traffic loadings and are more efficient than enforcement and static weight data, the use of the TMG and WIM systems together provide improved monitoring of truck weights. The objective of this research was to develop a plan for the Virginia Department of Transportation to implement a truck weight sampling procedure using the TMG and WIM systems. Four alternatives from the TMG that were based on different schemes for multiple measurements at permanent WIM sites were evaluated. A truck weight sampling plan was developed for the preferred alternative. Truck weight sample sites, data collection procedures, cost and resources estimates, data from permanent WIM sites, and data management information are included in the plan. KW - Data collection KW - Monitoring KW - Sampling KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - Weigh in motion KW - Weight UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36870/92-R17.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363432 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00720041 AU - Edgar, T V AU - Puckett, J A AU - University of Wyoming, Laramie AU - Wyoming Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PERFORMANCE OF REINFORCED APPROACH FILLS AT THE OZONE BRIDGE - A FOLLOW-UP STUDY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 25 p. AB - The Ozone Bridge, located approximately 25 miles (40 km) west of Cheyenne, Wyoming on Interstate 80, was reconstructed in 1987. The two bridge decks and the four approach slabs were removed and replaced. In addition, the upper portions of the approach embankments were rebuilt using four different geotextile reinforcement techniques to reduce long term maintenance costs. The embankments were instrumented to compare lateral and vertical stress and deformations caused by the different procedures. This report describes the changes that have occurred in the four years of service since reconstruction. One embankment was constructed with the geotextile wrapped against the abutment wall while two others were built with an initial gap of 2 and 6 in. (50 and 150 mm) between the geotextile and the abutment wall. The purposes of the gaps were to place the fabric under tension before the wall had a chance to move and to reduce the lateral stress developed by the soil on the back wall of the abutment. The lateral stress on the first wall is essentially geostatic, indicating that the geotextile does not have any influence on the stress. The lateral stress is essentially zero on the walls with the gaps, indicating the fabric is supporting the soil. The deformations in the three embankments are similar. The fourth embankment had minimal excavation (enough to install a drain pipe). It has shown the greatest amount of movement of the four embankments. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge approaches KW - Deformation KW - Embankments KW - Geotextiles KW - Lateral stress KW - Reconstruction KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Stresses KW - Vertical stress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454430 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626964 AU - Yuan-Wang, C AU - Benson, J D AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT, TESTING, AND EVALUATION OF A NODAL RESTRAINT ASSIGNMENT PROCEDURE. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 181 p. AB - This research proposed a traffic assignment procedure in which capacity restraints are applied to nodes instead of links. The development is based on the concept that the capacity of an urban street system is constrained by nodes (intersections) instead of links. The nodal restraint assignment procedure was developed by utilizing the concept of the intersection sum of critical lane volumes in the Highway Capacity Manual 1985. A nodal impedance adjustment subroutine was incorporated in the assignment process to account for intersection delays where link impedances were held constant and nodal impedances were updated from iteration to iteration. The impedance for each turning movement at a node is determined by the association of all the movements encountered at the node. The proposed procedure then was applied to a test network (Preston Road in North Dallas). In the application, various assignment procedures and different impedance adjustment function parameters were used to test the robustness of the procedure. The results from the nodal restraint assignment procedure were compared to the selected "best" of the available conventional capacity restraint assignments, based upon traffic counts at major intersections along Preston Road. The evaluation was based on various micro-level analyses including mean difference, root mean square errors, turning movements as a percentage of approach volumes, and a series of paired t-tests. These analyses show that the nodal restraint assignment generally produced better turning movement replications than the available capacity restraint assignments. KW - Capacity restraint KW - Electrical impedance KW - Field tests KW - Mechanical impedance KW - Nodal restraint KW - Traffic assignment KW - Turning movements KW - Turning traffic UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368487 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626722 AU - McIlhenny, R C AU - Lee, K S AU - Chen, Y S AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WET WEATHER HIGHWAY ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND SKID RESISTANCE DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME II: USER'S MANUAL PY - 1992/06 SP - 24 p. AB - The objectives and scope of this research are to establish an effective methodology for wet weather accident analysis and to develop a data base management system to facilitate information processing and storage for the accident analysis process, skid resistance testing, and other related tasks. The methodology employed consists of four phases: review and documentation of current LDOTD and LTRC procedures; engineering and statistical review of literature and procedures in the area of accident analysis; identification and recommendation of improvements which may facilitate data management and recovery; and design and development of a new computer information system based on recommendations defined in the third task. An effective wet weather accident analysis, testing, and data base management system that allows only needed locations to be identified, tested, and reported is implemented. This volume, Volume II, consists of the data base management systems Users Manual. KW - Crash analysis KW - Data management KW - Data storage KW - Databases KW - Information processing KW - Manuals KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_248volumeII.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368392 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626721 AU - McIlhenny, R C AU - Lee, K S AU - Chen, Y S AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - WET WEATHER HIGHWAY ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND SKID RESISTANCE DATA MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT. VOLUME I PY - 1992/06 SP - 173 p. AB - The objectives and scope of this research are to establish an effective methodology for wet weather accident analysis and to develop a data base management system to facilitate information processing and storage for the accident analysis process, skid resistance testing, and other related tasks. The methodology employed consists of four phases: review and documentation of current LDOTD and LTRC procedures; engineering and statistical review of literature and procedures in the area of accident analysis; identification and recommendation of improvements which may facilitate data management and recovery; and design and development of a new computer information system based on recommendations defined in the third task. An effective wet weather accident analysis, testing, and data base management system that allows only needed locations to be identified, tested, and reported is implemented. Volume II of this report consists of the data base management systems User Manual. Volume III of this report consists of the data base management systems Reference Manual. KW - Crash analysis KW - Data management KW - Data storage KW - Databases KW - Information processing KW - Pavements KW - Skid resistance KW - Traffic crashes KW - Wet pavements KW - Wet weather UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_248vol1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368391 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625726 AU - Reed, F O AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF CORROSION ON THE BARE WEATHERING STEEL IN THE ANTIOCH BRIDGE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 81 p. AB - Visual assessments of the appearance of the steel were made at the inception, during and at the end of this project. The steel surfaces at the beginning of the project appeared to be flaking and some areas such as the underside of flanges and web areas near the top flange are still flaking. Relative humidity monitored over a year's time showed that the R.H. was 50% and greater 60% of the time. Pit depth measurements on test plaques placed on the bridge showed a pit depth growth rate of over 0.3 mils/yr and the bridge components measured had rates approaching the 0.3 mils/yr rate that was established in NCHRP 314 as an acceptable upper limit for pit depth growth rate. Micrometer and ultrasonic thickness measurements at 3.25, 8, 10, and 14 years yield an approximate flat curve after the initial loss from the first measurements. The thickness measurements however, were predominantly greater than the design thicknesses. Rust samples and tests on the steel surface showed the continuous presence of chlorides. Air monitoring over a 33 consecutive day period showed no significant pollutant level. Monitoring of the chlorides in the San Joaquin River showed that the chloride content of the river in the vicinity of the bridge during periods of drought and low fresh water flow was 18 to 25% of the chloride content of sea water. Recommendation is made to remedially paint or continue to monitor the San Joaquin River Bridge at Antioch, California. KW - Chlorides KW - Corrosion KW - Highway bridges KW - Humidity KW - Inspection KW - Measurement KW - Monitoring KW - Painting KW - Pitting KW - Recommendations KW - Rusting KW - Thickness KW - Vision KW - Weathering steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368095 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628085 AU - Harrington, P AU - Bradley, K AU - Volpe National Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL TRANSPORTATION STATISTICS ANNUAL REPORT, 1992 PY - 1992/06 SP - 221 p. AB - The "National Transportation Statistics" (NTS) Annual Report is a compendium of selected national transportation, and transportation-related energy data from a wide variety of government and private sources. The data illustrate transportation activity for the major transportation modes - air, automobile, bus, truck, local transit, rail, water, and pipeline. Basic descriptors such as operating revenues and expenses, number of vehicles and employees, vehicle- and passenger-miles, and passenger and freight operations, are included. Transportation trends in performance, safety, and motor vehicle sales, production, and costs are also presented. Transportation trends in performance, safety, and motor vehicle sales, production, and costs are also presented. Supplementary sections include Transportation and the Economy; Energy in Transportation which is divided into Energy Consumption, Energy Intensiveness, Energy Transport, and Energy Supply and Demand; and 1990 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS). In this edition, the data cover the period 1980 through 1990/1991, and in some instances, extend back to 1955. KW - Employees KW - Energy consumption KW - Energy data related to transportation KW - Freight handling KW - Freight operations KW - Inventory KW - Operating costs KW - Passenger miles KW - Performance evaluations KW - Statistics KW - Transportation KW - Transportation statistics KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368970 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666427 AU - Pant, P D AU - Huang, X H AU - Krishnamurthy, S A AU - University of Cincinnati AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF STEADY BURN LIGHTS FOR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN HIGHWAY WORK ZONES. PHASE 2 PY - 1992/06 SP - 77 p. AB - The study has examined the effectiveness of Type C steady burn lights on drums with Type G high intensity reflective sheeting in typical Ohio work zones on divided and undivided highways including curved, lighted, unlighted and tapered sections, ramps and median crossovers. The work zones had advance warning signs and flashing arrow panel in the beginning of taper as required by ODOT specifications. The study examined the behavior of driver subjects who drove an instrumented car in several work zones during daytime, nighttime with steady burn lights on drums, and nighttime when the lights were absent, but not necessarily in that order. The measures of effectiveness included speed, lateral placement, acceleration noise, weaving, traffic conflict, lane change behavior, and driver preference. The results showed that steady burn light on drums with high intensity reflective sheeting have little or no effect on driver behavior in highway work zones. It is recommended that the use of steady burn lights on drums with high intensity reflective sheeting be discontinued in the future. KW - Beams KW - Behavior KW - Continuous beams KW - Continuous structures KW - Daylight KW - Drivers KW - Drums KW - Drums (Containers) KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Night KW - Reflective materials KW - Refractive materials KW - Traffic control devices KW - Warning signs KW - Work area UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405922 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00646135 AU - Khosla, N P AU - Kim, Y R AU - Satish, S AU - Kim, N AU - North Carolina State University, Raleigh AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT DESIGNS FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 133 p. AB - The objective of this research project is to analyze the performance of flexible pavements in North Carolina utilizing full-scale pavement sections. The specific objectives include: (1) Collect data pertaining to material properties for use in mechanistic design methods; (2) Develop a mechanistic pavement performance predictive model; (3) Compare field performance of pavements of known design with predicted performance; and (4) Evaluate the effect of different types and thicknesses of pavement layers on pavement distress and performance. This interim report contains the details of the instrumentation, initial analysis of the field data collected through periodic field testing, and preliminary trends and observations of performance of the pavement sections. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Defects KW - Design KW - Field performance KW - Flexible pavements KW - Forecasting KW - Instrumentation KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Pavement design KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavement layers KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Properties of materials KW - Thickness KW - Trend (Statistics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386624 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643599 AU - Burke, E R AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL BICYCLING AND WALKING STUDY. CASE STUDY NO. 14: BENEFITS OF BICYCLING AND WALKING TO HEALTH PY - 1992/06 SP - 46 p. AB - This report provides information on the potential health benefits and deleterious health effects accruing to individuals and the nation as a whole while engaging in bicycling and walking. It is intended to assist officials and citizens in determining current levels of use of bicycling and walking, to give reasons why bicycling and walking are not used more for transportation and recreation in the United States, and to show the health economic costs and benefits of promoting these activities for health and fitness. The report indicates how interest in bicycling and walking may be increased through safety education, improved employer relationships, and pedestrian heightened awareness of this right to travel in a healthy environment. The report is organized in the following five chapters: (1) Patterns of Bicycling and Walking Use; (2) The Health and Fitness Benefits of Bicycling and Walking; (3) Environmental Factors Affecting Bicycling and Walking Use; (4) Hazards and Injuries Associated with Bicycling and Walking; and (5) Bicycling and Walking in Rehabilitation Settings. KW - Benefits KW - Bicycle travel KW - Case studies KW - Economic benefits KW - Environmental impacts KW - Environmental quality KW - Hazards KW - Health KW - Injuries KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Safety education KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386094 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00638689 AU - Harlow, C A AU - Goodman, J AU - Qiu, H AU - Kelly, G AU - Bindiganavale, R AU - Cooper, F AU - Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPATIAL INFORMATION AND MODELING SYSTEM FOR TRANSPORTATION (SIMST). FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 148 p. AB - This project was directed toward research in the development of spatial information systems for transportation. The project and all software development was done in the Intergraph MGE environment. One objective was to investigate software tools for locating spatial data. A system called the Archival Management System (AMS) was developed to assist in the management of a spatial data archive. The AMS can manage data describing aerial photographs, satellite images, maps or Intergraph design files. Pavement Management and Storm Discharge Prediction demonstrations were conducted to study methods of spatial data translation and database integration as well as applications of these databases to pavement management and storm discharge prediction. Highway needs data and pavement history and quality data were utilized to develop a prototype Pavement Management System. The storm discharge prediction demonstration was designed to study methods for utilizing spatial databases with modeling programs for predictive purposes. Since the cost of acquiring spatial data is high, another objective was to investigate sources of spatial data. Data collected from Global Positioning Systems (GPSs) as well as remotely sensed data obtained from satellites and aircraft were studied. These data were examined for their utility in maintaining the cartographic and highway inventory database. We photointerpreted, digitized, and analyzed road networks from SPOT Satellite digital data and transparencies as well as the National High Altitude Photography (NHAP) and National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP) aerial photographs. Video and high resolution aerial photography were interpreted and evaluated for their suitability in providing inventory data. KW - Aerial photography KW - Artificial satellites KW - Data management KW - Global Positioning System KW - Imagery KW - Information processing KW - Information systems KW - Inventory KW - Maps KW - Pavement management systems KW - Remote sensing KW - Satellite imagery KW - Software KW - Spatial analysis KW - Storm discharge prediction KW - Traffic distribution UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2008/fr_259.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380372 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625199 AU - Haselkorn, M AU - Barfield, W AU - Spyridakis, J AU - Conquest, L AU - Dailey, D AU - Crosby, P AU - Goble, B AU - Garner, M AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION FOR REDUCING URBAN FREEWAY CONGESTION: COMMUTER BEHAVIOR, DATA CONVERSION AND DISPLAY, AND TRANSPORTATION POLICY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 40 p. AB - This report documents results of a project to design and develop a real-time, advanced traveler information system (now called "Traffic Reporter") for the Puget Sound area. In previous work, we had identified four types of commuters: (1) Pre-trip Changers, (2) Route Changers, (3) Route & Time Changers, and (4) Non-changers. Each type of commuter showed distinct preferences and needs for design and delivery of traveler information. In this project, we confirmed that the commuter types identified earlier, as well as their preferences for design and delivery of traveler information, were consistent across geographical areas in the Puget Sound area. Based on this knowledge of commuter behavior and information needs, we designed and began implementing "Traffic Reporter", a PC-based, graphical, interactive, advanced traveler information system. The "Traffic Reporter" prototype receives traffic data from freeway detectors and converts those data into information that can be explored both for general freeway conditions and specific trip information. Information is designed for use by commuters, traffic reporters, and traffic engineers. We conducted usability tests on the "Traffic Reporter" prototype to ensure its effectiveness and ease of use. Overall, these tests showed that the prototype is easy to use and will be accepted by commuters. Future development of "Traffic Reporter" will be guided by the results of these tests. Furthermore, we will continue usability testing on future versions of "Traffic Reporter". KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Behavior KW - Commuters KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Driver information systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prototypes KW - Puget Sound KW - Puget Sound Region KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Testing KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality KW - Traffic congestion KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/240.2.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367785 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625067 AU - Riple, A B AU - Suprenant, B A AU - University of Colorado, Boulder AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CHLORIDE CONTENT PROGRAM FOR THE EVALUATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 37 p. AB - Reinforcing steel in concrete is protected by a passive layer that is destroyed when exposed to chlorides. To maintain a bare deck, deicing salts that contain chlorides are used to remove the snow and ice. The chlorides penetrate the concrete, destroy the passive layer surrounding the reinforcing, and help initiate corrosion of the rebar. A computer program has been developed to calculate the chloride diffusion in concrete and to assist the engineer in analyzing existing bridge decks and future concrete repairs. The computer program calculates the diffusion coefficient, the applied surface chloride loads, and future chloride profiles based on chloride profiles from core tests. The program can evaluate different deck designs including changes in concrete cover, chloride loads, concrete type, sealer application and life, and other variables. The program is user-friendly and operates on a 386PC with a VGA screen. KW - Analysis KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge management systems KW - Chloride content KW - Chlorides KW - Computer programs KW - Concrete KW - Concrete composition KW - Corrosion protection KW - Cover depth KW - Design KW - Diffusion (Optics) KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Reinforcing steel KW - Sealing compounds UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367732 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624977 AU - Clemena, G G AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BENEFITS OF MEASURING HALF-CELL POTENTIALS AND REBAR CORROSION RATES IN CONDITION SURVEYS OF CONCRETE BRIDGE DECKS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 62 p. AB - The practice of conducting a half-cell potential survey during the assessment of the condition of a concrete deck was reexamined with the objective of eliminating some of the doubts concerning its benefits. It was found that the survey grid size of 4.0 ft recommended in ASTM C 876 had partly contributed to the uncertainty because this spacing is too large to allow complete detection of all the rebar corrosion and the associated concrete delamination that may exist in a deck. It was shown that the effect of rebar corrosion on the potential of the concrete was relatively localized; thus, a grid size of no more than 2.0 ft should be used. Another contributing factor was that the half-cell potential at any location on a concrete deck can fluctuate normally with temperature and other factors. Consequently, in contrast to the interpretation guidelines suggested in ASTM C 876, the numerical value of the potential measured at each location (by itself) would be an imprecise indicator of the condition of the rebar and/or concrete at the location. Instead, the actively corroding rebars are manifested on the concrete surface in large potential gradients that can be readily located in iso-potential contour maps made from the survey results. It was found that the 3LP device provides a simple but time-consuming means for measuring the corrosion rates of rebars, which correlate reasonably well with the metal losses observed in the rebars. However, since corrosion rate also fluctuates with location on a concrete deck and time, the benefit of such a survey would not be fully realized until an appropriate method for determining the representative rebar corrosion rate for a deck and for relating such to remaining service life has been developed. KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Condition surveys KW - Contour maps KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion rate KW - Delamination KW - Half-cell potentials KW - Inspection KW - Iso-potential contour maps KW - Rebars KW - Reinforcing bars UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/36000/36800/36844/92-R16.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367643 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624943 AU - Sanders, M R AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A STUDY OF PATCHING METHODS FOR CONTINUOUSLY REINFORCED CONCRETE PAVEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - v.p. AB - The South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation (SCDHPT) has over 600 lane miles of continuously reinforced concrete (CRC) pavement on its Interstate Routes. Much of this pavement is showing signs of distress primarily in the form of punchouts. In 1985, a section of CRC pavement on I-77 in Chester and Fairfield Counties was rehabilitated under contract. A full depth patching technique, previously developed by Department personnel that was faster and less labor intensive than other methods widely used at the time, was included in the contract. This study was initiated to evaluate the performance of these patches as well as the effectiveness of drainage measures and crack and joint sealant operations used on the project. Though the SCDHPT patches performed adequately, punchouts developed in the pavement adjacent to many of the patches. Steel reinforcing bars placed in the patches were epoxied into the adjacent pavement. It is theorized that the epoxy prevented the bars from moving, thus developing large stresses over the short distance they were embedded in the pavement. A revised patching design is being developed and plans are to place patches by the revised method on a future project. The drainage technique, shoulder drains with no longitudinal drains, was judged to be ineffective. Considering the lack of adequate drainage, the sealant operations were judged to be satisfactory though some failures occurred. KW - Continuously reinforced concrete pavements KW - Defects KW - Drainage KW - Effectiveness KW - Epoxides KW - Epoxy KW - Failure KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Patching KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Performance evaluations KW - Punchouts KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - Sealing KW - Sealing (Technology) KW - South Carolina UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624940 AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INSTRUMENTATION FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS--FIELD PERFORMANCE OF SELECTED SENSORS. VOLUME I: FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 314 p. AB - This report presents the results of a research study on methods for measuring strain and stress in bituminous pavements subjected to dynamic vehicle loading. The research program was divided into two phases. In the first phase, an extensive literature search was conducted to identify the existing pavement instrumentation and to select the most promising types of gauges for a field testing program. Two sections of bituminous pavement 6 and 10 in. (152 and 254 mm) thick were constructed and instrumented with the selected gauges. The response of the gauges to dynamic loading applied by a tractor-semitrailer at different levels of axle loading, tire pressure, and speed was investigated. In the second phase, new concepts in pavement instrumentation were investigated. Prototype gauges were built and evaluated, first in the laboratory and then in a field testing program similar to the one conducted in the first phase. Two new gauges, an inductive sensor and the Hall effect sensor, performed very well in the tests. The pavement response data, collected in the field testing program, were used to evaluate methods for backcalculating pavement material properties. It was demonstrated that the backcalculated moduli are much more accurate if data from multiple sensors placed throughout the pavement structure, rather than a single sensor measurements, are used in the analysis. KW - Axle loadings KW - Axle loads KW - Backcalculation KW - Dynamic loads KW - Field performance KW - Field tests KW - Flexible pavements KW - Guides to the literature KW - Inflation KW - Instrumentation KW - Literature reviews KW - Measuring instruments KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Motor vehicles KW - Performance KW - Performance evaluations KW - Properties of materials KW - Prototypes KW - Sensors KW - Speed KW - Strain (Mechanics) KW - Strains KW - Stresses KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Tractor trailer combinations KW - Traffic speed UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367609 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624936 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EXPLORING KEY ISSUES IN PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS FOR HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PY - 1992/06 SP - 41 p. AB - This report summarizes a Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) seminar on key issues in public-private partnerships for highway transportation. The seminar provided an opportunity for participants representing a wide range of disciplines and interest groups to discuss a variety of policy issues related to public-private partnerships. These issues ranged from ideas for making partnership projects easier to develop to allowing new forms of partnerships to happen. The seminar raised a number of issues about the possibilities and problems of public-private partnerships and showed that much remains to be learned about the consequences of applying privatization principals to transportation. The report is organized as follows: Foreward and Opening Remarks of Stephen C. Lockwood, Associate Administrator for Policy, FHWA; Overview; Case Studies: California and Virginia; Panel on Public-Sector Perspectives of Public-Private Partnerships; Panel on Private-Sector Perspectives on Public-Private Partnerships; Reflections on the Seminar Proceedings; Appendix A: Seminar Participants; Appendix B: Seminar Agenda; and Appendix C: Toll Road Provisions of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA). KW - California KW - Case studies KW - Conferences KW - Governments KW - Highway transportation KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Perspective views KW - Policy KW - Private enterprise KW - Privatization KW - Public private partnerships KW - Toll roads KW - Virginia UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367605 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00636312 AU - Deacon, J A AU - Pigman, J G AU - Stamatiadis, N AU - University of Kentucky, Lexington AU - Kentucky Transportation Cabinet AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REVIEW OF HIGHWAY COST ALLOCATION METHODOLOGIES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 202 p. AB - The objectives of the current cost allocation study, the fifth in a series begun in 1982, include the following: 1) to evaluate current cost allocation methodologies and identify possible changes to Kentucky practices; and 2) to determine the 1991 fiscal year levels of cost responsibility and revenue contribution for each of several classes of highway users. Additional objectives include an evaluation of the equity of tax proposals advanced by the Kentucky Motor Transport Association, a preliminary determination of the revenue and cost implications of the Extended-Weight Coal Haul System, and an evaluation of the efficiency with which certain highway user taxes have been collected. As was the case in other recent cost-allocation studies, incremental cost assignment has been replaced with various highway use measures including vehicle-miles of travel, axle-miles, passenger-car-equivalent miles, and equivalent-single-axle-load miles. Results from the analysis indicate that cost responsibility was borne most heavily by passenger cars and motorcycles (44.2%). Other cost responsibilities were 24.6% for heavy trucks; 20.4% for pickups and vans; and 10.8% for all other groups. When compared to revenue for each vehicle class; cars, pickups and vans, and heavy trucks exceeded their cost responsibility, while medium trucks fell significantly short. From a limited examination of the Extended-Weight Coal Haul System, it was found that an estimated $2 million are lost annually from the Road Fund because fewer trucks are registered. Heavier weights of coal-decal trucks add approximately $9 million annually to pavement overlay costs. Related to tax collection, it was found that the weight-distance tax was collected at an efficiency of about 70% and other user-reported fuel taxes in the range of 75 to 77%. KW - Automobiles KW - Cost allocation KW - Economic efficiency KW - Efficiency KW - Equity (Justice) KW - Extended-weight coal haul system KW - Financial responsibility KW - Heavy vehicles KW - Highway user costs KW - Highways KW - Kentucky KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Medium trucks KW - Methodology KW - Motorcycles KW - Pickup trucks KW - Pickups KW - Revenues KW - Taxation KW - Vans UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/379817 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00624094 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pisano, Paul A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPING A STANDARD APPROACH FOR TESTING NEW TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNS PY - 1992/06 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - p. 1-8 AB - This study developed a standard sign testing methodology, identified which pieces of equipment should become standard for sign testing, and examined the possible self-selection bias in the TFHRC (Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center) subject pool. The steps invovled in developing the methodology are described including the determination of the dependent variables and identification of the critical design criteria. The test subjects are described, and the results are detailed. The equipment used was compact, portable, and easy to manage. The results of the study are expected to be helpful to agencies that conduct sign tests on an irregular basis. KW - Standardization KW - Testing KW - Testing equipment KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366732 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00624096 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Pagan-Ortiz, J E AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ROCK RIPRAP FOR PROTECTION OF BRIDGE ABUTMENTS LOCATED AT THE FLOOD PLAIN PY - 1992/06 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - p. 23-31 AB - A literature review was made, and the framework of the experiments is described. The experimental procedures and results are detailed. The study found that the location for the most criitcal failure zone on an abutment encroaching the free flow of water on an armored flood plain depends on the abutment shape. The turbulence of flow and vorticity generated near the face of the abutment are the causes of rock riprap failure. Equations are given that can be used to determine stable rock riprap size to protect the toe of the vertical wall abutment. These and other findings are discussed. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Failure KW - Flood plains KW - Riprap KW - Turbulence KW - Vortices UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366734 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00624097 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Black, K AU - Kenis, W AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE FHWA TEST ROAD: CONSTRUCTION AND INSTRUMENTATION PY - 1992/06 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - p. 32-39 AB - Predicting pavement responses under surface loads, an important component of the mechanistic analysis of flexible pavements, is the subject of this study. Pavement response is influenced by tire pressure, axle load, axle configuration, vehicle speed, layer thickness, and time-dependent material properties. This study evaluated these factors as they relate to pavement design. Site selection for the test road, and its construction and instrumentation are described. The details of phases I (load equivalency factors), II (primary response analysis), and III (vehicle/pavement interaction) are summarized. KW - Inflation KW - Instrumentation KW - Pavement design KW - Paving KW - Road tests KW - Rolling contact KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366735 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00624095 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Walker, J AU - Alicandri, A AU - Sedney, C AU - Roberts, K AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - IN-VEHICLE NAVIGATIONAL DEVICES PY - 1992/06 VL - 56 IS - 1 SP - p. 9-22 AB - This study gauged the safety of drivers' performance when using guidance devices of varying complexity and mode of presentation. The details of the method and procedure are described, and the results are presented. It was found that in general the older drivers performed less safely. They drove more slowly, had larger variability in lateral placement had longer reaction times to the guages, were more likely to be in the other vehicle's lane after the turn, and were more likely to make navigational errors compared to the other age groups. The age factor interacted to a great extent with the loading factor. Treatment effects are also discussed. KW - Aged drivers KW - Driver prformance KW - Driver reaction KW - Drivers KW - Lateral placement KW - Navigation devices KW - Navigation equipment KW - Reaction time KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366733 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00634435 AU - Ray, M H AU - Momentum Engineering AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY REPORT ON SELECTED BRIDGE RAILINGS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 33 p. AB - This report summarizes the development, testing and field experience for three bridge railing designs: the F-shape concrete bridge railing, the vertical wall bridge railing and the Illinois 2399-1 steel tube bridge railing. Descriptions of these appurtenances and an explanation of the design principles are included along with estimates of the construction cost. The F-shape bridge railing is similar to the popular New Jersey safety shape railing but the slope break point is 3 in. (76 mm) lower. This lower break point location is thought to be responsible for the improved vehicle stability observed in crash tests of this system. The vertical wall bridge railing also exhibits good stability characteristics although the occupant response characteristics are less favorable than the shape concrete barriers. Design details for 32-in. (813 mm) and 42-in. (1067 mm) versions of these bridge railings are presented and discussed. The taller bridge railings are suitable for use at performance level 3 sites as defined in the AASHTO Guide Specifications for Bridge Railings. The 32-in. (813 mm) railings are suitable for use as performance level 2 systems. The Illinois 2399-1 is a steel post and tube system that can be used for sites where the second performance level is warranted. There is no performance level 3 version of the IL 2399-1 bridge railing. KW - Bridge railings KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Design features KW - Impact tests KW - Performance evaluations KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374769 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633472 AU - Reed, C M AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SINGLE PASS THIN LIFT BITUMINOUS OVERLAYS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 16 p. AB - In the mid 1980's, the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) found itself challenged to maintain an aging highway network at an acceptable level of service on a limited financial base. This made programming rehabilitations for the rural highways difficult under the existing rehabilitation policies. In an effort to minimize the required maintenance effort on these highways as well as maximize the available rehabilitation dollars, IDOT initiated a new single pass, thin lift overlay rehabilitation strategy in 1986. The new rehabilitation strategy was titled Surface Maintenance at the Right Time (SMART). As part of this study, a three-phased performance evaluation was conducted. The first phase of the evaluation focused on the Condition Rating Survey (CRS) values. When the SMART program was established in 1986, it was hoped that the CRS value of a selected project, at least five years after rehabilitation, would be no lower than it was prior to rehabilitation. The methods of analyzing the CRS values included in this study indicated that this standard is being surpassed by a vast majority of the projects. The second phase of the evaluation investigated the riding quality indexes of the SMART projects. Like the CRS values, the analysis of the riding quality indexes indicated the SMART projects are exceeding expectations. The final phase of the evaluation focused on the construction costs of the SMART projects. The construction costs were subject to yearly fluctuations; however, the fluctuations were not excessive. Five years of close monitoring has shown the SMART program to be a viable rehabilitation alternative. This study concludes that the SMART program should be continued under the current guidelines. KW - Bituminous overlays KW - Condition surveys KW - Construction KW - Construction costs KW - Costs KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rehabilitation KW - Riding qualities KW - Rural highways KW - Seal coats UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374407 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00633468 AU - Ray, M H AU - Bryden, J E AU - Momentum Engineering AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SUMMARY REPORT ON SELECTED GUARDRAILS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 40 p. AB - This report summarizes the crash test results as well as the construction, maintenance, and accident experience observed for three types of guardrails: the modified South Dakota 3-cable guardrail, the modified Minnesota 3-cable guardrail and the modified thrie beam guardrail. The modified South Dakota 3-cable guardrail is similar to the standard G1 cable guardrail except that a lighter, less expensive 4-lbs per foot flange-channel post is used instead of the standard S3x5.7 post. The modified Minnesota 3-cable guardrail uses a closer post spacing and wooden posts with a weakening hole. This hole helps minimize the chance of causing a small car to roll over. The modified thrie beam guardrail is a variation of the standard G9 thrie beam guardrail. It uses a unique guardrail blockout that helps improve the barrier performance in large vehicle collisions. The development of these systems is summarized and the basic design principals are explained. Where available, construction, cost, and accident data are presented from states that have used these systems. KW - Construction KW - Cost data KW - Costs KW - Crash data KW - Crashes KW - Guardrails KW - Highway maintenance KW - Impact tests KW - Performance KW - Structural design KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/374403 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628781 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - Shu, J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF WORK ZONE SPEED LIMIT SIGNS WITH STROBE LIGHTS. PROJECT REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 48 p. AB - The construction zone speed limit sign used in Illinois consists of a regulatory 45 mph speed limit sign augmented with two small strobe lights and two orange colored plates. When the lights are flashing the speed limit is 45 mph. This report contains the findings from evaluation of the effectiveness of the flashing lights in reducing speeds in a rural interstate construction zone. The speed reduction effects on cars and trucks were determined at two locations within the work zone. The results indicated that the average speed of cars was reduced by 1.9-7.1 mph and that of trucks by 1.3-6.0 mph when the strobe lights were flashing. In general, the speed reduction effects were more pronounced on the cars than on the trucks, and at a location past the work space than before it. The reductions at the location past the work space were 2-3 times more than the reductions at the location before the work space. Cars reduced their speeds, on the average, by 1.9-4.9 mph before and by 5.9-7.1 mph after the work space. Similarly, the speed reduction for trucks was 1.3-2.9 mph before and 3.3-6.0 after the work space. In general, the percentages of vehicles with excessive speeds in the work zone decreased when the lights were flashing. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Beacons KW - Effectiveness KW - Flashing beacons KW - Interstate highways KW - Light KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rural highways KW - Speed control KW - Speed limits KW - Speed reduction KW - Speed signs KW - Strobe lights KW - Strobes KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck drivers KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-075.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369127 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00627308 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - Wang, L AU - Orloski, R L AU - Kastel, L AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPEED REDUCTION PROFILES OF VEHICLES IN A HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ZONE. PROJECT REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 96 p. AB - In response to roadway geometry and traffic control devices, motorists may change their speeds within a work zone. Speed profile data were collected for 208 vehicles who traveled a 1.5-mile long section of a work zone, and speed reduction patterns were determined for Autos and Trucks. Four driver categories were identified based on the patterns. About 61% of the drivers reduced their speeds considerably after the first work zone speed limit signs, but nearly 15% of the drivers did not reduce their speeds until they neared the location of construction activities. About 11% of the drivers traveled at consistently high speeds and did not considerably reduce their speeds. The remaining drivers did not display a common pattern. The average speeds of Autos and Trucks were 5-18 mph and 1-12 mph, respectively, over the work zone speed limit. Vehicles decreased their speeds to the lowest level near the work space, but increased them after passing it. Even at the work space, about 65% of Autos and 47% of Trucks traveled faster than the speed limit. Autos and Trucks reduced their speeds by 1-13 mph and 3-12 mph, respectively, compared to their speeds at the beginning of the taper. The speeds at the beginning of the taper were used to group the vehicles into four speed groups. The maximum reduction in the average speed at different locations was greater with greater initial mean speeds; indicating that, on the average, the vehicles with higher initial speeds reduced their speeds more than the vehicles with lower initial speeds. However, the drivers in the higher initial speed groups kept higher speeds in the work zone than the drivers in the lower initial speed groups, even though the former group had greater speed reductions than the latter group. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Average travel speed KW - Interstate highways KW - Rural highways KW - Speed control KW - Speed reduction KW - Speeding KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck drivers KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-074.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368642 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00627065 AU - Kennedy, T W AU - Torshizi, H AU - Jones, D R AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MIX DESIGN PROCEDURES AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT COMPATIBILITY AND STABILITY. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 496 p. AB - A five-year study has been performed to investigate the behavior of binders and asphalt mixtures containing polymer modifiers. The polymers were SBS, SBR, EVA, Ground Rubber, and polyolefin. These materials were used separately and in combinations with each other to change the characteristics of the binders and asphalt mixtures. The research included laboratory experiments to characterize the materials, and field projects to ascertain their performance. Four hot mix asphalt projects were conducted in Districts 15, 11, 25, and 10 in Texas, and two seal coat projects were constructed in Districts 6 and 17 in Texas. The testing results of the field and laboratory samples are presented in this report. KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Binders KW - Field performance KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Laboratory tests KW - Pavement performance KW - Performance KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Seal coats KW - Test results UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368568 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623610 JO - Publication of: Illinois University, Urbana-Champaign PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Walker, W H AU - Holbrook, M D AU - Cassity, P A AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THREE CASE HISTORIES OF CRACKING PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH STEEL BRIDGE FLOOR BEAMS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/06 SP - 62 p. AB - Floor system cracking problems, the focus of the present study, occur in both structures of recent construction and in older bridges which have been in service for many years. The present study has rises out of specific cases of floor system cracks which are not immediately detrimental to the structural integrity of the floor system and which do not at the outset seem related to a usual design basis load effects. The cases forming the central focus of this report are: (1) The I-474 Shade-Lohmann Bridge over the Illinois River south of Peoria, (2) The I-74 Bridge over the Vermilion River at Danville, and (3) The I-74 Bridge over the Sangamon near Mahomet in Champaign County. The following is seen: Case 1: Cracking due to forces not associated with vertical vehicle loading. That is, evidence is strong that cracking arises from longitudinal load transmitted through the out of plane flexure of the floor beam web in the segment between the connection clip angles and the flange at either end. Calculations show that a very modest induced longitudinal deformation is associated with substantial local stresses at the web to flange junction which is the site of the cracking. Case 2: Fatigue failure of a detail with adverse geometry but with forces induced by vehicle loads which clearly account for the damage. A repair detail to reduce member forces has been suggested and is evaluated. Case 3: The development of a fatigue crack at a cope detail associate with a reasonable stress state for the damage observed, but with poor correlation with a limited controlled vehicle test and predictions of bridge behavior using a grid model. Additional field studies with more extensive instrumentation and a more comprehensive analytical model is needed to resolve uncertainties in this case. KW - Beams KW - Case studies KW - Deformation KW - Failure KW - Flanges KW - Floors KW - Fracture mechanics KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Longitudinal KW - Metal bridges KW - Research KW - Steel bridges KW - Stresses KW - Webbing UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366405 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00662780 AU - Parker, H W AU - Nash, P T AU - Feingold, R W AU - Texas Tech University, Lubbock AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - INITIAL ANALYSIS OF CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEMS ON U.S. 87 RAILROAD OVERPASS BRIDGE - BIG SPRING, TEXAS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/05/29 SP - 72 p. AB - Five individual cathodic protection systems were installed on the U.S. 87 Missouri-Pacific Railroad overpass structure in Big Spring, Texas. The cathodic protection systems were installed in October 1988 as a demonstration project to compare the various systems. Three distributed anode types were used to protect the bridge deck: (1) titanium mesh; (2) conductive polymer; and (3) carbon strand. A hot-sprayed zinc conductive coating anode was applied to sidewalks and a median on the bridge deck, and a conductive paint anode was applied to a bridge bent. Performance data have been collected for each system since installation. The titanium mesh anode continues to function while the conductive polymer anode has failed and the carbon strand anode exhibits instability. The hot-sprayed zinc anode system failed early in the study and the conductive paint anode system shows signs of failure. KW - Anodes KW - Carbon fibers KW - Carbon strand KW - Cathodic protection KW - Conductive paints KW - Demonstration projects KW - Electronic polymers KW - Overpasses KW - Performance evaluations KW - Titanium KW - Titanium mesh KW - Wire mesh KW - Zinc coatings UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/404787 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628784 AU - Sargand, S M AU - Hazen, G A AU - Ohio University, Athens AU - Ohio Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LONG TERM STUDY OF METAL BOX CULVERTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/05/18 SP - 112 p. AB - Structural performance of four metal box culverts was monitored. These culverts (bulb angle reinforced aluminum, angle rib reinforced steel, corrugated rib reinforced steel, and deep corrugated steel) were installed in roadways under similar backfill conditions. The culverts had been in operation for up to five years. Structural performance was originally studied during construction and when subjected to live load. All culverts had approximately the same rise and span dimensions. Instrumentation consisted of biaxial strain gages and tape extensometer hooks. Extensometer readings were taken on a 2-3 month interval, and strain gage readings were recorded at least once a year under static load test. The long term culvert response recorded from these tests was compared to the short term study. Permanent deformation of all the culverts stabilized within the study period. Maximum permanent vertical deflection, found at the crown of the aluminum culverts, was approximately ten times as large as those of the steel culverts. No significant increase in moment response was observed due to the static load application for any of the culverts. In several load tests the location of the maximum moment shifted from the crown. Thrust responses generally decrease over time. Long term data indicates that the culvert response becomes more composite with time. KW - Aluminum culverts KW - Box culverts KW - Corrugated metal culverts KW - Deep corrugated steel culverts KW - Deformation KW - Extensometers KW - Live loads KW - Load tests KW - Long term KW - Performance evaluations KW - Static loads KW - Steel culverts KW - Strain gages KW - Structural analysis KW - Structural mechanics KW - Structural response KW - Time duration KW - Vertical deflection UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369130 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01404333 AU - McGee, H W AU - Geisler, N L AU - McGee, L F AU - Thompson, H T AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Highway Safety TI - Sign fabrication, installation, and maintenance - innovative practices PY - 1992/05 IS - FHWA/SA-91-033 SP - 63p AB - State and local agencies have developed innovative procedures and devices to facilitate highway sign fabrication, installation, and maintenance. This handbook describes several of these innovations. A literature review and nationwide search was made to gather information on innovations. The innovations that were received ranged from very simple, but effective tools, to more elaborate sign trucks. Innovations were developed from new uses for existing equipment and modifications to existing equipment or procedures to provide a more efficient use for it. A total of 27 innovations are described in the report. The information is provided in a concise format and includes a description, procedure for the product's use, the benefits attained, and a person to contact for further information. KW - Construction management KW - Construction method KW - Installation KW - Installation KW - Maintenance method KW - Traffic sign KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1172128 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01400533 AU - Heitzman, M A AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) TI - State of the practice - design and construction of asphalt paving materials with crumb rubber modifier PY - 1992/05 IS - FHWA/SA-92-022 SP - 58p + appendices AB - This document is a comprehensive overview of the terminology, processes, products, and applications of crumb rubber modifier (CRM) technology. This technology includes any use of scrap tire rubber in asphalt paving materials. In general, CRM technology can be divided into two categories - the wet process and the dry process. When CRM is incorporated into an asphalt paving material, it will modify the properties of the binder (asphalt rubber) and/or act as a rubber aggregate (rubber modified hot mix asphalt). The five concepts for using CRM discussed in the report are McDonald, PlusRide, generic dry, chunk rubber asphalt concrete, and continuous blending asphalt rubber. There are two principal unresolved engineering issues related to the use of CRM in asphalt paving materials. On the national level, the ability to recycle asphalt paving mixes containing CRM has not been demonstrated. At the State and local levels, these modified asphalt mixes must be field evaluated to establish expected levels of performance. The appendices provide guidelines for material specifications, mix design, and construction specifications. An experimental work plan for monitoring performance and a stack emission testing program are also included. KW - Bituminous binders KW - Crumb rubber KW - Crumb rubber KW - Hot mix KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Mix design KW - Mix design KW - Pavement components KW - Pavement materials KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Polymer modified binder KW - Recycled materials KW - Recycling KW - Rubber KW - Rubber KW - Specifications KW - Specifications KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality KW - Tires KW - Tyre UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1168317 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01105139 AU - Rollins, Greg AU - Osseiran, Abdallah H AU - Scofield, Larry A AU - Arizona Transportation Research Center AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Hilfiker Reinforced Soil Embankment with Full-Height, Cast-In-Place Concrete Panels PY - 1992/05//Final Report SP - 109p AB - The objective of this experimental project was to evaluate the construction and performance of a full-height retaining wall system. The contractor chose to use the Hilfiker Reinforced Soil Embankment with cast-in- place, concrete panels. The project included three Hilfiker walls at the interchange of 1-10 and 24th St. in Phoenix. Construction of the embankment consisted of placing steel mesh reinforcing mats at 2' intervals, followed by placing and compacting the backfill material. Some of the backfill had to be imported as the on-site material failed resistivity tests. The concrete panels were poured after the embankment was completed. The concrete was poured from the top of the embankment, many times in excess of 20'. Because of the pour height, and difficulty in vibrating, air voids, hairline cracks, and honeycombing were prevalent in the northeast and southwest walls. The evaluation period began with the construction of the walls, September 1986, and extended through October, 1991. The southeast wall is significantly distressed. A large vertical crack has formed along the Hilfiker wall - bridge abutment interface. Also, the anchor slab above the crack has been witnessed deflecting considerably (about 1''). A hypothesis tied to these problems is that a void may have formed beneath the anchor slab. Water exiting the embankment may be carrying soil out with it. An erosion channel immediately below the crack is evidence of water passing through the crack. The other walls also share these distresses to a much lesser degree. ADOT is currently investigating the cracks and deflections. Recommendations for future use of reinforced earth systems include increasing backfill density requirements and providing controlled drainage from the embankment. The drainage should be filtered to prevent the removal of backfill material. Also, during design, provision should be made for the geometric configurations of the features of the roadway, such as catch basins and light pole foundations. KW - Cast in place concrete KW - Construction KW - Evaluation KW - Mechanically stabilized earth KW - Mechanically stabilized embankment KW - Performance KW - Retaining walls UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/26000/26900/26936/EP8601f.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/863931 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924184 AU - Olson, L D AU - Sack, D A AU - Phelps, G C AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - SONIC NDE OF BRIDGES AND OTHER CONCRETE STRUCTURES PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 279-295 AB - This paper presents recent innovations for sonic and ultrasonic scanning of concrete bridges and structures. Recent technical advances in instrumentation systems by the author's firm allow, for the first time, the potential for rapid scanning of structural concrete with ultrasonic and sonic methods. This recently developed instrumentation provides for practically continuous nondestructive testing with PC-based data acquisition and software analysis. Test data are presented to illustrate the applications of the scanner to traditional point-by-point Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Impact Echo methods. The paper also presents an introduction to a technology recently applied to nondestructive evaluation of concrete structures, especially slabs, tunnels, massive concrete structures, and other installations where information on thick concrete or on concrete and the subsurface behind the concrete is required. The technology, Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves, allows nondestructive determination of the shear wave velocities of the various components of a layered system while testing from only one surface. Included is an overview of the method and the principles behind it, as well as some case-history examples. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Case studies KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete structures KW - Impact echo tests KW - Innovation KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Sonic tests KW - Spectral analysis of surface waves KW - Spectrum analysis KW - Ultrasonic pulse velocity KW - Ultrasonics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711279 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924186 AU - Pastor, J A AU - Navas, A AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - EVALUATION OF EARTHQUAKE DAMAGED STRUCTURES USING NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING METHODS PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 313-328 AB - The use of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) in the evaluation of reinforced concrete and masonry (reinforced and unreinforced) structures, damaged during recent earthquake activity in Costa Rica is presented. The NDT equipment available in the Materials and Structural Models Laboratory of the University of Costa Rica is described. This is followed by a brief discussion of the calibration procedures employed and a description of three field applications: low cost housing built with reinforced concrete masonry block; low rise (3 to 5 story) reinforced concrete buildings; and Costa Rica's National Theater, a 100-year-old partially unreinforced clay brick masonry structure. Finally, recommendations and conclusions referring to the correct use, limitations and scope of NDT in this area are given. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Commercial buildings KW - Concrete structures KW - Costa Rica KW - Dwellings KW - Earthquakes KW - Loss and damage KW - Masonry construction KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711281 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924188 AU - Nast, T E AU - Zoughi, R AU - Nowak, P S AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF MICROWAVE REFLECTOMETRY AS A NONDESTRUCTIVE TOOL FOR STUDYING CONCRETE PROPERTIES PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 339-343 AB - This paper presents the preliminary results of several experiments that were conducted to evaluate the potential of microwave nondestructive testing as a tool for detection/evaluation of properties associated with concrete structures. These controlled experiments were aimed at studying aggregate size distribution and strength (water to cement ratio). Using microwave reflectometers at 4 and 9.5 GHz, studies of the characteristics of the magnitude of reflection coefficient as a function of concrete parameters were conducted. Although these results are preliminary, they show the potential of this technique for studying concrete structures. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Aggregate size distribution KW - Concrete structures KW - Microwave reflectometry KW - Microwaves KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Water cement ratio UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711283 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924190 AU - Anthony, R W AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - STRUCTURAL TIMBER ASSESSMENT USING NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 357-373 AB - The development of stress wave-based nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques has significantly enhanced the ability to assess the reliability of timber structures. Application of innovative NDE techniques enables a structural evaluation of integrity during fabrication of wood components and maintenance of timber structures at a defined level of safety. This paper describes three developments and their applications to structural timber. These developments include stress wave analysis of timber structures that incorporates a strength prediction method, strength grading of wood poles using longitudinal stress waves, and an acousto-ultrasonic NDE method for quality assurance of engineered wood components. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Lumber KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Quality assurance KW - Strength of materials KW - Stress wave analysis KW - Structural integrity KW - Timber construction KW - Utility poles KW - Wood structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711285 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924197 AU - Cohen, J S AU - Osborn, AEN AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - STRAIN GAGE MONITORING FOR THE QUEENS MIDTOWN VIADUCT PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 453-470 AB - As part of the rehabilitation work on the Queens Midtown Viaduct in New York City, a monitoring system was installed to establish that correct levels of pre-stress were obtained in designated tie down assemblies and to limit out-of-balance forces which may be applied to 51 heavy weldments, called bolsters, during construction. Strain gages adhered to the bolsters and tie rods were monitored by a computer based data acquisition system, running software specifically developed for this project. A detailed finite element analysis studied the effects of fabrication tolerances and determined the optimal number and location of gages necessary to successfully measure any out-of-balance load. The accuracy of the final measurements was estimated via preliminary testing. Readings from the strain gages were taken directly by a laptop computer. Pre-loads in the unusual tie down assemblies were also monitored with this system. This paper presents details of the project, the requirement for a load monitoring system, details of the strain gage and load monitoring system and sample results from the testing. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Accuracy KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Bolsters KW - Loads KW - Monitoring KW - New York (New York) KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Prestressing KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Strain gages KW - Tiedowns KW - Viaducts KW - Weldments UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711292 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924182 AU - Ghorbanpoor, Al AU - McGogney, C H AU - Virmani, Y P AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN NDE OF CONCRETE BRIDGE STRUCTURES PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 247-261 AB - Nondestructive evaluation of reinforced, prestressed, and post-tensioned concrete structures based on the utilization of the concepts of magnetic flux leakage and propagation of transient waves in the concrete medium have shown remarkable promise in recent years. This paper summarizes the methodologies and results of recent studies on two such techniques, the Magnetic Field Disturbance (MFD) and Impact-Echo (IE), used for nondestructive evaluation of concrete bridges. Theoretical, experimental, and field studies were conducted and presented in this paper to further develop and investigate the MFD and IE techniques for their application to concrete highway bridge structures. It has been found that both techniques yield high potentials for successful use in nondestructive evaluation of concrete bridge structures. Flaws, such as cracks, voids, and honeycombing, in concrete members and in post-tensioning ducts and corrosion and cracking of embedded reinforcing bars and prestressing strands can be detected with good reliability. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Air voids KW - Concrete bridges KW - Corrosion KW - Cracking KW - Defects KW - Flaw detection KW - Impact echo tests KW - Magnetic field disturbance KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Prestressing strands KW - Reinforcing bars KW - Reliability UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711277 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924189 AU - She, A C AU - Hjelmstad, K D AU - Huang, T S AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - STRUCTURAL DAMAGE DETECTION USING STEREO CAMERA MEASUREMENTS PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 345-356 AB - In this paper the authors discuss the feasibility of using stereo camera measurements to monitor motion in civil engineering structures; these measurements would be useful for nondestructive evaluation of large scale structures. The authors use stereo camera information to estimate the locations and translations of specific structural features under various nondestructive loadings. They then combine these measurements with a priori knowledge of structural geometry and topology to estimate structural parameters. They combine system identification techniques with methods for subpixel measurement and reliable feature matching to resolve measured motions. They discuss the issues associated with making these measurements and illustrate the technique on a small physical model of a single tier, two story frame structure. They were able to estimate motions of the model with less than 2.4% error. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Civil engineering KW - Detection and identification KW - Monitoring KW - Motion KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Stereoscopic cameras KW - Structural damage KW - Structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711284 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924196 AU - Nazarian, S AU - Baker, M AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - A NEW NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING DEVICE FOR COMPREHENSIVE PAVEMENT EVALUATION PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 437-452 AB - A new nondestructive testing device for monitoring conditions associated with pavement deterioration has been designed and a prototype has been built. The device provides more accurate information on the level of damage, and the types of change occurring in the pavement properties at much earlier time than previously available. In this report, the types of precursors of distress that can be effectively measured with the device, the methodology utilized to measure each distress and the interpretation process utilized to make the device usable by a technician are described. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Deterioration KW - Measuring instruments KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavement distress KW - Pavements KW - Prototypes KW - Testing equipment UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711291 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924192 AU - WEIL, G J AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF BRIDGE, HIGHWAY AND AIRPORT PAVEMENTS PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 385-394 AB - Billions of dollars have been spent over the last 50 years in order to build our nation's concrete infrastructure. Bridges, highways and airport pavements comprise the major uses to which this money has been allocated. Unfortunately, these major pieces of our infrastructure are coming to the end of their design lives and very little funding exists for their maintenance or replacement. Therefore, new technologies must be found and adapted for evaluating these concrete structures so that their maximum value and life can be realized. Once a concrete structure can be evaluated as to its areas in need of maintenance or replacement, proper economical decisions can be made for its rehabilitation. Two nondestructive techniques, Infrared Thermography and Ground Penetrating Radar, have been developed that, when used either separately or together, can quickly, efficiently and economically evaluate large concrete pavement areas and structures. This technical paper describes each of these technologies and illustrates their applications with case studies in which they were used, both individually and in unison. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Airport runways KW - Bridges KW - Case studies KW - Concrete bridges KW - Concrete pavements KW - Ground penetrating radar KW - Highways KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Thermographs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711287 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924193 AU - Bruns, S R AU - Higgins, C C AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - EVALUATION AND TESTING OF A CLOSED SPANDREL REINFORCED CONCRETE ARCH BRIDGE PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 395-410 AB - A sixty-year-old closed spandrel reinforced concrete arch bridge will undergo rehabilitation instead of replacement. Selection of appropriate rehabilitation alternatives requires that a thorough structural assessment be conducted. Assessment of the existing reinforced concrete structure can only be conducted when material strengths, as-constructed dimensions and geometry, steel placement parameters, steel section loss to corrosion, and the degree of concrete deterioration are accurately estimated. A comprehensive evaluation program was established for the bridge to determine requisite assessment parameters. The testing program, presented in this paper, illustrates how the combined applications of many nondestructive and semi-destructive test methods provide reliable strength and deterioration estimates essential for structural assessment and rehabilitation. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Arch bridges KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Rehabilitation (Maintenance) KW - Reinforced concrete bridges KW - Structural analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711288 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924185 AU - Woodham, D B AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - MAGNETICALLY INDUCED VELOCITY CHANGE TO MEASURE RESIDUAL STRESS PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 297-311 AB - This study investigated the accuracy and repeatability of the Magnetically Induced Velocity Change (MIVC) method to measure uniaxial stress in three common types of bridge steel. The MIVC method measures the velocity change of ultrasonic waves in ferromagnetic materials due to an applied magnetic field. Curves of the velocity change plotted against the applied magnetic field are unique for each stress level in typical bridge steel. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Bridges KW - Ferromagnetic materials KW - Magnetically induced velocity change KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Steel KW - Ultrasonic waves KW - Uniaxial stress UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711280 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924187 AU - Berra, M AU - Binda, L AU - Anti, L AU - Fatticcioni, A AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - UTILIZATION OF SONIC TESTS TO EVALUATE DAMAGED AND REPAIRED MASONRIES PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 329-338 AB - When dealing with conservation of existing buildings, the detection of damaged areas of the walls and the evaluation of the level of damage are needed before deciding on the type and extent of repair. After rehabilitation, the effectiveness of the repair also has to be determined. Research has been carried out by the authors on the application of pulse velocity tests to the evaluation of the integrity of historic masonry structures and of the efficacy of masonry strengthening by injection techniques. Sonic tests appear to be more suitable than ultrasonic tests to detect large voids, flaws, cracks and delaminated bed joints, to evaluate walls of great thickness and to obtain clear waveforms for further processing. There being direct empirical correlations between masonry strength and sonic pulse velocity, limited by a high degree of scatter in the data, a rough guide for masonry quality is proposed based on different levels of pulse velocity values. The measurement of local effectiveness of masonry repair by injection is also proposed by using as a parameter the product amplitude by frequency of the fundamental wave. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Air voids KW - Cracking KW - Delamination KW - Flaw detection KW - Grouting KW - Historic preservation KW - Loss and damage KW - Masonry construction KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pulse velocity tests KW - Repairing KW - Sonic tests KW - Strengthening (Maintenance) KW - Structural integrity KW - Structures KW - Waveform analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711282 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924181 AU - Kayser, J R AU - Miller, E D AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - ACCURACY IN THE THICKNESS MEASUREMENT OF CORRODED BRIDGE STEEL USING AN ULTRASONIC THICKNESS METER PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 241-246 AB - This paper presents the results of a study investigating the accuracy of a digital ultrasonic meter. A series of measurements were made of a corroded specimen of bridge steel using an ultrasonic meter and a mounted mechanical dial gage. Statistics were used to compare the two sets of data. The ultrasonic gage was shown to be accurate to only +/- 0.1 in. Further inspection of the specimen using an ultrasonic A-scan meter showed internal flaws, which lead to the inaccurate ultrasonic thickness gage readings. This test showed that an ultrasonic thickness gage may be inappropriate where internal flaws are present. In such situations, an A-scan meter should be used instead. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Accuracy KW - Bridges KW - Internal flaws KW - Measurement KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Specimens KW - Steel KW - Thickness KW - Ultrasonic detectors UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711276 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924183 AU - Maji, A K AU - Wang, J L AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - INSPECTION OF MODEL STEEL BRIDGE COMPONENTS WITH ELECTRONIC SHEAROGRAPHY PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 263-277 AB - Recent advances in the techniques of Laser Interferometry have made them attractive tools for measurement of surface phenomena. Different techniques are suitable for in-plane and out-of-plane displacement and strain measurements. These techniques are highly sensitive, noninvasive and noncontacting, and therefore are very amenable to remote monitoring. More recently, the "Shearography" technique has become a promising tool for inspection of aging aircrafts. This technique uses the interference of coherent laser beams to detect displacement derivatives or strains. Electronic processing of the images have replaced the use of photosensitive films. The major implication of this is that vibration isolation is no longer an issue in this kind of laser interferometry. Also, the optical set-up used in Shearography minimizes the limitations created by the "coherence length" of the laser beam. This implies that large objects can be simultaneously illuminated and examined by this technique. These capabilities of Electronic Shearography (ES) address several questions raised regarding the author's earlier paper at this conference (Maji, 1990): what are the limitations on the object size, or the field applicability of laser interferometry techniques? The fringe readouts can also be automated using similar techniques. Testing and inspection can therefore be carried out in real time. This paper explains the principles of application and the advantages of this technique over other nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques currently in use. The possibilities of full scale testing of large objects and structures have been explored based on our scaled down tests. The ES technique was used to observe fringe patterns during plate bending and strain concentrations on small scale-model tests. Models of bridge components with simulated cracks were subsequently tested. Tests were also carried out to study the effect of ambient vibrations and light with the objective of transferring this technology to full scale field testing of bridges and other steel structures. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Bridges KW - Electronic shearography KW - Inspection KW - Interferometry KW - Lasers KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Real time data processing KW - Scale models KW - Steel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711278 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924194 AU - O'Dell, D A AU - Hansen, R E AU - McDowell, S L AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - ULTRASONIC TESTING OF FILLET WELDS PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 411-425 AB - An ultrasonic technique using refracted longitudinal waves to test T-joint fillet welds is reported. The probability of detection of longitudinal (hot tear) cracks is quantified. Differentiation of longitudinal fillet weld discontinuities is indicated. Recommendations are made for evaluation and acceptance criteria which could be incorporated in the Bridge Welding Code. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Bridges KW - Fillet welds KW - Flaw detection KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Ultrasonic tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711289 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924195 AU - Buchanan, D J AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - USE OF HYDROPHONES TO MONITOR PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PIPE PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 427-435 AB - This paper presents an overview of the development to date of an underwater acoustic monitoring system which incorporates hydrophones as the listening component to detect wire breaks in prestressed concrete pipe. Also discussed are the testing programs that have been run to produce both better suited hydrophones for this application and an automated real-time signal processing system to record and determine the location of the wire breaks. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Acoustic detectors KW - Automatic data collection systems KW - Hydrophones KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pipe KW - Prestressed concrete KW - Prestressing KW - Real time data processing KW - Steel wire KW - Underwater pipelines KW - Wire breaks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711290 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924191 AU - Wynn, C C AU - Fletcher, W M AU - Jones, W D AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF HOLLOW CLAY TILE WALLS PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 375-383 AB - Experiments have been conducted using sonics, ultrasonics, infrared thermography, and microwave nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques on hollow clay tile masonry construction at the Department of Energy Y-12 Plant in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The experiments are part of a major test program to evaluate the seismic and wind load capacity of existing hollow clay tile infilled steel frame buildings at the Y-12 Plant and to recommend the extent of retrofit required to ensure these structures will meet the current requirements for natural hazards survival. Many of the techniques that showed promise in bench top experiments proved to be disappointing for in situ evaluations. For the problem definitions specific to the Y-12 Plant test program, at least two NDE techniques continue to justify funding for further development into a useful methodology: infrared thermography and low power microwave spectrography. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Hollow clay tile walls KW - Masonry construction KW - Microwave spectrography KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Retrofitting KW - Thermographs KW - Walls KW - Wind resistant design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711286 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924166 AU - FORDE, M C AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF MASONRY BRIDGES PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 17-42 AB - This paper outlines new and sophisticated digital non-destructive testing techniques available in both the time and frequency domains. The techniques include digital sonic time domain testing, digital sonic frequency domain testing and digital time domain radar testing. The new non-destructive evaluation techniques are described in relation to applications to masonry bridges and retaining wall structures. A comparison of the techniques with those applied to concrete structures is made. It is shown that the techniques of digital sonic impulse hammer testing and digital impulse radar testing are complementary in nature and can be used to cost effectively identify the geometries of masonry bridges in addition to fault detection, location and quantification. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Digital techniques KW - Frequency domain analysis KW - Impulse tests KW - Masonry bridges KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Radar KW - Retaining walls KW - Sonic tests KW - Time domain analysis UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711261 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924173 AU - Sansalone, M AU - Poston, R AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - DETECTING CRACKS IN THE BEAMS AND COLUMNS OF A POST-TENSIONED PARKING GARAGE STRUCTURE USING THE IMPACT-ECHO METHOD PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 129-143 AB - This paper presents both a brief explanation of the impact response of bar-like structures and an application involving the use of the impact-echo method for detecting cracks in the beams and columns of a post-tensioned parking garage structure. The information gained from the impact-echo tests was used to aid in specifying repair measures for the structure. In the process of implementing repair measures, selected impact-echo results were verified. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Beams KW - Columns KW - Cracking KW - Impact echo tests KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Parking garages UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711268 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924180 AU - DAVIS, A G AU - Paquet, J AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - MONITORING BRIDGE PERFORMANCE USING NDE TECHNIQUES PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 227-240 AB - This paper presents two approaches to nondestructive monitoring of bridge performance without disrupting traffic flow. The first method compares bridge beam deflections with beam strains using simple and robust measuring equipment. The second method presents the concept of instantaneous frequency which allows separation of the dynamic behavior of the vehicle from the behavior of the bridge itself. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Deflection KW - Highway bridges KW - Instantaneous frequency KW - Measuring instruments KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Strain (Mechanics) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711275 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924176 AU - O'Leary, P N AU - Bagdasarian, D A AU - DeWolf, J T AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - BRIDGE CONDITION ASSESSMENT USING SIGNATURES PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 171-179 AB - This paper presents findings on the application of a vibrational monitoring system to bridges for the nondestructive evaluation of the structural integrity. The vibrational data are processed into a signature which characterizes the bridge. Previous work has shown that when the structural integrity changes, components in the signature also change. Field data are presented based on the installation of the vibrational monitoring system on a bridge in Connecticut. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Bridge signature KW - Bridges KW - Condition surveys KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Structural integrity KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711271 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924177 AU - Mazurek, D F AU - Jordan, S R AU - Palazzetti, D J AU - Robertson, G S AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - DAMAGE DETECTABILITY IN BRIDGE STRUCTURES BY VIBRATIONAL ANALYSIS PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 181-193 AB - This paper presents the results of an analytical study which examined the damage sensitivity of the flexural modes of vibration in bridge structures. A direct approach is used which permits the evaluation of detectability for failures developing at any location in a simply-supported single-girder system. Damage is simulated by introducing a hinge and rotational spring, and varying the spring stiffness to reflect different degrees of deterioration. Experimental results correlate well with the eigenparameter behavior predicted by the analytical approach. The experimental results are also used to calibrate the spring to actual damage conditions. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Deterioration KW - Failure KW - Highway bridges KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Vibration KW - Vibration mode UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711272 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924172 AU - Clark, W G AU - Shannon, R E AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - MAGNETIC TAGGING FOR THE IMPROVED CHARACTERIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 113-127 AB - Westinghouse investigators have developed a unique diagnostic concept widely applicable to construction materials. Known as "magnetic tagging" or WESTAG, the concept involves the addition of a small amount of tiny magnetic ceramic particles to a material during its manufacture such that subsequent interrogation with available electromagnetic instrumentation produces a signature which can be related to material integrity. Laboratory feasibility studies have demonstrated that magnetic tagging can be used for high speed traceability, process control, and in-service inspection of concrete, asphalt, polymer piping, structural textiles, adhesives, and even geotechnical clay. This paper provides a discussion of the concept and examples of magnetic tagging in construction material applications, including the assessment of water-to-cement ratio, asphalt density and thickness measurements, foam insulation performance, and adhesive bond qualification. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Adhesives KW - Asphalt KW - Concrete KW - Construction KW - Geotextiles KW - Inspection KW - Magnetic ceramic particles KW - Magnetic tagging KW - Materials KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Polymers KW - Quality control KW - Smart materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711267 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924174 AU - FIGG, J W AU - Sheehan, A AU - Tomsett, H N AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - ASSESSMENT OF COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLOORS USING A COMBINATION OF SONIC AND ULTRASONIC NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST METHODS PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 145-160 AB - In the U.K. in the 1960s, a common form of floor construction for commercial buildings consisted of a composite "sandwich" of prestressed concrete double-Tee units (often made using high alumina cement) with a cast in-situ structural concrete topping (generally made using portland cement). An in-situ sand:cement screed normally formed the third layer, giving the level surface required for finishes. Where questions had arisen concerning floor loading (e.g., due to the desire for office upgrades), a method of assessing the adequacy of bonding between the precast and in-situ concretes was required. (It had been calculated that a good bond between the double-Tee units and the structural concrete topping had to be achieved over not less than two-thirds of the floor area.) However, the presence of the non-structural screed complicated the testing and prevented conventional delamination detection techniques from giving adequate information on the state of interlayer bond. A combined sonic/ultrasonic test procedure was therefore explored in order to appraise the overall extent of bonding. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Bonding KW - Commercial buildings KW - Composite construction KW - Floors KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Sandwich construction KW - Sonic tests KW - Ultrasonic tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711269 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924168 AU - Whiting, D A AU - Matzkanin, G A AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - FIELD TESTING OF A NONDESTRUCTIVE PORTABLE PERMEABILITY INDICATOR FOR CONCRETE PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 51-66 AB - A portable, battery powered device has been developed which affords a nondestructive measure of permeability of a concrete surface. The device creates a vacuum of approximately -25 in. of Hg at the concrete surface and measures the rate of air flow (in mL/min) using a mass flowmeter. Reusable closed cell foam gaskets are used to insure a tight seal to rough surfaces. A detachable vacuum plate can be used to obtain measurements on vertical or overhead surfaces. Readings can be obtained at the rate of approximately one per minute, allowing a large amount of information to be developed at close intervals across a given concrete member. Field trials of the device were carried out on bridges in the states of Pennsylvania and Texas. Bridge elements tested included decks, support beams, and pier caps. It was possible to test a 40 ft long span in one lane over a period of about 2 hours using a test grid established on 3 ft centers. Support elements can also be tested, although in many cases scaffolding, man lifts, or other devices may be needed to access elements beyond reach. In addition to the nondestructive testing, cores were obtained from a number of locations on each test structure and subsequently tested in the laboratory for air permeability. Relationships between field measurements and actual air permeabilities were generally good. Potential applications of the device could include such activities as: 1) determination of relative permeability of concrete during rehabilitation surveys, 2) verification that low permeability has been established for special concrete overlays, and 3) establishing general quality of concrete in routine construction or in cases where questions have arisen. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Beams KW - Bridge decks KW - Concrete KW - Condition surveys KW - Field tests KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Permeability KW - Pier caps KW - Portable equipment KW - Quality control UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711263 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924170 AU - Worthington, W AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - PRESTRESSED CONCRETE PIPE INSPECTION AND MONITORING METHODS PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 83-97 AB - This paper summarizes and evaluates the methods used by the Bureau of Reclamation to monitor prestressed concrete pipe (PCP) on the Central Arizona Project for distress and deterioration. It also presents an analysis of the stages of failure of PCP. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Aqueducts KW - Central Arizona Project KW - Concrete pipe KW - Deterioration KW - Failure KW - Inspection KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Prestressed concrete UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711265 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924178 AU - Al-Qadi, I L AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - THE PENETRATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES INTO HOT-MIX ASPHALT PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 195-209 AB - A nondestructive and non-contact experimental set-up to measure the dielectric properties of hot-mix asphalt was used. The dielectric properties were calculated from the reflection coefficients and the phase angles of induced and reflected continuous electromagnetic (EM) waves at a sweep frequency range of 12.4 - 18.0 GHz. A focused horn antenna at a high frequency and a network analyzer were used to investigate the penetration capabilities of the system into hot-mix asphalt. Marshall hot-mix asphalt specimens were cast using kneading compactor. The variables investigated include different aggregates, aggregate gradations, asphalt cements, asphalt cement contents, specimen thickness, surface smoothness, and moisture contents. The depth of penetration of EM waves is the inverse of the attenuation factor which depends on the loss factor measurement. Depth of penetration, which is considered at 36.8% reflection of original induced waves, is calculated from complex dielectric properties of tested specimens. Although the penetration of EM waves into wet specimens (up to 10% moisture content by volume) was found to be less than that of dry specimens, due to the high attenuation of water, the depth of penetration was sufficient. The study concluded that EM waves (in a sweep mode) used in the developed set-up are capable of penetrating hot-mix asphalt wearing surfaces and bridge deck hot-mix asphalt overlays at high frequencies. Therefore, complex dielectric properties of hot-mix asphalt layers can be measured accurately and thus can be used in detecting moisture contents and other flaws. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Aggregate gradation KW - Aggregates KW - Asphalt cement KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Dielectric properties KW - Electromagnetic waves KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Moisture content KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Overlays (Pavements) KW - Smoothness KW - Thickness KW - Wearing course (Pavements) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711273 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924179 AU - Alampalli, S AU - Fu, Gongkang AU - Aziz, I A AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY BRIDGES BY DYNAMIC MONITORING PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 211-225 AB - A Remote Bridge Monitoring System (RBMS) based on measured structural vibration response is perceived to assist in bridge inspection in the future. Measurement of traffic induced vibration is a candidate for the RBMS because of possible automation. However, investigation is needed to develop methods of obtaining consistent data with the RBMS using ambient traffic excitation to eliminate the disadvantages associated with forced excitation. This paper presents such a method to obtain bridge signatures. Tests were conducted on a 1/6 scale bridge model in the laboratory and a full scale bridge in the field. Consistency in obtained structural signatures by the new method and other more conventional methods was examined. Results indicate that the introduced method can be used in the RBMS to obtain bridge signatures. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Automation KW - Bridge signatures KW - Field tests KW - Highway bridges KW - Inspection KW - Laboratory tests KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Remote sensing KW - Scale models KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711274 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924171 AU - Pla, G AU - Eberhard, M O AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - APPLICATIONS OF IMAGING TECHNOLOGY TO THE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 99-112 AB - The power of commonly available computers is such that imaging technology now plays an important role in nondestructive evaluation and remote sensing. The biomedical, geophysical and oceanographical sciences routinely rely on complex reconstruction algorithms to help interpret sensor signals. The aircraft and electronic industries use acoustic imaging to detect and characterize flaws in ceramics and metals. In contrast, the application of imaging technology to the nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of reinforced concrete structures has been limited. Unlike many applications in other fields, civil engineering applications require that the NDE equipment be portable, relatively inexpensive, and applicable to a wide variety of situations. The high attenuation and inhomogeneity of concrete compound the difficulties of developing a practical imaging system. In addition, most civil engineers are not familiar with current imaging technology. The purpose of this paper is to explore current and promising applications of imaging technology to the nondestructive evaluation of reinforced concrete structures. The exploration is not exhaustive. Some imaging modalities will not be discussed because of space constraints. Other applications have undoubtedly escaped the authors' attention because they are proprietary and have not appeared in the available literature. Though the arrival of powerful and inexpensive computers has considerably increased the level of complexity of image reconstruction techniques, this paper focuses on providing the principles of particle absorption and wave propagation on which these techniques rely. Details of implementation can be found in the references. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Acoustics KW - Concrete structures KW - Imaging systems KW - Impact echo tests KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Nuclear magnetic resonance KW - Radar images KW - Radiography KW - Reinforced concrete KW - Thermal imagery KW - Tomography KW - Ultrasonics UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711266 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924175 AU - Hearn, G AU - Ghia, R AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - RESPONSE-BASED STRUCTURAL CONDITION MONITORING PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 161-169 AB - A method for response-based condition monitoring is presented and a study of its application to passive monitoring of highway bridges is introduced. Dynamic strain records of 29 bridges of various size and construction are being processed by the software tools which will be employed in field applications of the monitoring method. Fundamental vibration mode dominates the response of all bridges in the study, but higher modes are readily found by averaging. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Condition surveys KW - Highway bridges KW - Monitoring KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Response-based monitoring KW - Vibration mode UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711270 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924165 AU - OHTSU, M AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - CURRENT NDE DEVELOPMENTS OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS IN JAPAN PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 1-16 AB - The demand for nondestructive evaluation (NDE) of concrete structures is substantially increasing in Japan because serious cases of deteriorated structures are reported. The research organizations and institutions are charged with a noteworthy mission to develop NDE techniques. Based on these activities, current NDE developments of concrete structures and materials are discussed. NDE tests for the evaluation of concrete strength and for concrete properties other than strength are summarized. Further, advanced techniques under investigation are presented. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Concrete structures KW - Japan KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Properties of materials KW - State of the art KW - Strength of materials KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711260 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924167 AU - Ross, R J AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF WOOD PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 43-49 AB - Nondestructive evaluation of materials, the science of identifying the physical and mechanical properties of materials without altering their end-use capabilities, is valuable in defining relationships between properties and performance of materials. Nondestructive evaluation techniques using these relationships have current industrial applications. They are used for machine stress rating of lumber and ultrasonic veneer grading for laminated veneer lumber manufacture. Studies using nondestructive evaluations have been used for in-place detection of decay in wood structures such as bridges, grandstands, piers and laminated arches. A comprehensive report that reviews nondestructive testing of wood research and application techniques has been prepared. This paper provides a brief synopsis of that report. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Laminated wood KW - Lumber KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Wood KW - Wood structures KW - Wooden bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711262 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924169 AU - Alexander, A M AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - ACCURACY OF PREDICTING IN-SITU COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF DETERIORATED CONCRETE SEAWALL BY NDT METHODS PY - 1992/05 SP - p. 67-82 AB - Ultrasonic pulse velocities (UPV) and Rebound Number (RN) measurements were made on some distressed concrete pilasters on a seawall and cores taken to develop a calibration curve to relate compressive strength (CS) to UPV and CS to RN. This report provides a step-by-step procedure of the operations required to conduct nondestructive testing (NDT) and evaluation to predict in-situ CS of deteriorated concrete in civil structures. Various pitfalls, problems, complications, and successes are touched upon in the report that influence a successful outcome to the calibration process. The nature of the deterioration will determine the number of cores and size needed at a NDT measurement location for obtaining a proper statistical average of the CS of the concrete. The method for sampling the concrete will depend on whether the cracks are discrete and spaced inches apart or whether they are small microcracks uniformly distributed through the concrete. Another key factor dealt with in the study is the proper way to take cores. The study also explains why the RN method was not successful in this investigation. The resulting curve that relates the average in-situ CS to the field UPV had a correlation coefficient of 0.84. Based on Mendel's method of regression analysis the CS can be predicted to within 20% of the actual value. This investigation demonstrated that significant coring can be eliminated by combining NDT with coring to determine the CS rather than just coring alone. Hopefully this study will help promote the advancement of the use of NDT for concrete structures by providing needed information for personnel to make the transition from destructive testing to NDT in the cases where it is applicable. Destructive testing will be around for many years to come as the state-of-the-art of NDT continues to improve in the construction industry. This study makes use of the best of both technologies by providing a procedure that limits the expensive and tedious process of drilling cores. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Accuracy KW - Calibration KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pilasters KW - Cores (Specimens) KW - Correlation analysis KW - Deterioration KW - Field tests KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Rebound number KW - Sea walls KW - Ultrasonic pulse velocity UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711264 ER - TY - CONF AN - 00924164 AU - University of Colorado, Boulder TI - NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF CIVIL STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS, PROCEEDINGS, BOULDER, COLORADO, MAY 11-13, 1992 PY - 1992/05 SP - 478p AB - This conference provided a forum for the exchange of concepts, information, and experiences related to nondestructive evaluation. A major theme of the conference was the practical application of existing techniques and specifically applications to transportation structures. The three-day conference brought together professional engineers, researchers, and equipment manufacturers interested in design, repair, rehabilitation, and testing. The proceedings contain the papers presented at the conference. Additional papers were selected based on their interest to the nondestructive evaluation community. U1 - Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and MaterialsFederal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation.Boulder, Colorado StartDate:19920511 EndDate:19920513 Sponsors:Federal Highway Administration; and National Science Foundation. KW - Asphalt KW - Bridges KW - Concrete KW - Concrete pipe KW - Conferences KW - Masonry construction KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pavements KW - Steel KW - Walls KW - Welds KW - Wood UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/711259 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625537 AU - Balke, K N AU - Ullman, G L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR COMMUNICATING WITH MOTORISTS: A SYNTHESIS OF HUMAN FACTORS AND TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT ISSUES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 62 p. AB - This report identifies and discusses a number of human factors, safety, and traffic management issues associated with available and emerging technologies for communicating with motorists in their vehicle. The advantages and limitations of each of these technologies are also discussed. The intent of this report is to provide the Department with insight into those issues that may influence the design, implementation, and operations of ADIS (Advanced Driver Information Systems) in Texas. KW - Advanced driver information systems KW - Design KW - Driver information systems KW - Highway traffic control KW - Human factors KW - Implementation KW - Operations KW - Route guidance KW - Technological innovations UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368021 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00636377 AU - Bligh, R P AU - Sicking, D L AU - Bullard, L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Arizona Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BRIDGE APPROACH RAILS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 193 p. AB - A recent study on the performance of guardrail-to-bridge rail transitions revealed that many widely used designs do not meet current safety standards. As a result, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) requested that the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) verify the safety performance of its standard transition designs. Three transition designs currently being used by ADOT were evaluated through a combined program of computer simulation and full-scale crash testing. The standard ADOT wood post transition, incorporating a channel rubrail and two different sizes of timber posts at a reduced post spacing near the bridge rail end, was found to be in compliance with National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 230 performance criteria. The standard ADOT steel post transition with channel rubrail was also found to be in compliance with NCHRP Report 230 requirements when impacted near the end of the bridge rail. However, the upstream end of the steel post transition required modification to eliminate deficiencies identified during testing. The modified design, which terminated the channel rubrail behind a W6x9 guardrail post, was successfully crash tested. The third transition design evaluated was the standard ADOT steel post system with a 6 in. curb extending along the length of the transition. When tested, this system failed to meet NCHRP Report 230 test criteria. Significant modifications were made to the design including the addition of a rubrail section and tubular steel blockouts near the bridge end. This modified design was successfully tested in accordance with NCHRP Report 230 recommendations. In an effort to assess the risk posed by the current design an additional test on the unmodified system was conducted using impact conditions of 60 mph and 20 degrees. The steel post system with curb successfully passed this crash test, indicating that there is no need to establish a retrofit program. It is recommended that the wood and steel post systems with curb, as well as the steel post system with rubrail and without curb, be retrofit or replaced as they are damaged and reconstructed. KW - Bridge railings KW - Compliance KW - Crashes KW - Design KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - NCHRP Report 230 KW - Performance KW - Simulation KW - Testing KW - Transition zones UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/379875 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 00623611 JO - Publication of: Illinois University, Urbana-Champaign PB - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Mohseni, A AU - Darter, M I AU - Hall, J P AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALTERNATIVE METHODS FOR PAVEMENT NETWORK REHABILITATION MANAGEMENT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 234 p. AB - This report shows that significant benefits can occur to the travelling public and to the highway agency through improved pavement management practice. Several different methods of pavement network rehabilitation management are compared. These methods range from random selection, to worst first ranking, to different methods of optimization. The results of applying each method on a sample highway network show for the first time greatly different benefits and overall performance for the same budget expenditure. Optimization methods provided the best network performance over other methods. Different optimization methods studied provided comparable results. The unrestrained budget needs method provides a reasonable estimate of pavement rehabilitation needs, however, the budget needs vary greatly from year to year. Incremental benefit-cost ratio algorithm is found to be a very efficient and practical algorithm for use in a pavement management system (PMS) and is highly recommended. Vehicle miles travelled (VMT) on good pavements is recommended as an excellent objective benefit function in a network-level PMS. KW - Algorithms KW - Benefit cost analysis KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Optimization KW - Pavement management systems KW - Performance KW - Rehabilitation KW - Vehicle miles of travel UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/366406 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623566 AU - Fong, H K AU - Rooney, F D AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CAPACITY DATA PY - 1992/05 SP - 254 p. AB - This report contains capacity data for sixteen peak periods in the following California locations: Contra Costa County (3), Marin County (4), Los Angeles (8), and San Diego (3). KW - Contra Costa County (California) KW - Highway capacity KW - Los Angeles (California) KW - Marin County (California) KW - San Diego (California) KW - Statistics KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic speed KW - Traffic volume UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363411 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00719440 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - 1992 DRIVER LICENSE ADMINISTRATION REQUIREMENTS AND FEES PY - 1992/05 SP - 55 p. AB - The tabular information in this report, provided by the State and Provincial driver licensing authorities, shows the administrative requirements and qualifications needed to obtain driver licenses in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Provinces of Canada, together with the driver license content and driver improvement provisions, as of January 1, 1992. KW - Administration KW - Canada KW - Driver licenses KW - Fees KW - Puerto Rico KW - Requirements KW - Specifications KW - States KW - Washington (District of Columbia) UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/454099 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626971 AU - Vegesna, S AU - Yura, J A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - AN ULTIMATE LOAD TEST TO STUDY BRACING EFFECTS OF BRIDGE DECKS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 70 p. AB - The objective of this research project was to study the possible bracing effect of a bridge deck on the lateral instability of the stringers. The capacity of bridges is frequently underrated due to conservative assumptions regarding unknown conditions. Traditionally, the stringers have been taken to be laterally unsupported along the span, thus leading to conservative estimates of the bridge capacity. A full-size laboratory test was conducted on a 24-foot-span multi-girder bridge comprising five steel stringers supporting a wood deck, to demonstrate the bracing effect of the deck. It was seen that the bridge failed by lateral buckling of the bridge beams. The test bridge capacity was twice the unbraced capacity (assuming no bracing from the deck). KW - Bracing effect KW - Breaking loads KW - Bridge capacity KW - Bridge decks KW - Bridges KW - Buckling KW - Failure analysis KW - Full scale KW - Girder bridges KW - Highway capacity KW - Laboratory tests KW - Lateral stability KW - Load tests KW - Multi-girder bridges KW - Stringers UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368494 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00666429 AU - Bligh, R P AU - Sicking, D L AU - Bullard, L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BRIDGE APPROACH RAILS PY - 1992/05 SP - 196 p. AB - A recent study on the performance of guardrail-to-bridge rail transitions revealed that many widely used designs do not meet current safety standards. As a result, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) requested that the Arizona Department of Transportation verify the safety performance of its standard transition designs. Three transition designs currently being used by ADOT were evaluated through a combined program of computer simulation and full-scale crash testing. The standard ADOT wood post transition, incorporating a channel rubrail and two different sizes of timber posts at a reduced post spacing near the bridge rail end, was found to be in compliance with National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 230 performance criteria. The standard ADOT steel post transition with channel rubrail was also found to be in compliance with NCHRP Report 230 requirements when impacted near the end of the bridge rail. However, the upstream end of the steel post transition required modification to eliminate deficiencies identified during testing. The modified design, which terminated the channel rubrail behind a W6x9 guardrail post, was successfully crash tested. KW - Bridge approaches KW - Bridge railings KW - Compliance KW - Guardrails KW - Impact tests KW - National Cooperative Highway Research Program KW - Safety KW - Standards KW - Steel rails KW - Structural design KW - Wood structures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/405924 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643535 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FINANCING FEDERAL-AID HIGHWAYS PY - 1992/05 SP - 48 p. AB - Because of a continuing demand for information concerning the financing of Federal-aid highways, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) prepared a report, "Financing Federal-Aid Highways," in January 1974 to describe the basic process involved. The report was modified and updated in July 1976, May 1979, October 1983, and November 1987. These updates were prepared following enactment of new highway or surface transportation acts to reflect changes made through those acts. Enactment of Public Law 102-240, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), has made it necessary to update the November 1987 version to incorporate the significant changes in the program structure and financing procedures brought about by that act. As with previous versions, this report follows the financial process from inception in an authorization act to payment from the Highway Trust Fund and includes discussion of the congressional and Federal agency actions that occur throughout. The report is organized as follows: Introduction; Congressional Procedures (Hearings, Draft Bills, Committee Action, Floor Action/Conference Committee, Enactment, Title 23 of the United States Code); Federal-Aid Highway Act (Programs, Program Changes, Studies, Authorizations); Federal-Aid Financing Procedures (Authorizations, Reimbursable Program, Deductions, Apportionments and Allocations, Earmarking, Special Conditions, Availability, Transferability, Obligations, Federal Share, Reimbursement); Limitations on Obligations (Limitations, History of Highway Limitations, Summary); Appropriations (Appropriated Budget Authority Accounts, Contract Authority Accounts, Limitations on Obligations, Other Appropriations Actions, The Federal Budget and Appropriations Acts); The Highway Trust Fund (History, User Taxes, Collection, Pay-As-You-Go Fund, Balance of the Highway Trust Fund). The following appendices are included: (A) Glossary; (B) Authorizations; (C-1) Specific Dollar Takedowns; (C-2) Percentage Takedowns; (D-1) Apportionment Formulas; (D-2) Surface Transportation Program--Sub-State Distribution; (E) Funding Equity Categories; (F) Allocated Funds; and (G) Federal Share and Availability for Significant Programs. KW - Allocations KW - Apportionment KW - Appropriations KW - Authorizations KW - Congressional procedures KW - Cost allocation KW - Earmarks KW - Federal Aid Highway Act KW - Federal aid highways KW - Financing KW - Highway Trust Fund KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Limitations KW - Obligations KW - Reimbursements UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386028 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625443 AU - Darlington, J R AU - Michigan Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE LIGHTWEIGHT PAVEMENT PROFILE INSTRUMENT DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS PY - 1992/05 SP - 67 p. AB - In 1970, Michigan published an evaluation of a profile measurement system developed earlier by the General Motors Corporation. This concept, known as the GM Rapid Travel Profilometer, has been used since 1979 for ride quality acceptance testing of new pavement construction. Contractors were concerned that measurements made after project completion did not allow corrective measures during construction. This project was developed to design a pavement profiling instrument that could replicate RTP truck results but was light enough to travel on new construction. This would facilitate daily corrections if necessary. The report describes development, construction, and testing of a lightweight pavement profiling instrument. Recommendations for use and further development are included. KW - Acceptance tests KW - Lightweight materials KW - Pavements KW - Profilometers KW - Ride quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367928 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00639886 AU - Rowhani, P AU - Hawatky, S M AU - Glauz, D L AU - Stoughton, R L AU - California Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - VEHICLE CRASH TESTS OF A CONCRETE MEDIAN BARRIER RETROFITTED WITH A SLIPFORMED CONCRETE GLARE SCREEN. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 60 p. AB - Two vehicle crash tests were performed on a retrofit concrete glare screen slipformed on top of an existing 32-in. high concrete safety shape barrier. The concrete glare screen is intended as a replacement for the current standard expanded metal mesh glare screen. This concrete glare screen is 20 in. high, 6 in. thick at the base and tapers slightly to 5 in. thick at the top. Reinforcing consists of two longitudinal #4 bars tied to vertical #5 hoops (inverted U-shaped stirrups). At the base of the glare screen is a 3/4-in. chamfer to match that at the top of the concrete barrier. The two test vehicles included a pickup truck ballasted to 5390 lbs. travelling 55.3 mph and impacting at 20 deg; and a large car ballasted to 4360 lbs, travelling 56.2 mph and impacting at 25 deg. Both tests showed that a concrete glare screen can successfully withstand the impact of both a pickup truck and a heavy passenger car, and satisfy the requirements for structural adequacy, occupant risk and vehicle trajectory in NCHRP Report 230. Maintenance costs for the concrete glare screen should be less than those for the metal mesh glare screen. KW - Anti glare screens KW - Concrete forms KW - Concrete safety shapes KW - Crashes KW - Impact KW - Impact angle KW - Impact speed KW - Impact tests KW - Large automobiles KW - Large car KW - Maintenance costs KW - Maintenance management KW - Median barriers KW - Pickup trucks KW - Retrofitting KW - Risk assessment KW - Slipformed concrete glare screens KW - Speed KW - Structural adequacy KW - Structural analysis KW - Testing KW - Vehicle trajectories UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380828 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625344 AU - Walker, H N AU - Virginia Transportation Research Council AU - Virginia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PETROGRAPHIC METHODS OF EXAMINING HARDENED CONCRETE: A PETROGRAPHIC MANUAL PY - 1992/05 SP - 304 p. AB - This manual was undertaken to record for all persons wishing to do concrete petrography the petrographic procedures that have been found useful at the Virginia Transportation Research Council. The manual is made up of an introduction and chapters on equipment, general initial procedures, cracks, preparation of specimens, voids (including determination of the air-void system), percentage analysis of solid components, examination with the stereomicroscope, water-cement ratio, alkali-aggregate reactions, particulate materials, and examination with the petrographic and the polarizing/epifluorescence microscopes. An extensive reading list, glossary, and other appendixes are also supplied. KW - Air voids KW - Air voids content KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Concrete hardening KW - Cracking KW - Equipment KW - Hardened concrete KW - Manuals KW - Methodology KW - Petrographic microscope KW - Petrography KW - Polarizing/epifluorescence microscope KW - Specimen preparation KW - Specimens KW - Stereomicroscope KW - Water cement ratio UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/2000/2500/2587/index.htm UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367867 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625281 AU - Horton, A M AU - Dresser, G B AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE TEXAS TRAVEL DEMAND PACKAGE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 50 p. AB - This bibliography is part of an on-going research project between the Texas Transportation Institute and the Texas Department of Transportation. The bibliography attempts to include all significant reports prepared by the Institute in support of urban transportation travel demand modeling practice in Texas. An annotation is provided for those reports which still may be of interest to practitioners. Several reports which are now obsolete due to improvements in computer technology are included for completeness and historical interest. In addition several reports prepared by the Texas Department of Transportation which bear directly on travel demand modeling practice are included. The Department reports are not complete and users of this bibliography are requested to provide the Institute with copies of Department reports not presently included so that they may be included in future revisions. The bibliography is organized into four sections: trip generation, trip distribution, traffic assignment, and overview. Reports are placed in each section according to the phase of modeling covered by the report. However, since the modeling phases are interdependent, most reports will cover aspects of more than one phase. Reports which clearly cover more than one modeling phase are placed in the overview section. KW - Bibliographies KW - Mathematical models KW - Texas KW - Traffic assignment KW - Transportation KW - Transportation models KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel demand KW - Trip distribution KW - Trip generation KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367833 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625001 AU - Itani, R AU - Nakib, R AU - Stone, D S AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - LATERAL CAPACITY OF WSDOT BEARING ANCHOR BOLT DETAILS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 39 p. AB - The objective of this research is to recommend a rational design method for bridge anchor bolt connections used by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). An experimental investigation of the behavior of 3/4 inch diameter and 1-1/2 inch diameter, A449 canister/grout anchor bolts under various loading conditions was conducted. Shear loads were applied to anchor bolts subjected to various eccentricities, and the results obtained were used to develop tension/shear interaction relationships. Elliptical tension/shear interaction relationships provided the best fit to the test data. However, closed-form solutions using tri-linear tension/shear interactions could be conservatively used by bridge designers at WSDOT. To verify the tension/shear interaction relationships, tests were performed on half-scale multiple anchor bolt connections, consisting of two anchor bolts parallel to the applied shear load. The strengths indicated by the multiple anchor bolt tests were conservative when compared to the results obtained from the testing program. It has also been determined that the AISC/LRFD tension stress limits for bearing type connections could be used for designing WSDOT anchor bolt connections with A449 1-1/2 inch diameter bolts. KW - Anchor bolts KW - Bridge design KW - Bridges KW - Connections KW - Design methods KW - Eccentricity KW - Interactions KW - Load tests KW - Loads KW - Model tests KW - Shear loads KW - Shear strength KW - Structural design KW - Tension KW - Test results KW - Testing UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/271.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367667 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00636402 AU - Miller, A C AU - Johnson, D AU - Steinhart, R AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRIDGE SCOUR PREDICTION METHODS APPLICABLE TO STREAMS IN PENNSYLVANIA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 173 p. AB - Local scour can be caused by local disturbances in the flow, such as vortices and eddies around obstructions. Many of the existing equations for the prediction of local scour depths were developed from laboratory flume data for sediments with a uniform size gradation, such as sand bed channels. These equations overpredict the depths of scour than what actually occurs on streams in Pennsylvania. A data set consisting of information from fifteen bridges was collected and used for the development of predictive equations for both pier and abutment scour. The results of the study are encouraging; however, due to the limited data set, the equations cannot be recommended at this time. Those equations developed by Pennsylvania State University and that put forth by the Washington State University give more realistic values in uniformly graded soils and generally appear to be more applicable to Pennsylvania streams. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Depth KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Pennsylvania KW - Scour KW - Streams KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/379900 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00636403 AU - Miller, A C AU - Johnson, D AU - Steinhart, R AU - Pennsylvania State University, University Park AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PREDICTIVE EQUATIONS FOR BRIDGE SCOUR APPLICABLE TO STREAMS IN PENNSYLVANIA. FIELD MANUAL PY - 1992/05 SP - 110 p. AB - Local scour can be caused by local disturbances in the flow, such as vortices and eddies around obstructions. Many of the existing equations for the prediction of local scour depths were developed from laboratory flume data for sediments with a uniform size gradation, such as sand bed channels. These equations overpredict the depths of scour than what actually occurs on streams in Pennsylvania. A data set consisting of information from fifteen bridges was collected and used for the development of predictive equations for both pier and abutment scour. The results of the study are encouraging; however, due to the limited data set, the equations cannot be recommended at this time. Those equations developed by Pennsylvania State University and that put forth by the Washington State University give more realistic values in uniformly graded soils and generally appear to be more applicable to Pennsylvania streams. This manual is a description of the process used and recommended for the prediction of scour at bridges, both piers and abutments. The manual contains procedures that are identical or similar to those used in the development of several pier and abutment scour prediction equations, as well as, procedures used for testing of other equations for their applicability to streams in Pennsylvania. KW - Bridge abutments KW - Bridge piers KW - Bridges KW - Depth KW - Equations KW - Forecasting KW - Hydraulic design KW - Hydraulics KW - Manuals KW - Pennsylvania KW - Scour KW - Streams KW - Structural design UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/379901 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624979 AU - King, P L AU - Georgia Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF COATINGS TOLERANT OF MINIMAL SURFACE PREPARATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 17 p. AB - Steel structures are usually prepared for repainting by abrasive blasting, which is potentially harmful to workers and to the environment. The generic types of surface tolerant coatings evaluated under this project included "rust transformers", moisture cure urethane, epoxy, asphaltic and waterborne. The best overall system in terms of rust resistance was a 3 coat moisture cure urethane with aluminum pigment in the primer. The second best overall system was the Georgia Department of Transportation standard lead free alkyd, which was the control system. KW - Alkyd resins KW - Asphalt KW - Coatings KW - Epoxy coatings KW - Paint KW - Performance evaluations KW - Rust prevention KW - Structural steel KW - Surface preparation KW - Urethane KW - Water based paints UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367645 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624968 AU - Hiss, JGF AU - Bryden, J E AU - New York State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC BARRIER PERFORMANCE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 39 p. AB - This report summarizes research on traffic barrier performance conducted by New York from 1983 through 1987, which concentrated on 1) development of height standards and tolerances for light-post barriers, 2) barrier performance related to vehicle characteristics, 3) development of an economic model to compare median barrier costs, and 4) effects of curbs on barrier performance. Department of Motor Vehicles computerized and hard-copy accident reports, Department of Transportation records, and on-site inspections provided highway and barrier information. Accident data were obtained for approximately 3300 accidents occurring between July 1, 1982 and June 30, 1983. Of these, about 1700 were at light-post barrier sites. In addition, frontal-geometry was measured on vehicles in parking lots and automobile showrooms. Based on analyses of the available information, no optimum mounting height was found for any of the barrier systems that might result in reduced injuries, increased redirection, or reduced risk of a secondary event (i.e., rollover, hitting a fixed object, etc.). The trend toward lower frontal-geometry suggested that a barrier height lower than those specified at the time accident data were collected, would reduce the risk of underride. The lower frontal-geometry in itself reduced the danger of override. An economic model was developed to compare median barrier costs. Based on the findings, it was recommended that a standard center-of-rail height of 24 in. be used for all light-post barriers. This resulted in top-of-rail height of 27 in. for cable and box-beam barrier systems and 30 in. for W-beam barriers. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Barriers KW - Barriers (Roads) KW - Costs KW - Crashes KW - Curbs KW - Data analysis KW - Guardrails KW - Height KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Median barriers KW - Performance evaluations KW - Standards KW - Tolerances KW - Tolerances (Engineering) KW - Vehicle characteristics UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/21000/21100/21116/PB99100133.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367636 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624942 AU - McGee, H W AU - Geisler, N L AU - McGee, L F AU - Thompson, H T AU - Bellomo-McGee, Incorporated AU - National Safety Council AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SIGN FABRICATION, INSTALLATION, AND MAINTENANCE--INNOVATIVE PRACTICES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 73 p. AB - Many State and local agencies have developed innovative procedures and devices to facilitate highway sign fabrication, installation, and maintenance. This handbook describes several of these innovations. A literature review and nationwide search was made to gather information on innovations. The innovations that were received ranged from very simple, but effective tools, to more elaborate sign trucks. Innovations were developed from new uses for existing equipment and modifications to existing equipment or procedures to provide a more efficient use for it. A total of 27 innovations are described in the report. The information is provided in a concise format and includes a description, procedure for the product's use, the benefits attained, and a person to contact for further information. KW - Building KW - Equipment KW - Equipment maintenance KW - Fabrication KW - Facilities KW - Guides to the literature KW - Handbooks KW - Innovation KW - Installation KW - Literature reviews KW - Modifications KW - Traffic sign maintenance KW - Traffic signs UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367611 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624939 AU - Heitzman, M A AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STATE OF THE PRACTICE--DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF ASPHALT PAVING MATERIALS WITH CRUMB RUBBER MODIFIER. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 124 p. AB - This document is a comprehensive overview of the terminology, processes, products, and applications of crumb rubber modifier (CRM) technology. This technology includes any use of scrap tire rubber in asphalt paving materials. In general, CRM technology can be divided into two categories--the wet process and the dry process. When CRM is incorporated into an asphalt paving material, it will modify the properties of the binder (asphalt rubber) and/or act as a rubber aggregate (rubber modified hot mix asphalt). The five concepts for using CRM discussed in the report are McDonald, PlusRide, generic dry, chunk rubber asphalt concrete, and continuous blending asphalt rubber. There are two principal unresolved engineering issues related to the use of CRM in asphalt paving materials. On the national level, the ability to recycle asphalt paving mixes containing CRM has not been demonstrated. At the State and local levels, these modified asphalt mixes must be field evaluated to establish expected levels of performance. The appendices provide guidelines for material specifications, mix design, and construction specifications. An experimental work plan for monitoring performance and a stack emission testing program are also included. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt mixtures KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Blending KW - Construction KW - Construction specifications KW - Crumb rubber KW - Emissions testing KW - Field performance KW - Hot mix asphalt KW - Materials KW - Materials specifications KW - Measurement KW - Mix design KW - Monitoring KW - Pavement performance KW - Pavements KW - Performance KW - Pollutants KW - Recycled pavements KW - Recycling KW - Specifications KW - State of the art studies KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367608 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624933 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MOTOR CARRIER ACTIVITIES OF THE FEDERAL HIGHWAY ADMINISTRATION PY - 1992/05 SP - 34 p. AB - This publication discusses the motor carrier activities of the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) as established in Title IV of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, which is the Motor Carrier Act of 1991. The report is organized in three parts. Part 1, Safety Requirements, covers vehicle standards, driver standards, and hazardous materials standards. Part 2, Industry, State, and Federal Cooperation, covers safety fitness, the Motor Carrier Safety Assistance Program, the Commercial Driver's License Program, truck size and weight, and advanced technology. Part 3, Uniformity, covers safety regulations, inspections and fines, licensing, registration and taxation requirements, hazardous materials registration and permitting, and accident data. Following the main text, two lists are provided: major laws affecting motor carrier issues and organizational responsibilities within the FHWA's Office of Motor Carriers. KW - Administration KW - Cooperation KW - Crash data KW - Driver licensing KW - Drivers KW - Federal government KW - Fines (Penalties) KW - Hazardous materials KW - Hazardous materials transportation KW - Industries KW - Inspection KW - Laws KW - Motor vehicles KW - Permits KW - Registration KW - Registrations KW - Regulations KW - Safety KW - Standardization KW - Standards KW - State government KW - Taxation KW - Transportation KW - U.S. Office of Motor Carriers KW - Vehicle safety KW - Vehicular safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367602 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628961 AU - Rabalais, N AU - Louisiana Transportation Research Center AU - Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 121 p. AB - The study was conducted to evaluate the physical properties of plastic and hardened fiber reinforced concrete using three basic types of fibers: steel, fiberglass and polypropylene. Fibers have been shown to increase flexural and tensile strength, ductility and toughness of concrete. In the study, air content and water/cement ratio were varied to keep slump in a workable range (2 to 4 in.) and air contents at 5% +/- 1%. Mixes with fly ash and superplasticizers were also tested. The same cement and aggregate were used for all mixes. When used, fly ash and admixture type were the same also. Both 6 and 8 bag mixes were examined. The results of the evaluation indicate that the addition of steel fibers, especially those with a high aspect ratio, in concrete improves flexural toughness, an indicator of ductility and crack resistance. Steel fibers also increased splitting tensile strength. The addition of superplasticizers enhances these qualities further and also increases compressive and flexural strength which were not increased through the use of fibers alone. With the addition of fibers in concrete, no physical properties were adversely affected but no significant improvements over non fiber reinforced concrete were noted in modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, shrinkage or durability over non fiber reinforced concrete. A recommendation is made that the department continue to employ the use of fiber in concrete in thin bonded overlays and in structural applications where crack control is desired. KW - Air content KW - Compressive strength KW - Concrete KW - Concrete shrinkage KW - Cracking KW - Ductility KW - Durability KW - Fiber reinforced concrete KW - Fiberglass KW - Flexural strength KW - Fly ash KW - Fracture resistance KW - Modulus of elasticity KW - Physical properties KW - Poisson distributions KW - Poisson ratio KW - Polypropylene KW - Shrinkage KW - Steel fibers KW - Superplasticizers KW - Tensile strength KW - Toughness KW - Water cement ratio UR - http://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2005/report_261.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369270 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00628805 AU - Webb, S T AU - Yura, J A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF BRIDGE DECKS AS LATERAL BRACING FOR SUPPORTING STEEL STRINGERS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 80 p. AB - A full-size test on a wooden bridge deck showed that the deck nailers and the connections between the nailers and planks were the main contributors to the lateral stiffness of the deck. The measured coefficient of friction between the steel stringers and the wooden deck was 0.25. Design methods are presented for the bracing requirements for steel stringers including the required coefficient of friction. Various typical bridge decks were evaluated, and it was found that the decks had sufficient stiffness to force the supporting stringers to yield before buckling. The required coefficient of friction for stringers with span-to-depth ratios = 40 is 0.08. Less friction is required for smaller span-to-depth ratios. KW - Bracing KW - Buckling KW - Coefficient of friction KW - Design methods KW - Lateral stiffness KW - Nailers KW - Planks KW - Ratios KW - Span-to-depth ratios KW - Steel KW - Steel stringers KW - Stringers KW - Wooden bridge decks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369151 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00627307 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - Resende, PTV AU - Orloski, R L AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECTS OF POLICE PRESENCE ON SPEED IN A HIGHWAY WORK ZONE: CIRCULATING MARKED POLICE CAR EXPERIMENT. PROJECT REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 41 p. AB - This study evaluated the effects of police presence on the speed of vehicles in a work zone and determined the "halo" effects of police presence (lasting effects when police are gone) on vehicular speeds. A marked police car circulated in a 4-mile long interstate highway work zone and actively enforced the speed limit laws. Variables such as the average speed, speed distribution, percentage of fast-moving motorists, and net speed reductions for cars and trucks were used for evaluation. The results indicated that the average speeds of the cars and trucks were 4.3-4.4, and 4.3-5.0 mph, respectively, lower when police were patrolling the work zone compared to no-police patrol condition. The percentage of fast-moving cars and trucks before the work space decreased by 14% and 32%, respectively, when police were in the work zone. These speed reductions indicate that the police presence was effective in decreasing the speed of vehicles in the work zone. The police presence had halo effects on trucks but not on cars. Trucks traveled at reduced speed when police were present in the work zone and this trend of traveling at the reduced speed continued for a time period at least one hour after the police departed from the work zone. However, cars traveled 2.4-3.0 mph faster and the percentage of fast-moving cars in the work zone increased after the police left the area. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Average travel speed KW - Effectiveness KW - Experiments KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Police patrol KW - Police presence KW - Speed control KW - Speed distribution KW - Speed limits KW - Speed reduction KW - Speeding KW - Traffic law enforcement KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck drivers KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-073.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368641 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626970 AU - Yura, J A AU - Phillips, B A AU - University of Texas, Austin AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - BRACING REQUIREMENTS FOR ELASTIC STEEL BEAMS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 88 p. AB - Two types of bracing are studied to control the lateral-torsional buckling of steel beams; namely, lateral bracing at the compression flange and torsional bracing. A computer program, BASP, was used to study the effects of brace type, size and number of braces on the buckling strength of beams subject to different loading conditions. It was found that cross section distortion at the brace point significantly affects the efficiency of torsional bracing. Properly attached web stiffness can minimize the distortion. Based on the analytical solution two bracing equations are developed; one for lateral bracing and one for torsional bracing. The torsional bracing formula accounts for cross section distortion and the presence of web stiffness. Top flange loading requires larger bracing members and the equations consider the effect as well as the variation of moments along the span. Seventy-six lateral buckling tests were conducted on twin W12X14 beams with a 24-ft span with a top flange concentrated load at midspan to compare with the analytical solution and the bracing equations. Lateral bracing or torsional bracing of different magnitudes were attached to the beams to determine the required bracing to force the buckle between the end and the midspan. Different beam initial out-of-straightness and web stiffeners were considered. It was found that the bracing equations and buckling program, BASP, compare very well with the test results. KW - Bracing KW - Buckling KW - Computer programs KW - Cross sections KW - Equations KW - Flanges KW - Lateral bracing KW - Moments KW - Moments (Mechanics) KW - Steel beams KW - Torsional bracing KW - Web stiffness UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368493 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623612 AU - Kaya, A AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - POTENTIAL USE OF TIRE RUBBER AND EBONITE IN ASPHALT. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 88 p. AB - This report evaluates effectiveness of rubber-asphalt and ebonite-asphalt mixes based on a review of published literature, and unpublished reports. It discusses in detail various aspects of these mixes, including: different applications, physical properties, experiences of state highway agencies, and claimed advantages and problems associated with their use. Although rubber-asphalt mixes have superior physical properties, they have performed either only slightly better or equal to conventional asphalt mixes in the field. The salient problems associated with rubber asphalt mixes which restrict their use are: stickiness, high cost, and air pollution. The cost of rubber-asphalt mixes is much higher than conventional asphalts, and there is little evidence that rubber-asphalt mixes will have an increased service life sufficient to justify the high costs. Ebonite-asphaltic mixes have possible applications assuming that the ebonite can be economically cleaned of lead contamination. KW - Air pollution KW - Applications KW - Asphalt ebonite KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Benefits KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Performance evaluations KW - Physical properties KW - Problem identification UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363458 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622403 AU - Amirkhanian, S N AU - Clemson University AU - South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A FEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE USE OF WASTE TIRES IN ASPHALTIC CONCRETE MIXTURES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/05 SP - 101 p. AB - In recent years, the increasing need for recycling has forced highway engineers to search for more innovative and economical methods of building and maintaining the nation's highways. There is an urgent need to find ways to recycle waste materials (e.g., tires) to reduce the amount of waste going into landfills each year (a nationwide problem). This research study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of the use of tires in asphaltic concrete mixtures. An extensive literature review of work performed in this area was conducted. In addition, an extensive survey (e.g., questionnaire) of all state and federal highway-related agencies was conducted. Several experts knowledgeable in the use of tires in flexible pavements were interviewed. The findings of the literature review, results of questionnaire, and interviews of experts are summarized and presented in this report. In addition, several recommendations for the next steps to be taken in this area by the South Carolina Department of Highways and Public Transportation are included. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt rubber KW - Data collection KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Guides to the literature KW - Highway departments KW - Interviewing KW - Literature reviews KW - Questionnaires KW - Recommendations KW - Recycling KW - Surveys KW - Tires KW - Wastes UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362912 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622618 AU - McCullouch, B G AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REPAIR/REHABILITATION OF DETERIORATED DRAINAGE PIPE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04/30 SP - 77 p. AB - This report describes the current technologies, methods and materials used in drainage pipe rehabilitation and replacement. It also identifies which of these technologies can be applied for the various pipe material types. Installed cost information was obtained from the states in the survey and from vendors for the various methods. In describing each method, equipment requirements and limitations are reported. From this report, one should be able to understand what method is appropriate for the various repair problems and pipe types. KW - Costs KW - Data collection KW - Drain pipe KW - Drainage pipes KW - Driver rehabilitation KW - Equipment replacement KW - Maintenance equipment KW - Materials KW - Methodology KW - Rehabilitation KW - Repairing KW - Repairs KW - Replacement KW - States KW - Surveys KW - Technology UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363005 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622326 AU - Ermer, D J AU - Fricker, J D AU - Sinha, K C AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ACCIDENT REDUCTION FACTORS FOR INDIANA. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04/21 SP - 83 p. AB - This report presents the results of a study conducted to develop appropriate accident reduction factors associated with various highway improvement projects in Indiana. The factors were developed through a before-and-after analysis of accident data from 1983 to 1987. KW - Before and after studies KW - Data analysis KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Indiana KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Safety KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362858 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00643602 AU - Replogle, M AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - NATIONAL BICYCLING AND WALKING STUDY. CASE STUDY NO. 17: BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN POLICIES AND PROGRAMS IN ASIA, AUSTRALIA, AND NEW ZEALAND PY - 1992/04/20 SP - 88 p. AB - This report examines bicycle and pedestrian programs and policies in Asia, Australia, and New Zealand, with particular attention to lessons that may be useful to U.S. transportation professionals and policymakers. As such, the report looks most closely at the experience of Japan and Australia, the two most affluent countries in the region. Australia's experience helps to show the limits of what may be achievable in promoting walking and cycling in an automobile-dependent country lacking a strong financial and policy commitment to improving the bicycle and pedestrian friendliness of streets and cities. As has been the U.S. experience, without significant changes in policy, transportation pricing, and a commitment of adequate resources, only modest positive changes in modal orientation away from the automobile can be anticipated. Japan, on the other hand, illustrates the extent to which wealthy, modern, and efficient communities can be reliant on nonmotorized transportation as an integral part of their mobility. While some elements of the Japanese experience cannot be readily transferred to the American context, many solutions and strategies are highly relevant to making America more competitive, efficient, and sustainable. The report is organized in the following chapters: (I) Introduction; (II) Extent of Bicycle and Pedestrian Travel; (III) Evolution of Bicycle and Pedestrian Modes; (IV) Urban Design and Traffic Management; (V) Education, Promotion, and Regulation; (VI) Economic and Environmental Considerations; and (VII) Lessons for U.S. Transportation Policy. KW - Asia KW - Australia KW - Bicycle travel KW - Case studies KW - Economic considerations KW - Economic factors KW - Education KW - Environmental impacts KW - Highway traffic control KW - Japan KW - New Zealand KW - Nonmotorized transportation KW - Policy KW - Programs KW - Promotion KW - Regulations KW - Strategic planning KW - Transportation policy KW - Urban design KW - Walking UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/386097 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01403312 AU - Hughes, W E AU - Joshua, S AU - McGee, H W AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Safety and Traffic Operations R & D TI - Study designs for passing sight distance requirements PY - 1992/04 IS - FHWA-RD-91-078 SP - 152p AB - This report documents the results of an examination of the passing sight distance standards in A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and the current sight distance requirements for marking passing and no-passing zones cited in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). Relevant findings in the available literature are summarized. The current AASHTO design standards and MUTCD marking standards related to passing sight distance on two-lane highways are described. Issues related to the current standards and practices are identified and discussed. This includes the results of a meeting of knowledgeable authorities. Finally, three experimental plans that address three selected, critical issues are presented. These include (1) an accident-based analysis of current practices, (2) a field-based observational study of passing behavior to determine the adequacy of the current standards, and (3) a field-based observational study of passing behavior to determine if the minimum passing zone length of 400 ft (122 m) implied in the MUTCD is inadequate and to determine what the minimum passing zone length should be. These three plans may serve as a basis for future research. KW - Accident analysis KW - Behavior KW - Crash analysis KW - Design standard KW - Design standards KW - Driver behaviour KW - Drivers KW - Geometric design KW - Geometric design KW - Highway design KW - Mathematical models KW - Modelling KW - Overtaking KW - Passing KW - Pavement marking KW - Road design KW - Road markings KW - Two lane highways KW - Two lane road KW - Visibility distance KW - Visibility distance UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1171096 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00756382 AU - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ALONG FOR THE RIDE: SAFETY TIPS FOR CYCLISTS PY - 1992/04 SP - 8 p. AB - This brochure discusses tips for safe bicycling. Twenty-one tips are presented, divided among four major categories. The categories include: 1. Wear a Helmet; 2. Follow the Rules of the Road; 3. Be Visible; and 4. Share the Road. KW - Bicycle safety KW - Bicycling KW - Cyclists KW - Helmets KW - Rule of the road KW - Sharing KW - Traffic regulations KW - Traffic safety KW - Visibility UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/537658 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624980 AU - Boyce, D E AU - Tatineni, M AU - Zhang, Y AU - Illinois Transportation Research Consortium AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SCENARIO ANALYSES FOR THE CHICAGO REGION WITH A SKETCH PLANNING MODEL OF ORIGIN-DESTINATION, MODE AND ROUTE CHOICE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 69 p. AB - A model combining the origin-destination, mode and route choice elements of the conventional, sequential travel forecasting procedure is implemented, calibrated and applied to the analysis of scenarios for the year 2010. The model is implemented at an aggregated geographic scale and, therefore, is described as a sketch planning model. The algorithm used to solve the combined choice model converges in a rigorous and consistent manner to the solution of an underlying constrained optimization problem whose solution corresponds to widely-accepted behavioral assumptions concerning travel choices. The model is internally consistent with regard to the definition and estimation of travel costs on which travel choices are based. In this report, one formulation of the combined model is presented and explained. Then the coefficients of the model related to the components of generalized cost are calibrated on 1980 travel data. A sensitivity analysis indicates how the model responds to changes in various model parameters. Finally, the application of the model is illustrated through the analysis of two scenarios for the year 2010. KW - Algorithms KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Chicago Area Transportation Study KW - Forecasting KW - Mode choice KW - Optimization KW - Origin and destination KW - Route choice KW - Sketch planning KW - Sketch planning models KW - Transportation planning KW - Travel budgets KW - Travel costs KW - Urban transportation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367646 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623569 AU - Hughes, W E AU - Joshua, S AU - McGee, H W AU - Bellomo-McGee, Incorporated AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - STUDY DESIGNS FOR PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE REQUIREMENTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 152 p. AB - This report documents the results of an examination of the passing sight distance standards in "A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets", published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and the current sight distance requirements for marking passing and no-passing zones cited in the "Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices" (MUTCD). Relevant findings in the available literature are summarized. The current AASHTO design standards and MUTCD marking standards related to passing sight distance on two-lane highways are described. Issues related to the current standards and practices are identified and discussed. This includes the results of a meeting of knowledgable authorities. Finally, three experimental plans that address three selected, critical issues are presented. These include (1) an accident-based analysis of current practices, (2) a field-based observational study of passing behavior to determine the adequacy of the current standards, and (3) a field-based observational study of passing behavior to determine if the minimum passing zone length of 400 ft (122 m) implied in the MUTCD is inadequate and to determine what the minimum passing zone length should be. These three plans may serve as a basis for future research. KW - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials KW - Behavior KW - Crash analysis KW - Design standards KW - Drivers KW - Field observation KW - Field studies KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Geometric design KW - Guides to the literature KW - Literature reviews KW - Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices KW - No passing zones KW - Passing sight distance KW - Passing zones KW - Research KW - Road markings KW - Traffic crashes KW - Traffic marking KW - Two lane highways UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363413 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623606 AU - George, K P AU - University of Mississippi, University AU - Mississippi State Highway Department AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESILIENT MODULUS OF SUBGRADE SOILS USING GYRATORY TESTING MACHINE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 107 p. AB - Characterization of soils in terms of resilient behavior is gaining support because of its ready application in mechanistic analysis of pavements. This report investigates an alternate procedure of resilient testing using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Gyratory Testing Machine (GTM). Specifically, this paper describes the development of the GTM test procedure with special focus on simulating conditions resulting from a moving load. The stress path of GTM loading is compared to that of in situ loading to show that the GTM simulates stress conditions in the pavement. With due consideration to sample confinement in the mold, a revised equation for kneading resilient modulus, M sub rk, is derived. For validating the test procedure, six subgrade soils and three subbase materials are investigated using the GTM, and the repeated load triaxial test, AASHTO T274-82. For in situ determination of resilient modulus of five sample soils, Dynaflect deflections are obtained on finished pavements as well. Two computer programs - MODULUS and FPEDD1 - backcalculate the moduli of all layers. Fines content and uniformity coefficient affect resilient modulus. The primary test variables investigated include the state of stress and moisture fluctuations, the latter showing very little effect on M sub rk. The important role of gyration (shear stress reversal) on M sub rk is convincingly illustrated by the test results. Also included in the paper are two regression models for predicting M sub rk. The GTM moduli compare poorly with the triaxial moduli in this nine-soil comparative study, however, the five in situ moduli values agree with the GTM moduli. Based on the successful comparison with the in situ moduli, it is cautiously concluded that GTM has the potential for resilient modulus characterization of subgrade soils. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Backcalculation KW - Computer programs KW - Deflection KW - Dynaflect KW - Dynaflect deflections KW - Equations KW - Field tests KW - Forecasting KW - Gyratory testing machines KW - Gyratory tests KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Moisture content KW - Regression analysis KW - Soils KW - Stress conditions (Soil) KW - Stresses KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Test results KW - Triaxial shear tests UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363450 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622317 AU - Harmelink, D S AU - Colorado Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPECIAL POLYMER MODIFIED ASPHALT CEMENT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 52 p. AB - This report covers the pre-construction, construction and the first evaluation following construction at the following locations: I-25, Colorado Boulevard; I-25, Pueblo; Highway 85, Santa Fe Avenue; and I-70, Flagler. An additional project has been added that will be constructed during the 1992 contruction season. This project is located on Brighton Boulevard between I-70 and Sand Creek. This project will contain a section with Type I polymer, a section with Type III polymer and also a section with no binder. KW - Construction KW - Pavement cracking KW - Performance evaluations KW - Polymer asphalt KW - Post-construction KW - Preconstruction KW - Rut KW - Ruts (Pavements) KW - Test sections UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362849 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622402 AU - Ulberg, C AU - Erickson, K AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE I-405 HOV SYSTEM. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 206 p. AB - This report documents an operational analysis of I-405 HOV facilities. The primary objectives of this analysis were (1) to provide information that could assist in the development of a coordinated plan for the I-405 high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane system to ensure that the existing and planned HOV facilities worked together and that transitions between facilities occurred smoothly, and (2) to survey the I-405 commuters as a means of understanding their perceptions of HOV lane operations and constraints on the ability of single-occupant vehicle (SOV) commuters to rideshare. The analysis included an overview of HOV lane operations in the United States, a public opinion survey of commuters who primarily lived and worked east of Lake Washington, results of focus groups with workers who lived in east King County, transportation modeling centering on the I-5 corridor, traffic analysis of HOV lane options, a cost effectiveness analysis, and the results of a symposium that presented and discussed the results of the project. KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Analysis KW - Commuters KW - Conferences KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Data collection KW - Focus groups KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Mathematical models KW - Operational analysis KW - Operations KW - Options KW - Planning KW - Public opinion KW - Reserved lanes KW - Ridesharing KW - Surveys KW - Traffic KW - Traffic analysis KW - Traffic lanes KW - Transportation KW - Transportation corridors KW - Transportation models KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/238.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362911 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00642294 AU - Akram, T AU - Scullion, T AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ESTIMATING DAMAGE EFFECTS OF DUAL VS. WIDE BASE TIRES WITH MULTIDEPTH DEFLECTOMETERS. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 47 p. AB - In this study multidepth deflectometers (MDD) were installed in two in-service asphaltic concrete highways (one thick, one thin) to measure the pavement response to vehicle loading. A specially configured 3S2 truck was used in the study. It is normally an 18-wheel water tanker but was converted to a 14-wheel tanker for this study. For these tests, dual tires were used on the tandem drive axle with wide base single tires on the tandem trailer axle. Test runs were made under high inflation pressure conditions for the two tire types and the truck speed varying between 5 and 55 mph. The vertical compressive strain in the subgrade is one of the parameters used in pavement design to prevent excessive rutting in the pavement structure. Deflections measured at several depths within the pavement by MDDs under dual and wide base single tires were used to calculate average vertical compressive strains. The vertical compressive strains measured at the top of the subgrade were used to estimate the allowable number of 18 kip equivalent single axle load (ESAL) repetitions for dual and wide base single tires. The Asphalt Institute subgrade limiting strain criteria was used to estimate the reduction in pavement life which will occur by using the wide base single tires in place of duals. Wide base single tires were found to be more damaging on both the thin and thick pavement sections. At a speed of 55 mph and equivalent axle loading, it was found that the wide base single tires reduced the anticipated pavement life on the thin section by a factor of 4.85 and on the thick section by a factor of 2.21 over that predicted for standard dual tires. KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Axle loads KW - Deflectometers KW - Dual tires KW - Equivalent single axle loads KW - Inflation KW - Motor vehicles KW - Multidepth deflectometers KW - Pavement life KW - Pavement thickness KW - Pavements KW - Service life KW - Speed KW - Subgrade (Pavements) KW - Thickness KW - Tire pressure KW - Tires KW - Traffic equivalence factor KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck pavement damage KW - Trucks KW - Vertical compressive strains KW - Wide base tires UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/381382 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625200 AU - Haselkorn, M AU - Barfield, W AU - Spyridakis, J AU - Conquest, L AU - Dailey, D AU - Crosby, P AU - Goble, B AU - Garner, M AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - REAL-TIME MOTORIST INFORMATION FOR REDUCING URBAN FREEWAY CONGESTION: COMMUTER BEHAVIOR, DATA CONVERSION AND DISPLAY, AND TRANSPORTATION POLICY. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 183 p. AB - This report documents results of a project to design and develop a real-time, advanced traveler information system (now called "Traffic Reporter") for the Puget Sound area. In previous work, we had identified four types of commuters: (1) Pre-trip Changers, (2) Route Changers, (3) Route & Time Changers, and (4) Non-changers. Each type of commuter showed distinct preferences and needs for design and delivery of traveler information. In this project, we confirmed that the commuter types identified earlier, as well as their preferences for design and delivery of traveler information, were consistent across geographical areas in the Puget Sound area. Based on this knowledge of commuter behavior and information needs, we designed and began implementing "Traffic Reporter", a PC-based, graphical, interactive, advanced traveler information system. The "Traffic Reporter" prototype receives traffic data from freeway detectors and converts those data into information that can be explored both for general freeway conditions and specific trip information. Information is designed for use by commuters, traffic reporters, and traffic engineers. We conducted usability tests on the "Traffic Reporter" prototype to ensure its effectiveness and ease of use. Overall, these tests showed that the prototype is easy to use and will be accepted by commuters. Future development of "Traffic Reporter" will be guided by the results of these tests. Furthermore, we will continue usability testing on future versions of "Traffic Reporter". KW - Advanced traveler information systems KW - Behavior KW - Commuters KW - Consumer behavior KW - Consumer preferences KW - Driver information systems KW - Effectiveness KW - Freeways KW - Highway traffic control KW - Human factors KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Prototypes KW - Puget Sound KW - Puget Sound Region KW - Real time control KW - Real-time systems KW - Testing KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality KW - Traffic congestion KW - Urban areas KW - Urban freeways UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/240.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367786 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00637848 AU - Little, D N AU - Crockford, W W AU - Gaddam, VKR AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - RESILIENT MODULUS OF ASPHALT CONCRETE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 152 p. AB - The 1986 AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures incorporates the resilient modulus of pavements into the procedure. This parameter is analogous to one of the two constants used for linear elastic models of material behavior. Mechanistic models that incorporate parameters such as the modulus are being explored in current major research efforts that may replace the AASHTO Guide in the future. At present, the Texas Department of Transportation does not routinely perform resilient modulus tests. Several approaches to measurement of the modulus of asphalt concrete have been developed in this study to provide the Department with the capability to perform this test in support of both design activities and corroboration of nondestructive field testing. Techniques were developed that can be modified easily to incorporate new research findings and procedures oriented toward mechanistic design methods. KW - Asphalt concrete KW - Asphalt pavements KW - Design KW - Mechanical analysis KW - Mechanistic design KW - Modulus of resilience KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380126 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625061 AU - Carilson, B AU - Decker, M AU - Small, G AU - RBA Group AU - Maryland Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVALUATION OF THE TRUCK RESTRAINING WALL ON THE MOOSE CURVE. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 52 p. AB - Eastbound I-68 (formerly US 40/48) descends into the City of Cumberland, Maryland with a 13-mile long downgrade that culminates with a curve between the Kelly Boulevard on-ramp and the Johnson Street access spur. This long downgrade causes truck brakes to overheat, and a number of trucks have lost control in this area and caused accidents. In one exceptional case, a runaway truck went over the side embankment and landed in the yard of a residence below. The location known as Moose Curve has been the subject of a long term study to remedy the safety deficiencies. This report documents the construction phase of a truck restraining wall on I-68 eastbound at Moose Curve and truck accidents that have occurred since the wall's completion. The design of the wall is intended to prevent penetration into a residential community behind and also keep trucks upright that may strike the wall. KW - Brake failures KW - Brakes KW - Construction KW - Design KW - Downgrade KW - Downgrades (Roads) KW - Failure KW - Highway curves KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Loss of control KW - Loss of control accidents KW - Maryland KW - Redirection KW - Restraining walls KW - Runaway vehicles KW - Trucks UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367726 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625000 AU - Brown, C B AU - Eberhard, M O AU - Kramer, S L AU - Roeder, C W AU - Stanton, J F AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF THE ALASKAN WAY VIADUCT. FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 90 p. AB - The University of Washington (UW) team reviewed the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) report entitled "Earthquake Analyses of the Alaskan Way Viaduct" and performed an independent assessment of two typical sections of the structure. Additional analyses were performed to investigate the influence of some factors that were not considered in the WSDOT report. The input motion and geotechnical characteristics assumed in the WSDOT report were consistent with the information available to the WSDOT and to the UW. However, the paucity of information available regarding the seismological risk and the subsoil conditions precluded the possibility of reliably estimating the input motion, foundation stiffnesses, foundation capacities, and potential for liquefaction. Inspection of the structural plans suggested that timber-concrete spliced piles in the section of the structure built by the WSDOT might be particularly vulnerable. The elastic dynamic models generated by WSDOT and those constructed for this study were found to give comparable natural periods in the first three modes. Those in the higher modes differed because of the disparate ways in which the structures were modelled. However, the higher modes provided only a small portion of the total response, so the differences in calculated response were small. For the WSDOT designed part of the structure, g-ratings and dynamic code ratios were established by assuming that the reinforcement would reach its yield strength. The present study found the structure to be generally weaker than did the WSDOT study. Some of the ratings showed a consistent relationship with those given by the WSDOT study, while others showed considerable scatter. Regardless of the resolution of the discrepancies, both analyses indicated that the demands on structural members would be likely to greatly exceed their capacities. The main shortcomings in the structure appeared to be inadequate confinement steel and development lengths that were too short. Because no distress was observed after the 1965 Seattle earthquake, these calculations are undoubtedly conservative. However, the response of these brittle details cannot be predicted reliably without further investigation. The University of Washington team is proposing further study to verify the seismic safety of the structure. KW - Bridge foundations KW - Earthquake resistant design KW - Elastic analysis KW - Elastic analysis (Structural) KW - Geotechnical engineering KW - Safety KW - Viaducts UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/265.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367666 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624994 AU - Ulberg, C AU - Herman, W G AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS OF EMPLOYER-BASED HIGH OCCUPANCY VEHICLE (HOV) POLICIES IN THE INTERSTATE 5 CORRIDOR BETWEEN SEATTLE AND EVERETT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 77 p. AB - Transportation demand management (TDM) has reveived increasing attention in recent years as an important component in approaches to improving the transportation system. Another approach to transportation system improvement is the use of high occupancy vehicle (HOV) facilities. Mode choice forecasts provide the basis for planning, project evaluation, and obtaining public support for TDM measures and improvements to the HOV system. Despite the importance of accurate mode forecasts, current mode choice methodology is insufficiently responsive to factors that influence shifts to ridesharing modes, particularly TDM policy factors that are important in encouraging commuters to shift from single occupant vehicles (SOVs). The objective of this study is to identify these mode choice factors and use them to improve the ability to analyze HOV policies for the north I-5 corridor. Two major sets of data were analyzed in this study, both collected by Metro in cooperation with Community Transit. In one study, some 9,324 employees of 23 cooperating businesses were surveyed in north King and urban Snohomish counties. In another, a 1989 telephone survey questioned a random sample of 3,586 residents in the study area. Several analytical approaches were used in this study, including multinomial logit modeling, factor analysis and cluster analysis. Many of the findings from this study are important to understanding the nature of mode choice. Some of the results are important for policy recommendations. Some of the results indicate a different emphasis for employer-based TDM measures in a largely suburban area than in a major CBD such as Seattle or Bellevue. Study findings indicate the importance of (1) completing the HOV lane system, (2) providing workplace incentives for ridesharing, (3) taking the existence of two-worker households into account, (4) providing alternative ways for employees to run errands, (5) encouraging mixed use through flexible zoning laws, (6) providing non-motorized vehicle alternatives for short commutes, and (7) targeting mode shift incentives and promotions to those most likely to change modes. KW - Central business districts KW - Cluster analysis KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Employers KW - Factor analysis KW - Forecasting KW - High occupancy vehicle lanes KW - High occupancy vehicles KW - Incentives KW - Logits KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Mode choice KW - Multinomial logits KW - Policy KW - Reserved lanes KW - Ridesharing KW - Suburbs KW - Surveys KW - Traffic lanes KW - Transportation corridors KW - Travel demand management KW - Urban corridors KW - Urban growth KW - Washington (State) UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/236.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367660 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624981 AU - South, J M AU - Hahin, C AU - Telford, R O AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - ANALYSIS, INSPECTION, AND REPAIR METHODS FOR PIN CONNECTIONS ON ILLINOIS BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 100 p. AB - This report documents methods used in Illinois for analysis, inspection, and repair of pin connections in bridges. Weldable foil strain gages were used to detect the effects of unknown levels of fixity in pins on cantilever truss bridges. Other methods for detecting pin movement, including electronic angle sensors and scratch-type pointer gages were also investigated. The maximum effect of complete fixity on pins and hangers was estimated with finite element models of both cantilever truss and cantilever girder bridges. A pin inspection procedure using ultrasonic instrumentation was developed and tested throughout the state. Design deficiencies of pin connections are noted. Modernized details which eliminate many of the existing deficiencies are presented. The improvements include better tolerances on fits and finishes, increased degrees of freedom of rotation, provisions for periodic lubrication, high strength, corrosion resistant alloys, extreme pressure lubricants, and toughness requirements based on alloy yield strength. A method for calculating factor of safety for pins based on distortion energy principles is presented. KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Cantilevers KW - Deficiencies KW - Finite element method KW - Girder bridges KW - Inspection KW - Joints (Engineering) KW - Mathematical models KW - Modernization KW - Pin connections KW - Pins KW - Repairing KW - Safety factors KW - Strain gages KW - Truss bridges KW - Ultrasonic tests UR - http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/9000/9300/9320/airm.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367647 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624954 AU - Lauzon, R G AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - FULL-SCALE BRIDGE TESTING TO MONITOR VIBRATIONAL SIGNATURES: PHASE I DESTRUCTIVE TEST. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 26 p. AB - The Connecticut Department of Transportation (ConnDOT) has sponsored research through the Joint Highway Research Program at the University of Connecticut in the area of vibrational monitoring of highway bridges. This report describes a test carried out by ConnDOT personnel in consultation with University personnel in which a full-scale highway bridge was monitored under the loading from a single vehicle while undergoing a progressive failure approximation. The failure approximation was done in 5 stages beginning with a cut through the entire bottom flange of an exterior girder and ending with the cut progressed to a point 24 in. into the web. The girder span length was 65 ft and there were three girders comprising the test span. Results showing the change in vibrational characteristics due to the failure approximation are discussed. KW - Destructive testing KW - Dynamic loads KW - Failure KW - Girders KW - Highway bridges KW - Load tests KW - Mechanical tests KW - Monitoring KW - Vibration UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367622 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624957 AU - Larsen, D A AU - Connecticut Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EFFECT OF AMBIENT LIGHTING DURING PHOTOLOG FILMING ON VISUAL RATING OF PAVEMENTS FROM RESULTANT IMAGES. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 53 p. AB - This project attempts to determine the relationships between visibility of pavement cracks and sun position, data-collection direction and sky conditions. The study is performed with images obtained via the Connecticut Department of Transportation's (ConnDOT's) Photolog vehicle, which were placed on laser videodiscs and viewed with the ConnDOT Photolog Laser Videodisc System. Data were collected on a flexible and rigid pavement by filming each site hourly on several days between March and September 1990. Several technical problems caused a portion of the images to be unusable. Study design flaws caused the remainder of the usable data to be unacceptable for detailed statistical analysis. General observed relationships indicate, however, that the ability to detect and quantify cracking is dependent on the facing direction and the time of day. However, the orientation of the cracks transversely or longitudinally to the observer, and the crack widths, are also important variables. Additional data will be collected and analyzed during 1992. KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Direction KW - DVDs KW - Evaluation KW - Flexible pavements KW - Longitudinal cracking KW - Pavement conditions KW - Pavement cracking KW - Pavements KW - Periods of the day KW - Photologging KW - Quantifying KW - Quantitative analysis KW - Rigid pavements KW - Sunlight KW - Surveying KW - Transverse cracking KW - Visual surveys KW - Width UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367625 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624938 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - THE 1992 ANNUAL REPORT ON HIGHWAY SAFETY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS. REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION TO THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS PY - 1992/04 SP - 51 p. AB - This report has been prepared in accordance with Sections 130 and 152 of Title 23 of the United States Code. It is based upon information submitted by the States and Territories, information obtained from within the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and other sources as noted. The report examines the progress made by the States and Territories in implementing the Rail-Highway Crossings and Hazard Elimination Programs. The report also examines the effectiveness of highway safety improvements in reducing the number and severity of motor vehicle traffic accidents. In addition, it presents current traffic accident statistics. Since the start of the Rail-Highway Crossings Program in fiscal year (FY) 1974, $2.46 billion (92.8%) of the $2.65 billion available has been obligated by the States. The States have implemented more than 26,700 projects, primarily for the installation of signs and markings, flashing light signals, automatic gates, and crossing surface improvements. Since the Hazard Elimination Program began in FY 1974, $3.89 billion (96.1%) of the $4.05 billion available has been obligated. Nearly 31,000 projects have been implemented under this program. These projects consisted primarily of improving traffic signals and channelization, installing guardrail and median barriers, widening the traveled-way and/or shoulders, improving pavement skid resistance, installing impact attenuators, and placing or upgrading pavement markings. Since 1974, FHWA has evaluated approximately 20% of these safety improvements. As a result of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, separate funds will no longer be authorized specifically for the Rail-Highway and Hazard Elimination Programs. Instead, States must set aside 10% of their apportioned funds under the Surface Transportation Program, which shall be available for carrying out Sections 130 and 152 of this title. KW - Crash severity KW - Effectiveness KW - Fund allocations KW - Hazards KW - Highway safety KW - Highways KW - Improvements KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Railroad grade crossings KW - Safety KW - Statistics KW - Traffic safety UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367607 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00629109 AU - Biswas, M AU - Pandey, A K AU - Samman, M M AU - Duke University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DETECTING INCIPIENT FAILURES IN BRIDGES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 66 p. AB - A system consisting of modern electronic hardware and software technologies has been developed to perform rapid and automated inspection in order to detect an incipient failure in a major structural component of a bridge. The hardware includes piezoelectric sensors and data collection, processing and display devices. The techniques developed utilize methodologies of digital signal processing, linear control theory and pattern recognition, a branch of the artificial intelligence discipline. The system can be mounted inside a motor van which will function as a mobile laboratory for bridge inspection. With appropriate training, technicians should be able to operate the system routinely. Briefly, the procedure of inspection consists of striking a major bridge member, e.g. a girder flange, with an instrumented impulse hammer and collecting a set of signatures via a sensor, e.g. an accelerometer, previously mounted on the member. An "intelligent" computer program will then compare the inspection signature against a set of previously collected reference signatures. Within a few minutes the computer will flash a message and an audio warning if a crack has appeared in the member. The system is ready for field application and it is recommended that its potential be utilized. To enhance its capability especially to find the location of a crack, the presence of which has been detected, further research is also recommended. KW - Artificial intelligence KW - Automated inspection KW - Bridge inspection KW - Bridges KW - Crack location KW - Cracking KW - Detection and identification KW - Detectors KW - Digital signal processing KW - Electronic devices KW - Electronic equipment KW - Fast Fourier transforms KW - Future KW - Future research KW - Hardware KW - Inspection KW - Laboratories KW - Linear control systems KW - Linear control theory KW - Location KW - Mobile laboratory KW - Nondestructive tests KW - Pattern recognition systems KW - Piezoelectric sensors KW - Piezoelectric transducers KW - Research KW - Sensors KW - Signal processing KW - Software UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/369402 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00627306 AU - Benekohal, R F AU - Shu, J AU - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign AU - Illinois Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - SPEED REDUCTION EFFECTS OF CHANGEABLE MESSAGE SIGNS IN A CONSTRUCTION ZONE. PROJECT REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 45 p. AB - This study evaluated the vehicular speed reduction effects of displaying speed limit and information messages on a changeable message sign (CMS) placed inside the work activity area in a work zone for a one lane closure on a rural interstate highway. It also examined the additional effects of using two CMS devices compared to one CMS. The following three experiments were conducted: (1) One CMS in advance of the work zone (Experiment 1), (2) One CMS inside the work activity area (Experiment 2), and (3) Two CMSs inside the work activity area (Experiment 3). Displaying speed limit and information messages on CMSs placed in the work activity area was effective in reducing the average speed and percentages of vehicles with excessive speeds. Comparing the results from Experiments 2 and 3 indicated that displaying the CMS messages reduced the speed of cars immediately after passing the CMS, but not at a point far from the CMS. Although trucks did not consistently reduce their speeds near the first CMS, trucks traveled at reduced speeds after passing the CMS. Cars and trucks reduced their speeds by as much as 5 and 4 mph, respectively, near the CMS. The speed reduction depended on the travel speed of the vehicles. Placing the CMS in the work activity area was more effective than putting it in advance of the work zone. KW - Automobile drivers KW - Effectiveness KW - Experiments KW - Interstate highways KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Rural highways KW - Speed control KW - Speed reduction KW - Traffic speed KW - Truck drivers KW - Variable message signs KW - Work zone traffic control UR - http://www.ict.uiuc.edu/Publications/report%20files/TES-072.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368640 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626797 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - A SUMMARY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMS AND PROVISIONS OF THE INTERMODAL SURFACE TRANSPORTATION EFFICIENCY ACT OF 1991 PY - 1992/04 SP - 8 p. AB - The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) reflects a growing recognition that transportation programs, however vital for national mobility and international competitiveness, must be compatible with environmental goals. This brochure summarizes the environmental programs and provisions of the ISTEA. The contents are organized as follows: Message from the Federal Highway Administrator (T.D. Larson); Overview; Program Flexibility; Statewide and Metropolitan Planning; Public Involvement; Funds for Air Quality Planning; Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality Improvement Program; Congestion Pricing and Tolls; Bicycle Transportation and Walkways; Surface Transportation Program (STP) Eligibility; Transportation Enhancement Activities; Wetland Banking; Scenic Byways Program; Recreational Trails; Early Acquisitions; Control of Outdoor Advertising; Recycled Paving Material; Environmental Research; Erosion Control Guidelines; and Conclusion. KW - Air quality KW - Air quality improvement program KW - Bicycles KW - City planning KW - Congestion pricing KW - Environment KW - Environmental policy KW - Environmental research KW - Erosion control KW - Federal aid highways KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 KW - Mitigation KW - Pavements KW - Program flexibility KW - Property acquisition KW - Public participation KW - Recreational trails KW - Recycled pavements KW - Recycling KW - Regional planning KW - Research KW - Roadside advertising KW - Scenic highways KW - State planning KW - States KW - Surface transportation program KW - Tolls KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic mitigation KW - Trails KW - Walkways KW - Wetlands UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368443 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00626768 AU - Bui, D D AU - NELSON, P AU - Narasimhan, S L AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - COMPUTATIONAL REALIZATIONS OF THE ENTROPY CONDITION IN MODELING CONGESTED TRAFFIC FLOW. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 41 p. AB - Existing continuum models of traffic flow tend to provide somewhat unrealistic predictions for conditions of congested flow. Previous approaches to modeling congested flow conditions are based on various types of "special treatments" at the congested freeway sections. Ansorge (Transportation Research Part B, 24B, 1990, pp 133-143) has suggested that such difficulties might be substantially alleviated, even for the simple conservation model of Lighthill and Whitman, if the entropy condition were incorporated into the numerical schemes. In this report the numerical aspects and effects of incorporating the entropy condition in congested traffic flow problems are discussed. Results for simple scenarios involving dissipation of traffic jams suggest that Godnunov's method, which is a numerical technique that incorporates the entropy condition, is more accurate than two alternative numerical methods. Similarly, numerical results for this method, applied to simple model problems involving formation of traffic jams, appear at least as realistic as those obtained from the well-known code of FREFLO. KW - Bottlenecks KW - Entropy (Communications) KW - Numerical analysis KW - Traffic congestion KW - Traffic simulation UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623568 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - OVERWEIGHT VEHICLES--PERMITS AND PENALTIES. AN INVENTORY OF STATE PRACTICES FOR FISCAL YEAR 1990 PY - 1992/04 SP - v.p. AB - This is a report to the United States Congress from the Secretary of Transportation pursuant to Section 123 of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978. It covers the period from October 1989 through September 1990 (FY 1990) and summarizes Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) findings regarding each State's annual certification that truck size and weight laws are being enforced. Inventories of weight violations and use of special permits to exceed weight limits are presented. State laws regarding permit fees and overweight fines enacted during FY 1990 are also summarized. KW - Certification KW - Inventory KW - Law enforcement KW - Laws KW - Load limits KW - Oversize loads KW - Overweight loads KW - Penalties KW - Permits KW - Size KW - Size and weight regulations KW - States KW - Trucks KW - Trucks by weight KW - U.S. Federal Highway Administration KW - Violations KW - Weight UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363979 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623600 AU - Chalupnik, J D AU - University of Washington, Seattle AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - MULTI-LEVEL ROADWAY NOISE ABATEMENT. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 36 p. AB - Noise from multi-level roadways poses a serious problem in the congested urban settings where such roadways are used to conserve precious urban real estate. This report addresses this problem and proposes a workable solution, which calls for adding acoustical absorption to the underside of the upper deck(s). Additional benefits can be had if roadside noise barriers are used in conjunction with the absorptive treatment. The approach is cost effective for crowded urban areas where large numbers of people are exposed to the noise pollution created by this type of design. KW - Cost effectiveness KW - Damping (Engineering) KW - Deck undersides KW - Highway design KW - Highways KW - Multilevel highways KW - Noise barriers KW - Noise control KW - Urban areas UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/266.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363444 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00623570 AU - Fleming, G G AU - Rickley, E J AU - Transportation Systems Center AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - PARALLEL BARRIER EFFECTIVENESS UNDER FREE-FLOWING TRAFFIC CONDITIONS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 104 p. AB - The U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and Special Programs Administration, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, in support of the Federal Highway Administration and seventeen sponsoring state transportation agencies, is conducting a National Pooled-Fund Study (NPFS), HP&R 0002-136, "Evaluation of Performance of Experimental Highway Noise Barriers." The first publication supporting the NPFS, FHWA-RD-90-105, "Parallel Barrier Effectiveness, Dulles Noise Barrier Project", presented measured results and evaluations of parallel barriers subject to controlled traffic conditions. This document is the second publication supporting the NPFS. It presents the results of a measurement study performed at a highway noise barrier site located along Interstate 495 in Montgomery County, Maryland. The objective of the study was to measure the degradation in acoustic performance of a highway noise barrier due to the close proximity of a parallel barrier on the opposite side of the roadway. The test site selected for measurements consisted of a contiguous arrangement of two parallel reflective noise barriers followed by a single noise barrier. Five-minute, energy-averaged, A-weighted noise levels were computed from data measured simultaneously at identical heights and offset positions behind the single and parallel barrier arrangements. Measured results show barrier insertion loss degradations of .6 to 2.8 dBA, dependent on microphone height and offset distance behind the barrier. In addition, three parallel-barrier prediction programs were used to model the study site (BARRIER, BARRIER-X, and IMAGE-3). A comparison of the measured and predicted results is presented. KW - Acoustic measurement KW - Acoustic measuring instruments KW - Acoustics KW - Alternatives analysis KW - Computer programs KW - Effectiveness KW - Forecasting KW - Insertion loss KW - Interstate Highway System KW - Measures of effectiveness KW - Montgomery County (Maryland) KW - Noise barriers KW - Parallel configuration KW - Performance evaluations KW - Sound level UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/363414 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622340 AU - Koerner, R M AU - Wilson-Fahmy, R AU - Drexel University AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - APPLICATION OF GEOGRIDS: VOLUME 4 - POLYMERIC GEOGRID UTILIZATION IN PAVED ROADS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 64 p. AB - This report reviews the state-of-the-art insofar as polymeric geogrid utilization in paved roads is concerned. Three applications are considered namely, (i) geogrids beneath or within stone base courses, (ii) geogrids within surface courses and (iii) geogrids beneath or within pavement overlays. The review includes published field and laboratory data as well as a description of the testing techniques used. It also discusses the available methods of analysis and design of geogrid reinforced pavements. The report ends with recommendations regarding field experimentation with geogrid reinforcement insofar as the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation is concerned. This is the fourth, and concluding, report in this series. KW - Data analysis KW - Design KW - Field tests KW - Geogrids KW - Geotextiles KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Pavements KW - Recommendations KW - Reinforcement (Engineering) KW - State of the art studies KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00622341 AU - Bruhn, R W AU - Knott, D L AU - Sanger, D B AU - GAI Consultants, Incorporated AU - Pennsylvania Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - CUT SLOPE INVESTIGATION. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/04 SP - 128 p. AB - A documentation sheet has been developed for the systematic collection of data that relate to the design and performance of cut slopes in rock in the section of southwestern Pennsylvania that includes PennDOT Districts 9, 10, 11 and 12. Nearly 150 cut slopes have been inventoried using the documentation sheets. A computerized database management system employing dBASE IV has been developed for handling the cut slope data. A Rock Rating System has been proposed that characterizes the strength and durability of the rock material forming the cut slopes. The potential value of the Rock Rating System in characterizing rock slope performances has been demonstrated at three test sites. The User's Manual, in a separate volume, describes in more concise form the procedures for cut slope documentation, computerized database usage, and the determination of Rock Rating using standard rock test methods. KW - Data analysis KW - Databases KW - Design KW - Durability KW - Embankments KW - Inventory KW - Management KW - Management systems KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Performance evaluations KW - Ratings KW - Rock strata KW - Strength of materials UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/362873 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457363 AU - Ahmed, Imtiaz AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Laboratory Study on Properties of Rubber Soils : Interim Report PY - 1992/03/18/Interim Report SP - 176p AB - The waste tire problem in the United States is of great magnitude and has far reaching environmental and economic implications. This report presents the literature review and results from the compaction phase of an ongoing laboratory study. The report contains: an overview of current practice in recycling, reuse, and disposal of waste tires; a comparison of various lightweight materials traditionally used in highway construction; a summary of various field and laboratory studies on the use of shredded tires as lightweight fill; results and analysis of compaction testing of rubber soils; and a summary of conclusions. The use of shredded tires in highway construction offers technical, economic, and environmental benefits under certain conditions. The salient benefits include: reduced weight of fill; serves as good drainage medium; reduced backfill pressures; longer life, tires are practically non-destructible; and recycling large quantities of tires. Potential problems include: leachate of metals and hydrocarbons; fire risk; and large compressibility of tire chips. Information concerning stress-strain-strength behavior of tire chips for design and performance prediction of tire embankments, and long term environmental impacts of shredded tires are severely lacking. KW - Embankments KW - Lightweight materials KW - Reclaimed rubber KW - Road construction KW - Road materials KW - Salvage KW - Tires UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314199 UR - http://ia600400.us.archive.org/1/items/laboratorystudyo9211ahme/laboratorystudyo9211ahme.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218870 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457345 AU - Chen, Wei-Yao AU - Chaturvedi, Arvind AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Maps of Randolph County, Indiana PY - 1992/03/16/Final Report SP - 148p AB - The engineering soils map of Randolph County, Indiana that accompanies this report was prepared by airphoto interpretation techniques using accepted principles of observation and inference. The 7-inch x 9-inch aerial photographs used in this study were taken in the summer of 1941 for the United States Department of Agriculture. Standard symbols were developed and they were employed to delineate landform-parent material associations and soil textures. The text of this report represents an effort to overcome the limitations imposed by adherence to a standard symbolism and map presentation. Extensive use was made of the Agricultural Soil Survey of Randolph County published in 1987. It was particularly useful as a cross-reference to check soil boundaries, and to locate gravel pits and ponds that were not present on the 1941 aerial photographs. The map and report are part of a continuing effort to complete a comprehensive soil survey for the state of Indiana. Included on the map is a set of subsurface soil profiles that illustrate the approximate variation of the soils in each landform-parent material area. The profiles were constructed from information obtained from agricultural literature and from boring data collected from roadway and bridge site investigations. Boring locations are shown on the map. Appendix A contains a summary of classification test results for these locations. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Randolph County (Indiana) KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314614 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218872 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01457348 AU - Chen, Wei-Yao AU - Purdue University AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Engineering Soils Map of Wayne County, Indiana PY - 1992/03/12/Final Report SP - 195p AB - The engineering soils map of Wayne County, Indiana that accompanies this report was prepared by airphoto interpretation techniques using accepted principles of observation and inference. The 7-inch x 9-inch aerial photographs used in this study were taken in the summer of 1940 for the United States Department of Agriculture. Standard symbols were employed to delineate landform-parent material associations and soil textures. The text of this report supplements the Engineering Soil Map. It includes general descriptions of the study area, and the different landform-parent material regions. Engineering considerations associated with each region are also briefly addressed. The map and report are part of a continuing effort to complete a comprehensive soil survey for the state of Indiana. Included on the map is a set of subsurface soil profiles that illustrate the approximate variation of the soils in each landform-parent material area. The profiles were constructed from information obtained from agricultural literature and from boring data collected from roadway and bridge site investigations. Boring locations are shown on the map. Appendix A contains a summary of boring data and classification test results for these locations. The physical, chemical, and engineering index properties of these soils are included in Appendices B and C. Lastly, useful correlations for estimating soil properties are collected in Appendix E. KW - Aerial photography KW - Engineering soils KW - Landforms KW - Parent materials KW - Soil mapping KW - Soil profiles KW - Soil series KW - Wayne County (Indiana) UR - http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284314617 UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1218875 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00639863 AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE. EXPERT PANEL REPORT PY - 1992/03/10 SP - 16 p. AB - The Office of Program Review (OPR), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), report on the current state of operations and maintenance of traffic control systems concluded that most transportation agencies are not performing these essential functions adequately. A Panel of Experts from state agencies, local agencies, universities, and consultants was convened by the FHWA to review the OPR report and recommend actions to improve the operation and maintenance of traffic control systems. It is clear from both the OPR report and the Panel's analysis that the large investments being made in the construction of new traffic control systems will not fully yield the expected benefits until a wide range of measures are implemented to correct the existing deficiencies in operations and maintenance. The analysis by the Panel focused on five subject areas related to the ability of state and local agencies to operate and maintain traffic control systems: development and maintenance of necessary expertise, institutional barriers, procurement procedures, standards, and funding. This report contains a total of 34 recommendations involving state and local agencies that the Panel believes would result in correction of the current problems and establishment of the basic organizations and procedures necessary to support the advanced traffic control system element of IVHS. KW - Finance KW - Financing KW - Institutional issues KW - Maintenance practices KW - Operation and maintenance KW - Procurement KW - Professional personnel KW - Recommendations KW - Socioeconomic development KW - Specialists KW - Standards KW - Technical expertise KW - Traffic control KW - Traffic control systems UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/380805 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00624948 AU - Chang, L M AU - Hsie, M AU - Unkefer, D AU - Purdue University/Indiana Department of Transportation JHRP AU - Indiana Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF QUALITY ASSURANCE SPECIFICATION FOR BRIDGE PAINTING CONTRACTS. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/03/08 SP - 306 p. AB - The existing Indiana Department of Transportation (INDOT) standard specification for steel bridge painting was written in the early 1970s. The purpose of this research was to upgrade the specification and to develop a more quality assurance type of specification to ensure that INDOT obtains the required painting quality. The research revealed many problems and possible solutions. Quality acceptance plans were constructed and incorporated into step-by-step check lists and working charts. Finally, the existing specification for steel bridge painting was revised and an upgraded specification is presented. KW - Acceptance sampling KW - Indiana KW - Metal bridges KW - Painting KW - Quality assurance KW - Revisions KW - Specifications KW - Steel bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367616 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584287 AU - Hallenbeck, Mark AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Performance Monitoring: A Framework for Further Research PY - 1992/03//Draft Summary Report SP - 38p AB - Performance monitoring is defined as the periodic measurement of progress toward explicit short and long run objectives, and the reporting of the results to decision makers to improve program performance. The Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) should use performance monitoring to monitor conditions and trends in transportation on specific facilities and within specific geographic regions and the state as a whole. This report presents a logical framework for WSDOT to use in investigating the development of performance measures. It briefly describes the current status of WSDOT's development of performance monitoring systems. It investigates WSDOT needs, the uses WSDOT has for performance monitoring data, the types of data that can or should be collected and reported for these purposes, and the interactions required between WSDOT and other transportation providers and governmental agencies. Finally, the report outlines ongoing WSDOT research and data collection efforts and recommends directions for further research and analysis. KW - Data collection KW - Interagency relations KW - Monitoring KW - Performance measurement KW - Research KW - Transportation KW - Washington State Department of Transportation UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/254.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377235 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01584273 AU - Hallenbeck, Mark E AU - Chang , Jua-Been AU - Washington State Transportation Center AU - Washington State Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - Ferry Watch Scheduling Prototype and Recommended Future Work PY - 1992/03//Final Report SP - 82p AB - This report documents the initial exploration of alternatives for a computer system that assists in the development of watch schedules for the Washington State Ferry System (WSF). A "watch schedule" is defined as a two-week set of work shifts to be followed by a group of WSF employees from a specific union. The report describes the programming alternatives considered, the program flow selected for prototype development, and the conclusions and recommendations drawn from the creation of that prototype. Continued development of the watch scheduling system is not recommended at this time. KW - Computer programming KW - Employees KW - Ferry service KW - Hours of labor KW - Shifts KW - Washington State Ferries UR - http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/research/reports/fullreports/241.1.pdf UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1377097 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01406247 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Virmani, Y P AU - Sixbey, D G TI - Testing of a concrete sealer using the rapid chloride permeability technique PY - 1992/03 VL - 55 IS - 4 SP - 117-21 KW - Bridge KW - Bridges KW - Chloride KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Concrete KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosion KW - Permeability KW - Permeability KW - Seal coats KW - Sealing coat UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1174043 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01406246 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Chong, Shuang-Ling TI - Evaluation of low volatile organic compound coating systems for steel bridges PY - 1992/03 VL - 55 IS - 4 SP - 107-16 KW - Bridge maintenance KW - Bridge management systems KW - Coating KW - Coatings KW - Pollution KW - Pollution KW - Steel KW - Steel KW - Steel bridge KW - Steel bridges UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1174042 ER - TY - JOUR AN - 01406245 JO - Public Roads PB - Federal Highway Administration AU - Miller, C L TI - Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 PY - 1992/03 VL - 55 IS - 4 SP - 102-6 KW - Highway planning KW - Intelligent transport systems (ITS) KW - Intelligent transportation systems KW - Intermodal transport KW - Intermodal transportation KW - Research KW - Research and development KW - Road planning KW - Transport planning KW - Transportation planning UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1174041 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 01403321 AU - Stuart, K D AU - United States. Federal Highway Administration. Office of Engineering and Highway Operations R&D TI - Stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixture design PY - 1992/03 IS - FHWA/RD-92-006 SP - 50p AB - The first objective of this report is to document SMA mixture design information .obtained from Europe. Participants of the September 1990 European Asphalt Study Tour :(EAST) recommended that SMA pavement technology be evaluated in the United States. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has the responsibility of evaluating, promoting, and transferring this technology. The second objective is to document SMA mixture design work performed by the FHWA for .the Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT). GDOT placed SMA experimental pavement sections on Interstate 85, north of Route 53, in Jackson County, GA, during July and September of 1991. The mixture designs were performed by the FHWA to supplement GDOT's mixture design work. KW - Additives KW - Admixture KW - Aggregate KW - Aggregates KW - Binder KW - Binders KW - Bitumen KW - Bitumen KW - Bituminous pavement KW - Bituminous pavements KW - Filler KW - Fillers (Materials) KW - Material properties KW - Mineral KW - Minerals KW - Mix design KW - Mix design KW - Pavement testing KW - Pavements KW - Properties of materials KW - Stabilization KW - Stone mastic asphalt (SMA) KW - Stone matrix asphalt KW - Tests for suitability, service and quality UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/1171105 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625639 AU - Gisler, W L AU - Rowan, N J AU - Texas Transportation Institute AU - Texas Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - DEVELOPMENT OF FIBEROPTIC SIGN DISPLAYS FOR DYNAMIC LANE ASSIGNMENT. INTERIM REPORT PY - 1992/03 SP - 94 p. AB - This report presents the concepts of various types of signing technology. The feasibility of the fiberoptic technology as an appropriate means of implementing the concept of dynamic lane assignment has been presented. The crucial parameters involved in determining the optimum operating conditions at nighttime were identified. The adopted data collection methods to collect data in a testing environment are documented. The results of the analysis of the collected data have also been discussed. The results indicated that there is an inverse relationship between legibility and target value with variation in voltage. A voltage of 35 to 65 volts was found to provide optimum legibility and target value. The arrow shafts were visible from a distance of 800 feet. However, the word messages were visible from 200 feet only. The necessity to consider the presence and the operation of the traffic signals in the vicinity of the fiberoptic sign was also identified. KW - Data analysis KW - Data collection KW - Displays KW - Dynamic lane assignment KW - Feasibility analysis KW - Fiber optics KW - Information display systems KW - Legibility KW - Mathematical analysis KW - Traffic signs KW - Visibility KW - Voltage UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/368048 ER - TY - RPRT AN - 00625484 AU - Biswas, M AU - Muchane, G K AU - Duke University AU - North Carolina Department of Transportation AU - Federal Highway Administration TI - EVOLUTION OF CHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE MADE WITH MARINE LIMESTONE COARSE AGGREGATES. FINAL REPORT PY - 1992/03 SP - 59 p. AB - A set of comprehensive evaluation tests were conducted to determine the strength, stiffness and especially durability properties of concrete made with a marine limestone aggregate (Castle Hayne) in comparison with that made with an igneous rock aggregate (Neverson). Standard AASHTO, ASTM and other emerging test methods were used. Tests performed included determination of resistance to rapid freezing and thawing, water-soluble chloride content, concrete chloride permeability, alkali-aggregate reactivity, resistance of aggregate to abrasion and impact degradation, and aggregate soundness. A total of nine concrete mixes of varying strengths were tested. Comparatively, the concrete made with marine limestone aggregate demonstrated (1) good freeze-thaw resistance, (2) slightly higher chloride permeability, (3) little chemical reactivity and (4) very little water-soluble chloride content. As an aggregate, marine limestone was (1) slightly less resistant to abrasion and (2) significantly less sound. Except for the five cycle sulfate soundness, the marine limestone aggregate and concrete made with marine limestone aggregate, met all applicable AASHTO and NCDOT specifications, including NCDOT special provisions for highly corrosive areas. A direct corrosion investigation is recommended. Pending results of direct corrosion investigation, use of marine limestone aggregate in highly corrosive areas could be provisional. Marine limestone aggregate can be used in all other areas. KW - Abrasion resistance KW - Alkali aggregate reactions KW - Chloride content KW - Chloride permeability KW - Chlorides KW - Concrete KW - Concrete strength KW - Corrosion KW - Corrosive environments KW - Durability KW - Freeze thaw durability KW - Impact strength KW - Laboratory tests KW - Limestone aggregates KW - Marine limestone aggregates KW - Permeability KW - Shock resistance KW - Soundness test KW - Stiffness KW - Strength of materials KW - Test procedures UR - https://trid.trb.org/view/367973 ER -